[Pg 1037]

Copyright, 1896, by Harper & Brothers. All Rights Reserved.

AT THE TURN OF THE TIDE.

BY W. G. VAN TASSEL SUTPHEN.

Jack Howard looked with some perplexity at the letter which he had just received from his chum Fred March. The latter had been spending a month of the long vacation at his uncle's, on the northern sea-coast, and that good-natured relative had been kind enough to suggest that the house was quite large enough to entertain Jack also. Hence the letter embodying the invitation, together with an earnest request that Jack should come by the earliest train on Monday morning. That was plain enough, besides being entirely satisfactory; but there was something else, a postscript, and this was the puzzle over which Jack was knitting his brows:

"I'm not to bring my bicycle, since the country roads are too sandy for good riding; but I must send on at once the three bicycle wheels stored in the loft of the machine-shop, together with half a dozen heavy coil springs, as per the enclosed specifications of the foreman of the shop. Well, what on earth—for it can't be a flying-machine—is Fred up to now?"

But the letter vouchsafed no further information upon the mystery, and Jack's duty was clearly to obey and ask no questions. Evidently Fred had some new idea, and that meant fun ahead—possibly an adventure. And so the commission was executed upon the spot, and Jack saw[Pg 1038] that the box was shipped early on Friday morning by the fast freight. It should be delivered to Fred at Agawam Beach by Monday, and Jack would be there himself that evening.

"It's a rattling good place for sailing and blue-fishing, and all that sort of thing," said Fred, on that Monday night, as the two boys left the house for a stroll down to the beach. "Uncle Win has let me knock about the bay in his little sloop—there she is at the pier, the white one, with the red at her water-line—and he says that I've picked it up as though I had been christened with salt-water. Sailing is nailing good fun. But look there!"

The ten-mile stretch of Agawam Beach lay before their eyes, just around the point that jutted out to form Half-Moon Bay. It was dead low tide, and the beach sloped so gradually that the receding water had left a wide floor of hard glistening sand, smooth and firm as a macadam road.

"I should think you could wheel along that easily enough," said Jack.

"So you can, and people often drive up to Cape Fear, ten miles off; they even have trotting matches when the county fair is on. I don't believe there's another beach like it in the world. But my idea will beat bicycling and sulky driving out of sight if it works, and I think it will. We'll go on now and take a look at the 'Jolly Sandboy'."

"The what?" began Jack; but Fred only laughed, and led the way to the boat-house.

It was a mysterious-looking creation that occupied the centre of the floor. The body of the machine was a skeleton frame-work of hard-wood strongly braced and bolted together, with a shallow-floored box at the acute angle. The centre timber bisected this acute angle and the base, and projected a few feet beyond. The bicycle wheels were attached to and supported the frame-work at the three corners, the one at the apex being pivoted so that it could be turned by a tiller in any direction. Just forward of the base-line, or what corresponds to the runner-plank in an ice-yacht, was a chock that was evidently intended for the reception of a mast, the end of the centre timber serving as a bowsprit, steadied by wire guys that ran to either extremity of the runner-plank. It was certainly original in design and appearance, and Jack Howard examined it with respectful curiosity.

"And what do you call it?" he inquired again.

"A 'beach-comber,'" said Fred. "The principle of an ice-yacht, you know, but with wheels instead of runners, for use on the hard sand at low tide. There was just one thing that bothered me in the way of practical detail, and that was how to provide for the heeling over in a strong breeze or a sudden flaw. You know that when the sails fill, as an ordinary boat, she lies over, and it is her keel or centreboard that keeps her from drifting to leeward. In an ice-yacht the sharp runners keep her up, but there must be some sideways yielding to the force of the wind, and so an ice-boat rears—that is, one runner lifts free of the ice, and thereby takes off the strain. Otherwise you must either luff or be capsized. But with beach-sailing this rearing would probably throw too much weight on the leeward wheel, causing it to sink into the sand, and perhaps stop her way altogether. The sand is fairly hard when wet, but it can't be so unyielding as ice. I was just about to give it up, when I happened to recollect a wrinkle that the Dutchmen use in their ice-yachts on the Zuyder Zee. In their boats the mast is pivoted in the chocks, and consequently the sail and all lie over under the strain. When a squall strikes a fleet of Dutch ice-yachts it looks exactly as though you had winged a whole covey of partridges. It must be safer than our American plan, but of course you lose in speed. The difficulty in my mind was to understand how the mast would come up again to its proper position; but that's always the way with the people who write books—they never tell you clearly the one little thing that is absolutely necessary for a fellow to know to understand what they are describing. So I had to work it out for myself."

"This must be where the coil springs come in," said Jack, with sudden perception.

"Exactly. The mast is to be stayed by wire guys, each one ending in a coil spring attached to the extremities of the runner-plank. Of course we'll have to experiment to see just how many are needed on each side to give her the best results in the way of stiffness. We don't want her lying down at every little puff, or we would never go ahead at all. Neither must she stand up like a church, for something has got to give way when a squall hits her. We'll set up the mast and give the 'Jolly Sandboy' a trial trip the first thing to-morrow morning."

There is little to add to Fred's description, except to say that the wheels were rather different from the ordinary bicycle type. They had been built by Mr. March while he was experimenting on the "Happy Thought," and the two forward ones were twenty-four inches in diameter, while the rear wheel was but twenty inches. Moreover, the spokes were of hickory, and the tires were enormous—four inches in diameter, and of very heavy material. Even in soft sand they would cut in but little, and the spokes, being of hard-wood covered with water-proof varnish, would not be subject to rust and corrosion from the salt air and water. Of course the hubs were fitted with the usual ball-bearing. The sail plan of the "beach-comber" was that of a sloop, as being the easiest to handle, and the pivoted rear wheel acted as the rudder.

The boys, after a little experimenting with the coil springs of the standing rigging, were delighted to find that the "Jolly Sandboy" would really go. Of course there was no such thing as tacking; and, indeed, the "beach-comber's" best point of sailing was with the wind on the beam or on the quarter. As we all know from our physical geographies, the prevailing wind at the sea-shore is off the ocean during the daytime, and consequently favorable to the "Jolly Sandboy." Moreover, the gentle downward slope of the beach, as opposed to the direction of the wind, helped to keep her on an even keel. The speed was not very high, but it was nevertheless great sport to race along the edge of the breakers, and an occasional ducking from an extra big comber only gave the true salt flavor. It was hardly practicable to sail except when the tide was going out or on the half flood, and the best time was when it was dead low, as so much more of the level beach was then available. Fred generally occupied the cockpit and did the steering, while Jack stood on the weather runner-plank and held on to the shrouds, as is the custom in ice-yachting.

The "Jolly Sandboy" had been in commission for a week, and the boys had become fairly expert in her management. On this particular afternoon they had made the ten-mile run up to Cape Fear, and the conditions were so favorable for "beach-combing" that Jack proposed that they should go on past the cape for a mile or two before beginning the homeward journey. Now between Cape Fear and Cape Thunder, a mile further on, was a peculiar formation of the coast-line known as Shut-in Bay. It was surrounded on all sides by precipitous cliffs, unscalable from below, and at high water it was entirely cut off from the rest of the beach by the rocky projections of Capes Fear and Thunder. It was a dangerous trap in which to be caught by the tide, for at ordinary high water there were only two or three small ledges to which one might climb for safety, and even then the thoughtless adventurer would have to remain a prisoner until the ebb. At the time of the spring tides, twice in the month, even these precarious places of refuge were under water, and the only chance of a rescue was in being seen by a passing fishing-smack and taken off by boat. Fred was well acquainted with the dangerous character of the place, and he looked a trifle dubious when Jack proposed going on.

"But it's only a mile across to Cape Thunder, and it's not low water yet for an hour," insisted Jack. "I've got the table here in my pocket; I cut it out of last week's Guardian."

The table, compiled from the government observations, gave low water for four o'clock at Agawam, which would make it half past four at Cape Thunder. Fred looked at his watch and saw that it was just half past three. Certainly there was a plenty of time to run on for two or three miles, and then get back beyond the danger-point[Pg 1039] before the tide was fairly on the flood. Fred hauled in the sheet, and the "Jolly Sandboy" plunged forward.

Well, perhaps they had gone a little further than they intended, and the tide had certainly turned when they started homeward. But the wind was fresh, and Fred kept the "Jolly Sandboy" close to the water's edge, where the sand was the firmest. Every now and then a big wave would break ahead of them, and shoot a wide tongue of white crackling foam athwart the bows of the "beach-comber." But there was no time to make détours, and it was glorious fun, these short, sharp dashes through an acre of shallow water, with the wash filling the cockpit, and the salt spray flying over the head of the mainsail. Finally Cape Thunder loomed up ahead, and ten minutes later the "Jolly Sandboy" had swept around the point, and was ploughing across the treacherous Tom Tiddler's ground of Shut-in Bay.

It must have been a piece of broken bottle, but whatever the cause, the tire of the lee bearing-wheel had suddenly gone flat. It was impossible to proceed; but was there time to repair the damage and yet get around Cape Fear? Fred glanced at his watch. The tide looked as though it were coming in very fast; but the tide-table was authoritative, and the water would not be up to the cape until about half past five o'clock. It was now exactly five by Fred's watch, which would give a margin of at least twenty minutes. If they could repair the puncture in ten they could easily get clear. Otherwise they might be obliged to desert the "Jolly Sandboy," and save themselves by running. Fred shoved his watch back into his pocket, seized the repair kit, and went to work at the injured tire.

It was a good job and quickly done. Certainly not more than five minutes had elapsed when Jack took the pump to blow her up. But surely the water was rising faster than ever. And what was that? A sparkle of foam on the black rocks at the base of Cape Fear! It could not be more than ten minutes past the hour; they still had fifteen minutes to spare, and Fred pulled out his watch again.

The hands still pointed to exactly five o'clock.

With one jump Fred was at Jack's side, and had snatched the pump from his slower hands. How many of the lost minutes had there been since his watch had stopped? Five, ten, fifteen, twenty, or was it but a question of seconds? They were midway between the capes, and it was half a mile to safety. An instant later and the tire was full again. But beyond a doubt there could be but little time to spare. Already the big racers were tossing their white manes against the dark background of the cruel black rocks that formed Cape Fear; and now, too late, Fred recollected that it was a spring tide that was coming to the flood, and one of the highest of the year. Faster and faster the "Jolly Sandboy" drove along, but now it was certainly a question of seconds. A hundred yards away and there was still a narrow strip uncovered at the base of the cape. If they could reach it just after a third wave had gone back they might squeeze through. There came the first breaker, and the "Jolly Sandboy" had gained another twenty yards. The second broke close under the reef, sending a fountain of spray over the rocks and high into the air. The third and largest was slow in coming, and the "Jolly Sandboy" was close to the gap. Fred had made a slight miscalculation in timing his speed, and it was now a question of whether to stop and wait for the backwater or to race the third wave for the one chance of going clear. There was no time to weigh the odds, and on tore the "Jolly Sandboy." For an instant it looked as though they would make it; and then with a sudden roar the long smooth green wall of water seemed to fall forward at double its former speed, and took the ground just this side of the cape. The "Jolly Sandboy," quivering at every rivet, came to a stop as the surge swept over her. The mainsail caught the full force of a ton of salt water, and the mast went over the side, snapping the weather ratlines as though they had been made of tow. It was a matter of hardly two seconds, and the "Jolly Sandboy" was a wreck.

It was a hard pull to get clear, but Fred and Jack finally managed to drag the "beach-comber" back to safer ground. Safer, but for how long? Already the strip of sand had entirely disappeared at the foot of Cape Fear, and a full fathom of salt water was boiling and eddying among the jagged rocks. It would take some ten or twelve minutes for the water to finally cover the beach of Shut-in Bay, and then what? The ledges to which they might climb could only save them at ordinary high water, and at this the highest of the spring tides they would be covered six feet deep. The overhanging cliff offered no way of escape, and not a boat was in sight. Like drowned rats in a trap. But no! the thought was too horrible. There must be some way. There was the mast! Could it not be set up again, and its broken guys spliced with the mainsheet? It was a stout stick, some eleven feet in length, and the rise of the water would be less than ten. The jaws of the gaff would afford a foothold—a precarious one, it is true, but still a chance to keep their heads above water.

With desperate eagerness the "Jolly Sandboy" was run up close to the cliff and the sail unbent. With the water already boiling about their knees the boys worked on. And then Fred did a peculiar thing. With a rapid cut of his knife he severed the stay which had just been spliced, and the mast fell over again. Seizing a hatchet, he knocked out the pin that pivoted the stick in the chocks, and let the mast drift away. Jack looked at him in speechless dismay.

"Too much dead weight," said Fred, coolly. "Don't you see that those big tires filled with air are really life-preservers, and with the wooden frame-work they make a very decent raft?"

And so it turned out. The raft, though deep in the water, still supported them; and a quarter of an hour later the steam-trawler Alice came along and took them on board.

"Well," said Fred, as they walked up to Uncle Win's, wet and weary but safe, "you can't deny that the 'Jolly Sandboy' is a good all-around machine. She carried us on land and saved us in the water; what more do you want?"

"I think," said Jack, softly, as he snuffed up the grateful odors from the kitchen, "that I should like a piece of that fried bluefish."

AMERICAN CAGE BIRDS.

BY JAMES STEELE.

The rules for keeping cage birds well and happy are few. Cleanliness is the first requisite; then temperance in feeding, fresh air, and exercise, in the order mentioned. But these rules should be followed with care and intelligence if you would keep your birds in good condition.

Some people have an idea that all that you have to do is to get a bird, put it into a cage, and give it food and water as directed. This is very far from being enough. The habits of your bird must be studied; the climate of the room in which it lives, the amount of daylight which it should enjoy, the atmosphere which it breathes, its freedom from sudden alarms, all have to be considered if you wish your bird to be happy, and without happiness there is little chance of its being a pleasant companion.

Canaries are not included in this article, because they are bred in captivity, and have inherited the capacity for living in cages.

In a state of nature small birds flit about and sing only during daylight, and they always retire to rest at sundown. You must look out for this if you keep your birds in cages. They do not understand that they had better keep silent after the lamps are lighted. They instinctively keep on singing, as if it were still daylight. The immediate effect of this is that the birds become over-fatigued; they are apt to moult, grow thin, suffer from exhaustion, and quickly perish. The cage should be removed to a darkened room at nightfall; or, if this is not convenient, cover up the cage with a dark cloth before lighting the lamps. In covering the cage care should be taken so to arrange the cloth that the bird can have plenty of air. In removing birds from one room to another it is important to see that there is no change in temperature. If removed to a different[Pg 1040] temperature there is a strong chance that they will begin to moult, which generally leads to something serious. Remember that Nature supplies a coat to suit heat or cold in which her creatures are placed, and that sudden and frequent changes in temperature are a severe tax upon a bird's vitality.

The object in the construction of a bird's cage should be to furnish plenty of light and air, and the cage should always be kept perfectly clean. It is well to have a night covering of dark cloth, which should cover the top of the cage and extend half-way down the sides, as many birds are likely to take cold.

It is almost impossible to rear woodpeckers and fly-catchers, for they live on a special kind of food, such as grubs and other insects, seldom touching seeds and fruit; and there are some birds that it is exceedingly difficult to keep in a small confined space.

Birds of the thrush variety—and this of course includes robins and blackbirds—are hardy and docile pets, and will live in a cage with varied food from seven to ten years. The principal disease to which they are subject is consumption, and this should be guarded against with care. Of the thrushes, the robin finds it most difficult to accustom himself to cage life, and in the spring, at pairing-time, he usually pines for freedom. I cannot bear to see robins caged, although many people have succeeded in keeping them happy and contented.

All of the finches, birds of the mocking-bird type, which includes the cat-bird, will thrive well in cages.

Birds should not be taken when too young, as they are likely to sicken and die; but if caught about the time the pin-feathers begin to show they will generally live. At this time it is necessary to feed them almost constantly, and they will devour more than their own weight in food every day.

The mocking-bird is by all odds the best American cage bird. The best food for a young mocking-bird is thickened meal and water, or meal and milk, mixed occasionally with tender fresh meat, minced fine. Young and old birds require berries of various kinds, such as cherries, strawberries, etc. Any kind of wild fruit of which they are fond is good for them, but this should not be given too freely. A few grasshoppers, beetles, and other insects, which may easily be obtained, as well as gravel, are also necessary.

The mocking-bird can easily be taught a tune, as can the cat-bird, which, despite his cat-call—generally a cry of warning or distress—is one of the sweetest singers among our common birds.

Finches are very bright and animated, and make very desirable pets. They may be taught many amusing tricks. They will learn to fire small cannons and imitate death. They may be taught to draw up their food and water in a little bucket by means of a fine chain.

Of the finches, the bullfinch is probably the best cage bird. It can be taught to whistle a tune. This is done by keeping it in a dark room, and admitting light only at intervals. Every time the light is let into the room you should whistle one air to it, over and over again. Soon it will pick up a few notes, and often will be able to whistle the whole tune in a very short time. The bullfinch is not indigenous to America, although we have many varieties of finches, and some that closely approach those native to England; but bullfinches can be purchased at any bird-store.

Finches should be fed chiefly on poppy and hemp seed—the first to be given as its usual food. Now and then some unflavored biscuit may be given them, but they should never be fed on sweetened cake.

Game-birds and birds that build their nests on the ground almost never breed in captivity. Birds that are enemies when in their natural state will live together contentedly in a cage.

In regard to the feeding of birds, it may be stated in a general way that birds with short triangular bills, like the finches, live on seeds or some form of vegetable food entirely, and never require any meat. Birds with long slender bills, like the thrushes, mocking-birds, crows, etc., require animal as well as vegetable food, while birds with long hooked bills, like hawks or gulls, live on a diet entirely of meat. The reason that the birds in the bird-stores are always in such good health is because the bird-fancier understands how to feed them, and varies their diet as their condition demands.

The importance of giving a bird plenty of water, both to drink and in which to bathe, cannot be overestimated. Birds suffer frightfully from thirst when neglected, and as they have no power to express their wants, they often go for hours unheeded, when a little thoughtful attention would give them relief. Care should always be taken to see to it that their water-cup is filled, and that it does not become twisted to one side or the other so that the bird cannot reach it.

MORRO CASTLE.

BY T. R. DAWLEY, JR.

After Columbus discovered Cuba the island seems to have been forgotten by the Spaniards, who bent all their efforts to explore and colonize the neighboring island of Haiti, to which they gave the name of Hispaniola, meaning pertaining to Spain or "Spanish land." Although the rising promontory of Cape Mayzi could be discerned on a clear day from the coast of Hispaniola, it was not until nearly twenty years after Columbus had made his memorable discovery that Diego, his son, determined to conquer and settle the island of Cuba. Diego Columbus was then Governor of Hispaniola, and under his orders Captain Valazquez disembarked with 300 men on the eastern coast of Cuba and founded the city of Baracoa. Then the Spaniards crawled around to the south and founded Santiago, which they made their capital, and then followed in quick succession the cities of Trinidad, Bayamo, Puerto Principe, Sancti Spiritus, and Remedios.

In 1515 the colonists founded a city near the present site of Batabanó, to which they gave the name of Habana, but the marshy land of the southern coast proved a very undesirable place for such a city as they intended to build. Proceeding to the north about thirty miles, they crossed the island and came to a beautiful little bay, surrounded by hills on one side and a stretch of flat land on the other.[Pg 1041] The bay resembled a huge bowl, with only just one narrow outlet into the sea where the two points of land almost met—the ridge of rock on one side and the flat land on the other. A more delightful nook for a city could not have been hit upon, so the new city of Havana was transplanted from its original site on the south coast to the shore of the bowl-like bay on the north.

A SPANISH TRIAL IN MORRO CASTLE.

Captain Velazquez was enthusiastic over his new city, and cutting loose from the Governor of Hispaniola he set up a government of his own. He made rapid strides in subjugating the peaceful inhabitants, whom he allowed to be treated with great cruelty, and Habana soon rose to be a city of importance. To protect it from any probable invasion from the sea, a fort was built on each of the points of land which nearly met, forming the narrow entrance to the bay. The one constructed on the city side of the bay was called La Punta. Upon the rocks on the opposite side was built the famous El Morro, which, in the Spanish language, is called a castle.

In 1762 the English sailed into the bay in spite of these forts, and took possession of Havana, which they held for nearly a year. After the English went away the Spanish government ordered the forts to be rebuilt, and neither money nor labor was spared to make them impregnable. By the construction of the forts an immense amount of money was put into circulation, which necessarily contributed to the development of many industries.

As the traveller approaches Havana to-day the old castle walls are the most curious thing which greets him, for within those walls has originated many a story of suffering, cruelty, and barbarism. As you gaze upon those walls a ship's officer may stand by your side and tell you, as he points to the towering light-house, a sad story of how the builder of that light—an Englishman, I believe he was—so pleased his Spanish masters that they, jealous that he might impart the secret of his work to his countrymen or build for them another such light, confined him in one of the dungeons and put out his eyes.

When I sailed by that huge fortress for the first time, and a fellow-passenger jokingly pointed out a little square window which he designated as opening into my future cell, I did not think how near his prophecy would be realized. But El Morro is not designed to hold criminals. By criminals I mean men who have sinned against their fellow-beings, men who have robbed and murdered—in fact, have not lived up to the golden rule to do unto others as they would have others do unto them. But men, and even boys, who are suspected of not being in favor of Spain's rule in the island of Cuba, these are called political prisoners, and Morro awaits them. And so I became a political prisoner too. And not till I was finally bound by the arms and marched before soldiers, who held me by a rope as though I was some sort of domesticated animal, did I remember that little window in Morro's walls, and wonder if that really was going to be the prison-barred window from which I could watch the ships bound home. But no; they put me in a cell with sixteen Cubans, who one and all greeted me as though I were a friend come to bring them news and consolation. I did see the other side of that little window, however, and that was when they took me before the judge and gave me a trial.

MORRO CASTLE.

The Spanish have a queer way of trying folks, according to our notion. They do not take you into a big court-room full of people, where there is a judge and a jury and a prosecuting attorney, and where your accusers are brought before you and made to tell all they know, and if they tell something they don't know, you have the right to question them and prove that they are not telling the truth. But they send you into a little room, where a prosecuting officer examines you all by himself, and a soldier writes down what you say. And then your trial becomes something like a simple sum in arithmetic. Some one must swear that you have done wrong, and then if you get one witness besides yourself who swears that you did not commit the wrong, then your two statements count against the government's one, and so it goes. If the government produces six witnesses you must produce seven; and then again the officer who takes you into the little room is very powerful, for a great deal depends upon just how he makes out the papers in your case, and he has a hand very susceptible to Spanish gold. So it becomes very easy for a suspect to get off (if he is given a trial), and the government knows this; so instead of giving their political prisoners a trial, unless they are sure of convicting them, they keep them shut up in Morro Castle. They gave me a trial because our government at Washington demanded it, and as by their simple methods they were unable to find out what I had been doing, they were obliged to let me go.

ODD INDIAN SPORTS.

BY M. W. GIBSON.

It is not of bows and arrows that I wish to tell in this paper, nor of lacrosse and shinny—games of Indian origin with which most boys are familiar—but of other sports with which our copper-colored friends amuse themselves, and which, I presume, few readers have witnessed.

Spinning Stones.—This is a sport that, as a youth, I often watched the boys of the Winnebago tribe play upon the frozen surface of Wisconsin lakes and rivers. A number of smooth stones, usually three, as round as could be found, and about the size of hens' eggs, were placed in a bunch on the smooth ice. A whip, made of two or three buckskin thongs fastened to a handle three feet long, was swung slowly and brought down upon the ice with a gentle swish, so that the lashes might curl round the stones.

Then a swift, deft jerk, so delicately applied as not to scatter the stones, sent them spinning. When once the stones commenced to rotate, the swing and the jerk were[Pg 1042] gradually quickened, growing faster and faster, until the two motions became merged in one, and the player settled down to a steady stroke that made the stones hum like so many tops. These Indian lads could keep a bunch of stones spinning like this for ten minutes at a time, without allowing one of them to get away. I used to think they must have inherited their skill in this sport, for I could never acquire the art, though I tried a hundred times.

I could start the stones spinning easily enough, but before they fairly began to hum one or two, if not the whole three, would whiz off, each in its own direction, beyond the reach of my whip.

The sport seems to require a peculiar drawing stroke of the whip that I could never acquire.

The Snow-dart.—Another sport, in which I approached a little nearer to the skill of these same Indian boys, was that of throwing the snow-dart. The dart was a perfectly straight piece of hickory about five feet long, made three-cornered, and rounded up at one end. It was about an inch wide and half as thick, and was thrown with the flat side up. It had to be made with the greatest care and polished as smooth as glass. It was always a marvel to me how the Indians, with no other tools than a hatchet and knife, could make these little hickory flyers so perfectly. It was wonderful, too, to see how far these Winnebago youths could send one of them. Selecting a level stretch of snow, as upon a frozen river or lake, and where the surface was somewhat hardened by thawing and freezing, the players would stand at a great distance apart. One of them would take the dart by its middle, lightly balance it between his thumb and the two first fingers, and with a strong underhand throw launch the shaft toward his opponent.

If the snow was just soft enough to allow the sharp under edge of the dart to sink slightly into its surface, and thus hold it straight upon its course, then the sport was at its best.

The Grass Game of the Digger Indians of California.—I first saw it played in the Russian River Valley, a great hop-growing region, where, at the close of the picking season, these Indians, to the number of two or three hundred, gather to feast upon watermelons and other good things, and to indulge in pony-races, foot-races, wrestling-matches, shinny, and other games for several days in succession. I had hard work to make my way through the crowd that pressed around a large circular enclosure made of tall willow bushes stuck in the ground where the game was going on. The players, four in number, were men grown, and squatted on their knees, two on one side of the enclosure, facing the other two on the opposite side. On a third side, and equally distant from both sets of players, sat the umpire. Each player had a little pile of dry grass in front of him; but only the two on one side made use of the grass at the same time, for the game is but an elaborate form of "hide the pencil" that every school-boy is quite familiar with, and while the players on one side did the hiding those on the other did the guessing.

To begin the game the player takes a little round stick about three-quarters of an inch in diameter, sharpened at each end, and about two inches and a half long. This he holds up in plain view of his opponent on the opposite side of the enclosure, whose keen eyes follow every movement as the player takes up handful after handful of the grass in front of him and winds it about the stick until he has formed a ball perhaps as large as his head. During this performance the player works himself into a frenzy of excitement, and makes all manner of frantic endeavors to "rattle" his adversary. Twisting and squirming about, he bends his body in all sorts of contortions. Time and again he pretends to pluck the little stick out of the ball he is forming, and hide it under a knee or a foot. He tosses the ball high in the air, then from hand to hand, then into the air again, and catches it behind his back. Now his chant is low and soft, his movements slow and measured; then higher and higher he pitches his voice, and faster and faster become his motions, until one can scarcely see his hands as they dart about in a cloud of flying grass.

Presently, at a signal from the umpire, he drops the ball of grass in front of him, and holds his closed hands behind his back.

Slowly his adversary extends his left arm as if grasping a bow, and raising his bent right arm to the level of his eye, as if drawing an arrow upon an imaginary enemy, with the forefinger of his left hand he points to the exact spot in which he expects to find the little stick. Every breath is hushed, and a deathlike silence prevails as he points steadily for a moment, then lets his right hand fly back against his chest with a hollow thud, as if he had let fly an arrow.

With a wild yell, in which every spectator joins, the player then produces the little stick—from the ball of grass, from under a knee or a foot, or from one of his closed palms, as the case may be. If he has been cunning enough to deceive the sharp eye of his opponent, the stakes are his; but if the guesser correctly locates the stick, the umpire throws to him the string of wampum, or whatever the stake may be. The sticks are then thrown across to the opposite players, and the game goes on.

THE VOYAGE OF THE "RATTLETRAP."

BY HAYDEN CARRUTH.

III.

Our first night in the Rattletrap passed without further incident—that is, the greater part of it passed, though Ollie declared that it lacked a good deal of being all passed when we got up. The chief reason for our early rise was Old Blacky, a member of our household (or perhaps wagonhold) not yet introduced in this history. Old Blacky was the mate of Old Browny, and the two made up our team of horses. Old Browny was a very well behaved, respectable old nag, extremely fond of quiet and oats. He invariably slept all night, and usually much of the day; he was a fit companion for our dog. It was the firm belief of all on board that Old Browny could sleep anywhere on a fairly level stretch of road without stopping.

But Old Blacky was another sort of beast. He didn't seem to require any sleep at all. What Old Blacky wanted was food. He loved to sit up all night and eat, and keep us awake. He seldom ever lay down at night, but would moon about the camp and blunder against things, fall over the wagon-tongue, and otherwise misbehave. Sometimes when we camped where the grass was not just to his liking, he would put his head into the wagon and help himself to a mouthful of bed-quilt or a bite of pillow. He was little but an appetite mounted on four legs, and next to food he loved a fight. Besides the name of Old Blacky, we also knew him as the Blacksmith's Pet; but this will have to be explained later on.

On this first morning, just as it was becoming light in the east, Old Blacky began to make his toilet by rubbing his shoulder against one corner of the wagon. As he was large and heavy, and rubbed as hard as he could, he soon had the wagon tossing about like a boat; and as the easiest way out of it, we decided to get up. It was cool and dewy, with the larger stars still shining faintly. We found Jack under the wagon. Ollie stirred him up, and said,

"SEE ANY VARMINTS IN THE NIGHT, UNCLE JACK?"

"See any varmints in the night, Uncle Jack?"

"Yes," answered Jack, as he unrolled himself from his blanket. "Or at least I felt one. That disgraceful Old Blacky nibbled at my ear twice. The first time I thought it was nothing less than a bear."

"Did he disturb Snoozer?"

"I guess nothing ever disturbs Snoozer. He never moved all night. How's the firewood department, Ollie?"

"All right," replied Ollie. "Got up enough last night. Nothing to do this morning but rest."

"Then build the fire while I get breakfast."

This pleased Ollie, and he soon had a good fire going. I caught Old Blacky, who had started off to walk around the lake, woke up Old Browny, who was sleeping peacefully with his nose resting on the ground, quieted the pony, who was still suspicious, with a few pats on the neck, and gave them all their oats. Soon the rest of us[Pg 1043] also had our breakfast, including Snoozer, who seemed to wake up by instinct, and after waiting a little for somebody to come and stretch him, stretched himself, and began waving his tail to attract our attention to his urgent need of food.

"Before we get back home that dog will want us to feed him with a spoon," said Jack.

It was only a little while after sunrise when we were off for another day's voyage. We were headed almost due south, and all that day and the three or four following (including Sunday, when we staid in camp), we did not change our general direction. We were aiming to reach the town of Yankton, where we intended to cross the Missouri River and turn to the west in Nebraska. The country through which we travelled was much of it prairie, but more was under cultivation, and the houses of settlers were numerous. The land on which wheat or other small grains had been grown was bare, but as we got further south we passed great fields of corn, some of it standing almost as high as the top of our wagon-cover.

For much of the way we were far from railroads and towns, and got most of our supplies of food from the settlers whose houses we passed or, indeed, sighted, since the pony proved as convenient for making landings as Jack had predicted she would. Ollie usually went on these excursions after milk and eggs and such like foods. The different languages which he encountered among the settlers somewhat bewildered him, and he often had hard work in making the people he found at the houses understand what he wanted. There were many Norwegians among the settlers, and the third day we passed through a large colony of Russians, saw a few Finns, and heard of some Icelanders who lived around on the other side of a lake.

"It wouldn't surprise me," said Ollie one day, "to find the man in the moon living here in a sod house."

Perhaps a majority—certainly a great many—of all these people lived in houses of this kind. Ollie had never seen anything of the sort before, and he became greatly interested in them. The second day we camped near one for dinner.

"You see," said Jack, "a man gets a farm, takes half his front yard and builds a house with it. He gains space, though, because the place he peels in the yard will do for flower-beds, and the roof and sides of his house are excellent places to grow radishes, beets, and similar vegetables."

"Why not other things besides radishes and beets?" asked Ollie.

"Oh, other things would grow all right, but radishes and beets seem to be the natural things for sod-house growing. You can take hold of the lower end and pull 'em from the inside, you know, Ollie."

"I don't believe it, Uncle Jack," said Ollie, stoutly.

"Ask the rancher," answered Jack. "If you're ever at dinner in a sod house, and want another radish, just reach up and pull one down through the roof, tops and all. Then you're sure they're fresh. I'd like to keep a summer boarding-house in a sod house. I'd advertise 'fresh vegetables pulled at the table.'"

"I'm going to ask the man about sod houses," returned Ollie. He went up to where the owner of the house was sitting outside, and said,

"Will you please tell me how you make a sod house?"

"Yes," said the man, smiling. "Thinking of making one?"

"Well, not just now," replied Ollie. "But I'd like to know about them. I might want to build one—sometime," he added, doubtfully.

"Well," said the man, "it's this way: First we plough up a lot of the tough prairie sod with a large plough called a breaking-plough, intended especially for ploughing the prairie the first time. This turns it over in a long, even, unbroken strip, some fourteen or sixteen inches wide and three or four inches thick. We cut this up into pieces two or three feet long, take them to the place where we are building the house, on a stone-boat or a sled, and use them in laying up the walls in just about the same way that bricks are used in making a brick house. Openings are left for the doors and windows, and either a shingle or a sod roof put on. If it's sod, rough boards are first laid on poles, and then sods put on them like shingles. I've got a sod roof on mine, you see."

Ollie was looking at the grass and weeds growing on the top and sides of the house. They must have made a pretty sight when they were green and thrifty earlier in the season, but they were dry and withered now.

"Do you ever have prairie fires on your roofs?" asked Ollie, with a smile.

"Oh, they do burn off sometimes," answered the man. "Catch from the chimney, you know. Did you ever see a hay fire?"

"No."

"Come inside and I'll show you one."

In the house, which consisted of one large room divided across one end by a curtain, Ollie noticed a few chairs and a table, and opposite the door a stove which looked very much like an ordinary cook-stove, except that the place for the fire was rather larger. Back of it stood a box full of what seemed to be big hay rope. The man's wife was cooking dinner on the stove.

"Here's a young tenderfoot," said the man, "who's never seen a hay fire."

"Wish I never had," answered the woman.

"I'LL SHOW YOU HOW TO TWIST IT."

The man laughed. "They're hardly as good as a wood fire or a coal fire," he said to Ollie, "but when you're five hundred miles, more or less, from either wood or coal they do very well." The man took off one of the griddles and put in another "stick" of hay. Then he handed one to Ollie, who was surprised to find it almost as heavy as a stick of wood. "It makes a fairly good fire," said the man. "Come outside and I'll show you how to twist it."

They went out to a haystack near by, and the man twisted a rope three or four inches in diameter, and about four feet long. He kept hold of both ends till it was wound up tight, then he brought the ends together, and it twisted itself into a hard two-strand rope in the same way that a bit of string will do when similarly treated. There was quite a pile of such twisted sticks on the ground. "You see," said the man, "in this country, instead of splitting up a pile of fuel we just twist up one." Ollie bade the man good-by, took another look at the queer house, and came down to the wagon.

"So you saw a hay-stove, did you?" said Jack. "I could have told you all about 'em. I once staid all night with a man who depended on a hay-stove for warmth. It was in the winter. Talk about appetites! I never saw such an appetite as that stove had for hay. Why, that stove had a worse appetite than Old Blacky. It devoured hay all the time, just as Old Blacky would if he could; and even then its stomach always seemed empty. The man twisted all of the time, and I fed it constantly, and still it was never satisfied."

"How did you sleep?" asked Ollie.

"Worked right along in our sleep—like Old Browny," answered Jack.

The last day before reaching Yankton was hot and sultry. The best place we could find to camp that night was beside a deserted sod house on the prairie. There was a well and a tumble-down sod stable. There were dark[Pg 1044] bands of clouds low down on the southeastern horizon, and faint flashes of lightning.

"It's going to rain before morning," I said. "Wonder if it wouldn't be better in the sod house?"

We examined it, but found it in poor condition, so decided not to give up the wagon. "The man that lived there pulled too many radishes and parsnips and carrots and such things into it, and then neglected to hoe his roof and fill up the holes," said Jack. "Besides, Old Blacky will have it rubbed down before morning. When I sleep in anything that Old Blacky can get at, I want it to be on wheels so it can roll out of the way."

We went to bed as usual, but at about one o'clock we were awakened by a long rolling peal of thunder. Already big drops of rain were beginning to fall. Ollie and I looked out, and found Jack creeping from under the wagon.

"That's a dry-weather bedroom of mine," he observed, "and I think I'll come upstairs."

The flashes of lightning followed each other rapidly, and by them we could see the horses. Old Browny was sleeping, and Old Blacky eating, but the pony stood with head erect, very much interested in the storm. Jack helped Snoozer into the wagon, and came in himself. We drew both ends of the cover as close as possible, lit the lantern, and made ourselves comfortable, while Jack took down his banjo and tried to play. Jack always tried to play, but never quite succeeded. But he made a considerable noise, and that was better than nothing.

The wind soon began to blow pretty fresh, and shake the cover rather more than was pleasant. But nothing gave way, and after, as it seemed, fifty of the loudest claps of thunder we had ever heard, the rain began to fall in torrents.

"That is what I've been waiting for," said Jack. "Now we'll see if there's a good cover on this wagon, or if we've got to put a sod roof on it, like that man's house."

The rain kept coming down harder and harder, but though there seemed to be a sort of a light spray in the air of the wagon, the water did not beat through. In some places along the bows it ran down on the inside of the cover in little clinging streams, but as a household we remained dry. Jack was still experimenting on the banjo and the dog had gone to sleep. Suddenly a flash of lightning dazzled our eyes as if there were no cover at all over and around us, with a crash of thunder which struck our ears like a blow from a fist. Jack dropped the banjo, and the dog shook his head as if his ears tingled. We all felt dizzy, and the wagon seemed to be swaying around.

"That struck pretty close," I said. "I hope it didn't hit one of the horses."

"THAT'S WHERE OLD BLACKY KICKED AT THE LIGHTNING AND MISSED IT."

"If it hit Old Blacky, I'll bet a cooky it got the worst of it," answered Jack, taking up his banjo again. "Look out, Ollie, and maybe you'll see the lightning going off limping."

It was still raining, though not so hard. Soon we began to hear a peculiar noise, which seemed to come from behind the wagon. It was a breaking, splintering sort of noise, as if a board was being smashed and split up very gradually.

"Sounds as if a slow and lazy kind of lightning was striking our wagon," said Jack.

Ollie's face was still white from the scare at the stroke of lightning, and his eyes now opened very wide as he listened to the mysterious noise. Jack pulled open the back cover an inch and peeped out. Then he said,

"I guess Old Blacky's tussle with the lightning left him hungry; he's eating up one side of the feed-box."

Then we laughed at the strange noise, and in a few minutes, the rain having almost ceased, we put on our rubber boots and went out to look after the other horses. Old Browny we found in the lee of the sod house, not exactly asleep, but evidently about to take a nap. The pony had pulled up her picket-pin and retreated to a little hollow a hundred yards away. We caught her and brought her back. By the light of the lantern we found that the great stroke of lightning had struck the curb of the well, shattering it, and making a hole in the ground beside it. The storm had gone muttering off to the north, and the stars were again shining overhead.

"What a stroke of lightning that must have been to do that!" said Ollie, as he looked at the curb with some awe.

"It wasn't the lightning that did that," returned his truthful Uncle Jack. "That's where Old Blacky kicked at the lightning and missed it."

Then we returned to the wagon and went to bed. The next morning at ten o'clock we drove into Yankton. We found the ferry-boat disabled, and that we would have to go forty miles up the river to Running Water before we could cross. We drove a mile out of town, and went into camp on a high bank overlooking the milky, eddying current of the Missouri.

[to be continued.]

[Pg 1045]

A VIRGINIA CAVALIER.

BY MOLLY ELLIOT SEAWELL.

CHAPTER XI.

One night, some days after this, George was awakened in the middle of the night by hearing persons stirring in the house. He rose, and slipping on his clothes, softly opened his door. Laurence Washington, fully dressed, was standing in the hall.

"What is the matter, brother?" asked George.

"The child Mildred is ill," answered Laurence, in much agitation. "It seems to be written that no child of mine shall live. Dr. Craik has been sent for, but he is so long in coming that I am afraid she will die before he reaches here."

"I will fetch him, brother," said George, in a resolute manner. "I will go for Dr. Craik, and if I cannot get him I will go to Alexandria for another doctor."

He ran down stairs and to the stable, and in five minutes he had saddled the best horse in the stable and was off for Dr. Craik's, five miles away. As he galloped on through the darkness, plunging through the snow, and taking all the short-cuts he could find, his heart stood still for fear the little girl might die. He loved her dearly—all her baby ways and childish fondness for himself coming back to him with the sharpest pain—and his brother and sister, whose hopes were bound up in her. George thought, if the child's life could be spared, he would give more than he could tell.

He reached Dr. Craik's after a hard ride. The barking of the dogs, as he rode into the yard, wakened the doctor, and he came to the door with a candle in his hand, and in his dressing-gown. In a few words George told his business, and begged the doctor to start at once for Mount Vernon. No message had been received, and at that very time the negro messenger, who had mistaken the road, was at least five miles off, going in the opposite direction.

"How am I to get to Mount Vernon?" asked the doctor. "As you know, I keep only two horses. One I lent to a neighbor yesterday, and to-night, when I got home from my round, my other horse was dead lame."

"Ride this horse back!" cried George. "I can walk easily enough; but there must be a doctor at Mount Vernon to-night. If you could have seen my brother's face—I did not see my poor sister, but—"

"Very well," answered the doctor, coolly. "I never delay a moment when it is possible to get to a patient; and if you will trudge the five miles home I will be at Mount Vernon as soon as this horse can take me there."

Dr. Craik went into the house to get his saddle-bags, and in a few minutes he appeared, fully prepared, and mounting the horse, started for Mount Vernon at a sharp canter.

George set out on his long and disagreeable tramp. He was a good walker, but the snow troubled him, and it was nearly daylight before he found himself in sight of the house. Lights were moving about, and, with a sinking heart, George felt a presentiment that his little playmate was hovering between life and death. When he entered the hall he found a fire burning, and William Fairfax standing by it. No one had slept at Mount Vernon that night. George was weary, and wet up to his knees, but his first thought was for little Mildred.

"She is still very ill, I believe," said William. "Dr. Craik came, and Cousin Anne met him at the door, and she burst into tears. The doctor said you were walking back, and Cousin Anne said, 'I will always love George the better for this night.'"

George went softly up the stairs and listened at the nursery door. He tapped, and Betty opened the door a little. He could see the child's crib drawn up to the fire, the doctor hanging over it, while the poor father and mother clung together a little way off.

"She is no worse," whispered Betty.

With this sorry comfort George went to his room and changed his clothes. As he came down stairs he saw his brother and sister go down before him for a little respite after their long watch; but on reaching the hall no one was there but William Fairfax, standing in the same place[Pg 1046] before the hearth. George went up and began to warm his chilled limbs. Then William made the most indiscreet speech of his life—one of those things which, uninspired by malice, and the mere outspoken word of a heedless person, are yet capable of doing infinite harm and causing extreme pain.

"George," said he, "you know if Mildred dies you will get Mount Vernon and all your brother's fortune."

George literally glared at William. His temper, naturally violent, blazed within him, and his nerves, through fatigue and anxiety and his long walk, not being under his usual control, he felt capable of throttling William where he stood.

"Do you mean to say—do you think that I want my brother's child to die?—that I—"

George spoke in a voice of concentrated rage that frightened William, who could only stammer, "I thought—perhaps—I—I—"

The next word was lost, for George, hitting out from the shoulder, struck William full in the chest, who fell over as if he had been shot.

The blow brought back George's reason. He stood amazed and ashamed at his own violence and folly. William rose without a word, and looked him squarely in the eye; he was conscious that his words, though foolish, did not deserve a blow. He was no match physically for George, but he was not in the least afraid of him. Some one else, however, besides the two boys had witnessed the scene. Laurence Washington, quietly opening wide a door that had been ajar, walked into the hall, followed by his wife, and said, calmly:

"George, did I not see you strike a most unmanly blow just now—a blow upon a boy smaller than yourself, a guest in this house, and at a time when such things are particularly shocking?"

George, his face as pale as death, and unable to raise his eyes from the floor, replied, in a low voice, "Yes, brother, and I think I was crazy for a moment. I ask William's pardon, and yours, and my sister's—"

Laurence continued to look at him with stern and, as George felt, just displeasure; but Mrs. Washington came forward, and, laying her hand on his shoulder, said, sweetly:

"You were very wrong, George; but I heard it all, and I do not believe that anything could make you wish our child to die. Your giving up your horse to the doctor shows how much you love her, and I, for one, forgive you for what you have done."

"Thank you, sister," answered George; but he could not raise his eyes. He had never in all his life felt so ashamed of himself. In a minute or two he recovered himself, and held out his hand to William.

"I was wrong too, George," said William; "I ought not to have said what I did, and I am willing to be friends again."

The two boys shook hands, and without one word each knew that he had a friend forever in the other one. And presently Dr. Craik came down stairs, saying cheerfully to Mrs. Washington,

"Madam, your little one is asleep, and I think the worst is past."

For some days the child continued ill, and George's anxiety about her, his wish to do something for her in spite of his boyish incapacity to do so, showed how fond he was of her. She began to mend, however, and George was delighted to find that she was never better satisfied than when carried about in his strong young arms. William Fairfax, who was far from being a foolish fellow, in spite of his silly speech, grew to be heartily ashamed of the suspicion that George would be glad to profit by the little girl's death when he saw how patiently George would amuse her hour after hour, and how willingly he would give up his beloved hunting and shooting to stay with her.

In the early part of January the time came when George and Betty must return to Ferry Farm. George went the more cheerfully, as he imagined it would be his last visit to his mother before joining his ship. Laurence was also of this opinion, and George's warrant as midshipman had been duly received. He had written to Madam Washington of Admiral Vernon's offer, but he had received no letter from her in reply. This, however, he supposed was due to Madam Washington's expectation of soon seeing George, and he thought her consent absolutely certain.

On a mild January morning George and Betty left Mount Vernon for home in a two-wheeled chaise, which Laurence Washington sent as a present to his step-mother. In the box under the seat were packed Betty's white sarcenet silk and George's clothes, including three smart uniforms. The possession of these made George feel several years older than William Fairfax, who started for school the same day. The rapier which Lord Fairfax had given him, and his midshipman's dirk, which he considered his most valuable belongings, were rather conspicuously displayed against the side of the chaise; for George was but a boy, after all, and delighted in these evidences of his approaching manhood. His precious commission was in his breast pocket. Billy was to travel on the trunk-rack behind the chaise, and was quite content to dangle his legs from Mount Vernon to Ferry Farm, while Rattler trotted along beside them. Usually it was a good day's journey, but in winter, when the roads were bad, it was necessary to stop over a night on the way. It had been determined to make this stop at the home of Colonel Fielding Lewis, an old friend of both Madam Washington and Laurence Washington.

All of the Mount Vernon family, white and black, were assembled on the porch, directly after breakfast, to say good-by to the young travellers. William Fairfax, on horseback, was to start in another direction. Little Mildred, in her black mammy's arms, was kept in the hall, away from the raw winter air. Betty kissed her a dozen times, and cried a little; but when George took her in his arms, and, after holding her silently to his breast, handed her back to her mammy, the little girl clung to him and cried so piteously, that George had to unlock her baby arms from around his neck and run away.

On the porch his brother and sister waited for him, and Laurence said:

"I desire you, George, to deliver the chaise to your mother, from me, with my respectful compliments, and to hope that she will soon make use of it to visit us at Mount Vernon. For yourself, let me hear from you by the first hand. The Bellona will be in the Chesapeake within a month, and probably up this river, and you are now prepared to join at a moment's notice."

George's heart was too full for many words, but his flushed and beaming face showed how pleased he was at the prospect. Laurence, however, could read George's boyish heart very well, and smiled at the boy's delight. Both Betty and himself kissed and thanked their sister for her kindness, and, after they had said good-by to William, and shook hands with all the house-servants, the chaise rattled off.

Betty had by nature one of the sunniest tempers in the world, and, instead of going back glumly and unwillingly to her modest home after the gayeties and splendors of Mount Vernon, congratulated herself on having had so merry a time, and was full of gratitude to her mother for allowing her to come. And then she was alone with George, and had a chance to ask him dozens of things that she had not thought of in the bustle at Mount Vernon; so the two drove along merrily. Betty chattering a good deal, and George talking much more than he usually did.

They reached Barn Elms before sunset, and met with a cordial welcome from Colonel Lewis and the large family of children and guests that could always be found in the Virginia country-houses of those days. At supper a long table was filled, mostly with merry young people. Among them was young Fielding Lewis, a handsome fellow a little older than George, and there was also Miss Martha Dandridge, the handsome young lady with whom George had danced Sir Roger de Coverley on Christmas night at Mount Vernon. In the evening the drawing-room floor was cleared, and everybody danced, Colonel Lewis himself, a portly gentleman of sixty, leading off the rigadoon with Betty, which George again danced with Martha Dandridge. They had so merry a time that they were sorry to leave[Pg 1047] next morning. Colonel Lewis urged them to stay, but George felt they must return home, more particularly as it was the first time that he and Betty had been trusted to make a journey alone.

All that day they travelled, and about sunset, when within five miles of home, a tire came off one of the wheels of the new chaise, and they had to stop at a blacksmith's shop on the road-side to have it mended. Billy, however, was sent ahead to tell their mother that they were coming, and George was in hopes that Billy's sins would be overlooked, considering the news he brought, and the delightful excitement of the meeting.

The blacksmith was slow, and the wheel was in a bad condition, so it was nearly eight o'clock of a January night before they were in the gate at Ferry Farm. It was wide open, the house was lighted up, and in the doorway stood Madam Washington and the three little boys. Every negro, big and little, on the place was assembled, and shouts of "Howdy, Marse George! Howdy, Miss Betty!" resounded. The dogs barked with pleasure at recognizing George and Betty, and the commotion was great.

As soon as they reached the door Betty jumped out, before the chaise came to a standstill, and rushed into her mother's arms. She was quickly followed by George, who, much taller than his mother, folded her in a close embrace, and then the boys were hugged and kissed. Madam Washington led him into the house, and looked him all over with pride and delight, he was so grown, so manly; his very walk had acquired a new grace, such as comes from association with graceful and polished society. She was brimming with pride, but she only allowed herself to say,

"How much you have grown, my son!"

"And the chaise is yours, mother," struck in Betty. "Brother Laurence sent it to you—all lined inside with green damask, and a stuffed seat, and room for a trunk behind, and a box under the seat."

George rather resented this on Betty's part, as he thought he had the first right to make so important an announcement as the gift of a chaise, and said, with a severe look at Betty:

"My brother sent it you, mother, with his respectful compliments, and hopes that the first use you will make of it will be to visit him and my sister at Mount Vernon."

Betty, however, was in no mood to be set back by a trifling snub like that, so she at once plunged into a description of the gayeties at Mount Vernon. This was interrupted by supper, which had been kept for them, and then it was nine o'clock, and Betty was nearly falling asleep, and George, too, was tired, and it was the hour for family prayers. For the first time in months George read prayers at his mother's request, and she added a special thanksgiving for the return of her two children in health and happiness, and then it was bedtime. Madam Washington had not once mentioned his midshipman's warrant to George. This did not occur to him until he was in bed, and then, with the light heart of youth, he dismissed it as a mere accident. No doubt she was as proud as he, although the parting would be hard on both, but it must come in some form or other, and no matter how long or how far, they could never love each other any less—and George fell asleep to dream that he was carrying the Bellona into action in the most gallant style possible.

Next morning he was up and on horseback early, riding over the place, and thinking with half regret and half joy that he would soon be far away from the simple plantation life. At breakfast Betty talked so incessantly and the little boys were so full of questions that Madam Washington had no opportunity for serious talk, but as soon as it was over she said,

"Will you come to my room, George?"

"In a minute, mother," answered George, rising and darting up stairs.

He would show himself to her in his uniform. He had the natural pride in it that might have been expected, and, as he slipped quickly into it, and put the dashing cap on his fair hair, and stuck his dirk into his belt, he could not help a thrill of boyish vanity. He went straight to his mother's room, where she stood awaiting him.

The first glance at her face struck a chill to his heart. There was a look of pale and quiet determination upon it that was far from encouraging. Nevertheless, George spoke up promptly.

"My warrant, mother, is upstairs, sent me, as my brother wrote you, by Admiral Vernon. And my brother, out of his kindness, had all my outfit made for me in Alexandria. I am to join the Bellona frigate within the month."

"Will you read this letter, my son?" was Madam Washington's answer, handing him a letter.

George took it from her. He recognized the handwriting of his uncle, Joseph Ball, in England. It ran, after the beginning: "'I understand you are advised and have some thoughts of putting your son George to sea.'" George stopped in surprise, and looked at his mother.

"I suppose," she said, quietly, "that he has heard that your brother Laurence mentioned to me months ago that you wished to join the King's land or sea service, but my brother's words are singularly apt now."

George continued to read.

"'I think he had better be put apprentice to a tinker, for a common sailor before the mast has by no means the common liberty of the subject, for they will press him from ship to ship, where he has fifty shillings a month, and make him take twenty-three, and cut and slash and use him like a dog.'"

George read this with amazement.

"My uncle evidently does not understand that I never had any intention of going to sea as a common sailor," he said, his face flushing, "and I am astonished that he should think such a thing."

"Read on," said his mother, quietly.

"'And as to any considerable preferment in the navy, it is not to be expected, as there are so many gaping for it here who have interest, and he has none.'"

George folded the letter, and handed it back to his mother respectfully.

"Forgive me, mother," said he, "but I think my uncle Joseph a very ignorant man, and especially ignorant of my prospects in life!"

"George!" cried his mother, reproachfully.

George remained silent. He saw coming an impending conflict, the first of their lives, between his mother and himself.

"My brother," said Madam Washington, after a pause, "is a man of the world. He knows much more than I, a woman who has seen but little of it, and much more than a youth like you, George."

"He does not know better than my brother, who has been the best and kindest of brothers, who thought he was doing me the greatest service in getting me this warrant, and who, at his own expense, prepared me for it."

Both mother and son spoke calmly, and even quietly, but two red spots burned in Madam Washington's face, while George felt himself growing whiter every moment.

"Your brother, doubtless, meant kindly towards you, and for that I shall be ever grateful; but I never gave my consent—I shall never give it," she said.

"I am sorry to hear you say that, mother," answered George, presently—"more sorry than I know how to say. For, although you are my dear and honored mother, you cannot choose my life for me, provided the life I choose is respectable, and I live honestly and like a gentleman, as I always shall, I hope."

The mother and son faced each other, pale and determined. It struck home to Madam Washington that she could not now clip her eaglet's wings. She asked, in a low voice,

"Do you intend to disobey me, my son?"

"MY SON, MY BEST-LOVED CHILD."

"Don't force me to do it, mother!" cried George, losing his calmness, and becoming deeply agitated, "I think my honor is engaged to my brother and Admiral Vernon, and I feel in my heart that I have a right to choose my own future course. I promise you that I will never discredit you; but I cannot—I cannot obey you in this."

"You do refuse, then, my son?" said Madam Washington. She spoke in a low voice, and her beautiful eyes looked straight into George's as if challenging him to resist[Pg 1048] her influence; but George, although his own eyes filled with tears, yet answered her gently,

"Mother, I must."

Madam Washington said no more, but turned away from him. The boy's heart and mind were in a whirl. Some involuntary power seemed compelling him to act as he did, without any volition on his part. Suddenly his mother turned, with tears streaming down her face, and, coming swiftly towards him, clasped him in her arms.

"My son, my best-loved child!" she cried, weeping. "Do not break my heart by leaving me. I did not know until this moment how much I loved you. It is hard for a parent to plead with a child, but I beg, I implore you, if you have any regard for your mother's peace of mind, to give up the sea." And with sobs and tears, such as George had never before seen her shed, she clung to him, and covered his face and hair and even his hands with kisses.

The boy stood motionless, stunned by an outbreak of emotion so unlike anything he had ever seen in his mother before. Calm, reticent, and undemonstrative, she had showed a Spartan firmness in her treatment of her children until this moment. In a flash like lightning George saw that it was not that foolish letter which had influenced her, but there was a fierceness of mother-love, all unsuspected in that deep and quiet nature, for him, and for him alone. This trembling, sobbing woman, calling him all fond names, and saying to him, "George, I would go upon my knees if that would move you," his mother! And the appeal overpowered him as much by its novelty as its power. Like her he began to tremble, and when she saw this she held him closer to her, and cried, "Will you abandon me, or will you abandon your own will this once?"

There was a short pause, and then George spoke, in a voice he scarcely knew, it was so strange,

"Mother, I will give up my commission."

[to be continued.]

THE POLO PONY.

BY J. CONOVER.

The polo pony is becoming such an important and conspicuous feature in modern life that a short article upon his nature, training, and habits may be interesting to those who either hope to make his acquaintance on his native range, or to import him for use in riding or driving, or in playing that most exciting of all games.

The bicycle is said to be driving horseflesh out of the market, that good horses, even thoroughbreds, are being canned by the thousand, and sent to all parts of the world. This may be a necessary and practical use to which to put that noble animal, the friend and companion of man from all ages; but one cannot help being thankful that the pony has so far escaped this fate, and that the demand for these singularly intelligent, plucky little beasts is growing rather than diminishing.

A COW PONY.

So long as there are cattle ranges the cow pony will be a necessity. One could not "round up" or "cut out" or "rope" or "corral" on a bicycle or from a self-propelling carriage of any kind, and even if this dreadful day should come and the cow pony lose his prestige, the polo pony will still have his place in the world of sport, from which the most modern and improved wheel could never dispossess him. The cow pony or polo pony, like the poet and the athlete, is born, not made. Out of a drove of a hundred ponies there may be only twenty-five or less that are good for anything, who have the instinct of sport, the quick eye, steady foot, the grit and endurance of the true sportsman.

A good cow pony is good from the start. He learns, of course, much by experience, but he is not only first-class "material," as they say of football candidates, but a star player from the very first. Running wild with the mares, their mothers, on the big ranges of Texas, Mexico, Montana, and Indian Territory, they grow marvellously fleet of foot, and as hardy as mountain-goats.

When about three years old the ponies—all these horses under fifteen hands high—are taken out of the drove, and broken either for cattle or polo. The process of breaking is not a difficult one, though sometimes troublesome and tedious. The pony is first corralled—that is, driven out of the bunch into a pen by himself—then roped, often thrown, and saddled and bridled. As a rule they make a great show of resistance. They buck, they kick, they rear, they lie down and roll, they run into fences or trees—in short, there is nothing that the instinct of self-defence can prompt that a spirited pony will not do, and persist in doing, until he learns the futility of kicking against the pricks. His spurred and booted rider is prepared for any exhibition of temper or ingenuity that he can devise, and wrestles with him gently but firmly, sticking to his seat until the frantic efforts of the rebellious pony have exhausted themselves. Then, subdued, if not overcome, he is unsaddled and staked out, or tied up for the night, only to go through the same performance the next day.

After several days' experience of the bit and bridle, and the singular persistence of the load upon his back in staying there under all provocation, the pony as a rule gives in—all the sensible ones, at least; the bad-tempered broncos—the chronic buckers and kickers and bolters—fight on spasmodically, and sometimes do not become thoroughly broken, if ever, for weeks. When the pony has once recognized and accepted you as his master, his future usefulness depends very largely upon your treatment of him. If he is ridden hard and handled roughly he will grow rough and unmanageable or mean and uncertain in temper; but if treated gently and kindly he becomes docile and dependable, and as faithful as a dog. He learns to know and love his master very soon, and is as susceptible to flattery and petting as a dog or a woman. Some ranchers, especially those with the reputation of being able to "make a pretty good horse talk," will tell you that their favorite ponies, even when in the pasture, come at their whistle like a dog; but it is not very safe to trust to this devotion and obedience, for the majority[Pg 1049] are as wild as hawks, and as difficult to catch, and unless one wishes the exercise of a hard chase, it is better to hobble them when the saddle and bridle are taken off and they are left to graze.

In buying ponies, either for polo or cattle, it is well to know the owner's reputation, and how he breaks and handles them, for a good cow-puncher is sure to have good ponies, fast and bridle-wise—"mighty handy," in the vernacular, and trained to stop quickly and hold hard. In roping, a good pony is as strong as any steer, and ought to be able to hold no matter how hard the steer may jerk or pull when the rope is thrown. There are no particular breeds in this country; any small horse on the range is called "bronco" or "pony" indifferently, and they are taken from all classes indiscriminately, being picked out by their size and build, and the polo pony only differs from others by his superior speed and agility, and his record as a cow pony.

The small fleet Arab horses which are sold so much in England for polo have had no early training in cow-practice, but as a breed are very intelligent, very quick, and yet extremely docile.

The Shetland-pony, which is such a favorite with children, is not agile enough for either polo or cattle, and there are all sorts and conditions of ponies that are useful in other respects, but absolutely useless in rounding up or cutting out, or on the polo-grounds.

POLO PONIES.

In advertising for polo ponies one usually sends out a circular stating the necessary requisites: the size—fourteen hands one inch—and the temper and disposition; and it takes a trained eye to pick out the most promising from all those brought for inspection.

A good cutting pony is always safe, and the prices range according to their value in cutting and penning cattle. They can be bought from thirty-five to a hundred and fifty or two hundred dollars, and even up to such fancy prices as five hundred. Some first-class cutting ponies cannot be purchased at any price, for love or money, a cow-puncher or ranch-owner being just as willing to part with his wife and children, his house and land, as with his prize cow pony.

This cutting cattle is a wonderful thing, and a fruitful theme for the tall stories with which the cowboy enlivens the tedium of the many idle hours of his varied and precarious life. "Stuffing the tenderfoot" with Munchausen tales of the marvellous performances of these remarkably clever little animals, or swapping yarns with other gifted companions whose imaginations have never been broken in by the strong hand of truth. But even the stories which are strictly and literally true sound almost incredible to the uninitiated, for the cutting pony shows not only the sagacity and resources of the Scotch collie, but the quickness and agility of the cat, in separating or cutting out the particular cow or steer from the herd which his master indicates, sometimes by riding the pony at her, or by following for a few yards.

The cattle may stampede, the steer or cow may run, double, stick like a burr to the herd, but the clever little pony, cool and keen, heads her off, turns her round, cuts her out, and finally drives her triumphantly into the open, where she can be roped, or into a pen. He separates a cow from her calf, cuts out a steer without even disturbing the others, and uses as much judgment as an experienced man. The cow-puncher gives him his head after the steer has once been selected, and only holds his lasso in readiness to rope him when he has been successfully cut out from the bunch.

A Texas cow-puncher offered once to bet a hundred dollars that his cow pony could, without a bridle, cut any steer from the herd of cattle after he had once understood which one he was to separate. The bet was taken by a tenderfoot, who had sporting spirit enough[Pg 1050] not even to grudge the money when he saw how cleverly it was done, the little pony going to work, on his own account, with the same skill and judgment the keenest cow-puncher in the country might have shown.

They get to be so fast and sharp, to turn and stop, and head off so quickly, that it is almost bewildering to ride them in a difficult case. Another Texas ranchman, a famous cow-puncher in his day, sold his celebrated cutting pony because it was too fast for him; he was growing too old for the pace.

This cutting-out work shows a pony to better advantage even than the polo game. In heading off he acts more quickly than a man can think, playing the game himself, which in polo is a very undesirable thing.

It is most amusing to watch the businesslike air with which a cutting pony starts in to put a calf, one who is particularly fresh and obstreperous, through a fence or into a pen, or to simply corner him. There is nothing so exasperating as a calf, except, perhaps, a sheep. Was it not John Randolph of Roanoke who maintained that he would walk twenty miles to kick a sheep? Just so cowboys feel about a "fool calf."

A pony, however, when he chooses, can be equally aggravating. As in polo he is sometimes too knowing, so in cutting cattle the very best ones use their superior knowledge to be most exasperating.

They learn to gauge the distance and length of the rope with such certainty that they know just when to stop for the throw; and when they feel lazy and disinclined for the hard work of holding a steer, they fool their master by coming to a stand a yard or two from the cow, and the rope falls that much short.

One first-rate but obstinate cutting pony worked this trick so often that his master was only saved from selling him by the humor of the situation—his appreciation of the joke on himself.

It would be hard to choose from the stories current among cattle-men of their cutting ponies—stories proving how "powerful smart," "plumb human," etc., they are, for they all swear to the same class of what the ignorant might call fiction, but which, in their opinion, does not even come under the head of "tall horse talk."

Perhaps the —Z (bar Z) brand story is a fair example. The cow-puncher assures you seriously that the cutting pony always knows his master's brand, and can pick out a cow with this brand from a mixed herd of any size, and they cite the following anecdote in illustration of this fact:

A certain —Z-brand cutting pony, who was sold after years of experience, continued, in spite of all that his new master could do, to cut out every cow or calf with the —Z brand that he could find in any bunch. His owner was finally indicted for stealing cattle, but pleaded his pony's record in self-defense. The court, sympathising in his peculiar and delicate position, released him with a small fine; but the pony, like Werther's Charlotte, went on cutting —Z cattle to the end of his days, which might mean fifteen, sixteen, or even twenty years, for, if well cared for, they often live that long. Both the cattle and polo ponies are shod, even on the range, and if used hard are generally fed in winter, though grazing all summer. They are ungroomed, and their tails left flowing freely; and their first sensations, after a transfer from their native heath to the luxurious and well-ordered stables of the East, where they are docked, clipped, curried, rubbed down, and blanketed, must be somewhat like those experienced by the tramp who is forcibly bathed and groomed in a model lodging-house, though the polo pony yields to the civilizing influence more readily than does the tramp.

But the comforts of life and even the excitement of polo may seem to the cutting pony a poor exchange for the lost delights of rounding up and penning steers, and what is a Rockaway Cup to the glory of winning the prize in a roping contest at a county fair? These roping contests are the pride of the cattle-men, and the great feature of the Texan county fairs.

STEER THROWN AND TIED IN FORTY-EIGHT SECONDS.

The steer is put in a pen, and a man with a flag placed about fifty feet from him. The man on the cutting pony stands near the pen, with the rope ready. And at a given signal the steer is let out, and as he passes the flag it is dropped, the pony dashes after him, and the man who can rope, throw, and tie the steer in the shortest time wins the prize. It has been done in twenty seconds, but the average time is about a minute; any duffer, they say, can do it inside of five minutes. It is a dangerous method of roping, and is only used in contests, never on the range, for the pony is going at full speed, and the rope is thrown as he shoots by the steer, the rider giving it a little fling and jerk on the off side, and it is a close call whether the steer throws the pony or the pony the steer.

The prize cow ponies are the ones most sought after for polo. They make by far the best and most steady and reliable playing ponies. The training for polo is of course different from that employed in roping cattle, but a good cow pony has all the necessary qualifications, and learns the game very quickly.

In order to accustom them to the mallet, one rides for several days simply carrying it and waving it about, but not attempting to hit the ball. The pony jumps at first, and is very nervous, but gradually grows used to it, and after about ten days of flourishing the mallet round the head and tapping the ball gently he is ready for the game with its fierce scrimmage. As the warrior in olden times donned his armor—his helmet, breastplate, greaves, and shield—before going to war, and as his modern prototype, the football-player, prepares for battle with shoulder and thigh pads, head and ear bandages, elastic knee and ankle-bands, nose and teeth guards, so the polo pony is made ready for his part in the great contest, being booted to the knees in heavy leather leggings, which protect him from the blows of the mallet. A few ponies, the very nervous or stupid ones, wear blinders, but as a general rule they are played without them, and being able to see on either side gives them a decided advantage.

With the light English saddle instead of the heavy Mexican monstrosity which is universally used in roping cattle, the pony is led out, blanketed by the groom, who is as careful of the condition of his polo ponies as a jockey is of his race-horse. They are exercised regularly when not playing, and given as much food as they will eat, and the knowing little ponies are well aware of their true value, as one learns in hearing polo men talk, or in reading Mr. Kipling's story of the Maltese Cat.

As is the case in all fields of sport, the pony who plays for the gallery is not nearly so useful in the long-run as the quiet, sensible, steady ones who do not try to show off or play the whole game themselves. Sometimes the high-strung, nervous ponies are the very best, the quickest, and brightest, but they require most careful handling, and are apt to get flighty, to have "wheels in their heads," and to want to run, or they show every sign of equine nervous prostration. The dispositions of the ponies are as varied as those of the superior animal, man. They can be stubborn or yielding, uncertain or even-tempered, tricky or steady, plucky or cowardly, nervous or phlegmatic. They are ambitious, conceited, lazy, timid—in short, there is no human trait of character that they do not at times exhibit.

Some ponies play very well at first, and then seem to lose their nerve, and are never good for anything again.

When you know your pony's temper to be uncertain, the most cautious handling is necessary. At the first symptom of becoming wicked it is better to give in and get off.

A very fine polo pony belonging to Mr. Keene was entered in a contest in one of the horse shows. The ponies had to go in and out between posts in order to show how quickly they turned, and how well they minded the rein. After three rounds, and before the final one, Mr. Keene quietly jumped off and led his pony out of the ring. In explanation, he said that his pony had made up his mind to be nasty, and simply wouldn't go; he might spur or whip him till he was tired, but it would be of no use when he had once become exasperated and stopped short.

The same sort of temper was shown in a match at Newport. It was very close and exciting, when suddenly one of the best ponies on the ground balked. His rider could not make him budge. Time was finally called, and it took[Pg 1051] eight men five minutes to get that stubborn little beast off the field.

Outside of this uncertain temper, the most incurable faults in a polo pony are shying, and stopping on the ball instead of following, and not turning quickly enough.

They are plucky as a rule, but some ponies will play very well alone, be sharp, and turn and stop in splendid form, but will not go into a game with other ponies; the crowd seems to frighten and distress them.

Others will play a fine open game, but refuse a scrimmage, while a scrimmage is to some the cream of the whole game, and they will never give way, no matter how hard others bear against them, but stand like a Yale or Princeton line in the teeth of an onslaught.

In a hard match ponies are only played for about seven minutes, they get so winded; but often they go off the field most reluctantly, and chafe to get back into the game.

The majority of polo ponies really seem to enjoy it, and in spite of injuries and bad accidents, to enter into it with the zest of a true sportsman; and the stories of their grit and endurance ought to go down in history side by side with the tales of old war-horses and famous cavalry chargers.

A game little pony named Ink was struck by a mallet in a scrimmage, and though his master knew that he had been hit, the pony showed no signs of being badly hurt, until the goal they were trying for was made, and then he stood still, refusing to move. Two men and a boy tried to make him walk, but could not, and they found that his leg was broken just below the knee, and he was suffering so that they were obliged to shoot him on the spot.

Another pony fell only the other day, and broke his neck without uttering a sound, only beseeching them with his eyes to put an end to his pain.

One could multiply examples of their heroism indefinitely, if it did not seem to imply that the game was brutal. That is emphatically not the case, though, as in all branches of athletics there are possibilities of accidents more or less serious.

The object of this article, however, has been not the glorification, justification, or explanation of the game of polo, but to give a brief history of the noble little pony who plays it, and so long as he thoroughly enjoys the excitement of the sport one cannot feel that he is to be pitied, and one may wish him a long and prosperous career, and a future even greater than his past.

ODD VESSELS DESIGNED FOR SPEED.

In a few days a very curious vessel, named Ernest Bazin, will be finished at the Cail Dock-yards, at St. Denis, France. At first glance it looks like a large broad platform, pointed at one end and round at the other. There are three huge hollow disks, or wheels, on each side of the platform, that rest in the water. These wheels support the vessel, and when it is propelled by the use of a screw, the wheels revolve, and the whole structure simply rolls over the surface of the water.

On the platform will be the usual cabins, saloons, etc., and in a boxlike structure that sinks below the platform will be placed the engines. It is claimed by the designers that the motion of the ship will be very slight, thus doing away with seasickness, and the consumption of coal will be considerably less than in ordinary steamships. As the wheels roll over the water, the friction will be lessened, and with this advantage it is expected that the vessel will do some astonishingly quick travelling.

Another curious vessel was finished last June, and lay at a private wharf in Virginia for some time. She was named the Howard Cassard and nicknamed the "Razor-back." With a length of 222 feet, she had only 16 feet beam. Her equilibrium was maintained by an extremely heavy keel and some 50,000 pounds of machinery below the water-line.

The razorlike sharpness of the boat gave it a curious look, and it was expected that when moving through the water the sharp prow would cut it like a knife, thus reducing the resistance to a minimum. The narrowness of her beam necessitated some economy in her interior arrangements, but this was successfully overcome by adopting somewhat the idea of a sleeping-car. But the Howard Cassard was an experiment that evidently has not been successful, as the claim of the designer to cross the ocean in three-fifths of the time now required has as yet not been fulfilled by his odd craft.

Probably one of the strangest ideas in marine construction was that of the man who proposed placing in the stern of a vessel a number of compressed-air cannons. These were to be fired one after the other, the force of the air striking the water and driving the vessel forward. Somewhat similar is the idea of another engineer and inventor. It is to run a series of hollow pipes through the entire length of the keel. The pipes are to receive the water at the bow and carry it to the centre of the vessel, where it is shut off. Then a powerful pressure of compressed air is brought into play, and the separated body of water is shot out of the pipe in the stern, the power of the contact driving the vessel forward. As the water is to be received and discharged alternately, there would be no jerking motion.

OUR ROMAN TWINS.

BY OLIVE MAY EAGER.

THE ROMAN TWINS.

When the twins were born in Rome, all of our friends exclaimed at once, "Oh, Romulus and Remus!" but we did not name them for the city's twin founders. One reason was that one of our babies was a girl, and although we might have called her Romola, we could not make up our minds to name the dear little brother in honor of that ill-natured Remus. So notwithstanding their classic birthplace, our twins answer to common, every-day names.

We lived at the foot of the Capitol, within a stone's-throw of the Roman Forum, around which clusters so much of legend and history. The nursery window overlooked the Capitol garden, where two wolves were always stalking restlessly about in their cages. Before our twins knew a word of English, and almost as soon as they could lisp in sweet Italian accents, they heard the tale of Romulus and Remus, and knew that the great city of Rome honored this legend by keeping two live wolves at the Capitol.

When they grew older and walked through the ancient streets, they became familiar with the picture of the babes and the wolf as seen on sign-boards and placards, as well as in marble and bronze reliefs. Thus the old legend grew into their lives, and they talked it over in wise baby fashion. Whenever they went to play hide-and-seek around the statue of Marcus Aurelius, in the Capitol square, they stopped long before the poor old caged wolves, and wondered why two wolves were kept, if Remus had to be killed for his bad behavior. Once they suggested to nurse that one wolf and two babies would seem more true to history; but when she replied that they would do splendidly for the babies, they dropped the subject, lest the city fathers hear of it in some way, and feel inclined to carry out so brilliant an idea.

In their own logical way, they were quite decided as to the place where Remus, in derision, jumped over the city wall, for it would be very easy to leap a certain low point up near the Macao, where they once went to see King Humbert review his troops in honor of the German Emperor's visit to Rome.

Of course mother wrote to America about the twins' sayings and doings, and one day they received a letter from the auntie whom they had never seen. She wrote that she had a globe of goldfish, and each fish had a name, except two tiny ones, which she would leave for them to name and to own when they came to see her in the spring.

The twins were very sober over this serious matter, though they did not even discuss the names, but from the start called their fish Romulus and Remus. When spring came, mother left for America with her five-year-olds, who stood the travelling well, and were made much of in the old home where mother spent her girlhood.

True to her promise, auntie gave them the fish in a tiny[Pg 1052] globe, and they would sit on the floor watching the goldies by the hour. It was a source of regret that they had no means of telling which was which, but one day they came pitching up stairs, too excited to speak plainly, "Oh, mother! we've 'scovered Remus, 'cause he jumped over." Sure enough, there lay the poor fish gasping on the floor, and although we put him back in the water immediately, he hobbled around for days with a broken fin, and moved stiffly ever afterwards.

With the autumn we prepared to journey Romeward, and sad good-byes were said. Everybody was in tears except the twins, and as we started for the train they appeared with the precious goldfish. Here was a dilemma! Mother said firmly that she could not possibly go all the way to Rome with more than one pair of twins. Grief and dismay made their eyes brim over, and uncle said: "Let's keep some dry eyes in this party. I'll bring the fish to the station." He brought them in a little tin pail with holes in the cover for air, and in this style Romulus and Remus set forth on their wanderings. The sleeping-car porter looked on them with a friendly eye, and thus we arrived safely in New York, where we went aboard a Mediterranean steamer bound for Naples. Mother left the twins with their pail in a safe place on deck, while she looked after the baggage. They were gone when she returned, and rather frightened, she rushed to her state-room, where she was still more startled to find the Captain stooping over something on the floor. He rose and spoke courteously, "I beg your pardon, madam, but I found the children and their Romans on deck. I am a Roman myself, and I will give orders that no one of this quartette lack for anything on my ship." Thanks to the Captain's patriotism, we had a most comfortable voyage as we steamed across the Atlantic and past Gibraltar, through the beautiful Mediterranean. The eyes of the twins opened wide when they reached Naples and saw the fires of Vesuvius, but in the hurry to reach Rome we drove straight to the railway station. As we stood in the long line of people who were pushing and crowding to the train, some impatient traveller jostled the pail so that poor Romulus and Remus wriggled on the stone floor. Mother almost abandoned them to their fate, but a porter was quick-witted enough to clap them into the pail and rush off for fresh water. He returned in time to hand them through the train window to their beaming owners, and with an eye to further reward he brought a bottle of water also. There is no water on Italian trains, and but for this happy thought the fish would have perished during the seven hours by rail to Rome. The swaying motion of the train was far worse than that of the steamer, and mother and twins were kept busy filling the pail as fast as the water splashed out. By-and-by we rolled into the Roman station, and father was so glad to see his loved ones that he declared he felt like eating the whole party, fish included.

Thus the little American goldfish came to live in the shadow of the Roman Capitol, in sight of their wolfish namesakes. Every visitor heard the story of their adventures, and one sympathetic listener brought them a new globe with two dear little bronze wolves in the bottom; but, alas! their stay on classic soil was brief. During the long sea-voyage they had lost their bright golden hue, and wore rather a pale, silvery look, so that the twins became anxious about the health of their pets. A fish-dealer said that goldfish thrive best when fed with the wafers used for taking medicine. Half a wafer was dropped in for their supper, but next morning poor Romulus and the wafer floated on the water together. The twins were inconsolable, till mother organized a grand funeral procession to the flat house-top, where Romulus was buried in state under a peach-tree which mother had grown in a packing-box from a seed brought from her American home.

Remus lived on alone without the luxury of wafers, for the fishman, when interviewed by the tearful twins, said that Romulus died of over-eating, since wafers are mince pie and plum-pudding to goldfish, who are such gluttons that they can be trusted with but a pin-point of their favorite dish. The tragic end of Romulus was forgotten in the joys of Christmas-time, when the twins showed some little Italian friends their first Christmas tree, for they know nothing of Santa Claus in Rome, but receive gifts from an old woman called Befana. She comes at Epiphany, when there is also a procession up the 124 marble steps that lead to the Ara Cœli Church, in which there is a "presepio," or representation of the infant Christ in the manger. The nursery window overlooked these steps, and just underneath was a fine array of toys and sweets to tempt the Roman children, who go every year to recite poetry before the "presepio." The twins spent the morning watching the crowd and driving an occasional bargain with the toy-seller beneath their window. They borrowed the servant's basket, which she lets down with a string, Roman fashion, when she hears the postman's knock and does not want to go down the long stairway to the portone, or big street door, to receive letters. They sent down pennies in the basket, and drew it up with the desired plaything, until lunch called them from their fascinating employment. Poor lonely Remus was set in the window to enjoy the fun, but on their return the globe was tenantless. The toy-woman below saw the dismayed little faces peeping over the window sill, and called up to say that she had picked up a dead fish on the cold marble step. The basket went down once more, and was drawn up slowly and sadly with poor Remus's body.

We buried him, too, under the peach-tree on the house-top, and set up the little bronze wolves for a double monument; but the twins have never wanted any more goldfish. They write their own letters now, and seal them with a tiny stamp of the Roman wolves; but to this day they bemoan the fact that while Remus met rather a historic fate, their favorite Romulus died a glutton. But father comforts them by saying that those "noble Romans" were very fond of good things, and their fish no doubt followed the example of many another Roman citizen.

[Pg 1053]

To continue the subject of aquatics, which the Department took up last week, let us turn to the art of diving. Before learning to dive, the beginner should accustom himself to keep his head under water as long as he can hold his breath, and he should practise opening the eyes under water in order to become used to the appearance of things below the surface. Diving, even more than swimming, demands that a boy or man should have confidence in himself. Nobody should attempt to learn how to dive when alone; even more than when learning to swim, he should have some one near at hand in case help is needed.

To learn how to dive, the beginner should first squat down on the edge of the float or spring-board from which he is to plunge into the water, holding his hands out before him just as he does in the breast stroke in swimming (described in this Department last week)—that is, with the arms extended, the hands horizontal, and the fingers close together, the thumb tips and the forefinger tips touching one another. Then he should allow himself to tumble forward into the water, striking with his hands first. The eyes must be kept closed when plunging into the water, and should not be opened until after the head is immersed.

It is very dangerous to plunge into the water with the eyes open, and a number of people have been blinded by so doing. Always duck the chin a little in toward the breast just before the head strikes the water. As soon as the body has entered the water the hands should be bent back and the head raised to an upright position. The bending back of the hands sends the body upward toward the surface again. As I have said, the first trials at diving should be mere drops into the water off the edge of the float from a sitting position.

After the beginner has learned to do this he should lean from the waist over (as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 6), and likewise fall forward. When he has mastered this method he may stand upright, as shown by the figure drawn in heavy lines in Fig. 6, and as also shown in the photographic illustration No. 1.

The accompanying series of pictures illustrating the dive in detail are made from instantaneous photographs of Professor Gus Sundstrom. They show, in No. 1, the upright pose of the body just before taking the plunge. The diver stands upright on a spring-board or on the edge of a float, with the arms held stiff to the sides, the chest well filled with air so as to give buoyancy to the body, and the eyes resting on about that spot in the water where he expects to plunge below the surface.

The diver then raises his arms before him, the palms downward, not held closely together like an arrow-point—a position assumed by many divers who do not know the correct way. He then allows his body to fall forward, bending his knees and giving a slight spring with his legs. As the body rises in the air the arms are gradually lifted, until, when the body is about to enter the water, it lies practically in a straight line from toes to fingers. Fig. 6 shows very clearly what happens as soon as a man plunges into the water and turns his palms upward. The body describes a sort of arc under water, and the head comes to the surface about six feet from the point where it entered.

The whole science of diving depends upon the spring taken before leaping into the water—that is, the diver should be careful to give enough spring to throw his body sufficiently forward to give the legs time to follow a curve, otherwise the body will fall flat on the water, and this might result in serious injury to the performer.

The high dive is different from the low dive only in that a run is taken, instead of plunging into the water from a standstill. Of course in this case the spring is greater, the body goes higher into the air, describing a greater arc, and dives deeper under the water, unless some effort is made to prevent. This effort is very simple, and consists of bending the hands back as aforesaid, in throwing the chest back, and in bending the legs back.

If the intention of the diver is to sink to the bottom of the stream or pool, to pick up something, for instance, he should not perform any of these motions, but allow his[Pg 1054] body to go unrestrained. To rise again from the bottom, keep the hands well below the shoulders, and work the feet as when treading water. The body will thus come to the surface very quickly.

As was said last week, the fastest way to swim on the breast is to use the over-hand stroke. It is the most common stroke in racing, both for long distances and short distances. But in order to acquire speed in swimming, one must practise considerably and maintain a certain kind of more or less strict training. The swimmer needs plenty of sleep. He should go to bed not later than 10.30 every night, and should rise early. He should then take a very light breakfast—a glass of milk and a piece of toast, for instance—and take a walk of a mile or so.

When he comes home he should exercise with light dumbbells and rub down with a coarse towel. Then he should take a more solid breakfast, consisting of coffee, eggs, and steak. An hour or so afterwards he should go for another walk, this time of from five to ten miles, and every now and then during this promenade he should sprint from 50 to 100 yards. This sprinting limbers the legs, which is necessary for the swimmer.

FIG. 6.—THE DETAIL OF DIVING.

Punching the bag is another good exercise, and of course a certain amount of swimming should be done, though it is not necessary by any means to swim every day. Mr. Arthur T. Kenney, the champion amateur swimmer of America, swims only three times a week, and manages, in that way, to keep himself in first-rate condition. He believes in keeping the muscles pliant and in preventing them from becoming hard. Therefore it is well for the swimmer not to indulge in much rowing, for that is the exercise which hardens the muscles of the arms.

It goes without saying that when training for a race the swimming should be done in a stream or lake, and not in a tank in-doors, for the open air is much better to exercise in than the close air of the tank or gymnasium. Young swimmers should practise short swims in order to develop a speedy stroke, and not attempt long distances until they have acquired the leg action necessary for racing. Short swims of 50 or 100 yards are the best distances.

Furthermore, it should be remembered that fast and hard work should not be attempted before the body has been gotten into perfect condition, otherwise the swimmer becomes overwearied, and is unable to perform the work which he otherwise could.

It is only natural to suppose that any one who expects to enter a swimming race has been swimming enough during the summer to be in fair condition. Therefore if he follows the course of training briefly described above for about a week—which is Mr. Kenney's method, and has made him the champion of American amateurs—he will then be in condition to work systematically in the water.

As in every other kind of athletic sport, a swimmer must give the greatest attention to form. Do not allow yourself to be carried away by the desire to acquire speed, but try so to master the action of the arms and legs that presently they will work almost automatically, and perform to the best advantage for the expenditure of energy. It is well to swim half the distance of the race about three times a week, but no more, and after this has been done for about two weeks it will be noticed that the action of the body has become much easier, and that speed has increased. Then a certain amount of time should be devoted to the practice of starting.

A start in a swimming race is very much like the action of a standing broad jump; it is a spring from a mark. The proper attitude to assume at the starting-line is to have the legs bent, the arms held back, the body leaning forward just as far as equilibrium will allow. As soon as the pistol is fired, or the word to start is given, swing the arms forward, and spring with all the strength of your legs as far out into the water as possible. Pay no attention to the other competitors, and do not look forward into the course, but give all your thoughts to making a long leap. This start should be a low dive (what swimmers call a "skip-jack"), and the head should be brought to the surface as quickly as possible by taking a stroke under water.

An important thing to remember is to have the arms in position to take a strong, steady stroke as soon as the head comes above the surface. It will require a great deal of practice to master all these details of the start, and therefore it is advisable to practise these things on the intermediate days of swimming. For instance, swim half your distance one day, practise starting the next, and then swim half your distance the next day, and so on.

After coming out of the water the swimmer should be well rubbed down with a coarse towel, and he should, if possible, have somebody to knead his muscles, for this sort of massage helps greatly to limber the tissues.

The football season will open in the colleges in a very few weeks, and the schools will follow their elders shortly afterwards. The question of summer training for football-players has been more or less mooted for the past few years. I believe that the best opinion among athletes is that for young players it is not advisable to try to get into training much before September. The summer is intended for recreation and not for work, and sport is a pastime, not a business.

Those college-men who set to work in August, gathering at the training-table a month before the term opens, are making a business of football. They are devoting their energies to the sport for the sake of winning, and not for the pleasure they get from playing. And this sort of thing is bad for athletics, and bad for that particular branch of athletics which becomes the victim of summer training. Nevertheless, there are cases where a little preliminary thought and work may be of service—I mean especially with captains of teams, or with half-backs and quarter-backs, who have the ambition to make their school or college teams, but who feel that they have not had enough experience as yet to feel sure that their work in the fall will assure them of the place.

It is a very different thing if an individual, or two individuals, at their homes in the country, choose to kick a football over an improvised goal-post, or choose, two or three times a week, to go out on the grass and fall on the ball, or to go out in the road and run a few miles to improve their wind. It is a different thing from getting eleven men together for concerted work. In fact, it is well for the amateur sportsmen who recognize their own weaknesses to try to remedy them at home in the early fall. This is not making a business of sport—it is rather developing a healthy interest and ambition.

Captains of teams, as I have said before, can spend several weeks prior to the opening of the school term in reading and learning the rules of the game, and in planning out plays and tricks which they think can be effective[Pg 1055] against their opponents. The captain of a school team has usually played one year or more on his school's eleven, and is consequently more or less familiar with the style of play of the other schools in his league; and by giving thought to the work as he has seen it performed by each one of his rivals, he may very well be able to develop some sort of counter-strategy which shall prove most effective later in the season.

Recognizing the fact that the school captains all over the country will probably wish to be giving some consideration to the new season from now on, this Department will shortly begin a series of four papers on the science of football, and on this game as it is to be played this year, illustrating the text with photographs and diagrams. But before we begin with the theory of the game, it will probably be well to touch lightly upon training and practice.

Let us assume that the majority of school teams will be getting together toward the end of September. At that season of the year, especially after a long summer vacation, in which, if there has been any exercise taken at all, it has been exercise of an entirely different kind from football, most of the players will be soft, and their muscles will need hardening. During the first few days practice should not exceed more than twenty-five minutes at a stretch. It should consist of dropping on the ball, and of snapping the ball back from the centre to the quarter, and of passes from the half-backs to the full-back and to one another. A little running, for wind, is also advisable.

The running should not be of the long-distance kind to begin with, but sprinting, and very short sprints at that. A good way is to line the whole team up across the field, and to have them sprint to the 25-yard line. This might be done twice a day—once at the beginning of the practice, and once at the end. As the days go by, the second sprint can be lengthened, until the men are required to run as far as the 50-yard line, and a week or so later they should be made to run the entire length of the field.

Where it is possible, the players should return home from the field on which they have been practising at a swinging trot, and upon reaching their various rooms they should bathe and rub down so as to avoid stiffness resulting from the new exercise. It ought not to be necessary for me to say that football-players, and especially young football-players, should make a point of getting to bed early—before ten o'clock, if possible—and of rising regularly in the morning.

After this preliminary work has been going on for a week or two, more serious practice can be undertaken. The candidates should be divided into squads, the centres and quarter-backs, the half-backs and the line-men working together. Practice may now be kept up for three-quarters of an hour each afternoon, the backs, of course, devoting themselves to punting and catching, whereas the line-men work at breaking through, and at tackling, and at falling on the ball. Not more than half of the time devoted to practice should be spent in playing the game itself; but in that time, when the two teams, the first and the scrub, are opposed to one another in regular football array, they should play as hard and as carefully as if they were indulging in a contest with some strong rival.

On alternate days the scrub team should keep the ball in its possession constantly, in order that the first team may get practice in defensive play. On the other days the first team should hold the ball, in order to develop the strategy of offensive work. It is also well, as the season grows older, to have the regular half-backs play on the scrub team, in order that the rush-line players of the first team may have the advantage of playing against the best backs their schools can turn out.

---

H. P. Boardman, Burlington, Vt.—You can get the information you ask for in Zimmerman's book on bicycling. Any dealer in sporting goods can secure the book for you.

"TRACK ATHLETICS IN DETAIL."—Illustrated.—8vo, Cloth, Ornamental, $1.25.

The Graduate.

Any questions in regard to photograph matters will be willingly answered by the Editor of this column, and we should be glad to hear from any of our club who can make helpful suggestions.

COLORING PHOTOGRAPHS.

A very simple and easy way to color photographs, and one by which a person with little or no knowledge of painting can produce quite pleasing effects, is called the "Hallotype," from the name of the inventor, Mr. J. B. Hall.

The process consists in printing two paper positives from the same negative, rendering one transparent by the use of dammar varnish, and painting the other, and placing the transparent print over the painted one, and fastening them securely between two plates of glass.

To render the print transparent, after it has been toned and dried, lay it face down on a sheet of glass, and varnish with dammar varnish. This varnish can be bought ready prepared, or may be made of one ounce of dammar-gum dissolved in two ounces of spirits of turpentine. If one coat does not make the print transparent enough, apply a second when the first is dry. Be careful that the print, when drying, does not stick to the glass.

Another way to make the print transparent is to apply the print to glass, and remove the paper, leaving the film on the glass. To do this take a spoiled negative or piece of clear glass, clean it thoroughly, and polish it with French chalk to remove all trace of grease. Varnish the glass with varnish made of one ounce of balsam of fir and two ounces of spirits of turpentine. As soon as the varnish begins to set, take the print, which must be thoroughly wet, blot off the moisture from the face with clean blotting-paper, and place the print face down on the glass. Roll down smoothly with a squeegee, taking care that no air-blisters remain between the print and the glass. The paper can now be removed by rubbing it gently with the fingers, moistening it with a wet sponge as it dries. When the paper is removed, varnish the film and set it away to dry.

The other print is now to be colored. For this one may use either oil or water-colors. If water-colors are used, they should be mixed with Chinese white to give them body. The paints are applied roughly, the only care being necessary is to follow the outlines of the objects, and to use appropriate colors. The result will be a daub without any special form.

When the colors are dry place the print under the transparent picture, matching the outlines of the two pictures perfectly. If the print has been rendered transparent by varnishing, it is best to attach it to a glass by pasting it at the corners before fitting the colored print over it. Back the two prints with a piece of thin white card-board, and place another glass back of the paste-board. Bind the glasses with a strip of adhesive paper, such as is used for binding lantern slides, and then frame or finish in any way desired.

If the film has been transferred to glass, a pretty way to finish the picture after the painted print has been fitted to it, and the glasses bound together, is to take gilt paper and cut an opening of a size to correspond with the picture, and place it over the face of the picture like a mat. Put another piece of plain paper over this and fasten to the picture. The picture may either be framed or bound with ribbon.

This is a good way to use up spoiled plates, and after a little practice one can make very good colored pictures.

FALSE ECONOMY

is practised by people who buy inferior articles of food. The Gail Borden Eagle Brand Condensed Milk is the best infant food. Infant Health is the title of a valuable pamphlet for mothers. Sent free by New York Condensed Milk Co., New York—[Adv.]

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A cream-of-tartar baking powder. Highest of all in leavening strength.—Latest United States Government Food Report.

Royal Baking Powder Co., New York.

[Pg 1056]

This Department is conducted in the interest of Bicyclers, and the Editor will be pleased to answer any question on the subject. Our maps and tours contain many valuable data kindly supplied from the official maps and road-books of the League of American Wheelmen. Recognizing the value of the work being done by the L.A.W., the Editor will be pleased to furnish subscribers with membership blanks and information so far as possible.

Copyright, 1896, by Harper & Brothers.

Last week we followed the route from Chicago to Waukesha as far as Lippencott's, on Fox Lake, advising the rider to make the distance from Chicago to Lippencott's in one day, running as far as Wheeling in the morning, stopping there for dinner, and continuing to Lippencott's in the afternoon. It is possible to make the rest of the journey to Waukesha on the second day, and by referring to the map in the last issue of the Round Table the reader can follow the route from Fox Lake to Salem—the rest of the distance to Waukesha being shown on the map given this week.

The distance from Lippencott's is about fifty miles. Leaving Lippencott's, ride to the south about three-fourths of a mile, then turn sharp to the left instead of continuing back towards Wheeling. Hold this road for about two miles as it turns northward, and then run straight along on or near the shore of Fox Lake out to Antioch, the only turn being about half a mile before entering the town of Antioch itself, which is evidently enough to the right, as the town is in sight.

From Antioch, after crossing the track, proceed northward along the main road direct to Salem, a little over five miles from Antioch; thence run on out of Salem in the same direction about a mile; take the left turn at a junction of five roads, and ride out toward Fox River by Silver Lake, which will be on the left. Cross the river a good five miles from the fork beyond Salem. After crossing the river keep to the right, and follow the river itself all the way into Burlington, along an easily found road. At Burlington recross the river again, and follow a somewhat winding road to Rochester. Burlington is about eight miles from the bridge over Fox River, and Rochester is five miles from Burlington. Keeping on through Rochester, continue two miles to Waterford, and there turn northwestward and run a good eight miles to Mukwonago. The road is not especially good here, and there are some opportunities for losing the way, unless the map is followed carefully. It will pay to make inquiries occasionally. On leaving Mukwonago run on about five miles to the north, and at a fork, which is evident on the map and will be easily found on the road, turn to the right, and run to Saylesville. Thence proceed direct to Waukesha, seven miles away.

Burlington is the place to stop for lunch; that gives a ride of about twenty-five miles or more after lunch and twenty-six or twenty-seven miles before, thus dividing the journey in halves, and making a pleasant two days' run from Chicago to Waukesha. That is, leaving Chicago, stop for the noon rest the first day at Wheeling, and spend the night at Lippencott's; on the second day stop at Burlington for the noon rest, and reach Waukesha in the late afternoon.

From this point the rides about Waukesha, which have already been described in the recent numbers of the Round Table, can be taken, and a good fortnight's bicycling trip can be spent to great advantage in this one district alone. All the country along the route is made attractive by the conspicuous absence of bad hills and by the constant appearance of water, either in the form of ponds or lakes or rivers.

During the next weeks we shall give some especially interesting trips in Illinois, in the vicinity of Chicago, such as trips about Ottowa and trips to St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, Michigan. All of these are carefully chosen trips, adapted to the average bicycle-rider—not the long-distance century-runner—and it will well repay any wheelman to study these maps in and around Chicago.

[Pg 1057]

This Department is conducted in the interest of stamp and coin collectors, and the Editor will be pleased to answer any question on these subjects so far as possible. Correspondents should address Editor Stamp Department.

The American Philatelic Association has just held its annual meeting at Lake Minnetonka, Minn. The membership is 1046, and the treasurer reports a surplus on hand of about $1300. The annual dues have been raised to $1.08, being exactly nine cents per month. The following were elected officers for the ensuing year: Messrs. Olney, president; Vanderlip, Toppan, and Kilborn, vice-presidents; Chandler, treasurer; Beard, Phillips, and Doeblin, secretaries; Mekeel, superintendent of sales.

Plate Nos. and U.S. Revenues continue to increase in value, and now a long-neglected department of philately is exciting widespread interest, viz., U.S. entire envelopes. I have always advocated collecting entire envelopes, showing the different dies and colors of papers, leaving to specialists the different varieties in shapes, sizes, water-marks, gums, etc. The only objection has been the necessity of having separate albums for the envelopes. One of the curious facts connected with auction sales is that frequently a perfectly clean entire envelope could be bought cheaper than a cut square envelope of the same die, and on the same paper. A few collectors have availed themselves of these opportunities to their own profit.

The issue of the Columbian series of U.S. stamps seems to have led large numbers of persons who know nothing of stamps, except that some rare ones bring big prices, to buy quantities of all the Columbians and lay them aside as a speculation. These hoards are now coming into the market, and every week quantities are purchased by the dealers at a discount on the face value. This is especially true of the denominations 50c., $2, $3, $4, $5. Very few of the $1 stamps are offered, thus their price is fairly well maintained. But the others are bought at a discount of ten or fifteen per cent., thereby breaking the speculative prices. Still, every lot that comes into the market reduces the quantity held in reserve, and prices may advance materially at any time.

A. Carey.—M. stands for German marks, worth 25c. each; F. for French francs, worth 20c. each; £ for English pound sterling, worth $4.88; also for Italian liras, worth 20c. each.

A. B. Hervey.—It is impossible to say which of the Plate Nos. are rarest. One dealer may have a large quantity of certain Nos., and lack those of which another dealer has a superfluity, and vice versa. A priced catalogue of Plate Nos. can be bought of any dealer for 25c. The prices are a fair indication of present values, which, however, are fluctuating. The following list of Nos. wanted has been advertised by one of the largest dealers. They must be in strips of three, with full Imprint and Plate Nos. attached, either tops, bottoms, or sides.

UNWATER-MARKED.

Nos. 2, 6, 7, 10, 15, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 25, 31, 34, 49, 50, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85, 88, 89 (will pay $25 for this), 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 100, 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 111, 123, 125, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 146, 151.

WATER-MARKED.

Nos. 24, 29, 33, 35, 60, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 84, 90, 93, 100, 102, 105, 109, 110, 116, 123, 126, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 159, 258, 259, 260, 261, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289. Nos. 24, 29, 33, and 35 on water-marked paper are worth $5 each and upward.

There must be thousands of these sheets in the smaller post-offices.

R. B. B.—The U.S. coins mentioned are all current, and turn up constantly in the ordinary course of trade. The foreign coins are no longer current, and are worth bullion only. The red Centennial is listed at 50c., the green at 25c. I would advise you to buy a 25c. catalogue, as it will give you full information on values.

D. H. Wilson.—Foreign copper money has no value in this country.

J. M. S. Carter.—To see water-marks, dip the stamp in water, and try it in various positions and in various lights. The letters on English stamps are control Nos. (see Round Table for October 8, 1895). Rare stamps are more valuable on letters. Common stamps are common in any way.

A. Sachs.—Certainly. Buy a catalogue. If you intend to collect stamps systematically, you must have a catalogue.

E. T. Syms.—Spanish stamps cancelled by heavy lines straight across, and those having holes punched in them, are both remainders. They are genuine stamps which could have been used for postage before they were "barred" or "punched."

A. Chambers.—O.S. on British Colonial stamps means "Official Service." The New South Wales stamps with different initials were used in the different public offices. For instance, those with the surcharge L.C. stand for Land Commissioner, etc. Some of these stamps are very scarce, and all are worth more than the same stamps without the initials.

H. D. Jackson.—There were so many varieties of Revenue stamps that it would be impossible to answer your question accurately. In general the imperforated stamps ate worth much more than the perforated. The average perforated Revenues can be bought at from 1c to 25c. each in all values up to $10.

M. Shrene.—A complete set of Columbian stamps, from 1c. to $5, is worth $25, either used or unused.

Lura E. Cosley.—All the U.S. stamps are now water-marked. A portion of a letter is to be found on every one. The letters are U.S.P.S. (see Round Table, August 6, 1895).

S. Isabel Carter.—They are not coins, but are "war tokens," which are extremely interesting, but at present have no monetary value. They were collected from 1862 to 1864, but the dies were in the hands of the manufacturers, who immediately struck a quantity whenever there was a premium. This discouraged the collectors. Some day they will doubtless be much sought after, and will then become valuable.

Honesdale.—V nickels without the word "cents" can be bought of dealers for 10c. each. Your dime and copper are still current and quite common. The "Exigency" is a "war token." Letters on U.S. coins show the mint at which they were coined. The Philadelphia mint, however, does not show any special letter.

Philatus.

OLD TREES.

On the slope of the Sierra Nevada, five thousand feet above the sea-level, there are a number of trees varying from 250 to 320 feet in height and from 10 to 20 feet in diameter. The bark of these trees is from 12 to 15 inches in thickness. In 1853 one of them was cut down and 21 feet of the bark from the lower part of the trunk was used to make a room, and when completed it was large enough to contain a piano and seat forty persons.

On one occasion it held 150 children. The tree from which this bark was taken was reputed to have been three thousand years old. There are many old trees in the world standing to-day, of which we name the following:

The camphor-tree of Sorrogi, in Japan, is hollow, and will hold fifteen persons. Superstition relates that it grew from the staff of the philosopher Kobodarsi, and Siebold thinks the tree may have existed since the time of that sage at the close of the eighth century. The cypress of Soma, in Lombardy, is perhaps the oldest tree of which there is any record in the world. It is generally supposed to have been planted in the year of the birth of Christ, but the Abbé of Beliz states that there is extant at Milan a chronicle which proves that it was in existence in the time of Julius Cæsar, b.c. 42. It is 121 feet high. The olive-tree at Pessio is probably the most ancient in Italy, and is stated to be 700 years old. The dragon tree of Orotava, in the island of Teneriffe, is considered to be one thousand years old. It is stated to have been as large and as hollow in the fourteenth century as it was when found by Humboldt, late in the last century. There is an extraordinary tree in the neighborhood of Finale which bears something like 8000 oranges in one year.

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Postage Stamps, &c.

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to agents selling stamps from my 50% approval sheets. Send at once for circular and price-list giving full information.

C. W. Grevning, Morristown, N. J.

100 all dif. Venezuela, Bolivia, etc., only 10c., 200 all dif. Hayti, Hawaii, etc., only 50c. Ag'ts w't'd at 50% com. List FREE! C. A. Stegmann, 5941 Cote Brilliante Ave., St. Louis, Mo

STAMPS

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[Pg 1058]

The New Way of Extracting Gold.

In these days, when so much is heard about gold and silver, I thought the Table might like to know something about gold-mining at Cripple Creek. Well, everything here is new—the buildings, the shops, the whole town; but more remarkable than that fact is the one that the method of getting gold out of the earth is new too.

It is estimated that not fewer than 2500 men are at this moment walking over the rocks of Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and California looking for gold. Nobody prospects for silver nowadays. It is all gold. The reason for this is that gold is so valuable, and silver so cheap. But there is another reason, and that is that gold is found everywhere, and a new way has just been discovered for getting it out of the rock or sand in paying quantities. Hence gold-fields that once were not worth working are now rich in promise. Gold is one of the most plentiful of metals, but we have just found out how to get it.

Near Cripple Creek is the largest reduction-mill in the world. Into it are poured vast quantities of what look like cobble-stones, and out of it come fortunes every month. The way this is accomplished is by putting into the mill, with the cobble-stones—which cobble-stones have the gold in them—cyanide of potassium. This stuff looks just like common alum, but it is not alum by a good deal, for it is deadly poison. It is made from the hoofs, horns, and refuse of cattle. It has a wonderful way of taking hold of the particles of gold after the rock has been ground to a powder, and of letting the gold go again when it is wanted to do so. The effect is that rock that under the old processes was not worth handling is, under the new cyanide process, a "gold-mine" in reality.

This method of gold extraction was invented by two Scotchmen, and came here from Australia. Now there are a score of cyanide-mills in Colorado, and it is predicted that the next twenty years will see gold far more plentiful than the world ever dreamed possible for it to be.

Walter C. Newport, R.T.K.
Cripple Creek, Col.

Another Word from Distant South Africa.

I live in Africa. I am thirteen years old. My sister wrote you, and a great many American children have answered her letter. One little girl named Xena gave a description of herself which was so like me that when Bertha read the letter they all looked at me and laughed. So Bertha thought I'd be the best one to answer her. I wrote, but after five months of anxious waiting, my letter was returned to me. If Xena sees this I hope she will write again, and send her proper address in print writing.

Can you tell us what has become of the "Author of the clever contrivance"? He was among the first who wrote to Bertha. We are most interested in him, because he was an invalid. Bertha answered him, but he has not written again. Father gave us leave to subscribe to the Round Table, but there are so many troubles lately that we have been obliged to put it off—war, drought, and locusts. Besides eating the grass, beans, potatoes, and pumpkins, they have eaten the leaves off the fruit trees. The latter all look as if winter had come—all except the orange-trees. Father kept them off these trees with flags on long bamboos.

Florence Maria.
Koonah, via Grahamstown, South Africa, February.

Playing at Newspaper-Making.

When amateur papers attain the excellence of those made by professional journalists it is time for the latter fellows to bestir themselves. Ye Round-Table Jester comes to us from Brooklyn—the Avalonia Chapter, No. 792, No. 369 Lewis Avenue. The publishing committee consists of Sir Knights William Hathaway, Beverly Sedgwick, Frederic Cook, and Russell Molyneux. It is mimeograph print, type-writer text, in two colors, and profusely illustrated by "Bev"—Mr. Beverly S. King, who has won several Round Table illustration prizes. The prospectus says the artistic abilities of the Chapter "had to find vent somewhere." Genius always "gets there," you remember.

The front-page illustration shows two Knights, one of 1396, the other of 1896. One is in armor on a horse, the other in knickerbockers on a bicycle. Here are some Jester jokes:

BUT IT WOULDN'T WORK.

Mommer. "Johnny, what's Willy crying about? And why have you got that baby sitting out there in the sun?"

Johnny. "Why, Popper told me that if I left his tools out in the sun it would take all the temper out, so I thought I'd see if I couldn't get a little temper out of the baby."

ONE KIND OF A SCORCHER.

Tommy. "Say, Pop, I saw Bridget scorching this morning."

Pop. "What's that? Bridget on a wheel? I'll give her notice at once!"

Tommy. "Oh, that's all right, Pop. She was only scorching your shirt when she ironed it."

Kinks.

No. 23.—An Anagrammatical Acrostic.

If the cross-words—of equal length—are rightly guessed, one of the vertical columns will spell the name of an English scientist and astronomer of world-wide fame. The name is also concealed in the anagram.

A TOCSIN ANEW.

Cross-words.—1, To fawn. 2, A pendent ornament. 3, To spring, 4, A part of a flower. 5, A public alarm-bell. 6, To cogitate. 7, To hold fast. 8, An Indian dance. 9, To reel. 10, A boaster. 11, A showy but worthless ornament.

No. 24.—Rhymed Word-Square.

No. 25.—Cross-word Enigma.

Vincent V. M. Beede, R.T.F.

No. 26.—A Riddle.

I am sometimes a quadruped; still, like a fish, I have scales running all over me. Some say I am foolish and put on airs, but I guess my argument is pretty sound. As an instance, though I own my own home, I live in board. Furthermore, I have the reputation of being square and upright; perhaps too much so, for I am often played upon. My name contradicts itself, and when I am largest I am called a "baby." I am a thing of note, and though extremely bulky, am always peddled. What am I?

Simon Theodore Stern.

No. 27.—A Day Out.

The name of the author of the work mentioned completes the sense.

A Beggar's Opera, Night Thoughts, Ivanhoe set out one day for a Fancy and Imagination. He was thoughtful enough, Alma to starting, to Uncle Tom's Cabin away a lunch of Essays of Elia and Novum Organum and some Scottish Chiefs bought from a The Country Girl. Being a Handy Andy of fishing, he carried also a The Christian Hero, The Soldier's Return tied to a The Cloister and the Hearth. He wore a Rab and his Friends The Faerie Queene and a Elegy in a Country Church-yard Song of a Shirt.

As he was a Hiawatha, he made Tale of a Tub progress, till he stumbled over some Queen Mab The Hunchback, and so got an Pleasures of the Imagination. "Land of Labor and of Gold Cotter's Saturday Night!" he exclaimed, in a Tristram Shandy, Sir Thomas Overbury voice. "It is enough to anger a Rape of the Lock or a The Circassian Bride. But what are The Excursion in curing a Age of Reason?" he asked, with a Deutsche Mythologie smile.

He made a fire to The Free his fish, and while they were The Ring and the Book he went to a Christabel to dig for ore, with the intention of showing it to a Vicar of Wakefield to see if Velasquez and his Works The Phrenologist could be made of it. He dug until the sound of a The Adventures of a London Doll and a Hohenlinden recalled him Douglas.

Answers to Kinks.

No. 19.

1, Union-Jack. 2, Jack-o'-lantern. 3, Jack-oak (American black-oak). 4, Jack Sprat. 5, Apple-jack. 6, Jellow Jack.

No. 20.

1, Iowa (I-owe-a). 2, Agate (a gate). 3, Cat's eye. 4, Jade.

No. 21.

1, Garnet (gar-net). 2, Quartz (quarts). 3, Opal (O pal!). 4, Hyacinth. 5, Jasper. 6, Jet.

No. 22.

Minerva, Eros, Atlas, Hecate, Achilles, Venus, Mars, Chiron, Pan, Janus, Io, Hebe, Ge, Midas, Ganymede, Ceres, Hera, Castor, Vesta, Hymen, Leto, Hermes, Orion.

Questions and Answers.

Frank T. Jones is wrong in his controversy with his friend. There are many higher spires in Europe than St. Paul's, London, which is 404 feet. The cathedral at Cologne, Germany, is 507 feet. "Ramie" is a Javanese word, adopted in the United States as the name of a kind of grass growing in China, Borneo, and Java. It is of the Urticaceæ, or nettle, order of plant, and its fibre can be made into a cloth resembling silk. It is grown to some extent in our Southern States, and its culture is likely to increase.

D. A. Bowman, 4412 Delmar Avenue, St. Louis, Mo., says, "I would like to hear from amateur papers wanting stamp departments, also would like to receive copies of papers devoted to Round Table Chapters." Edward C. Wood asks if any one can tell him on what nights in August and November meteor showers come. A shower was expected on the night after the total eclipse of the sun during the second week in August, but so far as the Table has heard, no shower came. There is no particular date in August, November, or any other month when showers can be predicted with certainty.

Mary M. Hardy, aged fourteen, who may be addressed, College Campus, Easton, Pa., wants to hear from Marion M. Clute, whose morsel about that unreliable Florida lake interested her greatly. She asks Miss Marion to write her, and promises to respond at once. Leo Heileman, Box 823, Phœnix, Ariz., has Aztec relics, and is interested in mound-builders' relics and similar curios. He wants correspondents. A. Haven Smith, Orangeville, Pa., has seeds of Pennsylvania wild flowers, labelled with both common and scientific names, and is interested in Indian, Aztec, mound-builders, and all similar relics. Floyd Pennoyer, Schaghticoke, N. Y., asks Latin students to give him a literal translation of the following:

"Sunt hic etiam sua præmia laudi,
Sunt lacrimæ verum."

Mail answers to him direct.

[Pg 1059]

Why Boers Fight Well.

Having many chances at success proves often a disadvantage. General W. F. Molyneux, a fighter in the Transvaal, tells in Campaigning in South Africa and Egypt about going to the house of a Boer, upon the latter's invitation to become his guest on a deer-hunt. The General arrived on horseback, accompanied by one servant. Dismounting, he carried into the house a bag containing what would measure a peck or so of common cartridges. The Boer looked at the bag in astonishment, and exclaimed:

"You Englishmen must be very rich. Cartridges cost sixpence each here."

Rather mystified, and declaring that there are poor Englishmen, General Molyneux asked, "Where are your cartridges?"

"In this," replied the Boer, tapping his double-barrel.

"Then you don't intend to do much shooting?"

"Well, two spring-buck are as much as I can carry."

"Suppose you miss?"

"Nobody misses when a cartridge costs sixpence."

The sequel was that the Boer got his two deer, one for each cartridge, while the General fired five shots and got one.

Anachronisms In Art.

Tintoretto's painting representing the children of Israel gathering manna in the desert shows the Hebrews armed with guns; while Brenghall, a Dutch artist, in a picture of the Wise Men of the East, placed in the hand of an Indian prince, as an offering to the Holy Child, the model of a seventy-four.

John Cobbe.

A Day at an Arapahoe School.

Perhaps the Round Table would like to hear of a visit I made to an Arapahoe Indian school here. My sister and I started with our host from his home, in El Reno, about nine o'clock. We rode until two that afternoon. There was a river to ford, and some steep hills to climb. In about fifteen minutes after our arrival the exercises began. It was the time of breaking up for the summer. A chorus of Indian children sang a queer little song, of which I could not understand a word. Then followed recitations, addresses by the directors of the school, and songs by the children. All the Indian girls wore purple calico dresses, with white cotton stockings and heavy shoes, and the boys wore dark jackets and trousers, with white shirts, and the same kind of foot-wear. They speak and recite in a very singsong, monotonous manner.

After the exercises were over, the guests were asked to go through the school. The school-rooms were large and airy, and there were some good specimens of sewing, clay-modelling, etc. Some of the Indian children have curious names. Hilda Two Babies, Myra Long Neck, and Charlie Good Bear were some I heard. After a while we went out into the grounds. All around on the grass chairs were set, and these were occupied by "braves." One brave was standing in the centre of a large circle, talking and gesticulating most energetically. On the grass the squaws had ensconced themselves. Not one of them would sit on a chair. They thought it was too civilized.

The children had scattered, and were sitting with their parents, or hanging round the white people, watching. In about an hour men came around and distributed boiled rice, potatoes, and meat. Each family was provided with a tin dish or old coffee-pot, and each held the receptacle out for a share of the repast. The Indian babies, I think, are very cunning little brown things. The braves of the Arapahoe tribe have long tassels of leather, and sometimes fox-tails, fastened to the ends of their moccasins, at the back. They scarcely lift their heels in walking, and so they have a shuffling gait.

Ruth S. Brooke, R.T.L.
The Bishop's House, Guthrie, Oklahoma.

"Though lost to sight, to memory dear" is the motto for ordinary soaps.

Ivory Soap is always in sight and is not wasting at the bottom of the tub.

The Procter & Gamble Co., Cin'ti.

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W. G. BAKER,

Springfield Mass.

VERY GOOD READING

FOR YOUNG PEOPLE

By HOWARD PYLE

THE WONDER CLOCK. Large 8vo, Cloth, $3.00.

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THE "BOY TRAVELLERS" SERIES: Adventures of Two Youths—In the Levant. In Southern Europe. In Central Europe. In Northern Europe. In Great Britain and Ireland. In Mexico. In Australasia. On the Congo. In the Russian Empire. In South America. In Central Africa. In Egypt and Palestine. In Ceylon and India. In Siam and Java. In Japan and China. Copiously Illustrated. Square 8vo, Cloth. Ornamental, $3.00 per vol.

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[Pg 1060]

JOHNNIE. "Pa, is that the camel they put the last straw on?"

BEAUTIFUL.

"It must be lovely up here in winter," said Pollie to the farmer's wife.

"Why do you think that?" asked the good old lady.

"Oh, because—you have so many cows, I should think you'd have all the ice-cream you want."

A FATIGUING DAY.

"I'm very tired to-night," said Howard.

"What have you been doing?"

"Oh, I've been helping mow the hay," said Howard. "Why, I sat on Mr. Hayseed's lap and drove the horses that pulled the mower for two hours."

A LITTLE GIRL'S TRIBUTE.

"Mollie," said Mr. Hicks to his little daughter, as he sat down in the farm-house, "whom do you love best in all the world?"

"Mrs. Farmer," said Mollie. "Because, you know, at home, papa, I love mamma very much and cook very much, and here Mrs. Farmer is sort of both."

A WINDY-DAY THOUGHT.

"The wind's a fast reader,"
Said Tommy; "just look
How the breeze turns over
The leaves of my book!"

BOBBIE MAKES A SUGGESTION.

"I say, Poppy, why do they call mucilage mucilage?"

"What would you have them call it?"

"Gluecilage."

A CHANGE OF VIEW.

"Want to go home, Charlie? Why, my dear little boy, I thought you told me yesterday that you thought the farm was the only place to live?"

"W-well, I dud-did," sobbed Charlie. "But to-to-day I—"

"Well, go on, little man. What did you do?"

"To-to-to-day I sus-sat dud-d-d-down on a pup-pitchfork!"

A GREAT GAME.

"Why, Jacky, open the door and let Katie in. Don't you see it's raining?" cried Jacky's mother.

"I can't, mamma," said Jacky. "We are playing Noah's Ark. I'm Noah, and Katie is the sinners, and she must stay out in the wet."

A NATURAL REQUEST.

Jimmie had been told that his father went to town every day to make bread for the family. One day he was allowed to go to his father's office for him.

"Now, Poppie," he said, as soon, as they arrived, "bring out the dough."

JUST LIKE ME.

"You ought to come up and see our new baby," said Mattie. "He's perfectly beautiful."

"What does he look like?" asked Harry.

"Just like me," said Mattie.

One of our American line steamers landed its passengers in New York the other day after dusk. Among them was a son of Ireland, who, after hearty greetings from his friends, started to walk up one of the thoroughfares to see the great city of New York. His friends lost no opportunity to point out the wonders of the metropolitan city, and in a short time they had the poor fellow simply dazed with admiration and wonder, and willing to believe anything they told him. Suddenly he caught sight of a street arc light on its pole, and pulling up short, he grasped the arms of his friends nearest him, and exclaimed, "Faith, it's wonders and wonders, shure; if my eyes don't decave me yez have the moon stuck on a stick beyant there."

PERCY AT CAPE COD.

"This bluefish yawning on the beach,
And jumping round head first,
Is either very sleepy, or
He's dying of his thirst."

THE RECEIPT.

"My Papa makes lots of money," said Wallie.

"What out of?" asked Johnnie.

"Soap," said Wallie.

"Pooh!" said Johnnie. "You can't make money out o' soap. Money's made o' gold and paper and silver."

THE LUMPS.

Helen had the mumps, of which she seemed very proud, but she didn't quite get the name right.

"I can't come over and play with you," she called out of the window to Jimmieboy, "because I've got the lumps."

And it seemed all right, because she really had lumps on her cheeks.