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                         RUBBLE AND ROSELEAVES

                        And Things of That Kind

                                   BY

                             F. W. BOREHAM


                             [Illustration]


                           THE ABINGDON PRESS
                         NEW YORK    CINCINNATI




                          Copyright, 1923, by
                             F. W. BOREHAM

                Printed in the United States of America




                                CONTENTS

                                 Part I

              I. OLD ENVELOPES                               11
             II. 'WHISTLING JIGS TO MILESTONES'              22
            III. THE FRONT-DOOR BELL                         35
             IV. THE GREEN CHAIR                             46
              V. LIVING DOGS AND DEAD LIONS                  57
             VI. NEW BROOMS                                  67
            VII. A GOOD WIFE AND A GALLANT SHIP              78

                                Part II

              I. ODD VOLUMES                                 91
             II. O'ER CRAG AND TORRENT                      101
            III. THE PRETENDER                              113
             IV. ACHMED'S INVESTMENT                        124
              V. SATURDAY                                   134
             VI. THE CHIMES                                 145
            VII. 'BE SHOD WITH SANDALS'                     156

                                Part III

              I. WE ARE SEVEN                               169
             II. THE FISH-PENS                              181
            III. EDGED TOOLS                                192
             IV. OLD PHOTOGRAPHS                            202
              V. A BOX OF BLOCKS                            214
             VI. PIECRUST                                   226
            VII. ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS WELL                  235




                         BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION

Every man has a genius for something or other. I have a genius for a
comfortable armchair and a blazing fire. Add to these two ingredients
what Bob Cratchit would call a _circle_ of congenial companions
(meaning, as his considerate creator points out, a _semi-circle_) and I
am as destitute of envy as the Miller of the Dee. I stipulate, however,
that my companions shall be so very much to my taste that, when in the
mood, I can talk to my heart's content without seeming garrulous, and,
when in the mood, can remain as silent as the Sphinx without appearing
sullen.

This outrageous spasm of autobiography is necessitated as an explanation
of _Rubble and Roseleaves_. The contents are neither essays nor sermons
nor anything of the kind. The inexhaustible patience of my readers has
lured me into the habit of talking on any mortal—or immortal—subject
that takes my fancy. I have merely set down here a few wayward notions
that have, in the course of my wanderings, occurred to me. But, in
self-defense, let me add that these outbursts have been punctuated by
whole infinitudes of silence. The silences are eloquently represented by
the gaps between the chapters.

                                                     Frank W. Boreham.
 Armadale, Melbourne, Australia.
  Easter, 1923.




                                 PART I




                            I—OLD ENVELOPES


Three envelopes, cruelly torn and sadly crumpled, look reproachfully up
at me from the yawning abyss of my waste-paper basket. There is a heavy,
pompous envelope, of foolscap size, who evidently feels that I have
affronted his dignity by casting him to the void in this unceremonious
way. There is a thin, blue envelope who seems to be barking out
something about an account that ought to be paid. And there is a dainty
little square envelope, delicately perfumed, and addressed in a lady's
flowing hand. This pretty piece of stationery keeps asking, in a
plaintive voice, if the age of chivalry is dead.

'_Why_,' these envelopes want to know, '_why are the letters that we
brought laid so respectfully on your desk whilst we, to whom you are so
much indebted, are crushed and mangled and tossed disdainfully aside?
Isn't an envelope as good as a letter any day?_'

There is justice in their contention, and I take up my pen that I may
tender them an apology. A letter will tell you much; but the envelope
will often tell you more. I remember sitting with John Broadbanks one
autumn afternoon on the broad verandah of the Mosgiel Manse. Some
important meetings were to be held next day, and he had driven over to
help me in my preparations for them. He had, moreover, arranged to stay
the night. As we made our way through the various papers that would have
to be dealt with next day, the gate swung open and the postman placed a
budget of letters in my hand.

'Hullo!' I exclaimed, 'an English mail!' And, excusing myself from the
business on hand, I lost myself in the letters from Home.

I noticed that, when we returned to the agenda paper and reports, John
did not seem as keen as usual. He went through the documents
mechanically, languidly, perfunctorily, allowing several matters to pass
that, ordinarily, he would have questioned. He gave me the impression of
having something on his mind, and it was not until we all sat round the
tea-table that I grasped the situation. Then he opened his heart to us.

'I am very sorry,' he said, 'but if you'll let me, I think I had better
return to Silverstream this evening after all. The arrival of the
English mail makes all the difference. You have your letters; mine are
waiting for me at the Manse. When I last heard from Home, my mother was
very ill; I have spent an anxious month waiting for the letter that has
evidently arrived to-day; and I do not feel that I can settle down to
to-morrow's business until I have seen it.'

The announcement was greeted with demonstrations of general
disappointment. John was a universal favorite; he was the nearest
approach to a relative that the children had ever known; and the
prospect of having him in the house until bedtime, and of finding him
still on the premises when they awoke in the morning, had occasioned the
wildest excitement. And now the beautiful dream was about to be
shattered!

'I tell you what, John,' I said, going to the window and looking out,
'it's going to be a perfect moonlight night. Spend an hour with the
children after tea, and then I'll drive over to Silverstream with you.
If all's well, we can return together. If not, we shall understand.'

When, after a sharp cold drive in the moonlight, we reached the
Silverstream Manse, things took an unexpected turn.

'Mrs. Broadbanks has gone out,' the maid explained. 'The English mail
arrived this afternoon and she said you would be anxious to get your
Home letter. She took it with her and said that she would try to get it
posted this evening so that you would get it first thing in the morning.
And I think she intended to look in at Mrs. Blackie's before she
returned and inquire about Alec's broken leg. I know she took some
jellies with her.'

It was now John's turn to be disappointed. He had had his journey for
nothing; indeed, as things now stood he would be nearer to the letter at
Mosgiel than at Silverstream. Then an idea occurred to him.

'Did Mrs. Broadbanks get letters from _her_ home?' The maid thought that
she did. She knew, at least, that, after the arrival of the mail, her
mistress had spent some time in the bedroom by herself. John hurried to
the bedroom.

'Hurrah!' he cried, a moment later. 'Here's the envelope! It is
addressed in my mother's handwriting, and the postmark shows that it
left England on March 16. The last letter left on February 17 and the
envelope was addressed by my sister. So all's serene! Let's get back to
Mosgiel!' John wrote a hurried note for Lilian; left it on the bed; and,
in a few minutes, we were once more startling the rabbits on the road.

It is wonderful how often the envelope tells us all that we wish to
know. I always feel sorry for the Postmaster-General. No man on the
planet is under so great an illusion as is he. I can never read his
annual report without amusement. It is a stirring romance; but the
romance is, to some extent, the romance of _fiction_ rather than the
romance of _fact_. I know that it is a thankless task to rob a man of an
illusion that makes him happy; but the interests of truth sometimes
demand it. They do in this case. For it is not the Postmaster-General
alone who has been tricked by the witchery of appearances; the fallacy
is shared by all the members of his enormous staff. Every individual in
the department, from the Minister down to the messenger-boy, is equally
deceived. The annual report proves it. For, in this annual report, the
Postmaster-General tells you how many millions of letters he and his
subordinates have handled during the year. But have they? As a matter of
fact, they have handled no letters at all—except dead letters, and dead
things don't count. The Postmaster-General handles envelopes; that is
all. Let him correct the statement in his next report.

It will involve him in no loss of prestige, for, as these three
envelopes in the basket plead so plaintively, and as John Broadbanks
discovered that moonlight night at Silverstream, envelopes have a
significance of their own. The postman knows that. He never sees the
_letters_; but the _envelopes_ whisper to him a thousand secrets. He
knows the envelopes that contain circulars, and he hands them to you
with a look that is a kind of apology for having troubled you to answer
the door. He knows the official envelopes that contain demands for
rates, income taxes, and the like. If you are in his good books, he
hands them to you sympathetically; if not, he secretly enjoys the fun.
Here is an envelope marked 'Urgent'; here is one with a deep black
border; here is one with silver edges! He cannot be quite deaf to all
that these envelopes say. And here is one, addressed very neatly, to a
young lady at the house at the corner. He brings an exactly similar
envelope to the same fair recipient every other morning. On the morning
on which he brings the envelope, she invariably scampers along the hall
in order personally to receive the letters; on the alternate mornings
her father or her sister usually respond to his ring. He never sees her
letters; but he knows, he knows! The envelopes chatter to him all the
way down the street. Envelopes are great gossips. They talk to the
sorter; they talk to the collector; they talk to the postman; they talk
to the receiver; and they even go on talking—like the trio that set me
scribbling—after they have been tossed disdainfully into the
waste-paper basket.

The letter may be interesting in its way; but the envelope reveals the
essential things. When a man writes to me, he does not tell me what kind
of a man he is; but, recognizing that it is of the utmost importance to
me that this information should be placed at my disposal, he is good
enough to impart it on the envelope. He smothers the envelope with
hieroglyphs and signs which are more revealing than a photograph. It
frequently happens that my reply is determined more by these signs than
by anything that he says in the letter. The letter is probably stiff,
formal, lifeless—like a tailor's model. But the envelope reveals
individuality, character, life! The envelope's the thing! You find all
sorts of things in envelopes; you never find any mock modesty there.
Envelopes are never shy; they never stand on ceremony; they wait for no
introduction; they begin to talk as soon as they arrive. The envelope
tells me, by means of its postmark, of the locality from which it has
come and of the length of time that it has spent upon the road. Then,
swiftly establishing itself on friendly terms, it becomes personal,
communicative, confidential. It tells me that the writer of the letter
that I am about to read is a tidy man or a slovenly man, as the case may
be. Sometimes an envelope will tell me that it was addressed by a
feverish, impulsive, excitable man; another will assure me, proudly,
that it was sent to me by a leisurely, composed, methodical man. 'I
come,' boasts one envelope, 'from a painstaking and accurate man who is
scrupulously careful to cross every "_t_" and dot every "_i_."' 'And I,'
murmurs the envelope lying against it, 'come from a man who doesn't care
a rap whether the "_i's_" have dots, or, for that matter, whether the
dots have "_i's_"!' Here is an envelope that tells me that it has been
sent to me by a very dilatory man! The letter is dated March 2; the
postmark is dated March 6; he was four days in posting it! This envelope
contains a letter earnestly requesting me to oblige the writer by
speaking at a meeting which he is organizing, and he is kind enough to
speak of the great value which he attaches to my services. But the good
man has not the heart to deceive me. So, lest I should take the contents
of the letter seriously, he tells me that he has not even troubled to
find out how I spell my name or what initials I am pleased to bear. I
recognize, of course, that the information imparted by the envelope is
not to be implicitly trusted. A notorious gossip must always be heard
with the greatest caution. But most people with much experience of
correspondence, before answering a letter, like to hear what the
envelope has to say about it.

Nature, I notice, is very careful about the envelopes in which she sends
us her letters. The architecture of an orange is a marvel of symmetry
and compactness; but who has not admired the color and formation of the
peel? Is there anything on earth more delicate and ingenious than the
wrappings of a maize-cob? The husks and rinds and pods and shells that
we toss upon the rubbish-heap are masterpieces of design and execution.
As a small boy, I found among my treasures three things that filled me
with ceaseless wonder and admiration—the skin of horse-chestnuts, the
cocoons of my silkworms and the shells of the birds' eggs that I brought
home from the lane. I knew little about Nature in those days; but I
instinctively based my first impressions on the envelopes that she sent;
and, judging her by that sure standard, I felt that she must be
wonderfully wise and good and beautiful.

It is considered correct, I understand, to say that one should not judge
by outward appearances; but how can you help it? Envelopes will talk! I
can never forget a tremendous impression made upon my mind a few weeks
after I went to live in London. I was barely seventeen. I was feeling
horribly lonely, and, on all sorts of subjects, I was desperately
groping my way. One wet night, in passing down the Strand, I saw
hundreds of people crowding into Exeter Hall. Moved by a sudden impulse,
I followed. The adventure promised a new experience, and I was
specializing in novelties. Then came the impression! It was not created
by the arguments of the speakers, for, as yet, not one of them had
spoken. It was created by their personal appearance. The chair was
occupied by Sir Stevenson Arthur Blackwood—'Beauty Blackwood,' as he
was called—and addresses were delivered by the Revs. Newman Hall,
Donald Fraser, Marcus Rainsford and Archibald G. Brown. I could imagine
nothing more picturesque than those five knightly figures—tall,
dignified and stately. The spectacle completely captivated me. I gazed
spellbound. While the great audience sang the opening hymn, my eyes
roved from one handsome form to another, bestowing upon each the silent
homage of boyish hero-worship. This happened more than thirty years ago;
yet I am confident that I could easily write out a full and accurate
report of each of the speeches delivered that night. So favorably had
the envelopes impressed my mind! And so effectively had they prepared me
for the letters they contained!

In every department of life it is the envelope that becomes emphatic. In
describing at night the people with whom we have met during the day, we
refer to 'the lady in the fur coat,' 'the girl in the red hat,' and 'the
man in the grey suit.' The lady, the girl and the man—these are
letters. The fur coat, the red hat and the grey suit are merely
envelopes. Yet we feel that to speak of 'a lady,' 'a girl' or 'a man'
is, in effect, to say nothing. It conveys no concrete idea. It lacks
vividness, force, reality. But 'a lady _in a fur coat_,' 'a girl _in a
red hat_,' 'a man _in a grey suit_'—these are pictures! The envelope
makes all the difference.

We often say by way of the envelope what we cannot say so well in the
body of the letter. Charles Dickens knew that; so did John Bunyan; so
did the Greatest Master of all.

Dickens knew it. Indeed, somebody has as good as said that Dickens is
all envelopes; he gives us the barrister's wig in mistake for the
barrister, the beadle's cocked hat in mistake for the beadle, and so on.
But if it is true, on the one hand, that Dickens is too fond of
envelopes, it must be confessed, on the other, that he knows how to use
them. Who can forget the night when David Copperfield and Mr. Peggotty
set out together on one of those dreadful journeys that stood connected
with the loss of little Emily? Before starting, Mr. Peggotty entered
Emily's room. 'Without appearing to notice what he was doing,' said
David Copperfield, 'I saw how carefully he adjusted the little room and
finally took out of a drawer one of her dresses, neatly folded, and
placed it on a chair. He made no allusion to these clothes, neither did
I. There they had been waiting for her, many and many a night, no
doubt.' Mr. Peggotty could not express in so many words all that he
felt; but Emily, if she came, would see the dress lying ready for her,
and would understand that everything was to be just as it always was.
She would see the envelope; and the envelope would say more than any
letter could possibly do.

Bunyan knew it. The first thing that impressed the people of Vanity
Fair, as they gazed upon Christian and Faithful, was that 'the pilgrims
were clothed with such kind of raiment as was diverse from the raiment
of any that traded in that fair.'

And Jesus knew it. The most searching and terrible of all His parables
was the parable of the man who, seated at the king's feast, had not a
wedding garment. And, even more notably, when the prodigal came home,
the father knew of _no words_ in which he could adequately welcome his
son. But, if he could not write a satisfactory letter, he could at least
express himself by means of the envelope! Away with the rags! On with
the robes! Bring forth _the best robe_ and put it on him, and put _a
ring_ on his hand and _shoes_ on his feet!

And even when the Bible attempts to depict the felicities of the world
to come, it does it, not in the phraseology that we employ in letters,
but in the symbolism that we employ in the use of envelopes. It speaks
of robes and palms and crowns, for it knows that the wise will
understand.




                   II—'WHISTLING JIGS TO MILESTONES'


                                   I

Blueberry Creek! Blueberry Creek! Where in the world was Blueberry
Creek? It was all very well for Conference to resolve—in the easy and
airy fashion that is so charmingly characteristic of Conferences—that
John Broadbanks and I should be appointed '_to visit and report upon the
affairs of the congregation at Blueberry Creek_'; but how on earth were
we to get there? On that point, the Conference, in its wisdom, had given
no directions: it had not even condescended to take so mundane a detail
into its consideration. A fearful and wonderful thing is a Conference. A
Conference is capable of ordering an inquiry into the state of the
inhabitants of Mars; and it would appoint its commissioners without
giving a thought to the ways and means by which they were to proceed to
the scene of their investigations. It was altogether beneath the dignity
of that august body to reflect that Blueberry Creek is as near to the
Other End of Nowhere as any man need wish to go; that it is many miles
from a railway station or a decent road; and that the only approach to
it is by means of a grassy track that, winding in and out among the
great brown hills, is, during a large part of the year, impassable. The
only indication of the track's existence consisted of a suspicion of
wheelmarks among the tussock.

When, at the close of the session, we met on the steps outside the hall,
John and I stared at each other in a lugubrious bewilderment. Then,
seeing, as he never failed to do, the humor of the situation, he burst
into peals of laughter.

'Blueberry Creek!' he roared, as though the very name were a joke, 'and
how are we to get to Blueberry Creek?'

Still, while we admired the complacent audacity with which the
Conference had saddled us with the responsibility of finding—or
making—a road to Blueberry Creek, _we_ felt, as _it_ felt, that
somebody ought to go. Allan Gillespie, a young minister, who, for seven
years, had done excellent work there, had resigned without any apparent
reason. The people, whose confidence, esteem and affection he had
completely won, were depressed and disheartened; and the work stood in
imminent peril. John used to say that, if you leave a problem long
enough, it will solve itself. The way in which the problem of getting to
Blueberry Creek solved itself certainly seemed to vindicate his
philosophy.

'I've been making inquiries,' said Mr. Alexander Mitchell, a man of few
words but of great practical sagacity, as he met me in the porch on the
last day of the Conference. 'I've been making inquiries about that
appointment of yours. I find that a motor has been through to Blueberry.
If _one_ can do it, _another_ can. I have a sturdy little car that will
get there if it is possible for four wheels to do it. My business will
take me as far as Crannington next week, so that I shall then be
two-thirds of the way to Blueberry. If you and Mr. Broadbanks care to
accompany me, we will do our best to get through. I expect we shall have
a rough passage, but I am willing to take all the risks if you are.'

Truth to tell, the project was very much to our taste. In order that we
might make an early start on the Tuesday, we arranged that John should
spend Monday night as our guest at Mosgiel. He came, and we both awoke
next morning on the best of terms with ourselves. Civilization was
quickly left behind. We followed the road as far as Crannington; had
lunch there; and then plunged into the hills. For the next few hours Mr.
Mitchell's motor—whose sturdiness he had by no means exaggerated—was
crashing its way through scrub and fern; clambering over rocky boulders;
gliding down precipitous gradients; edging its course along shelves cut
in the hillside; and splashing through the stream whose tortuous folds
awaited us in every hollow. At about five o'clock we emerged upon a
great plain covered with tussock; we made out a cluster of cottages in
the distance; and we knew that, at last, we had come to Blueberry Creek.

'Why, here is Allan!' exclaimed John, as he pointed to a solitary
horseman who, dashing along a track that intersected ours, was evidently
hurrying to join us.

We were soon at the manse. Allan was not married; his mother kept house
for him. 'My father died of consumption,' he used to say, 'and so did my
grandfather: I must make sure that I am a _citizen_ of this planet, and
not merely a _visitor_, before I let any pretty girl make eyes at me!'

Our mission was quite unavailing. John and I had a long talk with Allan
after tea.

'No,' he said at last, rising from his chair and pacing the room under
the stress of strong emotion. His shock of fair wavy hair fell about his
forehead when he was excited, and he brushed it back impatiently with
his hand. His pale blue eyes burned at such times as though a fire were
blazing behind them. 'No; I feel that I am _whistling jigs to
milestones_! I am preaching to people, who, while they are very good to
me, make no response of any kind to my message. They see to it that
Mother and I want for nothing; they bring us all kinds of little
dainties from the farms and stations; they share with us whatever's
going as the seasons come around; and they welcome me into their homes
as though I really belonged to them. They are great church people, too;
they attend the services magnificently, although they have to come long
distances along bad roads in all sorts of weather. They even compliment
me on my sermons, just as a sleeper, roused at midnight by the alarm of
fire, might, without rising, praise the dramatic ability of the friend
who had awakened him. I've stood it as long as I can,' he cried, his lip
quivering and his face pale with passion, 'and now I must give it up.
You needn't try to find me another church; I have no wish to repeat the
experience. I shall preach my last sermon on Sunday week, and I have
chosen my theme. I shall preach,' he said, coming right up to us and
transfixing us with eyes whose glowing fervor seemed to scorch us, 'I
shall preach on the _Unpardonable Sin_! I shall preach as gently and as
persuasively, but as powerfully, as I know how. But _that_ will be my
subject. For the Unpardonable Sin is to tamper with your oracle, to be
disloyal to your vision, to play fast and loose with the truth!'

Allan had an appointment that evening. Mr. Mitchell, exhausted by his
long drive, retired early. John and I excused ourselves and set off for
a walk across the plain. For a while we journeyed in silence, enjoying
the sunset, the song of the birds and the evening air. Allan's words,
too, had taken a strong hold upon us.

'There's a lot in what he says,' John remarked at length, 'especially in
his exposition of the Unpardonable Sin. Strangely enough, I was looking
into the subject only a few days ago. The popular interpretation is, of
course, absurd upon the face of it. You remember George Borrow's story
of Peter Williams. Peter, as a boy of seven, came upon the passage
'about the Unpardonable Sin and took it into his head that he could
dispose of religion for the rest of his life by the simple process of
committing that deadly transgression. Arising from his bed one night, he
went out into the open air, had a good look at the stars, and then,
stretching himself upon the ground and supporting his face with his
hands, the little idiot poured out such a hideous torrent of blasphemy
as, he believed, would destroy his soul for ever. For years the memory
of that solemn act of spiritual self-destruction darkened all his days
and haunted all his nights. He tormented himself, as Bunyan did, with
the conviction that he had committed the sin for which there is no
forgiveness. It ended as it did with Bunyan, and as it always does.
Chrysostom says that it is notorious that men who imagine that they have
committed the sin against the Holy Ghost invariably become Christians
and lead exemplary lives.'

We came at that moment to the banks of the creek; the waters were
sparkling in the moonlight; we instinctively seated ourselves among the
ferns.

'Allan's interpretation,' John went on, 'is much nearer the mark. The
words were addressed in the first instance to men who declared that
Christ cast out devils by the prince of the devils. The thing is
ridiculous; it is a contradiction in terms. Why should the prince of the
devils occupy himself with casting out devils? The men who said such a
thing were simply talking for the sake of talking. They were putting no
brain into it. They were stultifying reason; and the man who stultifies
his reason is darkening his own windows. He is, as Allan put it,
tampering with his oracle; he is playing fast and loose with the truth.
A fellow may behave in the same way towards his conscience or towards
any other means of moral or spiritual illumination. As soon as he does
that kind of thing, he shuts the door in his own face; he puts himself
beyond the possibility of salvation. And, when I was dipping into the
matter at Silverstream a few nights since, I came to the conclusion that
the passage about the Unpardonable Sin simply means this: the men who,
in the old Galilean days, distorted the evidence of the miracles and
rejected the testimony of the Son of Man, were guilty of a serious
offence; but it was a venial offence: for, after all, it was not easy to
realize that a Nazarene peasant was the Son of God. But those to whom
the fullness of the Gospel has come, and upon whom the light of the ages
has shone, how shall they be made the recipients of the divine grace if
they deliberately block every channel by which that grace may approach
them? If they stultify their reasons and harden their hearts; if, as
Allan says, they tamper with their oracles and play fast and loose with
the truth, what hope is there for them? I am sorry to see poor old Allan
taking the apathy of his congregation so much to heart: but most of us
would make better ministers if we took it to heart a little more.'

We discussed the matter for an hour or so, our conversation punctuated
by the splashing of the trout in the creek; and then, feeling that it
was getting chilly, we rose and walked back to the manse. Allan, to our
surprise, was already there.

'Now, look,' he said, as he seated himself in his armchair, and began to
poke the fire, 'you two men have come up here to talk me out of my
decision; and I'm delighted to see you. But tell me this. A few years
ago nobody could talk about the things of which I speak every Sunday
without moving people to deep emotion. I have been reading the records
of Wesley and Whitefield and Spurgeon. Why, bless me, it was nothing for
those men to see a whole audience bathed in tears. Whitefield would have
the Kingswood miners crying like babies. Why do I never see any evidence
of deep feeling? that's what I want to know. You may say that it's
because I don't preach as Wesley and Whitefield and Spurgeon preached. I
thought until lately that _that_ was the explanation. But I've given up
that theory: it won't work. Livingstone has a story about old Baba, a
native chief, who bore the most excruciating torture without the flicker
of an eyelid or the contraction of a muscle. Yet, when Livingstone read
to him the story of the crucifixion, he was melted to tears. No flights
of rhetoric, mark you! Just the reading of the New Testament, without
note or comment! Now I've read that same story to my people; and who was
much affected by it? Then look at Spurgeon! Why, Spurgeon, anxious to
test the acoustic properties of his new Tabernacle, entered the pulpit,
believing the building to be empty, and exclaimed, '_Behold the Lamb of
God that taketh away the sin of the world!_' A workman, concealed among
the empty pews, heard the words, listened, heard them repeated, and was
profoundly stirred by them. He laid down his tools, sought an interview
with Spurgeon, and was led into a life of useful and happy service. No
sermon, mark you; just a text! Why, _I've_ quoted that same text scores
of times, and who came to _me_ enquiring the way of salvation? I shall
say all this in my farewell sermon. I shall say it as kindly as I can,
for the people have been wonderfully good to me; but it is my duty to
say it. And I'm going to recite a few verses of poetry. Would you like
to hear them? I haven't memorized them yet. I only came upon them
yesterday.'

He slipped off to another room and returned with a volume of poems by
Ella Wheeler Wilcox. Opening it, he read to us some verses entitled _The
Two Sunsets_. They tell how a young fellow, of pure heart and simple
ways, saw a sunset and heard a song. As the sinking sun filled the
western sky with crimson and gold—

    He looked, and as he looked, the sight,
      Sent from his soul through breast and brain
      Such intense joy, it hurt like pain.
    His heart seemed bursting with delight.

    So near the unknown seemed, so close
      He might have grasped it with his hand.
      He felt his inmost soul expand,
    As sunlight will expand a rose.

And after the story of the sunset we have the story of the song:

    One day he heard a singing strain—
      A human voice, in bird-like trills,
      He paused, and little rapture-rills
    Went trickling downward through each vein.

And then the years went by. Queen Folly held her sway. She fed his flesh
and drugged his mind; he trailed his glory in the mire. And, after a
long interval, he revisited his boyhood's home, beheld another sunset
and heard another song:

    The clouds made day a gorgeous bed;
      He saw the splendor of the sky
      With _unmoved heart_ and _stolid eye_;
    _He only knew the West was red_.

    Then, suddenly, a fresh young voice
      Rose, bird-like, from some hidden place;
      He did not even turn his face,
    _It struck him simply as a noise_!

He saw the sunset that once filled him with ecstasy; but he saw it
'_with unmoved heart and stolid eye_'! He heard the song that once
sounded to him like the voice of angels, and '_it struck him simply as a
noise_!'

'_That's_ the Unpardonable Sin!' exclaimed Allan, gathering fervor as he
proceeded. He sprang from his chair and stood facing us, his back to the
fire. '_That's_ the Unpardonable Sin! Miss Wilcox as good as says so.
Listen!

    O! worst of punishments, that brings
      A blunting of all finer sense,
      A loss of feelings keen, intense,
    And dulls us to the higher things.

    O! shape more hideous and more dread,
      Than Vengeance takes in Creed-taught minds,
      This certain doom that blunts and blinds,
    And strikes the holiest feelings dead!

This vehement recital brought on a violent fit of coughing and he left
the room. When he returned we made no attempt to reply to him. We felt
that the case did not lend itself to argument. We fondly wished that we
could have retained him for the ministry. His burning passion would have
glorified any pulpit. But what could we say?

We were astir early next morning. Mr. Mitchell was up soon after dawn
getting the car ready for the road. After breakfast, John led us all in
family worship. Very graciously and very feelingly he committed the
young minister to the divine guidance and care. He specially pleaded
that the closing days of his ministry might be a season in which rich
fruit should be gathered and lasting impressions made. 'And,' he
continued, 'may the tears that he sheds as he takes farewell of his
people soften his heart towards them and wash from his eyes the vision
of their indifference. And may he be astonished in the Great Day at the
abundant response which their hearts have made to the Word that he has
preached among them.' Half an hour later we were again speeding towards
the hills, Allan and his mother waving to us from the gate.


                                  III

Allan was as good as his word; after leaving Blueberry he never preached
again. 'I must have a rest for a month or two,' he said. 'I saved a
little money at Blueberry, and I can afford to take life easily for a
while and think things over.' The next that I heard of him was in a
letter, which some years later I received from John Broadbanks. 'Poor
old Allan Gillespie has gone,' he told me. 'His lungs went all to pieces
after he left Blueberry; the tonic air of the hills kept him alive up
there. He went to the Mount Stewart Sanatorium; but it was too late. He
died there three weeks later. I always felt that his fervent spirit made
too heavy a demand upon so frail a frame. His mother was much touched by
the letters she received from Blueberry. Crowds of young people wrote to
say that they could never forget the things that, in public and in
private, Allan had said to them; they owed everything, some of them
added, to his intense devoted ministry. It looks as if they were not so
irresponsive as they seemed.'

I suspect that this is usually so. People are not so adamantine as they
like to look. Still, John and I will always feel that Allan taught us to
take our work a little more seriously. Whenever we are tempted to lower
our ideals, or to settle down complacently to things as they are, his
great eyes—so full of solicitude and passion—seem to pierce our very
souls and sting us to concern.




                        III—THE FRONT-DOOR BELL


A fearful and wonderful contrivance is a front-door bell. The wire
attached to my front-door bell is the line of communication between me
and the universe. The universe knows it—and so do I. The front-door
bell is the one thing about a private dwelling that is public property.
If a stranger walked in at the front gate and began to push or pull at
anything else, I should instantly send for the police; but if, with all
the confidence of proprietorship, he walks straight to the front-door
bell, and begins to push or pull at _it_, I regard the position as
perfectly normal. No man living may enter my gate in order to inspect
the roses, to admire the view or to stroke the cat. But any one has a
perfect right to walk boldly up the path and ring the front-door bell. A
man may do what he will with his own; and the bell is _his_. It is more
his than mine. It is perfectly true that I ordered the bell to be put
there, and that I paid for it; but it is also true that I am the only
person on the planet to whom it is of no use at all. A visitor from
Mars, seeing the bellhangers working to my order, might be pardoned for
supposing that I was gratifying in this way my insatiable passion for
music. Not at all. In giving the order for the bell, I was actuated by
no selfish motive. The bell at my front door is not my bell. It is
everybody's bell—everybody's, that is to say, but mine.

That is why such a thrill runs through the house when the bell rings. It
is one of the sensations of the commonplace. A ring at the front-door
bell is a bolt from the blue, a call from the vast, a message from out
of the infinite. It presents to the imagination such a boundless range
of possibilities. There are fifteen hundred million people on the
planet, and this may be any one of them. It may be a hawker with the
inevitable cake of soap—a cake of soap that he, poor man, appears to
need so much more than I do. It may be the telegraph-boy with some
startlingly pleasant or poignantly painful message. It may be the very
man I want to see or the very man I don't. Or, then again, it may be
'only Sam.' Everybody knows the accents of ineffable disdain in which it
is announced that the ringer of the bell is simply a member of the
family circle. It may be anybody; that is the point. When the front-door
bell rings, you are prepared for anything. You feel, as you await the
announcement, that you have suddenly dipped your hand into the lucky-bag
of the universe, and you are in a flutter of curiosity as to what you
are about to draw. Tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor; rich man, poor man,
beggar man, thief; why is the girl so long in returning from the door?
Smiles, frowns, laughter tears; they may any of them come with the
ringing of the front-door bell. When the bell rings, you are eating your
dinner, or reading the paper, or romping with the children, or chatting
easily beside the fire. The atmosphere is perfectly tranquil; all the
wheels are running smoothly; life is without a thrill. The bell rings;
all eyes are lifted; each member of the household glances inquiringly at
all the others; is anybody expecting anybody? We vaguely feel, when the
bell rings, that life is about to enter upon a fresh phase. Whether the
change will be for weal or for woe, for better or for worse, we cannot
tell. We only know that things are not likely to be quite the same
again. Somebody will come in, or somebody will be called out, or
something fresh will have to be done. The cards of life are all shuffled
and dealt afresh at the ringing of the front-door bell.

But it was not of my own bell that I set out to write. My own bell is
not my own bell; why, then, should I write of it? I prefer to write of
the bells that _do_ belong to me. The next-door bell is my bell; and the
bell of the house beyond that; and so on to the end of space. For, if it
is humiliating to reflect that the bell at my own door is not mine, it
is extremely gratifying to be reminded that, beyond my door, there are
millions and millions of bells that I can proudly call my own. I am not
generally considered musical; but I spend a good deal of my time in
bell-ringing. And I propose to describe one or two instruments on which,
at some time or other, I have performed.


                                   I

To begin with, there is _the bell that is not working_. To all outward
appearance, the mechanism may be complete. You press the neat little
button and then airily turn your back upon it, happy in the conviction
that you have sent a delicious flutter through every soul on the
premises. In point of fact you have done nothing of the kind. Things
within are going on just as they were when you opened the gate; nobody
has the slightest suspicion that you are cooling your heels on the
doormat. The electric battery is exhausted. Beyond a scarcely
perceptible click when your fingers pressed the button, you made no
noise at all. That is the worst of life's most tragic collapses. There
is nothing to indicate the break-down. The failure does not advertise
itself. 'Samson said, I will go out as at other times and shake myself;
and _he wist not that the Lord was departed from him_.' The button and
the bell were there; how was he to know that the current had vanished?
The preacher enters his pulpit as of old; who could have suspected that
the invisible force, without which everything is so pitifully
ineffective, had forsaken him. The worker is still in his place; who
would have dreamed that, having lost his old power, his influence now
counts for so little? Lots of people fancy that a button and a bell
complete the requisites of life. Because the external appliances are in
good order, they take it for granted that everything is working
satisfactorily. It is a woeful blunder. The button may be there; and the
bell may be there; yet the entire outfit may be destitute of all
practical utility. I called at a house last week. Outside there was a
button and inside there was a bell. I pressed the button several times
and only discovered afterwards that the mechanism to which it was
attached gave the lady of the house no intimation of my presence at her
door. The bell was not working.

A bell that is out of action represents a broken line of communication
between the individual and the universe. Some time ago my bell broke
down. I heard every day of people who had called and gone away, fancying
that nobody was at home. I wondered every night what I had missed during
the day through being out of touch with the world. The broken bell had
turned me into a hermit, an exile, a recluse. People might want me never
so badly; they could not get at me. I might want them never so badly;
they left the door without my seeing them.

The saddest case of this kind that ever came under my notice occurred at
Hobart. A gentleman called one day and made it clear that his business
was marked by gravity and urgency.

'My name,' he said, 'is McArthur. My mother is lying very ill at the
Homeopathic Hospital. It would be a great comfort to us all, and to her,
if you could run up and see her. She has often asked us to send for you;
but we have always put it off. It seemed like encouraging her in the
notion that her days were few. But now we shall be very glad if you will
go. I ought to tell you, though, that my mother is very deaf. You will
not be able to make her hear. But you will find a slate and pencil at
the bedside. If you write on it whatever you wish to say, she will be
able to read it and reply to you.'

I went at once. When I told the matron that I had come to see Mrs.
McArthur, a strange look overspread her face and she drew me into her
private room.

'Is she dead?' I asked, 'or unconscious?'

'Oh, no,' the matron replied, 'she is alive and quite conscious. But
during the last few hours her sight has failed her. She can only see us
like shadows between herself and the window. I don't know how you will
be able to communicate with her.'

I never felt so helpless in my life. As I stood by her bedside she
seemed so near, yet so very far away. I stroked her forehead and she
smiled; but that was all. I was standing on the doormat pressing the
button; but the bell was not working. I could not establish
communication with the soul within. It is a way that bells have. The
current becomes exhausted sooner or later. It is clearly intended that,
while we are in touch with the universe, we should learn all that the
universe can teach us, so that, when the line of communication
collapses, we shall be independent of the universe and need its messages
no more.

Then there is _the bell that, when I press the button, rings without my
hearing it_. One day last week I called at a house in Winchester Avenue.
I pressed the button several times, listening intently. I could hear no
sound within. I tapped; but still everything was silent. I was just
stooping to slip my card under the door when, suddenly, I heard a rush
and a commotion within, and in a moment, Mrs. Finch, full of charming
apologies, stood before me. She had heard the bell each time; but her
maid was out; she was herself completing her toilet; she was dreadfully
ashamed to have kept me waiting.

We are too apt to suppose that our pressure of the button is awakening
no response. We fancy that our words fall upon deaf ears. People appear
to take no notice. Perhaps, if we knew all, we should discover that
while we press, and listen, and hear nothing, we are all unconsciously
throwing some gentle spirit into a perfect fever of agitation.

    I pressed the button at my neighbor's door;
    But, when I heard no sound, I turned and stood
    Irresolute. If I had moved a bell
    I must have heard it. Should I rap, or go?
    But in a moment more my neighbor came.

    'The bell is far, and very small,' he said.
    'You may not catch it for the walls between
    But rest assured, each time you push the knob
    We cannot choose but hear the bell inside.'

    And what they told me of my neighbor's bell
    Has cheered me when I knocked at some hard heart
    And caught no answer. Now and then
    I poured my soul out in a hot appeal
    And had no sign from lip, or hand, or eye,
    That he I would have saved had even heard.
    And I have sighed and turned away; and then
    My neighbor's words came back: 'We cannot choose
    But hear inside.'
                      And after many days
    I have had an answer to a word I spoke
    In ears that seemed as deaf as dead men's ears.

I was twelve years at Mosgiel in New Zealand. I always felt that the men
and women, and especially the old people, were attached to me; but,
somehow, I was never as successful with the children as I should like to
have been. I was very fond of them; I loved to meet them, play with
them, talk with them; but I saw them grow up to be young men and women
without being impressed in any way by any word of mine. That was the
bitterest ingredient in my sorrow when, fifteen years ago, I left that
little country town.

During the past three years I have traveled Australia from end to end.
In a railway journey of seven thousand miles I have crossed and
recrossed the entire continent. And one of the most delightful
experiences of this great trip was to meet my old Mosgiel boys and girls
at every turn. One girl came, with her husband, a hundred miles to spend
five minutes with me at the railway station; others traveled with me for
twenty or thirty miles just for the sake of the talk in the train.
Without an exception, they were all well and happy and living useful
lives. In every case they reminded me of things that I had said and done
in the old days—things that, as I fancied, had made no impression at
all. And when I returned to the quiet of my own home, and reviewed all
these happy reunions, I felt ashamed of having suspected these young
people of being irresponsive. The bell often rings without _our_ hearing
it.


                                  III

On the other hand, it does occasionally happen that, when I press the
button, the bell rings; I myself, standing on the doormat, distinctly
hear it; _yet it is not heard by those upon whom I have called_.

'I am so sorry,' exclaimed Mrs. Wilson, as she left the church last
evening. 'I took my book on Thursday afternoon and strolled down to the
summer-house at the foot of the garden; I must have become absorbed in
the story; I did not hear the bell; and, when I came in, I found your
card under the door.'

'I say,' cried Harry Blair, 'I am awfully sorry. I must have been at
home when you called. But the bell is at the front of the house, and we
happened to be at the back. The children were making such a din that we
never heard you.'

Precisely! There are those whose bells we ring in vain. In the days in
which I made up my mind to be a minister, I fell under the influence of
the Rev. James Douglas, M.A., of Brixton, a most devout and scholarly
man. He often took me for a walk on Clapham Common, and said things to
me that I have never forgotten.

'When you are a minister,' he said one day, as we sat under the shelter
of a giant oak, 'when you are a minister, you will find, wherever you
go, that there are a certain number of people whom you are not fitted to
influence. It is largely a matter of personality and temperament. Don't
break your heart over it. Satisfy your conscience that you have done
your duty by them, and then leave it at that!'

It was wise counsel. There are a certain number of bells that, rung by
us, are not heard within.


                                   IV

And, last and saddest of all, there is _the bell that we did not ring_.
We half thought of it; we heard afterwards how welcome a call would have
been; but the contemplated visit was not paid.

    Around the corner I have a friend,
    In the great city that has no end.

    Yet days go by and weeks rush on,
    And before I know it a year is gone;
    And I never see my old friend's face,
    For life is a swift and terrible race.
    He knows I love him just as well
    As in the days when I rang his bell
    And he rang mine. We were younger then,
    And now we are busy, tired men—
    Tired with playing a foolish game,
    Tired with trying to make a name.

    'To-morrow,' I say, 'I will call on Jim,
    Just to show that I'm thinking of him.'
    But to-morrow comes and to-morrow goes,
    And the distance between us grows and grows,
    Around the corner—yet miles away. . . .
    'Here's a telegram, sir.' 'Jim died to-day!'
    And that's what we get and deserve in the end—
    Around the corner a vanished friend.

I really intended to have pressed the button at Jim's door; but the good
intentions did not ring the bell; and I am left to nurse my lifelong
remorse.

I really intended to have answered the door when a Visitor Divine stood
gently knocking there; but the good intention did not let Him in; He
turned sadly and wearily away; and I am left to my shame and my
everlasting regret.




                           IV—THE GREEN CHAIR


                                   I

The green chair was never occupied. It stood—according to Irving
Bacheller—in the home of Michael Hacket; and Michael Hacket is the most
lovable schoolmaster in American literature. Michael Hacket possessed a
violin and a microscope. The romps that he led with the one, and the
researches that he conducted with the other, represented the two sides
of his character; for he was the jolliest soul in all that countryside,
and the wisest. But, in addition to the violin and the microscope,
Michael Hacket possessed a green chair; and the green chair was even
more valuable, as a revelation of the schoolmaster's character, than
either the microscope or the violin. Barton Baynes, the hero of the
story, went as a boarder to Mr. Hacket's school; and the green chair
deeply impressed him. When the family assembled at table, the green
chair, always empty, was always there. Before he took his own seat, Mr.
Hacket put his hand on the back of the green chair and exclaimed:

'A merry heart to you, Michael Henry!'

It was a rollicking meal, that first meal at which Barton was present;
the schoolmaster was full of quips and jests; and his clever sallies
kept everybody bubbling with laughter. Then, when all had finished, he
rose and took the green chair from the table, exclaiming:

'Michael Henry, God bless you!'

'I wondered at the meaning of this,' says Barton, 'but I dared not ask.'
Shortly afterwards, however, he summed up courage to do so. Mr. Hacket
had gone out.

'I've been all day in the study,' the schoolmaster had said; 'I must
take a walk or I shall get an exalted abdomen. One is badly beaten in
the race of life when his abdomen gets ahead of his toes. Children, keep
Barton happy till I come back, and mind you, don't forget the good
fellow in the green chair!'

He had not been long gone when the children differed as to the game that
they should play. A dispute was threatening.

'Don't forget Michael Henry!' said Mrs. Hacket, reprovingly.

'Who _is_ Michael Henry?' asked Barton.

'Sure,' replied Mrs. Hacket, 'he's the child that has never been born.
He was to be the biggest and noblest of them all—kind and helpful and
cheery-hearted and beloved of God above all the others. We try to live
up to him.'

'He seemed to me,' said Barton, 'a very strange and wonderful
creature—this invisible occupant of the green chair. Michael Henry was
the spirit of their home, an ideal of which the empty chair was a
constant reminder.'

When a conversation threatened to become too heated, it was always
Michael Henry whose ears must not be offended by harsh and angry tones;
it was Michael Henry who had begged that a culprit might be forgiven
just this once: it was Michael Henry who was always suggesting little
acts of courtesy and kindness.

'I like to think of Michael Henry,' the schoolmaster would say. 'His
food is good thoughts and his wine is laughter. I had a long talk with
Michael Henry last night when you were all abed. His face was a chunk of
merriment. Oh, what a limb he is! I wish I could tell you all the good
things he said!'

But he couldn't; and we all know why.

There was no Michael Henry! And yet Michael Henry—the occupant of the
green chair—pervaded like a perfume and ruled like a prince the gentle
schoolmaster's delightful home!


                                   II

We are very largely ruled by empty chairs. In support of this contention
let me call two or three witnesses. The first is Clarence Shadbrook.

Clarence was well on in life when I first met him. He struck me as being
reserved, taciturn, unsociable. It took me several years, I grieve to
say, to understand him. It was on the occasion of his wife's death that
I first caught glimpses of unsuspected depths of tenderness and
sentiment within him. Hannah Shadbrook was one of our most excellent
women. She had a kind thought for everybody. She was the heart and soul
of our ladies' organizations. In every good cause her hand was promptly
outstretched to help. She was especially tactful in her dealings with
the young people: to many of the girls she was a second mother. She was
tall and spare, with a slight stoop at the shoulders; her eyes were soft
and gray; and her face was illumined by a look of wonderful intelligence
and sweetness. She was the sort of woman to whom one could tell
anything.

Somehow, I had always imagined that, at home, she was unappreciated. I
cannot recall anything that I ever heard or saw that can have given me
so false and unfortunate an impression. But there it was! And it was,
therefore, with a shock of surprise that, at the time of her death, I
found the strong and silent man so utterly broken and disconsolate.

'Ah,' he sobbed, when, in a few halting words, I referred to the
affection in which his wife was held at the church, 'I dare say. But it
was at home that she was at her best. Nobody will ever know what she was
to me and to the children who have married and gone.'

But it was not until two years later that he opened his heart more
thoroughly. I heard on a certain Sunday evening that he was ill; and
next day I made my way to the cottage. He was in bed. I stepped across
to the window and laid my hand upon a chair, intending to transfer it to
the bedside.

'Excuse me,' he said, 'but don't take that one. Would you mind having
the chair over by the wardrobe instead?'

If the request struck me as strange, the thought only lingered for a
moment. I replaced the chair that I was holding; took the one indicated;
and dismissed the matter from my mind.

'I dare say you are wondering why I asked you not to take the chair by
the window,' he said presently, after we had discussed the weather, the
news, and his prospects of a speedy recovery. 'There's a story about
that chair that I've never told to anybody, except to her'—glancing at
a portrait—'but if you'd like to hear it, I don't mind telling you.'

'Well,' he went on, assured of my interest, 'I took a fancy to that
chair nearly fifty years ago. I was learning wood-carving; I thought
that it would suit my purpose: and I bought it. It was the first piece
of furniture that I ever possessed. I remember laughing to myself as I
carried it to my little room. It stood beside the bed there for a year
or two. Then I met Hannah. At first I felt a little bit afraid of her.
She seemed far too good for me. But then, I thought to myself, she is
far too good for anybody. And so our courtship began, and one night I
came home tremendously excited. We were engaged! I lay awake for hours
that night, sometimes painting wonderful pictures of the happy days to
be, and sometimes lecturing myself as to the kind of man I must become
in order to be worthy of the treasure about to be confided to my care.
And I comforted myself with the reminder that I should have her always
beside me to restrain the worst and encourage the best that was in me.
And, thinking such thoughts, I at length fell asleep. But, sleeping, I
went on dreaming. I thought that, coming home tired from the shop, I
entered my little room at the top of the stairs (the room in which I was
actually sleeping) and was surprised to find it occupied. A man was
sitting in the chair beside the bed—the chair over there by the window.
But I could not be angry, for he looked up and welcomed me with a smile
that disarmed my suspicions and made me feel that all was well. I felt
instantly and powerfully drawn to him. He seemed to magnetize me. His
face realized my ideal of manly strength, tempered by an indefinable
charm and courtesy. Then, as I gazed, it occurred to me that there was,
about his countenance and bearing, something strangely familiar. What
could it mean? Whom could it be? And then the truth flashed upon me. It
was _myself_! Yes, it was myself as I should be in the years to come
under Hannah's gentle and gracious influence! It was myself
transfigured! I awoke and found myself staring fixedly at the empty
chair beside the bed—the chair that you were about to remove from the
window there. I made up my mind that day that the chair should never be
used. It is dedicated to the ideal self of whom I caught a glimpse in my
boyish dream. And, even now, the shadowy visitor of that memorable night
seems to be still sitting there; and I never approach the chair without
mentally comparing myself with its silent occupant.'

Who would have supposed that, beneath the rugged exterior of Clarence
Shadbrook, there dwelt so rich a vein of poetry and romance? I almost
apologized to him for my earlier judgment. It only shows that, like the
first Australian explorers, we may tread the gold beneath our feet
without suspecting its existence.


                                  III

My second witness is Harold Glendinning. Harold was the minister at Port
Eyre, a little seaside town close to the harbor's mouth. He had
frequently asked me to exchange pulpits with him, and at last he had
coaxed me to consent.

'Come early on Saturday,' he wrote, 'so that we may have an hour or two
together here before I have to leave.'

Like Clarence Shadbrook, Harold was a widower. But, unlike Clarence, he
was still young. His wife had faded and died after three short years of
married life. His mother kept house for him at the manse.

I reached Port Eyre early on the Saturday. We went for a walk round the
rocky coast before dinner; and in the afternoon Harold made preparations
for departure.

'But, dear me,' he exclaimed, 'I haven't shown you your room. Come with
me!' And he led me out into the hall and up the stairs.

The room was obviously his own. Photographs of his young wife were
everywhere. Her presence pervaded it. The window commanded a noble view
of the bay, and we stood for a minute or two admiring the prospect. We
then turned towards the door.

'Treat the place as though it belonged to you,' he said. 'Make yourself
perfectly at home. You're welcome to everything except—' He half-closed
the door again.

'You'll understand, I know,' he went on, 'but don't use the armchair
over there in the corner.' I glanced in the direction indicated by his
gaze. A comfortable chair stood beside a small occasional table on which
a lovely bowl of roses had been placed.

'It's _her_ chair,' he explained. 'It used to stand by the fireplace in
the dining-room. She sat there every evening, reading or sewing, with
her feet resting on her campstool.' I noticed now that a folded
campstool stood near the chair. 'Somehow,' he continued, 'the chair
seemed to become a part of her. And after—afterwards—I couldn't bear
to leave it there for anybody to occupy who happened to call; so I
brought it up here. And, somehow, with the chair there, she doesn't seem
so very far away. I'll show you something else,' he said; and, diving
into a drawer near his hand, he produced an old magazine.

'I only found this afterwards,' he explained. 'At least I only noticed
the marked passage. I saw it in her lap several times during the last
week or two, and, in an off-hand way, I picked it up and glanced through
it. But it was only after—afterwards—that I noticed that faint
pencil-mark beside this poem.' He handed me the magazine, and, surely
enough, I detected a mark, so faint as to be scarcely visible, beside
some lines by L. C. Jack.

    When day is done and in the golden west
    My soul from yours sinks slowly out of sight,
    And you alone enjoy the warmth and light
    That once had seemed of all God's gifts the best;
    When roses bloom and I not there to name,
    When thrushes sing and I not there to hear,
    When rippling laughter breaks upon your ear
    And friends come flocking as of old they came;
    I pray, dear heart, for sweet Remembrance sake
    You pluck the rose and hear the songful thrush.
    With laughter meet once more the merry jest
    And great familiar faces still awake,
    For I, asleep in the eternal Hush,
    Would have you ever at your golden best.

'You may think it strange,' he concluded, as we turned to leave the
room, 'but I often fancy that the chair in the corner makes it a little
more easy for me to live in the spirit of those lines.'


                                   IV

I had intended calling several other witnesses; but I must be content
with one. Alec Fraser was a little old Scotsman, who lived about seven
miles out from Mosgiel. I heard one day that he was very ill, and I
drove over to see him. His daughter answered the door, showed me in, and
placed a chair for me beside the bed. I noticed, on the other side of
the bed, another chair. It stood directly facing the pillow, as if its
occupant had been in earnest conversation with the patient.

'Ah, Alec,' I exclaimed, on greeting him, 'so I'm not your first
visitor!'

He looked up surprised, and, in explanation, I glanced at the tell-tale
position of the chair.

'Oh,' he said, with a smile, 'I'll tell ye aboot the chair by-and-by;
but how are the wife and the weans and the kirk?'

I found that he was far too ill, however, to be wearied by general
conversation. I read to him the Shepherd's Psalm; I led him to the
Throne of Grace; and then I rose to go.

'Aboot the chair,' he said, as I took his hand, 'it's like this. Years
ago I found I couldna pray. I fell asleep on my knees, and, even if I
kept awake, my thochts were aye flittin'. One day, when I was sair
worried aboot it, I spoke to Mr. Clair Mackenzie, the meenister at Broad
Point. We hadna a meenister o' oor ain at Mosgiel then. He was a guid
auld man, was Mr. Mackenzie. And he telt me not to fash ma heed aboot
kneeling down. "Jest sit ye down," he said, "and pit a chair agen ye for
the Lord, and talk to Him just as though He sat beside ye!" An' I've
been doin' it ever since. So now ye know what the chair's doin',
standing the way it is!'

I pressed his hand and left him. A week later his daughter drove up to
the manse. I knew everything, or almost everything, as soon as I saw her
face.

'Father died in the night,' she sobbed. 'I had no idea that death was so
near, and I had just gone to lie down for an hour or two. He seemed to
be sleeping so comfortably. And, when I went back, he was gone! He
didn't seem to have moved since I saw him last, except that _his hand
was out on the chair_. Do you understand?'

I understood.




                      V—LIVING DOGS AND DEAD LIONS


                                   I

Mosgiel was in the throes of an anniversary. As part of the programme,
John Broadbanks and I were exchanging pulpits. In order to be on the
spot when Sunday arrived, I was driven over to Silverstream on the
Saturday evening. When I awoke on Sunday morning, and looking out of the
Manse window, found the whole plain buried deep in snow, I was glad that
I had taken this precaution. At breakfast we speculated on the chances
of my having a congregation. Later on, however, the buggies began to
arrive, and by eleven o'clock most of the homesteads were represented.
But what about Sunday school in the afternoon? I told the teachers to
feel under no obligation to come. 'I shall be here,' I said, 'and if any
of the children put in an appearance, I shall be pleased to look after
them.' When the afternoon came, there were three scholars present—Jack
Linacre, who had ridden over on his pony from a farm about two miles
away; Alec Crosby, a High School boy, who lived in a large house just
across the fields; and little Myrtle Broadbanks—Goldilocks, as we
called her—who had accompanied me from the Manse. I decided to return
with my three companions to the Manse and to hold our Sunday school by
the fireside.

'Well,' I said, as soon as we were all cosily seated, 'I was reading
this morning in the Bible about a living dog and a dead lion. Which
would you rather be?' There was a pause. Jack was the first to speak.

'Oh, I'd rather be the living dog,' he blurted out; 'it's better to be
alive than dead any day!'

'Oh, I don't know!' exclaimed Alec. Alec was a thoughtful boy who had
already carried off two or three scholarships. He had been weighing the
matter carefully while Jack was giving us the benefit of his first
impressions. 'I don't know. A dead lion has been a living lion, while
the living dog will be a dead dog some day. I think I'd rather be the
dead lion.'

'Well, Goldilocks,' I said, turning to the little maiden at my side,
'and what do _you_ think about it?'

'Oh,' she said, 'I think I'd like a little of both. I'd like to be _a
lion_ like the one and _alive_ like the other!'

This all happened many years ago. Jack Linacre now owns the farm from
which he then rode over; Alec Crosby is a doctor with a large practice
in Sydney; and I heard of Goldilocks' wedding only a few weeks ago. I
expect they have forgotten all about the snowy afternoon that we spent
by the fireside at Silverstream; but I smile still as I recall the
answers that they gave to the question that I set them.


                                   II

There is something to be said for Jack's way of looking at things. Our
love of life is our master-passion. It animates us at every point. It is
because we are in love with life that we see so much beauty in the
dawning of a new day and find so wealthy a romance in the unfolding of
the Spring. We feel that, among the myriad mysteries of the universe,
there is no mystery so elusive and so sublime as this one. A living moth
is a more wonderful affair than a dead moon. Indeed, we only recognize
the strength of the hold that life has upon us when there is some
question of its extinction. Let a man stand on the seashore, and, unable
to help, watch an exhausted swimmer struggle for his life in the
seething waters; let him look up and follow the movements of a
steeplejack as he climbs a dizzy spire; let him visit a circus and see
an artist hazard his life in the course of some sensational performance;
and, for the moment, he will find his heart in his mouth. The blood will
forsake his face; he will be filled with trepidation and palpitation; he
can scarcely breathe! And why? The people in peril are nothing to him.
For him, life would go on in just the same way whether they live or die.
Yet their danger fills him with uncontrollable excitement! Or look, if
you will, in quite another direction.

I was in a tramcar yesterday afternoon. In the corner opposite was a
lad—probably an errand-boy—curled up with a book. His sparkling eyes
were glued to the pages; his face was flushed with excitement; he was
completely lost to his immediate surroundings. I rose to leave the car.
The movement evidently aroused him. He glanced out of the window, and
then, with a start, shut the book and sprang up to follow me.

'Have you passed your proper corner?' I asked when, side by side, we
reached the pavement.

'Yes, sir,' he said, 'I was reading the book and never noticed.'

'Exciting, was it?' I inquired, reaching out my hand for the volume. On
the cover was a picture of a Red Indian galloping across the prairie,
with a white girl thrown across the front of his saddle.

'My word, it was!' he replied. 'It's about a fellow who was flying for
his life from the Indians and took refuge in a cave. And, when he got
back into the dark part of the cave, he felt something warm and then
heard the growl of a bear. My! I thought he was dead that time!'

And what did it matter? It was nothing to this errand-boy whether this
hero of his—a mere frolic of an author's fancy—lived or died. And yet
the life or death of that hero was of such moment to him that, for the
time being, his mind lost its hold upon realities in order that it might
concentrate itself upon a fight among shadows! It is our intense, our
persistent, our unquenchable love of life that explains the fascination
of all tales of romance and adventure. 'With man as with the animals,'
says Dr. James Martineau, 'death is the evil from which he himself most
shrinks, and which he most deplores for those he loves; it is the utmost
that he can inflict upon his enemy and the maximum which the penal
justice of society can award to its criminals. It is the fear of death
which gives their vivid interest to all hairbreadth escapes, in the
shipwreck or amid the glaciers or in the fight; and it is man's fear of
death that supplies the chief tragic element in all his art.' When we
find ourselves following with breathless interest the movements of the
traveller, the hunter or the explorer, we fancy that our emotion arises
from a solicitude for the man himself. As a matter of fact, it arises
from nothing of the kind. It arises from our love of
_life-for-its-own-sake_.

In his _Lavengro_, George Borrow describes an open-air service which he
attended on a large open moor. The preacher—a tall, thin man in a plain
coat and with a calm, serious face—was urging his hearers not to love
life overmuch and to prepare themselves for death. 'The service over,'
Borrow says, 'I wandered along the heath till I came to a place where,
beside a thick furze, sat a man, his eyes fixed intently on the red ball
of the setting sun.' It looked like his old comrade, Jasper Petulengro,
the gipsy.

'Is that you, Jasper?'

'Indeed, brother!'

'And what,' enquired the newcomer, sitting by the gipsy's side, 'what is
your opinion of death, Jasper?'

'Life is sweet, brother!'

'Do you think so?'

'Think so! There's night and day, brother, both sweet things; sun, moon
and stars, brother, all sweet things; there's likewise a wind on the
heath. Life is very sweet, brother; who would wish to die?'

I need say no more in order to show that there is a good deal to be said
for Jack Linacre's way of looking at things.

    How beautiful it is to be alive!
      To wake each morn as if the Maker's grace
    Did us afresh from nothingness derive
      That we might sing 'How happy is our case!
    How beautiful it is to be alive!'

From Jack's point of view there can be no doubt that one living dog is
worth all the dead lions that ever were or will be!


                                  III

Alec Crosby, however, is not so sure. 'A dead lion,' he points out, 'has
been a living lion, while the living dog will be a dead dog some day.'
There is something in that. He means, if I rightly catch the drift of
his philosophy, that you can pay too much for the privilege of being
alive. Everything else has its price, and most of us buy our goods on
too high a market. One man pays too much for popularity; he sells his
conscience for it. Another pays too much for fame; it costs him his
health. A third buys his money too dearly; in gaining the whole world he
loses his own soul. And in the same way, a man may pay too much even for
life itself. The dog, as Alec Crosby probably knew, is usually employed
in Oriental literature as an emblem of the contemptible; the dog in our
modern sense—Rover, Carlo and the rest—is unknown. The lion, on the
other hand, is invariably the symbol of the courageous. Alec thinks
that, all things considered, it is better to be a dead hero than a
living coward. Alec reminds me of Artemus Ward. On the day of a general
election, Artemus entered a polling-booth and began to look about him in
evident perplexity. The returning officer approached and offered to help
him.

'For whom do you desire to vote?' he asked.

'I want to vote for Henry Clay!' replied Artemus Ward.

'For Henry Clay!' exclaimed the astounded officer, 'why, Henry Clay has
been dead for years!'

'Yes, I know,' replied Artemus Ward, 'but I'd rather vote for Henry Clay
dead than for either of these men living!'

Alec Crosby could easily call a great host of witnesses to support his
view of the matter. Let me summon two—one from martyrology and one from
fiction.

My first witness shall be Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury. For
his fidelity to the truth, Cranmer was sentenced to die at the stake.
But every day during his imprisonment he was offered life and liberty if
only he would sign the deed of recantation. Every morning the document
was spread out before him and the pen placed in his hand. Day after day,
he resisted the terrible temptation. But, as Jasper says, life is very
sweet; the craving to live was too strong; Cranmer yielded. But, as soon
as the horror of a cruel death had been removed, he felt that he had
bought the boon of life at too high a price. The death with which he had
been threatened was the death of a lion; the life that he was living was
the life of a dog! He held himself in contempt and abhorrence. He
cowered before the faces of his fellow men! Life on such terms was
intolerable. He made a recantation of the recantation. As a token of his
remorse, he burned to a cinder the hand with which he signed the
cowardly document. And then, at peace with his conscience, he embraced a
fiery death with a joyful heart. He felt that it was a thousand times
better to be a dead lion than a living dog.

My witness from fiction is introduced to me by Maxwell Gray. In _The
Silence of Dean Maitland_, he shows that life may be bought at too high
a price. Cyril Maitland had committed a murder; yet all the
circumstances pointed to the guilt of his innocent friend, Henry
Everard. Maitland felt every day that it was his duty to confess; but
the lure of life was too strong for him; and, besides, he was a
minister, and his confession would bring shame upon his sacred office!
And so the years went by. While Everard languished in jail, having been
sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment, Maitland advanced in popularity
and won swift preferment. He became a dean. But his life was a torture
to him. He felt that death—even the death that he had dreaded—would
have been infinitely preferable. And, after suffering agonies such as
Everard in prison never knew, he at last made a clean breast of his
guilt and laid down the life for which he had paid too much. Thomas
Cranmer and Dean Maitland would both take sides with Alec Crosby.


                                   IV

But it was Goldilocks that, on that snowy afternoon at Silverstream, hit
the nail on the head.

'I think I'd like a little of both,' she said. 'I'd like to be _a lion_
like the one and _alive_ like the other!'

Precisely! With her feminine facility for putting her finger on the very
heart of things, Goldilocks has brushed away all irrelevancies and got
to bedrock. For, after all, the question of life and death does not
really concern us. A dog, living or dead, can be nothing other than a
dog; a lion, living or dead, can be nothing other than a lion. The dead
lion, as Alec Crosby says, was a living lion once; the living dog will
be a dead dog some day. Goldilocks helps us to clear the issue. The real
alternative is not between life and death; for life and death come in
turn to dog and lion alike. The real question is between the canine and
the leonine. Shall I live contemptibly or shall I live courageously?

'And I looked,' says the last of the Biblical writers, 'and behold, a
lion—_the Lion of the tribe of Juda_!'

Like a lion He lived! With the courage of a lion He died! And in leonine
splendor He moves through all the world above. Goldilocks had evidently
made up her mind, in life and in death, to model her character and
experience upon His!




                             VI—NEW BROOMS


New brooms, they say, sweep clean. The statement is scarcely worth
challenging. It is ridiculous upon the face of it. How can new brooms
sweep clean? New brooms do not sweep at all. If they sweep, they are not
new brooms: they have been used; the dealer will not receive them back
into stock; they are obviously second-hand. But I need not stress that
point. My antagonism to the ancient saw rests on other grounds.

New brooms, they say, sweep clean. It is invariably a cynic who says it.
He seizes the proverb as he would seize a bludgeon; and, with it, he
makes a murderous attack on the first young enthusiast he happens to
meet. It is a barbarous weapon, and can be wielded by an expert with
deadly effects. It is a thousand times worse than a shillalah, a
tomahawk, a baton, or a club; with either of these a man can break your
head; but with the saying about the new broom he can break your heart. I
well remember the public meeting at which I was formally welcomed to
Mosgiel. Among the speakers was an old minister of the severely
conservative type, with whom I subsequently grew very intimate. But at
that stage, as he himself told me afterwards, he deeply resented my
coming. He regarded it as an intrusion. He said, in the course of his
speech, that he confidently expected to hear, during the next few
months, the most glowing accounts of the work at the Mosgiel Church.
That, he cruelly observed, was the usual thing. A young minister's first
year among his people is, he remarked, a year of _admiration_; the
second is a year of _toleration_; and the third, a year of
_abomination_. New brooms, he said, sweep clean. The jest, I dare say,
rolled from the memories of the people like water from a duck's back. I
doubt if they gave it a second thought. They probably remarked to one
another as they drove back to their farms that the old gentleman was in
a droll humor. But, to me, his words were like the thrust of a sword; he
stabbed me to the quick. There was never a day during those first three
years at Mosgiel, but the wound ached and smarted. Long afterwards, I
reminded the old gentleman of his jest; and he most solemnly assured me
that he had not the slightest recollection of ever having uttered it.
Which only proves that our thoughtless thrusts are often just as painful
as our malicious ones. I have long since forgiven my old friend. Indeed,
I do not know that I have much to forgive. For, after all, his stinging
jibe only made me resolve to prove its falsity. For more than a thousand
mornings I rose from my bed vowing that at the end of three years, and
at the end of thirty, the broom should be sweeping as cleanly as ever.
The old minister has been in his grave for many years now; and I have
nothing but benedictions to heap upon his honored name.

The cult of the new broom is a most pernicious one. No heresy has done
more harm. The woman who really believes that new brooms sweep clean
will endeavor to keep the broom new as long as she possibly can. And
that is not what brooms are for. Brooms are to use; and, as soon as you
begin to use them, they cease to be _new_ brooms. The point is a vital
one. About three hundred years ago, one of the choicest spirits in
English history was passing away. George Macdonald says of him that one
of the keenest delights of the life to come will be the joy of seeing
the face of George Herbert 'with whom to talk humbly will be in bliss a
higher bliss.' As George Herbert lay dying, he drew from beneath his
pillow the roll of manuscripts that contained the poems that are now so
famous. 'Deliver this,' he said, 'to my dear brother, Nicholas Ferrar,
and tell him that he will find in it a picture of the many spiritual
conflicts that passed between God and my soul before I could subject my
will to the will of Jesus my Master.' The verses were published, and
have come to be esteemed as one of the priceless possessions of the
Church universal. And among them, strangely enough, I find a striking
reference to this matter of new brooms. 'What wretchedness,' George
Herbert asks,

    'What wretchedness can give him any room
    Whose house is foul while he adores the broom?'

And here is George Herbert telling us on his death-bed that this
reflects some deep spiritual conflict between God and his own soul! What
can he mean? He means, of course, that it is possible to be so much in
love with your new dress that you are afraid to wear it. You may be so
enamored of your new spade that you shrink from soiling it. You may—to
return to the poet's imagery—so adore your new broom that you allow all
your floors to become dusty and foul.

And herein lies one of life's cardinal sins. In his lecture on _The
Valley of Diamonds_, John Ruskin discusses the nature of covetousness.
What is covetousness? Wherein does it differ from the legitimate desire
for wealth? Up to a certain point the desire for riches is admirable. It
develops intellectual alertness in the individual, and, in the
aggregate, builds up our national prosperity. If nobody wished to be
rich, the resources of the country would never be exploited. Why should
men trouble to clear the bush or sink mines or erect factories or
cultivate farms? Apart from the lure of wealth we should be a people of
sluggish wit and savage habits. Viewed in this light, the desire for
wealth is not only pardonable; it is admirable. At what point does it
curdle into covetousness and threaten our undoing? Ruskin draws the line
sharply. The desire for wealth is good, he argues, as long as we have
_some use_ for the riches that we acquire; it deteriorates into mere
covetousness as soon as we crave to possess it for the sheer sake of
possessing it and apart from any _use_ to which we propose to put it.
'Fix your desire on anything useless,' he says, 'and all the pride and
folly of your heart will mix with that desire; and you will become at
last wholly inhuman, a mere, ugly lump of stomach and suckers, like a
cuttlefish.' John Ruskin's vigorous prose throws a flood of light on
George Herbert's cryptic poetry. So far as I have it in my heart to use
my new broom for the cleansing of my home and the comfort of my fellows,
my new broom may be a means of grace to me and them; but, so far as I
view the new broom merely as a possession, and irrespective of the
service in which it should be worn out, my pride in it is bad as bad can
be.

John Ruskin reminds me of Le Sage. 'Before reading the story of my
life,' he makes Gil Blas to say, 'listen to a tale I am about to tell
thee!' And then he tells of the two tired and thirsty students who,
travelling together from Pennafiel to Salamanca, sat down by a roadside
spring. Near the spring they noticed a flat stone, and on the stone they
soon detected some letters. The inscription was almost effaced, partly
by the teeth of time and partly by the feet of the flocks that came to
water at the fountain. But, after washing it well, they were able to
make out the words '_Here is interred the soul of the Licentiate Peter
Garcias_.' The first of the students roared with laughter and treated
the affair as purely a joke. 'Here lies a _soul_!'—what an idea! A soul
under a stone! The second, however, took it more seriously and began to
dig. He at length came upon a leather purse containing a hundred ducats,
and a card, on which was written in Latin the following sentence: '_Thou
who hast had wit enough to discover the meaning of the inscription,
inherit my money, and make a better use of it than I have!_'

'The _soul_ of the Licentiate Peter Garcias!'

'Make _a better use_ of it than I have!'

Poor Peter Garcias felt that his shining ducats had been a curse and not
a blessing, because he had loved them for their own sake instead of for
the sake of the use to which they could be put. 'Make _a better use_ of
them than I have!' he implored. Peter Garcias would have understood
exactly what George Herbert meant by the worship of the new broom.

But I need not have gone abroad for my illustration. It is a far cry
from George Herbert to George Eliot; yet George Eliot has furnished us
with the most telling exposition of George Herbert's recondite remark.
For George Eliot has given us _Silas Marner_. Indeed, she has given us
two Silas Marners. We have Silas Marner the miser, gloating greedily
over the guineas that he afterwards lost; and, later on, we have Silas
Marner, strong, unselfish, tender-hearted, rejoicing in the wealth that
he has now regained. Let us glance, first at the one and then at the
other.

We peep at him as he appears in the second chapter. 'So, year after
year, Silas Marner had lived in this solitude, his guineas rising in the
iron pot, and his life narrowing and hardening itself more and more into
a mere pulsation of desire and satisfaction that had no relation to any
other being. His life had reduced itself to the functions of weaving and
hoarding, _without any contemplation of an end towards which the
functions tended_. Marner's face shrank; his eyes that used to look
trusting and dreamy now looked as if they had been made to see only one
kind of thing for which they hunted everywhere; and he was so withered
and yellow that, although he was not yet forty, the children always
called him "Old Master Marner."'

This was Silas Marner the miser! Then followed the loss of the money;
the hoarded guineas were all stolen, and Silas was like a man demented!
Then little Eppie stole into his home and heart. When he saw her for the
first time, curled up on the hearth, the flickering firelight playing on
her riot of golden hair, he thought his long-lost guineas had come back
in this new form, and he loved _her_ as he had once loved _them_. He
would take her on his knee and tell her wonderful stories, and, in the
long summer evenings, would stroll out into the meadows, thick with
buttercups, and would make garlands for her hair and teach her to
distinguish the songs of the birds. And so the years go by till Eppie is
a bonny girl of eighteen—always in trouble about her golden hair, for
no other girl of her acquaintance has hair like it, and, smooth it as
she may, it will not be hidden under her pretty brown bonnet. And then
comes the great discovery. The pond in the Stone Pit runs dry, and in
its slimy bed are found the skeleton of the thief and—the long-lost
guineas! That evening Silas and Eppie sat together in the cottage.
George Eliot describes the transfiguration which his love for Eppie had
effected in the countenance of Silas. 'She drew her chair towards his
knees, and leaned forward, holding both his hands, while she looked up
at him.' On the table near them, lit by a candle, lay the recovered
gold—the old long-loved gold, ranged in orderly heaps, as Silas used to
range it in the days when it was his only joy. He had been telling her
how he used to count it every night, and how his soul was utterly
desolate till she was sent to him.

'Eh, my precious child,' he cried, 'if you hadn't been sent to save me,
I should ha' gone to the grave in my misery. The money was taken away
from me in time; and you see it's been kept—kept till it was wanted for
you. It's wonderful—our life is wonderful!'

It is indeed! But the wonderful thing for us at this moment is the
contrast between these two Silas Marners. They are both rich. But the
first is rich and wretched; the second is rich and happy. And the
secret! The secret is that, in his first possession of the guineas, he
loved them for their own sake, irrespective of any use to which they
could be put; in his subsequent possession of the self-same guineas he
loved them for the sake of the happiness that they could purchase for
Eppie.

The _first_ Silas Marner knew the wretchedness that George Herbert
describes—the wretchedness of the man 'whose house is foul while he
adores his broom'; the _second_ Silas Marner was willing that the broom
should be worn out in sweeping all the obstacles and difficulties out of
Eppie's path.

In telling her story, George Eliot remarks incidentally that wiser men
than Silas Marner often repeat his mistake. The only difference is that,
while Silas Marner amassed _money_ without considering the uses to which
it could be put, these wiser misers accumulate _knowledge_ in the same
aimless way. They abandon themselves to some erudite research, some
ingenious project or some well-knit theory; and it brings them little
joy because it stands related to no actual need. It is a new broom and
will remain a new broom; it will never brush away any of the world's
sorrows or sweep together any of its long-lost treasures. Knowledge,
like money, is a noble thing. But, as with money, so with knowledge, it
derives its nobleness from the ends which it is designed to compass.
Every nation has a right to rejoice in its universities. The university
is the glory of civilization. But, unless we keep both eyes wide open,
the university may come to resemble the hole in the cottage floor in
which Silas Marner hoarded his gold. Let the student of engineering
remember that he is accumulating knowledge, not that he may possess more
of it than his rivals and competitors, but that he may do more than they
towards surmounting the obstacles that block the path of human progress.
Let the medical student remember that he is amassing knowledge, not that
he may flourish the academic distinctions he has won, but that he may
lessen the sum of human anguish and save human life. And let the
theological student reflect that he is winning for himself a scholarly
renown, not that he may rejoice in his attainments and distinctions for
their own sake, but that, by means of them, he may the more effectively
and skillfully lead all kinds and conditions of men into the kingdom and
service of his Lord.

And so I come back to my starting-point. The broom that sweeps clean is
not a new broom. After commencing this chapter I happened to pick up a
report of the British and Foreign Bible Society. On one of its pages I
find a story told by the society's colporteur at Port Said. He boarded
an incoming steamer, and, on the lower deck, found a German sailor
sweeping out a cabin. The man was greatly depressed. In the course of
conversation, each claimed to be a greater sinner than the other.

'What!' exclaimed the sailor, 'why, you are the first man to tell me
that he is a greater sinner than I am!'

He took a Gospel from the colporteur's hands and began to read.

'Ah,' he sighed, 'that I were a little child again and could read it
with a clean heart!'

The remark was overheard by some of his shipmates.

'Is that _you_, Jansen?' they asked; 'what wonder has happened to you?'

'No wonder at all,' the man replied. '_I want to sweep out my heart, and
I am buying a broom!_'

The broom that he bought is by no means a new one, but it sweeps
wonderfully clean for all that!




                   VII—A GOOD WIFE AND A GALLANT SHIP


                                   I

Why is a good wife like a gallant ship? This is not a riddle; it is a
sincere and earnest inquiry. An ancient philosopher in the East and a
modern poet in the West have both remarked upon the resemblance between
the two. Solomon spent nearly half his life thinking about ships. He was
the only Jewish king who felt much enthusiasm for maritime affairs.
Solomon reminds me of Peter the Great. Those who have perused
Waliszewski's biography of that monarch are scarcely likely to forget
the passage in which the historian describes the finding, by the boy
Peter, of the broken boat. It was only an old, half-rotten wooden skiff,
thrown to the scrap-heap with some useless lumber in the little village
of Ismailof; but, captivating the boy's fancy, and stirring his
imagination, he could not take his eyes from it. It changed the whole
current of his life. He is destined to rule over a great continental
people who have no access to the sea. Yet, from that day, he dreams of
nothing but brave ships and romantic voyages. He comes to England to
learn shipbuilding. He returns to Russia and builds useless navies. He
claps his hands in delirious ecstasy as he launches his huge toys on his
inland lakes. He is like a caged eagle; the passion of the infinite
throbs in his veins, yet he is cribbed, cabined, and confined in this
cruel way!

Solomon was in a very similar case. He ruled over a people who regarded
the sea with distrust and disdain. Yet he himself heard in his soul the
challenging call of the mighty waters. The ships! The ships that bring
the food! The merchant ships! The ships that lie becalmed in the oily
seas of the tropics; the ships that get caught in the ice-pack at the
poles; the ships that fight their way doggedly through howling gales and
icy blizzards round the cape! Those stately ships, with their dizzy
masts and shapely bows, captivated his imagination; and when he desired
to speak of the virtuous and faithful housewife in terms of superlative
appreciation, the only image that seemed worthy of her was the gallant
ship riding at anchor in the bay. '_Who can find a virtuous woman?_' he
asks, '_for her price is far above rubies. She is like the merchant
ships; she bringeth her food from afar._'


                                   II

So much for the Eastern philosopher; now for the Western bard!
Longfellow likens a good wife to a gallant ship; and, in order that we
may see how much alike the two are, he places them side by side. He
describes the old shipbuilder who has resolved to build one more ship,
his last and his best. He comes down to the yards, his eyes sparkling
with enthusiasm, carrying the model in his hand. He approaches his
assistant, shows him the model, and confides to him his dream. The
younger man, a stalwart and fiery youth, has a dream of his own. He
aspires to marry his master's daughter. The two are engrossed in
conversation, the elder man depicting to the younger the stately ship
that is to be. He will build a vessel that shall laugh at all disaster,
and with wave and whirlwind wrestle. And he concludes his eager
communication by promising that 'the day that giveth her to the sea
shall give my daughter unto thee.' The younger man starts at the radiant
prospect.

    And as he turned his face aside
    With a look of joy and a thrill of pride.
    Standing before her father's door
    He saw the form of his promised bride.
    The sun shone on her golden hair
    And her cheek was glowing fresh and fair
    With the breath of morn and the soft sea air.
    Like a beauteous barge was she——

And so on. All through the poem, right up to the wedding on the ship's
deck on the day of her launching, Longfellow draws the analogy between
the shapely vessel, the bride of the ocean, and the fair maiden, the
bride of the proud young builder.

'_She is like the merchant ships!_' says the ancient Eastern sage.

'_Like a beauteous barge was she!_' exclaims the Western poet.

It is difficult to resist the testimony of two such witnesses.


                                  III

Neither the good wife nor the gallant ship need resent the analogy. If
the good wife does not like being compared to a ship, let her sit down
for five minutes and think, and it will occur to her that, of all our
ingenious inventions and bewildering contrivances, a ship is the only
one that has a divine origin and a divine authority. The ark was the
first ship; and its plans and specifications were divinely dictated.
Moreover, it is obvious that, since the Lord God divided His world into
islands and continents, with vast expanses of ocean rolling between, and
commanded that all those scattered territories should be peopled and
developed, He contemplated the existence of the ships. The ships were
part of the original programme. The ships were to be the instruments of
those distributive and mediative ministries on which the history of the
world was to be based.

Or, if instead of thinking abstract thoughts, the good wife prefers to
read, let her reach down Rudyard Kipling's ballad of the _Big Steamers_.

    'Oh, where are you going to, all you Big Steamers,
      With England's own coal, up and down the salt seas?'
    'We are going to fetch you your bread and your butter.
      Your beef, pork, and mutton, eggs, apples, and cheese,

    For the bread that you eat, and the biscuits you nibble,
      The sweets that you suck and the joints that you carve,
    They are brought to you daily by all us Big Steamers,
      And if anyone hinders our coming you'll starve!'

The ships, then, represent the indispensabilities of life, the things
without which we cannot live. I am writing here in Australia. And even
here in Australia, with our immense open spaces, spaces in which we can
grow almost anything, how dependent we are upon the coming of the ships!
We need the ships; ships to bring us our supplies from the great looms
and factories of the old world; ships to take the produce of our
boundless plains to the congested populations of the other hemisphere;
ships to bring the letters for which our hearts are hungry, and to take
the letters for which distant friends are waiting. Even here in
Australia the ships are the light of our eyes and the breath of our
nostrils. Even here in Australia, the good wife, when she spreads her
table in the morning, brings her food from afar. For none of these
dainties that tempt my appetite and nourish my frame are _native_ foods.
They were not here until the ships began to come. The wheat is not
indigenous; the meat is not native meat. The corn and the cattle and the
coffee came to Australia on the ships. And, but for the ships, we
ourselves could never have been here. Let a man register a vow that he
will not eat, drink, wear or use anything that has—in a remote or in an
immediate sense—been upon a ship; and he will be reduced to abject
wretchedness in no time. God has built His world in such a way that the
ship is the foundation of everything.

    Each climate needs what other climes produce,
    And offers something to the general use;
    No land but listens to the common call,
    And, in return, receives supplies from all.

The Great Weaver stands continually at His loom working out an intricate
and beautiful pattern. The nations are the threads that run up and down,
up and down, not far apart, yet never meeting. The gallant ship is the
shuttle, the busy shuttle, that flies to and fro, to and fro, weaving
them all into one compact and wonderful whole. The web depends entirely
on the shuttle; the world depends entirely on the ships.


                                   IV

I never see a great ship come into port at the end of a long voyage
without feeling a sense of admiration, amounting almost to awe, at the
masterly achievement. To say nothing of the perils to which she has been
exposed at sea, it seems an amazing thing that, after having been for
months on the trackless waters, she can pick up the heads as easily as
though she had been following a well-blazed trail. There is a famous
story on record in the _Memoirs of Captain Basil Hall_. It tells how the
erudite commander once brought his vessel round Cape Horn on a voyage
from San Blas to Rio de Janeiro. Without any other observations than
those of the sun and moon, he laid his vessel, in a thick fog, outside
what he believed to be the entrance to the harbor. The fog cleared, and
the land slowly loomed up through it—the first that had been seen for
more than three months. It was Rio! The sailors were electrified at the
accuracy of their commander's calculations, and, rushing to the bridge,
greeted him, by way of congratulation, with three ringing cheers! I
suppose no man ever watched a brave ship drop anchor in the bay at the
end of her voyage without some such feeling as this. And certainly no
man ever looked into the face of his bride on his wedding day without
being conscious of some such emotion. '_She is like the merchant ship;
she bringeth her food from afar._' It seems so wonderful to the
bridegroom that she should have reached his side in safety. The chances
against her safe arrival were a million to one. She is the daughter of a
thousand generations. For countless centuries her ancestors were
fighting men. If, in that long chain of warring progenitors, only one
had fallen before he mated, she could never have been born. Time after
time, in those rude days, the earth was desolated by war, pestilence,
and famine; yet the line of genealogy that led to _her_ remained
unbroken! More than once whole nations were depopulated by the plague.
But still her ancestry was unaffected. The providence that guards the
good ship on the seething waters, bringing it safely through storm and
tempest to its desired haven, watched over her as she floated down the
restless ages to her husband's side. She was like the ark, upborne by
the very waters that destroyed everything beside; or, to return to
Solomon's simile, '_she is like the merchant ships; she bringeth her
food from afar_.' Her safe arrival seems a miracle, and a golden miracle
at that. It seems to her husband that, threatened by such perils as she
has braved, only an escort of angels could have brought her safely to
his side. And he bows his head in wondering gratitude.


                                   V

We owe everything to the ships. All our food comes from afar. Yes, all
of it, including food for thought. The school, the college, the
university; they all resemble the virtuous housewife spreading her
table. They bring food from afar. Only this afternoon I was shown over
Dennington College. The Principal, Miss Gertrude Milman, B.A., took me
into a class-room in which a geography lesson was in progress. The
teacher was giving her pupils food from afar. Hardy adventurers and
patient explorers sailed across unknown seas, charted unknown lands, and
returned with the priceless results of their hazardous investigations.
And those results, brought home by the ships, were being dispensed in
the class-room at Dennington College. Miss Milman herself teaches
philosophy. But she owes it all to the ships. Far away over the sea,
Plato and Aristotle and Socrates wrestled with the problems of the
universe in the old days; and far away over the sea Kant and Hegel and
Bergson pondered those same problems in a later time; and the ships have
brought us the wealthy fruitage of their profound cogitations. 'And
here,' Miss Milman told me, 'the girls assemble in the morning for the
scripture lesson.' I do not know exactly how that half-hour is spent;
but I am certain that, even then, Miss Milman sets before her pupils
food from afar. The Bible itself has come to us across the ocean. The
world is only rolling into light because the ships, with their white
sails, have dotted every sea. 'The prayers you offer,' says J. M. Neale,
'the prayers you offer, the hymns you sing, the books of devotion you
use, how far, far hence in _time_, how far, far hence in _distance_, do
their sources lie? Perhaps from some quaint mediæval German house, with
its surrounding fields and lanes and gardens buried deep in snow, you
get a prayer which we use at Christmastide. Perhaps from the dog days of
an Andalusian Convent, with its orange trees and its pomegranates and
its fountains, you get such music as that lovely introit, "Like as the
hart desireth after the waterbrooks." Perhaps from the tomb of a martyr
you get such a hymn as "O God, Thy soldiers' crown and guard." Prayers,
music, hymns; they are all the same. They come from afar, from afar. I
left Dennington College feeling that, after all, Miss Milman is very
much like Solomon's housewife; she is entirely dependent on the ships;
she bringeth her food from afar.


                                   VI

Now that I come to look a little more closely at the comely features of
this virtuous woman—the woman who is like the merchant ships—I fancy
that I recognize her. For she is none other than the Bride, the Lamb's
wife. When the Church spreads her white cloth, and sets her wondrous
table, she invariably decks it with food from afar. Listen as she
invites you to partake of her heavenly fare!

'_The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee, preserve
thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Take and eat this in
remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on Him in thy heart by
faith with thanksgiving._'

And listen again:

'_The blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was shed for thee, preserve
thy body and soul unto everlasting life. Drink this in remembrance that
Christ's blood was shed for thee and be thankful._'

Food from afar! Food from afar! She is like the merchant ships; she
bringeth her food from afar! Such viands can have been procured from no
earthy source. This Bread was made from wheat that grew in no earthly
field; this Wine was pressed from clusters that hung on no earthly vine.
The happy guests who sit at the Church's table find that, as they
partake of her sacred hospitalities, there is ministered to them a
comfort that wipes all tears from all faces, a hope that transfigures
with strange radiance every unborn day, and a peace that passeth all
understanding. They know, as they taste this delectable fare, that such
fruits grew in no earthly garden. And then, with faces that shine like
the faces of the angels, they remember at whose table they are seated,
and they say one to another, '_She is like the merchant ships; she
bringeth her food from afar._' And that golden testimony is true.




                                PART II




                             I—ODD VOLUMES


We have had a kind of wedding in my study this morning. The bride
arrived by post. It happened in this wise. Twenty years ago I attended
an auction sale at Mosgiel. A valuable library was under the hammer and
the chance was too good to be missed. The books were all tied up in
bundles and laid out on tables. I took a note of the numbers of those
lots that contained works that I wanted. When, on the arrival of the
carrier's cart, I proudly inspected my purchases, I found among them an
odd volume. It was the first part of _Foster's Life and Correspondence_.
The book was bound up with a number of others, and I could not buy
_them_ without becoming responsible for _it_. My first inclination was
to throw it away; and the temptation recurred when I left Mosgiel for
Hobart, and again when I left Hobart for Armadale. Of what use was an
odd volume? In packing up at Hobart I actually tossed it to the heap of
rubbish that was to be left behind; but an aching void in the last case
led to its ultimate rescue. This is the first part of our little
romance.

Last week I was visiting a country minister. In the ordinary course of
things, I glanced over his book-shelves. I was just turning away, when,
among some dusty volumes away on the topmost shelf, my eye caught the
words _Foster's Life and Correspondence_. It, too, was an odd volume. On
hearing of my own experience, the good man urged me to transfer the
volume to my portmanteau and say no more about it. It was, he said, of
no use to him.

'But, my dear fellow,' I replied, 'I might just as well say that _mine_
is of no use to _me_. We must leave the matter in the meantime. It is so
long since I looked at the volume on my shelves that I cannot be sure
that they are companions. They may be duplicates. Yours, I see, is
_Volume Two_. If, on my return, I find that mine is _Volume One_, we
will come to some arrangement. If not, neither of us can help the
other.'

My Mosgiel purchase turned out to be the _first_ volume. I posted my
friend a copy of _Bleak House_, which, as I happened to know, he had
never read, and he forwarded the _Foster_ by return of post. And this
morning I took the odd volume from the lumber on the top shelf,
introduced it to its mate, and now the two stand proudly side by side
among my biographies. They make a handsome pair: no bride and bridegroom
could look more perfectly matched. I do not suppose that they had ever
met before; but that circumstance in itself presents no lawful
impediment to their being united in a lifelong partnership.

The mating of books is a very mechanical affair. At a big publishing
house you may see two huge cases side by side, just as they have come
from the printer's. The one is packed with copies of _Volume One_; the
other contains copies of _Volume Two_. An assistant, asked by a customer
for a copy of the complete work, takes a book from the one box and a
book from the other; claps them together with a bang; and they are mated
for all time to come. There is no question of selection, and no question
of consent. There is no '_Wilt thou have..._' and no _'I will_.' The
volume in the top right-hand corner of the one box is unable to steal a
shy and furtive glance at the book lying in a corresponding position in
the other box. His destined partner may be a little plumper or a little
thinner than himself; she may be neatly attired in a pretty cover that
sets off her charms to perfection, or she may be dressed in an
ill-fitting wrapper that is smudged or torn; he cannot tell. He can only
wait, and she can only wait, until they are unceremoniously snatched
from their respective corners, banged together, and thus, for richer for
poorer, for better for worse, made partners in a bond that is
indissoluble. There is no question of sexual selection such as Darwin,
Wallace, and the great biologists like to portray. The books in the one
box do not strut and parade and show off their beauties in order to win
the admiration of the books in the other box. That may be because they
are conscious that they are all so much alike; they feel that there is
little to pick and choose between them; or, on the other hand, it may be
because they suspect that the books in the other box are all much of a
muchness, and that it matters very little which bride each bridegroom
has. But, whatever the reason, there it is! There is no element of
selection such as we find in the fields and the forests; there is no
lovemaking and courtship such as we mortals know; the volumes are
arbitrarily paired off, and the thing is done.

And, strangely enough, they appear to belong to each other from that
very moment. One would feel that he was conniving at a kind of literary
adultery if he were to take the second volume of _this_ set and the
second volume of _that_ set and deliberately transpose them. I call the
earth and the heavens to witness that, in my procedure this morning, I
have been guilty of no such enormity. We are living in a rough world.
With some books, as with some people, things go hardly. In the course of
years a volume may be cruelly deserted by its companion; or its partner
may come to an untimely end. The law of the land provides that in such
sad cases, a second marriage is no shame. One does not like to think of
my first volume of _Foster_ spending all its days among the lumber on
_my_ top shelf, and of my friend's second volume spending all its days
in the dust and neglect of _his_ top shelf. I do not often take my stand
on my ministerial dignity; but I maintain that, being a minister, I have
at least as good a right as any publisher's assistant to take those two
sad and lonely volumes—the one from my top shelf in the city, and the
other from my friend's top shelf in the country—and to unite them in
the holy bond of matrimony. And as they stand before me side by
side—never to perch upon a top shelf any more—I feel that I have done
myself, my friend and them good service by having taken pity on their
loneliness and launched them on a united career of happiness and
usefulness. As things stood, neither was of any use to anybody; their
union has made it possible for each to fulfill its destiny.

Let it be distinctly understood that I am not writing of _single_
volumes. A single volume is not an _odd_ volume. As I sit here at my
desk and survey my shelves, I see at a glance that many of the books are
complete in one volume. It would be the height of absurdity for me to
take one such book, say _Pilgrim's Progress_, and another such book, say
_Pickwick Papers_, and declare them _Volumes One_ and _Two_ for the mere
sake of pairing them off. Neither the publisher's assistant nor the
minister is vested with authority to mate the books after so arbitrary a
fashion. The _Pilgrim's Progress_ is a single volume, and the _Pickwick
Papers_ is a single volume; and it is better for them to do the work
that they were sent into the world to do as single volumes, rather than
to enter into an alliance that will make them each ridiculous and
stultify them both. I am not arguing for the celibacy of the clergy or
for the celibacy of the laity; how could I consistently adopt such a
line of reasoning immediately after having celebrated the marriage of
the _Fosters_? I am simply telling all the single volumes in my
study—who are looking a little downcast and unhappy now that the
excitement of the wedding is past—that _single_ volumes are not _odd_
volumes. It is very nice, of course, to be happily mated; but it is
quite possible for a solitary life to be a very useful one. Robert Louis
Stevenson would have gone further. In his _Virginibus Puerisque_ he as
good as says that no man can be a hero after he is married. The fact
that he has a home of his own, and is surrounded by love and tenderness
and thoughtful care, militates against the culture of the sterner
virtues. 'If comfortable,' Stevenson says, 'marriage is not heroic. It
inevitably narrows and damps the spirit of generous men. In marriage a
man becomes stark and selfish, and undergoes a fatty degeneration of his
moral being. The air of the fireside withers up all the fine wildings of
the husband's heart. He is so comfortable and happy that he begins to
prefer comfort and happiness to anything else on earth, his wife
included. Yesterday he would have shared his last shilling; to-day his
first duty is to his family,' and is fulfilled in large measure by
laying down vintages and husbanding the health of an invaluable parent.
Twenty years ago this man was equally capable of crime or heroism; now
he is fit for neither. His soul is asleep, and you may speak without
restraint; for you will not waken him.

In his references to women, Stevenson does not speak quite so
confidently. 'It is true,' he says, 'that some of the merriest and most
genuine of women are old maids, and that those old maids, and wives who
are unhappily married, have often most of the motherly touch. And this
would seem to show, even for women, the same narrowing influence in
comfortable married life.' Yet, on the other hand, he feels that
marriage affects a woman differently. It makes greater demands upon her.
The very comfort which is the husband's peril is largely the fruit of
her thoughtfulness, her industry and her unselfishness. With wifehood,
too, comes motherhood; and motherhood, side by side with felicities that
only mothers know, inflicts a ceaseless discipline of suffering and
self-denial. 'For women,' Stevenson admits, 'there is less danger.
Marriage is of so much use to a woman, opens out so much more in life,
and puts her in the way of so much freedom and usefulness that, whether
she marry ill or well, she can hardly miss the benefit.' And he sums up
by advising you, 'If you wish the pick of men and women, take a good
bachelor and a good wife.' Since, however, if all women became good
wives, all men could not remain good bachelors, it is obvious that
Stevenson is crying for the moon. But he has said enough to dispel the
gloomy and downcast looks that disfigured the countenances of all my
single volumes immediately after the wedding. Single volumes are
certainly not odd volumes; they are complete in themselves; and we are
all very glad of them.

But there are odd volumes. Charles Wagner says that 'in certain shelters
for old people, where husbands and wives may pass a tranquil old age
together, a very expressive term is used to designate one who is left
alone. The bereft solitary is called _an odd volume_. How
appropriate—like a book astray from its companion tome! Odd volumes
indeed, those who have hitherto been one of two inseparables! They
celebrated their silver and golden weddings, and suddenly find
themselves desolate. They seem like guests left behind at the end of the
feast or the play; the lights are out, the curtain is down; they wander
about in the emptiness like souls in torment, possessed with the idea of
continually searching for something they have lost. They hardly refrain
from asking "Have you seen my husband?" "Where shall I find my wife?"
Odd volumes, these!' And you may find them in palaces as well as in
almshouses. Did we not all hear the cry that rang through the halls of
Windsor on the day on which the Prince Consort passed away? 'I have no
one now to call me "Victoria"!' And there are others. They knew no
golden wedding, no silver wedding, no wedding at all; and yet felt
themselves mated. Some, like Evangeline and Gabriel—and like my two
_Fosters_—are separated by distance and ignorance of each other's
whereabouts. Some, like Drumsheugh and Marget Howe, are separated by the
iron hand of circumstance; some are kept apart by cruel
misunderstandings and mistaken judgments; and some—

    Women there are on earth, most sweet and high,
      Who lose their own, and walk bereft and lonely,
    Loving that one lost heart until they die
      Loving it only.

    And so they never see beside them grow
      Children, whose coming is like breath of flowers;
    Consoled by subtler loves than angels know
      Through childless hours.

    Faithful in life, and faithful unto death,
      Such souls, in sooth, illume with lustre splendid
    That glimpsed, glad land wherein, the Vision saith,
      Earth's wrongs are ended.

The purest spirit that ever walked this earth of ours was—I say it
reverently—an odd volume. I do not mean that He was a single volume: I
mean far more than that. He felt that He was not single: He was not
complete in Himself. In some wonderful and mystical way, Deity and
Humanity were odd volumes; volumes that were intended to supplement and
complete each other; volumes that had become alienated and torn asunder.
The amazing thing about the Scriptures is that, in both Testaments, they
employ the very phraseology of mating and marriage. The quest that led
to the Cross is the quest of the lover for His betrothed; and the
consummation of all things is to be a marriage supper—the Marriage
Supper of the Lamb. And it may be that, in the larger, the lesser is
included. It may be that when Deity and Humanity, so long estranged, are
at length perfectly united, other odd volumes will find their mates and
the isolations of this life be swallowed up in the glad reunions of the
life everlasting.




                        II—O'ER CRAG AND TORRENT


                                   I

Lexie Drummond had a place of her own in the hearts of the Mosgiel
people. To begin with, she was lonely; and lonely folk have a remarkable
way of exacting secret homage. Lexie worked at a loom in the woollen
factory, and lived by herself in one of the factory cottages near by. I
wish you could have seen it. The door invariably stood open, even when
Lexie was away at her work. Everything was faultlessly natty and clean.
An enormous tabby cat, 'Matey,' purred on the mat, while a golden canary
sang bravely from his cage in the creeper just outside the door. Lexie
had a trim little garden, in which she grew lavender and mignonette,
roses and carnations. Lexie's white carnations always took the prize at
our local Flower Show. Lexie mothered Mosgiel. If anybody was in
trouble, she would be sure to drop in; and, in cases of serious
sickness, she would often stay the night. Some people would deny that
Lexie was beautiful; yet she had a loveliness peculiar to herself. She
was tall, finely-built, and wonderfully strong. When Roger Gunton, the
heaviest man on the plain, was seized with sudden illness, and his body
was racked with excruciating pain, Lexie alone could turn him from side
to side, and he would allow nobody else to touch him. If her face lacked
the vivacity and sparkle of more voluptuous beauties, it possessed,
nevertheless, a quiet gravity, a serious winsomeness, that rendered it
extremely attractive. The furrows in her face, and the strands of grey
in her hair, made her look older than she really was. Everybody knew
Lexie's age; her name was a perpetual reminder of the number of her
years. For, in an unguarded moment, she had once revealed the
circumstance that she was born on the day on which the Princess of
Wales—afterwards Queen Alexandra—was married, and she was named after
the royal bride. Mosgiel never forgot personal details of that kind. In
addition to all this, Mosgiel vaguely suspected that Lexie carried a
secret in her breast. She came to Mosgiel only a few years before I did;
and everybody felt that her previous history was involved in tantalizing
mystery.


                                   II

It was Friday night. In the dining-room at the Mosgiel manse we were
enjoying a quiet evening by the fire. I was lounging in an armchair with
a novel. I could afford to be restful, for, that week, I had but one
sermon to prepare. On the approaching Sunday, the anniversary of the
Sunday school was to be celebrated; in the morning John Broadbanks and I
were exchanging pulpits in honor of the occasion; and, availing myself
of a minister's immemorial prerogative, I had decided to preach an old
sermon at Silverstream. All at once we were startled by the ringing of
the front door bell. It was the Sunday school superintendent.

'We are in an awful hole,' he exclaimed, after having discussed the
weather, the health of our respective families, and a few other
inevitable preliminaries. 'Lexie Drummond has been taken ill, and the
doctor won't hear of her leaving the house for a week or two. She has
been preparing the children for their part-songs, and has the whole
programme at her fingers' ends; I don't know how on earth we are going
to manage without her.'

I promised to run down and see Lexie about it first thing in the
morning; and did so. Lexie was confined to her bed, and old Janet
Davidson was nursing her. 'Matey' was curled up close to his mistress's
feet, while the canary was singing blithely from his cage near the open
window. I saw at a glance that Lexie had been crying, and I attributed
her grief to anxiety and disappointment in connection with the
anniversary. She quickly undeceived me.

'You'll never notice that I'm not there,' she said, with a watery smile.
'The children know their parts thoroughly, and Bella Christie, who has
been helping me, is as familiar with the program as I am.'

I assured her that we should miss her sadly; but expressed my relief
that everything had been so well arranged.

'And now, Lexie,' I said, as I took her hand in parting, 'you must worry
no more about it; we will do our very best to make it pass off well.'

'Oh,' she replied, quickly, recognizing in my words a reference to her
tell-tale eyes, 'it wasn't the anniversary that I was worrying about;
indeed, it was silly of me to cry at all!' And, to show how extremely
silly it was, she broke, with womanish perversity, into a fresh outburst
of tears.

'She has something she wants to tell you,' Janet interposed, 'but she
doesn't like to.'

Lexie pretended to look vexed at the old lady's garrulity; but I fancied
that I detected, behind the frown, a look of real relief.

'Some other time,' she said. 'Good-bye, I shall think of you all
to-morrow!' Janet opened the door and I left her.


                                  III

The anniversary passed off happily; Lexie was soon herself again; and, a
fortnight later, I saw her in her old place at church. We knew that she
would insist on taking her class in the afternoon; so, to save her the
long walk home, we took her to the manse to dinner.

'Several of the teachers have been telling me of the address that you
gave on the evening of the Sunday school anniversary,' she said, on our
way to the manse. 'I wish you would let me see the manuscript.'

'I can do better than that,' I replied. 'The address was printed in
yesterday's _Taieri Advocate_. I have several copies to spare if you
care to have one.'

On arrival at the manse she insisted on going round the garden and
admiring the flowers before composing herself on the sofa in the
dining-room. I gave her the paper I had promised her, and hurried away
to prepare for dinner. When I returned a few minutes later the paper was
lying on the floor beside her, and she was crying as if her heart would
break. By a supreme effort she regained her self-possession, promised to
explain in the afternoon, and, in obedience to the summons, took her
place at table.

During dinner I mentally reviewed the address which had so strangely
reopened the fountains of her grief. It was the address which, under the
title 'The Little Palace Beautiful,' appears in _The Golden Milestone_.
It begins: 'There are only four children in the wide, wide world, and
each of us is the parent of at least one of them.' The first of the four
is _The Little Child that Never Was_. 'He is,' the address says, 'an
exquisitely beautiful child. He is the child of all lonely men and
lonely women, the child of their dreams and their fancies, the child
that will never be born. He is the son of the solitary.' And the address
goes on to quote from Ada Cambridge's _Virgin Martyrs_:

    Every wild she-bird has nest and mate in the warm April weather,
      But a captive woman, made for love, no mate, no nest, has she.
    In the spring of young desire, young men and maids are wed together,
      And the happy mothers flaunt their bliss for all the world to see;
      Nature's sacramental feast for them—an empty board for me.

    Time, that heals so many sorrows, keeps mine ever freshly aching,
      Though my face is growing furrowed and my brown hair turning white.
    Still I mourn my irremediable loss, asleep or waking;
      Still I hear my son's voice calling 'Mother' in the dead of night,
      And am haunted by my girl's eyes that will never see the light.

As the address came back to me, I began to understand. I remembered what
the gossips said about the mystery in Lexie's life. What was it, I
wondered, that she meant to tell me after dinner?


                                   IV

'You don't know me!' she cried passionately, when, once more, we found
ourselves alone together. 'You treat me as if I were a good woman; you
let me work at the church, and you bring me into your home; but you
don't know me; really, really, you don't! I have committed a great sin,
a very great sin; and I am suffering for it; and others are suffering
for it.' She paused, as if wondering how to begin her story, and then
started afresh.

'I was brought up in the country,' she said, 'not far from Hokitui. My
parents both died when I was a little girl; my guardians followed them a
few years ago; so that now I am quite alone. At school I became very
fond of Davie Bannerman, and he made no secret of his partiality for me.
He used to bring me something—an apple or a cake or a picture or some
sweets—every day. When I was nineteen we became engaged and were both
very happy about it. Everybody in the Hokitui district loved Davie; he
was handsome and good-natured; I used to think his laugh the grandest
music I had ever heard. But I was proud, terribly proud. And, being
proud, I was selfish. And, being selfish, I was jealous. Davie was good
to everybody; yet I could not bear to see him paying attention to
anybody but myself. He was a member of the Hokitui church, and used to
spend a good deal of time there. I had no interest in such things in
those days, and I was angry with him for neglecting me. But most of all
was I jealous of Sadie McKay. Sadie was his cousin; she was one of the
church girls; and I hated to think, when he was not with _me_, that he
was with _her_. Davie always took my scoldings merrily, and quickly
coaxed me into a better mind. And I dare say that all would have gone
well but for the accident that spoiled everything.

'Sadie was riding in from the farm one morning when, on the outskirts of
Hokitui, she met a traction engine. Her horse bolted, and was soon out
of control. As luck would have it, Davie was standing at a shop door
near the township corner, and saw the horse galloping madly towards him.
He rushed into the road and managed to check the animal before Sadie was
thrown; but, in doing so, he was hurled to the ground, and the horse
trod on his right arm, crushing it. He lay in the hospital for nearly
two months; but I never went near him. When he left the hospital he
wrote to me. It was a pitiful scrawl, written with his left hand; his
right was amputated. "I have had a heavy loss," he said, "and I do not
know how I can manage without my arm; but now I must suffer a still
heavier loss, and I do not know how I can live without _you_. But it
would not be right for me to burden you, and you must find somebody
else, Lexie, who can care for you better than I can." I returned the
engagement ring, and that was the end of it. If he had lost his arm in
any other way I could have endured life-long poverty with him; but to
have lost his arm for Sadie!' She paused and seemed to be looking out of
the window, but I knew that her story was not finished.

'A few months later I took a situation in Ashburton. There I met, at a
party, a young Englishman—Horace Latchford—who took a fancy to me. He
was visiting New Zealand for the sake of his health. He told me that he
owned a large estate in Devonshire, and would make me a perfect queen.
During his stay—a period of about four months—life was one long
frolic. Six months later he sent for me to go to him; and I went. But my
eyes were soon opened. There was no estate in Devonshire; Horace was
often intoxicated when he came to see me; and, instead of getting
married, I returned to New Zealand in disgust. I came to Mosgiel, partly
because I knew that I could get good work in the factory, and partly
because I knew that nobody here would know me. Since I returned from
England, ten years ago, I have only met one person who knew me in the
old days at Hokitui. I was spending a holiday at Moeraki, and she was
staying at the same boarding-house. I did not tell her that I had
settled at Mosgiel; but she told me that none of the Bannermans were now
living at Hokitui. Davie, she said, was the first to leave. He went to
one of the cities to learn a profession that did not imperatively demand
the use of two hands.' She paused again, and I waited.

'When I came to Mosgiel,' she went on, 'I got in the way of coming to
the church. I became deeply impressed, and you received me into
membership. And, every day since, as I have done little things, and
taken little duties, in connection with the work, I have come to
understand Davie as I never understood him in the old days. I hated his
fondness for the church. And, every day now, my sin seems to be more and
more terrible. Just lately it has been with me night and day. And when I
read your address my punishment seemed greater than I could bear. I have
prayed thousands of times that the dreadful tangle might be unravelled.
I have not prayed selfishly; I could be perfectly contented if only I
knew that Davie is happy, and that his faith in God and womanhood has
not been shaken by my wickedness. We sang _Lead, Kindly Light_ in church
this morning. Do you think that God really guides us? Does He put us
right even when we have done wrong? Will He straighten things out? I
would give anything to be quite sure! I seem to be in a maze, and can
find no way out of it!'


                                   V

It seemed an infinite relief to Lexie to have told me her story. She was
much more often at the manse after that; a new bond seemed to have
sprung up between us. I fancied that there came into Lexie's face a
deeper peace and a greater content. The peace was, however, rudely
broken. About two years after Lexie had unburdened her soul to me, I
opened the paper one morning and confronted a startling announcement.
The personal paragraphs contained the statement that '_Mr. David
Bannerman, the brilliant Auckland solicitor, has been appointed Lecturer
in Common Law at the Otago University._' There followed a brief outline
of the new professor's career which left no shadow of doubt as to his
identity. I particularly noticed that there was no reference to his
marriage. What, if anything, was to be done? The Otago University was in
Dunedin, only ten miles from Mosgiel. Ought I to allow these two people
to drift on, perhaps for years, eating their hearts out within a few
miles of each other? Was it not due to Davie that he should know that
Lexie was at Mosgiel? He might desire to _seek_ her; or he might desire
to _avoid_ her; in either case the information would be of value. I
stated the position in this way to Lexie, but she would not hear of my
taking any action. After a while, however, she agreed to my writing,
telling the professor-elect that I knew of her whereabouts. I added that
she was universally loved and honored for her fine work in the church
and in the district. I enclosed a copy of 'The Little Palace Beautiful,'
and mentioned the fact that I had once caught her weeping bitterly as
she read it. It took four days for a mail from Mosgiel to reach
Auckland. After a long talk with Lexie, I posted my letter on a Sunday
evening. On Friday afternoon I received a reply-paid telegram: '_Wire
lady's address immediately._'

The new professor was married three months after entering upon the
duties of his chair at the University; and, when I last saw her, Lexie
was enthroned in the center of a charming little circle. I received a
letter from her yesterday—the letter that suggested this record. She
tells me, with pardonable pride, that her eldest boy has matriculated
and also joined the church.

'I am getting to be an old woman now,' she says, 'and I spend a lot of
time in looking backward. Isn't it wonderful? It all came right after
all! But for the accident, Davie would never have been a professor; and,
if we had been married in the old days, I should only have been a drag
and a hindrance. As it is, we have passed o'er moor and fen, o'er crag
and torrent; but the Kindly Light that I once doubted has led us all the
way!'




                           III—THE PRETENDER


                                   I

'_Let's pretend!_' cried Jean.

They were enjoying a romp after tea; but the game had been suddenly
interrupted.

'How can we drown him when there's no water?' asked Ernest, looking
wonderfully wise.

'Oh, let's pretend the lawn's the water!' replied Jean, brushing aside
with impatience so trifling a difficulty.

_Let's pretend!_ I used to wonder why Bonnie Prince Charlie was called
the Pretender, as though he enjoyed some monopoly in that regard. We are
all pretenders. Some, perhaps, are more skilful than others. Jean was
especially clever. One day a lady called and gave her a beautiful bunch
of flowers. Ernest was particularly fond of flowers, and thought that he
could capture them by guile.

'I say, Jean,' he cried, 'let's have a game! We'll 'tend the flowers are
mine!'

'All right,' Jean replied, with a sly twinkle, 'and you 'tend you've got
'em!'

Precisely! There is no end to the possibilities of pretending. It is the
one game of which we never grow tired. We learn to play it as soon as we
are out of the cradle and it still fascinates us as we totter on the
brink of the grave. Indeed, as H. C. Bunner shows, childhood and age
often play the game together. Look at this!

    It was an old, old, old, old lady,
      And a boy who was half-past three;
    And the way that they played together
      Was beautiful to see.

    She couldn't go running and jumping,
      And the boy no more could he,
    For he was a pale little fellow,
      With a thin, little twisted knee.

    They sat in the yellow sunlight,
      Out under the maple tree;
    And the game that they played I'll tell you,
      Just as it was told to me.

    It was Hide-and-Seek they were playing,
      Though you'd never have known it to be—
    With an old, old, old, old lady,
      And a boy with a twisted knee.

The boy would bend down his face, close his eyes, and guess where she
was hiding. He was allowed three guesses. She was in the china-closet!
Wrong! Well, she was in the chest in Papa's bedroom—the chest with the
queer old key! Wrong again; but warmer! Well, then, she was in the
clothes-press! It was his third guess, and it was right. In the
clothes-press she was! It was his turn to hide and Granny's turn to
guess!

    Then she covered her face with her fingers,
      Which were wrinkled and white and wee;
    And she guessed where the boy was hiding,
      With a one and a two and a three.

    And they never had stirred from their places
      Right under the maple tree,
    This old, old, old, old lady
      And the boy with the lame little knee.
    This dear, dear, dear, old lady
      And the boy who was half-past three.

It is the oldest game in the world; it was played—just as it is played
to-day—before any other game was dreamed of, and the children of
to-morrow will be playing it when the games of to-day are all forgotten.
It is the most universal game in the world; it is played in Pekin just
as it is played in London; it is played in Mysore just as it is played
in New York; it is played in Timbuctoo just as we play it here in
Melbourne. The rules of the game never alter with the period or change
with the place. It is equally popular in all grades of society. The
royal children play it in the palace-grounds and the street urchins play
it in the alleys and the slums. For the beauty of it is, that it needs
no paraphernalia or tackle or gear; you have not to buy a bat or a ball,
a racket or a net; you do not require special grounds or courts or
links. The 'old, old, old, old lady,' and 'the boy with the twisted
knee' take it into their heads to have a game; and, then and there,
without moving an inch or getting a thing, they set to work and play it!
Jean cries, 'Let's pretend!' and straightway everybody is pretending!

'Let's pretend!' cried Jean. There was nothing original in the
suggestion. If the words are not actually a quotation from Shakespeare,
it is perfectly certain that Shakespeare uttered them. They voice the
very spirit of the drama. The play and the pantomime are all a matter of
pretending. It happened last evening that I had an appointment in the
city. I had promised to meet a friend on the Town Hall steps at
half-past seven. I was early; it was a delicious summer's evening, and I
enjoyed watching the crowd. The crowd is always worth watching, but at
that hour the crowd is at its best. The strain of the day is over and
the weariness of night has not yet come. The crowd is fresh, vivacious,
light-hearted. As I stood upon the steps, I saw young men and maidens
keeping their trysts with each other; they were making no effort to
conceal their joy in each other's society; as they tripped off together,
they were laughingly anticipating the entertainment to which they were
hastening. Gentlemen in evening dress, accompanied by handsome women,
beautifully gowned, swept by in sumptuous cars that were brightly lit
and daintily adorned with choicest flowers. Here and there, in this
unbroken tide of traffic, I caught a glimpse of features more quaint and
of garments more fantastic. I saw a troubadour, a viking, a
knight-errant, a pierrot and a Spanish cavalier. I saw a gipsy queen, a
geisha-girl, a milkmaid, an Egyptian princess, and a lady of the court
of Louis the Fourteenth. They were on their way to a fancy dress ball at
Government House. I stood entranced as this pageant of pleasure swept
past me, and a strange thought seized my fancy. I reminded myself that,
in any one of ten thousand cities, I might witness, at this same hour,
an identically similar spectacle. If I could have taken my stand in the
Strand in London, or in Princes Street, Edinburgh, or in Sackville
Street, Dublin, or in Broadway, New York, or in the main thoroughfare of
any city in Christendom, I should have gazed upon a scene which would
have seemed like a mere reflection of this one. And then I asked myself
for an interpretation of it all. What did it all mean—this throng of
happy pedestrians laughing and chatting as they surged along the
pavements; this ceaseless procession of gay vehicles in the
brilliantly-illumined roadway?


                                   II

It is a tribute to our human passion for pretending. His Excellency
stands in the reception hall at Government House and laughingly welcomes
his guests. They are pretenders, every one. The troubadour is no
troubadour; the viking, no viking; the gipsy, no gipsy; and the
milkmaid, no milkmaid. They are just pretending and they have gone to
all this trouble and to all this expense that the full-orbed joy of
pretending may be for one crowded hour their own. And the other
people—the gentlemen in evening dress; the ladies richly begowned and
bejewelled; the surging crowd upon the path. They are making their way
to the theatres. They are going to see the great actors and actresses
pretend. One actor will pretend to be a cripple and another will pretend
to be a king; one actress will pretend to be an empress and one will
pretend to be a slave; and the better the actors and the actresses
pretend the better these people will like it.

For the people love pretending; that is how the theatre came to be. Like
Topsy, it had no father and no mother. It sprang from our insatiable
fondness for make-believe. In his _Short History of the English People_
John Richard Green says that 'it was the people itself that created the
stage'; and he graphically describes their initial ventures. 'The
theatre,' he says, 'was the courtyard of an inn or a mere booth such as
is still seen at a country fair; the bulk of the audience sat beneath
the open sky; a few covered seats accommodated the wealthier spectators
while patrons and nobles sprawled upon the actual boards.' In those days
the audience had to do its part of the pretending. If the spectators saw
a few flowers they accepted the hint and imagined that the play was
being enacted in a beautiful garden. In a battle scene the arrival of an
army was represented by a stampede across the stage of a dozen clumsy
sceneshifters brandishing swords and bucklers. In order to assist the
audience to muster appropriate emotions, the stage was draped with black
when a tragedy was about to be presented and with blue when the
performance was to portray life in some lighter vein. What is this but a
group of children playing at charades, at dressing-up, at 'just
pretending?' Children pretend in order that they may escape from the
limitations of reality into the infinitudes of romance. Once they begin
to pretend all life is open to them. They have uttered the magic
'Sesame' and every gate unbars. Their seniors invade the same realm for
the same reason. This is the significance of those crowded streets last
night.


                                  III

Now this brings me to a very interesting point. Is it wrong to pretend?
In the greatest sermon ever preached—the Sermon on the Mount—Jesus
called certain people hypocrites. But, did He, by doing so, condemn all
forms of hypocrisy? If so, the people upon whom I looked last night were
all of them earning for themselves His malediction. And so were the
people gathered in the quaint old English courtyard. And so was Jean
when she called to her playmates: 'Let's pretend!' And so was 'the old,
old, old, old lady' and 'the boy with the twisted knee.' For a
hypocrite—as the very word suggests—is simply a pretender. A hypocrite
is one who colors his face, or dresses up or acts a part. Does it
follow, therefore, because Jesus condemned the Pharisees and called them
hypocrites, that all pretenders fall beneath His frown? To ask the
question is to answer it. Fancy Jesus frowning at Jean! Fancy Jesus
frowning at 'the old, old, old, old lady' and 'the boy with the twisted
knee!' Why Jesus Himself _pretended_ on occasions. He behaved towards
the Syro-Phœnician woman as though He had no sympathy with her in her
distress. He saw the disciples in trouble on the lake; and, walking on
the water, He made as though He would have passed them by. When, after
journeying with two of His disciples to Emmaus, He reached the door of
their home, He made as though He would have gone further! 'He made as
though!' 'He made as though!' 'He made as though!' The feints of Deity!

Let a man but keep his eyes wide open and he will see some very lovable
hypocrites, some very amiable pretenders, in the course of a day's
march. I have been reading _The Butterfly Man_. And here in the early
part of the book is a scene in which a child and a criminal take part.
Mary Virginia shows John Flint a pasteboard box. It contains a
dark-colored and rather ugly grey moth with his wings turned down.

'You wouldn't think him pretty, would you?' asked the child.

'No,' replied John Flint disappointedly, 'I shouldn't!'

Mary Virginia smiled, and, picking up the little moth, held his body,
very gently, between her finger tips. He fluttered, spreading out his
grey wings; and then John saw the beautiful pansy-like underwings, and
the glorious lower pair of scarlet velvet, barred and bordered with
black.

'I got to thinking,' said the girl, thoughtfully, lifting her clear and
candid eyes to John Flint's, 'I got to thinking, when he threw aside his
plain grey cloak and showed me his lovely underwings, that he's like
some people. You couldn't be expected to know what was underneath, could
you? So you pass them by, thinking how ordinary and uninteresting and
ugly they are, and you feel rather sorry for them—because you don't
know. But if you once get close enough to touch them—why, then you find
out! You only think of the dust-colored outside, and all the while the
underwings are right there, waiting for you to find them! Isn't it
wonderful and beautiful? And the best of it all is, it's true!'

In these artless sentences, tripping, so easily from a child's tongue,
Marie Oemler sums up the burden of her book. The incident is a parable.
For John Flint was _himself_ the drab and ugly moth. In the opening
chapters of the story, he is a horrible object—coarse, brutal,
loathsome, revolting. But there were underwings. And gradually, beneath
the touch of gentle influences, those underwings became visible; and, in
the later stages of the story, all men admired and revered and loved the
beautiful nobleness of the Butterfly Man.


                                   IV

There are people, I suppose, who trick themselves out to make themselves
appear much prettier or much nicer or—worse still—much holier than
they really are. 'Let's pretend!' they cry; and there is something
sinister in their pretending. It is against these people—and against
them only—that the anathemas of the Sermon on the Mount are directed.

Again, there are people who, like Ian Maclaren's Drumtochty folk, go
through life dreading lest their underwings should be seen, their
virtues exposed, their goodness discovered. They bear themselves
distantly and give an impression of aloofness; you would never dream,
unless you got to know them, that their dispositions were so sweet,
their characters so strong, their souls so saintly.

I am told that a great actor achieves his triumphs through contemplating
so closely the character that he impersonates. His own individuality
becomes, for the time being, absorbed in another. Henry Irving forgets
that he is Henry Irving and believes himself to be Macbeth. I have read
of One who, seeming to possess no form nor comeliness, nor any beauty
that men should desire Him, was nevertheless the chiefest among ten
thousand and the altogether lovely. It may be that these amiable
pretenders of whom we are all so fond have contemplated so closely _His_
character that they have unconsciously caught His spirit and acquired
His ways. They cleverly conceal the rainbow-tinted underwings, beneath a
coat of drab; but, having once caught a glimpse of their glory, we ever
after feel it shining through the grey.




                         IV—ACHMED'S INVESTMENT


                                   I

Gilt-edged securities are all very well; but men do not make their
fortunes out of gilt-edged securities. Gilt-edged securities may suit
those whose circumstances compel them to husband jealously their meagre
savings; but the big dividends are made out of the risky speculations.
There are investments in which a man cannot, by any possibility, lose
his treasure, and in which he must, with mathematical certainty, reap a
modest margin of profit. And, on the other hand, there are investments
in which a man may, quite easily, lose every penny that he hazards, but
in which he may, quite conceivably, make a perfectly golden haul. An
Eastern sage with a well-established reputation for wisdom urges us to
venture fearlessly at times upon these more perilous but more profitable
ventures, '_Cast thy bread_,' he says, '_upon the waters._' The man who
believes in gilt-edged securities will prefer to cast it upon _the
land_. The land is a fixture. The land does not float away or fly away
or fade away. You find it where you left it. It is stable, substantial,
secure. Because of its fixity, men trust it. For thousands of years it
was the bank of the nations. Men hid their treasures in fields, as many
a lucky finder afterwards discovered to his delight. But the waters!
_Cast thy bread upon the waters!_ The waters are the very emblem of all
that is fickle, variable and inconstant. They ebb and they flow; they
rise and they fall; they are restless, unstable, fluctuating. They suck
down into their dark depths the treasures confided to their care and
leave no trace upon the surface of the hiding-place in which the booty
lies concealed. The waters! _Cast thy bread upon the waters!_ The man
who believes only in gilt-edged securities shakes his head. This is no
investment for him. But the man who can afford to take desperate hazards
pricks up his ears.

'The waters!' he exclaims. 'He tells me to cast my bread upon the
waters! It is the last place in the world to which I should have thought
of casting it! But I shall venture!'

And he becomes immensely rich in consequence.


                                   II

Achmed Ali is a young Egyptian farmer. His lands are in the Nile Valley,
and, in the flood-time, two thirds of his property is under water. But
flood-time is also sowing-time, and what is he to do? He can, of course,
sow that portion of his land that stands above the waterline. And he
does. This is his gilt-edged security. He is practically certain of
getting back in the late summer the grain that he sows in the spring,
with a fair proportion of increase in addition. But on that narrow
margin of profit Achmed Ali cannot support wife and children and pay all
the expenses of his farm. He turns wistfully towards the river. He
surveys the section of his farm over which the waters are sluggishly
drifting. Sometimes they recede, leaving a broad strip of shining,
gurgling mud. He is tempted to scatter his seed over that belt of ooze
at once. He waits a few hours, however, hoping that the retreat of the
waters will continue, and that, in a few days, he will be able to carry
his seed-basket over the whole area that is now submerged. But his hopes
are soon shattered. The swaying waters come welling in again and even
lick the edges of the land he has already sown. If only he could get at
those inundated fields! The land is soft and moist! It has been enriched
and fertilized by the action of the flood-waters. Saturated by the
moisture in the soil, and warmed by the rays of the tropical sun, the
seed would germinate and spring up as if by magic; and the harvest would
beggar that of the land that the river has never touched! But these are
castles in the air. The flood is there. It shows no sign of withdrawing.
He knows that, after it has gone, it will be a day or two before he can
cross the soft, sticky, slimy soil with his basket. And by that time the
season may have passed. It will be too late to sow.

It is to Achmed Ali that our Eastern sage is speaking. 'Why wait for the
flood?' he asks. '_Cast thy bread upon the waters!_ Much good
grain—grain that thou canst ill afford to lose—will float away and
never more be seen. Much of it will be greedily devoured by fish and
water-fowl. But what of that? Much of it will drift about on the shallow
waters, and be deposited, as they recede, on the soft warm mud from
which they ebb. With thy heavy feet and clumsy form and weighty basket
thou couldst not cross the soil till long after the waters leave it. Let
the waters do their work for thee! Turn thy foe into a friend! Make of
the tyrant a slave! _Cast thy bread upon the waters!_'

It is no gilt-edged security; but Achmed Ali resolves to take the risk.

Among the reeds round the bend of the river his flat-bottomed boat is
moored. He hurries up to the barn for his basket of seed. He gazes
almost fondly, upon the precious grain that he is about to invest in
such a precarious speculation. He bears it down to the boat and pushes
out on to the shallow waters. A tall ibis, stalking with stately stride
along the edge of the stream, is startled by the commotion and flies
away, flapping its wings with slow and measured beat. Achmed is now well
out upon the river. The flood that had defied him now supports him. He
feels as the Philistines must have felt when they harnessed Samson to
their mill. He paddles up to one end of his property and works his way
down to the other, scattering the seed broadcast as he goes. Then,
having disposed of every grain, he paddles back to his starting-point
and ties up his boat. He stands for a moment on the bank watching the
seed floating hither and thither upon the eddying waters. In some places
it is still strewn evenly upon the tide; in others it has drifted into
snakelike formations that curl and straighten themselves out again on
the surface of the flood. It seems an awful waste. But is it?

In a day or two the waters recede, leaving the saturated seed strewn
over the oozy soil. It sinks in of its own weight and is quickly lost to
view. And then Achmed sees the wisdom of the counsel he has followed.
And in the summer, when he garners a rich harvest from the very lands
over which his boat had drifted, he blesses that Eastern sage for those
wise words.


                                  III

In my old Mosgiel days, I was often invited to address evening meetings
in Dunedin. The trouble lay in the return. A train left Dunedin at
twenty past nine and there was no other until twenty past ten, or, on
some nights, twenty past eleven. It was sometimes difficult to leave a
meeting in time to catch the first of these trains, yet, if I stayed for
a later one, it meant a midnight arrival at the manse and a woeful sense
of weariness next morning. On the particular night of which I am now
thinking, I missed the early train. There was no other until twenty past
eleven. I sat on the railway platform, feeling very sorry for myself.
When at length the train started, I found myself sharing with one
companion a long compartment, with doors at either extremity and seats
along the sides, capable of accommodating fifty people. He sat at one
end and I at the other. I expect that I looked to him as woebegone and
disconsolate as he looked to me. The train rumbled on through the night.
The light was too dim to permit of reading; the jolting was too great to
permit of sleeping; and I was just about to record a solemn vow never to
speak in town again when a curious line of thought captivated me. I
could not read; I could not sleep; but I could talk! And here, in the
far corner of the compartment, was another belated unfortunate who could
neither read nor sleep and who might like to beguile the time with
conversation! And then it occurred to me not only that I _could_ do it
but that I _should_ do it. We had been thrown together for an hour in
this strange way at dead of night; we should probably never meet again
until the Day of Judgement; what right had I to let him go as though our
tracks had never crossed at all? Was the great message that, on Sundays,
I delivered to my Mosgiel people, intended exclusively for them, and was
it only to be delivered on Sundays? I felt that my Sunday congregation
was a gilt-edged security; but here was a chance for a rash speculation!

The train stopped at Burnside. I stepped out on to the station and
walked up and down for a moment inhaling the fresh mountain air. I
wanted to have all my wits about me and to be at my best. The engine
whistled, and, on returning to the compartment, I was careful to
re-enter it by the door near which my companion was sitting, and I took
the seat immediately opposite to him. I then saw that he was quite a
young fellow, probably a farmer's son. We soon struck up a pleasant
conversation, and then, having created an atmosphere, I expressed the
hope that we were fellow-travellers on life's greater journey.

'It's strange that you should ask me that,' he said, 'I've been thinking
a lot about such things lately.'

We became so engrossed in our conversation that the train had been
standing a minute or so at Mosgiel before we realized that we had
reached the end of our journey. I found that our ways took us in
diametrically opposite directions. He had a long walk ahead of him.

'Well,' I said, in taking farewell of him, 'you may see your way to a
decision as you walk along the road. If so, remember that you need no
one to help you. Lift up your heart to the Saviour; He will understand!'

We parted with a warm handclasp. Long before I reached the manse I was
biting my lips at having omitted to take his name and address. However,
like Achmed Ali, I had cast my bread upon the waters.

Five years passed. One Monday morning I was seated in the train for
Dunedin. The compartment was nearly full. Between Abbotsford and
Burnside the door at one end of the carriage opened, and a tall, dark
man came through, handing each passenger a neat little pamphlet. He gave
me a copy of _Safety, Certainty, and Enjoyment_. I looked up to thank
him, and, as our eyes met, he recognized me.

'Why,' he exclaimed, 'you're the very man!'

I made room for him to sit beside me. I told him that his face seemed
familiar, although I could not remember where we had met before.

'Why,' he said, 'don't you remember that night in the train? You told
me, if I saw my way to a decision, to lift up my heart to the Saviour on
the road. And I did. I've felt sorry ever since that I didn't ask who
you were, so that I could come and tell you. But, as the light came to
me in a railway train, I have always tried to do as much good as
possible when I have had occasion to travel. I can't _speak_ to people
as you spoke to me; but I always bring a packet of booklets with me.'

I recalled the inward struggle that preceded my approach that night. I
remembered bracing myself on the Burnside station for the ordeal. It
seemed at the time a very rash and risky speculation.

But here was my harvest! I have invested most of my time and energy in
gilt-edged securities, and, on the whole, I have no reason to be
dissatisfied with the return that they have yielded me. But I have
seldom obtained from my gilt-edged securities so handsome a profit as
that unpromising venture ultimately brought to me.


                                   IV

The only way to keep a thing is to throw it away. The only way to hold
your money is to invest it. The only way to ensure remembering a poem is
to keep repeating it to others. If you hear a good story and attempt to
keep it for your own delectation, you will forget it in a week. Laugh
over it with every man you meet and it will ripple in your soul for
years.

It sometimes happens, when I have finished one of these screeds of mine,
that I feel a fatherly solicitude concerning it. You sometimes grow fond
of a thing, not because you cherish an inflated conception of its value,
but because through sheer familiarity, it has become a part of you. So I
look at these white sheets over which I have been bending for days and
into which I have poured all my soul. I feel anxious about them. Yet it
is absurd to keep them. If I store them away I shall soon forget their
contents and my labor will all be lost. But the printer is six hundred
miles away. I think of all the hands through which they must pass on
their way from me to him. I register them at the Post Office, but still
I think of all the risks. These white sheets of mine are such frail and
flimsy things; an accident, a fire, and where then would they be? But
one happy morning I see my screed in print! I feel that I have it at
last! It is beyond the reach of fire or accident. If _this_ house is
burned down, I can obtain a copy in _that_ one! I feel that nothing now
can rob me of the child I brought into being. It is scattered broadcast,
and, having been scattered broadcast, is at last my very, very own!

The only way to keep a thing is to throw it away. Achmed Ali knows that.
He looks fondly at the grain in the basket but he knows that he cannot
keep it in the barn. 'Seeds which mildew in the garner, scattered, fill
with gold the plain.' And so he casts some of it on the land—his
gilt-edged security—and gets it back with interest; and he casts the
rest upon the water—his risky speculation—and gets it back many times
multiplied.




                               V—SATURDAY


Saturday is the name, not so much of a day, as of a specific phase of
human experience. And it is a great phase. We all catch ourselves at odd
moments living over again some of the unforgettable Saturdays of long
ago. In actual fact, a man may be lounging in an armchair beside his
winter fire or sprawling on the lawn on a drowsy summer afternoon. But,
under such conditions, the actual fact is soon relegated to oblivion. A
far-away look comes into his eyes, a wayward smile flits over his face,
and, giving rein to his fancy, he sees landscapes on which his gaze has
not rested for many a long year. He roams at will among the golden
Saturdays of auld lang syne. He feels afresh the mighty thrill that
swept his soul when, after a long heroic struggle, his side won that
famous match upon a certain village green; he lives again through the
fierce excitement of a paper-chase that led the hare and hounds over the
great green hills and down through the dark pine forest in the valley;
he enjoys once more the birds'-nesting expedition in the winding lane;
and he sees, as vividly as he saw them at the time, the shining trophies
that rewarded his fishing excursions to the millponds and trout-streams
of the outlying countryside. In those far-off days, Saturday was the
wild romance of the week.

I remember being told by my first schoolmaster that Saturday was named
after Saturn, and that Saturn was the planet that had rings all round
it. From that hour, by a singular confusion of ideas, I always thought
of Saturday as the day that had the rings round it. I somehow associated
the day with the lady of the nursery rhyme who has rings on her fingers
and bells on her toes, and who, therefore, has music wherever she goes.
I liked to think that Saturday moved among the other days of the week in
such melodious pomp and splendor. The notion intensified the zest with
which I welcomed the great day. For Saturday was great; it was great in
its coming and great in its going. It began gloriously and it ended
gloriously. I do not mean that it ended as it began. By no means. There
is one glory of the sun and another glory of the moon. The glory of
Saturday's dawn was one glory; the glory of Saturday's dusk was another
glory. Saturday began like a Red Indian shouting his war-whoop as he
takes to the trail; it ended like a monk who, in the stillness of his
cloister, chants his evening hymn.

It takes a boy a minute or two, on waking, to assure himself that it is
really Saturday. He is not quite sure of himself; the notion seems too
good to be true. He sits bolt upright; rubs his eyes; and stares about
him for some confirmation of the joyous suspicion that is bringing the
blood to his cheeks in excitement. Is it really Saturday? He
distrusts—and not without cause—the confused sensations of those
waking moments. He made a mistake once before; he fancied that it was
Saturday; made all his plans accordingly; and discovered to his disgust
a few minutes later that it was only Friday after all. That Friday, at
any rate, was a most unlucky day! But Saturday! With what tingling
exhilaration and boisterous delight the conviction that it was Saturday
fastened upon us! Saturday was our day! We raced out after breakfast
like so many colts turned loose upon the heath. We tossed up our caps
for the sheer joy of it. Whatever the ordeals of the week had been, we
forgave all our tyrants and tormentors on Saturday morning. And in that
gracious and benignant absolution we experienced a foretaste of the
saintliness with which the great day wore to its close.

For Saturday, however spent, reached its climax in a consciousness of
virtue so complete and so serene and so beatific as to be almost
unearthly. Such a delicious content seldom falls within the experience
of mortals. Saturday night was bath-night; and few sensations in life
are more delectable than the angelic self-satisfaction that overtakes
the average boy after having been subjected to the magic discipline of
hot water and clean sheets. The outward change is wonderful; but the
inward transformation exceeds it by far. He feels good; looks good;
smells good; _is_ good. A boy after a bath is at peace with all the
world. The week may have gone hardly with him. Parents and teachers may
have shown a vexatious incapacity to see things from a boy's standpoint;
the proprietors of orchards and gardens may have exhibited—perhaps even
on Saturday afternoon—a singular inflexibility in their interpretation
of the laws relating to property; the world as a whole may have behaved
in a manner wofully inconsiderate and unjust. But on Saturday night,
under the softening influence of a hot bath and a clean bed, a boy finds
it in his heart to forgive everything and everybody. A vast charity
wells up in his soul. As he lays his damp head on his snowy pillow, he
revokes all his harsh judgements and cancels all his stern resolves. He
will not run away from home after all! Instead of abandoning his
unfeeling seniors to their hatred, malice and uncharitableness, he will
treat them with magnanimity and tolerance; he will give them another
chance. It is possible—appearances to the contrary
notwithstanding—that they do not mean to be unsympathetic. They simply
do not understand. Thinking thus the young saint falls asleep in the
odor of sanctity—and soap! The more wayward and troublesome he has been
in the daytime, the more angelic will he appear under these new
conditions. Watching him as he slumbers, one of the Saturnian rings
seems to encompass his brow like a halo. Saturday has come to an end!

Now, this saintly young savage of ours will learn, as the years go by,
that life itself has its Saturday phase. Dr. Chalmers used to say that
our allotted span of three score years and ten divides itself into seven
decades corresponding with the seven days of the week. The seventh—the
stretch of life that opens out before a man on his _sixtieth_
birthday—is, the doctor used to say, a Sabbatic period. In it, he
should shake himself free, as far as possible, from the toil and moil of
life, and give himself to the cultivation of a quiet and restful spirit.
That being so, it follows that the sixth period—the period that opens
out before a man on his _fiftieth_ birthday—is the Saturday of life. It
is a great time, every way. Like the Saturday of the old days, and like
the Saturday of riper years, it has characteristics peculiarly its own.
On his fiftieth birthday, if Mr. J. W. Robertson Scott is to be
believed, a man enters the gates of a new world. It is not of necessity
a better world or a worse one; it is simply a different one. We seldom
enter upon a new experience without finding that the change has involved
us in a few drawbacks and deprivations, as well as in some distinct
benefits and advantages. The step that a man takes on his fiftieth
birthday is no exception to this rule. Mr. Robertson Scott caught sight
of the gates of the new era some time before he actually reached them.
'In the tram, one evening, about six months ago, a schoolboy rose and
offered me his seat,' he tells us. The incident startled him. A man who
is still in the forties does not expect to receive such courtesies. He
consoled himself, however, with the assumption that the attentive
schoolboy was probably a boy scout who had suddenly realized that the
day was closing in without his having done the good deed prescribed for
each twenty-four hours of the life of the perfect Baden-Powellite. Four
months later, however, the same thing happened again; and then, shortly
after, came the fiftieth birthday! Clearly it was Saturday morning!

Now, the striking thing about Mr. Robertson Scott's experience is the
fact that his attainment of his jubilee appealed to him, not as an end,
but as a beginning. It was not so much a premonition of senility and
decay as the entrance upon a fresh phase of life. When Horace Walpole
wrote to Thomas Gray in 1766, urging him to write more poetry, Gray
replied that when a man has turned fifty—as he had just done—there is
nothing for it but to think of finishing. He voiced the feeling of the
period. In the eighteenth century, a man of fifty was classified among
the veterans. A hundred years later, a very different conviction held
the field. Tolstoy tells us that his fiftieth year was the year of his
greatest awakening and enlightenment; and, in _The Poet at the Breakfast
Table_, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes makes the old master witness to
something of a similar kind. His friends are anxious to know how and
when he acquired his wealth of wisdom; and he is able to reply with
remarkable precision: 'It was on the morning of my fiftieth birthday
that the solution of life's great problem came to me. It took me just
fifty years to find my place in the Eternal Order of Things.' Such
testimonies go a long way towards vindicating Mr. Robertson Scott's
assumption that the fiftieth birthday marks rather a new beginning than
a sad, regretful close. The fiftieth birthday is Saturday morning; and
who, on Saturday morning, feels that the week is over?

On the contrary, Saturday morning is, to most people, more insistent
than any other morning in its demands upon their energies. Walk up the
street on a Saturday afternoon, and you will see your neighbors garbed
and employed as they are never garbed or employed on any other day. On
Saturday we weed the garden, mow the lawn and effect the week's repairs.
On Saturday we attend to a multitude of minor matters for which we have
had no time during the week. On Saturday we clear up. And on Saturday
night we are tired. It by no means follows, therefore, that, because a
man's fiftieth birthday is his Saturday morning, his week's work is
done. It is indisputable, of course, that a man of fifty has left the
greater part of life behind him; he may be pardoned if he pauses at
times to take long and wistful glances along the road that he has
trodden; it will not be considered strange if, on very slight
provocation, he drops into a rapture of reminiscence. There is a subtle
stage in the development of fruit at which, having attained its full
size, it ripens rapidly. A man enters upon that stage on his fiftieth
birthday. A shrewd observer has said that, like peaches and pears, we
grow sweet for awhile before we begin to decay. The Saturday of life is
sweetening time. We become less harsh in our criticisms, less
overbearing in our opinions, more considerate towards our contemporaries
and more sympathetic towards our juniors. The week's work is by no means
finished. Much remains to be done. But it will be done in a new
spirit—a Saturday spirit. And if the man of fifty be spared to enjoy
octogenarian honors, he will smile as he recalls the immaturity and
unripeness of life's first five decades. It is a poor week that has no
Saturday and no Sunday in it. To have finished at fifty, an old man will
tell you, would have meant missing the best.

It has often struck me as an impressive coincidence that it was when Dr.
Johnson was approaching his fiftieth birthday—life's Saturday
morning—that he discovered a significance in Saturday that, until then,
had eluded him. He felt, as we all feel on Saturdays, that the time had
come to clear up, to put things in their places and to overtake
neglected tasks. And this is the entry he makes in his Journal:

'Having lived, not without an habitual reverence for the Sabbath, yet
without that attention to its religious duties which Christianity
requires: I resolve henceforth—_First_, to rise early on Sabbath
morning, and, in order to that, to go to sleep early on Saturday night.
_Second_, to use some more than ordinary devotion as soon as I rise.
_Third_, to examine into the tenor of my life, and particularly the last
week, and to mark my advances in religion, or my recessions from it.
_Fourth_, to read the Scriptures methodically, with such helps as are at
hand. _Fifth_, to go to church twice. _Sixth_, to read books of
divinity, either speculative or practical. _Seventh_, to instruct my
family. _Eighth_, to wear off by meditation any worldly soil contracted
in the week.'

The significance of this heroic record lies in the resolve that
Saturday, so far from unfitting him for Sunday, shall lead up to it as a
stately avenue leads up to a noble entrance-hall. 'I resolve to go to
sleep early on Saturday night.' Exactly a hundred years after the great
doctor had inscribed this famous entry on the pages of his Journal,
Charlotte Elliott wrote her well-known hymn in praise of Saturday:

    Before the Majesty of heaven
      To-morrow we appear;
    No honor half so great is given
      Throughout man's sojourn here.

    The altar must be cleansed to-day,
      Meet for the offered lamb;
    The wood in order we must lay,
      And wait to-morrow's flame.

I have heard scores of sermons on _The Proper Observance of Sunday_;
and, somehow, I have never been impressed by their utility. One of these
days some pulpit genius will preach on _The Proper Observance of
Saturday_, and then, quite conceivably, the new day will dawn.

As I lay down my pen, a pair of experiences rush back upon my mind. The
one befell me at sea, the other on land.

1. In the course of a voyage from New Zealand to England it became
necessary—in order to harmonize the clocks and calendars on board with
the clocks and calendars ashore—to take in an extra day. We awoke one
morning and it was Saturday; we awoke next morning and it was Saturday
again! That second Saturday was the strangest day that I have ever
spent. I never realized the extent to which Saturday leads up to Sunday
as I realized it that day.

2. I once numbered among my intimate friends a Jewish rabbi. I found his
society extremely delightful and wonderfully instructive. He often took
me to his synagogue, showed me its treasures, and initiated me into its
mysteries. It was all very beautiful and very suggestive. But I
invariably came away feeling dissatisfied and disappointed. I had been
gazing upon the emblems and symbols of a Saturday faith. Like that weird
Saturday on board the _Tongariro_, it was a Saturday that led to a
Saturday, a Saturday that ushered in nothing holier or sweeter than
itself.

Saturn with all his rings is grand; but the Sun is grander still! It is
from the Sun that Saturn derives his brightness and his glory. Ask
Saturn the secret of his splendor, and it is to the Sun that he
unhesitatingly points. As it is with these mighty orbs themselves, so is
it with the days that bear their names. As Samuel Johnson and Charlotte
Elliott knew so well, it is the glory of Saturday to prepare the way for
Sunday. Saturday belongs to the Order of St. John the Baptist. John was
the greatest of all the sons of men, yet it was his mission to clear the
path for the coming of a greater. The old world's Saturday-Sabbath,
commemorating a completed Creation, led up to the new world's
Sunday-Sabbath, commemorating a completed Redemption. The oracles and
mysteries that I saw in the synagogue, the emblems and expressions of a
Saturday faith, were sublime. But their sublimity lay in the fact that
they pointed men to, and prepared men for, a Sunday faith, a faith that
gathers about a wondrous Cross and an empty tomb, a faith from which
that Saturday faith, like Saturn bathed in sunlight, derives alike its
lustre and its fame.




                             VI—THE CHIMES


It was Christmas Eve—an Australian Christmas Eve. To an Englishman it
must always seem a weird, uncanny hotch-potch. He never grows accustomed
to the scorching Christmases that come to him beneath the Southern
Cross. Southey once declared that, however long a man lives, the first
twenty years of his life will always represent the biggest half of it.
That is indisputably so. The thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts.
The first twenty years of life fasten upon our hearts sentiments and
traditions that will dominate all our days. I spent my first twenty
Christmases in the old land. I have spent far more than twenty in the
new. Yet, whenever I find old Father Christmas wiping the perspiration
from his brow as he wanders among the roses and strawberries of our
fierce Australian mid-summer, I feel secretly sorry for him. He looks as
jolly as ever, yet he gives you the impression of having lost his way.
He seems to be casting about him for snowflakes and icicles.

But, as I was saying, it was Christmas Eve—an Australian Christmas Eve.
The day had been sultry and trying. After tea I sauntered off across the
fields to a spot among the fir-trees, at which I can always rely upon
meeting a few grey squirrels, an old brown 'possum, and some other
friends of mine. I had scarcely taken my seat on a grassy knoll,
overlooking a belt of bush, when the laughing-jackasses broke into a
wild, unearthly chorus in the wooded valley below. And then, a few
minutes later, the cool evening air was flooded with a torrent of
harmony that transported me across the years and across the seas. The
squirrels, the 'possum, and the kookaburras were left leagues and
leagues behind. From a lofty steeple that crowned a distant crest there
floated over hill and hollow the pealing and the chiming of the bells.

The magic that slept in the lute of the Pied Piper was as nothing
compared with the magic of the bells. Beneath the witchery of their
music, time and space shrivel into nothingness and are no more. We are
wafted to old familiar places; we see the old familiar faces; we enter
into fellowship with lands far off and ages long departed. Frank Bullen
heard our Australian bells. He was only a sailor-boy at the time.
'Often,' he says, 'I would stand on deck when my ship was anchored in
Sydney Harbor on Sunday morning, and listen to the church bells playing
"Sicilian Mariners" with a dull ache at my heart, a deep longing for
something, I knew not what.' The bells, according to their wont, were
annihilating time and space. Beneath the enchantment of their minstrelsy
he sped, as on angels' wings, away from the realities of his rough and
roving sea-life, into the quiet haven of a tender past. He was back in
his old seat in a little chapel in Harrow Road. Every Englishman
overseas will understand.

The bells throw bridges across the yawning chasms of space, and link up
hearts that stand severed by the tyrannies of time. In his _Golden
Legend_, Longfellow describes Prince Henry and Elsie standing in the
twilight on the terrace of the old castle of Vautsberg on the Rhine.
Suddenly they catch the strains of distant bells. Elsie asks what bells
they are. The Prince replies:

    They are the bells of Geisenheim,
    That, with their melancholy chime,
    Ring out the curfew of the sun.

And then he adds:

    Dear Elsie, many years ago
    Those same soft bells at eventide
    Rang in the ears of Charlemagne,
    As, seated at Fastrada's side,
    At Ingelheim, in all his pride,
    He heard their sound with secret pain.

And so, through the melodious medium of the bells, the royal lovers on
the terrace cross the long centuries that intervene and enter into
fellowship with those other royal lovers of an earlier time.

I remember, many years ago, spending a few days at a beautiful country
home in Hampshire. My hostess was a little old lady—_very_ little and
_very_ old. I can see her now with her prim little cap, her golden
earrings, and her silver ringlets. It was summer-time, and one evening
she invited me to accompany her on a walk across the deer-park. She was
a happy little body, and that evening she was specially vivacious. Her
conversation was punctuated with pretty ripples of silvery laughter. She
was too proud to confess to feeling tired; but when we reached a stile
with a step to it on the brow of a hill, she took a seat upon the
step—to drink in, as she was careful to explain, the beauty of the
view. I perched myself upon the stile itself and watched with interest
the antics of a fine stag among some oak-trees not far away. Then, all
at once, the bells from the village behind us rang out blithely. For a
while I listened in silence, and then turned to my companion to ask a
question. On glancing down at her face, however, I was astonished to
notice tears upon her cheek. What could be the matter with my gay little
friend? I immediately transferred my attention to the stag, who was by
this time ambling away across the park, but she knew that I had seen the
tear-drops. On our way back to the house she explained.

'My mother died,' she said, 'while I was on my honeymoon in Italy. I was
only a girl, and she was not much more. She was only twenty when I was
born, and I was only eighteen on my wedding day. I never dreamed, when I
left England, that I should never see her again. On the eve of my
wedding she came up to me, put her arm round me, and led me away to
spend one more hour alone with her. We sauntered off to the stile on
which you and I rested this evening; and as we sat there, hand in hand,
the bells pealed out just as they did to-night. And, as I listened to
them just now, her face, her form, her voice, her words—the very
_feeling_ of that other evening more than sixty years ago—came back
upon me more vividly than they have ever done before. I could almost
fancy that I was a girl again. My marriage, my children, my travels, and
my long widowhood seemed all a dream. It was the bells that took me back
again!'

I wonder if it was! I wonder if the great iron bells that hung in the
dusty old belfry of that English hamlet knew anything of the sweet and
sacred secrets that my little old friend kept locked up in that gentle
heart of hers! I wonder if the bells of Geisenheim knew anything of the
loves of Charlemagne and Fastrada, of Elsie and Prince Henry! I wonder
if the bells that drove the squirrels from my mind that summer evening
knew anything of the Christmas thoughts and Christmas memories with
which they flooded my soul! I wonder!

And, in my wonderment, I find myself in excellent company. For here is
little Paul Dombey! He has only a few days to live, although, to-day, he
is slightly better and able to get about the house a little. And, in
moving about the house, he finds a workman mending the great clock in
the hall, and Paul sees an opportunity of asking a few questions.
Indeed, Dickens says that he asked, not a few, but a long string of
them. 'He asked the man a multitude of questions about chimes and
clocks; as, whether people watched up in the lonely church steeples by
night to make them strike, and how the bells were rung when people died,
and whether those were different bells from wedding bells, or only
_sounded_ different in the fancies of the living.' In this last
question, Paul gets very near to our own. Do the bells say the things
they seem to say, or do they only _seem_ to say those things? Did the
bells of Geisenheim speak of love to the lovers on the castle terrace?
Did the bells of that Hampshire village speak to the little old lady in
the deer-park concerning the days of auld lang syne—her happy girlhood
and her mother's face? Did the bells of that Australian steeple speak of
the old-fashioned English Christmases as their delicious music fell on
my delighted ears that summer night?

Of course not! The bells take us as they find us and set us to music;
that is all! Paul Dombey, who died young, half suspected it; and Trotty
Veck of _The Chimes_, who lived to be old, proved it from experience,
and proved it up to the hilt. When things were going badly with Trotty
and Richard and Meg, and the magistrate said that people like them
should be 'put down' with the utmost rigor of the law, the chimes, when
they suddenly pealed out, made the air ring with the refrain 'Put 'em
down; Put 'em down; Facts and Figures; Facts and Figures! Put 'em down!
Put 'em down!!' 'If,' says Dickens, 'the chimes said anything, they said
this; and they said it until Trotty's brain fairly reeled.' Later on in
the story, we have the same chimes, and the same people listening to
them. But this time all is going well: Meg and Richard are to be married
on the morrow: and Trotty is at the height of his felicity. 'Just then
the bells, the old familiar bells, his own dear constant, steady
friends—the chimes—began to ring. When had they ever rung like that
before? They chimed out so lustily, so merrily, so happily, so gaily,
that he leapt to his feet and broke the spell that bound him.' And, a
few minutes later, Trotty and Richard and Meg were dancing with delight
to the gay, glad music of the bells!

When they themselves were sad, the chimes seemed mournful; when they
were glad, the chimes seemed blithe. 'Are they different bells?' asked
little Paul Dombey, 'or do they only _sound_ different?' Paul was
getting very near to the heart of a great truth; and, if only Trotty
Veck and he could have talked things over together, they might have
given us a philosophy of bells that would have immeasurably enriched our
thought.

The chimes are among the things to which distance lends enchantment. The
bells, as my little old lady and I heard them from the deer-park, were
sweeter than the same bells heard in the churchyard under the belfry. In
his _Cheapside to Arcady_, Mr. Arthur Scammell suggests that the music
of the bells awakens the echoes of all the infinites and all the
eternities. He finds himself up in the belltower. 'After the last stroke
of the bell ceases to be heard down in the church,' he says, 'the sound
is continued up here in a long diminuendo; and how long will it be
before that vibrant hum is completely extinguished? All through the
night, the air about the bells may still be throbbing with faint echoes
and reverberations; and, if an hour or a night, why not a year or a
century? May not even the sound of the first ringing of these old bells
yet lisp against the walls and roof in infinitesimal vibrations? The
tower may be alive with the thin ghosts of all the joyous and mournful
notes that have endeared and embittered the sound of bells to hundreds
of human hearts.' And if, following the same line of argument, the music
of the bells falls so sweetly on my ear as I sit upon my grassy knoll
two miles away from the steeple, who is to say that twenty miles away, a
thousand miles away, the air is not trilling and trembling with their
delicious melodies? It may be only because my perceptive faculties are
so gross, my ears so heavy, that I do not, in this Australian pleasance
of mine, catch the chimes of Big Ben and the echoes of Bow Bells. And if
Mr. Scammell's philosophy be true of bells, why not of other sounds? As
I ponder his striking suggestion, I find it more easy to understand that
great saying that _whatsoever ye have spoken in darkness shall be heard
in the light, and that which ye have whispered in the ear shall be
shouted from the housetops_.

    The deeds we do, the words we say,
      Into still air they seem to fleet;
        We count them past,
        But they shall last
    To the Great Judgment Day,
      And we shall meet!

The bells are not only _heard_ at a distance, they are _better heard_ at
a distance. It is possible to get so near to them as to miss the music.
In his autobiography, James Nasmyth tells us of a visit he paid to the
tower of St. Giles, Edinburgh. He had often been charmed by the chimes,
and longed to get nearer to them. But the experience brought a rude
disillusionment. 'The frantic movements of the musician as he rushed
wildly from one key to another, often widely apart, gave me the idea
that the man was mad, while the banging of his mallets completely
drowned the music of the chimes.' It is possible to get too near to
things. You do not see the grandeur of a mountain as you recline upon
its slopes. The disciples were too near to Jesus; that explains some of
the most poignant tragedies of the New Testament. A minister, through
constant association with the sublimities of divine truth, may lose the
vision of their eternal grandeur. And, unless things in the manse are
very carefully managed, the members of a minister's family may easily
suffer through being too near to things. They do not see the mountain in
its grand perspective. The banging of the mallets drowns the music of
the bells.

One beautiful June evening, years ago, I was walking along the banks of
the Thames. It was Saturday night; I had undertaken to preach at
Twickenham on the Sunday. All at once I was arrested by the pealing of
the bells. Strangers stopped each other to inquire why the belfries had
become vocal at that strange hour. We learned later that the bells were
proclaiming the birth of an heir to the British throne. A prince had
been born at White Lodge, just across the river! Well might the bells
peal that night!

Well, too, may the bells peal on Christmas Eve! I like to think that,
over the birth of _that_ babe, born in Bethlehem, and cradled in a
manger, more bells have been rung than over all the princes since the
world began. The Chinese cherish a lovely legend concerning the great
bell at Pekin. The Emperor, they say, sent for Kuan-Yin, the caster of
the bells, and described the bell that he desired. It was to be larger
than any bell ever made, and its tone more beautiful. Its music was to
be heard a hundred miles away. Great honors were to be heaped upon the
bell-maker if he succeeded; a cruel death was to follow his failure.
Kuan-Yin set to work; he mixed the costliest metals; he labored night
and day; and at last he finished the bell. He tested it, and was
disappointed. He tried again, and was again mortified. He was at his
wits' end. Then Ko-ai, his beautiful daughter, consulted an astrologer.
The oracle assured her that, if the blood of a fair virgin mingled with
the molten metals, the music would ravish the ears of every listener.
Ko-ai returned to the foundry; and, when the glowing metal poured
white-hot from the furnace, she plunged into the shining bath before
her. The music of the great bell, the Easterns say, is the music of her
sacrifice. It is only an Oriental myth; but it strangely helps me to
interpret to my heart the solemn sweetness that I recognize in all these
Christmas chimes.




                       VII—'BE SHOD WITH SANDALS'


Is there anything fresh to be said by way of a charge to a young
minister? I confess that, until this morning, I thought not. But this
morning, to my inexpressible delight, I struck a vein that, so far as I
know, has never yet been exploited. On these solemn and impressive
occasions, we have talked about the minister's _scholarship_ and the
minister's _spirituality_ until we have come to feel that we have
completely exhausted that line of things. And in the process we have
given the awkward impression that the minister, so far from being made
of pretty much the same stuff as the butcher, the baker, and the
candlestick-maker, is a kind of biological monstrosity consisting of a
very big head and a very big heart—and of _nothing else_!

But this morning I made a discovery. Before delivering a charge to a
young minister, I took the precaution to have a good look at him. And I
found to my surprise that, in addition to the head and the heart upon
which we have always laid such inordinate emphasis, he also possesses a
fine pair of legs with a substantial pair of feet at the end of them!
Nobody could have supposed from the most careful perusal of all the
ministerial charges in our literature, that any minister was ever before
known to possess these useful appendages; but there they are! I saw them
with my own eyes! Perhaps those who delivered the great classical
charges only saw the young minister in the pulpit, in which case the
limbs which I this morning discovered would naturally be invisible. Like
the feet of the seraphim in the prophet's vision, they would be modestly
concealed. But, though hidden, they exist; and it occurred to me that a
few very useful things could be said concerning them. Why should it be
considered _infra dig._, I should like to know, to talk about people's
feet, and especially about a minister's feet? The Bible has no
hesitation in talking about them. 'How beautiful upon the mountains,'
said the prophet, 'are _the feet_ of him that bringeth good tidings,
that publisheth peace; that bringeth good tidings of good, that
publisheth salvation; that saith unto Zion, Thy God reigneth.' And did
not the Master Himself, when He ordained His first disciples, deliver to
them this striking charge? '_Take no shoes_,' He said, '_but be shod
with sandals!_' The African natives thought of Livingstone's boots as a
contrivance for carpeting all the slave-tracks of Africa with leather,
so that he might walk harmlessly and painlessly along them; and when the
Saviour tells His first disciples to be shod with sandals I fancy I see
miles and miles of meaning in those arresting words.

'_Be shod with sandals!_' It is an appeal for ministerial simplicity.
There were three classes of people in Palestine. The slaves went
barefoot; the grandees wore elaborate shoes; the working classes wore
sandals. The sandals were simple, serviceable, and strong. Therefore,
said the Master to His men, '_be shod with sandals!_' The line of
simplicity is invariably the line of strength. Gibbon has shown us that
it is the simplest architecture that has defied both the vandalism of
the barbarians and the teeth of time. Macaulay has proved that it is the
simplest language that lasts longest. John Bunyan's books threaten to
survive all later literature. Why? 'The style of Bunyan,' Macaulay says,
'is delightful to every reader, and is invaluable as a study to every
person who wishes to obtain a wide command over the English language.
The vocabulary is the vocabulary of the common people. There is not an
expression which would puzzle the rudest peasant. Several pages do not
contain a single word of more than two syllables. Yet no writer has said
more exactly what he meant to say. For magnificence; for pathos; for
vehement exhortation; for subtle disquisition; for every purpose of the
poet, the orator and the divine; this homely dialect, the dialect of
plain working men, was perfectly sufficient. There is no book in our
literature on which we would so readily stake the fame of the old
unpolluted English language, no book which shows so well how rich that
language is in its own proper wealth, and how little it has been
improved by all that it has borrowed.' It is ever so. The simplest
language is the strongest language, and the simplest lives are the
strongest lives. In his 'Ode on the Death of the Duke of Wellington,'
Tennyson says that the illustrious Duke was rich in saving commonsense.

    And as the greatest only are
    In his simplicity sublime.

Wherefore, said the Master, avoid the vulgarities of the slave market on
the one hand, and the stilted affectations of the schools on the other.
Let simplicity ally itself with strength. '_Be shod with sandals!_'

It is a great thing for Christ's minister to eschew this vice of
extremes. All through the ages the pendulum of ecclesiastical fashion
has been swinging between bare feet and golden slippers. From the
excessive worship of unholy revelries, to which the Roman world was
abandoned, the Christians of the first century went to the opposite
extremity, and courted persecution by their rigid abstinence from, and
their severe condemnation of, the most legitimate and necessary
pleasures. Back again swung the pendulum, until the churches became the
scenes of voluptuous luxury and extravagance. We read on, and the next
chapters of our ecclesiastical histories bring us to the story of the
monks and the hermits. We no sooner discover an age of unexampled
self-indulgence, than we straightway come upon the Puritanism that
banned _Pilgrim's Progress_ as a wanton frivolity, and that denounced
the _Fairy Queen_ as a wicked and devilish invention! And so we go on.
One day Christ's minister would go bare-footed like a slave; the next he
must needs affect a pair of golden slippers. There was a time when the
Church gloried in her poverty; her emissaries wore no shoes on their
feet; they dressed in rags and tatters; they ate the berries of the
hedgerow; they drank the waters of the wayside spring. And then, hey
presto, the scene is changed. The Church gloried in her wealth. All the
world paid tribute to the Popes. Rome rolled in riches; and her proud
bishop, Innocent the Fourth, laughed as he looked upon his countless
hoards and boasted that never again need the Church lament that of
silver and gold she had none! Here is the Church going barefooted like a
slave; and here is the Church mincing in golden slippers; and neither
spectacle is an edifying one. The Master urges His men to avoid both the
bare feet and the golden slippers. Let your moderation be known unto all
men. _Be shod with sandals!_

It is the solemn and imperative duty of a Christian minister to conserve
both the dignity and the modesty of holy things. A certain offence in
the ancient law was to be punished by the deprivation of dignity. '_Thou
shalt loose his shoe from off his foot, and his name shall be called in
Israel, the house of him that hath his shoe loosed._' Those who have
carefully read that graceful and dramatic story unfolded in the Book of
Ruth know the bitterness of that reproach. The man whose shoes were
publicly removed was like an officer whose stripes are taken from his
arm in the sight of the whole regiment. He became an object of derision
and contempt. Anyone, Dr. Samuel Cox points out, might laugh at him and
call him 'Old Baresole,' and his family would be stigmatized as the
family of a barefooted vagabond. _Be shod with sandals!_ says the
Master. Do not expose the Church to the contempt of the multitude!
Conserve her dignity! Cast not her pearls before swine! Nor is such
dignity inconsistent with simplicity. Dr. Johnson penning from his
modest room at Gough Square, that famous letter in which he proudly
declined the patronage of the Earl of Chesterfield, makes a much more
dignified picture than the gilded aristocrat who tardily fawned to the
great man's fame. And George Gissing has shown that the solitaries of
Port Royal, reading and praying in their poor apartments, cut a much
more stately figure in history than his refulgent Majesty, King Louis
the Fourteenth, strutting among the palatial chambers and the spacious
gardens of Versailles. When I see the ministers of Christ organizing
nail-driving competitions for women, and hat-trimming competitions for
men, in order to replenish a depleted treasury, I remember what Jesus
said about the sandals. He pleaded with His men not to expose His Church
to contempt. It is better to do things modestly and preserve the
Church's dignity than to swell her funds and make her an object of
derision. It is better to wear sandals and be respected than to wear
golden slippers and provoke disgust.

Modesty and dignity invariably go together. Every man who aspires to the
Christian ministry should read every word that Charles Dickens ever
wrote. In the course of that humanizing process he will then come upon
that terrible fourth chapter of _The Uncommercial Traveller_. It is the
most powerful appeal for ministerial modesty in our literature. Can any
man read without a shudder that revolting description of evangelistic
bluster? And who is he that can read without tenderness that closing
appeal of the novelist to preachers? He entreats us to remember the
twelve poor men whom Jesus chose, and to model our behavior, our
language, our style, and our choice of illustration on the exquisite
simplicity and charming grace of the New Testament records.

But we must sound yet a deeper depth. '_Be shod with sandals!_' said the
Master. Now sandals are easily slipped _off_ and easily slipped _on_.
And why should the minister be ready, at a moment's notice, to bare his
feet? The man who has read his Bible knows. There came to Moses the
Vision of the Burning Bush. 'And the Lord said unto Moses, I am the God
of thy father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of
Jacob. Draw not nigh hither; _put off thy shoes_ from off thy feet, for
the place whereon thou standest is holy ground.' And when Moses the
servant of the Lord died, the Vision of the Captain of the Lord's Host
came to Joshua. 'And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did
worship, and said unto him, What saith my Lord unto his servant? And the
captain of the Lord's host said unto Joshua, _Loose thy shoe_ from off
thy foot; for the place whereon thou standest is holy. And Joshua did
so.' '_Be shod with sandals_,' said the Master, so that, the moment the
vision comes, you may be ready adoringly to welcome it. Nothing in the
ministry is more important than that the minister should keep in touch
with his dreams, with his visions, with his revelations. The tragedy of
the ministry is reached when we lace up our elaborate shoes and say
good-bye to the place of open vision. We never expect again to behold
the glory. The ashes are black on the altar of the soul, the altar on
which the sacred fires once blazed. The light has gone out of the eye
and the ring of passion has forsaken the voice. '_Be shod with
sandals!_' said the Master to His men. 'Take no shoes, but be shod with
sandals.' The vision that led you into the ministry may come again and
again and again. _Be shod with sandals_ that you may be ready for the
revelation!

Yes, ready for the _Revelation_ and ready, also, for the _Road_! For
sandals are easily _slipped on_. And the minister must expect the call
of the road at any moment. He must be at home in the silence; he must be
ready for the revelation, but he must not become a recluse. That was
what Longfellow meant by his _Legend Beautiful_. The vision appeared to
the monk in his cell, and he worshipped in its wondrous presence. Then
he remembered the hungry at the convent gate.

    Should he slight his radiant guest,
    Slight his visitant celestial,
    For a crowd of ragged, bestial
    Beggars at the convent gate?
    Would the Vision there remain?
    Would the Vision come again?

A voice within bade him go and feed the hungry in the road outside,

    Do thy duty; that is best
    Leave unto thy Lord the rest.

He went; and when he returned he found to his delight that the Vision
was still there.

    Through the long hours intervening,
    It had waited his return,
    And he felt his bosom burn,
    Comprehending all the meaning,
    When the blessed Vision said:
    'Hads't thou stayed, I must have fled!'

'_Be shod with sandals!_' said the Master; so that at a moment's notice,
you may slip them _off_ to welcome the vision or slip them _on_ to take
to the road. The crest of the Baptist Missionary Society is a picture of
an ox between a plough and an altar, while, underneath the symbols, are
the words '_Ready for Either!_' The ox is ready for service in the field
or for sacrifice in the temple. Christ's minister stands between the
glory and the majesty of things divine on the one hand and all the paths
and the prose of human life on the other. He must be ready at any moment
to enter into fellowship with the skies; and he must be ready at any
moment to hurry forth to see a sick child, to comfort a broken-hearted
woman or to share the burden of a man whose load is greater than he can
bear. '_Be shod with sandals_'; so that, whether the Revelation or the
Road shall call, you are ready for either. The ministry is neither
mundane nor monastic; the minister wears sandals that he may keep in
touch with two worlds.

    Let me live in my house by the side of the road,
      Where the race of men go by;
    They are good, they are bad, they are weak, they are strong,
      Wise, foolish. So am I.

    Let me turn not away from their smiles nor their tears,—
      Both parts of an infinite plan,—
    Let me live in my house by the side of the road,
      And be a friend to man!

And there, in his house by the side of the road, the minister will
welcome his wondrous visions, and will take good care to _be shod with
sandals_. Gurnall concludes the first volume of his great work in _The
Christian Armour_ with 'Six Directions for the Helping On of this
Spiritual Shoe'; but the man who is wise enough to wear sandals stands
in no need of any such elaborate instructions.




                                PART III




                            I—WE ARE SEVEN!


Tall, bronzed and bearded, Bruce Sinclair was a typical New Zealand
farmer. He was born in Fifeshire, it is true, but his parents had
emigrated when he was so young that he seemed to belong to the land of
his adoption. They had come out on the _John Macintyre_—one of the
first ships to bring settlers to these shores. I never saw the old
people. By the time I reached New Zealand, Bruce had laid them to rest
in the little God's-acre on the crest, and was himself farming the lands
on which they had originally settled. The homestead was up among the
foothills near Otokia—about nine miles south of Mosgiel—and Bruce
usually rode over on Sundays. One felt that something was missing, if,
on going round to the vestry door, 'Oscar,' Bruce's chestnut pony, was
not to be seen in the yard. Bruce was quiet and reserved: he seldom
spoke unless he was spoken to: but he gave an impression of depth and
stability. In his light blue eyes—eyes that seemed paler than they
really were by contrast with his sunburned and weatherbeaten
countenance—there was a subtle suggestion of secret struggle and secret
suffering. You somehow felt that the calm of his sturdy personality was
the peace that comes when mighty forces have been vanquished, and fierce
storms stilled. I had heard it whispered that in the early colonial
days—the days of his youth—Bruce had chafed under the restraints of
home and had for some years gone his own way; but except that I fancied
that I saw a look of pain in his face when he first directed my
attention to the framed portraits of his parents as they hung on either
side of the fireplace at Otokia, he had given me no hint of anything of
the kind.

One Sunday morning I missed the chestnut pony. During the week Mrs.
Sinclair called at the manse to tell me that Bruce was ill.

'But don't trouble to come,' she said. 'He couldn't see you even if you
did; and it's a long way to come for nothing. I'll let you know when
he's able to see you.'

True to her word, she at length gave me permission. But, as it happened,
I was just setting out for a distant part of the colony—a journey of a
thousand miles—and it was nearly a month before I was able to turn my
face towards the farm at Otokia. But the day to which I had so long
looked forward dawned at last. The dwelling that served Bruce as a
homestead was a plain, white box-like little cottage, nestling among the
hills about a quarter of a mile back from the road. Seated at the open
window, he had seen me enter the big gate at the farm-entrance and drive
up the track from the road to the door. Bowed, and leaning heavily upon
two sticks, he came to the doorway to greet me, a wan smile lighting up
a countenance that seemed strangely pale. I saw at a glance that he had
been very ill.

'But there, I'm better now,' he said, cheerfully, 'and shall soon be all
right again. Sit down!' and he pointed to a lounge-chair on the
verandah.

We sat there chatting for awhile, and then Mrs. Sinclair brought out the
afternoon tea. As soon as the cups had been removed, I rose as if to go.

'Oh, don't be in a hurry!' he said. 'Sit down! I want to tell you of a
strange experience I've had.' I resumed my seat.

'You see,' he went on, 'I had a birthday—my fiftieth—just as my
illness was at its worst. I had intended having a few very old friends
here to celebrate the occasion; but that, of course, was out of the
question. The idea had, however, fastened itself so firmly upon my mind
that, in my delirium, I thought I was sending out the invitations.' He
laughed; but I could see that there was a good deal of seriousness
behind it.

'You know how at such times, things get mixed up in your brain,' he went
on, 'well, my birthday invitations and the other thoughts that had come
to me in the earlier stages of my sickness got hopelessly confused. I
was in great distress because I could only think of three people whom I
wanted to invite. I wrote out invitations to _The Man I Used to Be_,
_The Man I Might Have Been_, and _The Man I Shall Be_. I remember
thinking that these were strange people to ask; and I was surprised that
the number was so small. But the odd part is to come. For, in the same
dream or in another—I cannot be sure—I thought that I was welcoming my
guests. I had set the table for the four of us—my three visitors and
myself—but, to my amazement, twice as many people came as I had
invited! I had invited _The Man I Used to Be_; but two men arrived, each
of them claiming to be the personage indicated by that description.
Exactly the same thing happened in the case of _The Man I Might Have
Been_, and again in the case of _The Man I Shall Be_. I was at first
very bewildered and confused by the arrival of so many guests; but,
excusing myself, I added three chairs to the number at the table, making
seven in all. Then, when all was ready, I ushered them in and showed
them to their places. And there we sat—the seven of us.

    1. _The Man I Am_—at the head of the table.
    2. _The Man I Used To Be_, No. 1 }
    3. _The Man I Used To Be_, No. 2 } facing me.
    4. _The Man I Might Have Been_, No. 1 }
    5. _The Man I Might Have Been_, No. 2 } on my left.
    6. _The Man I Shall Be_, No. 1 }
    7. _The Man I Shall Be_, No. 2 } on my right.

'The first thing that struck me as I surveyed the six faces about me was
that, although they seemed arranged in pairs, no two of the same name
bore much resemblance to each other. The couples were contrasts rather
than duplicates.' Mrs. Sinclair appeared, bringing her husband's
medicine; he drank it quickly and continued his story.

'I can't help laughing as I think of it now,' he went on, 'it seems so
very fantastic and absurd; but it was a grimly serious business at the
time; and I am afraid that, considered as a birthday frolic, it was
scarcely a success. There I sat at the head of the table, my six selves
around me. In each of them I could see something of the features that I
regularly behold in the mirror; but in each case the general impression
was either disfigured or idealized. Let me describe them two by two.

'To begin with, there was _The Man I Used To Be_—the first of that
name. He was my guest, and I tried to be civil, but in my heart I could
not welcome him. I sat there wondering—you know how such things happen
in dreams—by what strange impulse I had invited him to my table. For,
truth to tell, I have always dreaded his return. Have you read Grant
Allen's story, _The Reverend John Creedy_? I have it inside there: I
will ask Mrs. Sinclair to bring it out before you go, and you shall take
it with you. I read it a few weeks before my illness, and it made a
great impression upon me. It is the story of an African boy, taken from
the hold of a slaver on the Gold Coast and carried away to England. He
is committed to a Christian home; is most carefully trained and
educated; and is denied nothing that can add to his culture and
refinement. He goes to Oxford; becomes a Bachelor of Arts; is ordained,
and is designated to return as a missionary to his native land. Before
leaving, he marries Miss Ethel Berry, a gently nurtured English lady;
and, amidst the good wishes of a great host of admiring friends, the two
sail from Southampton for Central Africa. For awhile all goes well; they
are very happy and very useful. But, amidst the old environment, the old
feelings are stirred. His blood leaps to the sound of the toms-toms; the
native feasts and dances have a singular fascination for him; he learns
to love once more the native foods and drinks. It is too much for him;
his old self masters his new self. He abandons the work; leaves his wife
to die; tears up his English clothes; and goes back to savagery. And
to-day—so Grant Allen concludes the story—to-day, the old half-caste
Portuguese rum-dealer at Butabue, can point out to any English pioneer
who comes up the river, which one, among a crowd of dilapidated negroes
who lie basking in the soft dust outside his hut, was once the Rev. John
Creedy, B.A., of Magdalen College, Oxford. This story, so recently read,
may have helped to shape my dream. At any rate, I remember sitting at
the head of the table looking into the face of _The Man I Used To Be_.
"It is bad enough," I thought to myself, "when the old life comes
rushing resistlessly back upon one as it rushed back upon John Creedy,
no bolts or bars being strong enough to keep it out; but by what folly
had I _invited_ my old self back and seated him at my table?" I felt, as
I gazed into his face, as though I had committed the unpardonable sin.

'And there, sitting beside him, was his namesake! You can imagine no
more striking contrast. For this second edition of _The Man I Used to
Be_ appeared to be not only a better man than the other, but a better
man than _The Man I Am_. I have never told you much about the past—one
does not make a song of such things—but I can tell you that it was a
wonderful experience when, nearly thirty years ago, I renounced the old
life, entered the kingdom of heaven, and joined a Christian church. As I
have said, I would not go back to the old life for anything on earth.
And yet, looking back, I can see that, in those early days, I had a few
fine qualities that are not mine to-day. I love money more now than I
did then. I love comfort more now than I did then. In those days,
wayward as I was, I would gladly have given the last coin that I
possessed to help a chum. I remember once drawing every penny of my
balance at the savings bank to get a comrade out of trouble. I would
have faced any discomfort, privation, or even death itself, in an
enterprise in which we fellows were engaged together. I am afraid that I
am now too smug to be heroic and too self-centred to be really generous.
And, strange as it may seem, as I looked across the table at _The Man I
Used To Be_—the second one—I felt heartily ashamed of _The Man I Am_.
I was reading in a book of George Eliot's that there are only two kinds
of religious people—the people who are the better for their religion
and the people who are the worse for it. I am not sure, I know that, on
the whole, I am the better for my faith; but I know, too, that before my
conversion I had some good points that I have since lost.

'I need not describe my other guests in such detail. If the contrast
between the two who answered to the name of _The Man I Used To Be_ was
great, the contrast between the two who described themselves as _The Man
I Might Have Been_ was greater still. I was ashamed to admit the first
of them to the house, and I could see that several of my guests felt
extremely uncomfortable in his presence. This is the man that I should
have been to-day had that radiant experience of nearly thirty years ago
never visited me. I saw, as I gazed into the repulsive face of this
guest, that, had I continued the career in which, until then, I had
delighted, the heroic qualities of my waywardness would soon have
vanished, and the sordid elements of that lawless life would have become
dominant and supreme. The chivalry of those early days would, in time,
have died out of my soul, just as it died out of King Arthur's Court,
and the shame and the squalor would have become more pronounced with the
years.' Even sitting on the verandah, Bruce Sinclair shuddered as he
recalled this aspect of his dream.

'The companion picture—the other edition of _The Man I Might Have
Been_—was,' he continued, 'as different as different could be. It
seemed ridiculous that they bore the same name. As I looked upon the
_first_ of this pair I felt thankful that I am as I am; but, when I
turned to the _second_, that feeling completely forsook me. For I saw,
as I gazed into that face—the face on my immediate left—what I should
have been if, jealously retaining all the magnanimous and open-hearted
qualities of my early days, I had added to them all the graces and
excellences which Christian experience and the membership of the church
have made possible to me. But I have done neither the one nor the other.
I have lost the high-spirited virtues of my youth, and, like a man who
has been walking among diamonds, but has been too indolent to pick them
up, I have failed to acquire the ripe devoutness which these later years
should have brought. It seems strange now, but on the very last Sunday
morning on which I came to church, you were preaching on _The Additions
of Grace_: "Add to your faith, virtue: and to virtue, knowledge." Do you
remember? You were saying that the art of life lies in adding virtue to
virtue as a mason adds tier to tier or as a tree adds ring to ring. I
thought a good deal about it afterwards, and it may have woven itself
into my dream. At any rate, I looked into the face beside me; I saw the
man that I should have been if only I had added to the generous
sentiments of youth the nobler attainments that Christian experience and
service offered me; and it was like turning from a masterpiece to a daub
when I once more contemplated _The Man I Am_.

'The third pair did not present so strong a contrast. They might easily
have passed for brothers, one of whom had enjoyed greater advantages,
and moved in better society than the other. The first of those who
presented himself as _The Man I Shall Be_ strongly resembled, except
that he was older, _The Man I Am_. The fact is, I suppose, that, of late
years, I have been content to take life, at least on its religious side,
pretty much as I found it. I have become complacent, easy-going,
readily-satisfied, willing to follow the drift. There was a time, twenty
years ago or more, when I used to submit myself to periodical
examinations. I tested myself; tried to ascertain whether or not I was
growing in grace; felt anxious as to whether the spirit was gaining upon
the flesh or the flesh upon the spirit. But of late years I have taken
things less seriously, and, now that I have time to think about such
matters, I can see that I have settled down to a condition that is
perilously like stagnation. Going on at the same sluggish rate for a few
more years, I cannot expect that I shall at last differ
essentially—except in age—from _The Man I Am_; and _that_, I suppose,
is why the _first_ of these two seems in some respects to resemble so
closely the man that I see each day in the mirror.

'The _second_—the guest on my immediate right—was a much finer man.
He, too, was old; but there was a grace and a sweetness and a charm
about his age that was quite absent from the person of his companion.
Indeed, but for the association of ideas suggested by the circumstances
under which we met, I should never have recognized myself in him. But he
has taught me—and I feel that life has been inestimably enriched by the
lesson—that, if I set myself to recapture the better qualities that I
have lost, and begin diligently to cultivate the graces that I have
neglected, I may yet make something of life, and stand, not altogether
confused and ashamed, before my Lord at the last.

'I am not sure,' my old friend concluded, 'I am not sure that all this
occurred to me in the course of my dream. Much of it has probably
suggested itself in my subsequent reflections. In time of sickness and
of convalescence a man sees life from a new angle. He is able to do a
little stocktaking. And I feel that, in my case, the operation—perhaps
because it was particularly necessary—has been particularly
profitable.'

Mrs. Sinclair came out to ask if he was feeling chilly. The afternoon
sun was certainly sinking; and I am afraid that I had allowed my friend
to tire himself in telling me his tale. He made an excellent recovery,
however, and, in the years that followed, was at church more frequently
than ever. And it may have been a fond illusion of my own, but somehow I
fancied that, as time went on, he became more and more like that nobler,
lovelier, kindlier self that he had so graphically described to me.




                            II—THE FISH-PENS


I was holiday-making at Lake King. As a matter of fact, Lake King is no
lake at all. It used to be; and, like the Church at Sardis, and like so
many of us, it bears the name that it once earned but no longer
deserves. In former days, a picturesque rampart of sand hummocks, richly
draped in native verdure, intervened between the fresh waters of the
land-locked lake and the heaving tides of the Southern Ocean. Then the
engineers arrived; and when the engineers take off their coats no man
can tell what is likely to happen next. At Panama they split a continent
in two. At Lake King they wedded the lake to the ocean. Through the
range of sand-dunes they cut a broad, deep channel by which the big
ships could pass in and out, and, as an inevitable consequence, Lake
King is a lake no longer. But it was not the big ships that interested
me. It was the trawlers. I liked to see the fishing-boats come in from
the ocean and liberate their shining spoil at the pens. On the shores of
the lake the fishermen have fenced off a sheet of water, a quarter of an
acre or so in area; and into this sheltered reserve they discharge their
daily catch. I never tired of visiting the fish-pens. As I looked down
into their clear waters they seemed to be one moving mass of beautiful
fish. Never in my life had I seen so congested an aquarium. There were
thousands upon thousands, tons upon tons, of them.

'You should row across in the early morning,' one of the fishermen was
good enough to say. 'You would see us dragging the pens and filling the
boats with the fish that we were about to pack for the market.'

I took the hint, and shall never forget the animated spectacle that I
then witnessed. The waters that had previously seemed so tranquil were a
seething tumult of commotion. The men were wading up to their thighs
dragging the nets through the crowded pens. Thousands upon thousands of
splendid fish were fighting for dear life, excitedly darting and
flapping and leaping and diving and splashing in a hopeless attempt to
escape the enmeshment of the enfolding toils. Netful after netful was
emptied into the boats. In half an hour the boats themselves were filled
to the brim with the poor stiffened creatures from which all life and
beauty had departed.

'And do the fish keep good in the pens for an indefinite period?' I
asked my fisherman friend—the man who had invited me across.

'Oh, dear, no,' he replied, 'that's the trouble. If we could keep them
here until the market suited us, we should quickly make our fortunes.
But they soon get slack and soft and flabby. The life in the pens isn't
a natural one. They haven't to work for their living and they are in no
danger of attack. The palings and wire-netting that keep them in keep
their natural enemies _out_. In the ocean they have to be active and
vigilant and spry. But here they lie at their ease; they move to and fro
sluggishly for the mere fun of the thing; and they soon go to pieces in
consequence.'

Away on the Dogger Bank the fishermen cherish a tradition which, on
suitable occasions, they recite with infinite relish. It belongs to the
heroic age that enfolded land and sea before the day of the
steam-trawler had dawned. In those unhurried times, the fishing-boats
spread their tawny sails, and, to the accompaniment of chanties and
choruses such as sailors love, crept slowly out to sea. In sleepy little
fishing-villages along the English coast, you may still see craft of
this romantic—and historic—build. One little hamlet of the sort I
often visit in my dreams. Years ago I knew every pebble on its beach.
Winds and waves have scooped out a kind of alcove in the massive cliffs.
High up, pressing closely against the rugged wall of chalk, stands a
cluster of weather-beaten cottages. In front of them the fishing-boats
are drawn up. Nets are spread out on the beach to dry, coils of rope lie
about, and piles of tackle are everywhere. If you are as fortunate as I
should like you to be, you will see, moving to and fro between his
cottage and his boat, a tall bronzed figure in a blue jersey and a
sou'wester. He is the most popular fisherman in the place. He was born
here; and, save for two years of which he does not like to think, has
spent all his days on this beach. Just once he wandered. He joined the
fleet on the Dogger Bank. He worked on the trawler that raced out and
raced round and raced back. He saw the cutters darting to and fro
between the fleet and the market. And, the more he saw of this side of
life, the less he liked it. He returned to the quiet little cove among
the cliffs. If, some day, you can catch him in one of his leisure hours,
and in one of his garrulous moods, he may be beguiled into telling you
of the tales he heard told on the Dogger. For, out there where they fish
by machinery, and use tackle of which the little hamlet never dreams,
the men like to poke fun at the old-fashioned craft on the beach. And,
when they speak of the old days and the old ways, they remind each other
that, years ago, each fishing-boat was fitted with a tank or well,
constructed with perforated sides so that the water it contained was
part and parcel of the sea through which the boat was sailing. Into
these wells the fish were transferred from the nets immediately upon
their arrival from the deep. In this new environment the graceful
creatures gave no evidence of discontent or resentment. They would live
indefinitely in their floating homes. But the fishermen found that, like
the fish in these Australian pens, the fish in the wells waxed limp and
listless. They lost their flavor and sweetness. This, according to the
tradition, happened to all the fishing-boats save one.

One fisherman, and one only, brought his fish to market in excellent
condition. He landed them at Billingsgate as healthy and brisk and firm
as though he had caught them ten minutes earlier under London Bridge.
The dealers soon learned to distinguish between the fish from his boat
and the fish from all the others. His fish brought the highest prices on
the market, and the happy fisherman rejoiced in his abounding
prosperity. His comrades marvelled at his success and vainly endeavored
to cajole his secret from him. He was not to be drawn. The matter
remained an inscrutable mystery until the day of the old fisherman's
death. Then, acting upon her father's instructions, his daughter
unfolded the secret. Her father, she said, made it a rule to keep a
catfish in the well of his boat. The catfish kept the other fish in a
ferment of agitation and alarm. They were never at rest. And, because a
catfish compelled them to live in the well under conditions that were
approximately normal, they came to market in as wholesome a state as
though they had just been dragged from the deep.

I often take myself into a quiet corner and remind myself of my visit to
the fish-pens or repeat to myself the famous tradition of the catfish. I
find myself at times in a rebellious mood. Why is life so troubled, so
agitated, so disturbed? If only I could be left alone! Why may I not
fold my hands and be quiet? I am hunted up hill and down dale; I am
driven from pillar to post. I have to work for my living—an irksome
necessity. I often have to go out when I would rather stay in, and have
to stay in when I would rather go out. I am the prey of antagonisms of
many kinds. Life is full of irritations, annoyances, mortifications, and
disappointments. I am not my own master. Like Paul, _I find a law that,
when I would do good, evil is present with me; the good that I would I
do not and the evil which I would not that I do_. Paul found it
extremely exasperating, and so do I. If only I could live without work
and without worry and without any of my present vexations! Why, oh why,
must there always be a catfish in my well?

A catfish is an animated compliment. I do not suppose that a _Dictionary
of Oceanography_ or a _Cyclopædia of Pisciculture_ would define a
catfish precisely in that way. But I prefer my own definition to that of
the encyclopædia; it is more brief and it is quite as accurate. A
catfish, I repeat, is an animated compliment. It is because the
fisherman values his fish that he puts the catfish into the well to
annoy them. 'I remember,' says Dr. James Stalker, 'I remember hearing a
celebrated naturalist describe a species of jellyfish, which, he said,
lives fixed to a rock from which it never stirs. It does not require to
go in search of food, because in the decayed tissues of its own organism
there grows a kind of seaweed on which it subsists. I thought I had
never heard of any creature so comfortable. But the eminent naturalist
who was describing it went on to say that it is one of the very lowest
forms of animal life, and the extreme comfort which it enjoys is the
badge of its degraded position.' Now this seems to throw a little light
on my own discontent. No fisherman would take any pains to preserve such
worthless things. When the fisherman drops the hideous catfish into the
well, it is his way of telling the shiny creatures that are already
there of the high esteem in which he holds them.

This leads me to Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe caught a glimpse of
this doctrine of the catfish, and it dispelled some of his most acute
perplexities. The pity of it is that, later on, when he found himself
confronted by the gravest and most baffling bewilderment of all, he
failed to apply to it the same vital principle. He saw the law at work
among his _minor_ difficulties; it did not occur to him that it might
also operate among the _major_ ones.

A day came on which Crusoe discovered that he was not, as he had
fancied, the monarch of all he surveyed. His sovereignty was disputed.
Everybody remembers the haunting passage about the footprint on the
sand. 'It happened one day, about noon, going towards my boat, I was
exceedingly surprised with the print of a man's foot on the shore. How
it came thither I knew not, nor could I in the least imagine; but after
innumerable fluttering thoughts, like a man perfectly confused and out
of myself, I came home to my fortification, not feeling, as we say, the
ground I trod upon, but terrified to the last degree, looking behind me
at every two or three steps, mistaking every bush and tree, and fancying
every stump to be a man. Nor is it possible to describe how many various
shapes my affrighted imagination represented things to me in, how many
wild ideas were found every moment in my fancy, and what strange,
unaccountable whimseys came into my thoughts by the way.' Now this story
of Crusoe and the cannibals is simply the story of the cod and the
catfish in another form. The cod would have liked the well all to
itself: it is horrified at discovering that it must share it with a
catfish!

Yet, as we have seen, the cod were the better for the catfish; and, as
Crusoe afterwards recognized, the island was enriched by the coming of
the cannibals. _Robinson Crusoe_ is essentially a story with a moral;
and Crusoe leaves you in no doubt as to the moral. He is most explicit
in that regard. 'For,' he tells us, 'I began to be very well contented
with the life that I was leading, if only I could have been secured from
the dread of the savages.' How little he thought that, so far from
hurting a single hair of his head, the savages would provide him, in the
person of his man Friday, with the most devoted servant and most
constant friend that any man could possibly possess! '_Wherefore_,' he
says, in formulating the moral to be deduced from his sensational
experience, '_wherefore it may not be amiss for all people who shall
read this story of mine to learn from it that very frequently the evil
which we seek most to shun, and which, when we are fallen into, is the
most dreadful to us, is oftentimes the very means or door of our
deliverance, by which alone we can be raised again from the affliction
into which we have fallen_.'

Now this was the _minor_ perplexity; the _major_ one came later. And the
extraordinary thing is that, confronted by that larger perplexity,
Crusoe's own maxim does not seem to have recurred to him. Crusoe has met
the cannibals; they have come and gone; and they have left Friday behind
them. Crusoe has taught Friday to speak English, and is doing his best
to store his mind with the highest knowledge of all. 'One day,' so runs
his narrative, 'I had been teaching him that the devil was God's enemy
in the hearts of men, and used all his malice and skill to defeat the
good designs of Providence, and to ruin the kingdom of Christ in the
world. "Well," replies Friday, in broken English, "but you say God is so
strong, so great; is he not much strong, much mighty as the devil?"
"Yes, yes, Friday," I replied, "God is stronger than the devil; God is
above the devil, and therefore we pray to God to tread him down under
our feet and enable us to resist his temptations and quench his fiery
darts." "But," says he again, "if God much stronger, much mighty as the
wicked devil, _why God no kill the devil_, so make him no more do
wicked?" I was strangely surprised at this question; and, after all,
though I was now an old man, yet I could not tell what to say, so I
pretended not to hear him. But Friday kept repeating his question in the
same broken words: "_Why God no kill the devil?_" I therefore diverted
the discourse by rising up hastily and sending him for something a long
way off.' It was the greatest humiliation that Robinson Crusoe sustained
during his long sojourn on the island.

'_Why God no kill the devil?_' asked Friday. It sometimes happens that
the best way of answering one question is to ask a few more. Let us try.
'_Why God no kill the devil?_' Why did the shrewd old fisherman not kill
the catfish in the well of his boat? Why did the fish in the pens grow
slack and soft and flabby as soon as the palings and wire-netting cut
them off from the assaults of their natural enemies? 'In the Louvre,'
says Professor William James, in his _Varieties of Religious
Experience_, 'in the Louvre there is a picture by Guido Reni of St.
Michael with his foot on Satan's neck. The richness of the picture is in
large part due to the fiend's figure being there. The richness of its
allegorical meaning also is due to his being there. The world, that is
to say, is _all the richer for having a devil in it_, so long as we keep
our foot upon his neck.'

It is an old story. It is the tree that is buffeted by the wind that
develops the strongest roots and the sturdiest fibre. It is in the
carcase of the lion with which he fought for his life that Samson finds
the honey. 'I did not learn to preach all at once,' says Martin Luther,
in a delightful burst of confidence. 'It was my temptations and my
corruptions that best prepared me for my pulpit. The devil has been my
best professor of exegetical and experimental divinity. Before that
great schoolmaster took me in hand, I was a sucking child and not a
grown man. It was my combats with sin and with Satan that made me a true
minister of the New Testament. It is always a great grace to me, and to
my people, for me to be able to say to them, "I _know_ this text to be
true! I know it _for certain_!" Without incessant combat and pain and
sweat and blood, no ignorant stripling of a student ever yet became a
powerful preacher.' That is the lesson that I learned at the fish-pens.
That is the secret that the wise old fisherman, of catfish fame,
bequeathed to his mystified companions. That is what Robinson Crusoe
learned in the course of his long and lonely exile. And, in the rough
and tumble of common life, there is scarcely any lesson of greater value
to be learned.




                            III—EDGED TOOLS


I was motoring among the semi-tropical landscapes of Queensland. We
swept past gardens that were gay with scarlet flame trees, brilliant
creepers, bright-red corals, and bougainvilleas of many gorgeous hues.
Spread out in endless panorama about us were orange groves, vineyards,
sugar plantations, and fields in which the pineapple, the banana, the
paw-paw, the mango, and the breadfruit luxuriated. And then we burst
into the bush, which only differed from the bush to which I was more
accustomed in that it was sprinkled with enormous anthills and dotted
with green clumps of prickly pear.

After several hours spent in this delightful way, the car unexpectedly
stopped, and my host and hostess prepared to alight. I peered about me
for some explanation of their behavior, but could nowhere discover one.
There was no house to be seen nor any sign of civilization or of
settlement. My first impulse was to remain in the car with the driver.

'We are going a little way into the bush,' my host explained, addressing
me; 'if you care to come with us, we shall be very pleased.'

I joined them instantly, and we were soon out of sight of the car. We
picked our way through the thick undergrowth for about a quarter of a
mile, then emerged upon a little plot carefully fenced off from the
surrounding wilderness. It was a cemetery only a few feet square; and it
contained three graves! It was evidently to the central one that our
pilgrimage had been made. My companions stood in silence for a moment
beside it, and then seated themselves on the grass near by.

'In our early days,' my host explained, 'we used to live not very far
from here. It was a lonely place and a hard life; and it had joys and
sorrows of its own. The greatest of its joys was the birth of Don, our
firstborn; and the greatest of our sorrows was his death. He was only
five when we buried him.'

'Yes,' added his wife, brushing a tear from her eye, 'and we buried him
with a broken penknife in his hand. A swagman who had sheltered for the
night in one of the out-buildings had given it to him before leaving in
the morning, and Don thought it the most wonderful thing he had ever
possessed. He was working away with it from morning to night. He would
not trust it out of his sight. He had it in his hand when, a few days
afterwards, he was taken ill. He clung to it all through his sickness.
If he dropped it in his sleep, he asked for it as soon as he woke. He
raved about it in his delirium. And it was firmly clasped in his hand
when he died. We had not the heart to take it from him, and so he went
down to his grave still holding it.'

Often since I have thought of that burial in the bush, not merely
because the incident was so touching, but because it was so intensely
characteristic. A boy's infatuation for his first pocket knife! It may
have a rusty handle and a broken blade; the edge may be as jagged as the
edge of a saw and the spring may have vanished with the days of long
ago; it makes no difference. With a knife in his hand a boy feels that
he is monarch of all he surveys. With a knife in his hand he feels
himself every inch a man. A boy's first consciousness of power, of
dominion, of authority comes to him on the day on which he grasps his
first knife. It is by means of a knife that he carves his way to
destiny.

Civilization may be said to have dawned on the day on which the first
man in the world held in his hand the first knife in the world. It was
made of stone, like the knives of all savage and primitive peoples. It
came into his possession almost by chance. He was gathering together
some huge stones, and building for himself a wall. Presently one heavy
stone slipped from his hands, fell with a crash upon another, and broke.
But it was not a clean break. There lay at that first man's feet two
large fragments of stone and a multitude of splinters. He picked up the
largest of the splinters and found that it had a keen, sharp edge. He
cut his finger as he stroked it, and the blood crimsoned the stone. He
dropped it as he would have dropped a snake that had bitten him. But, as
he nursed his smarting hand, he saw the possibilities that the
sharp-edged splinter opened to him. He remembered the toil with which he
had torn down branches of trees and shaped them to his use. The splinter
would simplify his task. He forgot his lacerated finger. He seized
another stone, dashed it against its neighbor, and, by repeating the
process, soon secured for himself a more shapely splinter—a splinter
with which he could cut down the branches less laboriously. He tried it.
He laughed as he found that, armed with the splinter, he could hack the
yielding timber to his will. He was more excited than he had ever been
before. Here was the first man with his first knife—the pioneer man
with the pioneer knife! For that first man was the father of men of many
colors, and that first knife was the father of blades of many kinds.
From it sprang the sickle and the scythe, the chisel and the saw, the
spade and the tomahawk, the rapier and the dagger, the scalpel and the
poniard, the razor and the sword.

The joy that the boy feels as he looks lovingly on his first knife is
the joy of shaping things. The world about him has suddenly become
plastic. It is a block of marble and he is the sculptor. He may make of
it what he will. Until he possessed a knife, the hard inanimate
substances about him defied him. He was the bird and they were the bars.
But now _he_ defies _them_. The knife makes all the difference. The
knife is his sceptre. He is a king and all things are subject to him.

He may, of course, abuse his power. He probably will. A boy with a knife
is very liable to carve his name in the polished walnut of the piano or
to cut notches out of the neatly-turned legs of the dining-room table.
From all parts of the world people go on pilgrimage to Westminster
Abbey. And, at the Abbey, they are shown the Coronation Chair. Seated in
it, all our English sovereigns have been crowned, and it is encrusted
with traditions that go back to the days of the patriarchs. But a boy
with a knife feels no reverence for antiquity. On the night of July 5,
1800, a Westminster schoolboy got locked in the Abbey. He curled himself
up in the Coronation Chair and made it his resting-place until morning.
And, in the morning, he thought of his pocket-knife. And, as the dawn
came streaming through the storied eastern windows, he carved deeply
into the solid oak of the seat of the chair, the notable inscription:
_P. Abbot slept in this chair, July 5, 1800._ Thus he buried his blade
in one of the noblest of our great historic treasures. It was enough to
make the illustrious dead, by whom he was everywhere surrounded, turn in
their ancient graves. George the Fourth and all his successors have
since been crowned in a Chair that bears that impertinent record! Yet,
as the chips flew, the boy felt no compunction. And, in his stolid calm,
he is the type and representative of all who abuse the authority with
which they are invested. He feels, as he wields the knife, that all
things are at his mercy; he can shape them to his liking. He forgets
that power carries its attendant obligations, and that, foremost among
those obligations, is the obligation to restraint. A boy with a knife in
his hand is merely a miniature edition of a man with a sword in his
hand. And a man with a sword in his hand is often tempted to bury his
blade in that which is even more precious than the oak of a Coronation
Chair. Piano-frames and table-legs are not the only things that cry
aloud for protection. The greatest lesson that the world has learned in
our time is that the power of the sword involves its possessor in a
responsibility that is simply frightful. The blood of brave men, the
tears of good women, and the hard-earned wealth of nations must never be
frivolously or lightheartedly outpoured.

From the moment at which, with sparkling eyes, that first man seized
that first sharp splinter, the knife has steadily grown upon the
imaginations of men. It took a thousand generations to discover its
potentialities. Indeed, our own generation is only just beginning to
realize the possibilities that it unfolds. Think of the marvels—I had
almost said the miracles—of modern surgery.

'Let nothing share your heart with your knife!' said Dr. Ferguson to
Barney Boyle, in _The Doctor of Crow's Nest_. The old doctor had just
fallen in love with Barney. He liked his looks, he liked his
temperament, and he liked his hands.

'You must be a surgeon, Barney! You've got the fingers and the nerves! A
surgeon, sir! That's the only thing worth while. The physician can't see
further below the skin than any one else. He guesses and experiments,
treats symptoms; tries one drug and then another. But the knife, my
boy!' The doctor rose and paced the floor in his enthusiasm. 'The knife,
boy! There's no guess in the knifepoint. The knife lays bare the evil,
fights it, eradicates it! The knife at the proper moment saves a man's
life. A slight incision an inch or two long, the removal of the diseased
part, a few stitches, and, in a couple of weeks, the patient's well! Ah,
boy, God knows I'd give my life to be a great surgeon. But he didn't
give me the fingers. Look at these!' and he held up a coarse, heavy
hand. 'I haven't the touch. But you have! You have the nerve and the
fingers and the mechanical ingenuity; you can be a great surgeon. You
shall have all my time and all my books and all my money; I'll put you
through! You must think, dream, sleep, eat, drink bones and muscles and
sinews and nerves! Push everything else aside!' he cried, waving his
great hands excitedly. 'And remember!'—here his voice took a solemn
tone—'_let nothing share your heart with your knife!_'

Let nothing share your heart with your knife! That is always the knife's
appeal. It is a plea for concentration. I was talking to an old gardener
the other day. He was pruning his trees. The gleaming blade was in his
hand and the path was littered with the wreckage of the branches. He
seemed to be working a shocking havoc, and I told him so. He laughed.

'Oh, they're well-meaning things, are trees!' he exclaimed. 'They are
anxious to do their best for you, but they attempt too much, far too
much. Just look at this one!' and he laughed again. 'It thought it could
cover all these branches with roses; and, if we left it alone, it would
try. But what sort of roses would they be, I should like to know? No,
no, no; it is better for them to produce fewer blossoms but to produce
good ones. We mustn't let them attempt too much!'

'Let nothing share your heart with your knife!' said old Dr. Ferguson,
as he urged Barney to do just one thing and to do that one thing well.

'We mustn't let the rose-trees attempt too much,' said the old gardener,
as he lopped off the branches with his pruning-knife.

That seems to be the lesson that the knife is always teaching. I
remember going one bright afternoon to see Gregor Fawcett of Mosgiel.
Gregor was passing through a troublous and trying time. Hard on top of
heavy business losses had come the collapse of his health. To my
delight, however, I found him in a particularly cheerful mood.

'I've been reading aboot the knife, d'ye ken?' he explained. 'It's a
bonny passage!' He took the open Bible from the table beside the bed and
pointed me to the fifteenth of John. '_Every branch in Me that beareth
not fruit, he cutteth away; and every branch that beareth fruit, he
pruneth it that it may bring forth more fruit._'

'It brought me a power o' comfort,' Gregor explained. 'For it says, ye
ken, that there are only two sorts o' wood on the tree—the _dead_ wood
and the _live_ wood. He cuts away the _dead_ wood for the sake of the
live wood that he leaves; and he cuts the _live_ wood that bears fruit
so that it may bear still more and still better fruit. Well, I thocht o'
all the losses I've had lately. I dinna ken whether the things that have
been taken were _dead_ things or _live_ things, but it doesna matter. If
they were _dead_ things, I'm better without them. And, if they were
_live_ things, they were only cut away because my life is like a tree
that bears fruit and that may yet bear more. And, in either case, the
best remains. The tree is the richer and not the poorer for the pruning.
The pruning only shows that the gardener cares. Ay, it's a bonny passage
that!' and Gregor laid the open Bible lovingly on the pillow beside him.
'After you've gone,' he said, 'I shall go over it again!'

And, from the frequency with which he quoted the words to buffeted
spirits in the days that followed, I could see that, on that further
inspection, Gregor had kissed the husbandman's knife even more
reverently and rapturously than before.




                           IV—OLD PHOTOGRAPHS


We badly need an Asylum for Antiquated Portraiture—a pleasant and
hospitable refuge in which all our old photographs could be carefully
preserved and reverently handled. For lack of such an institution we are
all in difficulties. People come into our lives; we become attached to
them and value their friendship; we exchange photographs; and, as soon
as we have done so, the inevitable happens. The photographs get
hopelessly out of date. Friends come and go; we come and go; but the
photographs remain. Or, if the friends themselves abide, they change;
fashions change; and, in a few years, the photographs look singularly
archaic if not positively ridiculous. They go away into a drawer or a
box. Once or twice a year a spring-cleaning or other volcanic upheaval
reminds us of their existence. 'We must really sort these out and
destroy a lot of them!' we say; but we never do it. Everybody knows why.
It seems a betrayal of old confidences, an outrage upon sentiment, a
heartless sacrilege. There should be an asylum for obsolete portraiture,
or, if that is out of the question, we should do with the photographs
what Nansen and Johansen, the Polar explorers, did with their dogs.
Neither had the heart to shoot his own; so, amid the ice and snow of the
far north, they exchanged their canine companions, and each went sadly
and silently away and shot the other's!

Such a course must, however, be regarded as a makeshift and a
subterfuge. The asylum is the thing. I am opposed, tooth and nail, to
the destruction of old photographs under any conditions. I spent an hour
yesterday afternoon down by the lake reading some of the love-letters
that Mozart wrote to his wife nearly two centuries ago. Poor Johann and
poor Stanzerl! They were so pitifully penniless that when, one bitter
winter's morning, a kindly neighbor fought his way through the deep snow
to see how the young couple were getting on, he found them dancing a
waltz on the bare boards of their narrow room. They could not afford a
fire, and this was their device for keeping warm. And now Johann is away
on a business trip. In our time a husband so situated would send his
wife a telegram to say that he had arrived safely, or, perhaps, buy her
a picture-postcard of the view from his hotel window. But Mozart wrote
the prettiest love-letters. 'Dear little wife,' he says, 'if I only had
a letter from you! If I were to tell you all that I do with your dear
likeness, how you would laugh! For instance, when I take it out of its
case, I say "God greet thee, Stanzerl, God greet thee, thou rascal,
shuttlecock, pointy-nose, nicknack, bit and sup!" And, when I put it
back, I let it slip in very slowly, saying, with each little push,
"Now—now—now!" and at the last, quickly—"Good-night, little mouse,
sleep well!"' Where is that portrait now? I dread to hazard a
conjecture! There was, alas, no asylum to which it could be fondly and
reverently entrusted. Photographs, like fashions, are capable of strange
revivals. One never knows when crinolines or hobble skirts will
reappear; and in the same way, one never knows the moment at which some
quaint old faded photograph will acquire new and absorbing interest.

'Why, bless me,' you exclaim, as you lay down the newspaper, 'here's
Charlie Brown become famous! You remember Charlie; he was the second son
of the Browns who lived opposite us at Kensington! Why, I have a
photograph of him, taken when he was a little boy; I'll run and get it!'
But alas, it has been destroyed. Or the regret may be even more
poignant.

'Dear me,' you say, 'poor old Mary Smith is dead!' The announcement
brings with it, as such announcements have a way of doing, a rush of
reminiscence. A simple old soul was Mary Smith. She was very good to us,
five and twenty years ago, when the children were all small and
sicknesses were frequent. Mary always knew exactly what to do. But we
moved away, and the years went by. Letter-writing was not in Mary's
line. With the obituary notice still before us, we talk of Mary and the
old days for awhile, and then we suddenly remember that, when we came
away, Mary gave us her photograph. It was a quaint, old-fashioned
picture; it had been taken some years earlier; but we were glad to have
it, and we put it with the others. We must slip up and get it! But it,
too, has vanished! Somehow, Mary _living_ did not seem quite so pathetic
and lovable a figure as Mary _dead_. At some spring-cleaning we must
have glanced at the creased and faded portrait, and, without pausing to
allow memory to do such vivid work as she has done to-day, we must have
tossed it out. We feel horribly ashamed. If only we could recover the
old photograph we would stand it on the mantelpiece and do it signal
honor. And to think that, in the confusion of cleaning-up, we threw it
out, perhaps tore it up, perhaps even burned it. We shudder at the
thought, and half hope that, in her new and larger life, Mary—who seems
nearer to us now than she did before we read of her passing—does not
know that we were guilty of treachery so base.

Thus there come into our lives moments when photographs assert their
worth and insist on being appraised at their true value. In the stirring
chapter in which Sir Ernest Shackleton tells of the loss of his ship
among the ice-floes, he describes an incident that must have set all his
readers thinking. In the grip of the ice, the _Endurance_ had been
smashed to splinters; and the entire party were out on a frozen sea at
the mercy of the pitiless elements. Shackleton came to the conclusion
that their best chance of eventually sighting land lay in marching to
the opposite extremity of the floe; at any rate, it would give them
something to do, and there is always solace in activity. He thereupon
ordered his men to reduce their personal baggage to two pounds weight
each. For the next few hours every man was busy in sorting out his
belongings—the treasures that he had saved from the ship. It was a
heart-breaking business. Men stole gloomily and silently away and dug
little graves in the snow, to which they committed books, letters, and
various nicknacks of sentimental value. And, when the final decisions
had to be made, they threw away their little hoards of golden sovereigns
and kept the photographs of their sweethearts and wives!

The same perplexity arises, sooner or later, in relation to the
portraits and pictures on our walls. They become obsolete; but we find
it difficult to order their removal. I had intended, long before this,
devoting an essay to the whole subject of _Pictures_. Why must we
smother our walls with pictures? To begin with, the pattern of the paper
is often a series of pictures in itself, while the dado and the border
simply add to the collection. Then, over these, we carefully arrange a
multitude of others. Paintings, engravings, and photographs hang
everywhere. Why do we cover the walls in this way? The answer is that we
cover the walls in order to cover the walls. The walls represent an
imprisonment; the pictures represent an escape. On the wall in front of
me, for example, there hangs a water-color sketch of Piripiki Gorge, our
New Zealand holiday resort. On a winter's night, when the rain is
lashing against the windows and the wind shrieking round the house, I
glance up at it, and, by some magic transition, I am roaming on a
summer's evening over the old familiar hills with my gun in my hand and
John Broadbanks by my side. Through the medium of those landscapes, how
many tireless excursions have I taken, by copse and beach and riverbank,
without so much as rising from my chair? The photographs hanging here
and there around the room transport my mind to other days and other
places. The apartment in which I sit may be extremely small, just as the
space that I occupy on the summit of a mountain may be extremely small.
But, occupying that small space upon that lofty eminence, I command a
view that loses itself in infinity; and, lounging in my comfortable
chair in this little snuggery of mine, the pictures transform it into an
observatory, and I am able to survey the entire universe. You do not
hang pictures in the cells of a jail; the reason is obvious; you do not
wish the prisoners to escape; you think it good that they should feel
the stern tyranny of those four uncompromising walls. Conversely, you
deck the dining-room with pictures because, there, you do _not_ desire
to feel imprisoned; you do _not_ wish the walls to seem tyrannical. As
Mr. Stirling Bowen sings:

    Four walls enclose men, yet how calm they are!
      They hang up pictures that they may forget
    What walls are for in part, forget how far
      They may not run and riotously let
    Their laughter taunt the never-changing stars.

    In circus cages wolves and tigers pace
      For ever to and fro. They do not rest,
    But seek so nervously the longed-for place.
      Our picture-jungles would not end their quest,
    Or pictures of another tiger's face.

    On four square walls men have their world, their strife,
      Their painted, framed endeavors, joys and pain;
    And two curators known as man and wife
      Hang up the sunrise, wipe the dust from rain,
    And gaze excitedly on painted life.

A picture on the wall is like a window—only more so! A window looks out
on the garden or the street; a picture is an opening into infinity. The
view from my window is controlled by circumstances. I cannot, for
example, live in this Australian home of mine and command, from my
window, a view of York Minster, the Bridge of Sighs, or the Rocky
Mountains. And, even if I could, the darkness of each night would enfold
the pleasing prospect in its sombre and impenetrable veil. But the
pictures do for me what windows could never do. By means of the pictures
I cut holes in the walls and look out upon any landscape that takes my
fancy. And, when evening comes, I draw the blinds, illumine the room
from within, and the panorama that has so delighted me in the day-time
reveals fresh charms in the softer radiance of the lamps.

We all owe more to pictures than we have ever yet begun to suspect. Here
is a merry young romp of a schoolboy, of tousle-head and swarthy face;
loving the open-air and hating books like poison. A lady gives him a
ponderous volume, and he turns away with a sneer. But one day he
casually opens it. There is a colored picture. It represents Robinson
Crusoe and his man Friday in the midst of one of their most exciting
adventures. The boy—George Borrow—seized the book, carried it off, and
never rested until he had read it from cover to cover. It opened his
eyes to the possibilities of literature; and, to his dying day, he
declared that, but for that colored print, the world would never have
heard his name or read a line from his pen. Nor is this all. For it is
probable that, in infancy, our minds receive their first bias
towards—or away from—sacred things from the pictures of biblical
subjects and biblical characters that are then, wisely or unwisely,
exposed to our gaze. The Face that, in the secret chambers of our
hearts, we think of as the Face of Jesus is, in all likelihood, the Face
that we saw in the first picture-book that mother showed us.

But I fear that I have wandered. I set out to talk, not so much about
pictures, as about photographs—photographs in general and old
photographs in particular. Have photographs—and especially old
photographs—no ethical or spiritual value? Is there a man living who
has not, at some time, felt himself rebuked by eyes that looked down at
him from a frame on the wall? I often feel, in relation to the
photographs around the room, as Tennyson felt in relation to the spirits
of those whom he had loved long since and lost awhile. It is lovely to
think that those who have passed from our sight are not, in reality, far
from us. And yet—

    Do we indeed desire the dead
      Should still be near us at our side?
      Is there no baseness we would hide?
    No inner vileness that we dread?

    Shall he for whose applause I strove,
      I had such reverence for his blame,
      See with clear eye some hidden shame
    And I be lessen'd in his love?

Who has not been conscious of a similar feeling under the searching
glances of the eyes upon the wall? They seem at times to pierce our very
souls. Tennyson came at last to the comfortable assurance that the
shrinking fear with which he thought of his dead friends was not
justified. For, he reflected, those who have gone out of the dusk into
the daylight have acquired, not only a loftier purity, but a larger
charity.

    I wrong the grave with fears untrue:
      Shall love be blamed for want of faith?
      There must be wisdom with great Death:
    The dead shall look me thro' and thro'.

    Be near us when we climb or fall:
      Ye watch, like God, the rolling hours
      With larger other eyes than ours,
    To make allowance for us all.

It is pleasant to transfer that thought to the photographs around the
room. They hang there all day and every day; they hear all that we say
and see all that we do; those quiet eyes seem to read us narrowly. Yet
if, on the one hand, they see more in these secret souls of ours to
_blame_, it is possible that, on the other, they see more to _pity_. The
judgements that we most dread are the judgements of those who only
partly understand. The drunkard shrinks from the eyes of those who see
his debauchery but know nothing of his temptation. There is something
wonderfully comforting and strengthening in the clear eyes of those who
see, not a part merely, but the whole.

Charles Simeon, of Cambridge, adorned his study wall with a fine picture
of Henry Martyn. It is very difficult to say which of the two owed most
to the other. In the days when he was groping after the light, Henry
Martyn—then a student—fell under the influence of Mr. Simeon, and no
other minister helped him so much. But, later on, when Henry Martyn was
illumining the Orient with the light of the gospel, his magnetic
personality and heroic example exerted a remarkable authority over the
ardent mind of the eminent Cambridge scholar. Mr. Simeon began to feel
that, in some subtle and inexplicable way, the portrait on the wall was
influencing his whole life. The picture was more than a picture. A wave
of reverential admiration swept over him whenever he glanced up at it.
He caught himself talking to it, and it seemed to speak to him. His
biographer says that 'Mr. Simeon used to observe of Martyn's picture,
while looking up at it with affectionate earnestness, as it hung over
his fireplace: "There! see that blessed man! What an expression of
countenance! No one looks at me as he does! He never takes his eyes off
me, and seems always to be saying: _Be serious! Be in earnest! Don't
trifle! don't trifle!_" Then smiling at the picture and gently bowing,
he added: "_And I won't trifle; I won't trifle!_"' His friends always
felt that the photograph over the fireplace was one of the most profound
and effective influences in the life and work of Charles Simeon; and
nobody who treasures a few reproving and inspiring pictures of the kind
will have the slightest difficulty in believing it.

The photographs upon my wall are never tyrannical; else why should I
prefer them to the cold, imprisoning walls? But, though never
tyrannical, they are always authoritative. They speak, not harshly, but
firmly. In the nature of the case, these are the faces I revere—the
faces of those whom I have enthroned within my heart. Being enthroned,
they command. They sometimes say _Thou shalt_: they sometimes say _Thou
shalt not_. They sometimes suggest; they sometimes prohibit.

And now, before I lay down my pen, shall I reveal the circumstance that
led me to this train of thought? I am writing at Easter-time. On Good
Friday a lady presented me with an exquisitely sad but unspeakably
beautiful picture—a picture of the Thorn-crowned Face. Where am I to
hang it? It will insist, tenderly but firmly, on a suitable and
harmonious environment. Henry Drummond used to tell of a Cambridge
undergraduate whose sweetheart visited his room. She found its walls
covered with pictures of actresses and racehorses. She said nothing,
but, on his birthday, presented him with a picture like this. A year
later she again called on him at Cambridge. The Thorn-crowned Face hung
over the fireplace; and the other walls were adorned with charming
landscapes and reproductions of famous paintings. He caught her glancing
at her gift.

'It's made a great difference to the room,' he said; 'what's more, it's
made a great difference _in me_!'

That is a way our pictures have. They insist on ruling everything and
everybody. I have no right to enthrone a despot in my home; nor to exalt
a Thorn-crowned King unless I am prepared to make Him Lord of all.




                           V—A BOX OF BLOCKS


                                   I

We had a birthday at our house to-day, and among the presents was a
beautiful box of blocks. Each block represented one of the letters of
the alphabet. As I saw them being arranged and rearranged upon the
table, I fell a-thinking. For the alphabet has, in our time, come to its
own. We go through life muttering an interminable and incomprehensible
jargon of initials. We tack initials on to our names—fore and aft—and
we like to see every one of them in its place. As soon as I open my eyes
in the morning, the postman hands me a medley of circulars, postcards
and letters. One of them bids me attend the annual meeting of the
S.P.C.A.; another reminds me of the monthly committee meeting of the
M.C.M.; a third asks me to deliver an address at the P.S.A. In the
afternoon I rush from an appointment at the Y.M.C.A. to speak on behalf
of the W.C.T.U.; and then, having dropped in to pay my insurance premium
at the A.M.P., I take the tram at the G.P.O., and ask the conductor to
drop me at the A.B.C. I have accepted an invitation to a pleasant little
function there—an invitation that is clearly marked R.S.V.P. And so on.
There is no end to it. Life may be defined as a small amount of activity
entirely surrounded by the letters of the alphabet.

Now the alphabet has a symbolism of its own. The man who coined the
phrase '_as simple as A.B.C._' went mad; he went mad before he coined
it. There are, it is true, a few simplicities sprinkled among the
intricacies of this old world of ours; but the alphabet is not one of
them. I protest that it is most unfair to call the alphabet simple.
Nobody likes to be thought simple nowadays; see how frantically we
preachers struggle to avoid any suspicion of the kind! Any man living
would rather be called a sinner—or even a saint—than a simpleton. Why,
then, affront the alphabet, which, as we have seen, is working a
prodigious amount of overtime in our service, by applying to it so very
opprobrious an epithet?

'_As simple as A.B.C._,' indeed! Macaulay's schoolboy may not have been
as omniscient as the historian would lead us to believe, but he at least
knew that there is nothing simple about the A.B.C. The alphabet is the
hardest lesson that a child is called upon to learn. Latin roots,
algebraic equations, and the _Pons Asinorum_ are mere nothings in
comparison. Grown-ups have short memories. They forget the stupendous
difficulties that they surmounted in their earliest infancy; and their
forgetfulness renders them pitiless and unsympathetic. Few of us
recognize the strain in which a child's brain is involved when, for the
first time, he confronts the alphabet. The whole thing is so arbitrary;
there is no clue. In his noble essay on _The Evolution of Language_,
Professor Henry Drummond shows that the alphabet is really a
picture-gallery. 'First,' he says, 'there was the onomatopoetic writing,
the ideograph, the imitation of the actual object. This is the form we
find in the Egyptian hieroglyphic. For a man a man is drawn, for a camel
a camel, for a hut a hut. Then, to save time, the objects were drawn in
shorthand—a couple of dashes for the limbs and one across, as in the
Chinese, for a man; a square in the same language for a field; two
strokes at an obtuse angle, suggesting the roof, for a house. To express
further qualities, these abbreviated pictures were next compounded in
ingenious ways. A man and a field together conveyed the idea of wealth;
a roof and a woman represented home; and so on. And thus, little by
little, our letters were evolved. But the pictures have become so
truncated, abbreviated and emasculated, in the course of this
evolutionary process, that a child, though notoriously fond of pictures,
sees nothing fascinating in the letters of the alphabet. There is
absolutely nothing about the first to suggest the sound A; nothing about
the second to suggest the sound B. The whole thing is so
incomprehensible; how can he ever hope to master it? An adult brain,
introduced to such a conglomeration for the first time, would reel and
stagger; is it any wonder that these childish cheeks get flushed or that
the curly head turns at times very feverishly upon the pillow?

The sequence, too, is as baffling as the symbols. There is every reason
why _two_ should come between _one_ and _three_; and that reason is so
obvious that the tiniest tot in the class can appreciate it. But why
must B come between A and C? There is no natural advance, as in the case
of the numerals. The letter B is not a little more than the letter A,
nor a little less than the letter C. Except through the operation of the
law of association, which only weaves its spell with the passing of the
years, there is nothing about A to suggest B, and nothing about B to
suggest C. The combination is a rope of sand. Robert Moffat only
realized the insuperable character of this difficulty when he attempted
to teach the natives of Bechuanaland the English alphabet. Each of his
dusky pupils brought to the task an observation that had been trained in
the wilds, a brain that had been developed by the years, and an
intelligence that had been matured by experience. They were not babies.
Yet the alphabet proved too much for them. Why should A be A? and why
should B be B? and why should the one follow the other? Mr. Moffat was
on the point of abandoning his educational enterprise as hopeless, when
one thick-lipped and woolly-headed genius suggested that he should teach
them to sing it! At first blush the notion seemed preposterous. There
are some things which, like Magna Charta and minute-books, cannot be set
to music. Robert Moffat, however, was a Scotsman. The tune most familiar
to his childhood came singing itself over and over in his brain; by the
most freakish and fantastic conjunction of ideas it associated itself
with the problem that was baffling him; and, before that day's sun had
set, he had his Bechuana pupils roaring the alphabet to the tune of
_Auld Lang Syne_!

    So A B C
    D E F G
      H I J K L M
    N O P Q
    R S T U
      V W X Y Z.

The rhyme and metre fitted perfectly. The natives were so delighted that
they strolled about the village shouting the new song at the tops of
their voices; and Mr. Moffat declares that daylight was stealing through
his bedroom window before the weird unearthly yells at last subsided. I
have often wondered whether, in a more civilized environment, any
attempt has been made to impress the letters upon the mind in the same
way.


                                   II

The symbolism of the alphabet rises to a sudden grandeur, however, when
it is enlisted in the service of revelation. Long, long ago a startled
shepherd was ordered to visit the court of the mightiest of earthly
potentates, and to address him on matters of state in the name of the
Most High. '_And the Lord said unto Moses, Come now, therefore, and I
will send thee unto Pharaoh, and I will send thee also unto the children
of Israel. And Moses said unto God, Behold, when I am come unto them and
shall say, The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you, and they shall
say What is His name? what shall I say unto them? And God said unto
Moses, Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, I AM hath sent
me unto you!_'

'_I am——!_'

'_I am_—what?'

For centuries and centuries that question stood unanswered; that
sentence remained incomplete. It was a magnificent fragment. It stood
like a monument that the sculptor had never lived to finish; like a poem
that the poet, dying with his music in him, had left with its closing
stanzas unsung. But the sculptor of _that_ fragment was not dead; the
singer of _that_ song had not perished. For, behold, He liveth for
evermore! And, in the fullness of time, He reappeared and filled in the
gap that had so long stood blank.

'_I am——!_'

'_I am_—what?'

'I am—_the Bread of Life_!' 'I am—_the Light of the World_!' 'I
am—_the Door_!' 'I am—_the True Vine_!' 'I am—_the Good Shepherd_!'
'I am—_the Way, the Truth, and the Life_!' 'I am—_the Resurrection and
the Life_!'

And when I come to the end of the Bible, to the last book of all, I find
the series supplemented and completed.

'I am—_Alpha and Omega_!' 'I am—_A and Z_!' 'I am—_the Alphabet_!'
The symbolism of which I have spoken can rise to no greater height than
that. What, I wonder, can such symbolism symbolize? I take these
birthday blocks that came to our house to-day and strew the letters on
my study floor. So far as any spiritual significance is concerned, they
seem as dead as the dry bones in Ezekiel's Valley. And yet—'_I am the
Alphabet_!' 'Come,' I cry, with the prophet of the captivity, 'come from
the _Four Winds_, O Breath, and breathe upon these slain that they may
live!' And the prayer has scarcely escaped my lips when lo, all the
letters of the alphabet shine with a wondrous lustre and glow with a
profound significance.


                                  III

For see, the _North Wind_ breathes upon these letters on the floor, and
I see at once that they are symbols of the '_Inexhaustibility of
Jesus!_' '_I am Alpha and Omega!_' '_I am the Alphabet!_' I have
sometimes stood in one of our great public libraries. I have surveyed
with astonishment the serried ranks of English literature. I have looked
up, and, in tier above tier, gallery above gallery, shelf above shelf,
the books climbed to the very roof, while, looking before me and behind
me, they stretched as far as I could see. The catalogue containing the
bare names of the books ran into several volumes. And yet the whole of
this literature consists of these twenty-six letters on the floor
arranged and rearranged in kaleidoscopic variety of juxtaposition.
Which, I ask myself, is the greater—the literature or the alphabet? And
I see at once that the alphabet is the greater because it is so
inexhaustible. Literature is in its infancy. We shall produce greater
poets than Shakespeare, greater novelists than Dickens, greater
philosophers, historians and humorists than any who have yet written.
But they will draw upon the alphabet for every letter of every syllable
of every word that they write. They may multiply our literature a
million-million-fold; yet the alphabet will be as far from exhaustion
when the last page is finished as it was before the first writer seized
a pen.

'_I am—the Alphabet!_' He says. He means that He cannot be exhausted.

    For the love of God is broader
      Than the measure of Man's mind;
    And the heart of the Eternal
      Is most wonderfully kind.

The ages may draw upon His grace; the men of every nation and kindred
and people and tongue—a multitude that no statistician can number—may
kneel in contrition at His feet; His love is as great as His power and
knows neither measure nor end. He is inexhaustible.


                                   IV

And when the _South Wind_ breathes upon these letters on the floor, I
see at once that they are symbols of the _Indispensability of Jesus_.
Literature, with all its hoarded wealth, is as inaccessible as the
diamonds of the moon until I have mastered the alphabet. The alphabet is
the golden key that unlocks to me all its treasures of knowledge, poetry
and romance.

'_I am—the Alphabet!_' He says; and He says it three separate times.
For the words occur thrice in the Apocalypse. In the _first_ case they
refer to the unfolding of the divine revelation; in the _second_ they
refer to the interpretation of historic experience; and in the _third_
they refer to the unveiled drama of the future. As the disciples
discovered on the road to Emmaus, I cannot understand my Bible unless I
take Him as being the key to it all; I cannot understand the processes
of historical development until I have given Him the central place; I
cannot anticipate with equanimity the unfoldings of the days to come
until I have seen the keys of the eternities swinging at His girdle.

The alphabet is, essentially, an individual affair. In order to read a
single sentence, I must learn it _for myself_. My father's intimacy with
the alphabet does not help me to enjoy the volumes on my shelves. The
alphabet is indispensable _to me_; and so is He! There is something very
pathetic and very instructive about the story that Legh Richmond tells
of _The Young Cottager_. 'The rays of the morning star,' Mr. Richmond
says, 'were not so beautiful in my sight as the spiritual lustre of this
young Christian's character.' She was very ill when he visited her for
the last time. 'There was animation in her look—there was
more—something like a foretaste of heaven seemed to be felt, and gave
an inexpressible character of spiritual beauty even in death.'

'Where is your hope, my child?' Mr. Richmond asked, in the course of
that last conversation.

'Lifting up her finger,' he says, 'she pointed to heaven, and then
directed the same finger downward to her own heart, saying successively
as she did so, "_Christ there!_" and "_Christ here!_" These words,
accompanied by the action, spoke her meaning more solemnly than can
easily be conceived.'

In life and in death He is our one indispensability. In relation to this
world, and in relation to the world that is to come, He stands to the
soul as the alphabet stands in relation to literature.


                                   V

And when the East Wind breathes upon these letters on the floor, I see
at once that they are symbols of the _Invincibility of Jesus_. '_I am—A
and Z!_' He is at the beginning, that is to say, and He goes right
through to the end. There is nothing in the alphabet before A; there is
nothing after Z. However far back your evolutionary interpretation of
the universe may place the beginning of things, you will find Him there.
However remote your interpretation of prophecy may make the end of
things, you will find Him there. He goes right through. The story of the
ages—past, present and future—may be told in a sentence: 'Christ
first, Christ last, and nought between but Christ.' Having begun, He
completes. He is the Author and Finisher of our faith. He sets His face
like a flint. Nothing daunts, deters, or dismays Him. 'I am confident,'
Paul says, 'of this very thing, that He which hath begun a good work in
you will perform it unto the end.' He never halts at H or L or P or X;
he goes right through to Z. He never gives up.


                                   VI

But the greatest comfort of all comes to me on the Wings of the _West_
Wind. For, when the West Wind breathes upon these letters on the floor,
I see at once that they are symbols of the _Adaptability of Jesus_. The
lover takes these twenty-six letters and makes them the vehicle for the
expression of his passion; the poet transforms them into a song that
shall be sung for centuries; the judge turns them into a sentence of
death. In the hands of each they mold themselves to his necessity. The
alphabet is the most fluid, the most accommodating, the most plastic,
the most adaptable contrivance on the planet. Just because, in common
with every man breathing, I possess a distinctive individuality, I
sometimes feel as no man ever felt before, and I express myself in
language such as no man ever used. And the beauty of the alphabet is
that it adapts itself to my individual need. And that is precisely the
beauty of Jesus. '_I am—the Alphabet!_' I may not have sinned more than
others; but I have sinned differently. The experiences of others never
sound convincing; they do not quite reflect my case. But, like the
alphabet, He adapts Himself to _every_ case. He is the very Saviour I
need.




                              VI—PIECRUST


                                   I

'What do you say to a day or two together at the Nuggets?' asked John
Broadbanks one summer's evening. I was just returning from a long round
of visitation among the outlying farms, and, driving into Mosgiel in the
dusk, met him on his way home to Silverstream. We reined up for a moment
to exchange greetings, and he made the suggestion I have just recorded.
The prospect was certainly very alluring. We had neither of us been away
for some time. There is no wilder or more romantic bit of scenery on the
New Zealand coast; and a visit to the stately old lighthouse, perched on
its rugged and precipitous cliffs, was always a delightful and bracing
experience.

'We will drive down,' he continued, seeing by my hesitation that any
resistance on my part would be extremely feeble. 'Sidwell of Balclutha
has often urged us to spend a night at his manse. We will break our
journey there. We can slip our guns into the spring-cart, and the
driving and the shooting will be half the fun of the frolic. And we may
have time to explore the coast a bit. I should like to see the reef on
which the _Queen of the Amazons_ was wrecked last week, and, if we are
lucky enough to strike a low tide, we may be able to scramble on board.
Are you on?'

He found me very pliable, as, on such occasions, he usually did; and we
spent a memorable week together. On the Sunday, there being no service
at the Nuggets, we walked along the wet sands to Port Molyneux, and
joined a little group of settlers who met for worship in the
schoolhouse. We rested on the beach during the afternoon, and, in the
evening, set out to walk to the lighthouse. It was a glorious moonlight
night; we could see the rabbits scurrying across the road half a mile
ahead. When we reached the crest of that bold promontory on the
extremity of which the lighthouse stands, we found ourselves surveying a
new stretch of coast. The cliffs at our feet were almost perpendicular,
and, far below us, the wild waves breaking madly over her, lay all that
was left of the _Queen of the Amazons_. We spread out a coat on the edge
of the cliff, and sat for some time in silent contemplation of this
weird and romantic spectacle.

'Well,' I said at last, 'and how did you enjoy the service this
morning?'

The moon was shining full upon his face, and I could see at a glance
that he was reluctant to reply.

'I was afraid you would ask me that,' he said at length. 'Well, frankly,
I was disappointed. It may have been because I was in a holiday mood, or
perhaps our long walk on such a lovely morning had unfitted me for
thinking on the sadder side of things; but, however that may be, I found
the service depressing. It checked the gaiety of my spirit and deadened
the exhilaration which I took to it. I went in singing; I came out
sighing. I felt somehow, that the preaching was _mostly piecrust_.
Obviously, the fellow was not well, and he allowed his dyspepsia to
darken his doctrine. Indigestion was never intended to be an infectious
disease; but he made it so by sending us all away suffering from the
after-effects of his unwholesome breakfast. I usually jot down a
preacher's heads or divisions, but I didn't trouble to make a note of
his. It was, firstly, _piecrust_; and, secondly, _piecrust_; and,
thirdly, _piecrust_; and _piecrust_ all the way through!'

John was not usually a caustic critic. He saw the best in most of us and
magnified it. His outburst that night on the cliff was therefore the
more startling and the more memorable. I have quite forgotten what the
preacher said at Port Molyneux in the morning; but, as long as I live, I
shall remember what John said as we sat in the silvery moonlight that
summer's evening, looking down at the great ship being torn to pieces by
the waves on the cruel reef just below.


                                   II

'Why, bless me,' I heard a man exclaim yesterday in the course of an
animated discussion at the street corner, 'if things go on like this, I
shan't have a soul to call my own!' As though any man had! No man living
has a soul to call his own, or a stomach to call his own. The preacher
at Port Molyneux assumed, as he sat at breakfast, that his digestive
organs were his own property, and poor John Broadbanks and I, as well as
all the other members of the school-house congregation, were penalized
in consequence. Carlyle used to argue, more or less seriously, that the
whole course of human history has been repeatedly deflected by blunders
of this kind. The world has never known a more decisive battle than the
battle of Waterloo; but why did the Duke of Wellington win it? All
authorities agree that Napoleon was the greater general. Lord Roberts
declares that the schemes of Napoleon were more comprehensive, his
genius more dazzling, and his imagination more vivid than Wellington's.
Yet on that fateful day that decided the destinies of Europe, Napoleon
descended to absolute mediocrity while Wellington rose to surpassing
brilliance. The Emperor was never so agitated; the Duke was never so
calm. Napoleon, with all the chances in his favor, perpetrated blunder
after blunder; the Duke seemed omniscient and infallible. Why? Carlyle
used to say that Napoleon threw his brain out of action by eating a
hearty breakfast of fried potatoes. In one respect, at any rate, Carlyle
knew what he was talking about. 'As a student,' he says, 'I discovered
that I was the owner of a diabolical arrangement called a stomach; and I
have never been free from the knowledge from that hour to this; and I
suppose I never shall until I am laid away in my grave.' Warned,
however, by the melancholy fate which he believed Napoleon to have
suffered, he guarded against any overflow of his distress. His readers
rarely suffer from the after-effects of his indiscreet breakfasts. We
read _Sartor Resartus_, _Heroes and Hero-worship_, and _Past and
Present_, and never once think of piecrust or of fried potatoes.

It is true, I dare say, that all the people in the school-house were not
affected as John Broadbanks was. Indeed, I heard next day of one lady
who thought the sermon very affecting. It nearly made her cry, she said;
and she felt sure that the preacher was not long for this world. I would
not on any consideration deprive this excellent creature of her
lachrymal felicity; but if her well-meant encomiums reached the
preacher's ears, I hope he did not take them too seriously. Lots of
people are fond of piecrust, but it does not follow that it is good for
them. The sort of sermon that would have stimulated the faith of John
Broadbanks might not have brought tears to the eyes of the lady who was
moved to such a compassionate ecstasy, but it might have been better for
her in the long run. John Broadbanks found the piecrust sermon
depressing; yet, to a certain type of mind, few things are more
attractive than sadness. We all remember Macaulay's observations on the
inordinate popularity of Byron. 'It is,' he says, 'without a parallel in
history. To people who are unacquainted with real calamity, nothing is
so dainty and sweet as lovely melancholy.' And he goes on to apply this
to the pessimism of Byron. 'People bought pictures of him; they
treasured up the smallest relics of him; they learned his poems by
heart; they did their best to write like him and to look like him. Many
of them practised in the glass in the hope of catching the curl of the
upper lip and the scowl of the brow which appear in his portraits. The
number of hopeful undergraduates and medical students who became things
of dark imaginings, on whom the freshness of the heart ceased to fall
like dew, and to whom the relief of tears was denied, passes all
calculation.' Clearly, this is the lady with the tears—indefinitely
multiplied.

Now, by way of contrast, turn for a moment from Byron to Browning.
Professor Phelps of Yale says that Browning was too healthy to be
popular. He was robust and vigorous, and therefore optimistic. But he is
slowly winning his way. His star waxes as Byron's wanes. People find
sooner or later that they cannot live for ever on piecrust. Mr.
Chesterton says that the bravest thing about Robert Louis Stevenson is
that he never allowed his manuscripts to smell of his medicines. The
tortures that racked his frame never passed down his pen to the paper
spread out before him. You read his sprightly and stirring romances; you
live for the time being among pirates and smugglers and corsairs; you
catch the breath of the hills and the tang of the sea; and it never
occurs to you that you are the guest of a man who is terribly ill. You
hear him laugh; you never hear him cough. You do not see his sunken
eyes, his hectic cheek, his spectral form supported by a pile of
pillows. You reflect with astonishment when you lay aside the book that
the story was written by a creature so pitifully frail that, on all the
earth's broad surface, he could only find one outlandish spot—a lonely
hilltop in the Pacific—in which he could contrive to breathe. By this
time we may hope that our preacher at Port Molyneux has read the _Life
of Stevenson_. And, as he did so, he must have resolved that, however
excruciating his dyspepsia, his congregation, at least, shall never be
infected by it.

I regret now that I did not ask the preacher's name. If only I knew his
address, I should find pleasure in posting him a copy of _The Autocrat
of the Breakfast Table_. For the autocrat knew something about piecrust.
The pie at the boarding-house looked one day particularly attractive,
and things happened in consequence. 'I took more of it than was good for
me,' says the Autocrat, 'and had an indigestion in consequence. While I
was suffering from it, I wrote some sadly desponding poems, and a
theological essay which took a very melancholy view of creation. When I
got better, I labelled them all _Piecrust_, and laid them by as
scarecrows and solemn warnings. I have a number of books on my shelves
that I should like to label with some such title; but, as they have
great names on their title-pages—Doctors of Divinity, some of them—it
wouldn't do!' I should have been tempted to mark this passage before
posting the book to Port Molyneux.


                                  III

But the really extraordinary thing about piecrust is that the quality
with which it is most frequently taunted is its one redeeming feature,
the feature that makes it sublime. Promises, they say, are like
piecrust, _made to be broken_. Why, the most beautiful and sacred things
in life are made to be broken! Upon all ordinary things, breakage comes
as the climax of disaster; upon a select few, breakage comes as the
climax of destiny. The fountain-pen that I hold in my hand—the pen with
which, without so much as a change of nib, all my books have been
written—will lie broken before me one of these days. It was made; it
will be broken; but it was not made to be broken. The enjoyment ends
with the breakage. But with those other things, the things of the
pie-crust class, the enjoyment begins with the breakage. When I was a
small boy, I indulged in bird-nesting. And I never looked upon a cluster
of delicately-tinted, prettily-speckled eggs without feeling that each
egg was the most consummate piece of workmanship that I had ever seen.
Its shape, its color and its pattern were alike perfect. Indeed, I
silenced my conscience as I bore the nest home by amplifying this very
argument. 'If I leave the nest in the tree,' I said to myself, 'these
pretty things will all be broken! When the birds are hatched, the eggs
will be smashed! They are far too pretty for that! I will take them home
and keep them. I am really saving them by stealing them!' I know now
that I was wrong. My argument was made up of casuistry and special
pleading. In reality I destroyed the eggs by preserving them. They were
made to be broken, and I cheated destiny by preventing the breakage. I
have travelled a good many miles since then; but, every step of the way,
I have learned, in some new form, the same great lesson. And when, with
reverent footsteps, I have climbed the loftiest summits of all, the
truth that I first discovered in the English hedgerows has become most
radiantly clear. The two greatest events in the history of this planet
are the Incarnation and the Crucifixion.

It is _Christmas-time_; and we think with wonder and awe of the mystery
of that holy body's making!

It is _Easter-time_; and we think with wonder and awe of the mystery of
that holy body's breaking!

It is _Communion-time_! 'This is My body which is broken for you,' He
said.

And in the making of that body and the breaking of that body—the body
that was made to be broken—a lost world has found salvation.




                     VII—ALL'S WELL THAT ENDS WELL


It was a cruel winter's night; an icy wind was howling across the Plain;
a glorious fire was blazing in the dining-room grate; and, happily, I
had no engagements. To add to our felicity, the San Francisco mail had
arrived that morning, bringing our monthly budget of news from home. The
letters had, of course, been devoured upon delivery, but the papers and
magazines had been laid aside for evening consumption. We had just
opened the packages and arranged the journals in order of publication
when there came a ring at the front-door bell. We glanced at each other
meaningly and at the papers regretfully. All kinds of visions presented
themselves; visions of a garrulous visitor who, with business over,
would not go; visions of a long drive across the Plain in the biting
wind; visions of everything but an evening with each other, a roaring
fire and the English mail. As though to rebuke our inhospitable and
ungracious thoughts, however, it was only Elsie Hammond. Elsie often
dropped in of an evening; she usually brought her fancy-work; and, in
her presence, we were perfectly at our ease. Every manse has one or two
such visitors. We read, worked, or chatted when Elsie came just as we
should have done if she had not dropped in.

'Why, Elsie,' I exclaimed, as soon as, divested of her hat and cloak,
she entered the dining-room and took her usual chair, 'whatever brings
you out on a wild night like this?'

'Well,' she replied, 'I wanted to see you about the Young People's
Missionary Union. You remember that they made me Secretary last month,
and we are arranging for the annual meeting. We have invited Mr.
Harriford Johnson, of the North Africa Evangelization Society, to give
an address; and I received his reply this morning. He will be coming out
from town by the five-twenty train; and I wondered if you could let him
come to the manse to tea, and, if needs be, stay the night.'

I put Elsie at her ease by telling her that she might leave the matter
of Mr. Johnson's reception and entertainment entirely in my hands; and
then, resuming the pile of papers, we had a royal evening with the
English news.

The day of the missionary meeting arrived; and, as the clock struck
five, I set out for the station. Quite a number of people were moving in
the same direction, among them the Rev. J. M. McKerrow, my Presbyterian
neighbor. We walked towards the station together. On the platform,
however, he recognized a lady friend from a distance; he moved away to
speak to her; and, in the bustle of the train's arrival, we saw each
other no more.

I had never met Mr. Johnson, nor had any description of his personal
appearance been given me. For some reason, I had pictured to myself a
tall, cadaverous man in a severe garb, bearing upon him the signs of the
ravages wrought by a variety of tropical diseases; and, contrary to
one's usual experience, a gentleman roughly according with this
prognostication stepped from the train and began to look aimlessly about
him.

'Mr. Johnson?' I inquired, approaching him.

'Ah!' he replied, 'and you're from the manse!'

I admitted the impeachment, and we set off together for home. On the way
we chatted about the weather, the place, the crops, the people, the
church, the services, and things in general. He was a vivacious
conversationalist, and exhibited a remarkably alert and hungry mind. He
wanted to know all about everything; and when we discussed my own work,
its difficulties, and its encouragements, he showed a genuine interest
and a delightful sympathy. We had invited several of the leading
missionary spirits of the congregation to meet him at tea. In order that
the conversation at table might be generally enjoyable, I had stored my
mind with a fine assortment of questions concerning conditions in
Northern Africa which, like a quiver-full of arrows, I intended firing
at our guest as opportunity offered. But opportunity did not offer. Mr.
Johnson was so interested in the work of the various organizations
represented round the table that he made it impossible for us to inquire
about his own. Moreover, our visitor chanced to discover that one of our
guests had in his home a little boy who was afflicted with blindness. On
eliciting this information, Mr. Johnson lapsed into sudden silence, and
looked, I thought, as though he had been hurt. But, after tea, he drew
the father of the blind boy aside and explained to him that he himself
had but one child, a little girl of ten, and she was similarly
afflicted. As he spoke of her, his vivacity vanished, and a great depth
of tenderness revealed itself. I wondered, but did not care to ask, if
the blindness of his child was part of the price that he had been
compelled to pay for residence in tropical Africa. After telling us of
his little daughter, and of the comfort that she was to him, Mr. Johnson
looked at his watch.

'We have nearly an hour,' he said, 'before meeting time; may I peep into
your sanctum? I love to glance over a man's books.'

Rarely have I spent an hour in the study so delightfully. All his
enthusiasm awoke again at sight of the shelves. He took down volume
after volume, handling each with affectionate reverence, and making each
the text of a running comment of a most fascinating character. Amusing
anecdotes about the author; an outline of the singular circumstances
under which certain of the books were written; illuminating criticisms
by eminent authorities; sparkling quotations of out-of-the-way
passages—there seemed to be no end to his fund of lively and original
observations.

'But I say,' he suddenly ejaculated, 'that conversation at table was
most interesting and valuable. I had no idea that so much excellent work
was being done. I have often wondered——'

But at that moment the mistress of the manse intervened.

'Excuse me,' she said, as she opened the study door, 'but Mr. McKerrow
and another gentleman wish to see you at once in the drawing-room.'

To the drawing-room I accordingly repaired; and there I found my
companion of the afternoon, accompanied by a short, ruddy, thick-set
man, who was laughing very heartily.

'This is an extraordinary situation,' my friend began. 'You will have
discovered by this time that we jumped to conclusions too hurriedly this
afternoon. _This_ is Mr. Harriford Johnson, of the North Africa
Evangelization Society, who is, I believe, to lecture for you to-night,
and I think you must have walked off with Mr. Douglas E. Johnson, M.A.,
who is to address our teachers this evening on the kindergarten method
as applied to Sunday-school work. Mrs. McKerrow and I had invited the
superintendent of our Sunday-school and the teachers of the primary
classes to meet Mr. Johnson at tea at the manse, and we got into a
beautiful tangle. It was like playing a game of cross questions and
crooked answers. The young people were asking Mr. Johnson's advice on
technical matters connected with their classes; and Mr. Johnson was
modestly disclaiming all knowledge of the subject, and was telling us of
his experiences in Central Africa. We were all beginning to feel that
the world had suddenly turned topsy-turvy, when Mr. Johnson suddenly
asked how long ago the Young People's Missionary Union was established,
and seemed surprised that a Miss Elsie Hammond was not present. Then the
truth broke upon us, and we have all been laughing ever since.'

I cordially welcomed Mr. Johnson, and then we all three went through to
the dining-room, in which, by this time, the whole of our party was
assembled. Mr. Johnson was holding the company spell-bound. I briefly
introduced our two visitors, and explained the position. The
announcement was received with bursts of merriment, although our
tea-table guest was covered with confusion and full of apologies.
However, he quickly entered into the humor of the situation, and, after
promising to return to lunch with the African Mr. Johnson next day, he
went off with Mr. McKerrow laughing heartily.

Both meetings were a great success. The comedy of errors may have had
something to do with it. In comparing notes next morning, both speakers
declared that they felt very much at home with their audiences. The joke
had quickly spread, and created an atmosphere of sympathy and
familiarity. Henry Drummond used to say that he could never get on with
people until he had laughed with them. Both meetings opened that evening
with a bond already established between speaker and audience; and that
stands for a good deal.

We had a very happy time, too, at lunch next morning. Our visitors were
both pleased that the mistake had been made.

'It's very nice,' said Mr. Harriford Johnson, 'to have got into touch
with two ministers and two congregations instead of one. I am thankful
to have been able to say a word for Africa to the young people with whom
I had tea at Mr. McKerrow's.'

'And for my part,' added Mr. Douglas Johnson, 'I am thoroughly ashamed
of myself. The conversation at the tea-table last evening was a perfect
revelation to me. I have often heard about foreign missions, and I
suppose I ought to have interested myself in them. But one has his own
line of things, and is apt to get into grooves. I had no idea until
yesterday that the movement was so orderly and systematic nor that the
operations were so extensive. It was like being taken into the
confidence of a military commander, and shown his strategy. I go back
feeling that my mind has been fitted with a new set of windows, and I am
able to look out upon the world in a way that was impossible before. I
am delighted, too, to have met my namesake, Mr. Harriford Johnson. He
has given me'—taking a pamphlet from his pocket—'a copy of the last
annual report of the North Africa Evangelization Society, and I shall
always think more kindly of Africa because of this singular experience
at Mosgiel.'

It was years before I heard of either of our visitors again. Mr.
Harriford Johnson, it is true, posted me each year a copy of the report
of his work. In 1899, however, he enclosed the pamphlet in a note saying
that he had found some of the hints that he had picked up in his
conversation with Mr. McKerrow's kindergarten teachers very useful to
his native school. 'There is something in the idea,' he wrote, 'that
appeals to the African mind; and I am sending to London for some
literature on the subject with a view to applying the system more
extensively. The mistakes that we all made that evening at the Mosgiel
railway station have proved, to me, very profitable ones.'

I never heard directly from Mr. Douglas Johnson. But, about five years
afterwards, I noticed in an Auckland paper the announcement of the death
of his little blind girl; and, a year or two later, I saw in the annual
report of Mr. Harriford Johnson's Mission the acknowledgement of a
handsome donation from D.E.J., '_in loving memory of one who, though
spending all her days in darkness, now sees, and desires that Africa
shall have the Light of Life_.'

Of all the things that are made in a world like this, mistakes are by no
means the worst.




                       OTHER BOOKS BY MR. BOREHAM

                       A BUNCH OF EVERLASTINGS
                       A HANDFUL OF STARS
                       A REEL OF RAINBOW
                       FACES IN THE FIRE
                       MOUNTAINS IN THE MIST
                       MUSHROOMS ON THE MOOR
                       THE GOLDEN MILESTONE
                       THE HOME OF THE ECHOES
                       THE LUGGAGE OF LIFE
                       THE OTHER SIDE OF THE HILL
                       THE SILVER SHADOW
                       THE UTTERMOST STAR
                       SHADOWS ON THE WALL