The Project Gutenberg eBook of Powder-Post Beetles in Buildings: What to Do About Them This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Powder-Post Beetles in Buildings: What to Do About Them Author: R. A. St. George T. McIntyre Release date: April 28, 2019 [eBook #59377] Language: English Credits: Produced by Tom Cosmas compiled from images made available by The Internet Archive. *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POWDER-POST BEETLES IN BUILDINGS: WHAT TO DO ABOUT THEM *** Produced by Tom Cosmas compiled from images made available by The Internet Archive. Powder-post Beetles in Buildings What to Do About Them by R. A. St. George and T. McIntyre POWDER-POST BEETLES _in Buildings_ what to do about them [Illustration] Leaflet No. 358 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Powder-Post Beetles in Buildings WHAT TO DO ABOUT THEM Powder-post beetles cause extensive damage to wood in the structure of buildings and to wood products used in homes. The larvae, or grubs, feed on the starch or the cellulose in wood. As they feed, they bore irregular tunnels through the wood. Borings left in the tunnels have the consistency of powder. Powder-post beetles can be controlled by applying an insecticide to the infested wood. How it is applied depends on the kind of beetle to be controlled and on the extent and location of the infestation. In some circumstances a spray will suffice; in others, fumigation is necessary. +--------------------------------------------------------------+ | | | COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF INSECTS DISCUSSED | | | | Southern lyctus beetle _Lyctus planicollis_ | | Common furniture beetle _Anobium punctatum_ | | Death-watch beetle _Xestobium rufovillosum_ | | Old house borer _Hylotrupes bajulus_ | | Red-shouldered shothole borer _Xylobiops basilaris_ | | Black-horned pine borer _Callidium antennatum_ | | Bamboo powder-post beetle _Dinoderus minutus_ | | Bamboo borer _Chlorophorus annularis_ | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------+ KINDS Powder-post beetles are divided into five groups--lyctus beetles, anobiid beetles, bostrichid beetles, cerambycid beetles, and cossonid weevils. Lyctus beetles are reddish to blackish, about 1/4 inch long, and slightly flattened. One common species is known as the southern lyctus beetle. Anobiid beetles are similar to lyctus beetles in color and size, but are cylindrical. The common furniture beetle and the death-watch beetle belong in this group. Bostrichid beetles are reddish, brown, or black; they are 1/8 to 3/4 inch long, and cylindrical. The heads of anobiids and bostrichids are directed downward and are covered by a "hood." The cerambycids, also known as roundheaded or long-horned beetles, are blue, black, or pale yellow to reddish brown, and often bear distinctive markings on the head or the wing covers. They are 1/2 to 1 inch long, and vary in shape. The old house borer belongs in this group. It is black, and has grayish markings on the wing covers. It is about 3/4 inch long. Cossonid weevils are reddish brown or black, 1/8 to 1/5 inch long, and oval to cylindrical. Their heads are drawn out to form a short, broad beak. Cossonids are the only weevils that infest wood; other weevils infest grain or growing crops. LIFE CYCLE The adult females lay eggs on or in wood. The eggs hatch into larvae, which develop as they tunnel the wood. The tunneling continues throughout the larval stage, which lasts for months or years, depending on the kind of beetle. The full-grown larvae transform to pupae, which become adult beetles. The adults of many kinds of powder-post beetles bore circular holes to the surface of the wood and emerge; others make oval holes. Some emerge in early spring; others, including the old house borer, emerge in early summer. Mating and egg laying follow. The life cycle of lyctus beetles varies from 3 months to 1 year, depending on the species and on regional differences in temperature, moisture, and availability of wood of high food value. The life cycle of anobiid beetles is sometimes completed in about 1 year and sometimes in 2 years. Most of the bostrichids and cerambycids complete the cycle in about 1 year, but a few of the latter require several years. The old house borer, a cerambycid, requires 5 to 7 years in the North, and less time in the South. In all but a few months of its life cycle, it is in the larval stage. Larvae 3 or 4 years old are often found in the woodwork of buildings only 1 or 2 years old--evidence that stored lumber is a source of infestation. Cossonid weevils complete the cycle in about 1 year. EGG LAYING The females lay eggs on or in wood that satisfies their egg-laying requirements and the food requirements of the larvae. These requirements differ among the species. Hence different kinds of wood are infested by different species of beetles. Lyctus beetles infest hardwoods. Cossonid weevils infest softwoods. Some anobiids, bostrichids, and cerambycids infest hardwoods, and some infest softwoods. For some species bark is an egg-laying requirement; for others it is not. Some anobiids infest moist wood containing decay organisms, which appear to aid development of the larvae. [Illustration: Adult of the southern lyctus beetle.] [Illustration: Adult of the old house borer.] [Illustration: Adult of the red-shouldered shothole borer, a bostrichid beetle.] _Cover:_ Adult of an anobiid beetle, _Xyletinus peltatus_, and pine sill damaged by larvae of this beetle. The porosity of the wood, the moisture content, the starch or cellulose content--these also relate to egg laying. The adults of some species remain on the wood from which they emerge, and reinfest it. Others crawl or fly to similar wood and attack it. A beetle may lay only a few eggs or as many as 60 or 70; the number depends on the species of beetle and on the condition of the wood. =Infestations in Hardwoods= Seasoned hardwoods.--Beetles that infest seasoned hardwoods lay eggs on or in the wood from which they emerge. Hence the same wood may be infested repeatedly. These beetles do not require bark for egg laying. [Illustration: Oak board damaged by larvae of the southern lyctus beetle.] Lyctus beetles lay eggs in exposed pores in the sapwood of oak, ash, hickory, walnut, pecan, gum, persimmon, maple, cherry, and a few other hardwood species. The larvae are found in hardwood flooring, furniture, picture frames, and trim. Anobiid and cerambycid beetles lay eggs in crevices on the surface of the wood; cerambycids also lay eggs in emergence holes. Bostrichid beetles that bore into seasoned hardwoods often bore chambers at the sides of their tunnels and lay eggs in them. Unseasoned hardwoods.--Bostrichids that infest green and seasoning hardwoods lay eggs in pores leading from the entrance tunnels. The red-shouldered shothole borer is one of these. Bostrichids frequently attack bark-covered wood. They usually do not reinfest the wood from which they emerge. =Infestations in Softwoods= Seasoned softwoods.--Some kinds of beetles infest seasoned softwood lumber used in the structure of buildings. Certain of the bostrichids require bark for egg laying. They infest lumber that has bark on the edges. Such lumber is often used in framing, subflooring, and roofing. The females lay eggs in the bark. The larvae of some species complete their development in it; others go to the adjacent wood to do so. The adult females may reinfest the wood from which they emerge. Other beetles that infest seasoned softwoods do not require bark for egg laying. Among them are the old house borer and the cossonid weevils. The females lay eggs in crevices in the wood. They may infest the same wood repeatedly. The old house borer infests framing and subflooring. It is found in old and new construction and in stored lumber. Cossonid weevils are found in pine flooring, baseboards, wall stops, and roof trusses. Unseasoned softwoods.--The beetles that infest green and seasoning softwoods include several cerambycids--for example, the black-horned pine borer--and a few bostrichids. Most of these beetles require bark for egg laying. The adult females usually do not reinfest the wood from which they emerge; they seek other unseasoned wood and lay eggs in the bark. [Illustration: Larva of the old house borer. Enlarged about 5×.] =Infestations in Bamboo= Certain species of bostrichid, cerambycid, and lyctus beetles infest bamboo products such as furniture. Venetian blinds, draw drapes, baskets, fans, and fishing poles. Plant-quarantine inspectors at United States ports of entry often intercept the beetles in bamboo products imported from the Far East. Among the beetles intercepted are the bamboo powder-post beetle, a bostrichid, and the bamboo borer, a cerambycid. These beetles and the lyctus beetles may reinfest the material from which they emerge. [Illustration: Pine floor joist damaged by larvae of the old house borer] DAMAGE The increase in building activity that followed World War II brought the destructiveness of powder-post beetles to widespread attention. The more buildings, the more damage. The old house borer is rapidly spreading over the eastern half of the United States, and is found more and more in lumber used in new construction. It is becoming one of the most serious pests of wood in buildings. Powder-post beetles damage wood by tunneling and by cutting surface holes. Tunneling is done by the larvae of all kinds of powder-post beetles, and by adult bostrichids and cossonid weevils. The larvae of anobiid beetles leave elongate pellets of excreted wood in their tunnels. Other larvae leave powderlike borings. Severely damaged wood becomes a crumbly mass of pellets or of borings, and sometimes has a honeycombed appearance. Since the insects do most of their tunneling in sapwood, structural damage is rare in large timbers. Surface holes mar the appearance of wood. Those most commonly seen are made by adult beetles when they emerge from the wood. Those made by many of the smaller beetles are about 1/8 inch in diameter. They give wood the appearance of having been hit by buckshot, and are called shotholes. Larger beetles make holes 1/4 to 3/8 inch in diameter. Emergence holes made by the old house borer are oval. The lengthwise measurement is about 1/4 inch. The larvae of some species, including the lyctus beetles, make holes to the surface of the wood and expel borings through them. The larvae of the old house borer seldom pierce the surface; they pack their borings behind them. DETECTION Aside from observing tunneled wood, there are several ways of detecting powder-post beetle damage. You may see surface holes, or borings that have been ejected from them. The borings may be in piles near the holes or, where timbers overhead are attacked, they may be on the floor below. You may see adult beetles crawling on the wood. In quiet surroundings you may hear a rasping or ticking sound that is made by tunneling larvae. This is the best way to detect larvae of the old house borer. Their ticking is sometimes audible several feet from where they are working. By determining the source of the sound and by probing the wood with a sharp tool, you can locate the tunnels. A further aid is to look for blistered wood. Sometimes the larvae of cerambycid beetles can be heard working beneath bark on green or partially seasoned wood. They frequently are found in firewood. They resemble the old house borer, but they have different habits and do not infest seasoned wood. When the adults emerge, they seek more green wood to attack. If they cannot escape from the building, they die in a few days. WHAT TO DO Consider whether the control problem is one that you can handle yourself or whether it is one that requires the services of a pest-control operator. If you have a severe infestation, or one that is behind paneled or plastered walls, or in some other hard-to-reach place, it may be that only an experienced pest-control operator with the proper equipment can do a satisfactory job. If the infestation is light and easy to reach, you may be able to handle the control job yourself. Spraying or brush-coating the wood with an insecticide may suffice. If wood has been so badly damaged that its structural strength is impaired, it should be replaced. Coordinate the repair work with the control work. =Spraying or Brushing= Beetles that make numerous small holes in the surface of wood are controlled by saturating the wood with a deodorized kerosene, such as deobase or ultrasene, which contains either 5 percent DDT, 2 percent chlordane, 0.5 percent dieldrin, or 0.5 percent lindane. With 1 gallon of any of these materials you can treat at least 100 square feet of wood surface. Use no more of the material in a single application than is needed to wet the surface. Repeat the application until the wood is saturated. Apply with a garden sprayer or a paintbrush. The treatment is also effective against infestations in furniture and other wood products. For best results in treating any kind of material, first remove the finish. This is especially desirable when you treat a large area, such as a floor, but it may not be desirable when you treat ornamental products. Where an infestation in a floor is so small that removal of the finish is undesirable, go ahead and treat the floor, but do not walk on it until it has dried. The drying takes several hours. The old house borer and other beetles that do not make entrance holes in the surface of the wood can also be controlled by surface applications of these chemicals. Larger quantities must be used, however, especially where thicker wood is concerned, such as floor joists, studs, and roof rafters. For such materials, at least 1.5 pints of the insecticide per cubic foot of wood is needed to reach the beetle larvae. This is equivalent to treating the exposed surfaces of 7 linear feet of a 2- by 10-inch floor joist, 12 feet of a 2- by 6-inch roof rafter, 18 feet of 2- by 4-inch studding, or 12 square feet of subflooring. Even with this thorough treatment, it may take from 3 weeks to 3 months before all the larvae are reached and killed. The homeowner can best apply such a quantity of insecticide by using a sprayer or a pint-size plastic wash bottle of the squeeze type, equipped with a tube that will produce a pinpoint stream. This makes it possible to apply small enough quantities to cover the surface without causing the liquid to run off. Repeated applications at different times are necessary for complete absorption by the wood and effective penetration. A pest-control operator can obtain results quickly by injecting the chemical under pressure through boreholes spaced at short intervals in the infested wood. =Slow-Diffusion Method= Where pressure equipment is not available and you want to use the bore-hole or slow-diffusion method on isolated infestations in wood that is readily accessible, you can use the following procedure: 1. Bore a downslanting hole about 1/2 inch in diameter and 1 inch deep into the wood near the place where a larva is working. 2. Insert a tight-fitting metal or glass tube in the hole. Let about 1/4 inch of the tube project. 3. Place one end of a rubber tube over the projecting portion of the metal or glass tube, and connect the other end with a funnel. The funnel should be supported so that it will stay in place until the treatment has been completed. 4. Pour insecticide into the funnel. Use any of the preparations mentioned in the discussion of spraying and brushing. Leave the equipment in place about 48 hours, or until the insecticide is taken up. The insecticide flows into the infested wood, is absorbed for a distance of several inches around the hole, and reaches and kills the larva. If several larvae are working in places as much as 18 inches apart, individual treatment is needed. =Fumigation= Treatment of a heavy infestation of powder-post beetles by spraying or brushing or by the slow-diffusion method is impractical where the wood is hard to reach; particularly when it is located behind plastered walls or covered by paneling or insulation. Such an infestation can be controlled by fumigation--_but this work must be done by a licensed fumigator_. Hydrocyanic acid gas or methyl bromide gas is used in fumigating. Each is very poisonous, and heavy dosages have to be used. After fumigation, the building must be aired to make it safe for reoccupancy. The fumigating and the airing require 2 to 4 days. Fumigation methods of the "home-remedy" type--such as burning sulfur candles--are ineffective because the fumigant does not penetrate the infested wood. PRECAUTIONS The insecticides mentioned in this leaflet are poisonous to people and to animals. Keep them where children and pets cannot reach them. Do not let them come in contact with the body. When applying them, wear rubber gloves, a cellulose acetate type of face-guard, and a rubber or leather apron. When spraying an overhead area, do not stand directly under it. Guarding against explosions.--Apply a coarse spray. It is effective and safe to use. A concentrated fine mist is ineffective and may explode in the presence of a spark or flame. Do not smoke while spraying. Shut off pilot lights. Pressure.--In spraying, use only enough pressure to wet the surface of the wood. Too much pressure may cause spray to splash onto the body. If you apply the insecticide in an enclosed place, make sure that the air can circulate freely. Keep doors and windows open; if necessary, use a fan. The purpose is to prevent odors from accumulating in the building. If you treat a floor that has a finished ceiling under it--for example, the floor of a second-story room--avoid applying too much material. If you do, it may run through to the ceiling and cause a stain. Removal of the floor finish before applying the insecticide makes it unnecessary to apply a large amount; the wood absorbs most of it. If you apply the oil solution to parquet flooring, do it very lightly. If you apply too much, the oil may dissolve the asphalt in which the flooring is set. The dissolved asphalt may stain the floor. Around the edges of the floor, it may "creep up" and damage the walls. If you have applied insecticide with a garden sprayer, rinse out the tank and hose before putting the sprayer away. This prevents the gaskets from shriveling and keeps oil from getting on plants the next time the sprayer is used in the garden. Food cabinets.--In treating a food cabinet, do not use an insecticide because it might contaminate food. Use deodorized kerosene alone. It has little odor and evaporates quickly. Take the cabinet outdoors to treat it, and leave it there until the kerosene odor disappears. Fumigation.--The fact that fumigation work must be done by a licensed operator is stated on page 7. Only isolated buildings can be safely fumigated. If an apartment, a row house, or part of a duplex were fumigated, the gas might penetrate walls and kill persons in an adjoining unit. Methyl bromide gas is odorless, but in the presence of articles having a high sulfur content, or containing animal matter, sponge rubber, or iodized salt, a chemical change takes place and a garliclike odor is apt to be given off later. Before this gas is used, see whether such articles are in the building; if they are, remove them. This need not be done if hydrocyanic acid gas is used. However, hydrocyanic acid gas tarnishes silver and spoils unexposed photographic film; before it is used, remove silver and film. Prepared by R. A. St. George and T. McIntyre, entomologists, Division of Forest insect Research, Forest Service Washington, D.C. · Revised November 1959 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1959 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 5 cents Transcriber Note Illustrations moved to prevent splitting paragraphs. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POWDER-POST BEETLES IN BUILDINGS: WHAT TO DO ABOUT THEM *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.