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                             CAMPFIRE TALES
                                   of
                              JACKSON HOLE


    [Illustration: Moose]

                Cover Design, Cartography, and Sketches
        By G. Bryan Harry, _former Asst. Chief Park Naturalist_

           Photographs Courtesy of the National Park Service
                       Unless Otherwise Credited

                            Published by the
                GRAND TETON NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION
                          MOOSE, WYOMING 83012

    [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE * Department of the Interior]

                        In Cooperation with the
           NATIONAL PARK SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

        COPYRIGHT, GRAND TETON NATURAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION, 1960
                           4TH PRINTING, 1970




                                FOREWORD


Man's search for wealth has taken him to many out of the way places.
Wealth can assume many forms, depending on the person striving for it.

What is now Jackson Hole was a way of life to the Indians who summered
here and wintered in the lower and warmer regions to the east of
Togwotee Pass. A summer in this secluded valley meant plentiful fish and
other wildlife for food, skins for clothing and teepees as well as a
cool, well-watered environment.

Snowmelt fed streams, bordered by vegetation, supported many beaver and
other fur bearers that attracted men of European descent in their
never-ending quest of commercial wealth. Colter was followed by other
mountain men and trappers who considered the natural resources of the
area as there to be taken for their own personal gain. By 1840 beaver
became scarce and fell from fashion. The land that supported bison was
thought good for domestic cattle, so ranchers settled in Jackson Hole
from one end to the other. Dry years and the Great Depression forced
many of them to sell out.

Now millions of visitors come each year to recapture the thrill of
wandering in a land still much as the Indians left it. This is a new
wealth that depreciates little under protection as a National Park.

An increasing number of people look for ways to identify themselves with
those who led the way into this new land. _Campfire Tales of Jackson
Hole_ gives you this opportunity in an easy to read text that takes you
back to the people and events that transpired in the valley that
surrounds you.

                                                          THE PARK STAFF
                                               Grand Teton National Park




                                CONTENTS


                                                                  _Page_
  John Colter, The Discovery of Jackson Hole and the Yellowstone       4
  The Mountain Men in Jackson Hole                                    11
  The Doane Expedition of 1876-1877                                   20
  Map of the Region                                                30-31
  The Story of Deadman's Bar                                          38
  The Affair at Cunningham's Ranch                                    43
  Prospector of Jackson Hole                                          47
  Mountain River Men, The Story of Menor's Ferry                      52

    [Illustration: Colter's Hell]




                              JOHN COLTER
           THE DISCOVERY OF JACKSON HOLE AND THE YELLOWSTONE
           By Merlin K. Potts, _former Chief Park Naturalist_


To John Colter, mountain man, trapper, and lone wanderer in the
exploration of the Rocky Mountain wilderness, belongs the distinction of
being the first white man to enter Jackson Hole and the "Country of the
Yellowstone."

His biographers record that Colter was a descendant of Micajah Coalter,
Scotsman, who settled in Virginia about 1700. That John was born in
Virginia is not definitely known, but there is no evidence to indicate
that any of the Coalters, from John's great-great-grandfather to his own
generation, ever lived elsewhere. He was born toward the close of the
18th Century, probably about 1775. There are no records of Colter's
early life, other than to indicate emigration to Kentucky with other
members of the family before 1803. History marks his first appearance
with his enlistment in the Lewis and Clark Expedition of October 15 of
that year. He proved to be a skillful hunter, a faithful and reliable
employee, popular with his commanders and the other men of the
Expedition. He served with Lewis and Clark on the westward journey, and
was returning to St. Louis in August 1806 when the party, commanded by
Captain Clark, encountered 2 trappers enroute to a winter's sojourn on
the upper Missouri. Colter expressed a desire to join these men, and was
released from the Expedition to do so. The partnership dissolved in the
spring of 1807, after what appears to have been an unsuccessful venture,
insofar as peltry was concerned, but undoubtedly rewarding experience
wise.

Colter again started for St. Louis, by canoe, down the Missouri. By now
he was an experienced hand in unknown country. Moving alone and matching
his skills against the hazards and rigors of the land were no more than
everyday occurrences. As he swept down the turbid river, swollen by
spring flood waters, his intention was to return to the civilization he
had left 3 years before. Once again his plans were altered by chance.

A young Spaniard, Manuel Lisa, engaged in the fur trade in St. Louis,
and influenced by reports of the abundance of beaver on the upper
Missouri, had determined to explore the possibilities of extending his
operations in that hitherto unexploited region. Accordingly, he
organized a brigade and set forth up river. Colter met the party, and
was persuaded by Lisa to join him. Lisa, a shrewd trader, was not a
frontiersman. He recognized in Colter exactly the type of man he needed,
and quite probably the inducements he offered were considerable. Yet, to
a man of Colter's stamp, the financial gain possible was secondary to
the prospect of further opportunity for adventure. We can surmise that
Lisa experienced little difficulty in influencing the young and
venturesome trapper to turn his back again on the doubtful attractions
of the settlements.

It was late in November of that year, 1807, before Lisa selected a site
for his trading post, at the confluence of the Yellowstone and Big Horn
Rivers, in what is now south-central Montana. Construction of the post
was begun immediately. Lisa named it Fort Raymond, after his son, but it
was more generally known as Manuel's Fort.

It was Lisa's objective, not only to trap, but to engage in trade with
the Indians, and to learn as much as possible about the trapping
territory to the west. Of his men, Colter was the best suited to seek
out the tribesmen, encourage them to trade at the post, and survey the
lands with an eye to its productivity in fur. Thus Lisa instructed him,
outfitted him, and sent him forth.

It could not have been earlier than late November when Colter set out.
His equipment must have been meager; snowshoes, his gun, ammunition, a
blanket or robe, and little or no food, since he would have intended to
"live off the land" and his pack would likely not have exceeded 30
pounds, including "geegaws" for the Indians he encountered.

His exact route has long been a matter for conjecture among historians.
He was to venture into country unknown to any other than the Indians, he
carried no maps, he followed what must have appeared to him to be the
route of least resistance, insofar as he could judge the terrain he
traversed. He, from force of circumstance, must have followed the
watercourses and game trails, sought the lowest mountain passes he could
find, pursuing a devious course which led him to the south and west.

In the light of Colter's own later attempt to trace his route for
Captain Clark, and through our knowledge of today's maps, it can be
assumed, with a fair degree of reliability, that he moved across country
to Pryor's Fork, up that stream and down Gap Creek to its junction with
the Big Horn, thence up the Big Horn to the Shoshone (Stinking Water).
He followed the course of the Shoshone upstream to the vicinity of what
is now Cody, Wyoming, and along the base of the Absaroka Mountains into
the Wind River Valley, striking the Wind probably some distance south
and east of present day Dubois.

It appears that it was on the Stinking Water that Colter discovered the
area which his contemporaries of the trapping fraternity derisively
named "Colter's Hell," after Colter's description of the thermal
features there. Historians writing many years later, perhaps more
romantically than accurately, attributed Colter's reference to one or
more of the now famous geyser and hot springs sections of the
Yellowstone. It makes a better story thus, but the preponderance of
evidence from the accounts of the trappers themselves places "Colter's
Hell" in the vicinity of the DeMaris Springs, near Cody. Geological
indications are that the area was much more active, insofar as thermal
phenomena are concerned, then than now.

Two excellent early authorities confirm this location of "Colter's
Hell." As set forth in Burton Harris' _John Colter, His Years in the
Rockies_:

  As late as 1848, the accomplished Belgian priest, Father DeSmet,
  placed Colter's Hell on the Stinking Water on the strength of
  information obtained from the few trappers who were left in the
  mountains at that date. The courageous priest, known as "Black Robe"
  to the Indians, was on his way to visit the Sioux in 1848 when he
  wrote the following account: "Near the source of the River Puante
  (Stinking Water, now called Shoshone) which empties into the Big Horn,
  and the sulphurous waters of which have probably the same medicinal
  qualities as the celebrated Blue Lick Springs of Kentucky, is a place
  called Colter's Hell--from a beaver hunter of that name. This locality
  is often agitated with subterranean fires. The sulphurous gases which
  escape in great volumes from the burning soil infect the atmosphere
  for several miles, and render the earth so barren that even the wild
  wormwood cannot grow on it. The beaver hunters have assured me that
  the frequent underground noises and explosions are frightful."

Washington Irving, in _The Rocky Mountains_: (1837) says:

  The Crow country has other natural curiosities, which are held in
  superstitious awe by the Indians, and considered great marvels by the
  trappers. Such is the Burning Mountain, on Powder River, abounding
  with anthracite coal. Here the earth is hot and cracked; in many
  places emitting smoke and sulphurous vapors, as if covering concealed
  fires. A volcanic tract of similar character is found on Stinking
  River, one of the tributaries of the Big Horn, which takes its unhappy
  name from the odor derived from sulphurous springs and streams. This
  last mentioned place was first discovered by Colter, a hunter
  belonging to Lewis and Clark's exploring party, who came upon it in
  the course of his lonely wanderings, and gave such an account of its
  gloomy terrors, its hidden fires, smoking pits, noxious streams, and
  the all-pervading "smell of brimstone," that it received, and has ever
  since retained among the trappers, the name of "Colter's Hell!"

Upon reaching the valley of the Wind, it would have been logical for
Colter's route to have been north and west over the Wind River Mountains
through Union Pass, the easiest available, at an elevation of 9,210
feet. Here historians have indulged in a long standing, and unresolvable
debate, some authorities contending that he would probably have followed
up the Little Wind River, crossing the Wind River Mountains further
north, at Togwotee Pass. Whichever route he used to the westward--Union
Pass and the Gros Ventre River drainage, or Togwotee Pass and Blackrock
Creek--either brought him into Jackson Hole.

There can be little doubt that in any event his course was a circuitous
one, following the twistings and turnings of many water courses,
deviating along Indian trails to the winter encampments of the Crows,
attentive to his instructions from Manuel Lisa. Quite probably the
friendly Crows aided Colter by directing him to routes of easy passage,
perhaps accompanying him over parts of his journey, though history makes
no mention of this.

Entering Jackson Hole on its eastern margin, Colter saw before him a
scene of unsurpassed grandeur. At this season, which must have been well
into December, the floor of the Hole presented a broad expanse of
snow-blanketed valley, broken only by the forested buttes, looming black
against the glistening white, and the timbered water courses, marked by
cottonwood, willow, and spruce. No smoke of Indian village lifted above
thickets. The tribesmen had moved to areas of less rigorous climate,
east, south, or west, weeks before. The soaring peaks, lifting their
gleaming spires across the valley, their canyons deep shadowed in blue
gloom, stretched for miles to the north and south. Even his stout heart
must have faltered, at least momentarily, at the grim barrier ahead.

Other than the Snake River Canyon, a route which he could hardly have
anticipated from any vantage point, he would logically have selected
Teton Pass as the most feasible crossing of the Teton Range to the
southwest. Here the historians, at least those who accept the theory of
a trans-Teton route, are in almost unanimous agreement, although some
would have us believe that he made a frontal assault through Cascade
Canyon. This hardly seems likely, since Colter, bold as he was,
evidenced no characteristics of the foolhardy, and to his eyes the
Cascade Canyon route could scarcely have appeared to offer a feasible
crossing.

One cannot but puzzle a bit, however, as to his reason for crossing the
Range at all. From the broad valley of the Hole the route northward up
the Snake River into the Yellowstone was to any eye an easy one. The
terrain sloped gently, there were no mountain walls to scale or circle,
nothing to indicate any obstacle of consequence. Indeed, many notable
historical scholars have opposed the Teton Pass theory, asserting that
he did avoid the Tetons by moving northward. He would certainly have
fulfilled Lisa's orders to contact nearby Indian tribes by the time he
had reached Jackson Hole.

Accepting the Teton route, as we must in the light of later evidence, we
add further stature to Colter's perseverance and venturesome spirit. He
went over the mountains, perhaps because the Indians had described the
route and country beyond to him, perhaps because he was seeking the
reported "Spanish Settlements" on the headwaters of the Colorado River
(Green River), or perhaps for the very simple reason that he wanted to
see what was on the other side.

At any rate, the Idaho side of the Range has given us the first really
tangible clue as to Colter's whereabouts while on his winter journey. In
1930, about 4 miles east of the Idaho village of Tetonia, was found the
"Colter Stone."

In the spring of that year, while plowing virgin land on his father's
homestead, William Richard Beard, then a boy of 16, unearthed the stone
from its resting place about 18 inches beneath the surface. His
attention was first attracted by the shape of the rock. It had been
roughly formed to resemble a human head, flattened, but with the
unmistakeable outline of forehead, nose, lips, and chin. When the stone
had been cleaned, it was found to have been crudely carved. One side
bore the name "JOHN COLTER," the other was inscribed with the almost
illegible figures, "1808."

    [Illustration: The "Colter Stone," with Colter's name inscribed on
    one face, the barely legible date 1808 on the other. Found near
    Tetonia, Idaho, in 1930, the stone is now on display in the History
    Museum exhibits at the Moose Visitor Center, Park Headquarters,
    Grand Teton National Park.]

The slab of gray, rhyolite lava from which the stone was shaped is soft
and easily worked. It would have taken no great amount of labor to have
accomplished the job. Perhaps it provided a means of passing time while
Colter was blizzard-bound, or merely loafing in camp, taking a
well-earned respite from days of arduous travel.

Immediately after the stone was given to the National Park Service in
1933 by Mr. Aubrey C. Lyon, who had acquired it from the Beards, a
controversy developed as to its authenticity. The carving of stones and
tree trunks by early trappers and explorers was a well-established
practice; several such evidences of their passing have been found. There
have been hoaxes revealed also, and there were those who refused to
accept the Colter Stone as valid. The evidence, what little there was to
investigate, was carefully analyzed. There was no duplicity remotely
connected with the finding of the stone. The Beards had never heard of
John Colter. It had rested at a depth of some several inches beneath the
earth's surface. Certainly Colter would not have carved it, then buried
it, so the accumulation of soil above the stone must have been the
result of some years, and the stone had weathered before burial, it
could hardly have weathered after being covered by earth. In the final
analysis, it seems most illogical that anyone mischievously inclined
would have been sufficiently informed to perpetrate a hoax at such a
remote spot. A prankster would have deposited his bogus relic in a place
where he could reasonably expect its ready discovery. Else why bother?

The stone now reposes in the Fur Trade Museum at Park Headquarters,
Grand Teton National Park, as mute evidence that Colter did indeed "pass
this way."

Colter's route, from the discovery of "his" stone, appears to have led
northward along the base of the western side of the Teton Range, until
he perceived the next comparatively easy route for a return toward the
east. Recrossing the Tetons he struck the western shore of Yellowstone
Lake, called "Lake Eustis" on William Clark's "Map of the West,"
published in 1814. Tracing the route outlined on this inaccurate map,
historical scholars propound that he followed the Yellowstone River to a
crossing near Tower Falls, up the Lamar River and Soda Butte Creek, and
back across the Absaroka Range. By way then of Clark's Fork and Pryor's
Fork he made his way back to Manuel's Fort, arriving early in 1808.

So ended a most remarkable tour of some 500 miles, most of it made
during the winter months. Aside from the rigors of winter climate, foot
travel, on snowshoes, must have proved easier, with underbrush buried
beneath the snow, than hiking in summer over the same route.

That Colter made the journey, that he did traverse, in one way or
another, Jackson Hole and the Yellowstone Park area, has been challenged
by few historians, though all concede that his exact route will forever
be a matter for speculation. The unprovable can hardly be proven.

Though Colter has not been celebrated in history as have other famous
"Mountain Men" of a few years later, notably Jim Bridger, Bill Sublette,
Joe Meek, and Jedediah Smith, to name a few, he remained a notable
figure among his fellows until 1810.

It was in the spring or summer of 1808, following his return to Lisa's
post, that Colter had his first encounter with the Blackfeet. It was the
custom of these fierce and warlike Indians to send war parties south and
west on forays into the lands of their enemies, the Crows and other
tribes. They were not, however, particularly hostile to the whites, at
least at this time.

Colter had again been dispatched by Lisa to "drum up" trade with the
Indians. While traveling with a large party of Flatheads and Crows, near
the Three Forks of the Missouri, Colter's band was attacked by a
Blackfoot war party. In the battle that ensued Colter was wounded, the
Blackfeet were driven off, and the crippled Colter eventually managed to
make his way back to Manuel's Fort. The Blackfeet were enraged by the
presence of a white man, however accidental it may have been, fighting
on the side of their traditional enemies. Colter's participation was
apparently the inspiration for the hostility of the Blackfeet toward the
whites that followed, and quite probably their hatred of Colter himself,
which led to his most famous adventure.

Every school boy has read accounts of Colter's famous "run." Early
writers made much of it, various versions have appeared in print, all
essentially similar. Summarized briefly the records indicate that
Colter, in the company of one John Potts, returned again in 1808 to the
Three Forks country. Again he and his companion had a "run in" with the
Blackfeet. Surprised while setting their traps, Colter was taken
prisoner. Potts made the mistake of resistance against overwhelming odds
and was promptly riddled with arrows and bullets after shooting one of
the Indians. Colter was disarmed, stripped, and then released by his
captors, with the indication that he was to go. He had moved away from
the Indians only a little way when several young braves, armed with
lances, started in pursuit. He began his run for the Jefferson River, 5
or 6 miles away.

It is unlikely that many men ever ran better, certainly few have run for
higher stakes. After some miles Colter had outdistanced all save one of
his pursuers, but his strength was failing, it appeared that his
desperate effort had been in vain. He stopped in despair to face the
oncoming savage, and as the warrior lunged, Colter seized the lance,
which broke in his hands. The Indian, off balance, fell, and Colter
killed him with the blade of the weapon.

With only a mile remaining to the stream, he turned to run again, and
managed to reach the river ahead of his enemies.

Here the accounts vary, one has it that Colter plunged into the stream
and swam under water to a nearby beaver house in which he took refuge.
The other, and probably more likely version, says he swam to an island
and hid beneath a mass of driftwood that had lodged against the shore.

Although the Indians searched for him for the remainder of the day,
probing the tangled mass of drift with poles and lances, Colter, in his
place of concealment, avoided detection. After nightfall he made his
escape and began his trek of nearly 300 miles back to Lisa's post.

Without weapons or any other means of obtaining food, he managed to
reach the fort several days later, in the last stages of exhaustion,
feet lacerated and torn by rocks and cactus spines, half starved and
barely alive.

Colter made two more trips into the area of the Three Forks. Both times
he narrowly escaped death at the hands of the Blackfeet; several of his
companions were killed.

In 1810 Colter came to the decision that he had had enough of the
Blackfeet, narrow escapes, and the repeated loss of furs, traps, and
equipment. He left the country, this time to return to civilization
without deviation or delay. He settled on a little farm in Missouri,
married, and lived there for his remaining years.

Colter died in 1813, reportedly from jaundice. The legal notice of the
final settlement of his estate placed its value at $229.41.

So ended, at an age of only 38 years, the career of one of America's
greatest frontiersmen, a forerunner of the famous "Mountain Men."
Nevertheless, what a lot of living and adventure Colter crammed into the
short span of his 7 years beyond the Missouri.

Colter's part in the early exploration of one of the most rugged
sections of America will forever stand as an heroic achievement. He was
the West's first great pathfinder, a fitting figure to set the pace for
those who followed his lonely paths into the wildest areas of the Far
Western frontier.

    [Illustration: PHOTO BY HERB POWNALL
    The Colter Memorial, dedicated in June, 1957, stands on the shore of
    Colter Bay, Jackson Lake, Grand Teton National Park.]




                         THIS BAY IS NAMED FOR

                              JOHN COLTER

   DISCOVERER OF THE TETON MOUNTAINS AND SCENIC WONDERS OF THE UPPER
 YELLOWSTONE. EXPERIENCED AS A HUNTER FOR THE 1804-1806 LEWIS AND CLARK
   EXPEDITION, HE EXPLORED THIS REGION IN WINTER OF 1807-1808 IN THE
                    EMPLOY OF FUR TRADER MANUEL LISA

   DEDICATED ON THE 150^TH ANNIVERSARY OF COLTER'S HISTORIC PASSAGE.

                                  1957

                       WYOMING HISTORICAL SOCIETY
                             PARTICIPATION


                              Bibliography

Beal, Merrill D.: _The Story of Man in Yellowstone_, The Caxton
      Printers, Ltd., Caldwell, Idaho, 1949.

Harris, Burton: _John Colter, His Years in the Rockies_, Charles
      Scribner's Sons, New York, 1952.

Mattes, Merrill J.: "Jackson Hole, Crossroads of the Western Fur Trade,
      1807-1840," _The Pacific Northwest Quarterly_, Volume 37, April,
      1946 and Volume 39, January, 1948.

Mattes, Merrill, J.: "Behind the Legend of Colter's Hell, the Early
      Exploration of Yellowstone National Park," _Mississippi Valley
      Historical Review_, September, 1949.

Mumey, Nolie: _The Teton Mountains, Their History and Tradition_, The
      Artcraft Press, Denver, 1947.

Vinton, Stallo: _John Colter, Discoverer of Yellowstone Park_, Edward
      Eberstadt, New York, 1926.

    [Illustration: Beaver pond]




                   THE MOUNTAIN MEN IN JACKSON HOLE.
           By Merlin K. Potts, _former Chief Park Naturalist_


MOUNTAIN MAN. The very term has an aura of romance, and the mountain man
of the Fur Trade Era was a romantic character, as he most frequently
appears in the novels of the wild Far West. He also appears as an
uncouth, illiterate, morally degenerate, lazy lout, addicted to
prolonged debauchery, often little better, sometimes inferior, to the
savages with whom he frequently associated. Between this extreme, and
the fearless, hardy, resourceful wanderer of the lonely plains and
mountain highlands, lies the true measure of these men of the mountains.
Some were as bad as they were painted, many were as fine as history
describes them. They were the products of their time, neither better,
nor worse, than any cross-section of the men of any time.

They were, none-the-less, unique even among the pioneers of their day.
Their chosen land was far beyond the outposts of the settlements, their
fellows were few, they moved through the most remote sections of
America, often alone, sometimes in the company of a handful of
companions.

Mountain men were the first to explore the Far West; beyond the
Missouri, through the Rockies, across the Great American Desert, from
the Southwest to Canada, and to the Western Sea. They came not as
explorers, such intent probably never occurred to them. Their sole
interest was in the quest for pelts, particularly the fine fur of the
beaver. Beaver hats were the vogue during the period of the Western Fur
Trade, roughly 1800-40. Until this headpiece was supplanted by the silk
hat, the trappers followed the fur, their trails crossing and recrossing
virtually every area where beaver were to be taken. Some were
independent trappers, some were attached to various fur companies. To
the organizers of the trade, the "business men" behind the enterprises,
fell the financial rewards. The trappers, except in rare instances,
barely made a living at their profession. Their rewards were, many
times, an unmarked grave or broken health, a maimed and crippled body,
or, if they survived to a ripe old age of perhaps 60 years, memories of
a lifetime of adventure multiplied many times beyond the normal
conception.

They were indeed a breed of men apart. It is in no way remarkable that
their story is one of the most fascinating in our history. Bridger,
Smith, Fitzpatrick, Carson, Meek, Sublette, Jackson; these are among the
famous names engraved upon the face of the land, markers to the
indomitable men who left behind these reminders of the days when the
beaver was king of the furbearers.

"Jackson's Hole," the great, mountain-encircled valley lying at the east
base of the Teton Range, was, as that excellent historian Mattes puts it
so aptly, the "Crossroads of the Western Fur Trade." Trapper trails led
into and out of the valley from all directions, through the passes to
the east, Two Ocean, Togwotee, and Union, along the Hoback River to the
south, through Teton and Conant Passes at either end of the great range
to the west, and along the valley of the Snake and Lewis Rivers
northward into the Yellowstone Country. From John Colter's memorable
trek in 1807-08 through 1840 there was much activity throughout the
region. With the decline of the fur trade the valley became once again,
and for many years thereafter, a place of solitude, unvisited, as far as
history records, by white men.

The name Jim Bridger is synonymous with mountain man. Few frontiersmen
from the time of Daniel Boone have so captured the imagination, or been
so voluminously treated in western lore. Bridger has been celebrated as
the greatest of them all, his true exploits tremendous, his fancied
feats fantastic. There were others who shared his fame, he was
overshadowed by none, perhaps equaled by a very few.

Bridger was born in Richmond, Virginia, on March 17, 1804, his birthday
antedating by less than 2 months the departure of Lewis and Clark on the
first great western exploration. The family emigrated a few years later
to St. Louis, and Jim and his younger sister were left in the care of an
aunt when their mother and father died in 1816 and 1817. By the time he
was 14 young Jim was supporting himself and his sister by operating a
flatboat ferry, then he became an apprentice in the blacksmith's trade.
This mundane life was not for him. There were too many exotic influences
in the St. Louis of that time which had a tremendous attraction for a
teen-aged youngster. Indians on their ponies jogged along the streets;
Mexican muleteers and colorful Spaniards off the Santa Fe Trail strolled
through the town; there were boatmen, fur traders, and plainsmen with
their tales of buffalo, Indian fights, Lisa, Colter, Lewis and Clark;
what boy could resist the lure of adventure which beckoned so
importunately just beyond the skyline. Jim could not, he did not. Little
sister was growing up, expenses were mounting, and there was a fortune
to be made beyond the western horizon.

In March 1822, just after Jim had passed his eighteenth birthday, the
St. Louis _Missouri Republican_ carried the following notice:

  To Enterprising Young Men. The subscriber wishes to engage one hundred
  young men to ascend the Missouri River to its source, there to be
  employed for one, two or three years. For particulars inquire of Major
  Andrew Henry, near the lead mines in the county of Washington, who
  will ascend with, and command, the party; or of the subscriber near
  St. Louis.

                                              (Signed) William H. Ashley

No mention was made as to the employment for one, two or three years,
nor was it necessary. What else but the quest for fur! Young Jim signed
on, and a month later he was on his way to the promised land, one of the
"enterprising young men" of Henry's company, bound up the river by
keelboat to become a trapper. He was in distinguished company among
experienced frontiersmen, though many of the crew were raw recruits, as
green as Jim himself. There were Sublette and Fitzpatrick, Davy Jackson
and old Hugh Glass, the latter to figure prominently in Jim's
introduction to the frontier.

The outfit lost their horses, which had been traveling overland with a
party under General Ashley's command, to the Assiniboines, however, and
as Ashley returned to St. Louis, the balance of the command "forted up"
at the mouth of the Yellowstone that fall. This was "Fort Union." Thus
Jim became a "Hivernant." He wintered in the mountains and was a
greenhorn no longer, when spring came he was a Mountain Man.

With the breakup of the ice that spring, Major Henry promptly started on
the spring hunt, intending to combine trapping with trading with the
Indians. The party was jumped by Blackfeet at or near the Great Falls of
the Missouri, and the Indians drove them into retreat. They made their
way back to the fort, losing four men killed, and with several wounded.
Bridger had his first taste of Injun fightin'. It was not a palatable
one.

In the meantime Ashley had not arrived at the fort, but some time after
the return of Henry's party Jedediah Smith (also recruited by Ashley in
the spring of 1822) arrived with one companion and the most unwelcome
news that the General's party had run into difficulty with the Arikaras,
and was in dire need of reinforcements. Henry, with about 80 of his men,
including Bridger, returned with Smith to aid Ashley, arriving in time
to achieve a doubtful and shortlived truce with the Indians, with the
help of Colonel Leavenworth and a force of soldiers, trappers, and
friendly Sioux, who had moved up from Fort Atkinson.

Major Henry and his men, having received their supplies from Ashley, set
out at once for the fort on the Yellowstone, intending to again proceed
from there into the wilderness in search of furs. Shortly after the
Arikara fight occurred an incident that was to have a pronounced and
lasting influence on young Jim. The aforementioned Hugh Glass was a
hunter for the party, an elderly, tough Pennsylvanian. On the occasion
which led to his claim to fame as a victim of one of the most tragic
"bear stories" ever related, he was ahead of the party on a hunt, when
he was attacked and mauled by a she-grizzly. So severely was the old man
mangled that his companions despaired of his life. Here was a knotty
problem. He could not be moved, he could not be left alone. Yet the
party wanted to get out of the hostile Indian country and go about the
business of collecting furs as speedily as possible. Major Henry decided
that two men must remain with old Hugh until he died. No one wanted to
stay, but the Major proposed that every man contribute a dollar as an
inducement to those left behind with the old man. The men were more than
willing to subscribe to the arrangement, Jim volunteered to stay, and
another, Fitzgerald by name, reluctantly consented to remain also. So it
was determined, and the Major and the rest of the party moved on.

Old Hugh clung tenaciously to life, while Jim and Fitzgerald sat and
fretted, constantly in fear of discovery and attack by the hostile
Arikaras. Fitzgerald found Indian sign on the third day. As far as he
was concerned that clinched it, they couldn't do the old man any good,
he was certain to "go under" anyway, in the meantime they were in
terrible danger. He finally persuaded Jim to leave the dying oldster,
taking with them Glass' rifle, powder, knife, all his "fixins," because
it wouldn't be reasonable to show up without them, they wouldn't leave
the things with a dead man, and their story to the Major would have to
be that Glass had died. The old fellow was barely conscious, and they
slipped away, catching up to the rest of the party just before it
reached the fort on the Yellowstone.

Jim was worried, memories of the old man haunted him, suppose he hadn't
died! Imagine his dismay when a few weeks later Glass appeared in the
trappers' camp. Jim expected death at the hands of the hunter, he
probably felt that he deserved it, but Glass seemed to be most
interested in the whereabouts of Fitzgerald, placing the blame on him.

Glass had an incredible story to tell. Realizing that he had been
deserted, he determined to save himself, and crawling, hobbling, barely
able to move at all, he started for Fort Kiowa, nearly 100 miles away.
He made it, and as soon as possible thereafter he started upriver again
to locate Henry's party. He wanted "Fitz." When he learned that
Fitzgerald had left the Major and gone downriver to Fort Atkinson, Glass
went after him, with the avowed intention of revenge. He found him, but
found also that he had joined the Army. The commanding officer at Fort
Atkinson heard his story, persuaded him that shooting a soldier would be
a serious matter, compelled Fitzgerald to make good the old man's
losses, and thus the matter was ended, perhaps not to the complete
satisfaction of the justly irate old hunter, but at least without
bloodshed. Jim never forgot. The rest of his life the lesson remained
with him, and his record of service to others, devotion to duty rather
than self-interest, is sufficient evidence that the lesson was well
learned.

Bridger's exploits in the years that followed were legion. In 1824 he
explored the Bear River, discovering the Great Salt Lake which at that
time he believed to be an arm of the Pacific. He advanced from a trapper
in the employ of others to a partnership in the Rocky Mountain Fur
Company with Fitzpatrick, Milton Sublette, Fraeb and Gervais, when in
1830 they brought out the company of Jedediah Smith, David Jackson, and
Bill Sublette. He is best known for his services as a guide. As his
knowledge of the Rockies increased with his years of wandering over the
west, he repeatedly served as a scout for the Army, in which capacity he
was invaluable, his knowledge of Indians and their ways was second to
none. He guided many notable expeditions, one of them the Raynolds
party, into Jackson Hole. It was said of him that he could brush clear a
patch of earth and inscribe thereon, with a twig, an accurate and
detailed map of any section of the Northern Rockies, depending only upon
a photographic memory of the terrain.

Bridger visited Jackson Hole for the first time in 1825, with Thomas
Fitzpatrick and 30 trappers, following Jedediah Smith's route of the
previous year, that is by way of the Hoback River from the south. They
passed through the Hole, going north along the Snake River into the
Yellowstone. This was probably the first trapping venture with Jackson
Hole as the center of operations. Mattes says, in _Jackson Hole,
Crossroads of the Fur Trade, 1807-1840_:

  This was a notable occasion, for the full glory of the Tetons was then
  revealed for the first time to these two young fur trappers who were
  destined in later years to become famous as guides for the government
  explorers and the emigrant trains, and as scouts for the
  Indian-fighting armies.

Bridger's trails, and those of many others, crossed and recrossed the
valley at the foot of the Tetons many times in the ensuing several
years, as they moved to and from the rendezvous sites on Bear River, the
Green, Pierre's Hole, and the Wind. Through this period the Hole
justified its designation as the "crossroads." Traffic was heavy, and
upon at least one occasion, following the Pierre's Hole rendezvous of
1832, two men (not with Bridger) were killed by the Blackfeet near the
mouth of the Hoback. These men did not, for a time, attain even the
"unmarked grave" reward. Their bones were discovered and buried the
following August by men of the American Fur Company.

Bridger's fame as a Rocky Mountain guide was well established by 1859,
when he was employed by Captain W. F. Raynolds, of the Corps of
Engineers of the U. S. Army, to assist his expedition in the exploration
of the Yellowstone and all its tributaries. The Raynolds expedition left
St. Louis on May 28, 1859, and included about 15 scientific men, one of
whom was the later renowned Ferdinand V. Hayden. The expedition wintered
on the Platte near the present site of Glenrock, Wyoming.

During the several months that Raynolds and his men were idling away the
winter, Bridger's stories of the Yellowstone aroused in Raynolds an
intense desire to see these wonders for himself, and he determined to do
so. The old guide and his leader were both to suffer keen
disappointment. The party left the winter camp on May 6, 1860, and
headed for the Wind River country, eventually reaching Union Pass, so
named by Captain Raynolds because he thought it was near the geographic
center of the Continent, on May 31. Bridger and the Captain
reconnoitered to the north, but found the route discovered by Bridger in
previous years, Two Ocean Pass, blocked by snow too deep to negotiate.
They were thus forced, to their profound regret, to continue on down the
Gros Ventre, entering Jackson Hole on June 11. So Raynolds was unable to
verify Bridger's tales of the wonders of the Yellowstone, marvels that
Jim was as anxious for him to see as the Captain was to see them.

The Snake River was a raging torrent, but a boat was contrived of
blankets and a lodge-skin of Bridger's stretched over a framework of
poles. The animals were persuaded to swim the river, and the party
eventually managed the crossing. One man was drowned, however, while
trying to find a ford. Raynolds and his men left Jackson Hole by way of
Teton Pass and proceeded north through Pierre's Hole.

Although Bridger was engaged as a guide for many subsequent
explorations, including a survey of a more direct stage and freight
route between Denver and Salt Lake City, he did not come again to
Jackson Hole. He made his last scout for the Army in 1868.

Bridger's name appears on landmarks and features throughout the Rockies.
In Wyoming there is Bridger's Pass across the Continental Divide a short
distance southwest of Rawlins; Fort Bridger, a small town on U.S.
Highway 30 near the site of the Fort established by Bridger in 1843; the
Bridger National Forest, and Bridger Lake near the southeastern corner
of Yellowstone National Park, to name only a few.

Bridger's "home" was in the mountains he loved. He bought property near
Kansas City, a small farm and a home in Westport, where various members
of his family lived, but Jim spent little time there until his declining
years. He had a large family, was survived by four children from his
Indian wives. Jim didn't believe in the practice of plural marriage, as
many of the mountain men did. He was married three times, successively
to women of the Flathead, Ute, and Snake tribes, his third wife died in
1858. He was a good family man. His children were sent to school in the
east, except for one daughter, Mary Ann, who was placed in the Whitman
Mission School at Waiilatpu, Oregon, and who died tragically in the
Whitman Massacre of 1847.

Jim Bridger's yarns of the west have long been famous. He could supply
facts, when facts were needed, but he loved to embroider his facts into
fanciful tales for the edification and delight of the "greenhorns," to
some extent because his facts were sometimes doubted. One of his
greatest stories concerned the petrified forest of the Yellowstone.
According to Jim not only the trees were "peetrified," but there were
"peetrified birds asettin' on the peetrified limbs asingin' peetrified
songs." One time he was riding through this section when he came to a
sheer precipice. He was upon it so suddenly that he was unable to check
his horse, which walked off the cliff into space and proceeded on its
way because even gravity had "peetrified."

Jim died on July 17, 1881. His last years were not pleasant. He had a
goitre from which he suffered, rheumatic miseries plagued him, and his
sight failed. By 1875 he was totally blind. As his old eyes grew dim he
longed for his mountains, he said a man could see so much farther in
that country.

His old friend, General Grenville M. Dodge, had erected above his grave
in Mount Washington Cemetery in Kansas City a memorial monument which
bears the inscription:

  1804-James Bridger-1881. Celebrated as a hunter, trapper, fur trader
  and guide. Discovered Great Salt Lake 1824, the South Pass 1827.
  Visited Yellowstone Lake and Geysers 1830. Founded Fort Bridger 1843.
  Opened Overland Route by Bridger's Pass to Great Salt Lake. Was a
  guide for U. S. exploring expeditions, Albert Sidney Johnston's army
  in 1857, and G. M. Dodge in U.P. surveys and Indian campaigns 1865-66.

Jedediah Strong Smith, a contemporary of Bridger's, was another of
General Ashley's "enterprising young men" who came west with the General
and Major Henry in 1822. He was one of the rawest of the green hands,
yet was one of the first to attain stature. He was older than Bridger by
5 years, head of an Ashley party at the end of one year on the frontier,
in 2 years a partner with the General, and in 3 the senior partner of
the fur-trading company of Smith, Sublette, and Jackson.

To say that Smith was second only to Bridger in his prominence as a
mountain man, to attempt to place any of the leaders among the trappers
in any order of rank or importance, would be like trying to rate the
military commanders of history. Each in his own rugged individualistic
way moved toward his own destiny. Many would have risen to even greater
fame than they achieved, had they not met with misfortune early in their
careers. So, we may assume, it might have been with Smith. He was
already a famous figure in the West at the time of his untimely death in
1831.

He was an unusual type of man to be a frontiersman, most would have said
it was unlikely that he would last long or rise to any prominence in the
rough, brawling, blood-and-thunder ways of the west of that day. He did
not smoke or chew tobacco, was never profane, and rarely drank any
spirituous liquor. He was a profoundly religious man, always carried his
Bible with him, and allowed nothing to shake or alter his religious
beliefs. For his day he was also a well-educated man, and one of the few
who kept a journal, in which he recorded in some detail his experiences.

For all this divergence from the usual ways of his fellows, he was
respected and admired, accepted by the other trappers, affectionately
known as "Old Jed" or "Diah," and even upon occasion referred to as Mr.
Smith. He was the first of the trapping fraternity to reach California
overland from the Rockies, the first across the Sierras, and the first
to reach Oregon by way of the West Coast.

When Henry had established his fort at the confluence of the Yellowstone
and the Missouri in 1822, Smith was sent back to St. Louis to advise
General Ashley of the needs of Henry and his men for the following year.
Smith then accompanied Ashley west in the spring of 1823, and as
mentioned previously, was sent ahead to enlist Henry's aid when Ashley
ran into trouble with the Arikaras. He again returned with the General
to St. Louis, and in February 1824, Ashley sent him out again with a
party which traveled overland by pack train. On this occasion Smith and
his party made the first crossing, east to west, of the famous South
Pass at the head of the Sweetwater River, the pass which was to become
the crossing of the Great Divide on the Oregon Trail. This pass had been
used by the Astorians, traveling in the opposite direction, in 1812.
(General Dodge's memorial, crediting discovery of the pass to Bridger in
1827, was thus in error, although various routes were being "discovered"
and "re-discovered" at intervals by individuals who had no knowledge
that others had preceded them.) A new era in fur trade history was
opened when Smith's party found the rich beaver fields at the head of
Green River. As Smith and his contingent moved north from the Green,
they entered Jackson Hole by way of the Hoback, passed through the
valley, and crossed north of the Tetons by way of Conant Pass into
Pierre's Hole (the Teton Basin.) Thus Smith preceded Bridger into
Jackson Hole by a year.

Although Smith became possibly the greatest of the trapper-explorers, at
least with relation to the wide territory covered in the course of his
journeys, he did not return to Jackson Hole. He was killed by Comanches
only 7 years later on the Santa Fe Trail. Crossing desert country with a
wagon train, Smith was scouting ahead for water when he was slain. His
remains were never found, the story of his death came to light when
Mexican traders, who dealt with the Comanches, brought his pistols and
rifle to Santa Fe.

William "Bill" Sublette and David E. Jackson became Smith's partners in
the fur trade when they bought Ashley's interests in the business at the
rendezvous near the Great Salt Lake in 1826. Both of these men had been
among those who made up Ashley's 1822 expedition, Sublette at that time
was 24 years of age, a Kentuckian whose family moved to Missouri in
1817. Jackson has remained throughout the years an enigma, practically
nothing is known of him before his advent into the fur trade, or
following his activity as a mountain man.

Sublette was the entrepreneur of the trio. It was Bill who handled the
outfitting, the business contracts, the transportation of trade goods
and furs. That the partnership was successful is indicated by their
disposal of their interests to Bridger and his partners in 1830 for an
overall sum involving some $16,000. Sublette and his partners were
shrewd enough to anticipate the gradual dissolution of the fur trade,
which influenced their desire to get out of the business. It was
Sublette's wagon caravan from St. Louis to the Popo Agie and return in
1830 that proved the overland trail could be used by wheeled vehicles,
this was the caravan that pioneered the immigrants' route to Oregon.
Sublette later returned to the west as a trader, in partnership with
Robert Campbell, and built Fort William (later Fort Laramie) in 1834.

Sublette and Jackson first entered Jackson Hole in 1826, after the
rendezvous of that year near the Great Salt Lake. They crossed the lower
end of the valley on their way to Green River, while their new partner,
Smith, was headed with another contingent of trappers southwest across
the desert toward California.

The system of trading at annual summer "rendezvous," several of which
have been previously mentioned, was inaugurated by Ashley in 1825. The
rendezvous site of that year was on Henry's Fork of the Green River. By
such a method, more flexible than the previously used "fixed fort"
system, the trappers assembled at a previously determined place,
conveniently located for the widely separated trapper bands. The trader
brought his goods to the site where furs were exchanged for the trade
goods. It was a time of celebration, frolic, and general carousal for
all concerned. The rendezvous site can be likened to the hub of a wheel,
the trails followed by the trappers as they came in from the spring hunt
and departed for the fall hunt were the spokes. Thus rendezvous sites
were on the Green, Wind, Popo Agie Rivers, at the Bear and Great Salt
Lakes, in Pierre's Hole, and finally at Fort Bonneville. Jackson Hole
was never a rendezvous site because of the difficulty of access for the
traders over the high mountain passes surrounding the valley.

    [Illustration: SKETCH BY PAUL ROCKWOOD
    A fur brigade in Pierre's Hole (Teton Basin, Idaho), at the western
    base of the Teton Range]

There is no positive evidence of trapping activity in the valley in
1827-28, although it is quite probable that the Hole received its share
of attention. In 1829, however, Sublette and Jackson joined forces again
in Jackson Hole, where by previous arrangement they were to meet "Diah."
Smith did not appear, and the partners were greatly concerned by his
absence. Tradition has it that Sublette named "Jackson's Hole" and
"Jackson's Lake" in honor of his associate while they were encamped on
the shore of the lake waiting for Smith. Smith was eventually located in
Pierre's Hole by one of the Sublette-Jackson party, Joe Meek, and the
partners were finally reunited there, Jackson and Sublette moving over
via Teton Pass.

Throughout the period 1811-40, nearly every mountain man prominently
connected with the fur trade visited Jackson Hole. It was an area
greatly favored by Jackson, which undoubtedly accounts for Sublette's
most appropriate name. Following Colter's discovery of the valley, it
was traversed in 1811 by three employees of the St. Louis-Missouri Fur
Company, John Hoback, Edward Robinson, and Jacob Reznor. These three, en
route to St. Louis in the spring, encountered the Astorian expedition
(John Jacob Astor's overland party of the American Fur Company) and
agreed to guide the party, commanded by Wilson Price Hunt, over a part
of the westward route. This group entered Jackson Hole that fall by way
of the Hoback River, then went west over Teton Pass. Robert Stuart
brought a returning band of Astorians back in the fall of 1812,
following the same general way and discovering the "South Pass," as they
moved eastward beyond the Green.

British interests took the initiative in the exploration of the fur
country following the War of 1812 and a general, and temporary, decline
of American interest. In 1819 Donald McKenzie of the Northwest Company
brought a large party through Jackson Hole and on north into the
Yellowstone.

The Americans again entered the picture with Smith's previously
mentioned venture of 1824, and from that time forward the list of
Jackson Hole visitors reads like a "Who's Who" of the western fur trade.
There were James Beckwourth (with Sublette), all of Bridger's partners
(Fitzpatrick, Milton Sublette, Fraeb, and Gervais), Nathaniel Wyeth,
Captain Benjamin L. E. Bonneville, and probably on one occasion the
redoubtable Kit Carson.

The era of the mountain man was brief. It is doubtful that the trappers,
traders, and fur company men realized the significance of their exploits
in the expansion westward of a new nation. Yet without their activities
the exploration of the western lands might have been long delayed, and
the claim of the United States to the Pacific Northwest much less
secure.


                              Bibliography

Alter, J. Cecil: _James Bridger, Trapper, Frontiersman, Scout and
      Guide_, Shepard Book Company, Salt Lake City 1925.

Chittenden, Hiram Martin: _A History of the American Fur Trade of the
      Far West_, Academic Reprints, Stanford, California 1954.

Mattes, Merrill J.: "Jackson Hole, Crossroads of the Western Fur Trade,
      1807-1840, _The Pacific Northwest Quarterly_, Volume 37, April,
      1946 and Volume 39, January, 1948.

Morgan, Dale: _Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West_, The
      Bobbs-Merrill Company, Incorporated, New York 1953.

Sullivan, Maurice S.: _Jedediah Smith, Trader and Trailbreaker_, Press
      of the Pioneers, Incorporated, New York 1936.

Sunder, John E.: _Bill Sublette, Mountain Man_, University of Oklahoma
      Press, Norman, Oklahoma 1959.

Vestal, Stanley: _Jim Bridger, Mountain Man_, William Morrow and
      Company, New York 1946.

    [Illustration: Riverboat]




                    THE DOANE EXPEDITION OF 1876-77
           FORT ELLIS, MONTANA TERRITORY TO FORT HALL, IDAHO
           By Merlin K. Potts, _former Chief Park Naturalist_


  Telegram
                                                     St. Paul, Minnesota
                                                         October 4, 1876
  To the
      Commanding Officer
      Fort Ellis, Montana Territory

  Under authority received from the Lieut-General, 1st. Lieut. G. C.
  Doane, 2d Cavalry is ordered to make exploration of Snake River from
  Yellowstone Lake to Columbia River. He will be furnished a mounted
  detail of one noncommissioned officer and five men of the 2d Cavalry.
  The pack animals, 60 days rations for party, and the necessary camp
  equipage. You will cause also a small boat to be built by the
  quartermaster for Lieut. Doane's use, under his directions. Lieut.
  Doane will send back his Detachment from mouth of Snake River to Fort
  Ellis, and will himself return to his post via San Francisco,
  California, remaining at the latter place long enough to make his
  report.

                                                By command of Gen. Terry
                                                     (Signed) Edw. Smith
                                                       Capt. of A. D. C.

                             Headquarters, Fort Ellis, Montana Territory
                                                         October 7, 1876

  Special Orders
  No. 142
                                                                 Extract

  II. 1st. Lieut. G. C. Doane, 2d Cavalry is hereby relieved from duty
  at his post and will comply with telegraphic instructions from
  Headquarters, Department of Dakota, Saint Paul, Minn. date Oct. 4th,
  1876.

  III. The following named enlisted men are hereby detailed for detached
  service mounted, and will report to 1st. Lieut. G. C. Doane, 2d
  Cavalry for duty.

  Sergeant, Fred Server, Company "G" 2d Cavalry
  Private, F. R. Applegate, Company "G" 2d Cavalry
  Private, Daniel Starr, Company "F" 2d Cavalry
  Private, William White, Company "F" 2d Cavalry
  Private, John B. Warren, Company "H" 2d Cavalry
  Private C. R. Davis, Company "L" 2d Cavalry
  They will be furnished with sixty (60) days rations.

  IV. The Post Quartermaster is hereby directed to furnish 1st. Lieut.
  G. C. Doane, 2d Cavalry with pack animals, camp equipage and boat,
  necessary, to enable him to carry out the telegraphic instructions
  from Headquarters, Department of Dakota, Saint Paul, Minn., dated
  October 4, 1876.

                                                By order of Captain Ball
                                             (Signed) Chas. B. Schofield
                                                  2nd Lieut. 2nd Cavalry
                                                           Post Adjutant

The foregoing orders initiated one of the most unusual and bizarre
expeditions in the history of the west. Unusual because of the lack of
judgment shown in selecting late fall and winter for the journey;
bizzarre in the impracticability, in fact the impossibility, of
execution of the orders.

Lieutenant Gustavus C. Doane, selected to lead the party, was without
question as capable a leader as could have been chosen. Lieutenant Doane
had been detailed, with 5 cavalrymen, to accompany General Henry D.
Washburn, Nathaniel Pitt Langford, and their party of 1870 on the
memorable exploration of the area destined to become Yellowstone
National Park 2 years later. His record of service with that expedition
was exemplary; he had a firsthand knowledge of much of the country to be
traversed, at least over the early stages of the route; he lacked
neither courage nor aptitude; and he possessed the ability to observe,
describe, and record in detail the experiences and observations of the
expedition.

Hiram Martin Chittenden, in the biographical notes appended to his book,
_The Yellowstone National Park_, has given us, very briefly, an
impression of the man and his background.

  Lieutenant Doane was born in Illinois, May 29, 1840, and died in
  Bozeman, Montana, May 5, 1892. At the age of five he went with his
  parents, in wake of an ox team, to Oregon. In 1849 his family went to
  California at the outbreak of the gold excitement. He remained there
  ten years, in the meanwhile working his way through school. In 1862 he
  entered the Union service, went East with the California Hundred, and
  then joined a Massachusetts cavalry regiment. He was mustered out in
  1865 as a First Lieutenant. He joined the Carpetbaggers and is said to
  have become the Mayor of Yazoo City, Mississippi. He was appointed
  Second Lieutenant in the Regular Army in 1868, and continued in the
  service until his death, attaining the rank of Captain.

  Doane's whole career was actuated by a love of adventure. He had at
  various times planned a voyage to the Polar regions, or an expedition
  of discovery into Africa. But fate assigned him a middle ground, and
  he became prominently connected with the discovery of the upper
  Yellowstone country. His part in the Expedition of 1870 is second to
  none. He made the first official report (to the War Department) upon
  the wonders of the Yellowstone, and his fine descriptions have never
  been surpassed by any subsequent writer. Although suffering intense
  physical torture (from a felon on his thumb, finally lanced by Mr.
  Langford) during the greater portion of the trip, it did not
  extinguish in him the truly poetic ardor with which those strange
  phenomena seem to have inspired him. Dr. Hayden (Ferdinand V. Hayden,
  United States Geologist, Department of the Interior, 1871) says of
  this report: "I venture to state, as my opinion, that for graphic
  description and thrilling interest it has not been surpassed by any
  official report made to our government since the times of Lewis and
  Clark."

Doane's record, unpublished, of his heroic attempt to lead his party
through the wilderness of the Yellowstone, southward through Jackson
Hole, and down the "Mad River" to the Columbia is no less graphic in its
vividness, no less thrilling in its expression of the hazards and the
wild beauty of the land. It is marked by his absolute determination, no
matter what the odds, to carry out his orders.

The Lieutenant, as his journal records, had previous notice that the
expedition was to be ordered, and partial preparation had been made
before the orders were received at Fort Ellis, near the present city of
Bozeman, Montana. Ration boxes were prepared and a boat was built,
possibly the first such "prefabricated" craft ever constructed. It was a
double-ender, 22 feet long, 46 inches in the beam, 26 inches deep, and
curved strongly fore and aft.

  It was built entirely of inch plank, and put together with screws,
  then taken apart again and the lumber lashed in two equal bundles,
  like the side bars of a litter. The whole forming an easy load for two
  pack mules.

For shelter the party carried an "Indian Lodge," constructed of army
wagon covers cut to the proper pattern and with a diameter of 14 feet.
The shelter weighed "but thirty pounds and sheltered the entire party."

  On the evening of October 10th, all preparations were complete for an
  expedition never attempted before in the winter time, and never
  accomplished since. The enlisted force was of picked men selected for
  special qualifications. In addition to those enumerated in the
  previous order, Private Morgan Osborn "G" Troop, the carpenter who
  built the little boat, and John L. Ward of "L" Troop, a teamster and
  packer, were taken along to bring back extra mules and the wagon from
  whatever point might be selected enroute.

On October 11, the expedition moved out from Fort Ellis and
south-eastward toward the valley of the Yellowstone, reached that stream
the following day and thence up that "wild and winding" river toward the
"Mammoth Springs." The wagon bearing supplies was drawn by 8 mules, 2
others carried the boat material, each man was mounted except the
teamster, an extra horse was led for him. All went smoothly until the
third day, when, not far from the northern boundary of the Park, the

  ... wagon came to grief, an unruly wheeler failed to pull at the right
  time, and the heavy vehicle cramped and went over crushing a hind
  wheel and reducing the body to something resembling kindling wood.

As a result of this not unexpected mishap, the wagon was abandoned, the
load, comparatively undamaged, was made into packs, and after a 2-day
delay to rest the animals and arrange the loads, the party proceeded. In
his entry of October 16, Doane enumerates the equipment carried by his
party.

  Our outfit was an arctic one, omitting the stereotyped religious
  literature. We had buffalo coats and moccasins, rubber boots and
  overshoes, heavy underclothing, and plenty of robes and blankets. The
  detachment carried carbines only. Pistols are worthless in the
  mountains. In fact they are worthless anywhere in the field. I carried
  a 12-pound Sharpes Buffalo Rifle, with globe sight on the stock and
  chambered for long range cartridges. Our provisions did not include
  pemmican, Biltongue, limejuice or any other of the orthodox food
  preparations, but consisted of plain American rations, with some added
  commissaries, and an abundance of tea and tobacco. Matches were packed
  on every animal, and each individual carried several boxes constantly.
  Each man had a good hunting knife, not the crossed hilted and
  murderous looking kind but a short one intended for cutting up game.
  Our cooking apparatus included two fry pans, two Dutch ovens, four
  camp kettles, and some mess pans. We had plenty of axes and each man
  carried a hatchet on his saddle. To put together the boat required
  only a saw, a screw driver and a Gimlet, and we had a sack of oakum,
  with which to calk the seams. Before starting, there had been no
  solemnites, but each man's personal outfit was complete, arranged with
  a view to meet all possible contingencies without delay. I had
  duplicate notebooks, one of which Sergeant Server carried and from
  his, the only one left, I take my notes for this report. Of
  instruments, I carried a prismatic compass, Aneroid Barometer, max and
  min thermometers, and a long tape measure. None of these were provided
  by a generous government, but all were purchased by myself--as usual
  in such cases.

On October 17, the party lost the first of the pack animals.

  The morning air broke chilly and the air filled with frosty mist. One
  mule, a queer slabsided one was down, paralyzed across the kidneys.
  Here was an emergency. It was unable to stand alone when lifted to its
  feet, and would starve to death in a few days if we left it. But one
  remedy was available and that was a severe one. We heated kettles of
  water and scalded the animal along the spine. The first kettleful
  brought him to his feet, without further assistance, and a few cups
  full from a second restored his nerves enough so that he kicked
  vigorously at his kind physicians, and refused further treatment. He
  was fearfully scalded but restored, and returned to Fort Ellis next
  spring of his own volition, got entirely well and survived all of his
  comrades of the pack train several years.

A heavy snow storm began on the night of October 19, the party laid over
on October 20, and on October 21 made an early start for Mount Washburn,
camping on its upper slopes that night, to the great relief of the
Lieutenant.

  This was the highest point to be crossed (9,200 feet) and I was
  terribly uneasy lest we should find it (the gap) blocked with snow as
  a depth of 30 feet is not unusual in February. Beyond and at our feet
  now lay the Great Basin of the Yellowstone, with its dark forests, its
  open spaces all wintry white, and its steam columns shooting upward in
  every direction. It was like coming suddenly upon the confines of the
  unknown, so differently did the snow landscape appear in the
  summertime. To us it was an enchanted land, the portals of which had
  just been safely passed, and we struck the downward trail full of
  enthusiasm, reached the open basin of Chrystal Spring Creek, the
  lowest point in the Great Basin, and camped in snow two feet in depth.
  Distance 18 m. Elevation 7250 feet.

On October 23, the party reached Yellowstone Lake, camping at its
outlet. En route that day Doane encountered a tremendous elk herd.

  Taking light loads and leaving a man with balance of the plunder to
  keep off the bears as these animals are affected with a childish
  curiosity in relation to government rations, I started in advance of
  the party on the Lake trail, and was riding along slowly with my eyes
  shaded when my horse shied violently, with a snort, and stood
  trembling. I jerked away the shade and saw that I had ridden close up
  to a herd of at least two thousand elk. They had been lying in the
  snow, and had all sprung up together, frightening my horse. In a
  minute the great herd was out of sight, crashing through the forest,
  the old bulls screaming their strange fog-horn cry. It was a
  magnificent sight as the bulls were in full growth of horns, and the
  calves all large enough to run freely with the herd. No game animal
  has the majestic presence of a bull elk when he is not frightened, and
  in herds they manuevre with a wonderful precision breaking by file at
  a long swinging trot and coming into line right-left or front to gaze
  at some object of apprehension with a celerity and absence of
  confusion truly remarkable. In chasing them on horseback the first
  effect is to break them into a gallop, when they move more slowly and
  soon tire. In deep snow, when the herd breaks the trail for the horse
  to follow in, there is no difficulty in catching them.

  I remember a chase in the Yellowstone Valley one winter day when two
  of us killed seventeen elk in less than an hour. Two large wagon loads
  of meat. On this occasion I did not shoot, as we had a long march to
  make and it would have caused delay, but watched them 'til lost to
  view and rode on. This sign of abundant game was exceedingly favorable
  and gave a confidence which nothing else could have inspired.

For the following 2 days the expedition remained in camp on the shore of
the lake, preparing the outfit for double transportation by land and
water, the pack animals and part of the men to follow the shoreline, the
others to take the boat across the lake. The little boat was assembled,
the seams pitched, and the "Teeps" erected for the first time, bough
shelters having been used previously.

On October 24, the men worked until late in the night making equipment
ready and

  ... retired to rest feeling all was well so far. During the night the
  stock stampeded and ran in close to the camp fire. A strange,
  threatening voice was heard in the dense forest nearby, a noise I had
  never heard before. A loud roaring was repeated. Applegate gathered
  his belt and carbine and I the big rifle, and while the others quieted
  the stock we moved out in the direction from which the sound came. It
  receded as we advanced, and shortly, with a continued crashing the
  animal retreated out of hearing into the timber. We soon came upon its
  trail and I sent back for a lantern. It was an old bull moose. It had
  pawed up quite a space and barked a couple of young trees with its
  horns thus producing the crashing sound we had first noticed. In
  accounts of moose hunting, read previously, I had never seen it stated
  that a moose gave any call whatever. These in the Park have voices,
  unquestionably, and use them with the utmost freedom. Toward morning
  we were again roused by a flock of swans circling over us with their
  wild and splendid notes, harmonized to a glorious symphony. In the
  morning I shot and wounded a large wolverine but did not stop him, and
  Starr, while prowling along the river bank below camp, shot a goose
  and found a small plank canoe in which he proceeded to paddle out into
  the lake.

Doane's description of the moonlight night which followed is a classic
example of his ability to portray, in words, a picture of the wilderness
he loved so well.

  That evening, the moon was in full and rising high above the lake and
  mountain, its soft light bathed the splendid landscape in floods of
  silver. The mighty ranges of the great divide were sharply outlined in
  cold, gleaming white. Below their ragged summits dark green forest
  masses filled the spaces to the margin of the water. At intervals,
  steam jets played along the shore and the deep valley of the Upper
  Yellowstone reached the farthest limit of vision in the foreground. On
  the left front appeared a group of ghastly hills of chalky lustre by
  the banks of Pelican Creek, and beyond there a winding valley
  constantly rising as it receded with glittering channels, from thermal
  springs threading its long, green slopes. On the right front loomed up
  the yellow flank of Mount Sheridan, seemingly ready to burst forth
  with sulphurous flames; and flooding the space between lay the
  glorious lake with its rippling moonlit waters, its long sand beaches
  and deeply indented shores, its rocky islands of splendid coloring,
  its cliffs and inlets, and its still lagoons. A picture indescribable,
  unequalled and alone. From the distant marshes on the newborn
  Yellowstone came the sound of fluttering cries of restless waterfowl.
  From the echoing forest beyond, the mountain lions screaming and
  moaning at intervals while we put the finishing touches on our little
  vessel. Starr and Applegate, both expert boatmen, paddled the little
  canoe far out on the sparkling waters and sang Crow Indian war songs,
  as the work went on. The horses and mules having stuffed themselves
  with luxuriant mountain grasses, came up and stood meditatively with
  their noses over the camp fires in thorough contentment. It was a
  night and a scene to be remembered--a touch of nature vibrating into
  infinity.

In this entry also, seated by the campfire in a wonderfully expansive
mood of the utmost wellbeing, touched by the serene beauty of his
surroundings, Doane takes occasion to describe the other members of his
party, the "picked men selected for special qualifications."

  Of the men who composed my party, Sergeant Fred Server was a
  Philadelphian of good family--a wild boy--who had settled down to a
  splendid daring soldier, an expert horseman, a good shot, a man of
  perfect physique and iron constitution.

  Private F. R. Applegate was a small, wiry Marylander, used to hard
  knocks, thoroughly at home anywhere, full of expedients and know all
  about managing small water craft.

  Private Daniel Starr was a man of powerful voice and massive form, had
  served on a war vessel, could turn his hand to any work. A man of
  infinite jest and humor, and reckless beyond all conception. He was
  already a celebrity in Montana on account of his uproarious hilarity,
  daring, and wild adventures. He ran the first boat on the Yellowstone
  Lake in 1871, had piloted several parties through the Park, and was
  always a volunteer in anything which promised a new field and a basis
  of new stories of the most ludicrous and most exaggerated character.

  Private William White was a quiet, solemn young fellow, useful in any
  service, full of romantic ideas, sober, reserved. A man of fearless
  disposition.

  Private John B. Warren was an Englishman, very set in ideas, an older
  man than the others. A man of intelligence, a most indefatigable
  fisherman and an all round utility man.

  Private C. B. Davis was a born cook. He lived for his stomach alone
  and knew how to prepare food for its pacification. He saw no value in
  anything that was not edible; talked, thought, and dreamed of good
  things to eat, but came out strongly over a camp fire. With a
  dishcloth in one hand and "something dead" in the other, he smiled
  beamingly into the yawning interior of an open Dutch oven, and inhaled
  with unspeakable delight the fragrant aroma of a steaming coffee pot.
  The above formed the regular detail for the expedition.

  The others, Private Morgan Osborn, a carpenter, was a careful, sober
  man, not used to the mountains, faithful and honest and therefore
  useful.

  Private John L. Ward was a hardy, vigorous man, good on a trail, in a
  boat, or on a wheel mule, a packer and a woodsman.

  They were all enthusiastic on the subject of the present expedition,
  and were reliable, intrepid men.

The "little vessel" was launched on October 26. No champagne christening
this, but she rode on an even keel and rose in fine style to the waves.
Doane, Starr, Applegate, and Ward voyaged out to Stevenson's Island and
returned. The next day the boat was carefully loaded, it carried
everything except the saddle outfits on the animals. A broken-down mule
was left behind, and with a mule harnessed to a tow line, and one man to
steer the boat off shore, she was so pulled along the beach for some 12
miles. At a rocky promontory, the tow line was taken in and two men
rowed the craft around the point. Coming close to shore a wave struck
the "little vessel under the lee quarter, and swamped her instantly."
The water was shallow and everything was saved, but camp was made at
once, 15 miles from the point of launching.

The rest of the afternoon and half the night was spent in keeping fires
going to dry out the baggage. The following morning it was discovered
that waves had knocked loose some of the calking on the bottom of the
boat. It was repaired with the remaining oakum and pitch. At this point,
the Lieutenant was "very uneasy on account of the snow in sight on the
Continental Divide in front of us", so decided to leave Starr,
Applegate, and Ward to complete repairs to the boat, while he and the
others, with all the "property, should push on, cross the divide, break
a trail and return with mules and horses to the lake shore to meet the
party with the boat."

Doane and his group accordingly struck through the forest for several
miles on October 28, reached the lake shore again and followed it to the
"lower end of the southwest arm where the foothills come on the shore.
Skirted around to the east side past the great group of silicate springs
(probably the West Thumb area) and camped at the foot of the Great
Divide at the nearest point opposite Heart Lake."

The following morning the land party remained near camp "in hopes that
the men with the boat might come", and spent their time examining the
springs.

  One crater cone still active stands in front of the main group,
  pouring a stream of boiling water into the cold surrounding lake. It
  is here that anglers catch the trout and cook them on the hook.

The boat failing to appear, Doane and his men started up the slope to
the Divide in a "heavy and blinding snow storm" through a "tangled
forest." The weather turned very cold, travel was difficult up the
slopes in snow some 2 feet in depth. On the top of the ridge it was
necessary to stop and build a fire, the animals and men were "loaded
with snow and ice." The party reached a "hot spring basin" a mile from
Heart Lake long after dark, built a great fire of seasoned pines, and
spent most of the night drying out.

Doane was not at all satisfied with the route he had followed, and on
the following day, in clear weather, the party worked its way back to
Yellowstone Lake by a route which proved to be much shorter. The boat
not having arrived, a watchfire to serve as a beacon was built on a
bluff on the lake shore. Doane's entry in the journal for October 30
indicates his concern for the fate of the voyageurs, Starr, Applegate,
and Ward.

  That was their third day and I was consumed with anxiety. A cold,
  wintry blast was driving down the lake in a direction at right angles
  to their course. The waves were running high and on the opposite shore
  we could see the surf flying against the rocks, covering them with
  glittering masses of ice. It was growing colder every minute, and the
  night was intensely dark. A driving sleet began to fall. This was
  dangerous, as it adhered to whatever it touched. Our apprehensions
  were almost beyond endurance. I knew those men would start that night
  no matter what perils might be encountered. They had twenty miles to
  come, in an egg shell boat which had never been tried in rough water.
  Nothing could live in that icy flood half an hour, if cast overboard.
  The wind and cold were both increasing constantly. Hour after hour
  passed. I followed the beach a couple of miles, but finding no traces
  returned. The Sergeant went in the other direction with like results.
  We were standing together on the shore despairing when suddenly there
  was borne to us on the driving blast the sound of boisterous and
  double jointed profanity. The voice was Starr's and we knew that the
  daring, invincible men were safe and successful. We ran to meet them
  and helped them beach, and unload the few articles that the boat
  contained. The oars were coated an inch thick and the boat was half
  full of solid ice. When the three men came in front of the camp fire,
  they were a sight to behold. Their hair and beards were frozen to
  their caps and overcoats and they were sheeted with glistening ice
  from head to foot.

  The boat had nearly filled three different times, but Applegate, who
  steered, threw her bow to the waves and held her there while the
  others bailed her out. They found that she would not bear the cross
  sea, so they kept her head to the wind, and forced her to make leeway
  by pulling stronger on the opposite side and working the steering oar
  to correspond. Thus they battled with the storm hour after hour until
  they had drifted twenty miles and reached the other shore. We changed
  clothing with them and after giving them a warm supper made them go to
  bed at once. The rest of the night we put in drying their clothes, as
  they soundly slept.

On October 31, the boat was cleared of ice by chopping it out with axes,
hot ashes were thrown in to dry her out inside, and "slipper poles" were
cut and fitted under her to serve as runners. Dragging side poles were
also attached to fend her off standing trees in passing. Two mules were
hitched to the boat in tandem to drag her, and although progress was
slow because the boat frequently became wedged between trees, and the
deep snow made travel very difficult for the mules, the Divide was
crossed, and "at 9 o'clock at night we left her on the Pacific slope of
the Rocky Mountains, and went on with the tired stock into camp."

On November 2, the extra men, Ward and Osborn, with their horses and the
3 poorest mules, were started back to Fort Ellis, since they were no
longer needed. They were to pick up the mules and property left at
different points on the way, and after an arduous trip of several days
they reached Fort Ellis safely.

The Lieutenant and his reduced party now had 7 horses and 4 pack mules.
In camp at Heart Lake it was necessary to make extensive repairs to the
boat, the cold had "shrunken the boards and opened all the seams." She
was finally in order and launched on Heart Lake on November 5. During
this layover the party feasted on baked porcupine, which "resembled in
taste young pork with a faint flavor of pine."

The party moved across and around Heart Lake on November 6, the boat
loaded with all the equipment, the horses and mules taken along the
western shore. It was necessary to drag the boat across the frozen lower
section of the lake for some 3 miles to the outlet, there the volume of
the stream was so small it would not float the craft, even unloaded,
over the rocks of the stream bed. For the next several days the "little
vessel," the men, and the animals took a beating from the stream, the
weather, and the terribly hard going.

  November 18th. Reached camp in the forenoon with all the calking
  melted out of the seams and all the ice thawed out of the interior of
  the boat by the floods of boiling water passed through in the river
  channel just above. Took her out of the water and put her on the
  stocks to be dried out and thoroughly repaired. Her bottom was a sight
  to behold. The green pine planks were literally shivered by pounding
  on the rocks. The tough stripping of the seams, two inches or more in
  thickness, was torn away. Two of the heaviest planks were worn through
  in the waist of the vessel, and three holes were found in her sides.
  The stern was so bruised and stove that we had to hew out a new one.
  We took out the seats, floor, and bulkheads, and this gave us lumber
  enough to put on a new bottom. Mended the holes with tin and leather.
  Recalked her, using candles and pitch mixed for the filling. Split
  young pines and put a heavy strip on each seam and made her stronger
  than ever. This occupied the 19th which was a stormy day, and the
  20th, which was clear long enough to enable us to finish the boat.
  When it is remembered that the wood had to be dry before the pitch
  would adhere, and that we were obliged to keep a bed of coals under
  the boat constantly to effect this on ground saturated with snow water
  and with the snow falling most of the time, it can be realized that
  the labor was of the most fatiguing description. Half of the party
  worked while the others cared for the animals and slept. Warren here
  came out as an invaluable member of the party. He kept the camp full
  of trout and we fared sumptuously. The stream from Shoshone Lake is
  the true Snake River and not the one we are on. It is twice as large
  as this one, and should be mapped as the main stream.

  From this point we feel sure of plenty of water and will start with a
  partial load in the boat. The strain on the animals has been terrible
  as they have had to double trip the route almost constantly, which
  means three times the distance of actual progress. We have had but
  little depth of snow, and this, while favorable in one sense, has been
  detrimental in another, as it has allowed the game to run high on the
  mountains, where we had not time to go. Had there been deeper snow,
  the water supply would have been greater, the game would have been
  forced down to the valleys, and we would not have been obliged to use
  the animals so constantly.

  The problem was to get where the boat would carry the property and
  make distance before the animals gave out. Also to get to settlements
  before rations were exhausted. I knew we had the formidable "Mad River
  Canyon" of the old trappers between us and human habitations. With
  plenty of large game in range, this would have caused no uneasiness,
  but we were descending daily and leaving the game behind.

  I spend many an hour over this problem studying all the chances, and
  endeavoring to be prepared to act instantly in any possible emergency
  that might arise.

The party resumed their travel on November 21, Doane, Starr, Applegate,
and White in the boat, Sergeant Server, Warren, and Davis with the
animals. The boat was headed down the now powerful stream, Applegate
steering, Starr astride the bow. Starr and White were armed with "spike
poles" to push her off rocks and guide her into deep channels.

  All was lovely. Starr had just begun to sing one of his favorite
  missionary hymns, something about "the Gospel ship is sailing now,"
  when the river made a sudden turn to the left with a boiling eddy, and
  the boat crashed head on against the overhanging wall of rock,
  smashing all the lodge poles and compelling the boisterous singer to
  turn a somersault backward to save himself from being instantly
  killed. The gallant little craft bore the shock without bursting, and
  we went down stream (stern) foremost a short distance onto a shelfing
  rock where an examination developed the fact that nothing was damaged
  excepting twenty-two fine lodge poles.

On November 23, nearing Jackson Lake, the valley of the Snake was
opening before the party.

  Hundreds of otter were seen. These growled at us in passing from their
  holes in the bank, not being accustomed to boats. We shot several....
  An hour later we ran out into Jackson's Lake, and passed the train
  just as a mule fell under a log across the trail, struggled a moment,
  and died. Camped on the lake shore three miles from the inlet.[1]

The following day both land and water parties progressed along the
western shore of Jackson Lake, the train finding

  ... terrible severe traveling, climbing over rocks and through tangled
  forests of pine, aspen, and other varieties of timber.... Abandoned
  one horse.... We were too near the mountains to get a full view, but
  above us rose the huge masses of glistening granites too steep to
  retain much snow.... On the opposite shore are extensive Beaver
  swamps, and great areas of marsh, now frozen.[2]

  The trout bite well, and we have a good supply. Ate our last flour
  today. Starr cooked one of the fine otter killed the day before. The
  flesh was nice looking. It was very fat and tempting. Baked in a Dutch
  oven and fragrant with proper dressing we anticipated a feast, were
  helped bountifully and started with voracious appetites. The first
  mouthful went down, but did not remain. It came up without a struggle.
  Only Starr could hold it. The taste was delicately fishy, and not
  revolting at all, but the human stomach is evidently not intended for
  use as an Otter trap. Like Banquo's ghost, "It will not down." We did
  not try Otter again.

  November 25th. Laid over, giving the stock a rest and repaired boat.
  Warren kept us well supplied with trout, which were in fine condition.
  In the afternoon my attention was called to an object moving in the
  lake. It proved to be a deer, swimming from the large island across to
  the opposite shore of the little bay. We had just finished with the
  little boat, and catching up the big rifle, while the others pushed
  off, Starr and Applegate rowed (me) out to intercept the deer. It saw
  us coming and turning to the left reached the shore about three
  hundred yards away, where it stopped, shivering on the bank. We
  stopped and let the boat settle to steadiness and I fired. The deer
  was badly hit, and stood still. I fired again, and it fell into the
  water dead. It was the first game we had killed for a long time and
  came in the nick of time. After dragging it into the boat we found the
  two bullet holes about three inches apart and the last one had gone
  through the heart of the animal.

  When the gun was fired first, the whole party turned out along the
  shore thinking than an avalanche was coming, and the noise of the
  second discharge had not ceased when we landed with the game. It was
  an echo. We spent hours testing it afterward, and surely nothing on
  earth can equal it. The report of the big rifle was followed by a
  prolonged roar that seemed to eddy in the little bay in a vast volume
  of condensed thunder, then charged up the great channel in a hollow,
  deep growl giving consecutive reports which bounded from cliff to
  cliff and these re-echoed until far up the canyon came back a rattle
  of musketry as on a skirmish line, mingled with mournful waves of
  vibratory rumbling. These were succeeded by cracks and rustlings, and
  a moaning sigh which slowly receded and died away far up along the
  heights. Time, one minute and 25 seconds. We tried our voices
  together, and the result was deafening and overwhelming. There were
  seven in the party, and we were answered back by a hoarse mob of
  voices in accumulating thousands from the great gorge, and these, a
  moment after retreating up the channel called to each other and back
  at us 'til the multiplied voices mingled in a harsh jargon of weird
  and wild receding volume of sound, ending in a long moaning sigh and a
  rustling as of falling leaves among the gleaming spires far away above
  us.

  I then tried Starr's tremendous voice alone, and had him call, "Oh,
  Joe!" with a prolonged rising inflection on the first and an equally
  prolonged falling inflection on the second word, repeating it at
  intervals of 30 seconds. Experience had taught us that this call could
  be heard more distinctly and farther in the mountains than any other
  practiced. The sound of his voice at the first call had not ceased
  when a hundred exact repititions were reflected to the little bay.
  Then a rush of hoarse exclamations followed up the gorge and the
  fusilade of calls on very rock and cliff answered, "Oh, Joe!" And
  these sounds echoed and re-echoed a thousand times reaching higher and
  higher along the mighty walls, 'til faint goblin whispers from the
  cold, icy shafts and the spectral hollows answered back in clicking
  notes and hisses, but distinctly always the words, "Oh, Joe!"

  A full band of music playing here would give such a concert as the
  world has never heard. There is a weird, unearthly volume and
  distinctness to the echo here, and a chasing afar off and returning of
  the sounds, unequalled and simply indescribable. We named this inlet
  Spirit Bay.[3]

The party continued along the lake shore, the usual mode of travel being
3 men in the boat, 4 with the animals on land. Doane's horse was
abandoned on November 26. All of the men were violently ill from the
deer meat, the Lieutenant diagnosing the sickness as "cholera morbus."
The party was forced to lay over most of 2 days, but reached the outlet
of the lake on November 30, started down river, and camped 2 miles
downstream from the Buffalo Fork on that date, the boat having made
about 30 miles that day.

  December 1st. Moved on down the river. Sergeant and myself still very
  weak. Camped opposite Gros Ventre Butte, which is in the middle of the
  valley, and in front of Mount Hayden (earlier name for the Grand
  Teton) and its mighty canyon. (From this description this camp appears
  to have been opposite Blacktail Butte, in the vicinity of the present
  location of Moose.) During the day Warren and White followed a herd of
  Elk 'til dark, but did not get one. Light snow on the ground. Weather
  warm. At noon 65 degrees. Distance 12 m.

  The boat now carries all the property as the animals can carry no
  more. The river is a fine broad stream but the current is that of a
  mountain torrent and the channel divides so often that we counted over
  one hundred islands today. Occasionally therefore, we came to shoal
  water by getting in the wrong shute and had to lift her over. The bed
  of the stream is entirely of coarse gravel and boulders, mostly of
  granite, and the banks are low. Fishing good, but fresh fish is too
  thin a diet to subsist on alone. We have now no coffee, sugar, tea,
  bacon, and worst of all, no tobacco. Nothing but a few beans left. The
  game is scarce and shy. I cannot hunt and keep the observations at the
  same time. The boat can now go faster than the stock, but we cannot
  separate, with "Mad River Canyon" in front of us.

  A glorious night, moon in the full, but empty stomachs. We are now far
  enough away from the lakes to be clear of the clouds of vapor and
  local snow storms. Our camp is about at a central point with reference
  to obtaining a view of the Tetons, and at a distance of fifteen miles
  from the nearest part of the range. (Distance actually about 7 miles,
  Doane's estimate inaccurate.) The moonlight view was one of
  unspeakable grandeur. There are twenty-two summits in the line, all of
  them mighty mountains, with the gleaming spire of Mount Hayden rising
  in a pinnacle above all. The whole range is of naked rock in vast
  glittering masses, mostly coarse granites, but with some carboniferous
  and metamorphose rocks, the splendid colorings of these sheeted as
  they were with ice, contrasted finely with the snowy masses in all
  places where the snow would lie, and with the sombre depths of the
  great avalanche channels and mighty canyons. Of the latter the
  grandest is the Teton (Cascade Canyon) which half surrounds Mount
  Hayden, is four thousand feet deep, where it opens out into the valley
  in front of us, has a splendid torrent of roaring cascades in its
  channel and a baby glacier still at its head. The wide valley in
  front, seamed with rocky channels and heaped with moraines, is a grim,
  ruinous landscape. There are no foothills to the Tetons. They rise
  suddenly in rugged majesty from the rock strewn plain. Masses of heavy
  forests appear on the glacial debris and in parks behind the curves of
  the lower slopes, but the general field of vision is glittering,
  glaciated rock. The soft light floods the great expanse of the valley,
  the winding silvery river and the resplendent, deeply carved mountain
  walls. The vast masses of Neve on the upper ledges from their lofty
  resting places shine coldly down, and stray masses of clouds, white
  and fleecy, cast deep shadows over land and terrace, forest and
  stream. And later on when the moon had gone down in exaggerated volume
  behind the glorified spire of the Grand Teton (Doane must have used
  the names Mount Hayden and Grand Teton interchangeably) the stars
  succeeded with their myriad sparkling lights, and these blazed up in
  setting on the sharpcut edges of the great, serrated wall like Indian
  signal fires in successive spectral flashes, rising and dying out by
  hundreds as the hours passed on. On the wide continent of North
  America there is no mountain group to compare in scenic splendor with
  the Great Tetons. There was not a pound of food in camp. We ate the
  last beans for supper, before going out to make notes on the Teton
  view.




                           MAP OF THE REGION


    [Illustration: CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAINS]

  ..... COLTER'S PROBABLE ROUTE, 1807-08
  - - - DOANE'S EXPEDITION

The weakened party again laid over on the following day. They hunted
carefully but to no avail, since the horses were too weak to carry the
riders far afield from the camp, and the game was well up in the hills
to the east. Warren, that "most indefatigable fisherman," caught 16
magnificent trout, all of which were eaten for supper. Warren's horse
was shot for food, since it was the weakest and poorest of the lot.

  He had not a particle of fat on his carcass, and we had no salt or
  other seasoning. Drew the powder from a package of cartridges and used
  it. We had been using the same old coffee and tea grounds for two
  weeks and the decoctions derived therefrom had no power in them, no
  momentum. For tobacco we had smoked larb, red willow, and rosebush
  bark. All these gave a mockery and a delusion to our ceaseless
  cravings. We chewed pine gum continually, which helped a little. We
  boned a quarter of the old horse, and boiled the meat nearly all
  night, cracking the bones as well, and endeavoring to extract a show
  of grease therefrom out of which to upholster a delicious and winsome
  gravy. The meat cooked to a watery, spongy, texture, but the gravy
  sauce was a dead failure. Horse meat may be very fine eating when
  smothered with French sauces, but the worn out U. S. Cavalry plug was
  never intended for food. The flesh tastes exactly as the perspiration
  of the animal smells. It is in addition tough and coarse grained. We
  ate it ravenously, stopping to rest occasionally our weary jaws. It
  went down and stayed, but did not taste good. Weather turned colder
  toward morning. River running ice in cakes which screamed and crashed
  continually through the night.

For the next several days the party continued without serious mishap,
other than damage to the boat on two occasions when she crashed into
submerged boulders. Warren continued to take trout successfully, the
fish and horsemeat making up the sketchy bill of fare. On December 7,
moving through the open country of the southern part of Jackson Hole,
Sergeant Server and Davis, while hunting, found the cabin of a trapper,
John Pierce. The old man was greatly surprised to see anyone with
animals in the upper Snake River Basin at that time of the year, gave
the men a substantial meal and some salt,

  ... which improved our regal fare by somewhat smothering the sour
  perspiration taste of the old horse. He also sent word to me about the
  settlement below "Mad River Canyon." River too shallow for fishing,
  but we had salt on our horse for supper.

  December 8th. The old trapper came to our camp before we started,
  bringing on his shoulder a quarter of fat elk, also a little flour. He
  was a gigantic, rawboned, and grisled old volunteer soldier. We gave
  him in return some clothing of which he was in need and a belt full of
  cartridges, as he had a big rifle with the same sized chamber as mine.
  While talking with him, Starr and Davis were busy and soon we had a
  meal. The elk meat all went, the balance of the flour was reserved for
  gravies.

  The old trapper gave me explicit and correct information about the
  settlements below. He was trapping for fine furs only, mink, martin,
  fisher, and otter. Said it would not pay to go after beaver unless one
  had pack animals and these could not winter in the valley.

  He told me that he had not believed the Sergeant's story about the
  boat at first, and throughout his visit was evidently completely
  puzzled as to what motives could have induced us to attempt such a
  trip in such a way and at such a season. I sent him home on horseback
  with Sergeant Server, who told me after returning that he had been
  given another "Holy meal." Meantime we worked on down the river with
  renewed strength among rocks and tortuous channels. Worked until after
  dark and camped at the head of "Mad River Canyon." 15 miles.

The voyage down the Grand Canyon of the Snake, "Mad River Canyon," was a
series of nightmares. Steadily deepening and narrowing, the canyon walls
closing in with oppressive gloom, the river became almost completely
unnavigable. It was necessary to handline the boat down boiling rapids,
drag her over the ice of frozen pools, portage the equipment, in this
manner advancing 6 to 7 miles a day. Doane writes that it was

  ...very cold in the shaded chasm. Otter, fat and sleek, played around
  us on the ice and snarled at us from holes in the wall, all day long,
  safe from molestation in their fishy unpalatableness. We had no time
  to shoot for sport, nor transportation for pelts, and no desire for
  any game not edible. All day and as late at night as we could see to
  labor, we toiled to make six miles.

    [Illustration: The upper end of the Grand Canyon of the Snake,
    Doane's "Mad River Canyon." The wicked white water of the Snake
    brought disaster to the Expedition on December 12, 1876, near the
    lower end of the gorge, when "all of a sudden the boat touched the
    icy margin, turned under it, and the next instant was dancing end
    over end in the swift, bold current."]

On December 11, Doane concluded to split his party.

  No food left but a handful of flour. Shot White's horse, and feasted.
  It was now evident that we were not going to run the canyon with the
  boat, but must tug away slowly. We were about 42 miles from the first
  settlement, if our information was correct, but the canyon, if very
  crooked as it had been so far, might double that distance. I desired
  to get the boat through if we had to risk everything in order to do
  so. This canyon was the terrible obstacle and we were more than half
  way through it. Apparently the worst had been gone through with. All
  the men agreed to this with enthusiasm. We gathered together all the
  money in the possession of the party, and arranged for Sergeant
  Server, the most active and youngest of the party, and Warren, who
  could be of no assistance to those remaining, as his stomach had begun
  to give way, to go on next day with the two horses and one mule
  remaining and bring us back rations.

Sergeant Server and Warren loaded up as planned the following day,
leaving the Lieutenant and the other 4 men to continue with the boat.

  The river was becoming better, the ice foot more uniform and the
  channel free from frozen pools when all of a sudden the boat touched
  the icy margin, turned under it, and the next instant was dancing end
  over end in the swift, bold current. All of the horse meat, all the
  property, arms, instruments and note books were in the roaring stream.
  A few hundred yards below there was a narrow place where the ice foot
  almost touched the middle of the river. We ran thither and caught
  whatever floated. The clothing bags, valise, bedding, bundles, and the
  lodge were saved. All else, excepting one hind quarter of the old
  horse, went to the bottom and was seen no more. All the rubber boots
  were gone excepting mine. The warm clothing all floated and was saved.
  We dragged in the boat by the tow line and pulled her out of the water
  and far up on a ledge of rock. 6 miles.

After this mishap, the Sergeant and Warren, who had been traveling along
the river bank, keeping in contact with the boat party, were sent at
once on their way, while Doane and his men dried out and rested. The
boatmen fought their way down the river for the next two days, but on
December 14 the boat was hauled high on the bank in an apparently secure
place. The last of the horse meat had been eaten for breakfast, no food
was left.

The following morning the bedding was stored away in rolls with the
valise, high up among the rocks, and Doane's party started,

  ... unarmed, without food, and in an unknown wilderness to find
  settlements (previously described by the trapper, Pierce) seven miles
  up on a stream which we had no positive assurance of being able to
  recognize when we came to its mouth.

That day the men waded the Salt River (near the present site of Alpine)
having spent 7 days in the gloomy depths of the "Mad River Canyon."

On December 16, they were moving at the break of day in bitterly cold
weather, and about noon reached an ice bound creek which showed signs of
placer washings. They assumed, correctly as it developed, that the
settlements described by Pierce were on this tributary stream. Due to
crusted snow they could make only about 1 mile an hour, but upon
reaching the creek they walked on the ice, and were thus able to make
better progress. Some distance upstream the creek forked, and the men
took the left hand branch. By dark they had determined they were in
error. They sheltered by a huge fire that night.

  We slept a little but only to dream of bountifully set tables loaded
  with viands, all of which were abounding in fats and oils. What
  conservation there was turned entirely to matters pertaining to food.
  Davis talked incessantly on such subjects, giving all the minutest
  details of preparing roast, gravies, meat pies, suet puddings, pork
  preparations, oil dressings, cream custards, and so on, until Starr
  finally choked him off with the Otter experience. None of us felt the
  pangs of hunger physically. Our stomachs were cold and numb. We
  suffered less than for two days before, but there was a mental
  appetite, more active than ever. It was an agony to sleep. All the
  party evidenced the same mental conditions excepting Davis who was
  hungry clear through, sleeping or waking. One feeling we had in
  common. It can be found explained in Eugene Sue's description of the
  Wandering Jew. We were impatient of rest, and all felt a constant
  impulse to "go on, go on," continually. The men did not seem to court
  slumber, and Starr had an inexhaustible fund of his most mirth
  provoking stories which he never tired of telling. We listened,
  laughed, and sang. Afterward we tried to catch a couple of Beaver
  which splashed within a few feet of us all night long. Had not a
  firearm in the party and here was the fattest of good meat almost
  under our hands, enough to have fed us for two days.

With the first gray streaks of dawn they were again on their way,
working over the ridge to the other fork of the creek which they reached
a few hours later.

  A couple of miles farther on we stopped to build a fire and warm
  ourselves. Davis showed signs of undue restlessness. We had to call
  him back from climbing the hillsides several times. While we were
  gathering wood for the fire, I found a section of sawed off timber
  blocks such as they use for the bottoms of flumes. It had been
  recently cut on one side with an axe. This satisfied me without
  farther evidence that the mines above were not old placers, now
  deserted. The men were not so sanguine, but were cheerful, and we soon
  moved on again. In a couple of hours we came to an old flume. Shortly
  after, Applegate declared he smelled the smoke of burning pine. In
  half an hour more we reached a miner's cabin and were safe. We arrived
  at 3 pm. having been 80 hours without food in a temperature from 10
  degrees to 40 degrees below zero, and after previously enduring
  privations as before detailed. Two old miners occupied the cabin and
  they were both at home, having returned from a little town above with
  a fresh stock of provisions. They at once produced some dry bread and
  made some weak tea, knowing well what to do. We had to force those
  things down. None of us felt hungry for anything but grease. About
  this time, to our unspeakable delight, Sergeant Server and Warren also
  arrived. They had passed the mouth of the creek on the 13th and gone
  below to the next stream which they had followed up fourteen miles
  without finding anything, and returning to meet us had found our trail
  and followed it, knowing that we had nothing to eat, while they had
  two horses and a mule with them. Mr. Bailey and his partner now gave
  us a bountiful supper of hot rolls, roast beef, and other substantial
  fare, and we all ate heartily in spite of our previous resolutions not
  to do so. Cold, dry bread had no charms, but hot and fatty food roused
  our stomachs to a realization that the season of famine was over. The
  change affected us severely. I had an attack of inflammation of the
  stomach which lasted several hours. All of the men suffered more or
  less, excepting Starr who seemed to be unaffected.

The next day the party moved upstream to the little town, Keenan City,
which consisted of a store, saloon, post office, blacksmith shop,
stable, and "a lot of miners' cabins." Doane found that they had
followed McCoy Creek, and that the settlements were collectively known
as the Caribou mining district. The Lieutenant records that his weight
was down to 126 from a normal 190, and the others were similarly
reduced.

A "jerky stage line" operated between Keenan City and the Eagle Rock
Bridge on the Snake above Fort Hall, and Lieutenant Doane accordingly
prepared the following telegram to be forwarded by the Post Adjutant at
Fort Hall:

  Commanding Officer, Fort Ellis, Montana. Arrived here yesterday. All
  well. Write today. Send mail to Fort Hall. (Signed) Doane.

It was the Lieutenant's plan at this time to construct small sleds for
the rations and bedding rolls, these to be drawn by the 2 horses and the
mule left to the expedition, and thus proceed downriver to Fort Hall.
All was in readiness by December 23, and the party set out, proceeding
some 20 miles through Christmas Day. While in camp on the evening of
December 26, voices were heard in the river bottom nearby, where a party
of troops had just gone into camp.

  It was Lieutenant Joseph Hall, 14th Infantry, with four men and a good
  little pack train. I shall never forget the puzzled expression on the
  face of this officer when he first met me. He conversed in
  monosyllables for a couple of minutes and then told us that he had
  been sent to arrest a party of deserters, half a dozen in number,
  which had been advertised for in the Montana papers, as having left
  Fort Ellis and were supposed to have gone through the Park and down
  Snake River. Thirty dollars each for apprehension and capture. The
  stage driver had read the papers it seems and denounced us to the Post
  Commander at Fort Hall. We first had a hearty laugh over the joke and
  he then placed himself and party at my disposal. We sat by the fire
  and talked nearly all night. (He was Post Adjutant at Fort Hall, and
  evidently knew something more than he felt at liberty to tell me, but
  he denounced Major Jas. S. Brisbin, 2d Cavalry, my Post Commander, in
  unmeasured terms, and told me that I was being made a victim of
  infamous treachery. This was a revelation but not a surprise.)[4]

Next day Sergeant Server and 4 men were sent with fresh animals to
recover the boat and the bedding cached upriver. They returned the day
following, reporting that it was only "fifteen miles by the trail on the
other side of the river." They brought with them the equipment but not
the boat, which had been crushed to splinters by an ice jam which had
piled up in masses 20 feet high.

  This was a bitter disappointment as they found the river open all the
  way down, and we so found it afterwards below. Here was another
  strange occurrence. In exploring as in hunting there is an element of
  chance which cannot be provided against. No foresight will avail, no
  calculations will detect, no energy will overcome. Caution might
  prevent, but with caution no results will be obtained. Risks must be
  taken, and there is such an element in human affairs as fortune, good
  or bad. I decided at once to make all possible speed to Fort Hall,
  there refit and returning bring lumber to rebuild the boat on the
  ground where it had been lost, and continue to Eagle Rock Bridge on
  the Snake River, previously going back far enough beyond Jackson's
  Lake to take a renewal of the system of triangulation and notes, lost
  in the river when the boat capsized. At Eagle Rock Bridge it would be
  necessary to rebuild the boat again in a different form and much
  larger, to run the heavy rapids of the lower rivers to Astoria, at the
  mouth of the great Columbia. The hardships and greater dangers we had
  already passed. With food for one day more we could have made the
  passage of "Mad River Canyon" despite the loss of all our weapons,
  instruments, and tools. We had run all the rapids but two, and these
  were easier than many others safely passed above. All the party
  enthusiastically endorsed this plan.

Lieutenant Doane was indeed a persevering and meticulously thorough
individual, so much so that he not only planned to return to run the
river from the point where he had been obliged to leave off, but to
retrace his route to a point above Jackson Lake in order to bring his
notes to completion. It is difficult to follow his thinking when he
indicates his intention of running the Columbia to Astoria, since his
orders were to "make exploration of Snake River from Yellowstone Lake
_to_ Columbia River." His statement that the "greater dangers" had
already been passed seems incompatible with the Hell's Canyon of the
Snake below, a section of the river about which Doane must have had some
knowledge. Here indeed were "risks to be taken" with "bad fortune"
certain, quite probably occurring beyond a point of no return.

The party continued on December 29 toward Fort Hall, with Doane's
journal describing in detail the route followed, the nature of the
terrain, and the course of the river. They arrived at Fort Hall on
January 4, having been met about half way between Fort Hall and the
Eagle Rock Bridge by ambulances sent to bring them.

Captain Bainbridge, Commanding Officer at Fort Hall,

  ... received us with the greatest kindness, and everything possible
  was done for the comfort of myself and party, by all at the post.

There followed an exchange of communications between the Lieutenant and
the Commanding Officer at Fort Ellis, Major Brisbin, with no reference
therein to the charge of desertion. In the meantime, Doane records,

  We put in time at Fort Hall preparing to get together materials for
  another boat, intending to renew the expedition from "Mad River
  Canyon." Meantime I had made one of my Centenial Tents for Captain
  Bainbridge. While so engaged on the 8th of January, the following
  telegram came.

                                     Dated Chicago, Ill. January 6, 1877
                           Received at Fort Hall, Idaho, January 8, 1877

  To Commanding Officer, Fort Hall, Idaho

  You will direct Lieut. Doane, Second Cavalry, with his escort to
  rejoin his proper station Fort Ellis, as soon as practicable.
  Acknowledge receipt.

                                                              R. C. Drum
                                                                A. A. G.

That Doane was very bitter at this turn of events is indicated by
subsequent entries in his journal.

  This was the result. I simply note here an extract from Sergeant
  Server's journal. The only one left us when the boat capsized. "Lt.
  Doane was very mad in consequence of our having to return, and so were
  all the men, but we tried to make the best of it."

  Over a year afterward I received the key to this mystery. And here it
  is. It will be observed that there is some little truth in it, and
  much that is false. And bear in mind that my letter and telegram from
  Keenan City were received on the 28th December, and that I had not yet
  been heard from at Eagle Rock or Fort Hall.

                                             Fort Ellis, January 2, 1877

  Telegram
  To Assistant Adjutant General
  Saint Paul, Minn.

  I hear Doane lost all his horses, seven and mules, three, his boat and
  camp equipage, even to blankets; lived three weeks on horse meat
  straight; the last three days, before reaching the settlement, his
  party being without food of any kind. I recommend that he be ordered
  to his post for duty with his company.

                                                        (Signed) Brisbin
                                                         Commanding Post

Accordingly Doane and 4 men were returned to Fort Ellis by stage,
arriving on January 20. Sergeant Server and White, leaving Fort Hall on
January 12, "with the expedition's baggage and the extra horse" arrived
at Fort Ellis on February 2, bringing to a close the final stage of the
exploration.

One last entry in Lieutenant Doane's journal is worthy of mention.

  In December, 1878, I was told by my commanding officer, Major Jas. S.
  Brisbin, that he had disapproved of the expedition from the beginning,
  and had worked to have me ordered back because I had not applied for
  the detail through him. I make no comment.

A careful study of the journal reveals statements that can be questioned
in the light of later knowledge. The mellifluous descriptions, the
references to "hundreds of otter," and some other observations, together
with the general tone of the document, may to some readers appear
overdrawn. It must be borne in mind, however, that the journal was
obviously written some time after Doane's return to Fort Ellis, and from
Server's notes, since the Lieutenant's records had been lost when the
boat capsized on December 12. Server's notes were probably sketchy at
best, much of the writing then was done from memory. That the account is
colored by some imagination and a desire to make a "good yarn" of it is
probably true, but forgivable, particularly when one considers the usual
tenor adopted by writers of that day.

However critical the reader's opinion may be, it cannot be denied that
here is an odyssey which defies comparison with any other record of
winter exploration of the region. It was fortunate, beyond any
reasonable doubt, that Doane's expedition did not continue. That his
party could have survived ultimate disaster in the Hell's Canyon of the
Snake is incomprehensible. That Doane, stubborn and fearless as he was,
would have been turned back by any terrors the river threw at him is
equally so. Doane was an explorer in every sense of the word, he was
determined to overcome all obstacles, he was, in truth, a man "to ride
the river with."


                              Bibliography

Chittenden, Hiram Martin: _The Yellowstone National Park_, J. E. Haynes,
      Saint Paul, 1927.

Doane, G. C.: _Expedition of 1876-1877_, 44 pp. typed from original
      manuscript, Library, Grand Teton National Park.

    [Illustration: Panning for gold]




                     THE STORY OF DEADMAN'S BAR[5]
                           By Fritiof Fryxell


Jackson Hole, widely reputed to have been the favored retreat and
rendezvous of cattle thieves, outlaws, and "bad men" in the early days,
has long enjoyed the glamour which goes with a dark and sinful past, and
this reputation has by no means been lost sight of by those who have
been active in advertising the assets of this fascinating region. But
when the dispassionate historian critically investigates the basis for
this reputation he is surprised to find so little evidence wherewith to
justify it, or to indicate that pioneer times in Jackson Hole were much
different from those in other nearby frontier communities; and he is
forced to conclude that the notoriety of Jackson Hole, like the rumor of
Mark Twain's death, has been slightly exaggerated. Doubtless the
geographic features of the valley have encouraged the popular belief,
for from the standpoint of isolation and inaccessibility Jackson Hole
might well have been a paradise for the fugitive and lawless.

But, in fairness to the old idea, which one is reluctant to abandon, it
must be conceded that among the authentic narratives, that have come
down to us from pioneer times, there are 1 or 2 which hold their own
with the choicest that wild west fiction has dared to offer, and these
bolster up to some extent the rather faltering case for Jackson Hole's
former exceptional badness. Such a narrative is the story of Deadman's
Bar.

There are few residents of the Jackson Hole country who have not heard
of the Deadman's Bar affair, a triple killing which took place in the
summer of 1886 along the Snake River and which gave this section of the
river the name of Deadman's Bar. It is the most grim narrative and the
most celebrated in the pioneer history of the valley, and its details
are sufficiently bloody to satisfy the most sanguinary tourist, thirsty
for western thrills.


                        EMILE WOLFF'S NARRATIVE

When Colonel Ericsson, Mr. Owen, and the writer visited Emile Wolff on
August 9, 1928, we found him stricken with the infirmities of old age
and confined to what proved to be his deathbed. Nevertheless his senses
were alert and his memory concerning the period in question keen and
accurate. The account he gave checked in detail with one he had given
Colonel Ericsson a year earlier, and his recollection of names and dates
agreed in most cases with evidence obtained later from other sources. In
his enfeebled condition, however, Wolff was so weakened by the telling
of his story that the interview had perforce to be cut short and certain
questions left unanswered. A few questions Wolff declined to answer with
the statement that there were features of the affair he would like to
forget if he could, and there were others he had never told anyone and
never would. What he had told other men, he said, he would tell us.

Concerning himself Mr. Wolff stated that he was 76 years old and a
German by blood and birth, having been born in 1854 in Luxembourg. He
received an education along medical lines in the old country. When still
a very young man, only 16, he emigrated to America, where he served for
some years in the United States Army in the Far West, part of the time
as a volunteer doctor. His first visit to the Jackson Hole region was in
1872 when he came to Teton Basin (Pierre's Hole) for a brief period. In
1878 while serving under Lieutenant Hall, he came into Jackson Hole, his
detachment being sent to carry food to Lieutenant Doane's outfit, which
had lost its supplies in the Snake River while engaged in a geological
survey of the Jackson Hole area[6].

In 1886, Wolff stated, he came to the region to stay, settling first in
Teton Basin. It was in this year that the Deadman's Bar incident took
place. The account of this affair which follows is pieced together from
the facts given by Wolff; no information gained from other sources has
been introduced, and there have been no changes made in the story other
than the rearrangement of its details into historical order. The account
as set forth has been verified by both Colonel Ericsson and Mr. Owen,
who were present at its telling.

In the spring of 1886 four strangers came into Jackson Hole to take up
placer mining along Snake River, whose gravels were reputed to be rich
in gold. The new outfit had been organized in Montana, and originally
had consisted of three partners, Henry Welter, (T. H.) Tiggerman, and
(August) Kellenberger--"the Germans" as they came to be called. Henry
Welter, who had previously been a brewer in Montana, proved to be an old
friend and schoolmate of Emil Wolff's from Luxembourg. Tiggerman was a
gigantic fellow who had served on the King's Guard in Germany, he seemed
to be something of a leader in the project, claiming--apparently on
insecure grounds--that he knew where placer gold was to be obtained.
August Kellenberger, also a brewer by trade, was a small man who had two
fingers missing from his right hand. The trio of prospective miners had
added a fourth man to the outfit, one John Tonnar by name, also a
German, under promise of grub and a split in the cleanup.

The miners located near the center of Jackson Hole on the north bank of
the Snake River where that river flows west for a short distance. They
erected no cabins, according to Wolff, but lived in tents pitched in a
clearing among the trees on the bar, within a few hundred yards or so of
the river. Occasional visits to the few ranchers then in this portion of
the Territory brought them a few acquaintances. Once they ran out of
grub and crossed Teton Pass to Wolff's place to get supplies. Wolff
recalled that they paid for their purchases with a $20 gold piece. They
wanted a saw, and Wolff directed them to a neighbor who had one; this
they borrowed, leaving $10 as security.

    [Illustration: PHOTO BY LEIGH ORTENBURGER
    Deadman's Bar, at lower left, marks the location of "the German's"
    camp, where they lived in tents pitched in a clearing among the
    trees.]

On the occasion of this visit they spoke of building a raft to use in
crossing the Snake at their workings, and Wolff tried to dissuade them
from the project, assuring them that they did not appreciate how
dangerous the Snake could be when on the rise; but they laughed off his
warnings with the statement that they had built and handled rafts
before, and knew their business.

Wolff learned little, until later, concerning the mutual relations of
the 4 men on the bar, nor concerning what success, if any, they had in
finding gold.

Late that summer when haying time was at hand in Teton Basin, Wolff was
surprised to see a man approaching his cabin on foot. "Seeing any man,
and especially one afoot, was a rare sight in those days," commented
Wolff. It proved to be the miner, Tonnar, and he asked to be given work.
Curious as to what was up between Tonnar and his partners, Wolff quizzed
him but received only the rather unsatisfactory statement that Tonnar
had left the 3 miners while they were making plans to raft the Snake in
order to fetch a supply of meat for the camp.

With hay ready for cutting, Wolff was glad to hire Tonnar for work in
the fields. For a month the two men slept together, and during this time
Wolff noticed that Tonnar invariably wore his gun or had it within
reach, but while he suspected that all was not right he made no further
investigation. Wolff retained a mental picture of Tonnar as being a
small, dark-complexioned man of rather untrustworthy appearance and
manner.

Once Tonnar instructed Wolff to investigate a certain hiding place in
the cabin, and he would find some valuables which he asked him to take
care of. Wolff did so and claims that he found a silver watch and a
purse containing $28.

Then one day late in August a sheriff and posse came to the cabin and
asked Wolff if he could furnish information concerning the whereabouts
of the miner, Jack Tonnar (at the time Tonnar was absent, working in the
fields.) Briefly the posse explained that Tonnar's 3 partners had been
found dead, that Tonnar was believed guilty of their murder, and that
the posse was commissioned to take him. Horrified to think that for a
month he had sheltered and slept with such a desperate character, Wolff
could only reply, "My God! Grab him while you can!" Tonnar was found on
a haystack and captured before he could bring his gun into play.

From the posse Wolff learned that a party boating from Yellowstone Park
down the Lewis and Snake Rivers, under the leadership of one Frye
(Free), had stopped at the workings of the miners but had found them
unoccupied. Just below the encampment, at the foot of a bluff where the
Snake had cut into a gravel bank, they had come upon 3 bodies lying in
the edge of the water, weighted down with stones. They had reported the
gruesome find, and the arrest of Tonnar on Wolff's place resulted.

Wolff, Dr. W. A. Hocker (a surgeon from Evanston), and a couple of
Wolff's neighbors from Teton Basin hurried to the scene of the killings,
a place which has ever since been known as Deadman's Bar. They readily
identified the bodies, Tiggerman by his size, and Kellenberger from the
absence of two fingers on his right hand. They found that Kellenberger
had been shot twice in the back, that Welter had an axe cut in the head,
and that Tiggerman's head was crushed, presumably also with an axe.
Wolff gave it as their conclusion that the 3 men must have been killed
while asleep; and that their bodies had been hauled up onto the "rim"
and rolled down the gravel bluff into the river, where they had lodged
in shallow water and subsequently been covered with rocks. Probably the
water had fallen, more fully exposing the bodies so that they had been
discovered by Frye's men.

Wolff and Hocker removed the heads of Welter and Tiggerman and cleaned
the skulls, preserving them as evidence. Wolff denied that they buried
the bodies, but claimed that they threw them back in the edge of the
water and covered them again with rocks.

Tonnar pleaded not guilty and was taken to Evanston, the county seat of
Unita County (which then embraced the westernmost strip of Wyoming
Territory), and here he was tried the following spring before Judge
Samuel Corn. Wolff was called to testify at the trial, mentioning, among
other things, the incident of the watch and the purse, both of which he
was positive Tonnar had stolen from his murdered partners.

To the general surprise of Wolff, Judge Corn, and others present at the
trial, Tonnar was acquitted by the jury, despite the certainty of his
guilt. What subsequently became of him is not clear. Wolff was
questioned on this point, and at first declined to speak, later,
however, expressing the belief that Tonnar probably went back to the old
country for fear that friends of Welter, Tiggerman and Kellenberger
might take the law into their own hands since the jury had failed to
convict him.

Concerning the question of motive for the killing, Wolff stated that he
knew Tonnar and the 3 men quarreled. The original partners planned to
turn Tonnar loose when his services were no longer needed in sluice
digging, etc., minus his share in the cleanup. To discourage his
persisting with their outfit they had beaten him up badly a few days
prior to the murders; but instead of leaving Tonnar had stayed at camp,
nursing his bruises and plans for revenge, finally carrying out the
latter to the consummation already described. Wolff did not believe that
robbery was a factor of much importance in instigating the crime.

                            * * * * * * * *

From parties who heard the trial it appears that there were no eye
witnesses to the tragedy, save the defendant. Therefore the prosecution
was compelled to rely solely on circumstantial evidence. The theory of
the attorneys for the defendant was that the 3 deceased persons were
prospectors, without funds, and that they represented to the defendant
that they had discovered a valuable mining claim and induced him to put
up considerable money to grubstake and furnish necessary funds to work
the claim; that soon after these men were on their way to the Jackson
Hole Country they began to pick quarrels with the defendant; that on the
day of the shooting one of the prospectors remained in camp with the
defendant, and the other 2 went away to do some prospecting; that the
one who remained in camp picked a quarrel with the defendant and the
defendant was compelled to kill him in self-defense. It was recalled
that after the verdict was rendered the defendant got out of town in a
hurry, taking the first freight train; that Attorney Blake was the
principal trial attorney for the defendant, and that he afterwards
stated he never got a cent for saving the neck of the defendant, who had
promised to send him some money as soon as he could earn it, and that he
had never heard from him.

Note:

Dr. Fryxell and Colonel Ericsson, immediately following their interview
with Mr. Wolff on August 9, 1928, investigated the site of "Deadman's
Bar." They found unmistakable traces of the diggings, the camp, and the
road constructed 42 years before by the 4 prospectors.

Dr. Fryxell's study of the site cleared up any uncertainty as to the
exact location of this historic spot, which was placed on the north side
of the Snake in the SW¼ of Sec. 23, T44N, R115W.

The sluice ditch of the miners, though overgrown with brush and
partially filled with gravel, was easily located. It tapped a beaver dam
located just above the bar, and followed along the base of the terrace,
discharging into the Snake about a half-mile from its source.

Numerous prospect pits were found on the bar. Some of them appeared more
recent than those dug by Tonnar and the other "Germans," thus were
probably the work of later prospectors.

Dr. Fryxell states: "All of the workings (1928) now observable speak
graphically of the expenditure of much hard labor from which returns
were never forthcoming."

This statement is significant, and is borne out by an old sign, crudely
lettered, which was reportedly found later in the vicinity:

  Payin gold will never be found here
  No matter how many men tries
  There's some enough to begile one
  Like Tanglefoot paper does flies

    [Illustration: Ranch house]




                  THE AFFAIR AT CUNNINGHAM'S RANCH[7]
                            By Roald Fryxell


Close against the Idaho-Wyoming border, at the headwaters of the Snake
River, lies the high, mountain-girt valley of Jackson Hole. Fiercely
beautiful in setting and richly historic in background, Jackson Hole and
the raw, jagged peaks of the Teton mountains to the west have captured
popular imagination as has no other region in the Rockies. Jackson Hole
has become a fabled outpost of the vanished Western frontier, the
legendary "last stand of the outlaws." And of all the stories which have
given rise to that picture, perhaps none is more starkly simple than one
which has become known as _The Affair at Cunningham's Ranch_.

As in the case of other frontier communities, the story of the early
settlers in Jackson Hole is one of isolation and hardship. When winter
closed in and cut off the valley from the nearest settlements across the
mountains, life was a struggle for survival against the bitter cold and
drifting snow. Occupied with the task of making a home in the face of
tremendous odds, the homesteaders were solid, law-abiding citizens with
little time for lawlessness, and less for violence. On the rare
occasions when gun-play broke out between men in the valley, it was of a
nature that could hardly appear heroic except through the romantic eyes
of a novelist. In the harsh light of reality, violence was brutal and
ugly, and dispatched with a speed and finality grimly typical of the
frontier.

The Cunningham Ranch affair broke with a suddenness that shocked the
entire valley. It was as cold-blooded as it was simple. A posse came
riding in from Montana in the spring of 1893, and at a little cabin near
Spread Creek two men were cornered and shot for horse-stealing.

Little news of the Spread Creek incident ever leaked out of the valley
in the early days, and when the first general flow of tourist travel
into Jackson Hole began nearly 40 years later, the affair at
Cunningham's Ranch was still a widely known but reticently guarded
story. By then most of the old-timers who had been members of the posse
were dead, and those who were left still were not interested in
discussing the matter. And so the story of the killing relies almost
entirely on the memory and information of the one man who cared to talk
about it, Pierce Cunningham.

A quiet, weather-beaten little man, Pierce Cunningham came into Jackson
Hole with the first influx of settlers during the late 1880's and early
1890's. He homesteaded in the valley, and there, on Flat Creek, he
worked his ranch and married and raised his family.

In the fall of 1892, while he was haying on Flat Creek, Cunningham was
approached by a neighbor named White who introduced 2 strangers, stating
that they wished to buy hay for a bunch of horses they had with them.
One of the men, named George Spenser, was about 30 and had come
originally from Illinois; the other was an Oregon boy named Mike
Burnett, much younger than Spenser but already rated a first-class
cattleman after having punched cattle for several years elsewhere in
Wyoming. Cunningham sold them about 15 tons of hay and incidentally
arranged to let the men winter in his cabin near Spread Creek, about 25
miles to the north. Since Cunningham himself intended to remain at Flat
Creek, he also arranged for his partner, a burly Swede named Jackson, to
stay with them.

Rumor began spreading during the winter that the 2 men on Cunningham's
place were fugitive horse thieves. Some of the rustlers' horses, it was
said, belonged to a cattleman in Montana; a valley rancher had worked
for him and recognized some of the brands. Before the snow was gone
Cunningham had taken it upon himself to snowshoe to Spread Creek,
investigate conditions, and warn Jackson to be on guard. Once there his
suspicions were confirmed. Cunningham spent several days with the men,
went with them to search for their horses, and recognized certain stocks
and changed brands that left no question in his mind as to their guilt.
The die was cast, and although he could readily have warned the men of
their danger, Cunningham returned home without doing so.

The next spring, however, he ordered Spenser and Burnett to leave, and
they did; but unfortunately for them, they returned to look for some
horses on the very day they should have been absent.

This was in April 1893. Across the mountains to the west a man from
Montana was organizing a posse in the little Idaho settlement of Driggs.
Somehow, possibly on a tip relayed from the Hole, he had got wind of the
rustlers on Cunningham's place and was coming to get them. One of the
valley homesteaders saw the posse leader there with a group of 15 men on
saddle horses, and a few days later they came riding over the pass from
Teton Basin into Jackson Hole.

In the valley of ... the leader completed organization of the posse.
Including him, there were 4 men from Montana, 2 from Idaho, and 10 or 12
recruited in Jackson Hole. Asked to join the outfit, Cunningham refused,
and stayed at Flat Creek. The posse elected a spokesman, and then
started up the valley to the Spread Creek cabin--a group of 16 men, all
mounted and heavily armed.

Under cover of darkness, the posse approached the cabin, a low,
sod-roofed log building in dark silhouette against the night sky.
Silently they surrounded it; 6 men in the shed about 150 yards northwest
of the cabin, 3 took cover behind the ridge about the same distance
south of the cabin, and the rest presumably scattered at intermediate
vantage points. And then they waited for dawn.

    [Illustration: PHOTO BY FRITIOF FRYXELL
    The Cunningham Cabin, where on an April morning in 1893 two men were
    cornered and shot for horse-stealing.]

Inside the cabin the unsuspecting men were sleeping quietly: Spenser,
the older man, sandy-haired and heavily built; Burnett, the cowpuncher,
slender and dark; and of course Swede Jackson, Cunningham's partner. The
two rustlers intended to leave when it got light.

Early in the morning the dog which was in the cabin with the men began
to bark shrilly, perhaps taking alarm at the scent of the posse. Spenser
got up, dressed, buckled on his revolver, and went out to the corral.

The corral lay between the cabin and the shed, and after Spenser had
entered it one of the posse called to him to "throw 'em up." Instead
Spenser drew with lightning speed and fired twice, one bullet passing
between two logs and almost hitting the spokesman, the other nicking a
log near by. The posse returned fire and Spenser fell to the ground,
propping himself up on one elbow and continuing to shoot until he
collapsed.

Meanwhile Burnett had got up, slipped on his overalls and boots, and
fastened on his revolver. Then he picked up his rifle in his right hand
and came out of the cabin. As he stepped forth, one of the men behind
the ridge fired at him. The bullet struck the point of a log next to the
door, just in front of Burnett's eyes. Burnett swept the splinters from
his face with his right hand as he reached for his revolver with his
left, and fired lefthanded at the top of the gunman's hat, just visible
over the ridge. The shot was perfect; the bullet tore away the hat and
creased the man's scalp. He toppled over backwards.

Burnett then deliberately walked over to the corner of the cabin and
stopped, with rifle in hand, in full view of the entire posse, taunting
them to come out and show themselves. From inside the cabin Jackson
pleaded with him to come in or he would get it too. Burnett finally
turned, and as he did so one of the members of the posse shot him. The
bullet killed Burnett instantly, and he pitched forward toward the
cabin, discharging his rifle as he fell.

Now only Jackson was left in the cabin. A big, bumbling man with a knack
for trouble, Jackson had once before been taken by mistake for a
horsethief and been scared almost to death; when he was now ordered to
come out and surrender with his hands in the air he did so immediately.

The work of the posse was done. Mike Burnett lay face down in the dirt
at the corner of the cabin, the bullet from his last shot lodged in a
log beside him; George Spenser, his six-shooter empty, was sprawled
inside the corral with 4 charges of buckshot and 4 or 5 bullets in his
body. They were buried in unmarked graves a few hundred yards southeast
of the cabin, on the south side of a draw.

No investigation was ever made, no trial held, and the matter was hushed
up. As years went by the subject of the killing at Spread Creek became a
touchy one, and most of the men directly involved preferred not to talk
about it. Swede Jackson, apparently thoroughly shaken by the incident,
left the valley and did not return. The affair at Cunningham's Ranch was
a closed story.

What information the members of the posse did volunteer in later years
was in justification of their actions. The posse leader was a Montana
sheriff, they said, and he and his men had come from Evanston, Wyoming,
with the "proper papers," and deputized the Jackson Hole men. According
to them there had been no intention of killing--the 2 victims had been
given a chance to surrender, and after the affair one of the men in the
posse had gone to Evanston to report it to the police.

Those in the valley who had not been in on the posse were not so sure of
the legality of the shooting. Cunningham said he thought the leader was
not an officer, and reiterated that the posse had been instructed not to
arrest but to kill. He stated that 2 local men had previously been asked
to dispose of the pair, but had refused. When asked who raised the posse
and investigated the killing, Cunningham laughed and said he could tell
but preferred not to; asked if he cared to state whether the move was
local or not, he quickly said, "Oh no--it wasn't only local."

Cunningham himself was rumored to have warned the outlaws to be on
guard, having returned from the Spread Creek ranch only a short time
before the killing. The story easily gained credence, since Spenser had
caught the posse completely by surprise when he armed himself and
started directly for the corral and shed where the men were hidden.
Cunningham denied "tipping them off," and Jackson later said it was
unusual for the dog to bark as it did that morning. Spenser probably
sensed from the dog's actions that something was amiss and so put on his
gun before leaving the cabin, a precaution which Jackson said the men
had never taken during the previous winter.

Cunningham seemed more favorably impressed by the behavior of the 2
horsethieves than by any heroism on the part of the posse, an attitude
which was general in the valley. Members of the posse had little to say
about it.

In 1928, several years before his death, Pierce Cunningham recounted the
story of the killing at Spread Creek and ended by pointing out the spot
where the rustlers were buried. With 2 timbers he marked the
sage-covered plot, one corner of it crossed by the road then running
past the cabin, where George Spenser and Mike Burnett had lain since
their death in 1893.

Years later badgers threw out some of their bones into the sunlight.

    [Illustration: Prospector]




                     PROSPECTOR OF JACKSON HOLE[8]
                           By Fritiof Fryxell


In the 1880's and 1890's it was widely supposed that the Snake River
gravels of Jackson Hole, in Wyoming, contained workable deposits of
placer gold, and there were many who came to the region, lured by such
reports and a prospector's eternal optimism.

Color, indeed, could be struck almost anywhere along the river, but the
gold of which it gave promise proved discouragingly scarce and elusive.
None found what in fairness to the word could be called a fortune. Few
found sufficient gold to maintain for any length of time even the most
frugal living--and who can live more frugally than the itinerant
prospector? So through these decades prospectors quietly came and sooner
or later as quietly left, leaving no traces of their visit more
substantial than the scattered prospect holes still to be seen along the
bars of the Snake River. Even today a prospector occasionally finds his
way into the valley, and, like a ghost out of the past, may be seen on
some river bar, patiently panning. Probably he, too, will drift on. It
is apparent now that the wealth of Jackson Hole lies not in gold-bearing
gravels but in the matchless beauty of its snow-covered hills and the
tonic qualities of its mountain air and streams.

But one prospector stayed. Mysterious in life, Uncle Jack Davis has
become one of the most shadowy figures in the past of Jackson Hole,
little more than a name except to those few still left of an older
generation who knew him. He deserves to be remembered--deserves it
because of his singular story, and because he has the distinction
historically of having been the only confirmed prospector in Jackson
Hole.

He was "Uncle" only by courtesy for he lived a lonely hermit until his
death; and so far as is known he left no relatives. He first appeared in
1887 as one of the throng of miners drawn irresistibly into that
maelstrom of the gold excitements, Virginia City, Montana. In a Virginia
City saloon he became involved in a brawl and struck a man down, struck
him too hard and killed him. Davis, it should be remarked, was a man of
herculean strength and, at the time of this accident, he was drunk.
Believing himself slated for the usual treatment prescribed by Montana
justice at the time--quick trial and hanging--he fled the city.

Davis reappeared shortly after this in Jackson Hole, the resort of more
than one man with a past, and in the most isolated corner of that
isolated region he began life anew. At the south end of the Hole, a few
miles down the Grand Canyon, he took out a claim on the south side of
the Snake River near a little tributary known as Bailey Creek. There he
built a log cabin, the humblest structure imaginable--one room, no
windows, a single door hung on rawhide hinges. This primitive shack was
Jack Davis' home for nearly a quarter of a century. True, more than two
decades later he built himself a new cabin, but death knocked at the
door of the old one before he could move.

    [Illustration: PHOTO BY AL AUSTIN
    Uncle Jack's cabin was located on the Snake River near the mouth of
    Bailey Creek. The plank structure on the roof is the old sluice box
    which was used to make his coffin.]

Down in the bottom of this magnificent canyon which he had almost to
himself, Davis plied his old trade of placer mining, putting in the
usual crude system of sluice boxes and ditches. In addition, he
cultivated a patch of ground which yielded vegetables sufficient for his
own needs and for an occasional trade. The income from both sources was
ridiculously small, but his needs were modest enough. Primarily he
wished peace and seclusion, and these he found.

The Virginia City episode never ceased to trouble him. It made him a
recluse for life. He lived alone, and limited his associates almost
entirely to the few neighbors who, as the years passed, came to share
his canyon or that of the nearby Hoback River. Trips to town were made
only when necessary, and were brief. On such occasions it was his
practice to cross the Snake near his cabin and hike or snowshoe up the
west side to the store at Menor's Ferry, 50 miles distant. Having made
his purchases he shouldered them and returned by the same route. In the
course of his journey he saw and talked to few. He rarely went to
Jackson, the only town in the region. He is said to have been a sober
man, afraid of drink.

Davis' solitary habits sprang from a haunting fear of pursuit, not from
dislike of companionship. The presence of a stranger in the region made
him uneasy, and he did not rest until his mission was known, sometimes
pressing a friend into service to ascertain a stranger's business. He
rarely allowed his photograph to be taken. Apparently his fears had
little foundation, for no one from "outside" ever came in after him.
Very likely Virginia City soon forgot him.

Davis' past was known to only 1 or 2 of the most intimate of his
neighbors. They kept it to themselves. Nor would it have mattered had
this story been more generally known--not in Jackson Hole where such a
distinction was by no means unique, and where a man was judged for what
he was, not for what he had been, or had done.

Though a strange recluse, he was a man to be admired and respected.
Physically he was tall, broad, of magnificently erect carriage--a
blue-eyed, full-bearded giant. Stories of his strength still enjoy
currency. According to one of these, Uncle Jack once lifted a casting
which on its shipping bill was credited with weighing 900 pounds--lifted
it by slipping a loop of rope under it, passing the loop over his
shoulders, and straightening his back. And it was well known that for
all his solitary habits, Uncle Jack was kind and generous as he was
strong.

It seems as though for the remainder of his days Uncle Jack did penance
for his one great mistake. He impressed one as trying hard to do the
right thing by everyone and everything. Such was his love for birds and
animals that he would go hungry rather than shoot them. To callers at
his shack he explained the absence of meat from the table by a stock
alibi so lame and transparent that it fooled no one: "He'd eat so much
meat lately that he'd decided to lay off it for awhile." His
unwillingness to kill turned him into a vegetarian--here in the midst of
the best hunting country in America. A hermit, yet Uncle Jack was hardly
lonely. In birds and beasts of the canyon he found a substitute for
human companionship. The wild creatures about him soon ceased to be
wild. His family of pets included Lucy, a doe who lived with him for
many years; Buster, her fawn, whom the coyotes finally killed; two
cats--Pitchfork Tillman, named for a prominent political figure of the
times, and Nick Wilson, much given to night life, so named after a
prominent pioneer of the valley; and a number of tame squirrels and
bluebirds. Not to mention Dan, the old horse, and Calamity Jane, the
inevitable prospector's burro, which had accompanied Jack in his flight
to Jackson Hole, where it finally died at the advanced age of 40 years.
Maintaining peace in such a family kept Uncle Jack from becoming lonely.

Al Austin, who for many years was forest ranger in this region, and who
in time came to enjoy Uncle Jack's closest confidence, presents an
unforgettable picture of the old man and his family. Dropping in at
mealtime for a friendly call, Austin would find Uncle Jack in his cabin
surrounded by his pets, each clamouring to be fed and each jealous of
attention bestowed on any creature other than itself. If the bluebirds
were favored, the squirrels chattered vociferously. Buster, if
irritated, would justify his name by charging and upsetting the
furniture. Add to this the audible impatience of Pitchfork Tillman and
Nick Wilson, Lucy was ladylike but nevertheless insistent. To this
motley circle Uncle Jack would hold forth in inimitable language,
carrying on a running stream of conversation--scolding, lecturing,
admonishing, or when discord became acute, threatening dire punishment
if they did not mend their ways. It is hardly necessary to add that to
Uncle Jack's awful threats, and the vivid profanity, which it must be
admitted, accompanied them, the members of the household remained
serenely indifferent, and there is no record that any of the promised
disasters ever fell on their furry heads.

    [Illustration: PHOTOGRAPHER UNKNOWN
    Uncle Jack Davis, the only confirmed prospector of Jackson Hole, was
    tall, broad, of magnificently erect carriage--a blue-eyed,
    full-bearded giant. This is a rare photograph taken shortly before
    his death.]

Having no windows, Uncle Jack left his door open during the good
weather. One spring a pair of bluebirds flew through the open door into
the shack and, having inspected the place and found it to their liking,
built their nest behind a triangular fragment of mirror which Uncle Jack
had stuck on the wall. Uncle Jack then cut down the door from its
leather hinges and did not replace it until fall. Six successive summers
the bluebirds returned to the cabin, and, finding the door removed in
anticipation of their coming, built their nest and raised their young
behind Uncle Jack's mirror.

Nearby Uncle Jack made a little graveyard for his pets, as they left him
one by one. It was lovingly cared for. In the course of the 24 years
which he spent there the burial ground came to contain many neat
mounds--mounds of strangely different sizes. But Lucy, Pitchfork
Tillman, and Dan outlived Uncle Jack.

He would not accept charity, even during the last year or two of his
life when he was nearly destitute. Neighbors had to resort to strategy
to get him to accept help.

On his periodic trips up and down the canyon, Austin brought the mail to
Davis and to Johnny Counts, who lived next to the north. Counts and
Davis, too, occasionally exchanged visits. On March 14, 1911, Austin
called at Counts' and, finding that nothing had been heard of from Uncle
Jack for some time, snowshoed on down the canyon to see if all was well.

The old man lay in bed, delirious. The last date checked off on the wall
calendar was February 11. Outside the cabin, elk had eaten all the hay,
and the horse and Lucy were at the point of starvation. Austin stayed by
his bedside for several days, then, finding it impossible to care for
Uncle Jack decently in the dark old cabin, summoned Counts. Several days
later they moved the old man 6 miles up the river, carrying him where
they could, most of the way pulling him along in a boat from the shore.
The old trail was one Jack himself had built many years before. In
Count's cabin, a week later, Uncle Jack died.

Austin made Uncle Jack's coffin from one of the old man's own sluice
boxes. Together the two men carried Uncle Jack to the grave they had dug
for him at Sulphur Springs, nearby in the canyon. A wooden headboard on
which Ranger Austin carved the inscription, "A. L. Davis, Died March 25,
1911," marks the grave--there Uncle Jack sleeps alone.

In Davis' shack was found the "fortune" which placer mining had brought
him--$12 in cash and about the same value in gold amalgam.

    [Illustration: Signpost for Menors Ferry]




                         MOUNTAIN RIVER MEN[9]
                       THE STORY OF MENOR'S FERRY
                            By Frances Judge


"This ain't W. D. Menor talking, this is H. H. Menor talking, by God.
Holy Saviour, yes!"

Both Bill and Holiday carried a mouthful of oaths that spilled out
whenever they spoke. They cursed their friends and neighbors, they
cursed each other, and they cursed themselves. But to lighten this
burden of words when women were around, Holiday would say, before a
sentence, in the middle of a sentence or at the end of one, "Holy
Savior, yes!" or "Holy Savior, no!"

Bill never bothered to lighten his profanity.

Yet, in spite of cursing, they were men of dignity.

Everyone in Jackson Hole knew Bill and Holiday Menor. They were as much
a part of the country as the Snake River or the Teton Mountains. The
type of men they were brought them here.

Then, as now, Jackson Hole had a marked collection of people. They were
unshackled and they had color. Strength was intensified. Weakness was
vivid. Bill and Holiday were plain spoken, strong-dyed individualists.
They belonged here.

The Menor brothers came originally from Ohio. They were tall men. Bill,
11 years older than his brother, was thin and long-boned. His nose and
sharp eyes were like an old eagle's. Holiday's long body sagged a
little. He had a grizzled beard, long, shrewd nose, and amused, gray
eyes. He prospected in Montana before coming to Jackson Hole. "My
partner's name was Mean, but I was Menor," he would say. He claimed to
have made over one hundred and twenty thousand dollars in one prospect.
When asked what happened to the money, he always said, "Wine, women and
song." He talked of going off to Old Mexico, prospecting, but he never
went. There was too much living to be done on the banks of the Snake
River.

Bill Menor, coming to this valley in 1892, settled on a homestead by
squatter's right. He settled where the Snake River hauls toward the
great mountains. He was first to homestead on the west bank of the Snake
River, under the Tetons. He built a low, log house among the cottonwoods
on the shore of the river, collected a cow or two, and a horse; a few
chickens; plowed up sage and made a field; planted a garden; built a
blacksmith shop; and in time opened a small store where he sold a few
groceries, a lot of Bull Durham, overalls, tin pans, fish hooks and odds
and ends.

And he immediately constructed a ferry to ply the unreliable Snake.
Before settling in the valley, he spent 10 days with John Shive and John
Cherry "on the Buffalo." At that time he considered establishing a ferry
somewhere along the Buffalo, but after talking with Cherry and Shive, he
decided on the Snake River. And his decision was wise and farsighted.

Many settlers cut timber on Bill's side of the river, so the ferry was
welcome. There were times when it was the only crossing within a 40 mile
stretch up and down the river. Once in awhile there was no crossing at
all, when the river was "in spate" and Bill refused to risk the ferry.
At such a time people were forced to go up one side of the river to
Moran, cross the toll bridge, and travel down the other side--80 miles
to travel 8.

The ferry, a railed platform on pontoons, was carried directly across
the river by the current, guided by ropes attached to an overhead cable.
The cable was secured to a massive log--called a "dead man." The ferry
was large enough to carry a 4-horse team, provided the lead team was
unhooked and led to the side of the wagon.

    [Illustration: PHOTO BY AL AUSTIN
    Menor's Ferry at about the turn of the Century. Where the mad Snake
    rolls by, and the shadow of the great mountains moves over sage, and
    building, and river.]

Bill Menor charged 50 cents for a team, 25 cents for a horse and rider.
A foot passenger was carried free if a vehicle was crossing.

In those early days almost everyone who came to cross the ferry around
mealtime was invited to eat. If the river was too high for safe crossing
and the persons who wanted to cross were in no particular hurry, Bill
would keep them 2 or 3 days, bedding them and feeding them generously
until the waters subsided, and charging them only the slim ferry fee.
"When you see them rollers in the middle of the river, I won't cross,"
he would say, apologizing in his grouchy way for keeping people around.

Anyone who stayed with Bill had to be washed and combed and ready to
leap at the table at twelve-noon and six-sharp. Early in the morning, as
soon as the fire was built, he yelled at them, saying, "Come on, get out
of bed. Don't lay there until the flies blow you!" Nothing angered him
more than to have someone late for a meal, unless it was to put a dish
or a pan in the wrong place. Bill had a place for everything and
everything had to be in place. Once the Roy VanVlecks spent the night
with Bill. They washed the morning dishes before ferrying over the
river. Bill, leaning against the kitchen doorcasing, criticized and
cursed because the frying pans shouldn't go here and the kettles
shouldn't go there. Yet he did not offer to put them on their proper
nails or even show where they belonged.

That was Bill, and his neighbors understood. He was a man boiled down to
his primary colors.

Bill was generally accommodating, but if he were particularly out of
humor, and had a natural distaste for a person who came along after six
in the evening, he would refuse to ferry him over the river or keep him
for the night. He apparently got satisfaction out of being downright
mean to a few individuals.

When the Snake is high, it is ferocious. It boils, seethes, growls,
beats its breast, and carries with it everything it can reach.

Once it got Bill.

A huge, uprooted tree swept against the ferry with such force that the
ropes broke and the boat was carried downstream, taking Bill with it.
After a quick trip, the ferry grounded on a submerged sandbar. Neighbors
gathered and conferred and hurried about, trying to rescue Bill. He
stood on the ferry violently cursing the rescue crew and acting, in
general, as though they alone were to blame for the high water and his
predicament.

Holiday Menor came to Jackson Hole about 1905. He lived for a number of
years with his brother, Bill. But the disposition of each was cut on the
bias, and the two disagreed over a neighbor. So Holiday took up land on
the east shore and built his houses directly across from brother Bill,
and let the river run between them. Like a great many individualists,
Bill and Holiday considered strong hate a mark of character, so they did
not speak to each other for 2 years. Nevertheless, they were proud of
each other, and the name of one always cropped up in the conversation of
the other, mixed well with curses. And each watched across the river for
the other, to make sure all was right on the opposite shore.

One Christmas the brothers were invited to the Bar B C Ranch for dinner.
It was Holiday's birthday. Neither knew the other was to be there. When
each arrived he was given a strong drink of whiskey to insure
amiability. The 2 brothers shook hands over the Christmas table. Ever
after they were on speaking terms.

And sometimes they spoke too freely, shaking fists and cursing each
other over the river. There was much gusto in their living.

Though Bill read hardly more than the daily paper that came to him,
Holiday subscribed to a number of magazines. He read 7 long months of
the year and "talked it out" the other 5. He argued politically with
everyone, whether they would argue or not. "Now, mind you, I'm telling
you, this ain't W. D. talking, this is H. H. Menor talking, by God." And
for emphasis he would bang things with a stick of stove wood. Once he
came down on the red hot stove with his bare fist and for a short while
political views were unimportant.

Gradually the land was taken up by a homesteader or Government leaser,
and the Menors were surrounded with neighbors. Then, as now, persons
living 10 or 15 miles away were considered close neighbors. Everybody in
the valley knew everybody else, or at least knew stories about him. For
Holiday to have a close neighbor other than Bill was intriguing. Mrs.
Evelyn Dorman, a Pennsylvania woman, homesteaded on the east bank, and
her buildings were only a quarter of a mile below Holiday's. She called
him the Patriarch of the Ford, and he called her the Widow down the
River.

To have Mrs. Dornan ask how he prepared some dish filled him with pride.
He enjoyed giving away his recipes. He would say, "You take two handfuls
of flour, that is, and a pinch of salt, that is ..." All his recipes
were generously seasoned with "that is's". He was an excellent cook and
loved to have his friends eat with him.

But there was the rooster episode.

Bill had a beautiful barred Plymouth Rock rooster; a huge single-combed
domestic fowl with graceful feathers in its tail, and pride in its walk.
But Holiday's rooster had only two feathers in its tail, its body was
completely bare, and it had no pride.

It was a sad sight.

The Widow down the River laughed every time she looked at Holiday's
rooster and wanted to take a picture of it. But Holiday said, "No."

"Holy Savior, no! I don't want that rooster shown as an example of what
is raised on my ranch."

Fearing Mrs. Dornan would take a picture of the fowl, he killed it,
cooked it, and invited her to eat it with him. He never once thought
that the bird might have been defeathered by disease. Mrs. Dorman ate
rooster and pretended to enjoy it. She was an understanding neighbor.

Both Bill and Holiday raised excellent gardens. To be fairly safe
against frost they never planted until the snow melted up to a certain
level in the Tetons. They raised many vegetables. Their cauliflowers
were as big as footstools. They raised currents and raspberries galore,
and made jelly and jam. And they raised flowers. Holiday always had
pansies on the north side of his buildings. He called them tansies. He
and Bill always gave freely of their vegetables, berries, and flowers.

During the wild berry season, Bill would charge "huckleberry rates" to
the local people--fare one way only--when the berries were ripe along
the ridges and around the lakes under the Tetons.

Holiday would can between 50 and 60 quarts of huckleberries during a
season. And since he drank periodically he made wine. At any rate that
is what he called it. He would make it of berries, raisins, prunes,
beets, plus whatever else was handy--and never wait for the mixture to
mature.

It would knock his hat off.

At five one summer morning, neighbors stopped at Holiday's returning
from a dance. They were cold. They needed a stimulant, but Holiday had
no wine. He had drunk it all. So they drank a cocktail made of gin and
huckleberry juice--half and half. After finishing their drinks, 2 young
men in the party decided to go shoot a rabbit for breakfast. They did.

"We shot it right in the eye," one said, holding up what was left of the
rabbit.

The hind parts were shot away, slick as a whistle.

That is what gin and wild huckleberry juice did to a rabbit. Holy
Savior, yes! What might Holiday's wine have done to it?

Holiday enjoyed the summer visitors in Jackson Hole. Bill probably
enjoyed them also, but they could not lift him from his natural state of
grouchiness. Once, after looking over the miles of sage that covered the
levels of land that rise from the river to the mountains, an Eastern
lady said to Bill, "Mr. Menor, what do you raise in this country?"

Bill, a dyed-in-the-wool bachelor, looked at her and said, "Hell and
kids and plenty of both."

He enjoyed startling people.

And he apparently knew what the "outsider" thought of a Jackson Holer.
In 1915 he made a trip to the World's Fair with his neighbors, Jim and
Mary Budge. When they had boarded a San Francisco-bound train, after a
strenuous trek out of Jackson Hole, both Jim and Bill felt in need of a
long drink of whiskey. Entering the smoker with their concealed bottle,
they found one other man there. They did not like his looks and they
felt no need of him. Bill walked up and looked down at him with his
eagle stare. "Do you know where we're from?" he said. "JACKSON HOLE!"

The man made a quick escape.

Though Holiday was more jovial than Brother Bill, his neighbors steered
clear of him when he was in the process of making lime. He made and sold
lime to neighboring ranchers. Some of them, like Bill, whitewashed their
houses inside and out with it. Holiday chinked his houses with it. He
also used it as a cure-all for man and beast. When he made lime he had
to keep a steady fire going for thirty-odd hours in the kiln just behind
the house in the bank. During these hours he was not fit company for man
or beast. But his neighbors accepted his limy disposition as a necessary
part of the process. Holy Savior, yes. What of it?

When late fall brought bitter winds, heavy fogs, and snow, the ferry was
beached for the winter. From then on all teams had to ford the river. A
little platform was hung from the river cable to accommodate foot
passengers. It would hold 3 or 4 at one time. The passengers mounted the
platform from a ladder and sat down. Bill released the car; with a quick
swoosh it ran down the slack in the cable where it dipped within 10 feet
of the river. Then the frightened passengers would laboriously haul
themselves up the relaxed cable to the opposite shore.

In later years, when travel became heavier, a winter bridge was flung
across the main channel. Putting in the winter bridge was the
responsibility of everyone, friend and enemy alike. When the time was
ripe, word was sent to nearby ranchers. On this day of days all cars and
wagons were stopped and the occupants asked to help with the
construction. If they protested, Holiday would say, "Do you want to use
the winter bridge? Well, then help put it in!"

Giving a hot meal to the crew that laid the winter bridge became
traditional with Mrs. Dornan. While they carried logs and hammered, she
baked and fried and boiled.

To find a crew to lay the winter bridge was never very difficult, but to
find a few who were willing to help remove it in the spring was a very
different matter. The ferry was running full blast. No one needed the
bridge. No one was enthusiastic. This was spring; time to plant and
build and plan. No time to tear down. To get men to the river for this
seemingly useless task was worse than trying to get a fresh cow on the
ferry without her calf.

So it came to pass that one spring there was only Holiday and one other
man to move the bridge pole by pole, nail by nail, oath by oath. As a
result any log that looked too heavy for 2 men to lift was rolled into
the river. "To hell with it," Holiday would say, and dust off his hands.
"Holy Savior, yes!"

In 1918, Bill sold his ranch and the ferry. The new owners raised the
prices. Soon after the ferry changed hands, a Jackson Holer came along
on foot. Finding the fare doubled he leaped, fully dressed and full of
anger into the Snake River and swam across. The pilot stood on the
ferry, cursing the swimmer and yelling that he hoped he would drown.

Bill sold because he had enough of high water and low water. He had
enough of fog, rain, wind, snow, and sunshine on the Snake.

Yet he could not drag himself away. He hung around his house and at
twelve-noon, and six-sharp he would pace what was no longer his floor
and swear because the meal was not ready. Mrs. Dornan, who was then
boarding at the Menor place, would get him to the door and say, "Go on
out, Bill. The meal will be good when you get it." But this was no
longer home. At last he dragged himself away from the ranch, away from
the valley. He moved to California.

In 1925 the Gros Ventre slide occurred which brought tourists flocking
to Jackson Hole. The great rump of Sheep Mountain had dropped away,
damming the Gros Ventre River and forming a lake 4 miles long. This
landslide occurred directly across the valley from Menor's Ferry and
brought the owners a landslide of business. But Bill had sold and left
the country.

By 1927 a huge bridge spanned the Snake not far from the Menor houses,
so the ferry was beached and in time dismantled. But before the bridge
was completed, Holiday had sold his land and followed his brother to
California.

Now they were old men.

Just before leaving the valley, Holiday bought a new suit and a new hat.
He stayed a few days in Jackson at the Crabtree Hotel. One night, while
he was in town, the ladies of some organization were having a dinner in
the Club House--the upper floor of a huge frame building. An outside
stairway led up to the hall. Holiday happened along just as a woman
stepped out on the stairway with a pan full of dishwater. She threw the
water all over him. Holiday walked on to the hotel, wet and violently
angry. After a string of oaths that would reach from one end of the
Snake River to the other and all its tributaries, he said to Mrs.
Crabtree, "A man gets dressed up once in 17 years and a woman has to
climb up above him and throw dishwater all over him. Why couldn't it
have been a minute earlier or a minute later? Hell!" And he stomped off
to his room.

Shortly before Bill's death, Mrs. Dornan found the two brothers in San
Diego, in a little hospital on Juniper Street. Bill was bedridden, but
his mind was keen. He cursed the bed in which he lay, and talked of
Jackson Hole. A sympathetic nurse had pinned on the wall at the foot of
his bed a crude oil painting of the Teton Mountains.

Holiday was able to be up and about, but his mind had begun to fade.
Mrs. Dornan took him mahogany "tansies" like those he once grew. Knowing
he would never see her again, he gave her a handkerchief with his
initials in one corner. H. H. M.

She knew that never again would she hear him say, "Now mind you, I'm
telling you. This ain't W. D. Menor talking, this is H. H. Menor
talking, by God!"

The brothers died within a year of each other.

But living or dead they belonged to Jackson Hole. They were vivid,
strong-grained men.

Holiday's buildings are gone. But Bill's low, whitewashed house still
stands.

And the mad Snake rolls by, and the shadow of the great mountains moves
over sage, and building, and river.




                               FOOTNOTES


[1]Years later a peak almost due west from this camp, at the head of
    Waterfalls Canyon, was named Doane Peak, in honor of the Lieutenant.

[2]Prior to the construction of Jackson Lake Dam, completed in 1916, the
    natural water level was some 39 feet below the present high water
    line.

[3]Probably Moran Bay.

[4]Parenthetical statement crossed out in the original.

[5]Reprinted from Annals of Wyoming, Volume 5, Number 4, June 1929, with
    permission from the author and Miss Lola M. Homsher, Director of
    Archives and Historical Department, State of Wyoming.

[6]There is a discrepancy here, since Doane's report of his expedition
    indicates that Lieutenant Hall and Doane met some distance down the
    Snake River from Jackson Hole in 1877.

[7]Reprinted from _Saga_, literary magazine of Augustana College, 1955
    with permission of the author and the editor of _Saga_. This
    narrative is based on detailed historical notes obtained by the
    author's father, Fritiof Fryxell, more than 30 years ago, in
    conversation with early settlers of Jackson Hole--including Pierce
    Cunningham himself--who were in a position to furnish reliable
    information concerning _The Affair at Cunningham's Ranch_. In the
    recording of these notes, and their use in preparing the present
    account, every effort was made to reconstruct the episode as
    accurately and fully as possible, except that the names of the posse
    were purposely omitted.

[8]Reprinted from _American Forests_, October 1935, with the permission
    of the author and editor of _American Forests_.

[9]Reprinted from the _Empire Magazine_ of _The Denver Post_ and from
    the _Jackson's Hole Courier_ with the permission of the editors and
    the author.




                          Transcriber's Notes


--Silently corrected a few typos.

--Added an ellipsis on page 44 where a word was apparently omitted in
  the printed exemplar.

--Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
  is public-domain in the country of publication.

--In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
  _underscores_.







End of Project Gutenberg's Campfire Tales of Jackson Hole, by G. Bryan Harry