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ON ANYTHING

[These Essays, with one exception, first appeared in the _Morning Post_
and _Morning Leader_, by courtesy of the Editors of which they are here
reprinted.]


ON ANYTHING

by

H. BELLOC






London
Constable & Co. Ltd.
1910

Richard Clay & Sons, Limited,
Bread Street Hill, E.C., and
Bungay, Suffolk.




TO

GEORGE MACDONALD LEMMI




CONTENTS

                                PAGE
ON BUILDING CASTLES IN SPAIN       1

ON CLAY                            8

ON NO BOOK                        14

ON IRONY                          18

ON THE SIMPLICITY OF WORDS        23

ON SECLUDED PLACES                30

ON PEOPLE IN BOOKS                37

ON THE EFFECT OF TIME             45

ON A POET                         54

ON A PROPHET                      63

ON BELIEVING                      70

ON THE AIR OF THE DORDOGNE        77

ON THE SITES OF THE REVOLUTION    83

A SECRET LETTER                   89

THE SHADOWS                       98

THE CANVASSER                    104

THE ABSTRACTED MAN               112

ON THE METHOD OF HISTORY         120

ON HISTORY IN TRAVEL             128

ON THE TRAVELLER                 135

ON MILTON                        142

HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN          149

THE CHRISTMAS OF 1808            154

ON COMMUNICATIONS                159

ASTARTE                          167

THE HUNGRY STUDENT               174

THE BRIGAND OF RADICOFANI        183

THE HONEST MAN AND THE DEVIL     196

COMPIÈGNE                        205

THE CANDOUR OF MATURITY          212

THE FOG                          220

THE SPANIARD                     229

THE FORTRESS                     236

THE HUNTER                       243

OUR INHERITANCE                  252

THE NEW ROAD                     258

ON TWO TOWNS                     265

THE JUDGMENT OF ROBESPIERRE      273




ON ANYTHING




ON BUILDING CASTLES IN SPAIN


One day in the town of Perpignan I was poking about to see where I
could best get something to eat, when I saw a door open into a charming
garden; and in the hope of finding it to be the garden of an inn, and
at any rate of seeing the garden during the process of asking whether
it were an inn, I walked in, but I found everything deserted.

There was a little house at the end with everything shut against the
blinding sun, but the main door of it wide open. I walked in there too
and heard no noise of men, and my curiosity took me up the stairs until
I came out quite unexpectedly upon another little garden built on the
flat roof of this dwelling and on its shady side. And there I saw a man
sitting and looking dreamily towards the mountains.

He did not ask me how I came there, but I desired to tell him, for it
was evidently his roof.

We spoke a little together until I asked him why he watched the
mountains and why his gaze was towards Spain; then at great length he
spoke to me, but dreamily still.

"Long before I knew that the speech of men was misused by them and
that they lied in the hearing of the gods perpetually--in those early
days through which all men have passed, during which one believes what
one is told, an old and crusty woman of great wealth, to whom I was
describing what I intended to do with life (which in those days seemed
to me of infinite duration), said to me, 'You are building castles in
Spain.' I was too much in awe of this woman--not on account of the
wealth, but on account of the crust--to go further into the matter, but
it seemed to me a very foolish thing to say, for I had never been to
Spain, and I had nothing wherewith to build a castle--and indeed such a
project had never passed through my head.

"For many years I returned to this phrase. I heard it upon several
occasions. And in those years through which a man approaches maturity
it still remained in my mind, possessing a singular fascination.
Though I had found long since that phrases mean at the best something
different from their words, and often something exactly opposite to
them, yet this phrase kept about it something mystical and sincere; and
I never read of Spain nor saw a map of Spain without thinking of the
castles in that land, and wondering whether, as that ancient sybil had
prophesied to me, I should come to build them there or no.

"It so happened that the feeling grew upon me until, in my thirtieth
year, I determined to travel in that country, and I did so, arriving
at one of the Spanish ports by sea; and the first thing I did when I
had landed was to ask in my own tongue whether there were any castles
in the neighbourhood, and especially whether any of them were at that
moment in process of being built. Hearing which, the gentleman whom I
had addressed bade me stay a moment where I was, upon the quay, and
returned with a policeman who wore a helmet in the English manner,
but whose face betrayed him. This official beckoned me to follow him;
I was closely interrogated by a member of the superior or educated
classes who was also a magistrate, and after some deliberation as to
whether I should not be imprisoned, I was escorted to the frontier
between two armed men. Nor in the course of my journey, which was hot
and uncomfortable, did I see any one building castles, so I returned as
wise as I had come, but, I am glad to say, not any the poorer, for the
Spanish State had taken charge of me and had paid for all that part of
my journey which had taken place upon Spanish soil.

"Coming, therefore, into the Roussillon by way of the pass in the
mountains, I went very sadly, but a free man, in by the Gypsies' Gate
at Perpignan, and ate by myself at the Red Lion. Then, saying nothing
to any one, I went over the mountains in another manner, with nothing
to carry but a sack, and determined to trust only to a considerable
sum of money which I carried in my pocket. So I came down into Aragon,
and when I got there I found it very unsuitable for the building of
castles. For you must know that Aragon is almost completely composed of
mud, so that any very large building, at least in the northern part,
would very probably sink. Moreover, those rare rocks on which anything
enduring can be founded are already occupied in that country by the
priests, who have for ages forbidden the building of castles in any
form, and that under the most dreadful penalties. But I found a man
in Huesca who told me that, though he himself had never seen such a
thing, I would no doubt find it in Saragossa, which was a capital city
of enormous dimensions, and one that contained every human thing. So
then I went on down the valley of the river Gallego (which was full
of mud, as everything is in that district), and at last I saw before
me the towers and the spires of Saragossa. But before I went into the
town I thought I would first ask for information, and save myself the
trouble of further walking. There was sitting with his back against a
very dirty and ancient wall a man much dirtier than the wall and almost
as old. Round his head was a handkerchief, and in his eyes was the
stern pride of Aragon, which, though it be made out of mud, is full
of courage, and breeds men who will kill you for nothing. Remembering
this, and knowing that in their contempt for wealth the Aragonese will
often unite good blood with poverty, I took off my hat and swept it
about, and asked him whether his family motto were not '_Prince ne
daigne_,' to which he replied only by shaking his head in a decisive
way. I then asked him whether I should find them building a castle in
Saragossa, to which he said very sharply, 'No!' for the Aragonese are
as terse as they are courageous. Then I said to him, 'Days, knight!'
(for in this manner does one take leave in Aragon), and he replied, 'Go
with God,' which is their common salutation, even to duns.

"When I had gone a little way on to the bridge which here crosses the
muddy Ebro, whether there is water in the river or not, I saw a man
riding on a mule who seemed to me more promising, for he was singing a
song in quarter notes, which is the Spanish way. I asked him whether
they were building castles in Saragossa, at which he laughed heartily,
and said, 'No. Believe me, if we have any (which I doubt) it is more
in our line to let them fall down than to build them.' And with these
words he spoke affectionately to his mule and went his way, and I,
knowing I should get no luck after such an omen, turned back and took
the train into my own country."

"Did you not then," said I, "ever see building a castle in Spain?"

"Yes," said he very sadly; "it was in this way: there are parts of
Spain which are included by mistake upon our side of the mountains, so
that they have French water and forests, and one can live decently
there; and going in to one of these valleys upon business one day, I
saw before me a very hideous thing--but there was no mistaking it:
it was a castle! It was built--or rather building--of very glaring
white stone; it had four turrets with very staring red tiles, half a
hundred false Gothic windows, and at least twenty gargoyles, each one
of which exactly resembled its neighbour, and all of which had been
done by contract in Toulouse. Two statues of an offensive kind guarded
the entrance to the place, and the main door of it was one of those
that turn round like a turnstile so as to keep out the air; and in
front of this thing was a lawn with a net. There were two trees just
planted and looking as though they would rather die than live, and a
little further off the workmen were digging for a fountain. It was a
very saddening sight. I went up to the foreman, who by his dress seemed
to be a countryman of my own, and I said, 'This is a castle that you
are building, is it not?' He stared at me and said yes, wondering why
I asked. 'And I think,' I went on, 'that I am in Spain, am I not?'
'Yes,' said he, wondering still more, 'the frontier lies there'--and he
pointed to a little stream in the grounds. 'I thought as much,' I said,
sighing profoundly. 'At last I have come upon a man building a castle
in Spain.'

"Since then I have seen no other such sight, nor do I wish to see
one. And ever since then I have made it my business, when I had need
to build castles in Spain (the appetite for which comes upon me at
least twice a week), to come up here on to this roof and survey the
Roussillon, the Canigou and the Mediterranean Sea, and build castles in
my head, for I have discovered realities to be appalling."

With these words he begged me to leave him.




ON CLAY


Let us be Antean: let us touch earth. Let us look at the pit out of
which we were digged: let there be no false shame; let us talk of clay:
of all the things in which the modern world has gone wrong there is
nothing in which it has gone wrong more than in the point of clay. Our
fathers before us, who were great men and wise--they knew what the
thing was. When they had robbed a monastery or killed a king, or in
some other way acquired an estate in land, what did they? They said to
the steward or to the fathers of the village: "Is there no clay about?"
And when they heard there was, there did they found their house. And in
this way it has come about that all great Englishmen, or very nearly
all great Englishmen have been born and brought up on clay.

That noble and regal city, the City of London, the second city of the
West, the city which was founded by Brutus himself, the city which is
directly descended from ancient Ilion and bears its glories--London, I
say, could not be built save upon clay. For though at first, in their
folly, the builders of London put up their wretched wattled huts on
gravel, yet when the spirit took them that they would grow, and they
determined to make a town of it, on to the clay they went.

Then again, the clay bred the wheat that used to grow in England, and
it grew the barley also, and man, who was made of clay, lived on the
clay, drank out of the burnt clay, and ate the fruit of the clay;
nor is this all that clay has done for us (and what have we done for
clay!), for when I speak of drinking out of the burnt clay it recalls
to me another function of this admirable ungotten mineral--at least
it is for the greater part ungotten. But for clay where should we be
for pipkins, pannikins, porcelain of all kinds, and but for clay what
should we do for the olla, for the cream jug, and for those large flat
basins in which people pour milk that the cream may rise on top of it?
At least the wise people, who go by the old fashions and will not use
a separator--for if you know anything of the matter you will know that
no pig will thrive upon skim milk unless the cream has risen from it in
the old manner: and there I make an end of this digression.

You may think I have exhausted the matter of clay, but you are wrong.
Clay has a further quality: it is a mystery. Any one can see how
granite came about. And as for chalk, it was made by a vast number of
little fishes. Sand is a thing a tom-fool can understand; limestone
is self-evident; and I never knew any one yet who was puzzled by
alluvial soil; but clay is a harder nut to crack. How was it made?
Those who were there when the foundations of the earth were laid and
who pretend that they know everything, those whose god is matter and
whose infallible authority is printer's ink, boast like Lucifer their
father, and will explain everything to you on their eight fingers and
two thumbs--but they confess that they cannot explain clay. It is all
very well to say that clay is full of alumina; that it is the breaking
up of granite rocks, but no one can tell you how all this came about,
nor why it is so pasty. "It is not known" (says my Encyclopædia) "why
certain specimens of granite are rapidly corroded and crumbled down,
while others have resisted for ages the same causes of decay." No! No,
by heaven! it is not known. And it is a great day in modern times when
one can get one of the scientists to admit that he is not possessed
of universal knowledge. No man living knows how clay came to be. I
repeat it is a mystery and is crammed with the virtue of all mysterious
things. And should it not be mysterious, seeing what are its powers?

For remember that all this does but touch upon the edge and fringe of
the greatness of clay. Records were first kept in clay, and but for
clay would never have survived. They were scratched on clay tablets
and burnt, and they have come down to our own time. Bricks have to be
made from clay, and with bricks did men first learn to build small
and reasonable houses, for before they thought of bricks the rich man
could live in stone, but the poor man had to do as best he could in
wood and wattles. But the moment they thought of clay and of making
bricks, reasonable houses for the middle-class appeared; and with
the middle-class there came also public opinion, common-sense, good
manners, verse, sculpture, and the art of living.

You may very reasonably prove, and to the satisfaction of most men,
that without clay there could be no middle-class; nor does this great
service which the clay has done us by any means exhaust the debt we owe
to clay. There would be no dew ponds on the chalk heights of England
had not our ancestors long before history carefully puddled clay. And
very probably there would be no statues in the world had it not been
for clay, for it is clay that suggests the statue. So whenever you
see a good statue (of which there are so many in this world, as for
instance: the Madonna over the south porch of Rheims; the Mary Magdalen
at Brou; the statue of Our Lady of Paris in Notre Dame; the Venus of
Milo, which is by no means the first-comer among statues; the headless
Victory with wings, which is a first-rate statue and looks as if it was
going to fly down the steps of the Louvre; the statue of the archer
in that same gallery; the statue of St. John the Baptist in South
Kensington, which is a copy of the one in the Luxembourg--or indeed
of any other statue)--I say, when you see a statue that is good and
pleases you, remember clay. But for clay that statue could never have
been.

Do you think that with this we have come to the end of what clay has
done? Why, we have not, so to speak, begun the first page of the volume!

But for clay there would be no smoking: clay made pipes. And but for
clay we should not be able to drain our fields. From clay also comes
aluminium, which has some purpose or other, I forget what; and clay
made the Sologne. For that great heath and desert, which so few men
know, owes its very life to clay. It is the clay holding the water
which has turned it into the forest it is, full of little pools and
cram full of wild boars and other ingenious beasts.

Roses adore the clay--they are as native to clay as salt is to the sea;
and there is another thing we owe to clay, for if we had no clay we
should have no roses; and talking of that, the oak is a clay tree. All
that gnarled, hard, native stuff which you clap your hand on when you
strike an oak beam is nourished and made strong by clay. An oak may be
called the living son of the dead clay; it is a sort of clay turned
vegetable, a slow, a fundamental, and an enduring thing.

Now by way of ending! Being a modern man you will grumble and say,
"Yes, but it is bad to live on." You are wrong. It is the best soil of
any to live on. True, if you are a town man you find that your feet get
wet on it; you cannot walk about after a shower as you can in London;
therefore you prefer to be upon gravel or sand. That is because you
are artificial and a snob. You were intended, my lamb, to plunge about
in mud when the weather is muddy--it is an excellent discipline for the
soul. And all that love of sand and gravel goes with rhododendrons,
copper beeches, and villas of red brick, and the death of the soul.
You will then object that the house built upon clay goes up and down,
heaving, as it were, with the weather. Why not? All things that live
and are worthy have in themselves the principle of motion. Would you
inhabit something dead? Aristotle has said it, that death, the absence
of life, is essentially rigidity, the absence of motion. Give thanks
then that your house should shift, and that the water that you must
drink on clay is of a muddy kind; it is better for your health than
that sparkling stuff which gives men goitre in the high hills.

In a word, there is nothing human nor anything about man which is not
the better for clay. He was made of clay, he should live on clay, his
wood must be the fruit of clay, and so must his food, and so must his
drink, and so must the flowers that are his ornament. And when he dies
the very best soil in which you can bury him is clay.




ON NO BOOK

AND ITS ADVANTAGES AS A COMPANION TO TRAVEL


I know very well that there are men going about who will pretend that
when a thing is not there it may be neglected, and that existence is
the only thing that counts, but these are ignorant and common men who
have not read the philosophers of North Germany, and in particular the
divine Hegel. For to us who live upon the summit of human thought it is
manifest that there is no such thing as nothing, and that the absence
of a thing or the nonexistence of a thing is but another aspect of its
presence or its existence. So Bergmann (I translate him into Latin,
for German is a difficult tongue) "_esse antequam non esse esse satis
constat_." So also Biggs, his greatest living pupil at Oxford, "The
moment we grant potentiality to entity----" Hold!

What I am driving at, good people, is that a man who takes no book upon
a holiday forms very worthily one of the series of men who do, and I
will confess that this No Book is the book I invariably take with me,
in every distant journey which those who meet me upon them may think
holidays, but which I myself have always considered to be occupation
and life.

Its many advantages!... Up in Bigorre, branching northward from the
main Roman Road across the Pyrenees, runs a torrent which falls in
perhaps a thousand falls from the height and the mountains, and whose
valley forms a very difficult approach to Spain. Now if a man be cut
off by this torrent, rising after fresh rain and threatening his life,
and if he attempts to ford it, what book do you think would survive?
So the Peña Blanca; it is not a rock for mountaineers, but for true
travelling men. Your mountaineer, your Alpine Club mountaineer, travels
with a bath, a tent, and in general a baggage train; he can carry books
if he likes; he climbs with a weight on his back or compels a servant
to do so, but no man can get down the Peña Blanca or up it on the
steep side with a Liddell and Scott or a London Directory on his back.
There are places on Peña Blanca where everything you brought with you,
including your boots, you wish were away, and these places are places
where the body is in the shape of an X, the right foot, the left foot,
the right hand and the left hand each trying to persuade itself that it
has a hold, and the co-ordinating spirit within also asserting by sheer
faith that the surface of the rock does not lean outwards. What would
a man do with a book in such a place as this?--I mean with a book in
its aspect of existence? No Book is worth more than a whole library to
a man so placed and so thinking.

Consider the sea. There is only room to cook forward on condition the
hatch is up; aft, the other men are playing cards. Then again, it is
either calm or rough. If it is calm the boat sways intolerably and
everything reminds you of oil. What book can suit that mood? And when,
contrariwise, the boat is taking it green every few seconds, and your
eyes are bleared trying to see through the spindrift and the snow, what
would you do with a book--is there any book in the world that would
help you to drive her through? Are there oilskins for books?

The horse also: for whether a rich man has lent you one, or whether
it is your own, or whether it is one you have hired (and this sort go
lame), the horse enters into every bit of travel. Who will read a book
where a horse is concerned? Indeed I have often considered that men who
will learn everything from books and go into court or throw the family
fortune into chancery on the strength of "The Pocket Lawyer"; all men
who will build a boat after instructions printed upon paper and then
wonder where they have failed; all men who consider life from printed
things, would be the better for receiving, closely reading, annotating
and thoroughly mastering a volume called "The Horse and How to Ride
Him." It is a large flat book with diagrams, something like an atlas in
shape and weight. This, I say, when they have mastered it, let them
take under the right arm, holding it as a bird would hold a thing under
its wing, and so accoutred let them climb upon a mustang, and digging
those enormous Mexican spurs which are the glory of the West deep and
hard into the brute's hide, they will discover as in a lightning flash
of revelation the value of books in the large concerns of life. No Book
is the book for all the plains between the Sangre de Cristo and the
Sierras.

The same is true of the desert, though why I cannot tell, unless it
be that by day it is too hot, and by night there is nothing to read
by. Soldiers--real soldiers I mean--carry no books until they have
reached the grade of general officer; and what books do you think were
regretfully laid down when the _Brunswick_ went into action on the
first of June, 1794?

I can indeed consider no active occupation for a man in which No Book
is not a true companion, and that book shall be my companion in future,
as it has been in the past, all over the world.




ON IRONY


Irony is that form of jest in which we ridicule a second person in the
presence of a third. It is most complete when the second person is most
ignorant of our intention, the third person most alive to it. Irony
exists and is full even when the second person thus attacked is alone
in suffering the attack, and irony exists and is full when the third
person is restricted to our own expectant selves or even to God who
made us and in whom is mirrored the universal truth of things. Irony
enjoys an exuberant life, whether the second person so attacked is
universal and the third as restricted as can be; or whether the second
person so attacked is particular and singular, and the third person,
the onlooker and the audience, comprehends the whole world.

It is in the intention of irony that it should do good, because it is
of the nature of irony that it should avenge the truth. I say "avenge"
because irony would not be irony were it not destined to inflict a
fatal, or at least a grievous, wound. There is not in irony any measure
of pity for the enemy, though irony could not exist without some vast
motive of pity for a victim in whose defence it was aroused. Irony is a
sword, and must be used as a sword. It has this quality about it, that,
like some faery sword, it cannot be used with any propriety save in
God's purpose; and those who have been the most expert swordsmen, when
they take a wrong reward for their service, or use that weapon for an
unworthy end, find it fail in their hands. Nay, like any faery sword,
in hands that use it unworthily it will disappear. And the history of
Letters is full of men who, tempted by this or by that, by money or
by ease, or by random friendship, or by some appetite lower than the
hunger and thirst after justice, have found their old strong irony grow
limp and fruitless after they had sold their souls.

Irony, therefore, is unknown in those societies where the love of ease
dominates all men. It is most powerful in those societies which are by
their temper military. You will find irony treated angrily, as though
it were an acid or a poison, where men love ease. And you will find it
merely ignored when men have wholly lost the sense of justice. In such
societies it retires from the realm of letters to that more powerful
sphere in which divine vengeance and divine necessity have their action
over things; and many such a society no longer capable of producing or
of appreciating irony when it proceeds from the mouth or the pen of a
man, learn it most dreadfully in the catastrophes of war.

To the young, the pure, and the ingenuous, irony must always appear to
have in it a quality of something evil, and so it has, for, as I have
said, it is a sword to wound. It is so directly the product or reflex
of evil that, though it can never be used, nay, can hardly exist,
save in the chastisement of evil, yet irony always carries with it
some reflections of the bad spirit against which it was directed. How
false it is to say that vengeance and the hatred of the evil men are
in themselves evil, all human history can prove. Nay, but for irony in
the last times of a decline no breath of health would remain to man.
Nevertheless, as it is called into being by evil things, it works in an
evil light. It suggests most powerfully the evil against which it is
directed, and those innocent of evil shun so terrible an instrument.

Alone of the powers of expression possessed by the human spirit
wherewith to defend right against wrong, irony is invulnerable,
and alone of those powers it can always strike. Nor is anything
invulnerable against it save that death of the intelligence which comes
so shortly before the death of the society suffering it, that there
is no need in the interval to attack the evil of that society or to
attempt to remedy it; for when stupidity comes upon a State all is over.

A happy world, such as the world of children, or any society of men who
have still preserved the general health of the soul, such a society as
may be found in many mountain valleys, needs none of this salt for
the curing and the preservation of morals. But even where men have so
protected primal virtue, old men, old proverbs, dim records of past
misfortunes leave some savour of irony in the traditions of the tribe.
And irony is proved native to the scheme of things and not of its own
self unnatural or rebellious by the manner in which the mere course of
human happenings is perpetually filled with it. A dreadful irony is
present when a man, having heard of the death of a friend, receives
later his living letter posted from far off before that death. There
is irony when, every defence having been made against some natural
accident, that accident yet enters by another gate unsuspected to man.
There is an irony in every unfulfilled prophecy and in every lengthy
and worthless calculation. No man having purchased an honour defends
unpurchased honour without the spirit of irony surrounding all his
words. No man praises courage being himself but a rhetorician, or
praises justice being himself a lawyer or a magistrate, without some
savour of irony in the air of his audience, and it may be presumed
without too much phantasy that spirits equal and undisturbed and of a
high intelligence can see in every action of human life save the most
holy an irony as strong as that which inhabits the tragedies of the
great poets.

There is a last use for irony, or rather a last aspect of it which
this general irony of Nature, and of Nature's God, suggests: I mean
that irony which can only appear in the letters of a country when
corruption has gone so far that the mere truth is vivid with ironical
power.

For there comes a time--it is brief, as must be all final moments of
decay--but there comes a time in the moral disruption of a State when
the mere utterance of a plain truth laboriously concealed by hypocrisy,
denied by contemporary falsehood, and forgotten in the moral lethargy
of the populace, takes upon itself an ironical quality more powerful
than any elaboration of special ironies could have taken in the past.
Some truth too widely put aside and quietly thrust forward, a detail in
general conversation about a powerful man strikes, in such societies,
exactly like the point of a spear. Blood flows: and the blood is drawn
by irony. Yet was here no act nor any fabric of words. Mere testimony
to the truth was enough: and this should prove that irony is in touch
with the divine and is a minister to truth. In such awful moments in
the history of a State that which makes the dreadful jest is not the
jester, but the eternal principle of truth itself. That which is jested
at is the whole texture of the universal society upon which the truth
falls, and for the audience, for the third person who shall see the
jest at the second person's expense, there is present nothing less than
the power by which truth is of such effect among men.

No man possessed of irony and using it has lived happily; nor has any
man possessing it and using it died without having done great good to
his fellows and secured a singular advantage to his own soul.




ON THE SIMPLICITY OF WORDS


That is simple which, when you have long looked at it, and when you
have carefully considered it, you cannot justly discover to be built
up of other unities. That is simple which, when we will divide it,
divides into things like itself, and which, when we divide it, divides,
not of its own nature, but violently and unnaturally by our volition.
The acute mind will divide what is simple as freely as it will divide
what is complex, but the just mind recognises simplicity and will
not attempt its division. For in all analysis it is the business of
the analyser to get at the ultimate unities; when he has reached the
ultimate unities it is also his business to respect them: further
division will show acuteness, but it will not show judgment.

The simplest thing we know is the soul of man, for it has about it a
quality as it were crystalline and one. So that the more fundamentally
it does a thing the more that thing is one. The powers of the soul, its
instruments, and therefore the parts of its machinery, are innumerable
and perhaps infinite (for we are said to be made in the image of the
Infinite); but the thing itself is utterly simple.

Now the soul of man impresses, receives and expresses certain things:
for instance, it impresses its unity upon things outside of it, it
talks of "London," "mankind," "this landscape." It receives and it says
of a colour, "This is such and such a colour"; of a tone, "This is such
and such a tone"; of a truth hitherto unheard, "This is true--this is
consonant with my nature, and with my making (for I was made); this has
Authority, for Authority is authorship."

The soul of man impresses, receives and expresses. And, note you, in
this business the soul of man has designed an instrument, and this
instrument is the Word. Those who question whether the soul of man so
acts, can only question from one of two causes: either they have not
considered how we think and do, or else, like many men in our modern
diliquescence, they believe all knowledge to be equally futile, and
they despair equally of all kinds of careful view, whether of things
that can be handled or of immaterial things.

The soul of man impresses, receives and expresses, and its instrument
is the Word. It impresses its unity upon this mass of houses and people
("houses" and "people" are themselves words), and it stamps that
impression as a word: "London." The soul of man receives. A certain
physical impression (which a modern theory would have depend upon
proportionate undulation--but this, like most physical hypotheses, is
not proved) stirs in the mind a sentiment of colour and of a certain
colour; and the mind records its reception in a word: blue. The soul
of man expresses. It is cognisant and, in its own manner, sure of
existence, secure in existence. To express this, to put forward its
certainty exteriorly, out of itself, its instrument is again a word. It
says, "I am."

Well then, the Word is all-important, for without the Word the soul of
man would live within itself, and therefore stand imprisoned and null,
a sort of death. And the Word is all-important in a second way, for by
the Word the soul of man not only lives but also communicates. It is
by the Word that soul and soul recognise, fertilise and enrich among
themselves, each all its fellows. But there is a third character of
dignity attaching to the Word, which is this: that the Word reflects
and carries on, inherits, shows forth in little, presents, that great
origin the soul of man, whence it proceeded; and here it is that I come
to the kernel of my subject.

For it is my business to argue here that there is a mystical
quality--that is, a quality not contradictory of reason but superior to
it--inhabiting the right use of Words. I would say more: I would say
that upon the exactitude of that quality in use depended the magic of
the poets.

Very certainly men at random, any men, may experience the unexpressed
emotion, but the function of the poet--in which he is a sort of
splendid servant--is to bring words to his master, his fellow-man, the
innumerable, and to untie his tongue.

Two things are most noticeable in this character of the poet: first,
that he has the capacity to put these words before his fellow-men for
their use, and of the right sort and in the right order; and secondly,
that neither does he know how he does it nor can mortal man in any
place or under any influence explain how it is done. Consider these
three lines--


     [Greek: Pempe de min pompoisin hama kraipnoisi pheresthai
     Hypnô kai Thanatô didymaosin; hoi rha men ôka
     Katthesan en Lykiês eureiês pioni dêmô.]


Let us suppose this translated by some man who would put an English
word for nearly every Greek word, not considering that such mere
transformation was by no means a resurrection of the dead. It is from
the _Iliad_, where the body of Sarpedon is ordered by a god to be taken
to Lycia--to which place he belonged. This god orders the body of
Sarpedon, fallen in battle, to be taken to his native place; and this
is how the poet speaks of his transference from the place where he died
to his own land, if you put word for word--

"He gave him to be borne at once by swift companions, the twins Sleep
and Death, who swiftly laid him in the rich land of Lycia the full."

Now a man caring more for resurrection than for a mechanical
transference might put it in many ways--I suggest this--

"And he gave Sarpedon dead to be borne by swift companions, the
twin-Gods Sleep and Death, who bore him to his own land of Lycia, a
pleasant land."

I care not how it is translated, for whoever translates it, unless he
is inspired (that is, ordered from outside mankind by a spirit), he
will translate it wrong. But the nearer we get to the violent truth of
those famous words the more we see what the Word is to the Soul, the
more we see how the simplicity of the Word reflects and, to our eyes
(and our ears), in some way enhances the simplicity of the Soul.

These toppling things which a man can neither escape nor avoid reside
(it would seem from such a passage) not only in the inmost soul but
also in Words. These words once written, the soul that put them forth
has done its work for ever. Yet no man can say that common counters
have been used, that a mere currency of expression has here done its
work.

What could be more worn, what for all time more common, than these
considerations, a dead man, companions, home, death, sleep and a
fertile valley? But in some way it is possible to make of these things
what was there made when the man who so wrote them wrote them; and
there is no one who will not feel that a son of the gods, of the high
gods, was taken by lesser but divine servants, Death and Sleep, who
brought him back dead to where his mother had borne him, the land of
Lycia, a pleasant land; and he was so borne out of battle, and he
rested when the fight was done.

Now how is that purpose of words achieved? No man knows. No man can
explain: it is the power of the Word, it is the magic power of the
Word. There are some (poor fools!) who try to analyse the connotation
of the Word; they will show how such and such a Word involving (in such
and such a civilisation) such memories and such associations plays a
trick with the mind and deceives it. They will show how Elizabethan
English stirs us by modern experiences which the words used by the
Elizabethans recall. But the whole of their philosophy is upset at once
by the consideration of such a passage as this which I have quoted; for
here are only the simplest of things, as simple, I say, as the human
soul, and at once overwhelming.

There is more to be said than the mere praise of so amazing a
success; the right choice of words in this example, or (to speak
more accurately) the right acceptation of them--for poets do not
choose--does much more than merely _say_ that thing which such words
should say. It does much more than only _tell_ what the singer was
inspired to tell. It expands, and embranches and conceives. And out
of the right acceptation of words there grows a sacred and a further
explanation of their meaning: they illumine not only what we are but
what we might be and what we will be. And, above all, they raise
echoes: they raise echoes from beyond the world.

Thus in that little bit of Homer quoted, do you not see what it means
beyond its bare poetic statement? Not only did Death and Sleep take
the body of Sarpedon back to Lycia, but the bodies of all of us are in
such hands: for (if you will think of it closely) in what way do men
recover their innocence, their childhood and the place where they were
born? In what way do they pierce through time? By sleep, in dreams, and
possibly, in a more final manner, by death.




ON SECLUDED PLACES


It is a commonplace, and a true one, that the modern world is full of
illusions, or rather that the things which we interest ourselves about
to-day are nearly all of them matters upon which we have no direct
knowledge. The climate of Jamaica, a foreign trial, a war between two
nations neither of which we have visited, come to entertain us far more
than things upon which we have immediate and personal experience. After
a little while we come also to judge these things as though we knew
them.

I say that the whole modern world (with the exception of the peasants)
suffers heavily from this disease, and no one more than politicians and
their electorate. Of a politician upon whose judgment may depend the
happiness of the country, most of those who admire or hate him have
an impression drawn from caricatures. Of the electorate whom they are
supposed to serve politicians have a vague conception, drawn from the
hurried aspect of vast crowds of poor men seen by gaslight after dinner
in huge halls, and in the course of all the distractions of a speech.

This fantastic ignorance which modern conditions have bred in the
great towns seems to some to be wholly evil in its effect. It is not
so; for among its effects are to be discovered a number of joyful
surprises. Many things which we had imagined to be such and such
and which we had deplored, turned out upon examination to be very
different, and much better than our newspaper picture had conceived.
Among these joyful surprises is the discovery that the earth is not
full, that travel has not overspread it, and that there is perfect
loneliness within the reach of all. No popular conception of the modern
world is more firmly held, especially by educated, and therefore by
jaded, men. There is none which it is more useful to explode. Two
things have come side by side: first, an immense increase in the
ease of communications; secondly, a positive delight in the crowd to
associate with the crowd; and these two facts, the one economic and
the other social, have more than counteracted all the expansion in
numbers of those who travel about and defile the earth with their
presence. In between the tracks of their travel, a few miles upon the
centres in which they herd, pig and pen, there is an isolation which
our forefathers never knew. A hundred years ago the Land's End and St.
Davids were both places far removed from London; to-day the end of
Cornwall is familiar to many thousands of men who are not native to it,
but what about St. Davids? How many men who read this can say where
it is or have visited it? A hundred years ago Midhurst, Petworth,
Pulborough, Horsham, East Grinstead, Crowborough Top, Haywards Heath,
Heathfield, Burwash, were places upon the map of Sussex intimately
known to the men of that county, and visited but rarely by men from
beyond the weald. But though they were visited rarely they were visited
equally, and if a man said he knew the county then he knew those
places. Compare their fate to-day. Crowborough, Haywards Heath, and
Heathfield are suburbs of London, and right through the heart of the
county a long bridge--pure London all the way--unites London with its
suburb of Brighton. Do you imagine upon that account that the isolation
of Sussex is lost? Very far from it. It is considerably increased. Nay,
the loneliness of that vast proportion of the county which lines of
travel do not touch is, if anything, too great--it is in excess even
of what the greatest lover of contemplation can desire. And you may
within a mile of the Brighton road lie in a wood and watch small beasts
behaving with a freedom and an ignorance of human intercourse which
perhaps they never had when village life was really strong, when the
great estates were not mortgaged to cosmopolitan finance, when the old
families lived in their houses and made the county town five miles away
their resort for purchase and even for amusement.

It is equally true of the North; the whole chain of the Pennines
between the two main lines of travel to the east and to the west of
them is utterly deserted. A man may walk thirty times in a year from
Hawes to Ribble Head and in not half those walks meet or speak to a
man. This is true of the great high road across the chain, of the
summits it is far truer. Go from Appleby over Cross Fell up Wild Boar
Scar and down the water to Alston, and you will be as completely cut
off from men the whole day long as you could be in the West of Canada.
The same is true of the dales of Cheviot. From where Chevy Chase was
fought all the way up Rededale is a fine great road that was once the
highway to Scotland over Carter Fell. If a man goes lame upon the
English side of it he cannot count upon getting a lift to Jedburgh;
he must limp it all the way. And speaking of that road reminds one
that not only has this novel isolation come upon a great part of
Britain, but that as one watches it with a sense that is not wholly
pleasurable (especially on winter evenings, after a day bereft of
human intercourse) one has often around one evidences of a recent time
when the activities of the country were more evenly spread. Upon this
same great road from Carter Fell there is upon the Scotch side of the
path a house which once paid a high rental and did great trade with
the traffic. It is in ruins. Upon that same Cross Fell which is now
completely alone, you come perpetually upon abandoned workings, upon
bits of hardened road, now half sunk into the bog, and even upon the
remains of broken bridges over streams.

In the quadrilateral which is formed by the railways in the south-west
of Scotland there is a great area of silence, and in that belt of
Wales which separates the northern from the southern dialects, a
belt which is again served by a fine high road, and which has been
throughout English history the scene of the western advance from across
the Marches into the Principality, there is silence also. Plinlimmon,
the mountain which dominates this central part, is unknown, and
the reason is easy enough to discover. Plinlimmon is not an abrupt
mountain, astonishing in outline or difficult of ascent. It is, upon
the contrary, a great rounded hill, but there is perhaps no height in
the island more solemn nor commanding a more awful and spacious scene,
and those few who would still take the trouble to reach it may find the
north a chasm more wonderful, I think, than any in the range of Snowdon
or in the neighbourhood of Cader Idris. All this is true of that little
narrow space which lies between the North Sea and St. George's Channel,
and when one considers the neighbouring countries of the Continent the
instances that arise are innumerable. Within two days of London, and to
be reached at about an expense of £2, there is a little democracy in
which no man has ever been put to death, in which no wheeled vehicles
have ever been seen, of which the few laws are made, or rather the
ancient and honourable customs maintained, by the heads of families
meeting for discussion. You can from the little village in its centre
telephone to Paris if you wish, and yet who has been to that place? Or
who knows the way there from London? Probably not a dozen men. There
is on one of the main railways of Europe a chain of mountains abrupt,
intensely blue, comparable only to the background of certain mediæval
illuminations, and, with their astonishing, unworldly aspect, making
one understand how the active mediæval imagination could see, remember,
and use things that we pass by. I know of no artist who has drawn that
range nor of any traveller who has described it. You cannot see it from
the train; it runs along a narrow and profound valley. You must leave
the railway at a little roadside station, you must climb two thousand
feet on to the plateau above, and from there, when you have turned a
corner of the road, there breaks upon you this unearthly vision of the
range.

Now consider that example--and it will not be difficult to discover how
and why these places remain, or rather increasingly become, isolated
from the modern world. For what must you do to obtain a view of what I
have spoken? You must abandon the express, with its speed and luxury,
to which you are accustomed; you must get into a little slow and dingy
local train, you must climb a high hill in spite of weather. You may do
it once from curiosity, but you are not compelled to the open air and
the road as were your fathers, and for one man that will rarely be at
the pains to go about to visit and to understand the world there are a
thousand who would rather delude themselves into a _simulacrum_ of the
emotions of travel by reading of them in some book, and that book will
probably have been written by some one who has no more followed the
road than themselves. For a man to know the world he must not sleep now
and again in the open, or now and again for a freak in some dirty inn
where there is bad cooking and bad wine; he must so sleep continually
day after day. He must not have only an object before him in his
journey, such as the visiting of a famous shrine; he must also have an
object all the way along, to note whatever he may pass; and he must so
draw his itinerary that it shall be something out of the common, that
is, something exposing one always to discomfort and often to peril.
There are few men who care to pay the price, and, after all, the effect
of their hesitation is excellent, for they run off to vulgarise the
New World and the Far East, and they leave England and Europe to the
intimacy of those who love them best.




ON PEOPLE IN BOOKS


It is a matter for the curious to examine (but not the wisest will
determine it) why people in books are so extraordinarily different
from real people. You might imagine that the people in biographies at
least would be more or less like human beings--but they never are. A
man may say that the reason of this is that biography to-day is always
a sort of modern, pale, conventional, and hypocritical affair--that
the biographer dare not print nine-tenths of his material under our
modern tyranny of suppression, and that he has necessarily to make a
puppet of his man. But there are others besides modern biographies,
and it is true of them all that the people inside are not human. You
have biographies of politicians acting upon principle; biographies
of men who have accumulated vast fortunes without a hint of their
main passion; biographies of men of lineage in which you are given to
understand that their distinction was due to some individual worth and
force. Biographies of the frankest and most brutal periods, biographies
of men long dead, biographies written by enemies, all have this in
common, that the person inside the book does not go on like a human
being. Autobiographies give one a better chance, but even there,
though you get something much more vivid, you never get a real man. It
seems as though the writing of an autobiography or confession always
went with a twist, either morbid or megalomaniac. Take the very best
one of all, Rousseau's; it can be proved, and research has proved it,
that he is perpetually maligning himself. As for St. Augustine's (oh,
how dull!) he tells us so little, and his purpose is so far from being
autobiographical that it does not come under the same criticism; and as
for Borrow, those who have read him assure me that he is perpetually
performing marvellous feats of intelligence and courage to which
there is no witness at all but himself. Hagiographers are appalling.
They do not attempt to present a living figure, though I will make an
exception for one account of the death of St. Thomas of Canterbury; I
forget which, but it is full of realities. Your stock hagiographer, as,
for instance, he of the Carolingian period, postulates three things:
the noble birth of his hero, his boldly standing up to somebody else
(usually a layman), and his performing a number of actions precisely
similar to those which others of the type have performed; it is almost
mechanical; it is like the leader in a party newspaper describing a
party speech by a party man.

People in histories also are not human beings. The moment you try
to make them human in writing your history a demon enters and makes
you make a great quantity of little mistakes. For instance, you are
writing about a man with one eye, and you are determined to make him
human; you find out all you can about that eye, whether the other one
was of glass, or was just left screwed up in the old-fashioned style.
You get right about the date of the time when he lost his eye, the
effect which his one eye had on other people, and all the rest of
it. You make the man live again before you, and the moment you begin
writing about him you will make his left eye his right eye. It is the
knowledge of this, and the fear of the powerful Demon who works it,
that makes historians shun the human being and stuff their books full
of ghosts paler than any that wander by Acheron.

This is especially true of historians of war. The people they write
about occupy "strategic" points (a phrase which is blankly meaningless
to the writer as to the reader), they "grasp" the situation at a
glance, they "master detail," they are (when the author is against
them), "in spite of all their faults, not devoid of physical courage,"
or (if the author is in favour of them) "acting with that quiet
decision which is characteristic of them" (and of bad actors in problem
plays, too, by the way), but they never live.

Now and then you get flashes; the eyes glance, the tones take on
reality, there is a human voice and gesture, but it dies again. Perhaps
the most vivid and most fascinating of such histories in our tongue is
Napier's. You will continually find such flashes in it--but they are
not permanently connected. It is odd that the most living of histories
are the exceedingly simple and bald relations set down under primitive
conditions of society when a man merely desired to chronicle dates and
facts. How it is so no one can tell, but a plain statement of some
not very interesting thing with just a verb and a substantive will
do the trick. For instance, where Eginhard says of Charlemagne that
everything about him was virile "except his voice, which was high," or
again, where Fulcher of Chartres (I think it is) says of a spy on the
crusading march that he was "short in the nose and in every virtue."
But even the early historians build up no continuously living figure.

When it comes to novelists the matter is notorious. The people in
novels not only do not go on like real people, but they do things
sometimes physically, always morally, impossible to real people. I
have often wished to know a professional novelist in order to ask
him why his people went on like that. To take quite small points. A
lover and his lady in a novel will often hunt the fox. So far so good.
There is nothing impossible about that. When they have done running
after the animal they go home together, and their horses walk side
by side. How is that done? Except horses in cavalry regiments or in
circuses, or horses constrained and tied by leather thongs in front
of wheeled vehicles, when were two horses ever seen that walked the
same pace side by side? The novelist may say that it is necessary
to the convention of his novel. It would spoil a love scene if he
showed one of the two horses dragging further and further behind the
other (as one of them always does), and then having to canter or trot
every three minutes to catch up his neighbour, and it would also spoil
his love scene if he made one of the horses walking slowly and the
other dancing, which in real life is one of the ways in which people
attempt to keep two horses abreast. But there are many things in your
novel which have no such excuse, and which are equally out of Nature.
For instance, people sit down suddenly and write enormous cheques at
a moment's notice. Now even the richest man cannot do that. He has
his money invested, he does not waste it by letting it lie idle in
gigantic balances of a current account. Then again, the things they
do with their mouths. "'No,' she laughed." How on earth could that be
done? If you try to laugh and say "No" at the same time it sounds like
neighing--yet people are perpetually doing it in novels. If they did
it in real life they would be locked up. Another thing that people do
in novels on all sides is to make immensely long speeches. Sometimes
the whole of the author's views upon some big matter, like the fate of
the soul for instance, comes pouring out in a solid page and a half of
spoken stuff. In real life the only people who do this are politicians,
and even they only do it on stated and ritual occasions; they do not do
it in private houses. Sometimes they try, but they are interrupted.

Yet again, consider the vast number of titles which people have in
novels. I cannot call to mind one single novel without a title--I mean
no novel of the modern kind. Of course there must be such, but they
are certainly rare. Now in real life things are not thus. All the
ordinary people of this country go about day after day without meeting
lords and ladies, but in novels something like half the characters
come in quite casually with titles, and I have been told that it is a
matter of professional pride with some novelists to be able to get the
complicated system of English titles exactly right, and that they will
even fabricate difficult problems for the pleasure of solving them, as
do men who play chess. They will take the younger son of an earl, make
him a Colonial Cabinet Minister, and then triumphantly settle for you
which of the two "honourables" he is; or again, they will marry the
heiress of a marquisate inheritable in the female line to the eldest
son of a man who comes into a barony later on in the book--and get it
absolute. But people in real life do not care much about these things.

Conversely, a very large number of things that _do_ happen in real
life and are interesting never seem to get into novels. For instance,
repetitions. Your hero will fall off a horse and break something, but
he does not do it twenty times as he would if he were a living being.
A man comes late to dinner, but he is not always coming late to dinner
as he would if he were human: and, what is worse, a score of highly
interesting real types never get between covers at all.

Take, for instance, that immoderately common type, among the most
common of God's creatures, which I will call "the Silent Fool,"
the man who hardly ever talks, and when he does says something so
overwhelmingly silly that one remembers it all one's life. I can
recollect but one Silent Fool in modern letters, but he comes in a
book which is one of the half-dozen immortal achievements of our
time, a book like a decisive battle, or like the statue of John the
Baptist at South Kensington, a glory for us all. I mean _The Diary of a
Nobody_. In that you will find the silent Mr. Padge, who says "That's
right"--and nothing more.

One might go on for ever piling up instances of this divorce between
the supposed pictures of our modern life and the truths of it. I will
end with what is to me, perhaps, the most glaring of all: the attitude
of fiction towards what is called "success." No matter who the author
is, no matter what his knowledge of the world, he simply cannot draw
"successful men" as they are, that is, in a diversity as great as any
to be discovered in the human race. Men who have "got on," that is, who
are at once well to do and well known, are as different as men with the
toothache or as men with warts on their chins. Some are kind, some
brutal, some clever, some stupid, some got their money by luck, some
by inheritance, some by theft, some few by being able to make or do
something better than their fellows, but at any rate in real life, when
you are about to meet someone who is known to you as "successful," you
never have the slightest idea what you are going to meet, your last
experience of the sort is no guide to the next, and the "successful"
chap may turn out to be anything at all. But in novels your wealthy and
well-known man is invariably powerful in character. It never fails. He
may be good or bad, English or foreign, young or old, but he always
has in him something of what you see in a very good sergeant-major at
a few shillings a week, an experienced head master at a few hundreds a
year, or a capable engineer on a passenger ship. He displays qualities
which have no more to do with what is called "success" now-a-days than
red hair or brown boots have. In a word, your successful man is a type
in the novel. In real life he is not a type at all--he is any one. And
another thing you never get in a novel is a well-mannered man or a
bad-mannered man. I cannot recollect one character who interrupts at
the top of his voice, nor one who joins the conversation of others in
an easy way.... But suppose one filled a novel with real people, what
escape would there be from daily life?




ON THE EFFECT OF TIME


Of all contrasts the most ironical and the most profound is the
contrast between the Tag and the Truth of the Tag. A couple of lines
are chosen by humanity from the work of a great poet, and are usually
so chosen not only because they are beautiful, but because they are
true. When they have been repeated a certain number of times they
become a tag. A proverb or a mere popular statement puts into the
shortest possible form some extremely simple, and perhaps extremely
obvious, at any rate (this is quite certain) some extremely important,
truth. Every one sees it is a truth, everybody repeats it, and it
becomes a tag.

Now note the next phase in the life of the said tag. It is criticised
and it is ridiculed; it becomes a solid butt for the archery of human
wit. That phase lasts, perhaps, the lifetime of a man.

Now note the third phase, for it will teach you the most that can be
learnt about mankind, and it is endless. It is the consummation of the
tag and the test of humanity afforded by the tag. The tag is now taken
for granted and is eternal, and the following things happen to it:
children are taught it like the alphabet; they are compelled to learn
it. Hobbledehoys, great wits, and leaders of thought avoid it because
it is commonplace. They can be seen waggling from one side of the road
to the other in their grotesque efforts to avoid the tag. The whole
world knows that the tag is there. Lastly--most wonderful of all!--the
tag ceases to bite: it ceases to affect men; men are saturated with
it. Men are acclimatised to it. They are vaccinated with it; and the
tag has now arrived at the exercise of its eternal function, which
is to wake in individuals, here in one man, there in another, an
overwhelming sense of its truth (or beauty). It begins its career of
converting individual men. Let it be mentioned where three are gathered
together, and it will be fled from as an out-used thing, but two can
make confidences each to the other about it, and one can feel it like a
thorn or like a gem in his heart.

"Who goes a-borrowing goes a-sorrowing" has gone through all these
phases; so has "Waste not want not." So has "For who to dull
forgetfulness a prey," etc. So has "Felix qui potuit," etc. And so have
the three or four thousand others that are the stock of a proper mind.

All these set me thinking of yet another tag, and as it is that which
most sharply tests humility and, through humility, intelligence, and
as, therefore, in this not very humble and not intelligent time it is
grossly neglected, there is a pleasure in dwelling upon it. It is to
this effect: "The future is veiled from man."

Good Lord! To read the Press and to hear the speeches! Why, one would
think that the future had a map to it! One can hardly hear one's self
think for prophecies; and, what is perhaps the most terrible thing of
all, as a symptom of our modern state of mind, the prophecies have a
dogmatic quality (using the word "dogmatic" as it is popularly used of
transcendental affirmations), for men prophesy in great herds and all
together, and to question their prophecies, simply to say that possibly
"the future is veiled from man," creates something now-a-days of the
astonishment, ridicule, or anger which the denial of a religious dogma
does in a society with a fixed religion. Thus, men in England to-day
confidently regard the future of the earth for, let us say, the next
hundred years in a certain light. Certain countries (especially new
countries) are to increase in a regular manner in value and population
and property. Certain other countries are to continue their decline.
Certain forms of mechanical perfection are to increase, certain
speculations as to the nature of the soul are to decline in interest.
But more than any particular set of opinions, there is a general colour
stamped upon the future in the modern mind, and how securely it is
stamped one can best prove by the amusement or surprise that is caused
if one suggests (but does not affirm) that there may be (not that there
must be) some totally new philosophy, new religion, or new development
within three generations.

A book recently published suggests to me the permanent and ironical
value of that old tag "The future is veiled from man." It is a study of
two somewhat obscure individuals who were members of the Revolutionary
Tribunal. It is a very detailed study in which one feels in every page
the things that were taken for granted in that place and time--in the
Paris of the Revolution. What of all that has come to pass? What of
all the fixed certitudes as to the future--nay, the fixed certitudes
upon the very nature of man from which, as of necessity, the future was
deduced, has remained? The author has done all the better in his study
of Vilate and Trinchard from the fact that his position in the Archives
has permitted him to look into the ultimate details of the period. But
not so much the high historical value of the work as its permanent
human lesson strikes me as I read.

Vilate was twenty-four when the great war of the Revolution against the
Kings was within a month of breaking out, and when he set out for Paris
from the lovely rocky pasturage of his province, up beyond Limoges. And
this was what he had in his mind: that the revolutionary movement, to
use his own words, "must give to the whole world a spur of insurrection
against the oppressors of men." This pathetic certitude was nothing
peculiar to the very commonplace young fellow who was leaving his
professorship in the Indre for Paris. To him they then seemed as much
a commonplace as would seem to some young fellow in a similar position
to-day in Birmingham some phase about the development of the West of
Canada, or some certain prophecy that nations would enrich themselves
in proportion to the amount of coal and iron discovered upon their
territories.

When Vilate hears a speech in the Revolutionary Parliament he says:
"Truth has now appeared and is fixed for ever. It can now call to its
tribunal every abuse, every vice, and every crime." Has truth done
that in the last hundred years? Yet to Vilate the prophecy of what
the Revolution was about to do seemed--and not only to him, but to
millions of his contemporaries--as simple as some prophecy of ours
about the future of communications; and he was as easily persuaded
that what he said was true as we are that the North temperate climate
(and especially that part of Europe which is insular and lies between
parallels 50 and 60) is the natural climatic seat of human energy.

Consider again this, which is not from Vilate's own pen, but which
occurs in the study before me and is of the first interest: Vilate
was in the jury on that day. It was the 9th of February, 1794. Seven
Carmelite nuns had refused to take the civic oath to the Republic. The
judge made a very commonplace and, as it seemed then, a very sensible
speech, pointing out that they were perfectly free to observe the vows
they had taken, that nothing had disappeared in their lives except the
particular convent with which they were associated; that none of their
prejudices would be offended. And he pointed out that in the society in
which he believed they would have the sense to live, all men would now
be permanently free. The nuns refused; they refused because the oath
would involve them in schism. How many men at that time surrounding
Vilate had the slightest conception of what the renascence of religion
was to be in the city of Paris? These women, members or servants of
the little reactionary aristocratic clique into which the monastic
institution had declined, seemed mere fanatics not only to Vilate but
to the whole of his society. Could you suddenly have shown Vilate how
Europe would still be raging upon those ultimate questions of religion
more than three generations later; could you have presented him with
the sight of a whole society divided upon so simple and, as it was
then thought, so irrational a point--what would he have thought? I can
tell you what he would have thought. No matter what your credentials
as a prophet, he would have thought your prophecy mad. Though you
should have carried him into our very time and given every proof of the
reality of his vision, he would have woken up to believe it an illusion
and a silly dream.

The state of mind of Trinchard is even more impressive, because
Trinchard was an even smaller, more commonplace, and therefore more
typical, man. He sat side by side with Vilate in the jury of the
Revolutionary Tribunal. Trinchard was a carpenter. He was somewhat
over thirty years of age at the period of the Revolution. His brother
was a gunner, fighting against the Vendéans, just at that moment when
Valenciennes had fallen, and when all seemed over with the Republic;
and his brother used to write from the armies, signing "Your brother, a
true Republican." Two months later he was judging Marie Antoinette. He
wrote to his brother a letter immediately after the trial. M. Dunoyer
publishes in his book (_Deux Jurés du Tribunal Révolutionnaire_) a
facsimile of that letter, and wonderful reading it makes. One might
put its bad spelling and street language into modern English something
like this: "I'm learning you, brother, that I was one of them jurymen
as judged the wilbeast what was wolfing a gurt part of the empire." And
so forth. But the man is doing nothing exceptional. He no more thinks
of himself as exceptional than does any leader-writer to-day writing
upon the virtues or vices of a contemporary politician in more moderate
language. And note you, as a hundred years can make men more temperate,
so they can make men more violent, and our modern absence of emphasis
may astound our great-grandchildren quite as much as that revolutionary
violence astounds us.

A friend writes to him in that spring of 1794 (when Danton died, and
when every man was occupied in the defence or in the destruction
of the Republic). He is a very ordinary friend, his name is Ploton,
a Southerner, as Trinchard was. He corresponds more or less in that
society to, let us say, a young village shopkeeper in our own, full of
a simple patriotism, and especially full of what the Press tells him.
And he heads his letter thus: "Second of Germinal, the second year of
the Republic--which is as imperishable as the world." What rhetoric!
Nay, to us reading such stuff to-day, what lunacy! But do not be too
sure. Go to the British Museum when you can find an idle afternoon and
look up your newspapers of September, 1899, and you will read some
amusing phrases.

The truth is that men pass under strong influences of time that fill
them more than with wine, rather with an entirety of life. The time in
which a man lives may be an exalted time or a weary one, but it fills
him altogether, whether it is on fire or drowned. He can conceive, as
a rule, nothing in the future different from the temper of his time,
though there is all the past to teach him his folly. If he makes a
picture of the future, that picture is a mere extension of his own tiny
and ephemeral experience, and the more confidently certain he is of
that future the more rigidly is it seen by the critical onlooker to be
a puppet dressed up in the clothes of the present.

All these things Dunoyer's careful book upon two men of the
Revolutionary Tribunal, a monograph characteristic of that ceaseless
and immense research which dignifies the modern French School of
History, has suggested to my mind.

Now, whenever I read of the Revolution, in general or in particular,
while that lesson of the folly of prophecy perpetually returns to me,
yet something else rises from the page. In a certain sense, almost in
a mystical sense, the periods of profound faith in a particular future
were right. Not because the picture that they saw was true, but because
those things outside time upon which they relied were and are true. And
even to-day in the sheer anarchy and welter of the time we suffer there
is a method of thought which has anchoring ground in the permanent fate
of mankind. But what that method may be there is no space to discuss
here.




ON A POET


The days in which Swinburne died, it was remarked by all, were days
peculiar to the air and to the landscape which had inspired his verse.
One riding in those days upon the high ridges of the New Forest saw
before him in the distant hills of Dorset and of Wilts, in the very
clear line of the Island, in the belt of sea, and in the great billows
of oak woods and of beech that lift up from the hollows, in the clear
wind and the new large clouds of spring before it, everything which
his poetry meant to those who were of one tongue with him, and all
that part of it which, though not incommunicable to foreigners, made
him the least translatable of modern writers. Nowhere was it easier
to understand what influences had made, or rather driven, his form of
expression than on those heights looking towards those hills, and under
such a sky, feeling that wind come right from off the English sea.

For it is the chief characteristic of Swinburne's work, and the one
which will be noted of him throughout whatever changes the future may
bring to our taste, that his motive (if one may use this metaphor)
was the landscape and the air of England--especially of South England
and of that very roll of land from the chalk to the chalk, from the
northern Avon of Wiltshire to the cliffs of the Island which a man
surveys from the ridges of which I speak.

Let it not be forgotten that revolutions in taste are among the most
certain as they are among the most mysterious proofs of the power of
rapid change combined with unity which is peculiar to Europe, and
which has been discovered in no other civilisations than that of the
Europeans. Only some very few have escaped the chastening of that
reflection. There are indeed some classics--one might count them upon
the fingers of both hands--which no transition of taste much raises or
much diminishes, and chief among these is the sovereignty of Homer.
But almost all the others do suffer violent neglects, nay, may be
for a generation and more violently despised; or again, violently
adored. And so rapid are these fluctuations of opinion--and so sincere
while they remain--that we must always approach with extreme care the
criticism of a contemporary. The fluctuations of opinion will at last
decide an average. Truth will be plotted out, a clear and intellectual
thing, from the welter of mere stimulus. Criticism will acquire, and
with every new critic acquire further, certitudes and fixed points of
judgment; and the reputation of a great poet is moulded and informed
by the process of time, as all other worthy things are moulded and
informed by the process of time. Let us attempt then to stand apart
from the feeling of the moment and to ask ourselves what certainly was
present in the work of the great writer who died in this uprush of new
weather, and this invitation to life that was sweeping over his own
land. It is by qualities which, whether we approve them or disapprove,
are certainly present in a writer that his reputation with posterity
will be made, not by the emotions of the moment which those qualities
arouse; nor is any great writer (nor any small one, for that matter)
to be judged in general terms, but in particular--since writing is
like a man's voice, and always has in it, no matter who produces it,
if it be closely examined, characters not general but individual. A
man who should have resisted the wave of enthusiasm for Lord Byron,
but who should carefully have noted what at any rate he _was_, what
his verse was and what it was not, who should have distinguished
between what he certainly did easily and what he as certainly could
not do, might have praised too much or too little, but that which his
analysis had distinguished would enable him to know more or less what
kind of posterity would judge Byron, and how. He would have been able
to guess, for instance, that a time of youth and of _largesse_ would
have drunk him in great draughts, a time of age and of exactitude would
have found in him a mere looseness of words; he would have been able
to see why foreigners especially could discover his greatness; why
the reading of him was proper to a time of active and physical combat
against oppression, was improper to any nation which a long peace had
corrupted, or to any class which the opportunity for every licence and
the power through wealth to approach every enjoyment had satiated and
cloyed.

If we so examine Swinburne we shall, as I have said, first notice that
in all his work the mere nature of South England drives him. It is
the expression often uncontrolled, always spontaneous, of an intense
communion with that air, those colours, such hills and such a sea.
In this Swinburne, wholly novel as was his medium of expression, was
peculiarly and rigidly national. Whoever best knows that landscape
and that sky best feels him. Whoever in the future most neglects it
or knows it least will least fully appreciate or will perhaps even
neglect his work. In whatever times the inspiration of that belt of
land weakens in the men who inhabit it (it weakened in the Eighteenth
Century, for instance), in such a time the influence of Swinburne's
work will weaken too.

Next there must be noted that in him much more than in any other writer
of the language, or, at any rate, much more than in any other modern
writer of prominence, words followed rhythm, and the poem, though an
organised and constructed thing, went bowling before the general music
of its metre as a ship over-canvased goes bowling before the general
gale. That music underlies all lyrical expression, and for that
matter poetry of every other kind as well, all critics have always
known. But it is modern to make of it, as it were, the necessary and
conscious substructure of the work, and Verlaine, who put it in his
Poetic Art as the chief rule to consider "Music and always Music," was,
in laying down such a law, the extreme expression of his time. Sense
is not sacrificed wholly in any place, it is but rarely imperilled
even by this motive in Swinburne. But one feels that reason has in the
construction no divine place, but is subsidiary--as it is subsidiary in
unworded tunes, as it is subsidiary in great and vivid dreams, as it
is subsidiary (since one should be just even in judging extravagance)
in all the major emotions of the human soul: in love, in combat, in
despair. And in this necessary service of rhythm, this bondage to
music, is to be discovered the source of another characteristic in the
work: the perpetual repetition. Two men, both sedulous and scholarly
admirers, will be equally struck by the apparently contradictory
judgments that Swinburne was unequalled in the range of his vocabulary,
and that Swinburne was, quite beyond parallel, repetitive. Each
judgment would strike one of the two types of admirer as a paradox or
a truism. Yet both are true, and both have an illuminating meaning
when his work is considered. That vast vocabulary (and if you will be
at the pains to note word upon word or to make a short concordance you
will see that the word "vast" is just)--that vast vocabulary, I say,
proceeded from the necessity of satisfying the ear. An exact shade of
length and emphasis were needed; they must be exactly filled, and some
one word out of the thousands upon thousands which the numerically
richest language of our time possesses must be hit upon to do the work.
This surely was the source of that wide range. So also was it the
source of the repetition.

Repetition is discovered in literature under two aspects. It is
deliberate and admiringly designed, or it is involuntary and an odious
symptom of fatigue. The repetitions of Catullus in their way, the
repetitions of the Hebrew poets in theirs, were meant to be; or rather
(for their voluntary quality is obvious) they were exactly designed
to produce a particular effect, and did produce it; the repetition
of those who fail, involuntary and symptomatic of fatigue, may be
neglected. Swinburne's repetitions were neither of the one kind nor
of the other; they were the recurrence of a set of words or of single
words which suited the sound in his head. And just as to fit exactly a
void of known form one word exactly fitting must be found (fitting not
reason but the ear) so those which had been found to fit particular
rhythms must be used again to fit those rhythms when they recurred, as
naturally and as necessarily as a man picks up this tool and that to
do some particular bit of carving which he has found it apt for in the
past. The word in Swinburne was subordinate.

It is a commonplace, and a true one--to pass to another matter--that
the English writers of the later Nineteenth Century (and not the
writers alone) reposed upon the Jacobean translation of the Old
Testament. That unique and fundamental piece of work, the monumental
characters in which appear more largely with every process of retreat
from it, whether in time or in conviction, has so formed that
generation that it was itself almost unconscious of the enormous
effect. Swinburne is as full of it as Kipling; the ready-made phrases
of weary political discussion are full of it. The whole national life,
in so far as modes of expression are concerned, was filled with it.
Many of Swinburne's rhythms were the rhythms of the English Psaltry,
and perpetually you will find some sounding final phrase, especially
if it ends in an interrogation, to be a phrase of biblical character
or even a biblical transcription. Herein, again, as in that effect of
landscape and of air, he is national in every particle of his poetic
being; and one may remark that this note is the note of unity in him,
and that a recognition of it explains what has confused so many critics
of his life and of his opinion. The man who in youth was ardent for
a liberty which leant much nearer to anarchy than to the republic,
who ranged, as the fashion was over all Europe, to find subjects for
that mood, in age perpetually sounded a note which had in it something
exaggerated of fury and of protest against whatever might be thought to
be weakening the very old and fixed boundaries of the national life.
Yet it was the same man whose extreme facility poured out in either
field; the passionate protest of the first years was a protest drawn
from the untrammelled nature about him which ran through him and made
him write. The convinced and extreme political insistence of his later
verse was drawn from the same source. It was still the surroundings of
his own land that compelled him.

There is one last thing to be said: the work has been called pagan. It
is the commonest praise or blame attached to the achievement. Those who
attach it, whether in praise or blame, have not clearly seen the pagan
world. By pagan we mean that long, long manhood of Europe (a thousand
years long to our knowledge--how much longer we know not) in which the
mind certainly reposed and was certainly in tune with the nature of the
Mediterranean. Swinburne's great love of that mood was the love of a
foreigner, of a much belated man, and of a man of the North. The sea
of the Atalanta in Calydon is an English sea. All that attitude in him
was reaction and a protest. It was full of yearning: now pagan paganism
was not full of this. The very earliest moment in which a protest of
that kind is to be found is the Fourth Century. For the transformation
between the old and the new lay in this, that there came upon our
race in the first four centuries of the Roman Empire a yearning which
must be satisfied, and men since then have accepted an assuagement
of it or have passionately protested against that assuagement, or
have cynically ridiculed it, but they have never remained other than
profoundly influenced by it. What is called "paganism" since that
change came is not of marble and is not calm: it is a product, not of
the old time, but of the new.




ON A PROPHET


Years ago in the county of Kent a gentleman of means, culture and
lineage begged me to make the acquaintance of a certain neighbour of
his who dwelt in a little cottage called (by the wrath of God) "The
Hollies"--and, indeed, a holly-tree of no small size, but one only,
grew beside his door. This cottage was cubical in formation with the
exception of the roof, which was a pyramid, and it was built of brick
with the exception of the roof, which was of slate. Its name, "The
Hollies," was painted outside upon the gate. This is all I have to say
about the cottage.

The man who dwelt within it came that very evening to dine at the
Squire's, and was what you will call obviously a gentleman. He
was not a gentleman in any cryptic or mystical sense; he was not
the Adumbration of a gentleman; he was not the Platonic Idea of a
gentleman; he was not the Gentleman used loosely as a term for a good
man; he was not rich; he spoke perfectly; he was very stupid. Much more
than this, he was a Prophet.

The learned have observed (or at least the only ones among them who
count have persistently observed) that it is in the nature of barbaric
peoples to accept whatever is told them with sufficient assurance,
conviction and simplicity, but especially if it regard the future. On
this account (the learned say) he who will prophesy with flame shall
certainly among barbarians become a founder. Now it is sufficiently
certain that this type of man, so successful among the primitive, and
perhaps also among the decayed, continues through all ages and in all
societies, though varying perhaps in proportion, and certainly varying
enormously in the source of his information according to the generation
in which he lives, is here to-day; and this man was one of him.

At first I did not know in what a Presence I stood--or rather sat--for
he was very modest, if indeed it be modest to make no noise in the
eating of soup, to frown heavily, and never to speak a word. There were
but three of us there, the Squire, myself, _et Rex Meus_ the Prophet.
Having seen little of the world I much desired to hear what he would
say; although he was still what politicians call young he seemed old
to me, because he had a full beard, and because life had already
wearied him, a thing incomprehensible to boys. The Squire watched him
with a good deal of admiration and of fear, until at last he said,
"There won't be any war." Here let me tell you that these words were
pronounced in the year 1888, and a little before the bursting of the
spring upon the Kentish Weald.

Nor was there one. There was no war about that time.

Those who read these lines, I am quite certain, will find them a shock.
We live in a time when war is so struck with doom that it is putting on
speed, as it were, to make a fine ending. War is out of our manners; we
can tolerate it no more. Every year is a new reconciliation, and a new
treaty in the federation of all mankind except those who have neglected
their armament, and in general we are forgetting war. But there have
been wars, and of some calibre--hefty and noisy wars since you and I
were boys. Now in 1888 there was no war. So the Prophet was right.

The Squire was interested and humble, and being a plain man he asked
why there would be no war, for it was imagined at that moment by eight
or nine newspaper men that some war or other was going to break out;
but what war I forget after such a lapse of time. The Prophet was a
true prophet, by which I do not mean that he prophesied truth, but
only that he was in keeping with all that I have ever read of his
breed; he shook his doormat of a head and wagged his beard, smiling,
as bearded men do, with the eyes only, and would give no reasons;
and, indeed, there was no war. But as the dinner went on he talked of
other things; he prophesied a Parliament in Dublin "within ten years,"
and, new as I was to the world, I could but note how much of his
conversation worked within fixed frames and limits, as should beseem
a prophet. Some things were going to happen "within five years," some
"within twenty years," some--and the leap was indeed splendid--"within
fifty years." Among these last I dimly remember was the spread of a
universal language, which I think he called "Anglo-Saxon"; and there
was something or other about the birth-rate which escapes me now, but
which I can remember to have appalled me at the time, for it was a
destruction of all I loved and revered in Europe.

The dinner went on, and as he got more food and wine into him he
prophesied less--for fasting is the mother of prophecy. He was still
assertive, he was still sure; his talk was still of public men, of
continents, of armies, of battle and of sudden death, but the future
entered less into it, and the present more. He became not so much a
prophet, but, if I may use the word quite gently, more of a liar. I
can remember vividly now, after so many years, how he stood in the
hall of that great house, all wrapped up to go through the park to
"The Hollies." I looked at his large frame and masterful demeanour. I
remembered all that he had said, both of things distant from me and of
things to come, and I admired such eyes in the brain.

It was ten years before I met him again. I am wrong--it was nine. I met
him upon a steamboat in the North Sea, and he remembered me. We looked
over the side of the ship and talked about America and Spain. As to
the chance of war he waved it all away with his hand. It might come or
it might not [the truth was, it was too near for his type of vision],
but what would come _after_, whether the war was fought or not, was
quite clear. "America," he said, "would learn that she could fight a
European Power." It seems that having learnt this, all sorts of things
would happen, and there would be banging and bingeing to some tune.
The earning of one's living, the weight and dullness which come upon
the mind from seeing too many places and knowing too many men, left my
impression less vivid. For, as it says in the song--


     Ki moulte y resve mainte a vu:
     Ki pleure trop a trop vescu.


But anyhow there remains to me the impression of that conflict between
the Old World and the New which I was destined to experience, and
which I in no way desired. He had been following French politics also,
and he told me--not by way of prophecy, but as a revelation of inner
truth--why it was that Germany had not declared war upon France and
taken Paris in the autumn of the preceding year. I talked to him,
therefore, of the 75mm. gun. He did not shirk it. He talked of it as
one who knew; and as I heard him my mind grew aged. I left him in a
port of Holland after luncheon, and the last I remember of him on that
occasion was a slight gesture of his from the wrist only (for he was a
dignified man) explaining how all that I saw, the port, the shipping,
the docks, everything, would be German "within ten years."

I met him again several times in the succeeding waves of our century.
I met him just before the Boer War, and a little after Colenso. He
prophesied only upon one matter upon these occasions, and that was
the length of the conflict, which, with an exact discrimination,
he invariably placed within "six months" of the day upon which he
addressed me, and the third time he assured me of this thing was in the
month of February 1902, and that time he was right.

Since then I have met him continually, for he knows less people than
he used to do, and he has fallen into a routine of old friends. The
Squire is dead, and he only goes down to "The Hollies" now and again.
It is his pleasure still to foresee. The war over, he bought Consols.
He was careful to explain that he was no fool. They were at 97. They
would fall, of course; he was not buying for immediate rise. In part
of this anticipation he was not disappointed, but in another part he
was. He was in a fume for some little time about an approaching war
with Russia upon the frontiers of India, and again he would return to
that recurrent theme of his life, the destruction of all limitrophous
civilisations by the organised might of Germany. But his chief concern
was the march of China upon Europe, which, as he clearly foresaw,
could not be long delayed. "That," he said, with a sort of Christian
enthusiasm, "would bind us all together once more!"

Whether it be a labour to prophesy or no, his hair had certainly grown
white in the pursuit of his vocation, and when I last saw him (which
was a little after the Epiphany in Rugby Station, waiting for the
train to Carlisle) we spent ten minutes together, and he told me with
unabated gladness that war would break out in the Balkans "when the
snow melted." I asked him at what time this change came about in the
Balkans, but he did not know.




ON BELIEVING


Whenever one studies, even superficially, any generation of men who
have acted in the past and of whose actions there is some considerable
record, that, I think, which most strikes the curious student is the
nature of the things which were taken for granted during the period.

Very much might be written--whole books--upon the effects which this
has upon history. Innumerable points arise as one considers it. For
instance, there is no case I can remember of the things which were
taken for granted existing in the same plenitude of record as the
other things of history. The men of the Ninth Century did not sit down
formally and tell us that they looked at the world in such and such a
fashion. We have to glean and to pick out their standpoint by working
parallel, noting unconscious expressions and side effects. It is like
watching a man speaking on some matter of minor interest and trying to
define through his tone and gesture the standpoint from which not only
that minor interest, but every other, is regarded by his mind.

Perhaps nothing is more subject to close scrutiny to-day, is more
suspected, and has more difficulty in establishing itself than an
unusual physical experience, especially if there be about it a
suspicion of connection with the nature and destiny of the human soul.
There are certain periods in human history--the end of the Roman Empire
is one of them; the beginning, or at least the very early dawn, of
the Middle Ages was another--when marvels of this kind were sought
after and met, as it were, half way by the mind of the time. The
marvellous ran through the spirit of those generations very much as the
accumulation of the ascertained, common and often unimportant, fact
runs through the spirit of our time. They accumulated legend and what
must, in the vast majority of cases, have been even falsehood with the
same readiness with which we accumulate columns of statistics. They
believed certain types of things to be true, and that belief led them
to accept very much of the same nature on which they had no proof.

A very excellent example of the changes which take place from one
generation to another in this respect may be discovered by any one who
will set himself out to answer this question: "What did Englishmen
in the middle and end of the Twelfth Century think about property in
land?" Note the conditions of the problem. Land was the all-important
thing of the time. It was the one thing on which men left records which
they were determined should be minute, accurate and permanent. Yet
there is no scholar at once so learned and so wise that he can with any
exactitude answer the question. And it is evident that the fascination
of the subject chiefly lies in the limitless field which it opens for
discussion. There are those--excellent scholars--who will have it that
the Englishmen of that time thought of land fundamentally as something
common to the community. There are others--scholars of perhaps equal
standing--who will have it that the Roman conception of absolute
ownership had survived in nearly all its original simplicity. Between
these two extremes scholarship may range at will; and however certain
one may be individually that one's own point of view is right, one will
never be able to marshal proof which shall certainly convince, and
finally convince, the whole of the learned world. The men of that time
believed something about land. They never set it down, they took it for
granted; and we can only judge of what that belief was by its secondary
effects. It sounds amazing, but it is true.

Another character of this unseizable spirit of the time is the
distortion it appears to produce in morals when one is looking at it
through the medium of another spirit belonging to another time--our own.

No one can read the history of the French Revolution without perceiving
that certain doctrines of comparatively little effect upon the material
circumstance of men so entirely filled the whole mental atmosphere
of the great bulk of the French people, and certainly of a very large
proportion of Western Europe in general, as to mould the whole of
thought. We can name those doctrines, we can talk of "equality"--a
dogma which may be true or false, but is certainly transcendental;
we may talk as they talked about "liberty," but that does not give
us any conception of the colour, smell, atmosphere, of the thing
that drove them. And unless the reader is in touch with that evasive
and central thing in the period it becomes an inexplicable welter:
the inexplicable welter which so many of our school and university
text-books make of it. A man (apparently a poor orator) moves men to
frenzy--Robespierre. Another, a somewhat over-refined scientist of
good birth and excellent balance of mind, is the first to propose the
total dissolution of all the most ancient organs of the State and the
destruction of the Monarchy. A third, an honest little lawyer, anxious
to keep his little family, appears like a tiger ravening for blood.
A fourth, a linendraper in Limoges, is put at the head of an army of
85,000 men and wins one victory after another. It is an amazing dance
of impossible results following upon incredible causes--unless one has
the spirit; and if one has it, as Michelet had it, the whole thing can
be presented, not only in proportion and in orders, but actually with
splendour.

You have something of the same kind in the contemplation of what are
to us the atrocious cruelties of the Fifteenth Century. You do not
find those cruelties striking the imagination of the time. You find
injustice denounced, approaching chastisement prophesied, all the
symptoms of a diseased society in the rulers and great vitality that
perceived that disease among the oppressed, but what you do _not_ get
specifically mentioned, or at any rate not mentioned with reiteration,
is the cruelty which to us as we read of it seems something quite
remote from human habit or experience. Men and women are burnt alive in
numbers which steadily increase from that time to the first generation
of the Seventeenth Century. They are not thus tortured by the ferocity
of the mob. The thing is done quite quietly by process of law, exactly
as one might distrain for debt. You will perpetually hear vigorous
protests against the justice of some particular sentence, but you
will very rarely (but for the fear of such a negative, I should say
never) find men saying "just or unjust, the cruelty of the execution
is so revolting that I protest against it." Men believed something
with regard to the whole doctrine of expiation, of penal arrangements
which they have not described to us and which we cannot understand
save through glimpses, side-lights, and careful deductions from or
guesses through what they imagine to be their plainest statements.
Thus in the particular case of burning alive--a thing we can scarcely
bear to contemplate even in words--the framers of the statutes seem to
have thought not of the thing as a horror but as a particular type
of execution symbolic of the total destruction of the culprit. It is
quite easy to prove, from numerous instances--Savonarola is one in
point--that the judges often appeared indifferent whether the body
consumed were alive or dead. The chance pity of spectators in some
cases, the sentence of the court in others, is permitted to release
the sufferer long before the flames. To us it is amazing that such an
attitude towards such a pain could have existed, but it did exist.

Now the moral of such suggestions (and they crop up innumerable all
over the surface of historical study) is that our own time lives in
such an atmosphere and cannot define it. One would imagine in the
torrent of printing and of record that everything concerning our time
would be fixed and known. The most fundamental thing of all will not
be fixed and known: it will have to be imperfectly guessed at. Some
chance student in some particular era of posterity will say: "These
people were more concerned with questions of property, apparently, than
with religion. That is madness--but let us see what kind of madness
it was and work out its nature, since they never clearly set down how
they got into such a frame of mind nor even what that frame of mind
was." Or another student will say in another epoch: "These people
hesitated before personal combat--the most rational and commonplace of
daily happenings. It is amazing, but it is true. Let me ferret out the
state of mind which can have produced such an abnormal result." And so
forth. Our time, like all those past times, will be watched curiously,
and this mysterious thing will be sought and hardly found. The irony
lies in this: that the spirit posterity will so seek is in us, here,
to-day--and we cannot express it.




ON THE AIR OF THE DORDOGNE


All countries are built in vast inclined planes which lean up against
one another and have ridges between. The great rivers run in the
hollows where these planes meet at their lowest, and the watersheds are
the lines along which their top edges come together--and there, you
might think, was the end of it: but there is much more.

You must not only say: "I have left the valley of the Thames, I have
found the valley of the Itchen," nor only: "I have come over St.
Leonards Forest; I am no longer among the Surrey rivers, I am on the
headwaters of the Sussex Weald," nor only: "I have left the great
fields of the Yonne and the Seine and I have come down on to the Plain
of Burgundy and the Eastern Rivers"--it is much more than that.

The slope that looks northward is one thing, the slope that looks
southward another. The slope that has been conquered or ordered by the
foreigner, or civilised from without, or in any way rearranged, may
march with, but will contrast violently against, the slope that has
been protected or isolated or left desert.

The very storms of Nature treat one and the other differently; the
rivers do a different work according to the treatment of forests by men
within their watershed; the soil sometimes, the air always, changes.
Above all, the houses of men change.

The accent of speech changes, if not the form of speech; nay, in the
transition from one such region to another I can believe that the
daylight seems to change.

All those subtle, permanent, and masterly things which we cannot
measure, but which are infinitely important compared with what we can
measure, are grouped in groups in those great depressions which look to
one sea or to one city, and the regions of Europe and its patriotisms
run ultimately with the valleys. So it is with the Loire, and the
Dordogne.

Whatever feeds the Loire is one. There are large uncultivated heaths
the size of a country; there are very quiet pastures, very rich and
silent, stretching for a hundred miles and as broad as a man would
care to walk in a day; and in the highlands of the watershed there
are rocks, and the trees of rocks, and at last sterile and savage
mountains. And the upper courses of all the rivers of the Loire are
torrents foaming in glens. Nevertheless, whatever feeds the Loire has a
unity. The Allier, the Vienne, the Creuse, the Loire itself (which is
only one stream out of many) are bound together.

Well, you go up into the sources of the watershed, you cross a confused
land of rounded hills and knobs of crested rock and short, sturdy,
sparse wood and heather and broom, and at last you see at your feet,
trickling southward, not northwards, a stream that knows its way. And
this at last, when it has worked its way through little waterfalls and
past the gates it knows, will be the River Isle. If you knew it only
from the map you would think it a stream like any other stream, but
when you go downwards with it upon your feet, and when you see it with
your eyes, tumbling and hurrying there, you know that everything has
changed--you are in the air of the Dordogne.

There is a louder noise in the village streets; the habit of summer
clings to them late into the winter time and re-arises in them early
with the spring--though the cold is sharp in all the hills of the
Limousin, whether to the north or to the south of that watershed, yet
the south of it has a tradition very different from the north, and
the sun is more kind or more worshipped. Here are lodges built beside
or over the humblest houses; the vine is not so disciplined; it has a
simpler and a more natural growth, it is an ornament and a shade. The
churches have flat roofs such as Italy and Spain will use. Their Gothic
is an attempt, their Romanesque is native.

The children and the birds are careless. Wealth is not spent in luxury
but in externals, and property is contented. All this is the air of the
Dordogne.

You feel what you have come to when you drink your first cup of wine on
the southward slope of the hill, for the wine of every country is the
soul of it. No Romans taught these men to plant the vine, it was surely
native here. Here the vine grudges nothing; the god who inhabits it is
not here a guest or a prisoner. Its juice is full and admirable. It
needs no age. In Burgundy, where an iron works in the earth, they need
nine years to breed perfection in their wine, but here, in the air of
the Dordogne, though so far south, they need not seven. Within twelve
months of the vintage a stranger can hardly tell its age, and for my
part I would drink it gladly in November with the people there.

God forbid that any one should blaspheme the wines of the Loire, the
cherished and difficult vineyards of Touraine. Great care and many
friends protect them, and an infinite labour brings them to maturity.
The wine of Chinon, which made Rabelais, the wine of Vouvray, which is
good for the studying of mathematics, the wine of Saumur, which teaches
men how to leap horses over gates--all these wines are of the north,
and yet it would be treason to malign them.

I will not be tempted to such a treason, but could I be tempted I
should be tempted by the generous invitation which, when one comes
down the southward slope and feels the air of the Dordogne, proceeds
and gathers from the vineyards of that delightful land. You may have
seen on bottles the word "St. Emilion," and if what was within was
from St. Emilion indeed, then you saw a great name upon the label;
for you must know that St. Emilion is built in a sacred hollow. There
Guadet, "who could not forgive," was born. Thence the noblest blood of
the Revolution proceeded. In its vineyards died by their own hand the
best of the Republicans, and this place still keeps, as in a kind of
chalice, the spirit of the Gironde. If you doubt it, drink the wine.
And St. Emilion is, as it were, the centre and navel of the country of
the Dordogne. Here there stands or stood a church built all out of one
rock. St. Martin, or some such person, beginning the monastic habit,
was pestered (I have heard) by the grand nobles whom he had persuaded
to monkishness in a fit of piety, for they said: "This life of yours is
all very well, but what is there to do?"

Then St. Martin, lifting up his eyes, saw a large rock, and said to the
youngest of them--

"Here is a great rock. Hack it about and chisel it until it has the
shape of a church outside, and then cut doors and windows and hack away
into it until it has the shape of a church inside, and you will have
plenty to do."

The story as it was told to me goes on to say that they lived to be so
old and so very old at their labour that they saw Charlemagne go riding
by before the first Mass was sung in that rock church; and that that
great soldier, coming in to their first Mass, thought the workers in
their extreme old age to be the spirits of another world.

Now the church of St. Emilion is a symbol of the air of the Dordogne on
account of its strength, its homogeneity, its legend, and its virtue of
delicate but profound age.

You have drunk Barsac--and in so drinking you drank (you thought) April
woods and the first flowers. Barsac would not be Barsac but for the
Dordogne, which helps to make the great Gironde. And you have drunk
Entremer, which is the name for a host of wines, but the kernel of
the whole thing is the full blood that dreams and ripens, and as it
were procreates, where the slope of the Dordogne is most the Dordogne,
although the Dordogne is not there: at St. Emilion.

The pen has the power to describe, not general, but particular things.
Though it may define what is general, it can call up only what is
particular, and in that extended province which is ruled by the
Dordogne St. Emilion has moved me to a particular description.




ON THE SITES OF THE REVOLUTION


There is not in travel an interest more fascinating than that of noting
with the eyes and proving by the memory and by books the exact place of
great or decisive actions. So have I just done in many places. Here (I
have said to myself) Abdul-ul-Rahman went up Aragon till he came to the
head of the Pass. Here he first saw the plains of Gaul from a height
and promised himself the conquest of all Europe for Islam. Here, where
the two rivers meet somewhat north of Poitiers, the two hosts watched
each other for a week, and that which was not ours was defeated.

Then again, in Toulouse it was amazing to collect, as one wandered
through, the memories of so many centuries. Here were the shrine where
the body of Saturninus was found dead, dragged to death by a bull
through the streets of the city; the quarter from which the populace
saw advancing the Northern Army that was to defeat the Visigoths; the
site of the wall whence the retreat of the Saracen was noted, a flood
of men pouring back towards the wall of the Pyrenees; the flat heights
beyond the city to the east, where the English Army came up from Spain
in the defeats of Napoleon and drove back the resistance of the defence.

All these, and many more, a man notes in a travel of but few days,
for all Europe--and no province more than this--is crammed with the
story of its own past; but perhaps that which, in such reminiscences
or resurrections, most moves one is to observe the obliteration of the
last and most immediate of our efforts. The sites of the Revolution
have disappeared.

One may walk about Paris--as I have walked to-day--and see stones and
windows that are still alive with the long business of the city. There
is the room where Madame de Sévigné wrote, there is the long gallery
where Sully paced, recognising the new power of artillery and planning
the greatness of his master. You may stand on the very floor where the
priests stood when St. Louis held the Crown of Thorns above them, more
than six hundred years ago; you may stand on the stone that covers
Geoffrey Plantagenet before the altar of the Cathedral; you may touch
the altar that the boatmen raised under Tiberius to their gods when our
Lord was preaching in Galilee, and as you marvel at that stone you may
note around you the little Roman bricks that stood in the same arches
when Julian saw them, sitting at the Council that saved the Faith for
the West.

All these old things remain in this moving, and yet unchanging,
town--except the things of its principal and most memorable feat of
will.

The Revolution is even now not old. Its effects are still in movement;
they are not yet accomplished. Of the fundamental quarrels which it
raised (some five or six) one at least, that of religion, is by no
means resolved.

It is not even old in time. I who write this have known some who saw
it; many who remembered its soldiers or its victims. I have but to-day
visited a room where a daughter of the Montgolfiers would tell me
in her extreme old age how the mob poured on the Bastille, and her
companion, nearer to me in blood, had seen, and in my boyhood talked
to me of, Napoleon. How many all round me, to-day or yesterday, were
filled with the light or fire of that time, saying, "My father died
in such and such a battle," in Spain, or in Italy, or beyond the
Vistula--at the ends of the world. It is not so very long ago. It was
much the chief business, for good or evil, that Europe has known since
the Empire accepted the Faith. And what visible relics of it remain?

Where the National Assembly sat at Versailles, the Salle des Menus
Plaisirs, there are a few houses or barracks, a place in building.
Where they sat in Paris, they and the first days of the Convention,
wrestling with and throwing Necessity, the Riding School, that vast
oval cavern in which they forged the modern world, has utterly gone.

I never pass the place, even hurriedly and on business to some work or
other, but I pause a moment to consider so great a change! It is where
the Rue Castiglione comes now into the Rue de Rivoli--two streets whose
very names are those of battles fought long after the atlantean work
was done. Not a trace remains. A drinking shop for foreign jockeys, a
cosmopolitan hotel, a milliner's where the rich of all nations (the
women of the rich, that is) go in and buy; these hold the place. Here
Mirabeau spoke his last words with effort and went home to die; here
Verginaud thundered; here Louis and Mary Antoinette took refuge in the
oven of the August days; here the long vote, a day and a night and yet
another day, dragged on and ended with the end of the Capétians--after
a thousand years.

The Tuileries saw more. They saw the outlawing of Thermidor, the
quarrels that ended in the dictatorship, the hard scuffle that killed
the monarchy. They have wholly disappeared. At the one end of them
still stands the room where the committee made war on the whole world,
and imposed upon the nation that leaden law of armies which we still
call the Terror. But for that room all has gone.

The town-hall has gone. It was the focus of the revolt, it led the
fever of the war against the kings. From it came the massacres of
September--by order, I believe,--into it retreated and was defeated the
last effort of extreme equality. This building at least (one might
have hoped) might have been spared for history. It had sprung from the
Renaissance, whole and beautiful. It had seen all the growths of the
Bourbons and of their power, all the growing consciousness of Paris. It
held half the documents of the city and more than half its destiny. It
was the head, and its Italian front was the face, of Paris. It has gone
altogether. It was burned when the Tuileries was burned.

The room where Danton pleaded so that his voice was heard beyond the
river; the room where the Queen, in a voice low and firm, replied to
the questions of her judges; the room where Marat was acquitted, and
where the Girondins sang--all that has gone in fire. The house where
Desmoulins first conspired is pulled down. The house where Danton sat
in his last hours watching the fire and caring little for life or death
has also gone. The Jacobins are a market-place. The temple was pulled
down by the order of Napoleon. That furious business seems to have
burnt out the very stones of its origin or to have burst the confines
wherein it was conceived.

Perhaps a fate rested upon them all.

I went to-day through woods that were quite lonely twenty years ago.
They stood near my home. Here, in the midst of the trees, and in a
deserted place reached by a dismantled and neglected road, rose a
country-house, regular in outline, monotonous, and faded. The windows
were open to the night, the floors rotten; green moss grew on the
plaster of the walls; the roof was ruinous. It was the house to which
the daughter of Marie Antoinette had come, reserved, and perhaps with
terrors in her mind, to find silence while the restoration still
endured. It was her refuge. Years after it stood as I have recalled it.
I saw it (I say) again to-day--or rather, I saw it no longer.

The woods are felled in regular great roads. There are villas built
and new inns, and pleasure-places. A new Paris has spread out towards
it and killed it. Here also the memory of the Revolution, the physical
memory, has disappeared.

I know of no wave like it in Europe or in the history of Europe: of no
such attempt, so great, so full of men and of creation, whose outward
garment in building has been so thrust away by the irony of Time.




A SECRET LETTER


I had promised Your Excellency in my last dispatch to let him know with
the least delay both the consequences of my appeal to the King in this
country and the events that might flow from his attitude.

It is with profound sorrow that I communicate to Your Excellency the
whole of this passage.

Upon Wednesday, St. James's Day, I was granted an audience by His
Majesty at seven in the morning, which is his usual hour for receiving
foreign envoys and all those accredited with public or secret powers
from another Court.

His Majesty, whom I had not met before, is a man tall in stature, but
stooping somewhat at the shoulders. His age is not apparent in his
features, his hair and beard (which is scanty) are still black, and his
eyes, though they betray an expression of weariness, are lively. He
was good enough to bid certain officials near him to go out into the
anteroom, where I trust my words could not be heard, though there is no
door separating the King's closet from that passage, but only a German
tapestry, presented, I think, at the time of the King's marriage by
the Elector, his father-in-law.

The King would first have me set before him what I had to say, which
I did as briefly as possible, and following exactly the instructions
given me by Your Excellency. I made no attempt to diminish, still
less to deny the crime of which My Lord had been guilty; nay, I
even exaggerated it, if that were possible, in order to prepare his
Sovereign for my plea, which was that My Lord's youth and the manner
in which the adventure was presented to him excused him in some part
for the action of which he had been guilty. I briefly spoke of the
campaigns in which he had fought since his sixteenth year, and I showed
how easily to a soldier the expedition which has had so disastrous
an ending might have appeared as a just and loyal war. I was careful
to omit any whisper of what the Emperor had threatened in case of a
refusal (for such were your instructions), and finally I laid at the
feet of His Majesty the plea of common mercy, dwelling upon My Lord's
household, the future of his young and innocent children, and all else
that would follow upon the sacrifice of such a life.

His Majesty listened to me gravely, and replied that he had fully
revolved My Lord's action, and its nature and consequence, in his mind,
as also the effect of the determination he himself had taken, which
determination could not be shaken by any argument that I or another
might put before him. It was (he said) a necessary example to others,
and the more highly placed the culprit the stronger the necessity of
the sentence appeared to him. He said further, that in the matter of
rebellion and treason (which, as Holy Writ discovered, was among the
most detestable of crimes, and compared even to witchcraft, against
which enormity His Majesty is especially watchful) it was a thing which
must be ended once and for all, and could not be dealt with in any
manner save by the extirpation of its authors and the total suppression
and extinction of the originators and begettors thereof. To be brief,
His Majesty would not be moved in any manner, but told me, speaking
as a man will who has no more to say, the date and hour were already
fixed, and had been communicated to me. With this His Majesty dismissed
me, and I left him.

Upon the Thursday, therefore, the morrow, which they reckon in this
country as the 15th of the month, I bade Charles, my attendant, go warn
My Lord that I would see him at his convenience, and My Lord answered
very graciously that my convenience was his own, whereupon I said I
would come at once, and did so, it being about an hour after noon, and
My Lord sitting at wine after his meal, which he had eaten alone in the
room assigned to him.

My Lord was well furnished in all particulars, and the clemency of the
season further lessened his discomforts of prison, but he was closely
guarded, and he complained to me, though without bitterness, that
when his wife had visited him but a week before, bringing with her
the little Count, my master, and his little sister also by the hand,
a man-at-arms had been present throughout their interview. He also
told me that for writing he might have what liberty he would, but that
he might fold over and seal no letter. I asked him what his regimen
had been in the matter of religion, at which he sighed and said that
he had been permitted to see the Carthusian whom Your Excellency had
sent to this part under a safeguard, but that no Mass might be said
in his room, nor within the precincts of the whole castle: which, as
he was told, was forbidden by a law of this realm; but this I would
hardly believe, and indeed we had permission of His Majesty (who is
indifferent to such things) that Mass should be privily said upon the
following morning, which was that on which My Lord was to suffer. And
for this purpose a table was set, he whom Your Excellency has sent
bringing with him a little altar stone and all that was necessary for
the Office.

My Lord dismissed me when I had spoken to him for perhaps half-an-hour,
asking him what I should do, but he bade me return a little before
sunrise on the morrow, which (Your Excellency) I very punctually did,
more sorrowful at heart than I could say, having not slept that night
for the multitude of letters that I must read and dispatch, and for the
weight of the business that was before me.

When therefore it was fully light, but the sun not yet risen, I went
over from my lodgings (which are not far from the Royal Mint) to the
Castle, and was admitted to My Lord's presence, where he sat with a
heavy look, and yet gallantly as it were, having with him My Lady and
the two little children, the Priest having said Mass and the table
being now in order, but he remaining for the last Offices.

My Lady was troubled exceedingly, and a woman of hers who was with her
was but little help to her or to us. As for My Lord's children, though
they could not understand the case, they saw that something great and
terrible was at hand. But all this should not be detailed to Your
Excellency, nor can my pen properly express it. My Lady and her servant
and the two children were taken, I think, from the room, but I did not
look, nor did I hear any sound except a slight sobbing, which very
soon ceased: the passing of men-at-arms set at regular places without
I remember to hear continuing, and if it be a trivial matter to have
this set down for Your Excellency, I do so only in the desire to relate
every particular and to omit nothing. I asked My Lord whether there was
anything that I could further communicate to the King or to his family,
or to any one. He answered in a firm voice that he had attended to
all. And he gave me a letter sealed (for this was now permitted him),
which letter I am to deliver to Your Excellency and will do so, since
I must entrust it to no one. He told me further that he had made his
peace and that he had received Communion, but that he would beg the
priest whom Your Excellency had sent to remain with him to the end. The
Warden of the Castle, a man of strict purpose, but not harsh in his
demeanour (though silent, as are the most of these people), said here
that the populace, who had gathered in a great crowd, might be angered
at the sight of a priest, which sight indeed would recall in them
all the circumstances of the war. To this My Lord answered, a little
disdainfully I thought, that it was but little to ask, and that for the
anger of the people, and indeed for any feeling they might have towards
himself, he had no care of it. He did not desire to arouse it, nor did
he fear it. Then said the Warden of the Castle, he might be accompanied
as he wished, but the priest must put off his gown: which he did and
stood dressed like any common man of this country, or rather like some
servant. But his hair and the trim of his beard seemed the more foreign
in such a habit.

The sun had now risen, and we were apprised that My Lord's hour had
come by the beating of drums outside the castle and the noise of the
people. My Lord hearing this looked at me sorrowfully for a little time
and asked me a question in the matter of religion which I thought both
terrible and confusing at such a time, but he pressed me and I replied
very humbly that for my part I had lived as most men lived in these
times, which are corrupt and evil, and that indeed no man could fully
understand the unseen things; no, nor so much as conceive them; but
that none the less I hoped I might always bear witness to the Faith as
did he at that very moment. To which My Lord answered, sighing, "I bear
no witness to that, but only to my constancy, and I could wish that
they had left me my sword."

I set down for Your Excellency all that happened, but I would not have
Your Excellency think that My Lord was troubled in these matters; only
it was his custom to debate learning and philosophy and to express
doubts that he might hear them answered: this was all. And it is truly
said that a man's custom will be seen expressed in the end of his life.

Meanwhile they were waiting for us, and as I was to be the other that
might be present with My Lord when he suffered, the priest and I went
before him and behind the men-at-arms, while first went the Warden
of the Castle. And we found that the scaffold had been put up upon
a level with the window at the side of the main gate, which looks
westward towards the City. There was a red cloth upon it, a square,
but the rest naked, and round it a sort of railing of rope stretched
from posts. The whole was guarded by soldiers of the King's Guard
who were a-horse, even the drummers. There was a very great crowd of
people who were silent, but when they saw My Lord shouted and made a
confusion, till the soldiers pressed them back. The Warden asked My
Lord whether he would speak to the people, but he shook his head and
pressed his lips together so firmly that one would have thought he
smiled. Then the Headsman, kneeling upon one knee, as is the custom,
asked My Lord's forgiveness for what he was to do, to whom My Lord
answered in a cheerful voice that he very heartily forgave him and
all others in this matter. And then saying this word "Come," wherein
I did not understand his meaning--but he may have been doing no more
than call me as one calls a servant--he took off his cloak, which was
dark and heavy and which was that which he had commonly carried in the
field, very serviceable and without ornament, and this cloak he handed
to me, so that I have it and will bring it with me upon my journey.
When he had done this he took off also his undercoat, upon which, as
upon his cloak, he had kept no sign of his rank nor any jewel, even of
his Order; and this done he kissed me and also him whom Your Excellency
sent, the Religious; then he knelt down and, as I think, prayed, but
very shortly, after which he laid his head upon the block and asked the
Headsman if it were fairly so. To which the Headsman said yes, and that
at his signal he would strike: which, when it was given, the Headsman
struck, and by the mercy of God was ready at his business: so we threw
a cloth that had been given us quickly over the body of My Lord, and
while the people groaned we lifted him, two men-at-arms, the priest and
I together, to set him in a case of wood which was prepared. Only the
Headsman showed My Lord's head to the people, and said, "So perish all
traitors," while the people still groaned. Then My Lord's head also
was given us and we set it very reverently down, and we covered the
case with the cloth given us, which was the end of the business of that
morning, from which time till now I have not written, but now write as
Your Excellency ordered, and in the first hour in which I find myself
able and in command of myself to do so.

My Lord was a great Captain.




THE SHADOWS


It is always in a time when one's attention is at the sharpest strain,
when innumerable details are separately and clearly grasped by the
mind, and, in a word, when the external circumstance of life is most
real to us that the comic contrast between ourselves and the greatness
outside us can best be appreciated.

We humans make all that present which is never there, and which is
always hurrying past us like the tumble of a stream, an all-important
thing.

A form of dress unusual at one particularly insignificant moment,
a form of words equally unusual, and so forth, seem like immovable
eternities to us; they seem so particularly in those moments when
we are most thoroughly mixed with our time. Then what fun it is to
remember that the whole thing, all the trappings of life, are nothing
but a suit of clothes: old-fashioned almost before we have used them,
and worthless anyhow.

It is a general election that has made me think these things.

In the moment of an election men mix together very closely; the life
of one's time is set before one under a very brilliant and concentrated
light, which shows a thousand things one had forgotten in the habits of
the nation.

One sees so many kinds of men, one finds about one the relics of so
many philosophies, one is astonished to meet, still surviving, so many
illusions--that these contemporary details take up a very exaggerated
place in our mind. Then it is good for one to remember that the whole
of it is but a little smoke.

There are commonplace tags in history which boys can never understand.
One of the most commonplace and the most worn is Burke's exclamation in
the Bristol election. He heard of the death of a man, and said: "What
shadows we are, and what shadows we pursue!" and the phrase has gone
threadbare, and no school-boy can understand why his elders dwell upon
that phrase.

The reason is that it expresses a thing which is not only obvious, but
which also happens to be of the utmost moment; and it is peculiarly
valuable coming from Burke, who of all men was keenest upon the shams
of his time, who of all men was most immersed in the game of politics,
who of all men, perhaps, in Parliamentary history was capable of
self-deception and of the salaried advocacy which is the basis of
self-deception. Burke is, as it were, a little god or idol of your true
politician. He was a politician of the politicians. Burke is to the
politician what Keats is to the poet, the exemplar, the mirror of the
profession; yet Burke it was who said: "What shadows we are, and what
shadows we pursue!" He was quite right.

A little time ago in Paris an experiment was tried, which later was
repeated in London. It was a curious success in each capital. The
experiment was this: to put upon the stage a play, the time of which
was the sixties of the last century, and to dress the actors up in the
clothes of the sixties. In Paris they went further: they reproduced
the slang, the jests, the very tone and affectations of fashion which
marked the period of Napoleon III. The younger generation, which could
not remember the time, looked on curiously at the experiment. To the
older people it was comic, with an uncanny comedy, and the irony of it
was sometimes more bitter than they liked. So this was man! This was
the immortal being! This was the ambitious fellow who would now write
a deathless poem, now discover the ultimate truths of Hell and Heaven;
now dominate the earth with his machines, now enter the adventure of
Mexico--and the rest! There he was, in peg-top trousers, long whiskers,
and an absurd top-hat with a narrow brim. And there was woman, the
woman, for whom such and such a man had killed himself, such and such
another had volunteered for the Crimea; or the woman of whom a third
had made a distant idol in the Atlas when he was out in Africa. And
there was the woman upon whom the Court depended, or the Ministry;
there was the woman who had inspired the best work of Hugo, or who had
changed the life of Renan. She wore a crinoline. At the back of her
head was a mass of ugly false hair, and how odd these gestures seemed,
and what queer turns of phrases there were in her language! What
waxwork, and how dead the whole thing seemed!

That experiment in either capital was a dreadful one, which will not
easily be tried again. Like all things that grip the mind, the power
of its action lay in its truth, and the truth which vivified that
experiment and gave it its power was the truth that our affairs are
mortal things, and the ephemeral conditions which clothe our lives seem
to us at a moment to be the universe itself, and yet are not even as
important as the dust. They are small, they are ridiculously small--and
also they are evanescent as the snow.

It is an amusement in which I have sometimes indulged, and no doubt
many of those who are reading this have tried it for themselves, to
turn to the files of old newspapers, choosing some period of great
excitement which one can oneself remember, but which is separated
from the present time by a sufficient space of years. It is well
in practising this sport to choose the columns of a journal which
expressed one's own enthusiasm and one's own conviction at the moment.
The smile provoked by such a resurrection of the past must be bitter,
but it will be the more salutary for its bitterness. _There_ is that
great question which (we supposed!) would change the world; _there_ is
all the shouting and the exaggeration and violence; and there, beyond
it, unseen, is the reality which we have come to know. _Their_ future
has become _our_ past, and note how utterly the vision disagrees with
the real stuff, and see how vain the vision was. Look how terrors were
never fulfilled, read how these hopes were still less destined to
fulfilment, and, above all, attached to worthless ends.

In nothing is this lesson better learned or more valuable than in the
matter of loves and hatreds. Look up the heroes. They were your heroes
too. Read mournfully the enormous nonsense which was written of the
villains. "Sir!" said a famous politician and writer of the Victorian
time--"Sir! the world in which Palmerston is allowed to live makes me
doubt the kindness of my Creator!" That is the kind of thing. Smith
is your Hector and Jones is your Thersites! And then the mills of the
years take up that flimsy stuff and begin grinding out reality, and
what a different thing that finished article is from the raw material
of guesswork and imagination with which the mills were fed! You can
look back now and see the real Smith and the real Jones. You can see
that the real Smith was chiefly remarkable for having one leg shorter
than the other, and that the principal talent of the real Jones was the
imitating of a steam engine, or a very neat way of playing cards; and
that both Jones and Smith were of that common stature which men have
in the middle distance of a very ordinary landscape.

For the benefit of mankind, the illusion which it is impossible to feel
with regard to a past actually remembered re-arises when attached to a
past longer still. One can make a hero or villain of Fox or of Pitt.
One can look at the dress of the Eighteenth Century, or the puffs and
slashes of the Sixteenth, not only without a smile, but actually with
pleasure and admiration. We find it glorious to read the English of
Elizabeth, and pleasant to read the plain letters written when George
the Third was King. But, oh heavens! the Idylls of a King! I say, for
the benefit of man, one is allowed an illusion with regard to the
remote past; of the near past which we have known, alas, we know the
truth--and it appals one with its emptiness. There is no doubt at all
that Burke was right for once in his life when he said that we were
shadows and that we pursued shadows.

Nevertheless, there is one important thing, and there is one eternal
subject which survives.




THE CANVASSER


In that part of the Garden of Eden which lies somewhat to the
south-west of the centre thereof the weather, during the recent
election which was held there, was bad. It blew, it rained, it hailed,
it snowed, and all this was on account of the great comet, of which
the people of that region said proudly to strangers, "Have you seen
our comet?" Imagining, with I know not how much justice, that this
celestial phenomenon was local rather than national or imperial.

The Garden of Eden being mainly of a clay soil, large parts of it were
flooded, and a Canvasser (a draper by profession and a Gentleman from
London by birth), unacquainted as he was with the Garden of Eden,
thought it a foul place, and picked his way without pleasure. He went
down a lane the like of which he did not even know to exist in England
(for it was what we call in the Garden of Eden a "green lane," and only
those learned in the place could get along it at all during the floods).

I say he went down this lane, turned back, took a circumbendibus over
some high but abominably sticky ploughed fields, and turned up with
more of English earth than most citizens can boast at the door of the
Important Cottage. He had been given his instructions carefully, and
he was sure of the place. He swung off several pounds of clay from his
boots to the right and to the left, and then it struck him that he did
not know how to accost a cottage door. There was no knocker and there
was no bell. But he had had plenty of proof and instruction dinned into
him as to the importance of that cottage, so at last he made up his
mind to do something bold and unconventional, and he knocked at it with
his knuckles.

Hardly had he done so when he heard within a loud series of syllables
proceeding from two human mouths and consisting mainly of the broad A
in the vowels and of Z by way of the consonants. At last the door was
opened a little way and a rather forbidding-looking old woman, short,
fat, but energetic, looked out at him through the crack. She continued
to look at him curiously, for it is good manners in the Garden of Eden
to allow the guest to speak first.

When the Canvasser grasped this from the great length of silence which
he had to endure, he said with the utmost politeness, taking off his
hat in a graceful manner and speaking with the light accent of the
cultured--

"Is your husband in, madam?"

By way of answer she shut the door upon him and disappeared, and the
Canvasser, not yet angry, marvelled at the ways of the Garden of Eden.
In a few moments she was back again; she opened the door a little
wider, just wide enough to let him come in, and said--

"Ye can see un: but he bain't my husband. He wor my sister's husband
like." As she said this she kept her eyes fixed upon the stranger,
noting every movement of his face and of his body, until she got him
into the large old kitchen. There she put a chair for him, and he sat
down.

He found himself opposite a very, very old man, much older than the old
woman, sitting in a patched easy chair and staring merrily but fixedly
at the fire.

The very, very old man said: "Marnin'."

There was a pause. The Canvasser felt nervous. The old, fat, but
energetic woman, still scowling somewhat and still fixedly regarding
the stranger, said--

"I do be tellin' of un you bain't my husband, you be poor Martha's
husband that was. Ar!"

"Ar!" said the old man, by way of corroboration; and the smile--if it
were a smile--upon his drawn and wrinkled face became more mysterious
than ever.

The Canvasser coughed a little. "I've brought bad weather with me," he
said, by way of opening the delicate conversation.

"Ar!" said the old man. "You ain't brought un nayther! Naw.... Bin ere
a sennight com Vriday...." Then he added more reflectively, and as
though he were already passing into another world, while he stared at
the fire: "You ain't brought un nayther; naw!"

"Well," said the stranger gallantly, though a little put out, "I'm sure
I should have been sorry to have brought it."

"Ar, so you may zay! Main sorry I lay," said the old man, and went off
into a rattle of laughter which ended in a violent fit of coughing.
But even as he coughed he wagged his head from side to side, relishing
the joke immensely, and repeating it several times to himself in the
intervals of his spasms.

"A lot of water lying about," said the Canvasser, hoping to start some
vein at least which would lead somewhere.

"Mubbe zo, mubbe no," said the Ancient, like a true peasant, glancing
sideways for the first time at his visitor and quickly withdrawing his
eyes again. "Thur be mar watter zome plaa-ces nor others.... Zo they
tell," he concluded, for fear of committing himself. Then he added: "I
ain't bin out mesel'."

"He's got rheumatics chronic," said the sister-in-law, standing by and
watching them both with equal disapproval.

"Ar!" said the Ancient. "Arl ower me!"

The Canvasser despaired. He took the plunge. He said as pleasantly as
he could: "I've come to ask you how you're going to vote, Mr. Layton."

"Ow I be whaat?" answered his host with a look of extreme cunning and
affecting a sudden deafness as he put his left hand to his shrivelled
ear and leaned towards the Londoner.

"How you were going to vote, Mr. Layton," said the Canvasser, still
good-humoured, but a little more rosy than before, and leaning forward
and speaking in a louder tone.

"Ow I were voattun?" answered the aged Layton with a touch of
indignation in his cracked tones, "I ain't voättud 'tarl yet!"

"No, no, Mr. Layton," said the Canvasser, relieved at any rate to have
got to the subject. "What I meant was how are you going to vote?"

"Oo! Ar!" quickly caught up the peasant. "If ye'd zed that furst orf,
mebbe I'd a towd ee!" He gave another little cackle of laughter and
looked into the fire.

"It is a very important election, Mr. Layton," said the Canvasser
solemnly. "A great deal hangs on it."

"Doän you be worritin un, young man," said the sister-in-law with a
touch of menace in her tone, her arms akimbo and her attitude sturdy.

"There do be zome," began the Ancient, absolutely off his own,
and, so far as the bewildered Londoner could understand, entirely
irrelevantly--"there do be zome as ave a bit of money lay by, an'
there do be zome as as none. Ar! Them as as none kin do without un."
He laughed again, this time rather unpleasantly, and more shortly than
before.

There was an awkward silence. Then in a louder voice and at a higher
pitch he took up his tale again. "I mind my feythur saäying when I wor
furst r'k-moinding, feythur says to me, 'Ar, you moind rooks and you
get your farp'nce when Farmer Mouwen give it 'ee, and you bring it
straäght whome t' me, zame as I tell ee.'"

This reminiscence concluded, the old man repeated his formula to the
effect that there were some who had money laid by, others who had none,
and that those who had none would have to do without that commodity. Of
this sentiment his sister-in-law, by a slight nod, expressed her full
approval. Her lips were firmer set than ever, and she was positively
glaring at her guest.

The Canvasser began to shift uneasily. "Well, I put it straight, Mr.
Layton," he said--"will you vote for Mr. Richards?"

"Ar! Ye can putt un straäght," answered the Ancient, with a look of
preternatural cunning, "and ah can answer un straäght, an wow! ye'd be
none wiser.... Ar! reckon t' answer any man straäght 's any man there
be erebouts, naabur, nor no naabur! And zo I tell un."

"That's right," said his sister-in-law, approvingly, "and so e
tell 'ee!" She was beginning to look actually threatening, but the
Canvasser had not yet got his answer.

"We really do hope that we can hear you are going to vote for Mr.
Richards," he said pleadingly. "The action of the Government----"

"Ar, zo I do ear say," said the old man, chuckling over some profound
thought. "And Mas'r Willum e do zay thaät too, though e be tother
side." He wagged his head twice with the wise subtlety of age. "Ar now,
which way be I going to voät? Ar? Thaät's what many on us ud like t'
know!"

The Canvasser began to despair. He kept his weary smile upon his face,
rose from his chair, and said: "Well, I must be going now, madam."

"That ye must," said the old lady cheerfully.

"Don't you let un go wi'out gi'ing un some of that wa-ine," said the
host, as he leaned forward in his chair and stirred the down fire with
an old charred stick.

The woman looked at the Canvasser suspiciously and poured him out some
parsnip wine, which he drank with the best grace in the world. As he
lifted the glass he said, with an assumed cheerfulness: "Well! here's
to Mr. Richards!"

"Ar!" said the old man.

The old woman took the glass, wiped it carefully without washing it,
put it back into the cupboard with the bottle, and turned round to
continue her occupation of fixing the stranger with her eye.

"Well, I must be gone," he said for the second time, and in as breezy a
tone as he could command.

"Ar, zo you zay!" was all the reply he obtained, and he left that
citizen of many years still smiling with his bony aged jaws at the down
fire, and muttering again to himself that great truth about material
wealth which had haunted him throughout the brief conversation.

The woman shut the door behind the Canvasser, and he was off across
the fields. In the next cottage he came to he asked them which way old
Layton would vote. The woman at the place answered nothing, but her
son, a very tall and silent young man with a soft nascent beard, who
was stacking wood to the leeward of the house, smiled secretly and
said--

"Ar!"




THE ABSTRACTED MAN


I had occasion the other day to catch a train which was going to the
West of England from Paddington, and I was in a taxi, which was open
because the weather was clear.

Now when we came to within about a quarter of a mile of Paddington we
got into a block, which was exasperating in the extreme, for my time
was short, and immediately in front of me, also in an open taxi--an
astonishing thing, and one I had never seen before--sat a man who
though all alone yet had his back to the driver. Even in the rush of
the moment I could not help being fixed and somewhat stirred by his
face. It was a face of intense weariness, yet in it there was a sort
of patient rest. He had a thin, straggling beard, so thin that it was
composed, as it were, of separate hairs; his eyes were very hollow and
long-drawn, and his eyebrows arched unduly, as though on some occasion
in his life--long past and by this time half forgotten--he had suffered
some immense surprise.

The expression in those eyes was one of unchangeable but meek sadness.
He had a high-domed forehead, as some poets have, and he wore upon
it, tilted rather far back, a dirty grey hat, soft and somewhat on one
side. He had a heavy old grey overcoat upon him. He was thin. He had
no gloves upon his hands, which were long and bony and very withered.
These hands of his were clasped one over the other upon the handle of
his umbrella. So he sat, and so I watched him; I in a fever to catch a
train, he apparently no longer fighting the complexities of this world.

The block broke up and we all began to dodge past each other towards
Paddington. His taxi turned into the station just in front of mine. We
got out together. I was interested to note that he asked for a ticket
to the same station in the same town which I was about to visit. So
great was my curiosity that I did what perhaps no one should do save a
servant of the State in pursuit of a criminal, that is, I deliberately
watched into which carriage he got and I got in with him. The express
started and we were alone together for some two hours. He sat in the
opposite corner to mine, still patient and still silent. He had bought
no newspaper, his hands were still clasped on his umbrella, and he
looked out of the window without interest as we passed by the various
degrees of sordid and unhappy life which fringe London. And when we
came out into the open country he still continued to gaze thus emptily.

I was most eager to speak to him, but I did not know how to begin. He
solved the difficulty for me by saying at a point where the great mass
of Windsor is to be seen to the south of the line upon a clear day
(and he leant forward to say it and said it in a low, rather pleading
voice): "Stands out well?"

"Yes," said I.

"Stands out wonderful well!" he said again, and sighed, not profoundly,
but in a manner that was very touching to hear.

When a little while later we crossed the Thames he moved his head
slowly to look down at the water, and he sighed as we passed the town
of Maidenhead. Then he said to me again spontaneously, "D'you often
travel upon this line?"

I said I travelled upon it fairly often, and I asked him, since this
appeared to strike some slight note of interest in his mind, whether
he travelled upon it also. He answered, in a tone a little lower and
sadder than that which he had used before and shaking his poor grey
head from side to side. "Not now!... I did once.... But it was broad
gauge then!" and again he sighed profoundly.

He continued upon this topic, which apparently had been one of the
thin veins of interest in the mine of his heart. He told me they would
never have anything like the old broad gauge again--never; and he shook
his head pathetically once more. He proceeded to remember the name of
Isambard Brunel, and he spoke of the Thames Tunnel and how men could go
dry shod under the river. "Under the river! Dry shod from one shore to
the other! Marvellous...."

Then, still on that theme, he referred to the _Great Eastern_ and said
what a mighty great ship she was.

"They will never have another like her--never! No one else will ever
make a ship as big as that!"

Now at this point I would have contradicted him had I known him to be
a man upon whom contradiction might act as a tonic and he might have
told me something about his extraordinary self. For it is certain that
now-a-days ships much larger than the _Great Eastern_ and fifty times
more efficient sail in and out of our harbours every hour. And I could
even have told him that the _Great Eastern_ had been broken up--but I
did not know that such a truth might not provoke tears in those old
eyes, so I forbore.

After a little pause he continued again, for he was now fairly on the
run: "Wonderful thing--steam!" and then he was silent for a long while.

I began to wonder whether perhaps he was much older than I had guessed,
but in a little while he settled this for me by talking to me with some
enthusiasm of Lord Palmerston. It was an enthusiasm of youth. I know
not how many metaphors he did not use. Little bits of sly slang--as
dead as the pyramids--peeped into his conversation as he described his
hero, and he would always end a paragraph of his panegyric by wagging
his head and letting his heart sink again at the reflection that such
men could not endure for ever.

I gently agreed with him and talked boastfully of foreign politics
(for that was the trend of his own mind apparently), but his ideas
upon these were not only simple but few. He had a craze that made it
very difficult to keep up, if I may use that expression, for his one
obsession was the French; and though he was too patriotic to prophesy
their arrival upon these shores his head shook more nervously than ever
when he had turned on to that topic. However, he said, we had beaten
them before and we should beat them again; and he added that it was not
the same Napoleon. His mind fastened upon this relief and he repeated
it several times. Then he remained silent for a while, too tired to
notice the towns among which we were passing.

I asked him whether he was acquainted with the Vale of the White Horse.
He told me sadly, and with the first faint smile I had seen upon his
face, that he had known it years ago, but "not now." He said that when
he had known it the White Horse was much more distinct and much more
like a horse, and he wandered on to tell me that Swindon to-day was
not at all the place it had been. This was his universal judgment of
everything along the line, and for a little he would have told me that
the crest of the downs had changed.

He remarked that there was no wheat in the fields, which, after all,
was not surprising at this time of year, and looking at the dull earth
as we passed it he assured me he could remember the time when the
whole of it had been yellow with corn, and if I had said: "But not in
January?" I might have compelled him to an uneasy silence, which was
the last thing in the world I wished.

Perhaps what I most remarked about him as strange was his not reading.
I have already said that he had bought no newspaper for himself, but he
did not ask for mine. When his eyes fell upon it where it lay upon the
seat they looked at it as a man looks at the cat upon the hearthrug.
But he did not take up the paper, though the moment through which we
were passing was not without interest--and this leads me to the way in
which we parted.

We had sat for some time in silence, his old face still turned to
the rapid landscape, which took on with every mile more and more the
unmistakable nature of the West of England, the sharp hills, the
combes, and with it all that which has something about it _Roman_, a
note I never miss when I cross its boundaries. At last we drew up into
the great station of the city. I opened the door for him and got out
first in case he should wish to hand me his bag. But though he was
feeble he took it down himself and slowly came out of the carriage
backwards and with the utmost caution; when he reached the platform
he gasped, with some little hint of adventure in his tone, "There!"
And he told me that railways were dangerous things. So we went down
the platform together, for I wished to get all the experience of him
I could before we had to part. He knew his way out, and when we got
into the main place of the town an enormous mob, pushing and shoving,
cheering and doing all that mobs do, was filling the whole of it. For
the first time since we had met I saw a look of terror in his old eyes.
He whispered to me, instead of speaking, "What's all that?"

"It's only a crowd," I said. "They're good-natured enough. It's the
election."

"The election?" he answered, his look of terror increasing. "Whose
election? Oh, I never could abide a riot! I never could abide one!"

I assured him I would get him through without any danger, and I took
his thin arm in mine, and pushed and scrambled him through to a hotel
that was near and there I left him. The terror had left his eyes, but
he was much weaker. I asked him if I could do anything more, but the
manageress told me that she knew him and that he often came there. She
was a very capable person, and she reassured me, and so I left the
Abstracted Man, he telling me in a tone still low, but no longer in a
whisper, that he dursen't go out until the riot was gone.

And all this shows that during an election you meet more different
kinds of men and explore more corners of England than at any other
time. Not until I had lost him did I remember that I had forgotten
to ask him on which side of our present struggle he had formed his
opinion, but perhaps it was just as well I did not. It would only have
confused him.




ON THE METHOD OF HISTORY


An apprehension of the past demands two kinds of information.

First, the mind must grasp the inner nature of historic change, and
therefore must be made acquainted with the conditions of human thought
in each successive period, as also with the general scheme of its
revolution.

Secondly, the external actions of men, the sequence in dates and hours
of such actions, and their material conditions and environment must be
strictly and accurately acquired.

Neither of these two foundations, upon which repose both the teaching
and the learning of history, is more important than the other. Each
is essential. But a neglect of the due emphasis which one or the
other demands, though both be present, warps the judgment of the
scholar and forbids him to apply this science to its end, which is the
establishment of truth.

History may be called the test of true philosophy, or it may be called
in a very modern and not very dignified metaphor the object-lesson of
political science, or it may be called the great story whose interest
is upon another plane from all other stories because its irony, its
tragedy, and its moral are real, were acted by real men, and were the
manifestation of God.

Whatever brief and epigrammatic summary we make to explain the value of
history to men, that formula still remains an imperative formula for
them all, and I repeat it: the end of history is the establishment of
truth.

A man may be ever so accurately informed as to the dates, the hours,
the weather, the gestures, the type of speech, the very words, the
soil, the colour, that between them all would seem to build up a
particular event. But if he be not seized of the mind which lay behind
all that was human in the business, then no synthesis of his detailed
knowledge is possible. He cannot give to the various actions which he
knows their due order and proportion; he knows not what to omit, nor
what to enlarge upon among so many, or rather a number potentially
infinite of, facts; and his picture will not be (as some would put it)
distorted: it will be false. He will not be able to use history for its
end, which is the establishment of Truth. All that he establishes by
his action, and all that he confirms and makes stronger, is Untruth.
And so far as truth is concerned it would be far better that a man
should be possessed of no history than that he should be possessed of
history ill-stated as to its prime factor, which is human motive.

A living man has, to aid his judgment and to guide him in the
establishment of truth, contemporary experience. Other men are his
daily companions. The consequence and the living principles of their
acts and of his own are fully within his grasp. If he is rightly
informed of all the past motive and determining mind from which the
present has sprung, that information of his will illumine and expand
and confirm his use of present experience. If he know nothing of the
past his personal observation and the testimony of his own senses
are, so far as they go, an unshakable foundation. But if he brings to
the aid of contemporary experience an appreciation of the past which
is false because it gives to the past a mind which was not its own,
then he will not only be wrong upon that past, but he will tend to
be wrong also in his conclusions upon the present. He will for ever
read into the plain facts before him origins and predetermining forces
which do not explain them and which are not connected with them in the
way he imagines. He will come to regard his own society--which, as a
man wholly uninstructed, he might fairly though insufficiently have
grasped--through a veil of illusion and of false philosophy, until at
last he will not even be able to see the things before his eyes. In a
word, it is better to have no history at all than to have history which
misconceives what were the general direction and the large sweeps of
thought in the immediate and the remoter past.

This being evidently the case, one is tempted to say that a just
estimate of the revolution and the progression of human motive in the
past is everything to history, and that an accurate scholarship in the
details of the chronicle, in dates especially, is of wholly inferior
importance. Such a statement would be quite false. Scholarship in
history (that is, an acquaintance with the largest possible number of
facts, and an accurate retention of them in the memory) is as essential
to this study as is that other background of motive which has just been
examined.

The thing is self-evident if we put an extreme case. For if a man
were wholly ignorant of the facts of history and of their sequence,
he could not possibly know what might lie behind the actions of the
past, for we only obtain communion with that which is within and that
which is foundational in human action by an observation of its external
effect. A man's history, for instance, is sound and on the right lines
if, though he have but a vague and general sentiment of the old pagan
civilisation of the Mediterranean, that sentiment corresponds to the
very large outline and is in sympathy with the main spirit of the
affair. But he cannot possess so much as a sketch of the truth if he
has not heard the names of certain of the great actors, if he is wholly
unacquainted with the conception of a City State, and if the names of
Rome, of Athens, of Antioch, of Alexander, and of Jerusalem have never
been mentioned to him.

Nor will a knowledge of facts be valuable (contrariwise, it will be
detrimental and of negative value to his judgment), if accuracy in his
knowledge be lacking. If he were invariably inaccurate, thinking that
red which was blue, inverting the order of any two events, and putting
without fail in the summer what happened in winter, or in the Germanies
what took place in Gaul, his facts would never correspond with the
human motive of them, and his errors upon externals would at once close
his avenues of access towards internal motive and suggest other and
non-existent motive in its place.

It is, of course, a pedantic and negligible error to imagine that the
knowledge of a time grows out of a mere accumulation of observation.
External things do not produce ideas, they only reveal them. And to
imagine that mere scholarship is sufficient to history is to put one's
self on a level with those who, in the sphere of politics for instance,
ignore the necessity of political theory and talk muddily of the
"working" of institutions--as though it were possible to judge whether
an institution were working ill or not when one had no ideal of what
that institution might be designed to attain. But though scholarship
is not the source of judgment in history, it is the invariable and the
necessary accompaniment of it. Facts which (to repeat) do not produce
ideas, but only reveal or suggest them, do none the less reveal and
suggest them, and form the only instrument of such suggestion and
revelation.

Scholarship, accurate and widespread, has this further function: that
it is necessary to a general apprehension of the past, which, however
just, is the firmer, the larger, and the more intense as the range
of knowledge and its fixity increase. And scholarship has one more
function, which is that it corrects, and it corrects with more and more
precision in proportion as it is more and more detailed, the tendency
of the mind to extend a general and perhaps justly apprehended idea
into the region of unreality. For the mind is creative; it will still
make and spin; and if you do not feed it with material it will spin
dreams out of emptiness. Thus a man will have a just appreciation of
the Thirteenth Century in England, he will perhaps admire or will
perhaps be repelled by its whole spirit according to his temperament
or his acquired philosophy; but in either case, though his general
impression was once just, he will, if he considers it apart from
reading, tend to add to it excrescences of judgment, which, as the
process continues, will at last destroy the true image; scholarship,
like a constant auditor, comes in regularly to check and tally his
conclusions. Does he admire the Thirteenth Century? Then he will tend
to make it more national than it was because our time is national, and
to forget its cruelties because the good enthusiasms of our own age
happen for the moment not to be accompanied by cruelty. He will tend
to lend the Thirteenth Century a science it did not possess, because
physical science is in our own time an accompaniment of greatness. But
if he reads and reads continually, these vagaries will not oppress or
warp his vision. More and more body will be added to that spirit which
he does justly, but only vaguely, know. And he will at last have with
the English Thirteenth Century something of that acquaintance which
one has with a human face and voice: these also are external things,
and these also are the product of a soul. Indeed--though metaphors are
dangerous in such a matter--a metaphor may with reservation be used
to describe the effect of the chronicle, of research, and of accurate
scholarship in the science of history. A man ill provided with such
material is like one who sees a friend at a distance; a man well
provided with it is like a man who sees a friend close at hand. Both
are certain of the identity of the person seen, both are well founded
in that certitude; but there are errors possible to the first which
are not possible to the second, and close and intimate acquaintance
lends to every part of judgment a surety which distant and general
acquaintance wholly lacks. The one can say something true and say it
briefly: there is no more to say. The other can fill in and fill in
the picture, until though perhaps never complete it is asymptotic to
completion.

To increase one's knowledge by research, to train one's self to an
accurate memory of it, does not mean that one's view of the past is
continually changing. Only a fool can think, for instance, that some
document somewhere will be discovered to show that the mass of the
people of London had for James II an ardent veneration, or that the
national defence organised by the Committee of Public Safety during the
French Revolution was due to the unpopular tyranny of a secret society.
But research in either of these cases, and a minute and increasing
acquaintance with detail, does show one a London largely apathetic in
the first case, and does show one large sections of rebellious feeling
in the armies of the Terror. It permits one to appreciate what energy
and what initiative were needed for the overthrow of the Stuarts, and
to see from how small a body of wealthy and determined men that policy
proceeded. It permits one to understand how the battles of '93 could
never have been fought upon the basis of popular enthusiasm alone;
it permits one to assert without exaggeration that the autocratic
power of the Committee of Public Safety and the secrecy of its action
were necessary conditions of the national defence during the French
Revolution.

One might conclude by saying what might seem too good to be true: that
minute and accurate information upon details (the characteristic of our
time in the science of history) must of its own nature so corroborate
the just and general judgments of the past that when the modern phase
of wilful distortion is over mere blind scholarship will restore
tradition.




ON HISTORY IN TRAVEL


I have sometimes wondered whether it might not be possible to have
guide-books written for the great routes of modern travel--I mean of
modern pleasure-travel--which should make the whole road a piece of
history; for history enlarges everything one sees, and gives a fulness
to flat experience, so that one lives more than one's own life in
contemplating it, and so that new landscapes are not only new for a
moment, but subject to centuries of varieties in one's mind.

It is true that those who write good guide-books do put plenty of
history into them, but it is sporadic history, as it were; it is not
continuous or organic, and therefore it does not live. You are told of
a particular town that such was its Roman name; that centuries later
such a mediæval contest was decided in its neighbourhood. If it is
connected in some way with the military history of this country you
will be given some detailed account of an action fought there, and that
is particularly the case in Spain, which one leaves with the vague
impression that it was created to serve as a terrain for the Peninsular
War.

All knowledge of that sort interests the traveller, but it hardly
remains, nor does it "inform" in the full sense of that word.
Now, to be "informed" is the object, and the process of it is the
pleasure, of learning. To give life to the history of places there
must be connection in it, and it so happens that with _our_ travel
to-day--especially our pleasure-travel--a connection stands ready to
the writer's hand: for we go in herds to-day along the great roads
which have made Europe. It is the railways that have done this.
Before they were built the network of cross-roads--already excellent
in the end of the Eighteenth Century and the beginning of the
Nineteenth--tempted men of leisure in every direction; towns that had
something curious to show were visited as easily, whether they lay on
the main roads or no. The fruit of that time you may see in the great
inns which still stand, though often half deserted, in places eccentric
to modern travel. It may be that this old universality of travel will
return with our new ease of going wherever there is a good surface
for wheels--it has in part returned--but still much the most of us go
along the lines laid down fast for us by the first great expenditure
upon railways, and this was invested, necessarily, along some at least
of the immemorial tracks which--from long before history--were the
framework of Western society.

If you are from the North and go to the Riviera--from thence on, down
the coast to Rome, you go mile for mile along the central highway
that bound together the Roman Empire, the road that Hadrian went and
Constantine descended. York, London, Dover, Boulogne, Laon, Dijon,
Lyons, Marseilles are the posts strung along it, and the same long line
is the line of advance which the Creed took when Christianity came up
northwards from the Mediterranean. It is the line the second advent of
that influence took when St. Augustine brought it back to this island
after the breakdown of the Empire. Or if you will consider that short
eight hours of tearing speed which so many thousands know, the main
line from London to Paris, see what a thick past there is gathered all
along it. The crossing of the Darent, where stood one of the string
of Canterbury palaces, and just to the left of your train the field
where Edmund Ironside met the Danes, further on Wrotham, another of the
archbishops' line of houses, and on the hills above and in the plain
below the sacred monoliths that the savages put up for worship before
letters or buildings were known, and beyond the valley Kit's Coty
House and the bare place where stood the Rood of Boxley and Aylesford,
the first bridge where the pirates first drove the British in their
conquest of this country, and much further the British camp which the
Tenth Legion stormed, standing above the Stour. Canterbury, where there
is fixed continuity with Rome and with the history before Rome, the
little Roman bricks in St. Martin's Church, the Roman roads radiating
to the ports of the Channel, and the British tracks on which they lay
or which they straightened, deep under the site of the city the group
of lake-dwellings when its defence was a lagoon, now meads--and, in the
site of the great Central Tower, the end of the Middle Ages with which
that town is crammed. Or if you reach it by the northern way, then
everywhere you are following the great military road whereby for two
thousand years travel has come from the Straits to London; Rochester,
the armed defence of the river-crossing, the capture of whose castle
twice gave an army the South of England, and all but saved Henry III
against his Barons; the second bishopric of England; the garrison which
stood central and sheltered the halt of forced marches from the sea
upon London--and every step of the way Chaucer.

If you cross by Boulogne you see above you, on the last of English
land, the hill forts they built to overlook the broad shallow harbour
of Lemanus, now dry; you cross upon the narrow sea the track of Cæsar,
who, when he first invaded, drifted here under a light breeze and
with the tide for hours, coming with the transports from Boulogne and
beaching at last upon the flats of Deal. Also in Boulogne that broad
valley was a land-locked harbour in Cæsar's day, and there he built his
ships.

If you cross by Calais you come, some three miles from French land,
over that good holding ground where the Armada lay at anchor on a
summer evening waiting to take aboard the unconquered soldiery which
was designed for the assault of England; but Howard and the flock of
little English boats came up after, just thwart of Griz-nez, which
you see tall and huge to your right: they lay there at anchor out of
range against the stormy sunset, and when night came drove in their
fire-ships against the Spanish Fleet and broke its formation, and next
day the tempest drove them up that flat coast to your left, and so on
to destruction in the open sea.

Then see how the French road is full also. Here, just beyond Étaples,
is the place where the two ambassadors passed in '93, neither knowing
the other: the one returning, driven out of London, the other
posting thither at full speed to avert war. They missed, and so war
came. A little further on to your left is a patch of wood; to your
right, beyond the flats, is a broad estuary of which you may see
the lighthouse towers. That wood is the wood of Crécy: through it
there marched the English host on their way to victory in the rising
ground beyond. The river mouth is that whence William started with
his hundreds of ships on the way to Hastings: he lay gathered there
with the wind in his teeth for days, until the equinox sent him a
south-wester and he bowled across to Pevensey and landed there: every
stretch of this road is alive with stories and things done.

The way down into Italy by Bourg is a way of armies also, though not a
way of English armies, and it is a way of great influences too. Thus,
if you would see the Gothic North and the Southern Renaissance first
meeting, like salt water and fresh at the turn of a river-tide, get out
at Bourg and drive a mile to Brou and see there the tombs of the House
of Savoy. There is no sight like it in Europe, yet how few know it out
of all who whirl down that line--often by night--on the way to the Alps
or to Italy?

There are other roads: each tempts one to a list of wonders. The road
northeastward from Paris, every step of which is the line of the last
Napoleonic struggle. The road eastward into Germany by Metz, every
step of which is the history of the Revolution, or of invasion, or of
success in the field. A little station which your eyes will hardly
catch as the express goes by is neighbour to the camp that Attila made
before he was defeated in those plains of Champagne; another little
station, the station of a hidden hamlet, is called Valmy; half-an-hour
on, beyond Les Islettes, you see quite close by the forest path that
Drouet took when he intercepted the flight of the King and so destroyed
the French Monarchy.

All these roads are known roads, but there is one which the railway has
abandoned and which is therefore half derelict; many motors rediscover
it, for it has half the story of Europe strung along it--I mean the
road from Paris by Tours and Poictiers to Perigueux, to Toulouse, over
the High Pyrenees and on to Saragossa. No one line serves it. Across
the mountains for a day and more of travel there is no line at all, but
this is the road up which Islam came a thousand years ago to end us.
The host got past Poictiers. Charles met them from Tours and they were
destroyed. You may see the place to-day, and this is the road by which
all the Frankish and Gothic invasions moved on Spain, and this is the
road that Charlemagne must have taken when he first marched across the
hills against the Valley of Ebro. I know of no road more holy with past
wars, none more wonderful where it meets the mountains, none better
made for all sorts of going--and none more deserted than it is upon the
high places between France and Spain--but of this road I will write
later to prove how much there may be in travel.




ON THE TRAVELLER


Those who travel about England for their pleasure, or, for that matter,
about any part of Western Europe, rightly associate with such travel
the pleasure of history: for history adds to a man, giving him, as
it were, a great memory of things like a human memory, but stretched
over a far longer space than that of one human life. It makes him, I
do not say wise and great, but certainly in communion with wisdom and
greatness.

It adds also to the soil he treads, for to this it adds meaning. How
good it is when you come out of Tewkesbury by the Cheltenham road, to
look upon those fields to the left and know that they are not only
pleasant meadows, but also the place in which the fate of English
mediæval monarchy was decided; or, as you stand by that ferry which is
not known enough to Englishmen (for it is one of the most beautiful
things in England) and look back and see Tewkesbury tower framed
between tall trees over the level of the Severn, to see the Abbey
buildings in your eye of the mind--a great mass of similar stone with
solid Norman walls, standing to the right of the building.

All this historical sense and the desire to marry History with Travel
is very fruitful and nourishing, but there is another interest allied
to it which is very nearly neglected, and which is yet in a way more
fascinating and more full of meaning. This interest is the interest in
such things as lie behind recorded history, and have survived into our
own times. For underneath the general life of Europe, with its splendid
epic of great Rome turned Christian, crusading, discovering, furnishing
the springs of the Renaissance and flowering at last materially into
this stupendous knowledge of to-day, the knowledge of all the Arts, the
power to construct and to do--underneath all that is the foundation on
which Europe is built, the stem from which Europe springs; and that
stem is far, far older than any recorded history, and far, far more
vital than any of the phenomena which recorded history presents.

Recorded history for this island, and for Northern France and for
the Rhine Valley, is a matter of two thousand years; for the Western
Mediterranean of three; but the things of which I speak are to be
reckoned in tens of thousands of years. Their interest does not lie
only or even chiefly in things that disappeared. It is indeed a great
pleasure to rummage in the earth and find the polished stones of
the men who came so many centuries before us, but of whose blood we
certainly are; and it is a great pleasure to find or to guess that we
find under Canterbury the piles of a lake or marsh dwelling, proving
that Canterbury has been there from all time, and that the apparently
defenceless valley city was once chosen as an impregnable site when the
water-meadows of the Stour were impassable as marsh, or with difficulty
passable as a shallow lagoon. And it is delightful to stand on the
earthwork beyond Chilham and to say to oneself (as one can say with a
fair certitude), "Here was the British camp defending the south-east;
here the tenth legion charged." All these are pleasant, but more
pleasant I think to follow the thing where it actually survives.

Consider the Track-ways, for instance. How rich England is in these!
No other part of Europe will afford the traveller so permanent and so
fascinating a problem. Elsewhere Rome hardened and straightened every
barbaric trail, but in this distant province of Britain she would only
spend just so much energy as made them a foothold for her soldiery; and
all over England you go if you choose foot by foot along the ancient
roads that were made by the men of your blood before they had heard of
brick, or of stone, or of iron, or of written laws.

I wonder that more men do not set out to follow, let us say, the
Fosse-way. There it runs right across Western England from the
south-west to the north-east, in a line direct yet sinuous, characters
which are the very essence of a savage trail. It is a modern road for
many miles, let us say; and there you are tramping along the Cotswold
on a hard-metalled modern English highway, with milestones and notices
from the county council telling you that the culverts will not bear
a steam-engine, if so be you were travelling in one. Then suddenly
it comes up against a cross-road and apparently ceases, making what
map draughtsmen call a "T"; but right in the same line you will see
a gate, and beyond it a farm lane, and so you follow. You come to a
spinney where a ride is cut through by the wood-reeve, and it is all
in the same line. The Fosse-way turns into a little path, but you are
still on it; it curls over a marshy brook-valley, keeping on firm
land, and as you go you see old stones put there Heaven knows how many
generations ago--or perhaps yesterday, for the tradition remains and
the countryfolk strengthen their wet lands as they have strengthened
them all these thousands of years; you climb up out of that depression,
you get you over a stile, and there you are again upon a lane. You
follow that lane, and once more it stops dead. This time there is a
field before you. No right of way, no trace of a path, nothing but
grass rounded into those parallel ridges which mark the decay of the
corn lands and pasture taking the place of agriculture. Now your
pleasure comes in casting about for the trail; you look back along the
line of the way; you look forward in the same line till you find some
indication, a boundary between two parishes, perhaps upon your map, or
two or three quarries set together, or some other sign; and very soon
you have picked up the line again.

So you go on mile after mile, and as you tread that line you feel in
the horizons that you see, in the very nature and feel of the soil
beneath your feet, in the skies of England above you, the ancient
purpose and soul of this kingdom. Up this same line went the Clans
marching when they were called Northward to the Host; and up this
went slow, creaking wagons with the lead of the Mendips or the tin of
Cornwall, or the gold of Wales.

And it is still there; it is still used from place to place as a
high-road, it still lives in modern England. There are some of its
peers: as for instance the Ermine Street, far more continuous, and
affording problems more rarely; others like the ridgeway of the
Berkshire Downs, which Rome hardly touched, and of which the last two
thousand years has therefore made hardly anything. You may spend a
delightful day piecing out exactly where it crossed the Thames, making
your guess at it, and wondering as you sit there by Streatley Vicarage
whether those islands did not form a natural weir below which lay the
ford.

The roads are the most obvious things. There are many more; for
instance, thatch. The same laying of the straw in the same manner,
with the same art, has continued, we may be certain, from a time long
before the beginning of history. See how in the Fen Land they thatch
with reeds, and how upon the Chalk Downs with straw from the lowlands.
I remember once being told of a record in a manor which held of the
church, and which lay upon the southern slope of the Downs, that so
much was entered "for straw from the lowlands"; then years afterwards,
when I had to thatch a Bethlehem in an orchard underneath tall elms--a
pleasant place to write in with the noise of bees in the air--the man
who came to thatch said to me: "We must have straw from the lowlands;
this upland straw is no good for thatching." Then immediately when I
heard him say this there was added to me ten thousand years. And I know
another place in England, far distant from this, where a man said to
me that if I wished to cross in a winter mist, as I had determined to
do, Cross Fell, that great summit of the Pennines, I must watch the
drift of the snow, for there was no other guide to one's direction in
such weather. And I remember another man in a boat in the North Sea,
as we came towards the Foreland, talking to me of the two tides, and
telling me how if one caught the tide all the way up to Long Nose and
then went round it, one made two tides in one day. He spoke with the
same pleasure that silly men show when they talk about an accumulation
of money. He felt wealthy and proud from the knowledge, for by this
knowledge he had two tides in one day. Now knowledge of this sort is
older than ten thousand years; and so is the knowledge of how birds
fly, and of how they call, and of how the weather changes with the
moon.

Very many things a man might add to the list that I am making. Dew-pans
are older than our language or religion; and the finding of water with
a stick; and the catching of that difficult animal, the mole; and the
building of flints into mortar, which if one does it the old way (as
you may see at Pevensey) lasts for ever, and if you do it the new way
does not last ten years; and then there is the knowledge of planting
during the crescent part of the month but not before the new moon
shows; and there is the influence of the moon on cider, and to a less
extent upon the brewing of ale; and talking of ale, the knowledge of
how ale should be drawn from the brewing just when a man can see his
face without mist upon the surface of the hot brew; and there is the
knowledge of how to bank rivers, which is called "throwing the rives"
in the South, but in the Fen Land by some other name; and how to bank
them so they do not silt, but scour themselves. There are these things
and a thousand others. All are immemorial, but I have no space for any
now.




ON MILTON


The letters of a people reflect its noblest as architecture reflects
its most intimate mind and as its religion (if it has a separate or
tribal religion) reflects its military capacity or incapacity. The word
"noblest" is vague, and nobility must here be defined to mean that
steadiness in the soul by which it is able to express a fixed character
and individuality of its own. Thus a man contradicts himself from
passion or from a variety of experience or from the very ambiguity and
limitation of words, but he himself resides in all he says, and when
this self is clearly and poisedly expressed it is then that we find him
noble.

The poet Milton, according to this conception, has best expressed the
nobility of the English mind, and in doing a work quite different from
any of his peers has marked a sort of standard from which the ideal of
English letters does not depart.

Two things are remarkable with regard to English literature, first
that it came late into the field of European culture, and secondly
that it has proved extraordinarily diversified. The first point is
immaterial to my subject; the second is material to it; for it might
be superficially imagined that such bewildering complexity and, as it
were, lawless exuberance of method and of matter would never find a
pole, nor ever be symbolised by but one aspect of it. Yet Milton has
found that pole, and Milton's work has afforded that symbol.

In any one moment of English literary history you may contrast two
wholly different masterpieces from the end of the Fourteenth to the end
of the Eighteenth Centuries. After the first third of the Nineteenth,
indeed, first-rate work falls into much more commonplace groove, and
it is perceptible that the best verse and the best prose written in
English are narrowing in their vocabulary, and, in what is far more
important, their way of looking at life. The newspapers have levelled
the writers down as with a trowel; you have not side by side the coarse
and the refined, the amazing and the steadfast, the grotesque and the
terrible; but in all those earlier centuries you had side by side
manner and thought so varied that a remote posterity will wonder how
such a wealth could have arisen upon so small an area of national soil.
_Piers Plowman_ and the _Canterbury Tales_ are two worlds, and a third
world separate from each is the world of those lovely lyrics which
are now so nearly forgotten, but which the populace, spontaneously
engendered and sang throughout the close of the Middle Ages. The
Sixteenth Century was perhaps less modulated, and flowed, especially
towards its end, in one simpler stream, but in the Seventeenth what a
growth of variety from the Jacobean translation of the Bible to Swift.
The very decade in which _Paradise Lost_ was published corresponded
with the first riot of the Restoration.

If we look closely into all this diversity we can find two common
qualities which mark out all English work in a particular manner from
the work of other nations. To qualities of this kind, which are like
colours rather than like measurable things, it is difficult to give
a title; I will hazard, however, these two words, "Adventure" and
"Mystery." There is no English work of any period, especially is there
no English work of any period later than the middle of the Sixteenth
Century, which has not got in it all those emotions which proceed from
the love of Adventure. How notable it is, for instance, that Landscape
appears and reappears in every diverse form of English verse. Even in
Shakespeare you have it now and then as vivid as a little snapshot,
and it runs unceasingly through every current of the stream; it glows
in Gray's _Elegy_, and it is the binding element of _In Memoriam_. It
saves the earlier work of Wordsworth, it permeates the large effect of
Byron, and those two poems, which to-day no one reads, _Thalaba_ and
_The Curse of Kehama_, are alive with it. It is the very inspiration of
Keats and of Coleridge. Now this hunger for Landscape and this vivid
sense of it are but aspects of Adventure; for the men who thus feel
and speak are the men who, desiring to travel to unknown places, are
in a mood for sudden revelations of sea and land. So a living poet has
written--


     When all the holy primal part of me
     Arises up within me to salute
     The glorious vision of the earth and sea
     That are the kindred of the destitute....


The note of those four lines is the note of Landscape in English
letters, and that note is the best proof and effect of Adventure. If
any man is too poor to travel (though I cannot imagine any man so
poor), or if he is constrained from travel by the unhappy necessities
of a slavish life, he can always escape through the door of English
letters. Let such a one read the third and fourth books of _Paradise
Lost_ before he falls asleep and he will find next morning that he has
gone on a great journey. Milton by his perpetual and ecstatic delight
in these visions of the world was the normal and the central example of
an English poet.


     As when far off at sea a fleet descri'd
       Hangs in the clouds....


or, again,


                     .... Hesperus, that led
     The Starry Host, rode brightest 'til the Moon,
     Rising in cloudy majesty, at length
     Apparent Queen, unveiled....


He everywhere, and in a profusion that is, as it were, rebellious
against his strict discipline of words, sees and expresses the picture
of this world.

If Landscape be the best test of this quality of adventure in English
poets and the Milton as their standard, so the mystic character of
English verse appears in them and in him. No period could be so formal
as to stifle or even to hide this demand of English writers for Mystery
and for emotions communicable only by an art allied to music. The
passion is so strong that many ill-acquainted with foreign literature
will deny such literature any poetic quality because they do not find
in it the unmistakable thrill which the English reader demands of a
poet as he demands it of a musician. As Landscape might be taken for
the best test of Adventure, so of this appetite for the Mysterious the
best measurable test is rhythm. Highly accentuated rhythm and emphasis
are the marks and the concomitants of that spirit. As powerful a line
as any in the language for suddenly evoking intense feeling by no
perceptible artifice is that line in _Lycidas_--


     Smooth-sliding Mincius, crowned with vocal reeds.


I confess I can never read that line but I remember a certain river
of twenty years ago, nor does revisiting that stream and seeing it
again with my eyes so powerfully recall what once it was to those who
loved it as does this deathless line. It seems as though the magical
power of the poet escaped the effect of time in a way that the senses
cannot, and a man curious in such matters might find the existence
of such gifts to be a proof of human immortality. The pace at which
Milton rides his verse, the strong constraint within which he binds
it, deeply accentuate this power of rhythm and the mystical effect it
bears. Now you would say a trumpet, now a chorus of human voices, now a
flute, now a single distant song. From the fortieth to the fifty-fifth
line of the third book _Paradise Lost_ has all the power and nature
of a solemn chant; the large complaint in it is the complaint of an
organ, and one may say indeed in this connection that only one thing
is lacking in all the tones Milton commanded; he disdained intensity
of grief as most artists will disdain intensity of terror. But whereas
intensity of terror is no fit subject for man's pen, and has appealed
only to the dirtier of our little modern fellows, intense grief has
been from the very beginning thought a just subject for verse.


     [Greek: Têle d' apo kratos chee desmata sigaloenta
     Ampyka kekryphalon t', êde plektên anadesmên
     Krêdemnon th', ho rha hoi dôke chryseê Aphroditê
     Hêmati tôi, hote min korythaiolos êgageth' Hektôr
     Ek domou Êetiônos, epei pore myria hedna.]


Milton will have none of it. It is the absence of that note which has
made so many hesitate before the glorious achievement of _Lycidas_, and
in this passage which I quote, where Milton comes nearest to the cry of
sorrow, it is still no more than what I have called it, a solemn chant.


     .... Thus with the year
     Seasons return; but not to me returns
     Day, or the sweet approach of Ev'n or Morn,
     Or sign of vernal bloom, or Summer's Rose,
     Or flocks, or herds, or human face divine;
     But cloud instead, and ever-during dark
     Surrounds me, from the chearful waies of men
     Cut off, and, for the Book of knowledge fair,
     Presented with a Universal blanc
     Of Nature's works, to mee expung'd and ras'd,
     And wisdome at one entrance quite shut out.
     So much the rather thou, Celestial light,
     Shine inward, and the mind through all her powers
     Irradiate; there plant eyes, all mist from thence
     Purge and disperse, that I may see and tell
     Of things invisible to mortal sight.


There is one other character in Milton wherein he stands not so much
for English Letters as for a feature in English nature as a whole,
which is a sort of standing apart of the individual. Where this may be
good and where evil it is not for a short appreciation to discuss. It
is profoundly national and nowhere will you see it more powerfully than
in the verse of this man. Of his life we all know it to be true, but I
say it appears even in his verse. There is a sort of _noli me tangere_
in it all as though he desired but little friendship and was not broken
by one broken love, and contemplated God and the fate of his own soul
in a lonely manner; of all the things he drew the thing he could never
draw was a collectivity.




HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN


What a great thing it is in this perplexed, confused, and, if not
unhappy at least unrestful time, to come across a thing which is
cleanly itself! What a pleasure it is amid our entwining controversies
to find straightness, and among our confused noises a chord. Hans
Christian Andersen is a good type of that simplicity; and his own
generation recognised him at once; now, when those contemporaries
who knew him best are for the most part dead, their recognition
is justified. Of men for whom so much and more is said by their
contemporaries, how many can stand the test which his good work now
stands, and stands with a sort of sober triumph? Contemporary praise
has a way of gathering dross. We all know why. There is the fear of
this, the respect for that; there is the genuine unconscious attachment
to a hundred unworthy and ephemeral things; there is the chance
philosophy of the moment over-weighing the praise-giver. In a word,
perhaps not half-a-dozen of the great men who wrote in the generation
before our own would properly stand this test of a neat and unfringed
tradition. It is not to be pretended that according to that test so
must men be judged. Many of the very greatest, Hugo for instance, and
in his line, Huxley (a master of English); or, again, to go further
back, the great Byron, would not pass the test.

Things have been said about most men, great or little, in our fevered
time, so exaggerated, so local and so lacking balance, whether of
experience or of the fear of posterity, that contemporary opinion
should not be allowed by its misfortunes to weigh them down. But
a man has a quality of his own when he is so made that even his
contemporaries do him justice, and that was the case with Hans
Christian Andersen. I will bargain that if our letters survive five
hundred years, this excellent writer will quietly survive. Even the
French may incorporate him. And next it is the business of one who
praises so much to ask in what the excellence of this writer consists.
It is threefold: in the first place, he always said what he thought; in
the second place, he was full of all sorts of ways of saying it; and,
in the third place, he said only what he had to say.

To say what one thinks, that is, to tell the truth, is so exceedingly
rare that one may almost call it a grace in a man. Just those same
manifold strings which pull contemporary criticism hither and thither,
and which have made me suggest above that contemporary criticism
commonly belittles a man in the long run, just those same strings pull
at every writer to make him conform to what he knows to be false in
his time. But some men--with limitations, it is true, and only by
choosing a particular framework--manage to tell the truth all their
lives; those men, if they have other literary qualities, are secure of
the future.

And this leads me to the second point, which is that Andersen could
not only tell the truth but tell it in twenty different ways, and of a
hundred different things. Now this character has been much exaggerated
among literary men in importance, because literary men, perceiving
it to be the differentiation which marks out the great writer from
the little, think it to be the main criterion of letters. It is not
the main criterion; but it is a permanent necessity in great writing.
There is no great writing without this multiplicity, which is sometimes
called imagination, sometimes experience, and sometimes judgment, but
which is in its essence a proper survey of the innumerable world. This
quality it is which makes the great writers create what are called
"characters"; and whether we recognise those "characters" as portraits
drawn from the real world (they are such in Balzac), or as figments
(they are such in Dickens), or as heroines and heroes (they are such
in Shakespeare and in Homer, if you will excuse me), yet that they
exist and live in the pages of the writer means that he had in him that
quality of contemplation which corresponds in our limited human nature
to the creative power.

Lastly, I say that Andersen said what he had to say and no more. This
quality in writers is not restraint--a futile word dear to those who
cannot write--it is rather a sort of chastity in the pen. The writer
of this kind is one who unconsciously does not add; if any one were to
ask him why he should not add an ornament or anything supposititious,
he would be bewildered and perhaps might answer: "Why should I?"
The instinct behind it is that which produces all terseness, all
exactitude, and all economy in style.

Andersen, then, had all those three things which make a great writer,
and a very great writer he is.

Note that he chose his framework, or, at any rate, that he was
persuaded to it. He could not have been so complete had he not
addressed himself to children, and it is his glory that he is read in
childhood. There is no child but can read Hans Christian Andersen, and
I at least have come across no man who, having read him in childhood,
does not continue to read him throughout life. He wrote nothing that
was not for the enlivening or the sustenance or the guiding of the
human soul; he wrote nothing that suggested questions only. If one may
speak of him in terms a trifle antiquated (or rather for the moment
old-fashioned), he was instinct with charity, and therefore he is still
full of life.

Having said so much of Andersen in general, something should be said
of him in particular. He was Northern; you always feel as you read
him that if his scene is laid in the open air, the air is fresh and
often frosty; that if he is talking indoors the room is cosy and
often old. Certain passions which the North lacks are lacking in him,
both upon their good and upon their evil side. He is never soldierly,
and he is never revengeful; he is never acute with the desire for
life, but, again, he is never envious. Those who read him and who
are also Northern may well be in love with Denmark. It is a triumph
of our civilisation that this little land, quite outside the limits
of the Roman Empire, not riven by any of the Empires' great vital
resurrections, undisturbed by the vision of the Twelfth and of the
Thirteenth Centuries, spared from the march of Napoleon's armies,
should be so completely European. What could be more European to-day
than that well-organised, contented, peasant State? It is a good irony
to put against the blundering prophecies of barbaric people that beyond
the Germanies this secure and happy State exists. One might put it
in a phrase a little too epigrammatic and say that as one reads Hans
Christian Andersen one remembers Elsinore, and one recalls the good
architecture of Copenhagen. If ever any misfortune again shall threaten
that State, and if barbarism attempts to play the fool with it,
something that really is the conscience of Europe and not the empty and
sham organisation to which that phrase is too often prostituted will
arise and protect the Danes.




THE CHRISTMAS OF 1808


No British Army in force has capitulated in Europe for many
generations. It is the peculiar historical position of this country.
That historical fact lends to the common history of the schools and
universities an attitude towards military history in general which
is commonly distorted, but it lends to the policy of the country as
a whole a confident tradition, the strength and value of which it is
impossible to exaggerate.

The nearest touch to such a disaster, if we except the sieges, was
passed during the days in which these words are written and read;
the close thing came about in the days just before and just after
Christmas, one hundred and two years ago. I will attempt to describe as
simply as I can the nature of that adventure.

It must first of all be premised that, in the words of Napier, position
determines the fate of armies. No truth is more apparent to the
soldier, none more forgotten by the civilian--and more especially by
the civilian touched with the unmilitary vice of Jingoism. Position
determines the fate of armies, and, armaments being supposedly equal,
he is a great or a fortunate general who, in the critical moment,
has so arranged matters that disposition is upon his side, or who by
some stroke of luck is in that advantage. There are exceptions to
this truth. Certain decisive battles (though very few) have utterly
determined campaigns; and among these battles some, again, have been
won at a drive, and by a sort of impetus, the factor of position being
so simple as to be negligible, or so equally balanced as to advantage
neither side and be eliminated. But, as a rule, it is true even of
decisive actions, that position is the determining factor. It is
necessarily true of the strategy of a campaign, and it is with this
consideration that I return to the particular crisis of the British
Army at the close of December 1808.

Sir John Moore, as every one knows, had raided right into the North of
Spain, with the object of withdrawing the pressure of the French upon
the South of that country. It was in the South that French ambition
had found its first check, and that Napoleon's plan had been warped
by the unexpected and, as it were, impossible capitulation of Baylen.
Close upon twenty thousand of the French forces had there laid down
their arms. The Emperor came in person to restore the fortunes of his
house; it was in the South that resistance could best be expected; by
the occupation of the South that he might put himself at ease over the
whole territory, and from the South that the English operations were
destined to draw him.

On the 21st of December, a Wednesday, Lord Paget, with the Tenth and
Fifteenth Hussars, surprised an advanced body of French Cavalry at
Sahagun. It was the extreme limit of Moore's great raid; the town was
occupied, and all the Thursday, all the Friday, Moore halted there
with his force of some twenty-three thousand and sixty guns. He was
nearly two hundred miles from the port on the sea-coast, whereto he
must retire if he would escape. In front of him was Soult, against whom
it was his business, if he were undisturbed, to march from Sahagun
immediately; but upon his right, nearly as far off as the sea, though
not quite so far, a matter of a hundred and fifty to a hundred and
seventy miles, Napoleon, at Madrid, commanded the best and the largest
of the armies in Spain. Sixty thousand men, with a hundred and fifty
guns, lay at the gates of Madrid, and during those same hours in which
the British Army had marched into Sahagun, Napoleon's great force began
to move northward over the Guadarrama.

I will not here describe that famous march: I have done so elsewhere at
greater length: but the reader, to appreciate the conditions of this
great duel, must imagine a country denuded and largely mountainous,
deep in snow, and subject throughout those days to intolerable weather;
and the race upon the issue of which depended so many and such final
things was run at a time and in a place when one would have thought
that no man could be abroad. But the protagonists of the Revolutionary
wars were not men like ourselves.

Christmas Day fell upon the Sunday. Moore had got ahead of his
supplies; they had reached him on the Friday, and on the Saturday,
Christmas Eve, he had intended to go forward and attack the opponent
before him. But on that same Friday when, in the night, his Infantry
were already beginning to march eastward, he heard of Napoleon's
amazing feat; he knew that he had succeeded in drawing the great
commander northward, but he knew also, since that commander could work
miracles, that the distance separating them would be crossed with a
swiftness not to be measured by the old rules of war, and that the vast
force three times his own would, if he hesitated, be found holding
the snow-blocked roads between his position and the sea. The order to
advance was cancelled, the order to retreat was given. By Christmas Eve
Baird and Hope were on the line of the Esla River; on Christmas Day,
Sunday, the troops were passing that obstacle. On Monday, the 26th, the
baggage and the last of the army, under Moore's own eye, were crossing
by the bridge of Castro Gonzalo before Benevente, and the trick was
done. There was a thick fog, the passage was far slower than the
strained intelligence of the imperilled commander had designed. On that
same day, the 26th, Napoleon was at Tordesillas, one long day's march
away from the Esla River. He had covered in that dash of three days and
a half a hundred and twenty miles, but he was too late. He was too late
by half a day.

In the dark and storm-driven night of that Monday the extreme van of
Napoleon's horse rode up to the bridge of Castro Gonzalo. They were
unsupported, of course, and rode far before the army to discover; but,
though it was not contact in any serious sense, there is something very
worthily dramatic in the appearance of those tall horsemen suddenly in
the night through the blinding snow, come up just too late to do more
than watch the escape of Moore's column.

By the next day the purpose of the British commander was achieved:
Napoleon knew he could no longer intercept: the bridge was destroyed.
The opportunity of recording the envelopment and destruction of a
British force was lost to Napoleon; he abandoned to Soult the further
long pursuit, which is called in history the retreat upon Corunna.




ON COMMUNICATIONS


There is nothing more curious in the material change which is passing
so rapidly over the modern world than what I may call the Romance of
Communication.

With the Romance of Discovery every one is thoroughly acquainted. The
modern world is saturated with that form of romance; it has permeated
all our literature and is still the theme of most of our books of
travel. But like all things which have attained a literary position,
the Romance of Discovery already belongs to the past. Not that nothing
remains to be discovered: on the contrary, the modern world has hardly
yet begun to appreciate how it may penetrate from detail to detail and
find perpetually something new in that which it thinks it knows, but
the great broad unknown spaces, the horizons quite new to Europeans
which break upon them for the first time, are now no longer left to the
explorer. With the romance of communication, luckily for us, there is
another, a newer and, in a certain sense, a much wider field. Many who
have travelled largely have felt this, but it has not yet, I think,
been expressed.

What I mean by the Romance of Communication is this: that the
establishment of regular lines for ocean traffic, the building of
railways and, above all, of good roads, have made it possible for
a multitude of men to see those contrasts which travel can afford,
and this development of modern travel has just begun to afford our
generation, and will afford with much greater generosity the generation
to come, an opportunity for feeling physically the complexity and
variety and wonder of the world. This is a good thing.

Not so long ago it was a difficult matter for a man to go from some
Northern part of Europe, such as England, to so isolated a community
as that which inhabits the Island of Majorca. Now it is easy for a man
and costs him but a few pounds to go from England to Barcelona, and
from Barcelona he can sail with a rapid and regular service to the port
of Palma. When he reaches that port he cannot but feel the Romance,
finding this little isolated State wealthy and contented in the midst
of the sea. Corsica, of which men know so little, is similarly at
hand to-day, and so are the Valleys of the Pyrenees, especially of
the Spanish valleys upon which as yet there is hardly any Northern
literature or experience. In a year or two we shall have the railway
through the Cerdagne, and another line will take one up the Valley of
the Ariège into the middle part of Northern Spain.

But of all these benefits to the mind which the modern charge is
procuring, I know of none more remarkable than the entry into the
Desert.

That portion of Northern Africa which the French have reclaimed for
Europe, and which was throughout the existence of the Roman Empire
an integral part of European civilisation, consists of the great
tableland buttressed to the north and the south by mountain ranges,
and crossed in its middle part by parallel outcrops of high rock. This
plateau stretches for somewhat more than a thousand miles all along the
southern shore of the Western Mediterranean. If the reader will take
a map he will see jutting out from the general contour of Africa, an
oblong as it were, the eastern end of which is Tunis, the western end
Morocco. All that oblong is the tableland of which I speak. The coast
is warm, fertile, densely cultivated and populous; full of ports and
cities and the coming and going of ships. The highlands behind and to
the south of the coast line are more arid, very cold in winter, baking
in summer, and always dry and rugged to our Northern eyes. But they
are habitable, the population is spreading upon them, and they contain
the past relics of the old Roman civilisation which prove what man
can do with them when their water supply is stored and their soil is
cultivated.

Now this habitable land suddenly ceases, and falls into the Desert of
Sahara. The demarkation is abrupt and is everywhere noticeable to the
eye. It is indeed more noticeable in the eastern than in the western
part. The limit between what Miss Bell has called, in a fine book of
hers, "the Desert and the Sown," is more than a day's march in width
upon the Moroccan frontier; indeed it is several days' march, and one
is not over-sure when one has left the habitable soil and when one
has reached the inhospitable sand at the eastern end. The limits are
not only marked sharply by a differentiation in the climate and the
vegetation, but also by an abrupt escarpment. The Atlas (as the plateau
of Northern Africa is generally called) falls in huge, precipitous red
cliffs right down upon the Sahara. It so happens that these cliffs,
just at the point where they are most abrupt and most rugged, and most
romantic, are cleft by a profound gorge through which the Wady Biskra
runs very clear and cold, filled with the melting of the snow upon
the high mountain of Aures to the north of it. This gap in the cliffs
the Romans knew well. They had a military station here to guard them
against the ravages of the nomad tribes who afterwards, in the form
of the Arabian Invasion, overran their African province and turned it
from an European and a Christian to an Asiatic and Mohammedan thing.
The Romans called that gorge "The Kick of Hercules," as though the god
had here by a stroke of his foot broken away from the cultivated north
toward the Desert. Through this gap ran their military road, and here,
as a formation of the gorge demanded, they carried that road over the
river, the Wady Biskra, upon the bridge the stones of which still
remain, though renovated and supported by modern work, to recall the
greatness of the empire.

The Arabs, in their turn, have called this astonishing breach "Foum es
Sahara"--the mouth of the Sahara; and, as is always the case where they
found a Roman bridge, they have added the name El Kantara, the bridge.
For it is remarkable that the Arabs were unable to continue Roman work,
especially in masonry, save where they had a large Roman population to
help them after their conquest, and the bridges which the Romans had
built were regarded by them with a sort of superstitious reverence.

Now this Mouth of the Sahara, this gap in the glaring wall of the
Desert, has, by a coincidence which has its obvious geographical cause,
and which is to be discovered in many another pass throughout Europe
and Northern Africa, served for modern methods of communication the
purpose which it served for the ancients. It is the nearest approach
which the Desert makes to the sea-coast; it is the approach involving
the least engineering effort, the most obvious and the most natural
entry from the northern cultivated land on to the waterless sandy
waste. Therefore, modern civilisation has used it, and you get here
more than anywhere else that romance of sudden contrast with which, as
I have said, modern methods of travel have gifted the modern world. The
French first built down this track a military road, as hard, excellent
and well graded as any that you will find in Europe. It not only goes
through the gorge, but right on into the sand of the desert, bounded
upon either side by masonry, and it has reached, or very soon will
reach, Biskra without a break.

Some time after this road had been planned, a railway was constructed
along the same track, with certain divergences where the gradient of
the highway was too steep for the rails and where therefore long curves
were necessary. Whether a man goes by the road or the rail, this is
what he sees--and he had best see it in early spring, or what is with
us in England late winter. As the road and the rail wind downwards
from the little plateaux, by great steps as it were from one level to
another, the traveller has about him such scenery as has accompanied
him for the last hundred miles: fields of cotton, the trees proper to
a temperate climate, and rugged, rocky ridges cropping up from the
cultivated soil. There is nothing around him to remind him of what is
called "The East," except the camel preceding its master up or down
the great highway and the distinctive dress of the natives; for the
climate, the crops, and the temperature, the quality of the sunlight,
he might be on one of the plains of Western America, which indeed this
part of Africa most nearly resembles.

He comes to a clean little inn entirely French in architecture,
surrounded by a cool and quiet garden, and with the river running
behind it. He walks on a few hundred yards through the gorge, and quite
suddenly at the turning of a corner the Desert and all its horizon
breaks upon his eyes. He sees a waste of hot, red, unusable sand, a
brilliant oasis of palm trees, and even the sun, small and glaring
above that plain, seems something different from the familiar light
which he had received but an hour before.

It is the most complete contrast, the most sudden and memorable
revelation which modern travel affords. And if I had to advise any
one who with short leisure desired some experience of modern travel,
at least in the way of landscape, I would advise him to visit this
astounding place. It has already found its way into many English books,
but the great mass of people who could enjoy it do not yet know how
exceedingly easy is its access. For travellers even to so near a place
like to put on an air of mystery. There is no one with a fortnight
to spare and £20 to spend who cannot walk or bicycle or motor to
this place at the right time of the year (for in summer the heat is
insupportable and in winter the snow on the high northern plains makes
travel difficult). Any one who will take that journey would have a
memory to last him all his life.

There are those who say that the popularisation of wonderful things is
the spoiling of them. I have never been able to agree. Places are not
spoiled by the multitude of those who reach them, but by the character
of those who reach them, and no one will journey to this meeting place
of the East and the West, I think, save with a desire to wonder and
to observe, which of itself breeds reverence. Such men may come in
any numbers and the place will be the better for them. At any rate, I
repeat, it ought to be known to any one who has the sum or the time
to spare, that a revelation of such a kind is quite close at hand,
for as yet hundreds of Englishmen with far more than that leisure and
infinitely more than that wealth are ignorant of the place and its
opportunities; and your quickest way is by Marseilles and Bona, and on
your way I beseech you to stop and see Timgad, which is a dead Roman
city lying silent and empty under the sun upon the Edge of the Desert.




ASTARTE


If you stand outside the old fortifications of the town of Toul and
look eastward toward the German peoples, you see a long even line of
hills, very high but not quite mountainous; they end in a sharp dip,
and rise again, and terminate in an isolated summit which, like so many
of the striking conical peaks of Europe, is dedicated to St. Michael.

These heights, like all the crests which surround the basin of that
entrenched camp, are fortified, both with complete works and with
connecting trenches and batteries; save in the gap between the isolated
hill and the ridge I have mentioned the guns are everywhere. In this
gap, in the hollow of it and upon the hillside, is a little village
which, like all the villages on the actual line of the encircling
forts, is wholly dominated by the soldiery; these furnish it with all
its trade, these give it its few adventures and its manner of life. The
peasants are woken summer and winter by the sound of bugles; the heavy
firing of practice is a usual thing to them; a profitable commerce with
a garrison twice as numerous as the civil population enriches those who
work upon their land.

In this village there lived one of those families which are poor in a
country of free men through their own fault; they had land, of course;
no rent was asked of them; they were in a community which had now for
many ages administered itself, and had for more than a hundred years
forgotten the oppression of a territorial class. Nevertheless, by some
vice of temperament, they lived like slatterns, and if they cultivated
at all some tiny patch of their ruined and weedy holding, it was but
just so much as would keep their souls within their bodies, and they
preferred chance begging and barefoot jobs at the railway-station or in
the streets of the town. Their house was more a cave than a hut; it was
dug out of the hillside, with beaten earth walls, save where the front
portion of it jutted out, and was roofed with old bits of corrugated
iron borrowed or stolen from the sappers. These were supported by a
jumble of ramshackle wood, old railway-sleepers, and here and there
were gaps stopped roughly with canvas.

In such a place, surrounded by brothers and sisters of all ages, and
the only houseworker to a drunken and worthless mother, lived, by
accident, one of those women who have such great power in this world.
Her ugliness was singular; it had nothing to do with that power save
perhaps to enhance it. Her hair, which was sparse and crisp, was of a
bright, unpleasing red, harsh and offensive; her eyes were green and
stood very far apart in her head; her mouth was large and very decided
and firm. It is not by any recapitulation of her features (though any
one who had once seen them would always remember them) that one can
give the impression of her power. This rather proceeded from a gesture,
a manner, and a whole being which was the continual outer manifestation
of a certain kind of soul. There was strength in all her gestures, an
upstanding challenge in the poise of her body whether she worked or
walked, and a sort of creative handling of things whenever she grasped
them which at once arrested the attention of a man. Her excessive
poverty and the gross carelessness of her surroundings, by contrast
greatly enhanced these things.

The young soldiers cared very little for mysteries; their religion
was indifferent to them, their knowledge of the perils and of the
adventures of the soul was less than that of children; for those who
might have guessed at the mysterious things which everywhere surround
our existence, even at twenty-one, had such imaginings drowned and
purged out of them by continual labour in the open air, by hours of
grooming and of riding, by the deep and glorious fatigue of such a
life, by sleep in the night, by hunger and by fellowship. Nevertheless,
among the more leisured, that is, among the non-commissioned officers,
there was one man who fell under the spell. He was handsome,
unintelligent, lacking in judgment, and perhaps twenty-five years of
age. His father was a large farmer to the north of Rheims; he had
a very fair allowance from home; he was regular and did his service
well; he was, so far as the non-commissioned ranks can be in any army,
popular with the men. This fellow felt the spell. He felt it neither
deeply nor violently, for his nature was one on which the great
emotions could have no play; but he would seek such duties as brought
him to the village, he would intrigue to be sent upon any inspection
of the reserve forces or with provisions up into the forts, or upon
any other business which would give him for a few moments a chance
of seeing her at the door of that miserable hovel, and of exchanging
half-a-dozen words from the saddle. His leave he would often spend in
the inn of that village, some said in her company (but I doubt if this
were true); he would have taken her once into Nancy to see some public
show or other, but she would not go.

Between the end of winter and the start for camp, the thing had become
as much a habit to him as his own name, and by a sort of code which the
regiment observed, his habit was respected and passed by; indeed, to
have become so immeshed regarded no one but himself, and the singular
net that had been thrown over him was not one which others envied. But
there was one who envied him.

When he had been Vaguemestre, that is, the sergeant deputed to fetch
the letters of the regiment, and often also when he had gone out to
note the condition of the reserve horses or upon any other message, he
had taken with him one of the two-year men, a Belgian who had crossed
the frontier to find work in his teens, and was not ill content to have
been caught by the conscription, for he was utterly destitute and knew
neither father nor mother. This man was dark, short and broad; he was
kindly in temper and, one would have said, an animal for stupidity. He
was possessed of great physical strength; he was a faithful servant and
follower where he was employed. And his Sergeant who thus favoured him
would often see to it that his service should be lightened in one way
or another, and made his life more easy to him than it was to the other
drivers of the battery. He was popular, every one helped him, he had
done harm to no one, he was always willing. He very rarely spoke, amid
all that voluble clatter of young men, and when he did, it was to crack
some simple peasant joke or to repeat some old tag of a proverb.

But one day the head of the room who happened to have no stripes
and was no more than an older soldier, or, as it was called in that
service, "an ancient," found him sitting on his bed and crying. The
lout was crying in a gentle but despairing sort of way. The ancient
was a rough man, a miner and rather brutal. He would have none of
it. And just as he was making things rough for the Belgian, the
Sergeant's voice came down the wooden corridors calling him to saddle
the two beasts: and all the Belgian did was to refuse. It was a quite
unheard-of thing. There was no elasticity in the service; and if any
one in authority said "Do this," to say "I will not," or even to be
slow in obedience, was as grave, or rather as unknown, as is a crime of
violence among wealthy men.

Now the Sergeant, with more womanliness and discernment than one would
have thought any one could have shown in such a place, made no noise
about it, but came in to see what miracle had happened. He saw the lad
sitting there upon his bed with his coarse face full of despair, and
he did not in the least understand what could have happened. The eyes
of the lad were as full of wonder and of terror and of hopelessness
as though he had seen some full tragedy of human life. The Sergeant
shrugged his shoulders and let him be, and to save his being worried
sent him off upon an easy job until he should come round. Then taking
another man to saddle the two horses and to accompany him, he went off
upon his usual round towards the hills, upon some official errand or
other which he had managed to secure. But when he got there he found
in the village, without leave, and having run and panted through the
newly ploughed fields, this Belgian fellow, looking like an angry dog,
sullen, and with new tears in his eyes, standing outside the door of
the hovel.

He ordered him back; he rode his horse after him as the Belgian obeyed,
and began trudging suddenly away, and said that he would not report it,
but that it was a piece of madness, and that if that sort of thing
went on it ended in Africa.

The Belgian said nothing, but plodded off, his enormous strength
apparent in every step; and apparent also in the set of his neck and
shoulders, and the bending of his head, something of doom. When he got
back to quarters he got a ball cartridge from the workroom--no one
knows how--he put it in one of the gunner's carbines, which he took
from the rack--he had never handled such a weapon before--pulled off
the boot from his sockless right foot, put the barrel of the thing in
his mouth, and with his toe pressed down the trigger. In this way he
killed himself.

I have told the thing exactly as it happened. Then many of the young
men first knew that our lives are not wholly of our own ordering, or,
to put it better, learned that to ride one's destiny needs in the soul
of a man a training, a quickness and a constancy like that which, in
the body, helps a man to ride a strong horse and to control him.




THE HUNGRY STUDENT


It was with great astonishment combined with a sense of misfortune that
I discovered the other day in a garret off the King's road in Chelsea
a poor hack formerly of my acquaintance, who in his endeavour to keep
body and soul together had formerly been distinguished or rather
ridiculous among journalists by his excursions into every conceivable
subject and his preparedness to write any sort of books that a
publisher might order of him.

When I found him after these many years he was lying in the last stages
of some disease the name of which I forget but which anyhow was mortal;
and it was the character in the disease which most affected him--to its
scientific appellation he was indifferent.

He confessed to me that he had long had it on his conscience that in
a work of his now long forgotten he had promised the reader to tell a
certain story, and that this promise had never been fulfilled.

"It is in the beginning of the book," he whispered feebly as his dying
eyes were turned towards the four chimneys of the electrical works,
"that I promised to tell the story--nay, two stories; I promised to
tell the story of The Hungry Student, and also the story of the Brigand
of Radicofani. Both these stories weigh heavily upon my conscience. I
have promised," he continued in a nervous manner which was tragically
affecting, "and I have not redeemed my promise. Readers of mine may
have died, still wondering what the truth may be. I beg you, therefore,
to take this manuscript" (and he motioned with his wasted hand to some
sheets of paper by the side of his bed) "and to give it to the world.
At once," he said with the haste and fever of a dying man, "to-morrow
you shall come and I will give you the second manuscript concerning the
Brigand of Radicofani." ("Both," he moaned, "I took from the writings
of others.") "And then I can die in peace."

I took the manuscript and left him, and to fulfil his last wishes I
publish it here.

       *       *       *       *       *       *

A student in the University of Paris had the misfortune to be wholly
deprived of money in any form, and such credit as he had once enjoyed
was also entirely exhausted. It was now thirty-six hours since he had
eaten any memorable meal, and during that long period of time he had
tasted no more than one roasted potato, a pennyworth of chestnuts,
a cup of coffee, and a little bread which he had kept in his pocket
from the day before yesterday, and which was therefore of a hard and
ungracious sort. Even that had been consumed in the small hours of the
morning, and he sat upon a stone bench in the evening of the day about
fifty yards from the Odéon Theatre, carefully considering what course
he should pursue, and determining, if it were necessary, to thieve; for
hunger had got him where hunger gets us all--which is not, as too many
assert, in the stomach, but in the throat and palate and brain.

As he there sat he thought of delicious things; not of a mere filling,
but of rare matters. He had longings. He remembered that beans, green
beans, are better crisp than soft; and he thought of irrecoverable
aubergines, and of what an onion was when it was well fried, and of
larded chickens, and of great Touranian pears, and of the kind of
wine called Chinon; he thought of all these things. But there is this
quality about hunger, that the imagination does not satisfy it in
any degree at all, but stimulates it only, and he was tortured as he
sat upon that bench. Remember that he had not any money at all. He
even recalled as he there sat the excellent taste of fresh bread and
chocolate, and he was about to get up and walk off the memory of such
things when a confused and growing rumour coming up the steep street
round the corner broke upon him. It was the noise of many young men. It
was almost military in its character, though it had no precision, for
one felt in it the advance of numbers. It swelled with every moment,
and at last there swung round the corner and up towards his bench a
considerable body of students who were walking rapidly, excitedly,
and happily, gesticulating freely and telling each other good news,
while a very powerful and loud-voiced young man led them on. He could
hear snatches of what was said by this company. One was crying: "It is
surely the best cooking in the world!" Another, "I care nothing for the
cooking, but what wine!" Two others were eagerly disputing whether the
lark or the thrush were the better bird, and one was hoping that there
would be a chaudfroid of nightingales. Some few sang songs, others in
a sort of contented silence went forward eagerly; all evidently had
before them some great goal.

As the Herd swept by him a lean young man with black hair just stooped
in passing the Hungry Student and whispered: "Would you like to eat
to-night?" He whispered back "Yes." "Then," said the first, whose eyes
burned like coals, "up you get and follow, and hold your tongue until
you learn the tricks of the rest."

So the Hungry Student rose up at once and went forward, mingling with
the rest; and still their robust leader plunged through the streets
before them like a captain bringing on a young army of saviours into
an oppressed land. Now and then this captain would turn round and walk
backward like a bandmaster or a drum major, shouting out good news of
food to come and of the wine that has been pressed in Paradise.

So they went until they came to the Boulevard, which they crossed, one
of them fighting with a policeman on the way. The band plunged into the
narrower streets, and came at last to a little open square where was a
restaurant with a balcony upon the first floor, and upon that balcony
an awning. The name written above the restaurant was this: "The Widow
Bertrand--a house founded in 1837." They all trooped in.

Upon the balcony a table was spread; there were other tables in the
room with which the balcony communicated. At these some few and rather
diffident guests had sat down; but the large table was reserved for the
Herd. They took their places noisily, and falling upon a few little
sardines and one or two stale strips of sausage they began loudly
exclaiming upon every side at the excellence of the fare.

The Hungry Student said nothing, though he wondered much, but seizing
an enormous piece of bread he ate it all up with the rapidity of a
storm, and heard round him as he did so ceaseless exclamations of
enthusiastic surprise. The wine was very thin and sour--but the wine of
students is always so. What astonished him was to see a curly-headed
fellow, very Northern in type, suddenly jump up and shout, so that all
the street below could hear--

"Upon my word this is amazing! Send for Gaston!"

Gaston, a very weary waiter, came.

"Gaston," said the Northerner, "I really must know where the Widow gets
this wine!"

The whole chorus of them shouted together: "Yes, Gaston, you must tell
us where she gets this wine!"

Gaston murmured something which the Hungry Student did not hear.

"Oh, do not be afraid," shouted the Northerner, "we will not give the
secret away. But what wine!" he added, turning round to his companions,
who applauded with their hands. "We will get it through the Widow. She
shall provide it to us. A wine like this is not to be missed." And he
took the miserable stuff and sipped it slowly from his glass, cocking
one eye up wisely towards the ceiling like a knowing fellow.

There followed bad soup, bad fish, bad meat, bad vegetables, and bad
roast. But the Hungry Student was not particular, and he fed. Lord! how
heartily he fed! He fed so heartily that he got into that mood when
a man thinks he will never be hungry again. He ate great quantities
of cheese, which alone of all the courses was served them with some
liberality. He drank their coffee, and the whole host rose to go. He
was still in a profound mystery.

An elderly woman, whose face betrayed keen avarice overspread
with conventional courtesy, bade them good-night as they left her
establishment. They cheered her, and the leader of the band kissed her
warmly upon both cheeks. Then they went out, turned into the Rue Cujas,
and quite suddenly their enthusiasm wholly disappeared, and a council
of war was summoned. The powerful man, the leader, stood in their
midst, gave the recommendation and took counsel with his peers.

"It is the last time!" he said grimly.

"Do you mean," said the dark-haired student who had first whispered
to the Hungry Student as he passed, before the meal, "do you mean the
Widow will not receive us again?"

"You are right," said the leader, in a solemn tone. "The
bargain was for five nights; she has extended it to six. But it
seems"--bitterly--"that we have done our work too well. There is no
need of a seventh. Only yesterday the business was bought by a very
foolish fellow from Auxerre."

"That," said a short fat young man, who had not yet spoken, "accounts
for the intolerable wine."

The leader shrugged his shoulders, and said gloomily: "Friend, it was
the same old wine, but from the bottom of the barrel."

"Then there is no meal for to-morrow," said a fourth man, anxiously,
a red-headed, vague-eyed man who had gone in for Anarchism the year
before, but was at that particular moment a Symbolist.

"Well," said the leader, "there is a meal for to-morrow. But the
conditions are a little hard."

"Where is it to be? What is the rendezvous? What are those conditions?"
cried several voices.

The strong leader obtained silence, and said: "I can tell you at once;
Berteaux wants to sell his place by private treaty next week, and he
will take us from to-morrow."

"For how many days?" broke in a silent man who had not yet spoken.

"A full week," said the leader.

"Well, that's good enough," said the dark man sullenly.

"Yes, but the point is," said the leader, "there is another offer: the
new railway station wants to start a meal at a fixed price."

"It will be better cooking," said the red-haired Symbolist doubtfully.

"You are right," answered the leader, a little wearily, "but it is one
of their conditions that one should eat at the absurd hour of half-past
five, and hurry through the meal exclaiming all the while chance things
about the express to Toulouse, and noting the rapidity of the service."

"I will never do that!" said the red-headed man firmly, amid murmurs of
approval. "If I must eat their deathly stuff I will eat it, but I will
not be hurried into the bargain; and half-past five is the hour for
poisons, not for food. Absinthe is mine."

"No, Berteaux is the man," said the leader with a sigh. He put it to
the vote, as is the fashion with the French. There was a large majority
for Berteaux.

Next day that same enthusiastic whirl of youth went through other
streets of the learned centre of Europe, their lips vivacious, their
eyes aflame, to give Berteaux's business a selling value, and
themselves to have food for nothing.

In this way was the Hungry Student filled.

       *       *       *       *       *       *

Next day, having sent in this manuscript that you have read, I called
upon my poor friend to receive the Brigand of Radicofani; but you may
imagine how shocked I was to hear that he was dead.




THE BRIGAND OF RADICOFANI


It is with the utmost pleasure that I am able to communicate to the
English-speaking world a literary document of capital importance
which my readers had only too great reason to mourn as lost. It will
be remembered that my poor friend the Hack, recently deceased in the
neighbourhood of the King's road, suffered in his last hours from the
fear that the world might never receive his two masterpieces which he
had so long promised them, "The Story of the Hungry Student" and "The
Brigand of Radicofani." It will also be remembered that on reaching his
humble lodgings after the publication of the first, I discovered him to
be dead, and feared, therefore, that the second of these two classics
would never be discovered. I am delighted to say that a Rag and Bottle
Merchant and Dealer in Kitchen Stuff near The World's End (which
is a landmark in that neighbourhood) has been found in possession
of the precious paper, which by a providential accident is still
legible, although it had been used to wrap up two boot-brushes and a
second-hand pot of blacking. Such coincidences are not unknown in the
history of English Letters.

       *       *       *       *       *       *

A young Colonial journalist, full of a great determination to succeed
in life, but insufficiently equipped for that ambition, had occasion to
visit the country north of Rome in the year 1903. He had been sent by
his proprietors to gather information upon the customs of the peasantry
for a series of articles which they designed to publish; he had orders
to photograph these natives with or without their leave, and to acquire
such a knowledge of the local dialects as would permit him to converse
with them.

With his numerous adventures in the extinct volcanoes of that district
I need not detain you, nor tell you of how he was imprisoned in
Ronciglione, fined by a magistrate in Viterbo, nor how he was soundly
beaten by a drunken mason in the town of Bolsena, whose lovely lake
he still remembers with associated feelings of admiration and regret.
It is more to my purpose to retail how in each of these towns as he
wandered northwards, and at every intervening house of call, he was
perpetually reminded of the Brigand of Radicofani. Some, when he would
ask them questions upon their local habits, would reply, "Oh, go and
discuss it with the Brigand of Radicofani"; others, when he attempted
to stammer his experiences of the road, would tell him that the Brigand
would make a better audience than they. The magistrate who fined him at
Viterbo made an allusion to the Brigand of Radicofani which he caught
but ill, but which provoked, to his annoyance, considerable laughter in
court. The policeman who locked him up in Ronciglione turned the key
with an allusion to the same individual, and even the drunken mason in
the very act of beating him in Bolsena bade him begone to the Brigand
of Radicofani. As for Acquapendente, the town was full of rumours about
this strange man, the children in the streets, who should have known
better, took the young Colonial twice for the Brigand and followed him
in chorus, calling him by that name; while a little brown man who was
pushing a barrow assured him with great solemnity that he was taking
its contents of private refreshment for the Brigand of Radicofani.

It may be imagined with what eagerness the journalist left the town
next morning by the northern road and with what curiosity of attention
he marked the little town of Radicofani perched upon its distant
conical hill and glaring white under the hot morning. "There," said he
to himself, as he laboriously panted up the last slope, "I shall find
a character indeed worthy of so many pains, and discover something
perhaps of permanent value for the history of this ancient land."

He seated himself in the principal room of the first inn he came to
within the gate and boldly asked whether it were possible at that hour
to interview the Brigand. The young woman who was the mistress of the
house looked at him for a moment in a sort of stupor, then bursting
into wild cries not unmixed with laughter, she fled from him and left
him for quite a quarter of an hour alone; she returned with a little
crowd of Radicofanian burgesses who stood round, hats in hand, looking
at him lugubriously. At last the oldest of them, a man with a noble
head, handsome and grey, said to him solemnly--

"Do we understand, Excellence, that you desire to see the well-known
Brigand of Radicofani?"

"That is so," replied the journalist manfully. "I am indeed sorry if my
pursuit of such an audience seems impertinent, for I recognise the high
position held by this gentleman in your community; and I am equally
sorry if I have given you any trouble by my request. But as I am
deputed by a foreign newspaper of high standing to discover what I can
of the customs of an ancient land, I could hardly proceed onward to the
notable town of Sienna and leave behind me uninterviewed the principal
personage of your countryside."

"Not a word," said the grave leader of that band, "it is a pleasure to
serve one who takes so flattering an interest in our poor affairs. If
your Excellency will but wait a moment and read the local newspapers,
one of which he will discover to be religious, the other of contrary
tone, the Brigand shall shortly be introduced to you."

Heartened by this promise, the young journalist read with some care
the leading articles of the greasy rags before him, and maintained his
dignity and his apparent attention to the text in spite of occasional
openings of the door accompanied by the giggling and elbowing of the
curious who, in out-of-the-way places, infest a stranger.

At last the door opened wide before the sweeping gesture and the
advancing stride of one accustomed to command, and the Brigand of
Radicofani stood before the traveller.

His dress was picturesque in the extreme: he had on knee breeches
ornamented with parti-coloured ribbons, his calves were swathed round
with crisscross bands, a rustic pipe hung from his belt, which also
sheathed four knives of different dimensions with variegated and
curious carved handles. Aslant across these he wore a naked dagger
quite eighteen inches long; a gloomy cloak depended from one shoulder;
upon his head was a steeple-crowned hat, very tall and pointed, and
adorned, like the rest of his person, with ribbons of gay hue. In
either ear he wore an enormous ring of gold, and black ringlets which
shone with some oily substance depended in profusion from either side
of his head. This extraordinary figure was completed by a gigantic
blunderbuss with a bore about the size of a duck gun and ending in a
huge bell mouth quite nine inches across.

The Brigand (for it was he) startled the journalist by asking in a
terrible voice what he wanted with him, and bidding him be brief and
to the point in his interrogations or demands. As he so spoke he tapped
with his left hand the curious handle of his dagger, keeping his fist
clenched upon his haunch and his right arm akimbo, while his left leg
and foot were advanced in a martial and even in a threatening manner.
The young Colonial, who was acquainted--by his reading--with many
situations of danger, summoned all his firmness, begged the Brigand to
share the wine which stood before him, and assured him that he had only
disturbed his leisure in order to hear from the lips of one so justly
prominent in the ancient and noble town of Radicofani memories of its
great past intermingled, as he hoped, with records of the Brigand's
individual career.

Mollified by such an address, the great man sank into the rickety chair
opposite the journalist, assumed the attitude of the warrior at ease,
and began with plentiful and dramatic gesture the recital of many
things.

Brigandage, he assured his companion, was now by no means the trade it
had been; he had himself taken to the road at the early age of fifteen,
having been persuaded to that industry by an uncle of his, a Canon of
Viterbo. "For in the old days" (he was careful to add) "this country
was very easily administered, and the clergy in especial defended and
encouraged the picturesque customs which such an ease of administration
bred. Often after a hard night upon the highway, or after some
successful business in the brushwood above the city, I would make it my
business to call upon my revered uncle to press upon him some trinket
as a mark of my esteem, or if the day had been exceptionally lucky,
some piece of foreign gold which a tourist (for they were even then
numerous in these parts) might have left in my possession. The old man
died," continued the Brigand with a sigh, "in the year '68, during the
reign of the late Pope Pius IX, and it was perhaps as well, for great
changes were impending which, had he lived to see them, would have
broken his heart. For myself," the Brigand went on thoughtfully, "I am
too much of a patriot to complain of the unification of my country, and
I had some hopes on the establishment of a new government of obtaining
a permanent situation under it which, as I was now approaching middle
age, would be more consonant to my years than the precarious though
active and healthy career I had hitherto pursued. For some moments in
the year 1873 I hoped I might be appointed receiver of the taxes, a
post for which my intimate knowledge of the whole countryside and my
many connections with the farmers of the locality seemed singularly
to fit me. A former chief of mine, for whom I had always preserved a
reverent attachment, was very powerful in this department, and assured
me that I might look for a regular post so soon as he was himself
installed in the office of the Fisc at Orvieto. But there!" continued
the Brigand, sighing, "loyalty and gratitude are sentiments soon
dissipated in the atmosphere of politics, and though I had the pleasure
of seeing my old chief installed as the head of his department, no such
post as he had hinted at came my way. Meanwhile trade sank: artists,
literary men, and poor fowl of that sort still thought it an eccentric
and therefore a desirable thing to approach the Eternal City by road,
and these I would not infrequently be at the pains of carrying off for
ransom; but it was a dwindling and a most unsatisfactory trade. The
wealthy took more and more to the railway; the new government at the
Quirinal, after a certain amount of hesitation, definitely decided
upon a policy inimical to our profession, if not actually hostile to
it. My advancing years, and the various circumstances I have detailed,
made the dear old life less and less possible, until one day" (here he
sighed again profoundly) "in '93, just ten years ago, I was constrained
to accept a situation as a model under an agency which provides such
individuals for the entertainment of foreigners. I was already old (I
am over seventy as you see me here and now), but I often think with
bitterness as I poise upon one leg in an attitude of flight, or shield
my eyes with my hands with a gesture that is very much applauded by
the ladies who sketch me--I often think with bitterness, I say, as I
adopt these various attitudes to order, of the days when I was known as
the Lion of the Amiata, when my name was a terror from far beyond the
Tiber to the marshes that border the Mediterranean Sea."

The old man was silent, and the journalist, who had been busy taking
notes, and was profoundly moved by the recital he had heard, asked the
Brigand most deferentially and in a gentle tone whether these memories
did not stir him to some particular story, and whether he could not
recite before the stranger left some especially telling incident of his
great past.

"Why," mused the vigorous old man, rising slowly from his chair, "I
think I can reconstruct for you that famous occasion which the old
wives still tell as a winter story, when I held up the Syndic of
Montefiascone, and without the trouble of binding him to a tree nor
of inflicting the slightest mutilation, I acquired for the purposes
of my expenditure all that was movable upon his person. Come, let us
reconstruct the scene." He put a heavy hand upon the young journalist's
shoulder, looking round the room as he did so for a favourable stage
upon which to order the drama.

The Colonial rose at the same time, and the Brigand, shaking his head,
and growling like a monarch of the forest, muttered deeply: "No, no,
this place is too small!"

With the moving of the chairs many had come into the little inn
parlour and followed the pair out into the blazing market square, and
the brigand led the now dubious journalist into that public place.
Their appearance in the open was the signal for a great gathering;
children ran from narrow alleys, market women rushed up with shrill
voices, farmers engaged in bargaining left their sport for the superior
attractions of the scene, and loud cries of "The Brigand is going
to work--come and see the Brigand" were heard upon every side. The
journalist maintained his dignity, and even allowed a faint smile to
flicker upon his anxious lips as the Brigand, pacing the cobblestones
of the market-place in a thoughtful manner, decided the spot where his
companion should stand.

"Here," he said, stamping with his foot, "this was about the distance."

The journalist found himself alone, the crowd retired at some fifty
yards; before him was the street leading northward out of the town
towards Sienna; it was empty. He turned and saw facing him the large
concourse of people recounting to each other the interest of the
proceedings; and he further perceived that the Brigand, who stood a
little in front of them all, was slowly disembarrassing his blunderbuss
from the innumerable details of his costume.

"Thus," shouted the old giant in a terrible voice, "stood I. There
where you are stood the Syndic. Come, look slightly away and upwards
as though you did not perceive me, for such was the Syndic's attitude
upon the occasion in question. Make as though you were walking
leisurely, but do not actually take a step, for that would destroy
the reconstruction of the scene which I am arranging for your
entertainment."

With great deliberation the Brigand of Radicofani next proceeded to
pour into the huge bell mouth of his blunderbuss a measure of gunpowder
from a horn; next he rammed in a piece of the anticlerical newspaper
with the rusty ramrod which he had with difficulty drawn from its
rings; he replaced the ramrod, and as deliberately dropped into the
mouth of his deadly instrument a number of large leaden slugs.

"Thus," said he as he made these preparations, "did I carefully load
while the unsuspecting Syndic leisurely crossed before my line of fire."

As he said these words the Brigand slowly raised the blunderbuss to his
shoulder, leaned his great body forward, and bent his head until an
eye of extraordinary brilliance and power was gleaming down the top of
the barrel. The concourse was now silent, and the journalist, with an
admirable sense of what was required of him, adopted the attitude of a
man walking at a leisurely pace, and acted to perfection the part of
the Syndic.

"Halt!" roared the Brigand in startling and quite novel tones. The
journalist instinctively started, and the Brigand bitterly added:
"Must I fire, or will you spare me that expense by laying carefully
upon the ground at your feet your watch, your purse, your rings, your
pocket-book, and such valuables as you may have about you?"

The journalist with no little hesitation (for he found this too
realistic) threw down a coin byway of _simulacrum_.

"He mocks me!" bellowed the Brigand, while all the crowd applauded. "He
hesitates to obey (thus did I speak to the Syndic). Come, empty all
your pockets and turn them inside out that I may see them."

The journalist, excusing his pride by the reflection that the whole
thing was but a game, with some reluctance did as he was bid. There
lay at his feet upon the market square of Radicofani a little heap of
valuables, a quantity of private correspondence, a handkerchief and a
note-book.

"Now," shouted the Brigand, still carefully aiming at the foreigner's
head, "go! Go warily, and step backward if you choose, to assure
yourself that I shall not lower my gun."

For some few steps the journalist so walked toward the northern gate,
and step by step, keeping his distance, the immense old man pursued,
while the crowd with subdued applause, encouraged his action, and with
rising menaces bade the stranger not cross the Brigand's purpose,
since upon these occasions he was terrible if he was thwarted. When he
had nearly reached the limits of the town the unfortunate traveller
began to protest that the joke should end. To his horror the reply
which reached him, not from the Brigand alone but from many of his
supporters, was given in tones of increasing sincerity, and he
shuddered to see, or to think he saw, the pressure of the finger upon
the trigger. He hesitated for a moment, and then suddenly he ran....

The northern road out of Radicofani is steep: its steepness aided his
flight, and when he was well down toward the valley he heard (and that
increased his determination) a loud report, and high over his head sung
a covey of slugs. He neither looked back nor attempted to order his
confused mind, but ran without ceasing until from sheer exhaustion he
dropped at the roadside.

To his delight he saw two mounted policemen in splendid uniforms. He
recounted his tale; they looked at him severely, and one of them,
beckoning with his finger, said, "Follow us."

He followed them for miles and miles. Of how he was subsequently
examined, disbelieved, threatened with fine and imprisonment, and at
last escaped only by an appeal to his consul in Sienna, you may read in
the interesting memoirs which he is about to publish under the title of
"Etruscan Wine and Song."

Meanwhile in Radicofani the Brigand drinks and sings.




THE HONEST MAN AND THE DEVIL


A man who prided himself very justly upon his uncompromising temper and
love of truth had the misfortune the other night to wake at about three
o'clock in the morning and to see the Devil standing by his bedside,
who begged him that he (the Honest Man) should sell him (the Devil) his
soul.

"I will do nothing of the kind," said the Honest Man in a mixture of
sleepiness and alarm.

"Very well," said the Devil, quite obviously put out, "you shall go
your own way; but I warn you, if you will have nothing to do with me I
will have nothing to do with you!"

"I ask for nothing better," said the Honest Man, turning over on his
right side to get to sleep again, "I desire to follow Truth in all
her ways, and to have nothing more to do with you." With these words
he began a sort of regular and mechanical breathing which warned the
Devil that the interview was now at an end. The Devil, therefore, with
a grunt, went out of the bedroom and shut the door smartly behind him,
shaking all the furniture; which was a rude thing to do, but he was
very much annoyed.

Next morning the Honest Man, before going out to business, dictated
his letters as was his wont into a phonograph; this little instrument
(which, by the way, had been invented by the Devil though he did not
know it) is commonly used in the houses of the busy for the reception
of dictated correspondence, comic verse, love sonnets, and so forth;
and if the busy also live by their pen, the phonograph spares them
the use of this instrument. The Honest Man of whom I speak had no
such profession; he used the phonograph for his daily correspondence,
which was enormous; he dictated his answers into it before leaving his
private house, and during the forenoon his secretary would take down
those answers by reversing the machine and putting it at a slower pace
so that what it said could easily go down upon the typewriter.

At about half-past five the Honest Man came back from his business, and
was met by his secretary in a very nervous fashion.

"I fear, sir," said the secretary, "that there must be some mistake
about your correspondence. I have taken it down literally as was my
duty, and certainly the voice sounded like yours, but the letters are
hardly such as I would post without your first reading them. I have
therefore forborne to sign them in your name, and have kept them to
show you upon your return. Here they are. Pray, pray read them in
seclusion, and advise me at the earliest moment." With these words the
secretary handed the documents to his bewildered employer, and went out
of the room with his eyes full of nervous tears.

The Honest Man put on a pair of gold spectacles, exchanged these for
some gold pince-nez, hummed twice, then began to read. This is what he
read--


     I

     _The Laurels,
     Putney Heath, S. W.
     November 9._

     DEAR LADY WHERNSIDE,

     Yes, I will come to Whernside House next Thursday. I do not know
     you well, and I shall feel out of place among your friends,
     but I need not stop long. I think that to be seen at such a
     gathering, even for but a few moments, is of general advantage to
     my business; otherwise I should certainly not come. One thing I
     beg of you, which is that you will not ask me a number of private
     questions under the illusion that you are condescending. The habit
     is very offensive to me, and it is the chief drawback I feel in
     visiting your house. I may add that though I am of the middle
     classes, like your late father, I have a very pretty taste in
     furniture, and the inside of your house simply makes me sick.

     I am,
     Very faithfully yours,
     JOHN ROE.


     II

     _The Laurels,
     Putney Heath, S. W.
     November 9._

     DEAR SIR,

     No; I will not entertain your proposal to use the Imperial British
     Suction Apparatus upon my ships. It may be a very good apparatus,
     and it might possibly increase my profits by £2000 in the year, but
     the fact is that I am so well to do it is hardly worth my while to
     bother about these little things. The bother of arranging the new
     installation, and the risk that, after all, my men might not know
     how to use it, has decided me. I note what you say, that the
     French, the German, the Italian, the Russian, and the United States
     Governments have all bought your patent for use in their Navies;
     but it does not influence me one jot. What are they, after all, but
     foreigners? Besides which, it is my experience that somehow or
     other I muddle through, and I hate having to think.

     We are,
     Your obedient Servants,
     JOHN ROE & COMPANY.


     III

     _The Laurels,
     Putney Heath, S. W.
     November 9._

     DEAR DOCTOR BURTON,

     I wish you would come round this afternoon or to-morrow morning
     and see my eldest child, James. There is nothing whatever the
     matter with him, but his mother is in a flurry, because some
     children with whom he went out to a party the other evening have
     developed mumps, and his voice is husky, which she idiotically
     believes to be a symptom of that disease. Your visit will cost me
     two guineas; but it is well worth my while to spend that sum if
     only to avoid her intolerable fussing. My advice to you as man to
     man is, to look at the child's tongue, give him some plain water
     by way of medicine, and go off again as quick as you can. Your fee
     will be the same in any case, and it is ridiculous to waste time
     over such business.

     I am,
     Your sincere friend,
     JOHN ROE.


     IV

     _The Laurels,
     Putney Heath, S. W.
     November 9._

     DEAR DOCTOR MILLS,

     I enclose five guineas and a subscription for your new church. I
     confess that I do not clearly see what advantage this expenditure
     will do me, and I should have some hesitancy in setting down in
     black and white my reasons for sending you the money at all.
     Your style of preaching is monotonous, your doctrines (if they
     are really your doctrines) are particularly offensive to me; and
     after all we could get along perfectly well with the old church.
     At bottom I think this kind of thing is a sort of blackmail; you
     know I cannot afford to have my name left out of your subscription
     list, and probably the same motive is causing many another
     sensible neighbour of mine to part most reluctantly with a portion
     of his property. Perhaps the best way out of it would be to form a
     sort of union and to strike all together against your exactions;
     but I cannot be at the pains of wasting any more time upon the
     matter, so here's your five guineas and be hanged to you!

     Very faithfully and respectfully yours,
     JOHN ROE.


     V

     _The Laurels,
     Putney Heath, S. W.
     November 9._

     DEAR SIR,

     I have received your estimate for the new conservatory; I have
     figured it out and undoubtedly you will lose upon the contract.
     I therefore accept it without reserve and beg you to begin work
     as soon as possible. I fully appreciate your motive in making
     so extraordinary a bargain: you know that I shall make further
     alterations to the house, and you hope by throwing away a sprat
     to catch a whale. Do not imagine that I shall be misled in this
     regard. The next alteration I have to make I will accept the
     tender of some other builder as gullible as yourself, and so forth
     to the end of the chapter. And I am,

     Your obedient servant,
     JOHN ROE.


     VI

     _The Laurels,
     Putney Heath, S. W.
     November 9._

     MY DEAR ALICE,

     I will not send the small sum which you ask me as a brother to
     afford you, though I am well aware that it would save you very
     poignant anxiety. My reason for acting thus is that a little
     annoyance is caused me when I have to disburse even a small
     sum without the chance of any possible return, and especially
     when I have to do it to benefit some one who cannot make things
     uncomfortable for me if I refuse. I have a sort of sentimental
     feeling about you, because you are my sister, and to that extent
     my refusal does give me a slight, though a passing sense of
     irrision. But that will very soon disappear, and when I balance it
     against the definite sacrifice of a sum of money, however small, I
     do not hesitate for a moment. Please do not write to me again.

     Your affectionate brother,
     JOHN ROE.


     VII

     _The Laurels,
     Putney Heath, S. W.
     November 9._

     DEAR SIR,

     I enclose a cheque for £250, my annual subscription to the local
     War Chest of the Party. I beg you particularly to note that this
     subscription makes me the creditor of the Party to the extent of
     over £3000, counting interest at one above bank rate from the first
     subscription. I have carefully gone into this and there can be no
     error. I would further have you note that I desire no reward or
     recognition for my disbursement of this sum beyond the baronetcy of
     which we spoke the last time I visited you, in the presence of a
     third party; and I must conclude by assuring you that any lengthy
     negotiation would be extremely distasteful to me. You need not fear
     my attitude in the approaching election; I am quite indifferent to
     parliamentary honours, I will take the chair five times and no
     more; I am good for one large garden party, three dinners, and a
     set of fireworks. I will have absolutely nothing to do with the
     printing, and I am,

     Always at your service,
     JOHN ROE.


When the Honest Man had perused these letters he decided that they
should not be posted in their present form; but upon attempting to
amend them he found himself singularly lacking in those phrases
which he could usually discover so readily for the purposes of his
correspondence.

He sent, therefore, for his secretary, and told him to re-write the
letters himself according to his own judgment, which that gentleman did
with singular skill and dispatch, maintaining the cheques as drafted
and putting every matter in its proper light.

That night the Honest Man, who was sleeping soundly, was more annoyed
than ever at the reappearance of the Devil at his bedside in the middle
of the night.

"Now," said the Devil, "have I brought you to your senses?"

"No," said the Honest Man, composing himself for sleep as before, "you
have not. You should have remembered that I have a secretary."

"Oh, the devil!" said the Devil impatiently, "one cannot be thinking of
everything!" And he went out even more noisily than the night before.

In this way the Honest Man saved his soul and at the same time his
face, which, if it were the less valuable of the two organs, was none
the less of considerable moment to him in this mundane sphere.




COMPIÈGNE

     [_The Main Room over the Terrace of the Palace in Compiègne. An
     autumn night in 1782. The room is lit with many candles, and there
     is dancing. The Queen of France is present, the Court, and some
     few of the neighbouring gentry, among whom a Lady called Madame
     d'Escurolles, about forty, silent, and rather timid. A gentleman
     about the Court, a trifle older than herself, stands by and talks
     to her as she sits and looks at the dancing. He takes his title
     from Noirétable in the Forèz, but he has never been there._]


MADAME D'ESCUROLLES. I cannot see anything in the Queen of
what you say, M. de Noirétable. She seems to be a little violent, but
not vulgar.

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE. It is precisely as you will, but I
confess she spoils a room for me. The truth is that if she jostled and
elbowed she would please me better; she always looks as though she
would. I am disappointed in my amusement.

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES. M. de Noirétable, she is a good woman. I
can see it in her eyes. They are very frank.

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE. Oh! Yes! Madame, they are frank
enough. They are being frank just now to half the room. Ugh! I have
seen market women looking so, but only at the return from market (_he
pauses_). Have you ridden to-day?

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES (_laughing gently_). No, sir, I have not
ridden. We do not ride at my age in Compiègne ... but, tell me, do you
not think there is something majestic about the Queen?... You must
remember I have not seen her for three years, and it may be you are
used to her carriage. But do you not admire that poise of the head and
that high manner; or perhaps I should say, have you not admired them?

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE. Oh! yes, Madame, I have admired it,
and I do, as also her hairdresser and her shoemaker. Am I not at Court?

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES. But they say it is at Court that she is
least admired?

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_shocked_). I would not presume to say
that! God forbid! From what I have heard in the street I would say she
was least admired in Paris, or, perhaps--(_musing_)--perhaps in the
village of Louveciennes ... nay, I have forgotten St. Cloud. St. Cloud
would run Louveciennes hard.

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES. I have do doubt these names are well
known in Versailles.

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE. Madame, Versailles knows everything
and everybody, because Versailles is the Queen. For myself, after
many years in the full view of Versailles and taking my money from
Versailles, yet I cannot say I like Versailles.

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES (_innocently_). And why not, sir?

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_looking vaguely at the distant
candles and speaking as vaguely_). Upon my soul I cannot say!... It
may be that Versailles is too frank or perhaps there is too much poise
about it ... it is certainly majestic.

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES (_as though merely to continue_). It must
compare well with poor Compiègne!

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_ceasing to look at the candles_).
I would not compare Versailles with Compiègne because I have seen
Versailles so much and Compiègne so little. Indeed, Madame (if you
will believe me!), I have but twice visited Compiègne since my year
in garrison there, but that was fifteen years ago, and in those days,
as you will remember, it was your father who befriended me. I found
Compiègne very hospitable, and if I have returned there too seldom I
very readily acknowledge my error.

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES (_as though to change the subject_).
Pray, sir, do you not find Compiègne much older? They say that age
particularly affects Compiègne.

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_with a little humour_). I know that
_I_ have aged, but I would not swear for Compiègne. Madame d'Escurolles
(_with enthusiasm_), I cannot forbear to tell you that Compiègne in my
eyes does not age, but grows. The walls of Compiègne are more subtle
and her woods more deep; her air is more gracious and full of certitude
and peace than in those days I speak of when she held me for a full
year.

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES. Oh! _Held_ you, Monsieur de Noirétable!
You were under no constraint. It was your garrison.

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_rapidly_). Madame, my youth was held.
But I have not told you all of my own ageing nor of this return to
Compiègne.... You say the town has aged also. Ah! You should see other
towns! There is in Compiègne to-day, I swear to you, more deep and more
desirable laughter than in the youngest and most virginal of towns!

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES. Why, M. de Noirétable, you grow lyrical!
(_Smiling._) One would think you had seen too many towns!

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_lightly and rapidly_). A man in
the Service must see many towns.... It is not wholly his choice. I
volunteered as well, and saw more towns than I positively needed,
Madame; to tell the truth, a man is none the better for visiting too
many towns.

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES. It is the appetite for travel, Monsieur,
and the love of adventure.

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE. Precisely, Madame, you put it very
well ... the appetite, Madame, and the love ... of adventure ... you
put it very well indeed. (_Abruptly._) It led me to Narbonne, to
Florac, and to Cahors.

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES (_shuddering_). Oh! Monsieur de
Noirétable! What dreadful names!

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_lightly_). Not at all, Madame! Not
at all! Delightful!... but passing, very passing! Believe me, in
the presence of Compiègne, no man desires to return to Florac or to
Narbonne, nor even to Cahors.

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES. No ... but he may choose to visit other
places.

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_gravely_). He may be compelled to
visit them, Madame. (_She looks away._)

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES (_is silent for a little while and then
looks up at him as gravely_). _Must_ he visit so many towns?

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_slightly lifting his shoulders_). Oh! Must!
Must! Must is a strong word, Madame. But _Does, Does_; _does_ is a
working word, Madame. And a man _does_ visit many towns, and he comes
back to Compiègne.

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES (_thoughtfully_). Sir, Compiègne has age
upon it, though you are pleased to call it by prettier names. Compiègne
is even sad with age. I will not deny her charm, I will even concede
her beauty--but it is harder than ever to-day to be content with
Compiègne. (_With a sudden change of tone._) We have spoken too much
of cities. We old friends who do not dance treat the place too much
like a card-room, and we converse when younger souls are full of the
music.... Tell me, Monsieur de Noirétable--since the subject is more
consonant with music and with dancing--are you fond of verse?

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_solemnly_). I dote upon it!
especially such verse as may be written in praise of Compiègne....

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES (_laughing_). Oh! Monsieur de Noirétable,
you begin to be ridiculous. Come, is there no verse you may cite as
your favourite?

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE. Why, Madame, I fear to seem even more
ridiculous if I quote Latin.

MADAME D'ESCUROLLES (_good-humouredly_). Not at all, sir! We
know Latin in Compiègne!

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_grimly_). So I seemed to remember.
Well, then, I confess my favourite verse is the Horatian Ode which
begins--


     Donec gratus eram tibi ...


and which ends (_he speaks glowingly_)--


                 ... Iracundior Hadria
     Tecum vivere amem; tecum obeam libens!


MADAME D'ESCUROLLES (_doubtfully_). Are you quite sure you
have the Latin right? (_She ponders awhile._) For my own part I prefer
the simple songs of our own people about here and the rhymes of
children. Do you know


     Nous n'irons plus aux bois
     Les lauriers sont coupés?


MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_almost yawning_). Oh! Bless you, yes.
Who does not.... Madame?

(_The music ceases and the reverences to the Queen begin. Madame
d'Escurolles, as she moves forward, says in a low tone to Monsieur de
Noirétable as she passes him_, "When do you next come to Compiègne?")

MONSIEUR DE NOIRÉTABLE (_as he goes out alone, to himself_).
When Compiègne comes to meet me halfway; which is perhaps a little
difficult for so much stone.




THE CANDOUR OF MATURITY

     (_The Marquis_ DE LA MISE-EN-SCÈNE _is discovered writing
     at a little inlaid table. He is about 42 years of age, and looks
     worse than that. He believes himself to be alone in the room,
     when he is somewhat suddenly addressed from the open door by the
     Duchess_ DE LA TOUR-DE-FORCE_, who has just entered. She
     is a woman of about 55, somewhat too commanding. The place is
     Versailles, and the time is 1753._)


THE DUCHESS DE LA TOUR-DE-FORCE. What are you doing, Monsieur
de la Mise-en-Scène?

THE MARQUIS DE LA MISE-EN-SCÈNE (_continuing to write and
without turning round_). I am writing, Duchess, as you can plainly see.

DUCHESS. Unfortunately I cannot see through your body, but I
see you are seated at a table, and from the constrained attitude of
your elbow and the awkward wagging of your head I can well believe that
you are occupied as you say.

THE MARQUIS (_without turning round_). Come, Duchess, would
you have me jump up like a bourgeois? Shall I ask after your health,
which I know to be robust, or murmur something polite about your
niece? Shall I come and hold the door for you, or do any of those
things to which you are used in provincial hotels? Or shall I go on
writing? (_He goes on writing._) (_A pause._) (_The_ DUCHESS
_walks into the room, shuts the door rather noisily, and sits down upon
a chair. She sighs._)

THE MARQUIS (_still writing, murmuring to himself_).
"Indifferent"! Tut, tut, how does one spell "indifferent"? "You cannot
be indifferent to my plea" ... "plea." ... I know how to spell "plea,"
but how does one spell "indifferent"? (_Turning round for the first
time to the Duchess and showing a set, half-ironical face, with thin
lips and steady grey eyes._) Duchess, how do you spell "indifferent"?

DUCHESS (_carelessly_). Oh, I spell it sometimes one way,
sometimes another. But I believe there are two f's.

MARQUIS (_turning again to his letters_). "Indifferent" (with
two f's) "to my plea...." (_He leans back and looks at the paper with
his head on one side as though he were examining a picture._) It looks
all right, Duchess. I always go by that, though I think it is easier to
tell whether a bit of spelling is right if you can see it in print.

DUCHESS (_gravely_). I thoroughly agree with you, Marquis de
la Mise-en-Scène. (_A pause during which the scratching of the quill
continues._) I do not think she will mind about the spelling; but if I
know anything of her sex she will not read the end of the letter if
you make it too long.

MARQUIS (_still writing away busily_). Yes, she will, for it
is full of business.

DUCHESS (_with some interest in her voice_). Why? What kind of
business?

MARQUIS. I'm writing a proposal of marriage, Madam.

DUCHESS (_really startled_). Good heavens, Monsieur de la
Mise-en-Scène! I always thought you were married!

MARQUIS (_continuing to write_). Madame de la Tour-de-Force,
that is the malicious sort of thing people say at Versailles about
provincials. (_He continues to write._)

DUCHESS. I don't care how much business you put into it; if
you make it as long as that she won't read to the end.

MARQUIS. Oh, yes, she will. The letter isn't very long, but
I'm writing it out several times.

DUCHESS. Really! Your cynicism! And suppose the various ladies
meet, or suppose two of them accept you at once! What then?

MARQUIS (_getting up quickly_). I never thought of that! (_He
puts his left hand on to the hilt of his sword, puts his right hand to
his chin, and thoughtfully paces up and down the room._) Yes, Duchess,
that would be very awkward. In fact (_going to the window and looking
out_)--in fact, now that you have suggested it ... of course I might
write to the second and say I already had an engagement ... but I
think I shall drive tandem and not send off the second letter until
I have received an answer to the first; nor the third until I have
received an answer to the second, and so forth.... On the other hand,
I'm glad I've got the work done, because the business part at the end
is very complicated.

DUCHESS (_as though to make conversation_). Have you ever
written a proposal of marriage before, Monsieur de la Mise-en-Scène?

MARQUIS. No, Duchess, I have not; and, what is more curious,
no lady has ever shown me one. But I have a book in which various forms
of letters are set down to be used upon different occasions in life. I
have taken all the first part of this letter of mine from this book.
The long part at the end which is all about business I got out of a
letter from my solicitor.

DUCHESS (_quietly, as she folds her hands upon her lap_). If
you will take my advice, Marquis, you will not put in so much business
upon the very first occasion. I should have asked--Have you actually
met any of these ladies?

MARQUIS (_stoutly_). Yes, all of them, and one of them three
or four times. Tell me, Duchess, since you know something of the world,
in what form is a declaration most pleasing?

DUCHESS (_serenely_). By word of mouth, Monsieur de la
Mise-en-Scène.

MARQUIS. Oh, by word of mouth! And under what conditions? On
horseback? During a gentle stroll? In a ball-room?

DUCHESS. No, rather under the conditions of ordinary life,
in an ordinary room such as this, in the midst of one's ordinary
avocations.

MARQUIS (_stops in his pacing up and down, stands near her,
and, looking at her fixedly, says_): I attach the greatest possible
value to your judgment and advice, Duchess. And I fear I have wasted a
good deal of time writing those letters at the little table. Here is
an ordinary room, here are we both at our ordinary avocations, which
consist in doing nothing, now sauntering up and down the floors, now
sitting upon chairs; all is as you would desire it. We are not on
horseback, we are not at a ball, we are not strolling through the park.
Will you marry me?

DUCHESS (_composedly_). Certainly not!

MARQUIS. Oh, well then, I'm very glad I did write those
letters after all. It's a great thing to have one's work behind one
instead of in front of one. But before I get to the tedious task again
I do particularly beg you to consider my proposal. (_He sits down in a
chair opposite her and begins to tick off the fingers of his left hand
with the forefinger of his right._) My first point is this----

DUCHESS (_wearily_). Oh, Monsieur de la Mise-en-Scène, are you
going to put it under three heads?

MARQUIS. No, Madam, I act in this fashion because I have
seen the attitude adopted invariably by all diplomats when they would
convince some great and powerful Sovereign; and my first point is
this: We know each other and we know the world. On the other hand, we
are not intimate friends, which would be fatal. We are both free. We
are both careless as to differences in rank.

DUCHESS. I am not.

MARQUIS. Well, well, let us pass that: it is a matter one can
soon get used to after the first years of married life.

DUCHESS. I assure you, you are wasting your time. I have not
the slightest intention of marrying you or anybody else. But I will
help you to get married if you like. My advice will be useful to you,
as you say. And, first of all, show me those letters.

MARQUIS (_warmly_). Thank you, Madam; thank you a thousand
times! This one here is to Madame de Livaudan (_hands her one letter
and holds the other ready in his hand_).

DUCHESS (_glancing at it_). It is too formal!

MARQUIS. This one (_he hands her another_) is to an Italian
lady, whose name I will get hold of before I write the direction
outside; for the moment it escapes me, but she is a Contessa, something
like Marolio, and I met her in a coach.

DUCHESS (_reads it_). It is far too long.

MARQUIS. This one (_he hands her a third_) is to a distant
cousin of mine in Madrid, formerly the wife of----

DUCHESS (_in surprise_). But are they all widows?

MARQUIS (_gravely_). Yes, Madam, they are all widows--and all
rich.

DUCHESS (_sighing profoundly_). It certainly seems a pity that
with your knowledge of Versailles and your pleasant habit of friendship
... and your gallant record in the war ... you should be compelled to
such adventures.

MARQUIS (_lightly_). There! there! Madam, do not pity me. Many
a poor fellow is worse off than I. The fourth one.... (_He produces yet
another letter._)

DUCHESS (_waving it aside_). No, no, I have already seen too
much of that correspondence! Trust me, Marquis, it will all end in
smoke, and may even very possibly make you ridiculous.

MARQUIS (_apologetically_). Madam, I have done my best. I
have put before you the very reasonable proposal that we should marry.
I put it before you in the very manner which you suggest. It did not,
for the moment at least, meet with your approval: and surely it was
common-sense to keep my line of retreat open upon the four widows, by
any one of which roads I might have fallen back after my defeat at your
hands.

DUCHESS (_thoughtfully_). No, I do not think we should get
married. There are too many doubts.... I have seen such experiments
fail ... and (_shrugging her shoulders_) succeed ... I confess I have
seen them fail and succeed.

MARQUIS. Indeed?

DUCHESS (_still ruminating, but in a quiet way_). Yes.... On
one's own land.... Yes, that is how it always has to begin. And then
there would be the getting of a post (_she still continues to think
it over, frowning with the interest of her subject; at last she rises
promptly, and looking the Marquis full in the face she says_): We have
half-an-hour or more before the hunt comes home. We will walk round the
gardens together and give this very important matter the discussion it
deserves.

MARQUIS (_cheerfully_). By all means, Duchess, so that you
do not make me miss the courier who is to take the first of these
missives. I am entirely at your disposal.

DUCHESS. It is my deliberate advice to you not to post the
first of those letters to-day. Come! (_She goes out of the door in a
rather majestic manner, and he follows, smiling._)




THE FOG

     (_A young man in the uniform of a Lieutenant of Dragoons is riding
     on the edge of a wood in a thick fog. The month is the month of
     November, and the year is the year 1793. The young man has a
     simple, open face, with rather protuberant blue eyes and sandy
     hair. His mouth is at a half smile, and he does not seem to mind
     having lost his way. His name is Boutroux._)


BOUTROUX. The more I see of warfare the more I am
astonished!... It is true I have only seen four months of it.... My
father would be very much astonished if he could see me now!... My
mother would be more than astonished: she would be positively alarmed!
On the other hand (_musing_) it is a great relief to me, and would
be a still greater relief to her, that I cannot hear the sound of
firearms.... The more I see of warfare the more and more perplexed I
become. (_Looking up at the edge of the wood on his left._) Now what is
that wood? Before the fog fell I could have sworn we were in an open
rolling country with spinneys here and there, and I could almost have
told you very roughly where we were and where the enemy were--more or
less--so to speak--and now here is a horrid great wood! And where am I?


     (_At this moment a single voice is heard through the fog. The
     single voice belongs to a man called Metris. He is as yet unseen._)


METRIS. Get back a little! When I said follow me I did not
mean bunching up like a lot of dirty linesmen. I meant keeping your
spaces.... Charles, you are as pig-headed as ever! There are times when
one does not answer a superior, but there are other times when one
does. (_Angrily._) Charles! (_There is no reply._) Something has gone
very definitely wrong with my troop! That is the worst of fog.


     (_As he says this he emerges in a vast and murky way into the
     vision of Boutroux. The two men stop their horses and look at each
     other through the mist._)


BOUTROUX. Have you seen the Thirty-second?

METRIS. (_Boutroux perceives him to be a tall man quite ten
years his senior, very lean, with menacing moustaches, and clothed
in a uniform with which he is unfamiliar._) No, sir, I have not seen
the Thirty-second. (_He salutes with a sword._) I take it you are an
officer in the Republican service?

BOUTROUX (_wearily_). Oh yes!

METRIS (_with elaborate courtesy_). Then, sir, you are my
prisoner! My name is Georges de Metris, of Heyren in this country, and
my father's name will be familiar to you.

BOUTROUX. Your father's name is not familiar to me, sir. And
what is more, _my_ father's name would not be familiar to you. For my
poor old dad (God bless him!) is at the present moment in Bayonne,
where he is a grocer--in a large way of business, I am glad to say.
And talking of prisoners, you are my prisoner! It is as well I should
tell you this before we go further. For if there is one thing I detest
more than another in this new profession of mine it is the ambiguity
thereof. (_He salutes with his sword in rather an extravagant fashion
and smiles broadly._)

METRIS (_making his horse trot up quite close to Boutroux and
halting stiffly while he lowers his sword_). Sir! I should be loath to
quarrel with one so young and evidently so new to arms.

BOUTROUX. And I, sir (_lowering his sword as far as ever he
can stretch_), would be still more loath to quarrel with one so greatly
my senior and one evidently too used to this lethal game.

METRIS (_biting his lips_). I detest your principles, sir, but
I respect your uniform.

BOUTROUX. You have the advantage of me, sir. Your uniform
seems to me positively grotesque. But your principles I admire
enormously.

METRIS (_stiffly_). Sir, I serve the Emperor. You have heard
my name.

BOUTROUX. I have heard your name, and now that you tell me
that you serve the Emperor I am willing to believe _that_ also. So it
seems that we are enemies. I thought as much when you first showed out
of the fog. It was not your uniform which gave me this opinion.

METRIS. Then what is it?

BOUTROUX. It was your singular habit of commanding men who
were not there.

METRIS (_in a boiling passion, which he restrains_). I did not
come here, sir, for a contest of words.

BOUTROUX (_genially, putting up his sword_). I take it you did
not come here with any direct motive. You got here somehow, just as I
did, and neither of us knows why.

METRIS (_in extreme anger_). But you will know why very soon,
sir! And I hope I shall know why, too! Sir, I call upon you to draw!

BOUTROUX (_seating himself back in the saddle with great
ease while his horse munches the wet grass_). Now, there you are. I
have been a soldier only these few weeks, and I thought I had got
hold of all the muddlement there was; "lines" which aren't lines, and
"positions strongly held" which anybody can walk round for fun; and
communications "cut," when, as a fact, one could go right along them
on horseback, and "destructive fire" that hits nobody, and "excellent
morale" when one's men are on the point of hitting one on the nose. But
if you will allow me, sir, you positively take the prize in the matter!
You suggest the duello or some such phantasy. Do you want us to fight
with these cavalry swords from the saddle?

METRIS. I do not know if you are trying to gain time, sir. I
suggest that you should meet me on foot here and now.

BOUTROUX. What! and lose my horse?

METRIS. Sir, we can tie the two beasts by their bridles, and
we can hang their bridles so tied to the branch of one of these trees.

BOUTROUX (_frowning_). I have a very short experience of
warfare--I think I have said that before--and I hesitate to correct
a man of your experience. But if you can really _tie_ two bridles
together and then have enough leather left to get it over the branch of
a tree, you'll teach me something about the art of campaigning of which
I was quite innocent.... (_Getting down from his horse._) Come, I think
in the French service we have a better way than that. (_He unbuckles
one end of the snaffle-rein._) You see (_looking up genially_), we
leave the curb on. If I had time I would explain to you why.... Now,
sir, will you not unbuckle the end of your snaffle-rein?

METRIS (_stiffly_). No, sir, I will not.

BOUTROUX (_sighing_). They are all the same! The service
simply fossilises them, especially, it would seem, the enemy; though I
confess (_turning courteously to_ METRIS _and bowing to him_)
you are the first of the enemy I have ever met.

METRIS (_restraining himself_). Pray, sir, do not delay.

BOUTROUX (_full of good humour_). I will not! See, I pass my
snaffle-rein in through the buckle of your horse's curb; and pardon me,
sir, but what a fine horse! Is it yours or the Emperor's?

METRIS (_ominously_). It is mine, sir.

BOUTROUX. Keep it. This (_jerking his thumb at his weedy
mount_) belongs to the Republic--if it is still a Republic, for news
travels slowly to the armies. At any rate, it doesn't belong to me.
(_He slowly takes the end of his snaffle-rein and looks for something
to fasten it to; he shakes his head doubtfully. At last, holding the
end of the snaffle-rein in his left hand while the two horses begin
to browse peacefully, he draws his sword with his right, and putting
himself in a theatrical posture, says_): Come on, sir, I'm damned if I
will let go of these horses.

METRIS (_solemnly_). I do not jest upon these occasions.

BOUTROUX. Neither do I, sir. Indeed, I have not been in such
an occasion before; and I make it a rule never to jest when I do
anything for the first time. Come, draw, and put yourself in a posture
of defence, or, by Heaven (so far as these two animals will allow me) I
will make a mincemeat of you with my sword.

METRIS (_boiling over_). This is far more than any gentleman
can endure! (_He stands before_ BOUTROUX _with his left hand
clenched behind his back, his right foot well advanced, and his sabre
in tierce._) Now, sir.

BOUTROUX (_very simply_). Now! (_Nothing happens._)

METRIS. Sir, are you upon your guard?

BOUTROUX. More or less (_jerking the horses_). Garrup! (_To_
METRIS) Excuse me, sir, it seems that even in browsing grass
this horse of mine has a devil of a hard mouth. He nearly sprained my
wrist.... Well, then, are you upon your guard?

METRIS (_courteously_). I am.

BOUTROUX (_as in surprise_). Oh, you are! (_He gives a
tremendous cut at the point of the neck, which his opponent skilfully
parries and replies to by a thrust._) Never ... (_rapidly parrying a
sharp succession of thrusts that follow from his opponent_) never ...
thrust ... with a light cavalry sword.... I don't know much about (Ah,
you missed that!)--much about ... this business. But---- (_He suddenly
gets round inside_ METRIS' _guard, but has the misfortune to
cut with a spent blow into nothing better than cloth. They disengage._)

METRIS. Sir, you play well enough for a man who is
uninstructed, but I warn you you are depending upon luck.

BOUTROUX. I know that. Luckily for me my mind is divided, and
I can form no plan. For these animals at the end of the snaffle-rein
have nearly pulled my arm off. However, let us have a second bout. The
great thing for men like me is not to plan too much. (_Voices are heard
through the fog._) Sir, let me warn you like a gentleman, though my
father is but a grocer, and yours for all I know a Rouge Dragon, that I
hear the voice of one who is most indubitably my Colonel. And talking
of _his_ profession, he was, at the outbreak of this regrettable
campaign, a butcher in Toulouse. He is a very brutal man, but I will
not detain you, for your time is short.

METRIS. This is more than I will stand. (_They engage, and_
METRIS, _whose blood is now up and who means business, gets_
BOUTROUX _with a slash on the cheek at the third pass_.)

THE COLONEL (_now apparent through the thick fog, with a group
of misty figures behind him_). Do I interrupt you, gentlemen?

BOUTROUX (_with great respect_). My Colonel, I had the
misfortune to be separated from my troop during the fog, but I have
taken this man (_pointing at the Austrian with his sword_) prisoner,
but only after a sharp passage of arms, during which, my Colonel, I
have been wounded. (_He points to the scratch on his cheek._)

COLONEL (_coldly_). Lieutenant Boutroux, you shall have forty
days. (_He turns to a soldier._) Undo that scrimmage of bridles. (_The
soldier obeys him. He turns to_ METRIS _with great courtesy_.)
I take it, sir, you are an officer in the forces of the Emperor and
that you hold his commission?

METRIS. Undoubtedly.

COLONEL. Then, sir, you will follow me, for I take it you
constitute yourself my prisoner. (_Turning to an officer upon his
right._) Major Clement, you will see to the enforcement of my sentence
upon Lieutenant Boutroux. Pray add upon the record that he jested
with a superior officer when discovered, separated from his command,
fencing with a member of the enemy's forces. The Brigadier may deal
with the complaint as he chooses.

BOUTROUX. Upon my soul, the longer I follow it, the less I
comprehend the career of arms!




THE SPANIARD


When I was in the French Army I met many men who had a constant
tradition of the military past. These were not in the regiment, but
one came across them in the garrison town where we were quartered,
and among others there was an old man whose father had fought in
the Peninsula and who retained a very vivid family memory of those
wars. From this old man I gathered in particular what I had learned
in general from reading, an impression of the Spaniard as a soldier,
but that impression was false. It was false for many reasons, but
chiefly for this: that Spain, like the United Kingdom, is very highly
differentiated indeed, and province differs from province to an extent
hardly ever grasped by those who have never visited the country.

When, many years later, I had the opportunity to visit Spain, this
was the first point I noticed. It is particularly striking in the
mountains. You will find yourself with one type of man talking Catalan
in some small modern village; the way in which he tills his garden,
the way in which his house is built, and the way in which he bargains
with you, are all native to his race. You set off over the hills and
by evening you come to another village more different than is a Welsh
village from an English one, for you have crossed from Catalonia into
Aragon. Then, again, the boundary of the Basque Provinces, or at least
of the Basque race, is as clean as a cut with a knife. One may argue
indefinitely whether this is because the Basques have preferred the
peculiar climate and soil of their inhabitance or whether it is their
energy and tenacity which have changed the earth, but there it is. The
Basque is much more separate from the people around him than is even
(if he will pardon my saying so) the Irishman of the West from the
Scotchman of the Lothians.

There is another form of differentiation in Spain which is so striking
that I hesitate for adjectives to describe it lest those adjectives
should seem excessive; but I will say this, it is more striking than
the contrast between the oasis and the desert in Africa, and that is
pretty strong. I mean the differentiation produced by the sudden change
from the high plateaux to the sea-plains. The word "sea-plains" is
not strictly accurate, the belt running back from the Mediterranean
sometimes looks like a plain, sometimes like an enclosed valley, more
often it is a system of terraces, hills upon hills, but at any rate
when you are once out of the influence of the sea and on to the high
plateaux which form, as it were, the body of the Spanish square, you
pass from luxuriance to sterility, from ease to hardship, and from the
man who is always willing to smile to the stoic.

Then, again, you have the contrast between Andalusia and everything
to the north of Andalusia. Andalusia was the very wealthy part of
Spain under the Romans. It must always remain the very wealthy part of
Spain so far as agriculture is concerned. It has easy communications
and a climate like nothing on earth. Therefore, when the Moors came
there they found a large, active, and instructed Christian population,
and they ruined Andalusia less than any other part of Spain. Nay, in
some odd (and not very pleasant) way they married the Asiatic to the
European, and the European solidity, the European power over stone,
the European sense of a straight line, were in Andalusia used by the
vague imagination of the Asiatic to his own purpose, with marvellous
results. All this has produced a quite distinct type of man; and it
is remarkable that, as is to be found in so many similar cases in
Europe, the people exactly limitrophous to Andalusia on the north are
peculiarly sparse, impoverished and alone. There lies the wide and arid
sweep of La Mancha, imperishable in European letters.

Now, having said so much as to this high differentiation of the Spanish
people (and one could add much more: the Asturias, always unconquered;
the Atlantic tides and rivers, the tideless Eastern harbours, the
curious poverty of Estremadura; the French experiments of Madrid and
its neighbourhood, so utterly ill-fitted to the climate and the genius
of Spain), let me say something of the Spanish unity.

No nation in Europe is so united. By which I do not mean that no other
nation is so homogeneous, even in those deep things which escape
superficial differentiation. The Spaniard is united to the Spaniard
by the three most powerful bonds that can bind man to man--religion,
historical memory, isolation. It is not to be admitted by any careful
traveller that the religious emotion of the modern Spaniard is either
combative or profound. Indeed, I know of nothing more remarkable
than the passage from Spanish to French thought in this respect. You
leave, let us say, Huesca; you notice at the morning Mass a moving and
somewhat small concourse of worshippers, few communicants, but above
all in the temper of the place, in the written stuff of the somewhat
belated newspapers, a sort of indifference; as though the things of the
soul "muddled through." You bicycle a long day to Canfranc, the next
day you are over the hills (and Lord! what hills), and there you are in
the seething vat of the great French quarrel. From the little villages
right up to the majestic capital, Toulouse, you feel the pulsation
increasing. Religion and its enemies are there at war. The thing is
vital, and men are quite ready to die on either side. Of this, I say,
you find little or nothing in Spain; nevertheless, religion does bind
the Spaniard to the Spaniard, and it binds him firmly to his kind. For
the very fact that there is so little opposition, while it produces
so much indifference, produces also a singular national contempt; and
every man speaking to every other man knows with precision how that
man's mind stands upon the ultimate things, how careless he is and yet
how secure.

Again, the Spaniards are united by that profound historical memory
which is a necessity to all nations and a peculiar asset in those
who retain it alive. We in this country feel the appetite for an
historical memory; we attempt to satisfy that appetite by the creation
of legends; we call ourselves "Anglo-Saxons"--there is even, I believe,
a notable body which will have us descended from the ten Lost Tribes.
The French satisfy that appetite by recurrent experiences: the reign
of the Grand Monarque, the Revolution, 1870. Glorious or tragic, each
national experience gives a new impetus to the historic memory of the
French people. Not so the Spaniard. All Spain is bound together by
the enormous recollection of the Reconquista. Here is a province in
which the Faith and the Roman Order were not recovered by persuasion
(as was the case with Britain) nor were utterly lost (as was the case
with Africa for so long) but were got back mile by mile as the prize
of hard fighting. That fighting was, so to speak, the very trade of
the Spaniards, from the time when Charlemagne was a little boy to the
time when Henry VIII was a little boy. All the story of our European
growth, the time when we were made, the time which is to the French
the accomplishment of their unity, to the English the foundation of
their institutions, to the Italians the development of their art,
that to the Spaniard is the story of the Reconquista. And the Middle
Ages, which have impressed themselves upon every European nation as
the glorious transition of youth impresses itself upon the sad memory
of a man, stand to the Spaniard for the Reconquista. This has nothing
to do with his knowledge of names or with what is called "Education."
It is in the blood. The best proof of its result is this, that the
Englishman invariably says of the Spaniard that, while other nations
show differences of manner changing from class to class, the Spaniard
is always a "gentleman." The word "gentleman" is a very meagre word,
but on the whole the man who uses it best means the tradition of the
Middle Ages, and especially of the fighting men which the Middle Ages
produced, and the Spaniard everywhere shows the external qualities of
those men. For instance, you cannot insult him with impunity, and that
characteristic, though we often write it down, is one which in other
nations is somewhat rare. Take the modern for all in all, and outside
Spain, if you insult him he will usually argue.

Finally, the Spaniards are bound together by their isolation. From the
Straits of Gibraltar to the Pyrenees, different as province is from
province, you feel everywhere something quite separate from that which
lies north of the Pyrenees, and from the Pyrenees on, all over the west
of Europe. Roads are an exception, paths the rule; the hours of meals,
the very habit in the wearing of the clothes, the form of salutation,
the mule taking the place of the horse, the perceptible restraint in
every kind of converse, all these mark out the harsh soil which lends
a perpetual note of nobility to the story of Europe. No man who has
known Spain but would be able to say, if he were taken there blindfold,
and suddenly shown his surroundings, "This is Spain." The frontier is
sharp, the division clear, the isolation absolute.

The limits of these few pages forbid me a thousand things in this
respect. I wish I could describe (for instance) how there is in every
Spanish building, from the least to the greatest, something at once
severe and strange. Bowling into that great harbour of Barcelona one
sees the Customs House, a building with wings. Coming over the northern
slopes of the Guadarrama one sees Segovia sailing out in some immortal
way as though the cathedral and palace intended to attempt the air.
Spain lives, and will revive by such imaginations.

It should be added, by way of closing these few notes, that the Spanish
man is not only silent (which is perhaps a fault in him) but square,
and so healthy in his limbs and in his mind that when he is rested and
can speak again something will be changed in Europe.




THE FORTRESS


There is a province of Europe where a dead plain stretches out upon
every side. It is not very extended if you judge by the map alone, it
is perhaps but twenty-five or thirty miles from its centre to either
of its boundary ranges; but to the eye it seems infinite, for it
lies under that grey weather of the North in which the imagination
exaggerates distance and so easily conceives imaginary flatnesses
extending everywhere beyond the mist of the horizon.

In the midst of this plain there rises most abruptly a little market
town. It stands upon a conical hill some 300 feet in height, and the
impression it gives of being a rock or an island is enhanced by the
height of its buildings, which, as is the case with nearly all mediæval
work, are designed for a general effect, and are, whether consciously
or unconsciously, as well planned and grouped as though one artist had
sketched the whole and had left an inviolable design to posterity.

In this little town I had business some years ago to stop for the
night, and when the next morning I found that there were two hours
between my breakfast and my train I walked out on to the crest of
the hill to see the view and to think about the past. It was autumn;
the many artificially aligned trees which bordered the winding,
deserted avenues all round the edge of the height were losing their
leaves; the air was singularly clear, and the effect of the small but
isolated height upon which one stood was very strong. I came to the
north-eastern corner of the huge ramparts which still surround the
little place, and there I found a most interesting man. He was upon the
border between what are called now-a-days middle age and old age; that
is, he was an old man, and if he lived would soon be a very old man.
He was erect and spare; he was short, and he had all the bearing of a
man who has been perpetually trained, and, indeed, I found out when I
got to know him better that he had seen service in Africa and in Russia
and in Mexico, three very distant places. He had never, however, risen
beyond the rank of colonel; he was a gunner, and exceedingly poor,
and he was finishing his life alone in this little town. They gave
him meals at the hotel for a sum agreed upon between them. Where he
lodged he did not choose to tell me, but I fancy in some very cheap and
ruinous little room under one of the big Flemish roofs of the place.
His only pleasure was to take these walks about the town, to read his
newspaper before it was twenty-four hours old, and to remember the
trade in which he had been engaged.

We sat together on the very edge of the rampart, and I asked him, since
it was his business to know so much about these things, whether the
place would ever in his opinion enter once again into the scheme of
European war.

He told me that this was absolutely certain; he said there was no field
so small nor no village so forgotten, but in its cycle was swept by
one or other of those armies which the peoples of Europe send out one
against the other, pursuing various ends. This little town in which
we sat had never seen an enemy for over two hundred years; yet there
beneath us was the enormous evidence of its past. The trench was like a
street fifty feet or sixty feet deep, as the house fronts of a street
are, as wide at least as the narrow streets of any of these old towns,
and on the further side the enormous heap of earth, and beyond it the
level descent of the glacis. Here was a town not larger than some of
our smaller English cathedral towns, Ely for instance, yet having round
it such a mighty effort and proof of military determination as would
to-day seem worthy of a great city. These fortifications ran all round
the place, the two only gates in and out of it (through which ran the
great road which linked the stronghold with the capital) were flanked
by such works as the great modern forts occasionally show, and upon
every point of its circumference one perceived the fixed will of a
crushing Government responsible for all the destinies of a nation that
this place should be inviolable.

My companion said to me: "Many men choose many things as their examples
of the way in which nothing human can remain, and to most men the best
example is the change of taste in art or letters. They point out how
great buildings put up with infinite care by men who loved them with
all their souls seem tawdry to an immediate posterity; and they wonder
why verse which was supreme in their childhood is ridiculed in their
old age. But to me the most formidable proof of our futility is to be
found in works such as these. They succeed each other all over Europe.
Long before our written record began you have the Cyclopæan Wars; what
you can see in Tuscany and further east in the Mediterranean. You have
the Roman entrenchments, and the mediæval castles, and the new system
of Vauban which the Italians created, and of which this earthquake
before us is the finest work. And each in its turn bears on into its
future the stamp of futility. Something changes in man: he makes a new
weapon (or he forgets the old), he develops a new method of attack
or a different mood in connection with war; nay, his very desires in
the matter of victory change, for he will desire in one generation
glory, and in another profit, and in a third the mere occupation of a
particular piece of sacred land. And as these human things change in
him, so the fortification of his cities become like garments out of
fashion and are useless for their purpose and are thrown aside."

"You might then say," said I, "that those who fortify to-day are
foolish; and, for that matter, you might add that those who have
fortified in the past were foolish. For since each in turn is proved to
be wrong with regard to the future, each generation might have spared
itself this enormous labour."

"You are right when you call it enormous labour," said he, "but you
are wrong when you say that it was ever futile. What a labour it is
only those know who have looked closely into and meditated upon the
fortifications of the past. The chalk hills and ramparts thrown up
upon them by men perhaps who could use no spade and who depended
for carriage upon baskets, which we to-day, when we estimate them
in a modern method, reckon in fantastic sums of money; and this was
done to defend, we know not what, by men every record of whom has
perished. The ancient walls of the cities are much the largest and the
strongest buildings they can boast, and much the most enduring. The
transformation of a city two hundred years ago and more, when hardly a
frontier place of Europe but had its elaborate system of main and out
works, proves the same labour. Consider little Bayonne, never other
than a little town, and yet flanked with a work which must have meant
more than the building of a modern railway. And then, lastly, consider
to-day the great garrisons circled with forts: Spezia and Metz, and the
French frontier garrisons, and Antwerp and the line of the Meuse. And
even, at the far ends of the world, Port Arthur, which, though it was
never finished, was to have been among the greatest of all. Yes, it is
a toil if you like, and that is why those who court defeat by boasting
shirk it or ridicule it."

"But they are right to ridicule it," said I, "since time itself
ridicules the walls of a city, and since it can be shown that no city
has been made impregnable."

"You use a false argument," he insisted; "it is as though you were
to say that because all men die therefore no man should live. These
trenches and these walls and these circles of isolated forts to-day
procure for men who fight under their shoulder a draft upon Time. That
is what fortification is, and that is why all who have ever understood
the art of war have fortified; and all who, upon the contrary, have in
one way or another failed to understand the art of war, whether because
they secretly desired to avoid arms or whether because they believed
themselves invincible (which is the most unmilitary mood in the world!)
have failed to fortify."

"I have heard it said," I answered him, "in the schools where such
things are taught, that the Romans, as they were the chief masters of
war, were also the most plodding in the use of the spade, and that not
only would they fortify permanently every military post, but that they
cast up a square fieldwork round them every night, wherever the army
rested."

The little spare old gunner shrugged his shoulders. "They would have
found it awkward," he said, "to do that in the case of a single
battery quartered during manoeuvres in a country house. But in general
you are right: the Romans, who were the great masters of the art of
war, thought of the spade and of the sword as of twin brothers, only
the sword was the more noble, and in a fashion the elder of the two.
At any rate, certainly those who are in the tradition of the Romans
perpetually fortify...." Then he asked me abruptly: "Since you are a
foreigner and since you say that you have travelled (for I had told him
of my travels when we made acquaintance), have you not noticed that
wherever men are boastful or inept they despise fortifications, and
that it is absent, and that the bases of their military action, their
depots, their political centres, their harbours and dockyards lie open?"

"I cannot tell," I answered, "for I have no knowledge of such things."

"Well, you find it is so," he said, and he walked away. He was much
ruder and more long-winded than if he had been in the Cavalry, but you
cannot have everything at once.




THE HUNTER


One day I had occasion to travel, at the expense of a fund more or
less public, and certainly collective, in a railway train of which the
carriages were _wagons-de-luxe_. It was by its description a train for
the Very Rich, yet few of that numerous class were travelling in it,
for it was going in the depth of winter from one of the most desolate
highlands of Europe to another of Europe's most offensive deserts. I
had business with one and the other.

There was in the dining-car of this luxurious train a gentleman who sat
opposite me. He was dressed, as are so many of his class, in boots and
striped trousers and a black coat and waistcoat. He had on a quiet tie
of grey silk and what is called upon the Continent an English collar.
He was nearly bald, but his eyes were determined, and his moustaches
were of the shape and seemed to be of the size of buffalo's horns. They
were of a metallic colour and looked like steel.

It is the custom on the Continent of Europe for males when they meet
to accost each other, even if they have not been introduced, as indeed
is the custom (if you will observe it narrowly) of the mass of the
population at home. There is, indeed, a story of a man who stood upon
the bridge at Lyons wringing his hands and shouting out as he gazed
upon the arrowy Rhone which was bearing down very rapidly a drowning
human head: "Will no one introduce me to that gentleman that I may
save him? For I am an excellent swimmer." But this story would not
apply to the mass of males upon the Continent. We therefore were ready
to accost each other. He spoke to me in a curious language which I
believed to be Hungarian--for though I do not know Basque I should have
recognised the Basque terminations, and Finnish would not be used in
the West of Europe, and save for Basque, Hungarian, and Finnish all
other tongues have something in common. The Teutonic dialects, though
they are infinite, can at once be distinguished, and a Russian does not
address you in his own tongue in a foreign country. When, therefore,
this stranger man had spoken to me in this tongue which I believed to
be Hungarian, I replied to him gently in the Limousin dialect as being
the most southern with which I had any acquaintance, and upon the
principle, that with foreigners the more southern you are the better
chance you have. He answered in pure Italian, which is of no use to me.
I spoke to him then in the French of Paris, which he understood ill,
but did not speak at all. At last we tumbled upon a mutual language,
which, for the honour I bear you, I will not name; but it was neither
Latin nor Arabic, nor the language of the Genoese; and if I called it
lingua franca you would feel a legitimate annoyance.

We had not spoken of many things before he told me his own
characteristics, which were these: that he was a brave man but modest;
that he had a contempt for riches, and was content to live upon the
small income derivable from funds inherited from his father; that
he revered the memory of his father; that he was devoted to his
mother, "who lived in a modest way in a provincial town, hating the
extravagance of the capital. He further told me that he had been by
profession a soldier, and upon my asking whether his stoical life were
not diversified by some amusement he answered that he had permitted
himself certain recreations, but only those befitting the uniform he
wore, and notably was he addicted to the chase of wild and powerful
beasts.

"It is often remarked," he said, "by those who know nothing of the
business, that modern firearms have made the destruction of the larger
carnivora too easy a task for the sportsman. This may in general be
the case, but only if men are fighting under luxurious conditions. A
man going out by himself with his gun, unaccompanied by a dog, and
determined upon the destruction of some one considerable four-footed
beast of prey, still runs a certain risk."

"You are right," said I, "and a relative of mine who under such
conditions attempted the bear, though having only designed to attempt
wild-fowl, in the impenetrable thickets of Scandinavia, was very
bitterly disappointed and has been lamed for life."

At this my companion was a little put out. "The bear is not
carnivorous," he said, "and a brave man should be able to tackle a bear
with his hands. I really cannot understand how your relative (as you
call him), if he had a fowling-piece or even so much as a pocket-pistol
with a range of ten yards, could not shoot off a bear.... But to return
to my original thesis, which is that the larger carnivora are really
dangerous to a man walking alone, however well armed he may be. It
was so armed but undefended by companions that I found myself on the
borders of the Indian Ocean five years ago...."

"Which border of that vast sea did you inhabit?" said I with some
curiosity, and I was beginning to make a list of all its boundaries,
including the magnificent but undeveloped districts which fringe the
north-west of the great island of Australia, when he went on as though
I had not spoken--

" ... A tiger, or, I should rather say, a tigress, growled in the dense
underwood, and I was immediately upon the alert."

"Knowledge," I replied, "is a remarkable thing; it amazes me and my
friends who are familiar with the classics, though I believe there is
very little to know in that department. Even the chemists astonish me,
and the people who talk technically about warships are remarkable men;
but I see that in your case, as in that of so many others, I have
more to learn with every day I live, for there came a growl from the
underwood and you knew it to be that of a tiger--nay, of a tigress.
But," I continued, lifting my hand as he would interrupt me, "though it
fills me with admiration it does not make me hesitate, for I know men
who can talk a language after passing a week in the country to which it
is native, and I beg you to fulfil my curiosity."

"I heard the growl of a tigress," said he, eager to continue his
narrative, "proceeding from the underwood, which is called in that
country _rawak_."

"Why is it called _rawak_?" I interrupted.

"Because," he explained, with an intelligent look, "it is composed of
_mera_ roots and _sinchu_ closely interlaced, with a screen of reeds
ten feet high or more waving above it."

I told him that I now perfectly understood and desired to hear more.

"I heard," said he, "the growl of a tigress, and I at once made ready
my arm and prepared for the worst."

"When you say made ready your arm" (I again interrupted him) "I want
to seize the matter clearly, for the interest of your tale absorbs
me--what exactly did you do to the instrument, for I am acquainted
with a certain number of firearms, and each has to be prepared in a
different manner?"

"I pulled the bolt," said he coldly, and then maintained rather an
offended silence.

"Did you not snap the safety catch?" said I, in some fear that I had
put him out by my cross-examination.

"No, sir," said he, "my rifle (for such it was) was adorned by no
such appliance. But I pulled the spring ratchet home. And by way of
precaution I pressed my thumb upon the main-pin for fear that the
ratchet of the cambor should slip from the second groove."

"Now I understand you perfectly," I said, "and I beg you to continue."
And as I said this I leaned my head upon my hand so far as the jolting
of the express train would allow me, and watched him with a thoughtful
frown.

"Well, sir," went on the Unknown in an independent manner, "if you will
believe me, when the beast sprang I missed him--I mean her."

"One moment," I said, "one moment. I cannot believe you. You mean that
you missed some vital spot. That you missed so enormous an animal in
mid-air, as large as a cottage, and in full career to bear you down,
fraught with death, with pain, and with defeat, spreading its arms
like windmills, and roaring to announce its approach--that I will not
believe."

"You are right," said he, eyeing me in an iron manner, "I did not
wholly miss the ferocious monster--or rather, monstress. When we
sportsmen say 'miss' we mean hitting some part of the animal which is
not vital or which still permits it to pursue its abominable purpose.
At any rate the tigress (for such it was) fell to earth within a few
feet of me. It did not reach me. It had miscalculated its spring...."

"It is a curious point," said I (always desirous to pursue a
conversation and to prolong it), "how difficult it is for a man, or a
beast for that matter, to estimate the distance which he has to jump.
I well remember trying to jump the River Rother, which is near the
eastern boundary of my own county...."

"You will allow me," he interrupted.

"No, sir," I continued, "pray let me tell you what I had to say, for
it is in my mind and I wish to be rid of it. I well remember, I say,
trying to jump the River Rother and missing by three feet, but if you
will believe me----"

"Will you allow me?" he said, a little angrily.

"In a moment, sir," said I, "in a moment.... Well, I say I missed it
by three feet, and many a friend of mine has missed things by a little
minus, but the funny thing is that they never miss it by a little plus.
Now, isn't that worth judging? I did indeed know one case...."

"I am determined you shall allow me," said my companion, becoming
earnest.

"One moment," I pleaded, lifting my right hand slightly from the
table. "I was once with a man who had to jump from an old piece of
fortification on to the top of a wall about ten feet off, and if he
jumped not far enough he fell into the soft ditch about five feet deep.
But if he jumped too far he fell into an enormous fosse a hundred feet
deep. And, by the Lord, he jumped exactly three inches too far! Poor
devil!... Now, if this tigress of yours had only jumped just over your
head you would have had her at a disadvantage. You could have changed
your front with the rapidity familiar to men of your profession,
organised a concentrated fire against her just as she was executing her
turning movement, and got her behind the shoulder-blade. But...."

"There is no 'but,'" said he, with an impressive but rather dangerous
solemnity. "I say that the tigress came to earth just in front of me
and advanced upon me by one and by two. I had no time to reload and to
fire. I was all alone. What did I do?"

"That is what I was waiting to hear," I said. "It seems to me the
climax of the whole story. I trust that you seized its--or I should say
her--upper jaw with your left hand, lower jaw with your right hand, and
tore the head asunder. There is no quicker way with a tigress."

"You are wrong," said he.

"Did you not, then," said I, "suddenly fasten both hands upon its
throat and, digging your thumbs conversely from right and from left
upon its windpipe, strangle it to death? Such a manoeuvre is a matter
of moments, and he laughs best who laughs last."

"I did not," said he, in a rising anger.

At this moment the train began to slow down, and I knew the place it
was approaching, for I am very familiar with the line. A porter who did
not know me, but whom I secretly bribed, perceiving the danger of the
circumstances, took my bag and made a great noise with it and asked
a number of questions. Everybody got up, and the crowd of us began to
jostle down the gangway of the eating-car. The Hero was at first just
behind me, and was beginning to explain to me what exactly he did to
the tigress when we were unfortunately separated by two commercial
travellers, a professional singer, and a politician.

Fate dominates the lives of men, though Will is a corrective of Fate.
Men in a restaurant-car are like the leaves that flutter from trees
or like the particles of water in the eddying of a river. I drifted
from him further and further still. When we came out upon the crowded
platform I saw him, the Hero, waving his hand to me, desiring to
re-establish with me human and communicable things and to tell me
how he did at last destroy that mighty beast. But Fate, which is the
master of human things, would not have it so, and Will, which is but a
corrective of Fate for us poor humans, stood me in no stead. We drifted
apart; we never met again. He was off perhaps to shoot (and miss) some
other tigress (or, who knows, a tiger?) and I to another town where I
might yet again wonder at the complexity of the world and the justice
of God!

Anyhow, I never understood how he killed the tigress. Were it not for
the evidence of my senses I should be willing to believe that the
tigress killed him. But we must never believe anything that is even
apparently against the evidence of our senses.

Farewell, dear mortals!




OUR INHERITANCE


How noble is our inheritance. The more one thinks of it the more
suffused with pleasure one's mind becomes; for the inheritance of a man
living in this country is not one of this sort or of that sort, but
of all sorts. It is, indeed, a necessary condition for the enjoyment
of that inheritance that a man should be free, and we have really so
muddled things that very many men in England are not free, for they
have either to suffer a gross denial of mere opportunity--I mean
they cannot even leave their town for any distance--or they are so
persecuted by the insecurity of their lives that they have no room for
looking at the world, but if an Englishman is free what an inheritance
he has to enjoy!

It is the fashion of great nations to insist upon some part of their
inheritance, their military memories, or their letters, or their
religion, or some other thing. But in modern Europe, as it seems to
me, three or four of the great nations can play upon many such titles
to joy as upon an instrument. For a man in Italy, or England, or
France, or Spain, if he is weary of the manifold literature of his own
country can turn to its endurance under arms (in which respect, by
the way, victory and defeat are of little account), or if he is weary
of these military things, or thinks the too continued contemplation
of them hurtful to the State (as it often is, for it goes to the head
like wine), he can consider the great minds which his nation has
produced, and which give glory to his nation not so much because they
are great as because they are national. Then, again, he can consider
the landscapes of his own land, whether peaceably, as do older men, or
in a riot of enthusiasm as do all younger men who see England in the
midst of exercising their bodies, as it says in the Song of the Man who
Bicycled:


       ... and her distance and her sea.
     Here is wealth that has no measure,
     All wide England is my treasure,
     Park and Close and private pleasure:
       All her hills were made for me.


Then he can poke about the cities, and any one of them might occupy
him almost for a lifetime. Hereford, for instance. I know of nothing
in Europe like the Norman work of Hereford or Ludlow, where you will
perpetually find new things, or Leominster just below, or Ledbury just
below that again; and the inn at each of these three places is called
The Feathers.

Then a man may be pleased to consider the recorded history of this
country, and to inform the fields he knows with the past and with the
actions of men long dead. In this way he can use a battlefield with
no danger of any detestable insolence or vulgar civilian ways, for
the interest in a battlefield, if it is closely studied, becomes so
keen and hot that it burns away all foolish violence, and you will
soon find if you study this sort of terrain closely that you forget on
which side your sympathies fail or succeed: an excellent corrective
if, as it should be with healthy men, your sympathies too often warp
evidence and blind you. On this account also one should always suspect
the accuracy of military history when it betrays sneering or crowing,
because, in the first place, that is a very unmilitary way of looking
at battles, and, in the second place, it argues that the historian has
not properly gone into all his details. If he had he would have been
much too interested in such questions as the measurement of ranges, or,
latterly, the presence and nature of cover to bother about crowing or
sneering.

When a man tires of these there is left to him the music of his
country, by which I mean the tunes. These he can sing to himself as he
goes along, and if ever he tires of that there is the victuals and the
drink, which, if he has travelled, he may compare to their advantage
over those of any other land. But they must be national. Let him take
no pleasure in things cooked in a foreign way. There was a man some
time ago, in attempting to discover whose name I have spent too much
energy, who wrote a most admirable essay upon cold beef and pickles,
remarking that these two elements of English life are retreating
as it were into the strongholds where England is still holding out
against the dirty cosmopolitan mud which threatens every country
to-day. He traced the retreat of cold beef and pickles eastward towards
the City from the West End all along Piccadilly and the Strand right
into Fleet-street, where, he said, they were keeping their positions
manfully. They stand also isolated and besieged in one hundred happy
English country towns....

The trouble about writing an article like this is that one wanders
about: it is also the pleasure of it. The limits or trammels to
an article like this are that, by a recent and very dangerous
superstition, the printed truth is punishable at law, and all one's
memories of a thousand places upon the Icknield Way, the Stane Street,
the Pilgrim's Way, the Rivers Ouse (all three of them), the Cornish
Road, the Black Mountain, Ferry Side, the Three Rivers, all the
Pennines, all the Cheviots, all the Cotswolds, all the Mendips, all the
Chilterns, all the Malvern Hills, and all the Downs--to speak of but
a few--must be memories of praise--by order of the Court. One may not
blame: therefore I say nothing of Northwich.

       *       *       *       *       *       *       *

Some men say that whereas wealth can be accumulated and left to others
when we die, this sort of inheritance can not, and that the great
pleasure a man took in his own land and the very many ways in which
he found that pleasure and his increase in that pleasure as his life
proceeded, all die with him. This you will very often hear deplored.
As noble a woman as ever lived in London used to say, speaking of her
father (and she also is dead), that all she valued in him died with
him, although he had left her a considerable fortune. By which she
meant that not only in losing him she had lost a rooted human affection
and had suffered what all must suffer, because there is a doom upon us,
but that those particular things in which he was particularly favoured
had gone away for ever. His power over other languages and over his own
language, his vast knowledge of his own county, his acquired courtesy
and humour, all mellowed by the world and time, these, she said, were
altogether gone. And to us of a younger generation it was her work to
lament that we should never know what had once been in England. Among
others she vastly admired the first Duke of Wellington, and said that
he was tall--which was absurd. Now this noble woman, it seems to me,
was in error, for all of us who have loved and enjoyed know not only
that we carry something with us elsewhere (as we are bound to believe),
but leave also in some manner which I do not clearly perceive a legacy
to our own people. We take with us that of which Peter Wanderwide spoke
when he said or rather sang these lines--


     If all that I have loved and seen
       Be with me on the Judgment Day,
     I shall be saved the crowd between
       From Satan and his foul array.


We carry it with us. And though it is not a virtue it is half a virtue,
and when we go down in the grave like the character in _Everyman_,
there will go down with us, I think, not only Good Deeds, a severe
female, but also a merry little hobbling comrade who winks and grins
and keeps just behind her so that he shall not be noticed and driven
away. This little fellow will also speak for us, I think, and he is the
Pleasure we took in this jolly world.

But I say that not only do we carry something with us, but that we
leave something also; and this has been best put, I think, by the poet
Ronsard when he was dying, who said, if I have rightly translated him,
this--

"Of all those vanities" (he is speaking of the things of this world),
"the loveliest and most praiseworthy is glory--fame. No one of my time
has been so filled with it as I; I have lived in it and loved and
triumphed in it through time past, and now I leave it to my country to
garner and possess it after I shall die. So do I go away from my own
place as satiated with the glory of this world as I am hungry and all
longing for that of God."

That is very good. It would be very difficult to put it better, and if
you complain that here Ronsard was only talking of fame or glory, why,
I can tell you that the pleasure one takes in one's country is of the
same stuff as fame. So true is this that the two commonly go together,
and that those become most glorious who have most enjoyed their own
land.




THE NEW ROAD


It is at once the most amusing and the most dramatic feature of our
time that we can foresee--for some few years ahead--material things.
Things moral escape us altogether. Never was there a generation of
Europeans who could less determine what the near future held for the
fate of national characters, of religions, or of styles in art; the
more foolish attempt to escape this ignorance by pretending that things
moral depend upon things material. They observe the cutting of a canal
and prophesy the decline of one nation upon its completion, the growth
of another--as though the power of nations armed resided in something
lower than the Mind, and as though the success of armies (upon which
all at last depends) were determined by the exchange of metals or by
new routes of trade. Meanwhile, though the future, even the immediate
future, of nations and of faiths is more closely hidden from us than
ever, yet it is entertaining, and, as I have said, it is even dramatic,
to watch our power of prophecy over material things.

We undertake works of such magnitude and spread over so long a span
of years, they are accomplished under such conditions of international
comprehension and security, that we can stand (sometimes) in a
desert place and say, "Here, in five years, will be a town," or on a
barren coast and say, "Here, in five years, will be a harbour." We
can distract ourselves by imagining the contrast beforehand and by
returning, when the work is done, to see how nearly one has imagined
the truth. Bizerta once afforded such an opportunity, Rosyth now
affords one, and so does that sight which set me writing this, and
which I have just witnessed in a remote and hitherto quite silent
valley. There, with little advertisement of public interest, one of the
immemorial high-roads of Europe is under restoration and is about to
return to life: the old High Road into Spain.

It is often remarked that the lines of European travel can hardly be
permanently altered, that Nature has designed them. Generations do
sometimes pass in which some profound change in man rather than in
Nature affects a few of the great roads. The Roman line from the south
northward, the highway from the Saone to the Straits of Dover, passing
by Laon and Amiens, was deflected as the Dark Ages closed round the
mind of Gaul. Water carriage succeeded the degraded high-roads. The
convergence of water-ways in the basin of Paris made that basin the
centre of travel, and the old way by Laon was forgotten. Yet modern
conditions restored it. The railway has done again what the Roman
engineers accomplished, and Laon is once again a halt upon the great
road southwards, and once again the most direct avenue from the Channel
to the Mediterranean follows the plain to the east of Paris. So it has
come to be with a road equally famous, equally forgotten, the High Road
from the North into Spain.

The Pyrenees lie, as every one knows, like an artificial wall between
the valley of the Ebro and Gaul. How great the division is only those
can believe who have seen with their own eyes the meadows and the deep
orchards of Bearn, and then, after a painful crossing of the hills,
have come upon the burnt deserts of Aragon. The road from the one to
the other, the administrative road which bound Spain to Gaul, which
connected Cæsaraugusta with Tolosa, that is, Saragossa with Toulouse,
was a Roman Highway, called "the High Pyrenean," the highest and most
central of the two main passes. It had, as I have said, Toulouse for
its northern terminus, Saragossa for its southern. It had for two
mountain towns, or depots, at the foot of either climb, Oloron, the
town of the Ilurones, on the north; on the south the Bishop's town of
Jaca. It had for its last outpost just before the last steep Urdos,
the Forum Ligneum, to the north; to the south a cluster of huts and
a station, whose Roman name has not come down to us, but which since
the barbarian invasions has been called "Canfranc." This great road,
like so many throughout the Empire, fell. You may yet trace its
structure in those places where it is not identical with the modern
way, but with the close of the Empire, and on nearly to our own time
its surface was left unrepaired. Armies used it, as they used all the
great Roman roads of the north and west, till the Twelfth Century. The
Merovingians crossed it in their raids to the Ebro; Charlemagne sent
men down it in the advance upon (and failure before) Saragossa--the
expedition whose retreat was clinched by the destruction of his
rearguard and the death of Roland in Roncesvalles. It was still a gate
for armies when the reconquest of Spain from the Mohammedan began.
Jaca was free before any other town of the Central North, Huesca fell
before the first Crusade was fought, Saragossa before the second.
Bearn, and indeed all Christendom, still used that high notch until
the new civilisation of the Middle Ages had set in with the Twelfth
Century, but from that beginning till our own time it was more and more
forgotten. Spain, reconquered, corresponded with Europe by the sea.
The two land roads that bound the Peninsula to Christendom ran round
either end of the Pyrenean Chain. The central pass was abandoned when
the great development of French roads, which was the work of Louis
XIV, was imitated--most imperfectly--by his grandson in Madrid, it
was the road by Burgos, Vittoria, and Bayonne that was renewed; the
commercial energy of the Catalans in the same generation opened the
Perthuis, broke into the Roussillon, and connected Barcelona with
Perpignan and with Narbonne. But Aragon, the pivot and centre of the
old Reconquest, Saragossa, the main town of the Roman communication
with the north, lay off the two tracks of travel, half forgot Europe
and by Europe were ill-remembered. It was Napoleon, or, to be more
accurate, the Revolutionary Crusade, which reopened the central pass,
and here, as in so many other places, began the return to Roman things.
While the armies of the Empire, with their train and their artillery,
were still tied to the sea road from the Roussillon, a small force
without guns passed up the old Roman road (now come to be called the
"Somport"), marched over its silent grasses, wading the Arroyos, the
bridges over which had long since fallen in, appeared suddenly before
Jaca, occupied that citadel, and pursued the way to Saragossa, there
to join the main army and to lay a siege memorable beyond all modern
sieges for an heroic defence. Buonaparte seized the advantage of that
passage. He desired a road over which artillery could go. It was one
of twenty which he so desired over the mountain ranges of Europe, and
which a full century has barely seen completed; for within four years
of his resolution his supremacy was broken at Leipsic and destroyed
at Waterloo. The Third Empire continued the tradition; the road was
carried up on the French side of the pass, but the universal power of
1808 was gone and the Spanish approach was neglected. It was not till
the other day, till our own generation, that the full work was done,
and that the great street from Toulouse to Saragossa right over the
hills was once more open to the full power of travel. Yet travel failed
it. In the meanwhile the railways had come; they had followed the coast
roads, and the main line from Madrid to Paris ran tortuously through
the mountains of Castile and turned twenty times in the labyrinth of
Basque Valleys, between Vittoria and Irun. Saragossa was still upon one
side; Aragon still remained remote; the new road was empty beneath the
cliffs of its great hills.

To all this exception in Europe I had grown so used that I took
pleasure, during each of my yearly passages over this road, in noting
its loneliness, and in considering how the noise of this chief
way between the south and the north had been silenced for so many
centuries. The absence of men and of public knowledge was a perpetual,
a renewed, and a permanent curiosity. There are many sites in Europe
once peopled now lonely, once famous and now ignored, but this place
seemed to be especially eccentric, and to have passed from something
which had long been like the Æmilian Way or the stages of the Rhone
Valley to something as untouched as the uplands of Cheviot or the moors
of the West Riding over Ribble and above Airedale--very lonely places.

This year I found that the last change had come. Far down the Gave
d'Aspe, in the gorge where Abdurrahman led the Mohammedan invasion
into Gaul, there came loud thunders, for all the world as though
it were really thundering on the gloomy shoulders of Anie, so many
thousand feet beyond the clouds. Then, as I neared the head of the vale
I saw Man at it. He was at it in swarms. He had dammed the torrent; he
had fixed great turbine tubes, and he had begun the Hole in the Hill.
For just the few miles of the ridge itself there was still silence--as
there is still silence above the Gothard on the high road--but up from
the Spanish valley, rolling up from it as it had rolled down the Val
d'Aspe, came again the human thunder, and when the road had fallen its
two thousand feet and touched the water of the River Aragon, there
again was Man in great numbers working like an ant, burrowing under
the terrible Garganta and determined upon his Hole in the Hill. The
two tunnels will meet when each has accomplished three or four miles,
and the work will be done. There will be a straight way from Paris to
Madrid; the Pyrenees will have lost their unbroken line; the Roman
scheme will have re-arisen; Saragossa will come forward again into the
list of great European cities, and people will hear of Aragon. I do not
know whether to be glad--seeing such proof that Europe always returns
to itself--or sorry.




ON TWO TOWNS


The wide countrysides of Europe sum themselves up in central cities:
municipalities inheriting from Rome. The lesser towns group round the
larger; the bishops of the lesser suffragan to metropolitan of the
greater cities, as it was fixed in the Roman order which Constantine
inherited from Diocletian and which everywhere stamps the West with the
framework of the Fourth Century. These great cities are not only the
heads and inspirers of their provinces, they are also the gathering
places of armies; the contrast and the fellowship between them is
especially seen when either is the capital of a wide plain below a
mountain range. Then each becomes the depot and the goal in turn of
invading forces, each stands for the national fortunes upon either side
of the passes. So, for the great Alps, you have Augsburg and Milan; so
for the Vosges, Strasburg and Nancy; so for the Pyrenees, Saragossa and
Toulouse.

No two cities in Europe are more representative of their provinces or
stand better for symbolising the nature of their land. From the towers
of each the long line of the Pyrenees may be traced, especially in
early autumn mornings when the sky is clear with the approaching cold
and when the first snow has fallen upon the summits. From Toulouse the
dark Northern escarpment runs along the southern horizon in a wall,
surprisingly level and seeming tiny in its long stretch or belt of
grey; from Saragossa, much further off and more rarely the white strips
and patches can be caught behind the nearer foothills, the whole in a
glare of sunlight full upon it, like a desert tilted up; you just see
them over dry, treeless plains, and immediately the sun rises they are
lost in the hot haze. The Pyrenees thus stand between the two cities
and belong to each, and the legends of the mountain regard now one,
now the other, or, as in the Song of Roland, both combined (for the
Horn of Roland as he died was heard southward in Saragossa, northward
in Toulouse), and the smoke of each may just be seen or guessed from
certain heights, from passes that look southward into Aragon or
northward into Aquitaine.

Alone of the central bishoprics of these hills they are united
by a road, and have so been united for two thousand years.
Characteristically, in the true spirit of the Pyrenees, there is but
that one great road between them. It takes men, and has taken them
since the legions made it, up by Huesca and Jaca and so over the
Summus Pyrenæus, the "Somsport," then down by the deep valley of Bearn
to Oloron, to Pau, to Tarbes, and down the river bank to Toulouse.
All the armies have taken it. Through this paved gap went the first
Frankish kings, still wild, wandering South for spoil, and through
it in a tide poured the Mohammedan host that so nearly seized upon
Europe. All such marchings brought up under the walls of one or other
of the cities: Saragossa for ever besieged from the North, Toulouse
beating off the raids from the South, fight similar wars. Each has
its river, and the river of each is the life of the two provinces on
either slope of the mountains; the Ebro of Aragon, the Garonne of
Aquitaine. Each has its port: the one Barcelona, the other Bordeaux;
and in each valley there is separation of thought and custom--something
like hostility--between the inland city and the commerce of the sea.
Each was for long the centre of a nation, each afforded the title of a
great house. Aragon was built up under its princes, from that remote
age when the chieftain of a few mountain clans began to fight his
way South against the infidels till the light grew strong upon the
Twelfth Century and Alphonso fixed himself and the Faith upon the Ebro.
Toulouse grew under its counts to be almost a nation, ruling everything
from the Cevennes to the Pyrenees, and making a rallying place,
schools, law courts, and an imperial middle for all the fields of the
Garonne.

So far the parallel between these twin cities holds; but the test of
any appreciation of them is contrast.

The landscape of Saragossa is a baked plain, ill-watered and reflecting
up to heaven the fierce sun of Spain like a plate of bronze. The
landscape of Toulouse is of fields and meadows with many trees. The
Ebro trickles under the great bridge of Saragossa for weeks together;
then perhaps dies altogether, becoming rather a stagnant pool or two
than a river; then, in spate, rises high and threatens the piles,
roaring against them, and suddenly sinks again. The Garonne runs in
a broad, even stream, shallow, but full and never lacking water; it
is already placid as it sweeps under the great bridge of Toulouse.
Saragossa became the capital of a true kingdom whose language,
traditions, and above all whose chivalrous aristocracy were its own.
Toulouse went under in the false adventure of the Albigensian schism.
Saragossa was Mohammedan, a sort of northern bastion of Islam, till
far into the development of the Middle Ages: it did not re-enter
Christendom till 1118. The First Crusade was long past, England was
all Norman, while yet this city was governed by Asiatic ideas in
contempt of Europe. Toulouse, always Christian, rose against the unity
of Christendom. Saragossa in those struggles got a great hero and his
legend, a man who fighting now for Islam and now for us built up an
epic, the Cid Campeador, the "Challenger." Toulouse has no heroes.
Saragossa became a pivot of steadfast faith, round which turned
and on which reposed the reconquest of Spain by men of our race.
Toulouse was--and to-day still is--perpetually seeking new things and
divergence in Europe: a sort of smouldering fire. To-day full of
denials of things sacred yesterday, dogma, the family, property, all
the foundations. Saragossa lies indifferent, ready to become (as it is
becoming) more wealthy and careless of these philosophical quarrels.

The great churches of the two towns are in violent contrast too. At
Toulouse these are all of one pattern and old. The place where St.
Saturninus, the evangelist of the city, died--the church of the "Toro,"
the Bull (for a bull dragged him to death through the streets of the
city)--is of small Roman brick, plain, steadfast. The vast cathedral
to which his body was translated is of that same brick, and all the
arches are Roman, round and small. The Dominican Church is the same; a
stranger sometimes takes one for the other. In Saragossa the cathedral
is stamped with the fervour of the reconquest. It is crammed with
detail and with infinite carving. It is very dark, high and silent, and
at the same time, with its wealth of creation and of figures, magical.
Toulouse has no monument of faith other than those similar early
simple and huge temples. Saragossa has the colour, the tinsel, and the
gorgeousness of the late Renaissance in the gilded Basilica of the
Pilar.

Religion, which is at once the maker and the expression of States,
differs utterly in mood between one city and the other. In Toulouse
there is war. The men who deny and the men who affirm are at it with
all the weapons of our time, as six hundred years ago they were at it
with swords. You buy a newspaper, and ten to one the leading article
will be an affirmation or a denial of the creed--signed by some famous
name. In Saragossa you may buy newspapers for a month and get nothing
but the common news, two days old. Mass is crammed at Toulouse, empty
in Saragossa. There are enemies of the Mass in power at Toulouse,
numerous, vigilant, convinced. In Saragossa a few eccentrics or none.
Toulouse would persecute one way or the other had it a power separate
from the State. Saragossa was always tolerant; of its few murders
one was the popular murder of an Inquisitor. There is something that
sleeps in Saragossa for all its liveliness and wealth and air. There is
something that wakes and prowls in Toulouse for all its ancient walls
and green things growing upon ruins as they grew in Rome.

These are the two cities as I know them. Often upon a height upon the
Pyrenees I have thought how one lay beneath me to the left, the other
to the right, the end of a chance journey. All human tracks from the
mountains seem to lead down like water-courses to one or the other
place, and travel flows of its own weight to the sunlit market-place of
Saragossa or to the Capitol of Toulouse from every saddle in the hills.
You may be in the Cerdagne (which is Catalan) or in Roncesvalles (which
is Basque), but if you are on foot and wish to go far the roads will
bring you insensibly to the great town on the Ebro; you may be as far
west as St. Jean-Pied-de-Port or as far east as Ax, but on the northern
slope insensibly you will be driven to Toulouse. The two cities are the
reservoirs of life on either slope of the hills, and each holds, as it
were, a number of threads, which are paths and roads radiating out to
the high crossings of the chain.

And, as I consider the two towns, whether near them as I lately was
or here at home, I find almost as great a pleasure in imagining their
future as in remembering their long past and the sharp picture of their
present time. The Provinces of Europe develop, but they do not change
their identity. If it be paradoxical to suggest a wealthy Saragossa and
a fanatical Toulouse, yet it is not out of keeping with the revolutions
of Europe. Saragossa is on the road to wealth in a country which is
rapidly accumulating; Toulouse is well on the road to fanaticism and
religious war. One can see Toulouse with great artists and fierce
rhetoric standing out against some reaction of thought in the Republic
or captured by the flame that has set fire to Lourdes; one can see
Saragossa dragged into the orbit of Barcelona, drifting with the rising
wealth of Mediterranean commerce, forgetting altars, and sharing the
mere opulence of the Catalans. Such thought leads one to fantastic
guesses; it is provoked by the modern character of these two great,
unwritten, ill-known Pyrenean towns in one of which the chief quarrel
of our time is so actively pursued, in the other of which lies all the
new promise of Spain. And that reminds me. Saragossa has no song of
its own; Toulouse has one called "If the Garonne had only wished, she
might."

So much for Saragossa and Toulouse.




THE JUDGMENT OF ROBESPIERRE


"It is of little profit," said Robespierre severely, "that we should
debate what may or may not come to pass in that time. You speak of more
than a hundred years, and of a season when the youngest child before us
shall have long been dead, and his child, too, perhaps be dead after
him; and for that matter, even if it profited us, it would not be to
the service of God, for we must say what is true and defend it. As for
the rest, no man is master of destiny."

He was about to make an allusion to the people of Epirus and to a
discovery of theirs which he had read in the classics upon this
subject, when St. Just interrupted, as was his way, with burning eyes
and a sort of high, rhetorical facility which gave all his young words
such amazing power. He was sitting in an attitude one might have
thought listless, so lightly did his delicate hand lean upon his knee,
save that all thought of carelessness left one when one watched the
intensity of his face. And he repeated a phrase which its rhythm has
made famous, "The things we have said will never be lost on earth."

It was in the weeks after Fleurus. Charlotte Robespierre, ill-tempered
and silent, sat like a sort of guardian of the room upon the little
sofa by the western wall of it, the darkest side. Couthon was there,
the cripple, his face permanently stretched by pain, and there also,
almost foreign--English or Italian one might have said from their
length--shone the delicate features of Fouché, his thin lips firm and
inevitably ironical.

Paris was glorious. There was a festivity in the sky of that July, a
cool air in the sunlit streets, and that sort of clear sound which
comes up from the gulfs of the narrow ways when Paris in summer is at
the full of its life. The sunlight upon the courtyard shone reflected
from the white walls of it into the darkness of the little room where
the friends sat talking together before they should go down to the
Parliament. In the shed outside was the noise of their host, the
carpenter, sawing. A very quiet and respectful young man, the son of
the house and secretary to Robespierre, ventured an opinion. He had
a wooden leg and his expression was not intelligent. When these two
generations of men had passed, he said, the Goddess Liberty would be
firm upon her throne. It would be the chief advantage of the passage
of time that men would forget all the old days of slavery, and that
the evil thing which the Revolution was occupied in destroying would
be remembered only as a sort of nightmare of humanity. The insolent
palaces which might remind men of their tyrants will have been pulled
down long ago, and their gew-gaws of pictures have been left to
moulder. He foresaw and was about to describe at some length the reign
of Virtue and Equality among men, when Robespierre interrupted him
severely in his high voice and bade him not to pirouette upon the stump
of his wooden leg, which wore the carpet of the Citizen his father, and
was, moreover, an ungainly gesture. He further told him with increased
severity that the arts in a State of free men would always be decently
cherished, for but a few weeks before he had been delighted to sit for
his portrait to M. Greuze.

There was a little silence following this reprimand.

"If it be of any moment to you," he continued, "I can, I think, tell
you some things certainly that society will hold. For they have
invariably accompanied liberty in her majestic march. Men will respect
the labour and the property of others, and the power of peace and war
will reside with the people. It is to this," he added earnestly, "that
I have given my chief efforts, and I believe I have placed it upon a
secure foundation. What I am most afraid of," he mused, "is the power
that may be put into the hands of representatives. But that again will
be tamed by long usage. I shall soon see to it that the places of
meeting are made largely public, and I have drafted a design whereby
it shall be death, or at least exile, to plan so much as a municipal
building for the meetings of municipal bodies unless the galleries
permit a full view of the debate, and accommodate a number of citizens
not less than five times the total number of the elected. It would
be better," he sighed in conclusion, "that a law should compel at
intervals great meetings in the open, and should punish by the loss of
civic power all those who did not attend, unless, indeed, they had been
given leave of absence by some magistrate."

St. Just was weary of the war, and asked him how long it would continue.

"It will continue," said Robespierre firmly, and in the tone of a man
who can speak more definitely of near things than of distant, "it will
continue until the winter at least, upon which occasion I design...."

At this point Charlotte, whose temper was not improved by such
discourses, abruptly left them. They heard the sharp hurrying of her
footsteps cross the flags of the courtyard; she was going up to her own
room overlooking the street. Fouché smiled.

"You smile, Fouché," said Robespierre, displaying very obvious
irritation, "because you think, as politicians do, that war is an
unaccountable thing. Let me tell you that reason here is much stronger
than chance, and that the forces opposed to us are already convinced
of liberty. I have before me" (he pulled out his little brown book
from his pocket) "a list of pamphlets recently distributed beyond the
frontiers, and a very good estimate of the numbers of their readers."

Fouché restrained his smile; he was a man capable of self-control to
any limit. He leant his long, delicate, refined head upon the tapering
fingers of his left hand, and listened with great apparent interest to
what the Master was saying. The sawing in the courtyard without ceased,
and his host, the carpenter, entered in that reverential way which
marks the sentiment of religion, and very silently took a distant chair
to listen to the Master's discourse. Couthon shifted himself in his
place to relieve his crippled members, and Robespierre continued--

"Nothing endures unless it be based upon Virtue, but though Virtue
tends to corrupt with time, and though Liberty is rather for what the
fanatics have called 'angels' than for men, yet if men's chains are
broken it has great chance of permanence and of effect upon the public.
I have upon this matter," he continued, pulling out of a pocket a
shagreen case and from that case a pair of spectacles, "certain notes
that will not be without interest for you."

Fouché sighed while Robespierre was seeking among a group of
neatly-folded papers for what he had to read. His host, the carpenter,
bent forward to hear as a man might bend forward to hear the reading
of the Gospel. He even had an odd instinct to stand up and listen with
bowed head. St. Just was thinking of other things. And certainly any
modern man looking on would have been compelled to watch St. Just's
deep and luminous eyes. He had already forgotten the future, and once
again he was thinking of the wars. He had begun to take pleasure in
the charges. A moment might have made him, from the poet that he was,
a soldier; and while the high thin voice of the little man Robespierre
went on with appropriate gestures, describing the permanence of Virtue
in a free State, he clearly saw what he had seen but a few days before
from the lines: the houses of the beleaguered city against the June
dawn, and he heard the bugles.

Robespierre had begun: "The sentiment of property which is native in
man proceeds from what he gives to Nature by his toil, and this is
respected by all, yet even property itself cannot be thought secure
until Virtue be there to guarantee it, no laws can make up for its
absence. It is Virtue, therefore, upon which even this essential,
without which society cannot be, reposes. And Virtue which will cause
a poor man to be equal with the rich, while the one regards the other
without envy upon the one side, without contempt upon the other."

For a full quarter of an hour Robespierre went on, and Couthon, as a
matter of ritual, and the master of the house as a matter of religion,
listened: the one as a matter of course, the other ardently. And when
he had finished his little peroration, when he had taken off those
spectacles and wiped them, when he had turned upon them his pale,
small, watchful, grey-green eyes, he noted that Fouché alone had
been inconstant. Fouché had his back turned and was looking out of a
window. A boy who passed through the courtyard whistling, carrying a
short ladder, looked at the window for a moment and saw the aquiline,
refined face covered with laughter. The boy thought that laughter
merely friendly. He waved his hand and smiled an answer, and Fouché saw
in that boy the generation that should arise. He composed his features
and turned them once more towards the room. Before Robespierre could
speak sharply, as he meant to speak, and complain of such inattention,
he said in a clear, well-modulated voice, that he had never heard
those sentences before. Was Robespierre to pronounce them that day in
Parliament?

"I shall do so," said Robespierre, "if I am permitted by the President
to speak. If not, I will reserve my remarks for another occasion."
He pulled out a fat little round watch prettily enamelled, touched
the lace at his wrists, settled the order of his stock, and said as a
schoolmaster might say it to young St. Just: "Are you not coming with
me?"

St. Just, startled suddenly like a man awakened, thought of the hour,
remembered the Parliament, and went out with his friend.

Fouché with his hand to his chin crossed the courtyard and went up the
stairs to that part of the house which overlooked the Rue St. Honoré.
He had something to say to Charlotte. Couthon, who was hungry, remained
to lunch, but he found his hosts dull and a little ill-tempered. He
could not fill the void that had been left by Robespierre.


_Richard Clay & Sons, Limited, London and Bungay._




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|Transcriber's note:                              |
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|Obvious typographic errors have been corrected.  |
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