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     THE TALE
     OF
     THE SPINNING-WHEEL




  [Illustration: AN OLD DOORWAY]




     THE TALE
     OF THE
     SPINNING-WHEEL

     BY
     ELIZABETH CYNTHIA BARNEY BUEL
     _Regent “Mary Floyd Tallmadge Chapter,” Daughters
     of the American Revolution_

     ILLUSTRATED BY
     EMILY NOYES VANDERPOEL
     AUTHOR OF “COLOR PROBLEMS” AND “CHRONICLES
     OF A PIONEER SCHOOL”

     LITCHFIELD, CONNECTICUT
     MCMIII




     COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY
     ELIZABETH CYNTHIA BARNEY BUEL

     UNIVERSITY PRESS · JOHN WILSON
     AND SON · CAMBRIDGE, U. S. A.




     DEDICATED
     IN GRATEFUL AFFECTION
     TO
     THE MARY FLOYD TALLMADGE CHAPTER
     DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN
     REVOLUTION

     WHOSE READY SYMPATHY AND ENTHUSIASM
     HAVE NEVER FAILED IN WORK FOR
     “HOME AND COUNTRY”




INTRODUCTORY NOTE


The Tale of the Spinning-Wheel is revised and enlarged from a paper
read before the Litchfield Historical Society, Litchfield, Connecticut;
New England Society in the City of New York, Waldorf-Astoria, New
York City; Mary Floyd Tallmadge Chapter, D. A. R., Litchfield; Judea
Chapter, D. A. R., Washington, Connecticut; Massachusetts Society of
the Colonial Dames of America, Boston; Katherine Gaylord Chapter, D.
A. R., Bristol, Connecticut; Connecticut Society of the Colonial Dames
of America, New Haven, and also in Hartford; Denver Chapter, D. A.
R., Denver, Colorado; Warren and Prescott Chapter, D. A. R., Boston,
Massachusetts; Orford Parish Chapter, D. A. R., South Manchester,
Connecticut; National Arts Club, New York; Esther Stanley Chapter, D.
A. R., New Britain, Connecticut; Annual Spring Conference, Connecticut
D. A. R., at Middletown; Dorothy Ripley Chapter, D. A. R., Southport,
Connecticut; Wiltwyck Chapter, D. A. R., Kingston, New York; Litchfield
Club, Litchfield, Connecticut, etc., etc.




     THE TALE OF
     THE SPINNING-WHEEL




“_Queens of Homespun, out of whom we draw our royal lineage._”—HORACE
BUSHNELL.




THE TALE OF THE SPINNING-WHEEL


The spinning-wheel—symbol of the dignity of woman’s labor.—What wealth
of memory gathers around the homely implement, homely indeed in the
good old sense of the word—because belonging to the home. Home-made and
home-spun are honorable epithets, replete with significance, for in
them we find the epitome of the lives and labors of our foremothers.
The plough and the axe are not more symbolic of the winning of this
country from the wilderness, nor the musket of the winning of its
freedom, than is the spinning-wheel in woman’s hands the symbol of
both. So symbolic is it also of woman’s toil, of woman’s distinctive
and universal occupation, nay, of woman herself, that the “distaff side
of the house” has always been expressive of the woman’s family, and
“spinster” is still the legal title of unmarried women in the common
law of England. Most ancient of all household implements, it has been
used in one form or another by queen, princess, and serving-maid, by
farmer’s wife and noble’s daughter, until it stands to-day a silent
witness to the fundamental democracy of mankind.

     “When Adam delved and Eve span,
     Where was then the gentleman?”

  [Illustration: NETS]

The mutual dependence of spinning and agriculture, of woman’s work
and man’s, is also strikingly illustrated by a carving on an old
sarcophagus in the Church of St. John Lateran in Rome, depicting the
Eternal Father giving to Adam an instrument of tillage, and to Eve a
distaff and spindle. Thus, coeval with man’s first appearance on this
earth, no written page of history, no musty parchment or sculptured
stone, is so old that we cannot find upon it some traces of the spindle
and distaff with their tale of joys and sorrows spun into the thread by
the fingers of patient women whose hearts beat as our own to-day, in
tune with the common throb of humanity. Though we may strain our eyes
into the darkness of prehistoric ages, when primeval woman used the
tree-trunk of the forest for a distaff, we will still find there some
evidence of the use of flax and hemp for threads and ropes. Even in
the lake-dwellings of Switzerland, belonging to the Stone Age, we see
their use in various ways—in the fishing lines and nets, in the cords
for carrying heavy vessels, and in the ropes necessary to the erection
of these very lake-dwellings themselves. “Rough or unworked flax,” says
Keller, “is found in the lake-dwellings made into bundles, or what are
technically called heads, and ... it was perfectly clean and ready for
use.”

  [Illustration: WOMAN SPINNING. 14TH-CENTURY]

  [Illustration: DESIGN ON MUMMY CLOTH]

  [Illustration: WOMAN SPINNING. 15TH-CENTURY]

Stepping across the threshold of history, we learn that sixty-five
centuries ago there lived in Egypt a king of the recently discovered
first dynasty, who, as his name, Merneit-Ata, signifies, put his trust
in the goddess Neith, the all-sustaining mother of the universe; and in
his tomb to-day has been found a large upright slab, five feet high,
whereon are carved the emblems of this goddess—two arrows crossed on
an upright distaff. Here, in the dim morning of history, we find the
distaff already honored as the sacred symbol of this feminine divinity,
in whose eternal motherhood the Egyptians vaguely recognized that
mysterious Power from which all things proceed. This was no prehistoric
age of barbarism, for in the University Museum in London are now
to be seen the relics of this long lost first dynasty, unearthed at
Abydos within the last four years by Dr. Flinders Petrie—relics of a
civilization already far advanced. We stand face to face with their
weapons of war and of the chase, their household implements, their
exquisitely carved ivories and gold jewelry and coin, their very
clothing of fine linen, the work of the spinsters of those days, and
the brain reels with the thought that even before them there were
generations upon generations of human beings living in organized
societies and practising the arts and engaged in the occupations of a
high order of civilized life. The whole course of the first dynasty
is now laid bare to us, and we find that its beginning in 4700 B.C.
is modern history compared with the periods of development that must
have gone before, for there is proof positive that even before this
dynasty, ten other kings reigned in Egypt, and other hands grew flax
on the banks of the Nile and spun and wove it into Egypt’s far-famed
linen. In ancient Egypt linen occupied a most important place; it
was worn by all classes, alive or dead, and it was the only material
that the priestly orders were allowed to wear. We have all seen the
beautiful mummy linen found wrapped around the mummies even of the
most remote antiquity; and we know that only the best that Egypt could
produce would be wound around the sacred bodies of their dead. This
mummy-linen was not spun on a wheel, but on a hand-distaff, called
sometimes a rock, such as the women of India use to this day in
spinning the fine thread of India muslin, and such as was also used by
the children of our American colonists while tending sheep and cattle
in the field. The spinning-wheel as we know it is of much later date.
It does not appear until the fifteenth century,—although the date of
the first wool-wheel is placed by one authority in the fourteenth
century,—before which time all spinning of wool, flax, and cotton
was done on the primitive distaff tucked under the left arm in the
way so familiar to us in pictures of peasant girls and Greek maidens
spinning as they walk. Woman’s first distaff was the trunk of a tree;
her spindle a rude stick, on which she wound and twisted the yarn as
her fingers laboriously pulled and shaped it from the flax wrapped
around the trunk. From this distaff of nature it was but a step to the
manufactured distaff of history. This distaff was a staff about three
feet long; the lower end was held between the left arm and the side;
the upper end was wrapped with the material to be spun. The thread was
passed through, and guided by, the fingers of the left hand, and was
drawn and twisted by those of the right, and wound on the suspended
spindle, made so as to be revolved like a top, which completed the
twist by its own impetus and weight. The illustration shows a distaff
of the fifteenth century supported by a rude stand, leaving the left
arm free to hold the spindle. In this slow and simple fashion the
clothing of all the world was spun before the fifteenth century, and
still is spun to-day in many lands. The spinning-wheel simply took
the distaff as it was, and attached a wheel and treadle to revolve the
spindle; and the vast machines of modern industry merely elaborate and
multiply into many spindles this simple device of previous ages. The
principle remains absolutely the same, so much so that we may say that
from tree-trunk to modern factory the methods of preparing and spinning
flax have changed the least of all the industries, the sculptures of
ancient Egypt depicting processes which are easily recognizable as
those practised to-day not only in Egypt, but also by the modern Finn,
Lapp, Norwegian, and Belgian flax-grower. The paintings in the grotto
of El Kab show the pulling, stocking, tying, and rippling of flax just
as it is done in Egypt now; and our own colonists of a hundred years
ago followed precisely the same methods as the Egyptian, who preceded
him in the world’s history by sixty-five hundred years. Pliny’s
description of Egyptian flax-culture and preparation reads like an
account of the labors of our own foremothers; and the walls of ancient
tombs are covered with pictures of the old familiar process. Egyptian
flax went to all parts of the world and occupied a foremost place as
an article of commerce, for linen was the staple fabric for clothing
of all the ancient peoples. Pieces of linen are still found clinging
to skeletons in the tombs of the Chaldeans, and it was the national
dress of the Babylonians and Persians. All who are familiar with the
Bible know the importance accorded to flax and the flax-spinner among
the Hebrews. Joseph did not need to go to Pharaoh to be clothed “in
vestures of fine linen,” if the women of his time were as deft at
spinning as those women of a later day who brought their offerings to
the furnishing of the tabernacle in the wilderness. “All the women that
were wise-hearted did spin with their hands, and brought that which
they had spun, both of blue and of purple and of scarlet and of fine
linen. And all the women whose heart stirred them up in wisdom spun
goat’s hair;” “wise-hearted,” because in them “the Lord put wisdom and
understanding to know how to work all manner of work for the service of
the sanctuary”—guided in their handiwork by the spirit of God, which
fills not only poet and prophet, but artist and artisan as well. What
a hum there must have been in the Israelitish camp as the women set
hands to the spindle and took up the distaff, and the sound of many
feet went through the tents, as they walked back and forth, pulling out
the long threads that were to hang in beautiful fabrics of embroidered
woollen and linen cloth around about the tabernacle! “Thou shalt make
the tabernacle with ten curtains of fine twined linen.... The length
of one curtain shall be eight and twenty cubits, and the breadth of one
curtain four cubits; And thou shalt make curtains of goats’ hair to be
a covering upon the tabernacle: eleven curtains shalt thou make. The
length of one curtain shall be thirty cubits, and the breadth of one
curtain four cubits.” A hanging for the door was also made of “fine
twined linen.” A cubit was about one and eight tenths of a foot: the
amount of laborious spinning represented by those curtains will be
better understood when we see later on the slowness of the process;
and yet so much was sent in that Moses was obliged to give commandment,
saying, “Let neither man nor woman make any more work for the offering
of the sanctuary.” Thus the Hebrew sanctuary of God, the sacred place
of the ark, was built up, in this fifteenth century before Christ, on
the foundations of woman’s labor.

  [Illustration: ARACHNE]

Let us turn for a moment to Greece. Once more we find woman’s handiwork
holding an honorable place, for the patron goddess of spinning,
weaving, and needle-work is none other than Pallas Athene, the warrior
goddess of wisdom, founder and protector of Athens, and herself a
spinner acknowledging no rival among gods or men. Who does not know
how the full fury of her godhead was let loose upon the luckless
Arachne, that mortal woman who dared challenge her to a competition
in spinning and weaving? Overhearing Arachne’s boast that not even
Pallas Athene herself could surpass the beauty of her handiwork, and
that she would try her skill with the goddess, or suffer the penalty
of defeat, the wrathful divinity assumed the form of an old woman, and
tried to induce the reckless girl to desist. Arachne persisted in her
defiance, even when the goddess revealed herself in all her majesty.
They then proceeded to the competition. Ovid tells us how they wrought,
each surpassing the other in the wonderful living pictures woven into
the web, until at last the insulted goddess shattered the mortal’s
loom to atoms, and revealed to Arachne the full extent of her impiety.
Unable to endure the thought of her guilt and shame, she hanged herself
forthwith. The goddess pitied her as she hung, and touching her said:
“Live: and that you may preserve the memory of this lesson, continue
to hang, both you and your descendants, to all future times.” To this
day the spider, Nature’s busy spinner, bears witness to her fate, and
to the outraged dignity of the goddess who thus honored the spinster’s
art by competing therein with a mortal. Surely the much abused epithet
of “spinster” is entitled to respect, more especially as this divine
spinster honored also the unmarried state in choosing ever to “pursue
her maiden meditations fancy free.”

Thus does Theocritus apostrophize the distaff:—

     “O distaff, practised in wool-spinning, gift of the
          blue-eyed Minerva,
     Labor at thee is fitting to wives who seek the
          good of their husbands!
     Trustfully come thou with me to the far famous
          city of Neleus,

            *       *       *       *       *

     So that, O distaff of ivory cunningly fashioned, I
          give thee
     Into the hands of the wife of Nicias, the skilled
          and the learned!
     So shalt thou weave mantles for men and transparent
          tissues for women.

            *       *       *       *       *

     And at the sight, O my distaff, shall one woman
          say to another:
     Surely great grace lies in trifles, and gifts from
          friends are most precious!”

This recalls Alcandra’s gift of a golden distaff to Helen of Troy; and
an interesting companion picture to these ancient Greeks is our own
Benjamin Franklin, who thus presents a spinning-wheel to his sister in
a letter dated Jan. 6, 1736:—

     “DEAR SISTER,—I am highly pleased with the account Captain
     Freeman gives me of you. I always judged from your behavior
     when a child, that you would make a good, agreeable woman,
     and you know you were ever my peculiar favorite. I have been
     thinking what would be a suitable present for me to make,
     and for you to receive, as I hear you are grown a celebrated
     beauty. I had almost determined on a tea-table; but when I
     consider that the character of a good house-wife was far
     preferable to that of only being a pretty gentlewoman,
     I concluded to send you a _spinning-wheel_, which I hope
     you will accept as a small token of my sincere love and
     affection. Sister, farewell, and remember that modesty, as
     it makes the most homely virgin amiable and charming, so
     the want of it infallibly renders the most perfect beauty
     disagreeable and odious. But when that brightest of female
     virtues shines among other perfections of body and mind,
     in the same person, it makes the woman more lovely than an
     angel. Excuse this freedom and use the same with me. I am,
     dear Jenny,

               “Your loving brother,

               “B. FRANKLIN.”

Compare Franklin’s sentiments emphasized still further in Poor
Richard’s Almanac:—

     “Old England’s Laws the proudest Beauty name
     When single Spinster, and when married Dame,
     For Housewifery is Woman’s noblest Fame.
       The wisest household Cares to Women yield
       A large, an useful and a grateful Field.”

Fancy the horror which would congeal the soul of Poor Richard to-day
at the sight of woman stepping boldly outside that “large Field” of the
kitchen and spinning-room! In the eyes of both Greek and American, the
woman plying spindle and distaff was more nobly and graciously employed
than the spoiled beauty gossiping over the teacups, for, says Richard,—

     “Many estates are spoiled in the getting,
     Since women for tea forsook spinning and knitting.”

Nor should we forget the august Fates themselves, who spin the thread
of human destiny, weaving it into the web of universal life, and
cutting here and there a thread as each mortal fulfils his allotted
hour,—

     “And sing to those who hold the vital shears,
     And turn the adamantine spindle round,
     On which the fate of gods and men is wound.”

Here we see the spindle as the emblem of human destiny, and always
in the hands of women. Witness the three Norns, likewise, of our own
northern ancestors, who sit around the tree Igdrasil and spin out the
world’s life on their whirring spindle.

If we ask more we need only turn to Homer, the inimitable reflector of
the customs of his day. In his verse the spinner lives again, as she
spins the fine white linen and gorgeous colored wool. Beautiful are
the pictures she weaves into the cloth, stories of gods and demi-gods
and heroes. Odysseus, entering the feasting hall of the Phæacians, is
transfixed with wonder at its splendor; its seats, throughout all their
length, were spread with the marvellous work of the Phæacian maidens,
showing radiant in the torchlight, for the Phæacian women far exceeded
all others in this household art. Did not the Phæacian queen recognize
on Odysseus the very garments she herself and her maidens had made?
And all the while loyal-hearted Penelope sat at home and wove her
web to keep off suitors, not to catch them, though Shakespeare rather
sneeringly remarks that “all the yarn she spun in Ulysses’ absence did
but fill Ithaca full of moths.” Evidently spinning and the making of
the household garments were not beneath the dignity of royal fingers
in those old Greek days. Queenly indeed were these occupations, and
right royal these distaffs of ivory and gold, the gifts of kings and
poets, the symbols of woman’s dominion. Was not the wool basket even
of Helen of Troy lipped with gold? And in the excavations on the site
of Troy to-day are found innumerable spindle-whorls of terra-cotta;
and in the later excavations Dr. Schliemann found, twenty-eight feet
below the surface in the Royal Mansion, a distaff eleven inches long
to which a quantity of blackened woollen thread was still adhering.
In those days of war and pillage the garments a man wore were the best
tokens of his identity; the handiwork of the matron and her daughters
was an individual seal set, as it were, upon the lives of their male
relatives; home-made and home-spun were their garments, not turned
out by the dozen, ready-made from a factory. Penelope sees through the
wiles of the false Odysseus when he describes the garments she had made
for the real one. This custom of the matron weaving the household cloth
has thus given the Greek poets a favorite means of recognition of lost
relatives which is certainly more poetic than the worn-out device of
the “strawberry-mark” on the “long-lost brother.” Even the water nymphs
practise weaving; Circe also, and Calypso; mortals and immortals; yea,
the mighty Hercules himself threw down his club and spun for love of
Omphale: thus do Greek mythology and literature reflect the importance
of spindle and distaff in the home-life of the Greeks, who, as we
have learned, recognized the value and the dignity of woman’s labor in
believing it to be under the particular tutelage and protection of the
dread daughter of Zeus.

The Romans copied the Greeks in this as in many other things. They
borrowed the spinster-goddess outright and called her Minerva to hide
the plagiarism. Our friend Poor Richard says:

     “When great Augustus ruled the World and Rome,
     The Cloth he wore was spun and wove at Home,
     His EMPRESS ply’d the Distaff and the Loom.”

Richard is borne out by another authority, who states that “Cæsar
Augustus wore clothes made by his wife or daughter.” The hapless
Lucretia, wife of Collatinus, Tarquin’s nephew, and Consul of Rome in
509 B.C., “was found spinning when her husband visited her from the
camp.” Gracious pictures these, of haughty Roman matrons, wives of
consuls and emperors, spinning and weaving their husbands’ togas. It is
not often that we get such cosy and homelike thoughts of Rome, whose
very name recalls naught but flashing legions and the clash of swords
on brass.

And the women of the north, where the family was the unit of society
and the village was a cluster of homesteads knit together by the
ties of kindred—was the spinning-wheel heard in this land of our
own ancestors? In the poetic diction of the Norsemen, with its
expressive double substantives, we find that the maiden is called the
“linen-folded,” that is, she who is clothed or draped in linen. In the
saga called “Gunnlaug the Worm-tongue,” it is written:

     “Dead in mine arms she droopeth,
     My dear one, gold-ring’s bearer;
     For God hath changed the life-days
     Of this lady of the linen.”

She who was folded in linen was the maker of that linen; and the
beautiful flowing draperies of Norse and Saxon women and the tunics
of the men are as true witnesses to their homely occupations as the
drapery of the Greeks. Was it not the doom of the warrior maiden
Brynhild, the disobedient Valkyr, to become a woman and sit by the fire
and spin? For the rough nature of the North revolted from feminine
occupations, and this warrior daughter of Wotan saw in spinning only
deep humiliation and disgrace. Thus the ancient northern literature
is also full of pictures of the women spinning their household linen,
spinning their wedding linen, spinning the linen of husbands and sons.
Noble ladies in the halls of earl and thane, wives in the lowlier homes
of simple freemen, and in the cots of peasant and thrall—they all spun
and wove for the needs of the home. What music-lover can ever forget
Wagner’s picture of the northern maids of later days assembled in a
spinning-bee to spin the wedding linen for one of their number? The
merry hum of the wheels so exquisitely copied by orchestra and chorus,
interrupted now and then by Senta’s plaintive song of the supernatural
lover who has drawn her thoughts away from her betrothed,—surely this
spinning-chorus from the “Flying Dutchman” will live as long as music
lives, and will remain a representative instance of this beautiful
northern custom.

Again, in the rush-strewn hall of mediæval knight or baron hung with
tapestry, the work of his lady and her dependants, depicting his deeds
and those of his ancestors, we read the same tale of the spinning-wheel
and distaff with its allied arts of weaving and embroidery.

Nay, did she not write history, too, this noble spinster, with her
spindle and loom,

     “Who, as she plied the distaff,
     In a sweet voice and low,
     Still sang of noble houses,
     And fights fought long ago”?

  [Illustration: TROOPS FOR THE INVASION OF ENGLAND, FROM THE BAYEUX
     TAPESTRY.]

As Helen embroidered the combats of Greeks and Trojans, so now, two
thousand years later, Queen Matilda and her maidens are seen spinning
and weaving the Norman Conquest of England into the Bayeux Tapestry.
Surely the muse Clio might wield spindle as well as stylus as a symbol
of her patronage of history. It was no shame to those high-born women
to ply the distaff and figure in the songs of chivalry as the makers of
all manner of household fabrics.

     “My love to fight the Saxon goes,
     And bravely shines his sword of steel;
     A heron’s feather decks his brows,
     And a spur on either heel;
     His steed is blacker than a sloe,
     And fleeter than the falling star;
     Amid the surging ranks he’ll go
     And shout for joy of war.

     “Twinkle, twinkle, pretty spindle,
       Let the white wool drift and dwindle;
     Oh! we weave a damask doublet
       For my love’s coat of steel.
     Hark! the timid turning treadle
       Crooning soft old-fashioned ditties,
     To the low, slow murmur of the
       Brown, round wheel.”

So sang an Irish maid of long ago, and to-day we still look to Ireland
for some of the finest spinning and weaving in existence.

It would be trite to refer to Margaret, dreaming of Faust over her
spinning, were she not eminently typical. What maiden of the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries did not sit in the garden idly spinning her
allotted tasks while her thoughts were far away? It is a picture based
on fact, as all great literary pictures are.

  [Illustration: NICY MELINDA’S WOOL WHEEL]

But our own immediate foremothers beckon us, and we must linger
no longer in ancient times and foreign lands. What have the
spinning-wheels here to tell us, as they lie gathering the dust of a
century in some old musty garret—though an irate New England house-wife
might declare that not even the dust of a week ever gathered in her
garret—or are brought down to the “best parlor,” where they stand
in honorable retirement tied up with ribbon? We know that at least
every other one of them must have “come over” in the Mayflower, else
how could so many yarns have been spun regarding the capacity of our
ancestral ship? Here is a wool-wheel[1] (see illustration), not so
old as many others, perhaps, but all the more interesting for that,
inasmuch as it proves how recently the real old homespun held its place
amongst us. This wheel is a little out of the common. It was made
by one William Hopkins, a resident of Litchfield, for his daughter,
Nicy Melinda, about 1825. William Hopkins was a direct descendant of
Joseph Harris, one of Litchfield’s pioneers, who fell a victim to the
tomahawk on Harris Plains in 1723. He had married Mary Hopkins of West
Hartford, and lived just below the Symington Cottage. His daughter
Abigail married a cousin Asa Hopkins, and their son Harris married
Margaret Peck, sister of Paul Peck, “the mighty hunter,” and became
the father of William Hopkins of the spinning-wheel. William was a
clever mechanic, and made this wheel to suit Nicy’s particular fancy.
It has two heads instead of one,—a new and an old fashioned one,—and
the edge of the wheel is narrow and has a little groove in it instead
of being broad and flat. Nicy Melinda married John A. Woodruff, and
lived on a farm this side of the Town-house first; then they sold
out there and came into Litchfield, where they took up a residence
on West Street. She died in 1888. She was Woodruff’s second wife, and
her step-daughter, Mrs. Abbie M. Woodruff Newcomb, has loaned to the
Litchfield Historical Society a collection of linen spun and woven
by her. It consists of sheets, pillow-slips, as they were called,
and table-cloths; and there is also a red broadcloth cloak entirely
home-made. Her reel is also still in existence, and has been presented
to this Society. The illustration shows the marking on the linen worked
by her in black sewing-silk, the fine threads being counted at every
stitch. Think of the labor represented by every inch of this linen,
whose sheen is hardly surpassed by the finest silk or satin, made on
a lonely Connecticut farm by a busy woman, for whom it was only one
of innumerable other tasks. Perhaps we had best pause here to outline
this process of linen manufacture, that we may the better understand
what the work of women like Nicy Melinda meant to our country in her
time, but more particularly in the earlier times of the colonies and
the Revolution. In speaking of the patriotic devotion of the men in
our war for independence, of their bravery in battle, their dignity and
wisdom in the council-hall, their patient endurance of every hardship
and privation, we must not forget that their ability to meet these
demands and to be what they were, was due to the independence of their
homes of every outside help in supplying the necessaries of life, and
this independence was due solely to the patient industry, the unceasing
and voluminous manual labor of our grandmothers from their earliest
childhood to their death. Every home farm supplied its own food and
drink, medicine, fuel, lighting, clothing, and shelter. The very term
“linen” as employed by our ancestors, meant the home-made article,
“holland” always signifying that which was imported. Almost every
article, in short, of household use and consumption was home-made, and
home-made by the women. Women’s hands made all the supplies of soap and
candles; they distilled all the medicines from the herbs of the field;
they stocked the larder with pies and pickles, jams and jellies and
preserves; they brewed the mead and metheglin, and all other household
drinks; they churned the butter and made the cheese; they ran bullets,
as we very well know in Litchfield, where the leaden statue of George
III., torn down from the Bowling Green, New York, and hurried thither,
was melted by Litchfield’s patriot women in the back orchard of Oliver
Wolcott; and lastly, they spun into thread and yarn the flax and wool
that was raised on the farm, and then knitted every pair of stockings
and mittens, wove every inch of linen and woolen cloth, and cut and
made every stitch of clothing worn by a family which generally numbered
ten or a dozen Johns and Hezekiahs and Josiahs and Hepzibahs and
Mehitable Anns. No wonder a man could go to the war for his country’s
independence, when he left Independence herself at home in the person
of his wife.

  [Illustration: NICY M HOPKINS NO. 10]

No properly brought up maiden of those days would think herself
prepared to marry until she had collected in her “linen-chest” all
the necessaries of housekeeping spun, and often woven, by herself,
besides all things necessary to complete her trousseau. Ten pairs of
linen sheets at least she must have, and she must “knit a pillow-slip
full of stockings” before she could even think of the happy event.
Thus the time of a young girl was largely used in spinning her own
wedding outfit,—whether rich or poor, it made no difference. The
wealthiest spun with the poorest, and you will find the spinning-wheel
of both kinds in the musty old inventories of estates of every value,
and in the “setting-out” of every bride, whether she left a farmer’s
lonely homestead, or the proud colonial mansion of the well-to-do; the
millionaire was an unknown species then.

  [Illustration: FLAX]

  [Illustration: HETCHEL]

Let us now see how much work there was in this spinning, which was only
one of those numberless other things our grandmothers had to do.

Flax was sown in May, and when the plants were three or four inches
high, they were weeded by the women and children, walking barefoot on
account of the tender stalks. At the end of June, or in July, it was
pulled up very carefully by the roots by men and boys and laid out to
dry, being turned several times in the sun: this operation was called
“pulling and spreading.” Then came the “rippling,” a process by which
the stalks of flax were drawn with a quick stroke through an iron wire
comb with coarse teeth: this broke off the seed-bolls, which were
caught in a sheet and saved for the next year’s crop. The flax was
still in the field, where it was now tied in bundles, called “beats”
or “bates,” and stacked in a tent-shaped stack called a “stook.” When
the stacks were dry they were again treated with water to rot the
leaves. This was called “retting;” the bates of flax were piled in
running water in a solid heap, and left for about five days, when they
were taken up and the rotting leaves removed. When cleaned and dried
the flax was once more tied in bundles. It was then broken by men on
the great flax-brake in order to separate the fibres and get out from
the centre the hard, woody “hexe” or “bun.” This clumsy instrument
need not be described here, further than to say that a heavy beam set
with slats, hinged to an under beam also set with slats corresponding
to the intervals of the upper one, was weighted and allowed to fall
on the flax laid in between. The flax was usually broken twice, then
“scutched” or “swingled” with a swingling block and knife to remove
any remaining bits of bark. The clean fibres were then made into
bundles called “strikes,” which were swingled again, the refuse from
the process being used for coarse bagging. The “strikes” were sometimes
“beetled,” or pounded in a wooden trough over and over until soft. The
flax was now ready for the process of hackling or hetcheling, which
required great dexterity on the part of the hetcheler. The flax fibres
were carefully drawn towards the hetcheler through the teeth of the
hetchel (see illustrations, pages 33 and 34, taken from originals in
the Litchfield Historical Society), thus pulling out the fibres into
long continuous threads and combing out the shorter threads. This
implement has given its name to that process of “heckling” so familiar,
for instance, to hen-pecked husbands when lectured by irate wives. Our
inelegant but expressive modern slang would say she “combed him down.”
These are the “combs” she would use, figuratively at least, if not
actually.

  [Illustration: WALL HETCHEL]

  [Illustration: WOMAN WITH HETCHEL. 15TH-CENTURY]

After the first hackle, six other finer ones were frequently applied,
and the amount of good fibre left after all this hackling, even from a
huge mass of raw material, was very small; but a very large quantity
of linen thread could be spun from this small amount. The fibres
were then sorted according to fineness by a process called “spreading
and drawing.” Now at last the flax was ready for the wheel, and was
wrapped around the distaff; the spinner seated herself at this familiar
implement and spun out a long, even thread from the mass of fibre
on the distaff. This thread she wound on bobbins as she spun it, and
when the bobbins were full, she wound it off on a reel into knots and
skeins. This was the clock-reel, which ticked when a certain number of
strands had been wound in a “knot”; then the spinner would pause and
tie the knot, and if at that moment some ardent admirer were watching
this pretty and graceful occupation, it is not at all likely that the
busy spinster could escape a more tangible proof of his admiration,
for it is written that “He kissed Mistress Polly when the clock-reel
ticked.”

Doubtless John Alden improved his opportunities when he was told to
speak for himself; at least, let us hope that Priscilla did not have to
hint about everything.

It was a good day’s work to spin two skeins of twenty knots each,
every knot having usually forty threads. For this work a woman earned
eight cents a day and her keep. In the valley of Wyoming, where so many
Connecticut families emigrated to meet their terrible doom later on at
the hands of the Indians, a woman was paid six shillings a week for her
labor at spinning.

Before the threads could be woven they had still to pass through a long
and laborious process of bleaching by soaking them in many waters, then
with hot water and ashes over and over again, then in clear water again
for a week, then a final seething, rinsing, beating, washing, drying,
and winding on bobbins, when they were at last ready for the loom.

  [Illustration: CLOCK REEL]

Such was the far from simple process of flax-culture and spinning on
the farm: when we remember that wool culture and spinning was scarcely
less laborious, and that the home weaving of both kinds of thread has
not yet been taken into the account, we shall begin to realize what
it meant to the women of ’76 when they voluntarily took oath to wear
naught but homespun, they and their sons and their daughters.

But there was much social enjoyment in it too, and much interest
excited by the offering of prizes to efficient and rapid spinsters. It
was not unusual for a woman in those days to tuck her baby under one
arm, tie her wheel behind her, and trot off on horseback to spend the
day in spinning with a neighbor. Many a well-to-do matron “had a touch
so skilful that she could spin two threads, one in each hand, while
she kept the treadle of her flax-wheel moving with her foot, held the
baby asleep across her knees, and talked with her visitors.” Or, when
weather permitted, “the wide hospitable door would be thrown open,
and the thrifty house-wife in afternoon dress of mull or ‘taffety’
and a fine cambric apron, would step back and forth before the great
wool-wheel set in the spaceway spinning fine yarn while neighbors
dropped in.”

Speaking of two-handed wheels, I find the following quaint
advertisement in the Hartford “Courant” for January 5, 1801:—

     “ALL kinds of SPINNING WHEELS and REELS made and repaired
     by JOEL BALDWIN of Bristol living on the road from Cambridge
     Meeting-House to Farmington.

     “_N. B._ Two handed wheels are highly recommended to young
     Women, as they can spin one third faster on them.

     “BRISTOL, Dec. 15.”

And then the spinning-bees and spinning classes—the sewing circles of
those days. Both Connecticut and Massachusetts as early as 1640 took
legal steps to encourage the culture and spinning of flax, and every
family was ordered to spin a certain amount of flax a year on penalty
of a fine, and often prizes were offered for quantity and quality. On
Boston Common the spinsters would sometimes meet with their wheels,
and sit them down to spin—rich and poor alike, to the number, once, of
three hundred. Think you the haughty spinsters of Boston would do the
like to-day? On one occasion they were preached to by the minister in a
long and profitable sermon, and a collection of £453 was taken up. This
most edifying event took place in 1754.

Sermons and spinning evidently went hand in hand, for I find in the
Litchfield “Monitor” for May 16, 1798, the following item of news:—

               “SOUTH FARMS, May 7.

     “On Wednesday, the 2d instant visited at the house of
     the Rev. _Amos Chase_, about 60 of his female friends
     parishioners:—Who made the very acceptable presentation
     of seventy run of Yarn to his family. In the course of the
     decent and cordial socialties of the afternoon, the ladies
     were entertained by their Pastor with a sermon adapted to the
     occasion,—from these words, Gen. xxxi. 43, ‘_What can I do,
     this day, unto these my daughters?_’”

From an address by the Rev. Grant Powers on the occasion of the
centennial anniversary of the town of Goshen, Connecticut, in 1838, I
quote the following account of a great spinning-match among the ladies
about 1772:—

     “There arose a _spinning-match_, among the young married
     ladies, at the house of Nehemiah Lewis.... The trial was
     at the foot-wheel in spinning linen. The conditions were
     previously defined and agreed to, viz.: They might spin
     during the whole twenty-four hours if they chose. They were
     to have their distaffs prepared for them, and their yarn
     reeled by others. Upon the first trial at Lews’ house many
     did well. The wife of Stephen Tuttle spun five runs, which
     were equal to two and a half days’ labour when on hire.
     Several others spun four runs each; but Mrs. Tuttle came
     off victor. But this aroused the ambition of some of the
     unmarried ladies, and Lydia Beach, the daughter of Dea.
     Edmund Beach, of East-street, was the first to come forward
     and take up the gauntlet. She spun from early dawn to nine
     o’clock in the evening. She had her distaffs prepared, her
     yarn reeled, and her food put into her mouth. She spun in
     this time seven runs, three and a half days’ labour, and took
     the wreath from the brow of Mrs. Tuttle.”

Mr. Powers adds in a foot-note,

     “Some of our Matrons say that ten runs were a week’s labour;
     if so Miss Lydia performed the labour of four days and
     one-fifth of a day in one day.”

     “Upon hearing of the exploit of Miss Beach [he continues in
     his address] the wife of Capt. Isaac Pratt, of the South
     part of the town, came upon the arena. Between early dawn
     and the setting of the sun, she had actually spun six runs,
     but at this moment her husband interfered, and peremptorily
     forbade her proceeding further. She sat down, and wept like
     a child, when she ought to have rejoiced, that she possessed
     a husband, in whose eyes her future health and happiness were
     more precious, than the brief applause which might arise from
     success in that contest.”

He goes on to say that Lydia Beach became the wife of Jesse Buel,
son of Capt. Jonathan Buel, “while her garland was yet fresh upon her
brow; but the doating husband was destined to see it wither down to the
grave, for Lydia never enjoyed health from the hour of her triumph.”

From this it is evident that the spinning-wheel as well as the
sewing-machine has had its victims. It was well for these toiling women
of the pioneer towns if they had husbands thoughtful enough to stop
in time the self-sacrifice of daily labor at the wheel, as well as in
this spinning-match for glory only. Of such pious women Chaucer could
scarcely have said:—

     “Deceite, weepynge, spynnynge, God hath give
     To wymmen kyndely that they may live.”

For not only did these women live, but also their families and their
country because of their spinning.

The Stamp Act year was drawing on, and the storm of indignation was
beginning to rumble in the distance, soon to burst like a tornado on
England’s commerce with her colonies. From Massachusetts to South
Carolina the colonies were alive with patriotic societies of women
called “Daughters of Liberty,” who banded themselves together with the
agreement to drink no tea, and wear only what their own hands could
spin and weave. Among the Daughters of Stratford, Connecticut, were two
children of a Tory father, of the elder of whom it is written, “that
having lost her thimble she would not buy another, as it would be an
imported article; and Polly, the little sister, scorning an English
needle, learned to sew with a thorn.” Think of that, all ye modern
women to whom sewing is enough of a “thorn” in itself without using
another to sew with.

Everywhere these Daughters met together to spin, once to the number
of seventy in one place. In Rowley, Massachusetts, “thirty-three
respectable ladies,” as the story runs, “met at sunrise with their
wheels to spend the day at the house of the Reverend Jedediah Jewell,
in the laudable design of a spinning-match.” Of course the Rev.
Jedediah preached to them; but they were also given bodily sustenance
in the form of a “polite and generous repast.” All honor to these
Daughters of the olden time whose spinning-wheels did surely spin out
their country’s glorious destiny! “Queens of Homespun,” Horace Bushnell
called such women, “out of whom we draw our royal lineage.” And
to-day, another patriotic society of forty thousand modern Daughters,
their descendants, have surely honored themselves in choosing for
their insignia this very spinning-wheel and distaff, this symbol of
their grandmother’s toil and self-sacrifice and patriotism; for in
that little emblem are embodied all the blood and tears, the sorrow,
the rejoicing, and the patient, steadfast labor of the women of the
American Revolution. The Rev. Mr. Powers in his centennial address,
after eulogizing the men, thus speaks of these patriot women of our
land:—

     “Nor do we speak of these _men_ only, but their _mothers_,
     their _wives_ and their _daughters_ were like them.... They
     sustained their full share in all the trials and dangers of
     the Ocean, of the wilderness, and of war! Their courage in
     times of peril, and their fortitude in trials never forsook
     them! They gave up their husbands and their sons for the
     cause of God and their country, and their example was all
     powerful. And this was true, not only of _Pilgrim_ women,
     but of women in the Revolution. This town possessed them. I
     will give one instance of this that it may be a memorial of
     her. Abraham Parmele was a warm patriot in the Revolution
     ... but in this it is said, he was thrown into the shade by
     the patriotism of his wife Mary Stanley that was. She was
     fixed in the righteousness of the cause of the colonies, and
     when war broke out, she said they would prevail! She said she
     could pray for the cause of America; and not in the darkest
     period of the conflict, when many faces were pale, and many
     hands were on their loins, did this woman’s confidence
     fail her in the least,—and her actions corresponded with
     her words. Four different times did she fit out her own
     son Theodore for the battlefield, and gave him her parting
     blessing; and with her own hands did she make five soldiers’
     blankets, not to sell, but sent them a present to the poor
     soldiers, who, after the battles of the day, had neither bed
     nor covering for the night. Could soldiers thus sustained
     ever relinquish the cause of their country? Never!”

In Townsend, Massachusetts, it is said that “a devoted mother and her
daughters did in a day and a night shear a black and a white sheep,
card from the fleece a gray wool, spin, weave, cut, and make a suit of
clothes for the boy whom they were sending off to fight for liberty.”
W. J. Stillman in his Autobiography tells of a similar instance
occurring in the pastor’s family in Newport, Rhode Island, in whose
home his mother grew up. Coming from such homes as these, no wonder
that the boys of ’76 won that fight.

But New England was not alone in her encouragement of flax and wool
culture. Virginia, where wild flax grew in profusion, was even earlier
than Massachusetts in arousing an interest in flax-spinning. In
1646, two spinning-schools were established in Jamestown, and prizes
were offered for the best work, until the whole colony was engaged
in this home industry. Every great and little plantation had its
spinning-house, where the female slaves were kept busily spinning,
the mistress herself joining in the work. We are of course reminded of
the spinning-house at Mount Vernon, where “Lady” Washington marshalled
her dusky spinners. It is said that she ravelled and dyed her old silk
gowns and silk scraps, and had them woven into chair-covers. Sometimes
she did the reverse, weaving a dress for herself out of ravelled
cushions and the General’s old silk stockings.

Madame Pinckney, another dame of high degree, was actively instrumental
in starting the flax industries of South Carolina.

  [Illustration: COTTON IN POD]

The German settlers of Germantown were also great flax-growers,
as attested by their town-seal, the device of their leader, Father
Pastorius. And what we now know as “Germantown” still testifies to
their proficiency in the wool industries.

The wives and daughters of the Swedish colony, as early as 1673,
employed themselves in spinning wool and flax, and many in weaving;
and the excellence shown by the wool and flax workers of New York
occasioned uneasiness in the mother-country, which rightly saw in it
the possible independence of the colonies of all English cloth and
clothing.

The production and manufacture of cotton was not taken up in
this country until 1770, three years after the invention of the
spinning-jenny by Hargreaves. Cotton, in the earliest times, was spun
like flax, first on the hand-distaff, and then on a wheel like the
flax-wheel. For some time after its introduction into this country, it
was far more expensive, and considered more of a luxury, than linen.
It was called by the East Indian name of “hum-hum.” A work-pocket in
the Litchfield Historical Society (see illustration) contains a piece
of the first cotton cloth made in America. The pocket is large and was
worn at the side, evidently to hold flax in while spinning, for some
flax still remains in it. The growing and spinning of cotton cannot,
however, be counted among the truly colonial industries.

  [Illustration: PATCHWORK POCKET]

The Stamp Act soon stirred all patriotic Philadelphians to the resolve
to eat no “meat of the mutton kind,”—a resolve rendered still more
stern in 1775. A wool-factory was fitted up, and, to quote Mrs. Alice
Morse Earle,[2] “an appeal was made to the women to save the state. In
a month four hundred wool-spinners were at work.” In the same year the
Provincial Congress made an appeal to the people for thirteen thousand
warm coats for the Continental army, to be ready for the soldiers when
winter came. It was a time when all preparations for the war seemed to
be in the most hopeless snarl, and army supplies were scarce and often
lacking. To-day a contractor would make nothing of the job, possibly
in more senses than one; but a hundred years ago the wool-wheels and
hand-looms were set humming by hundreds of hearth-stones, and, writes
Mrs. Earle again, “the order was filled by the handiwork of patriotic
American women.” In the record book of some New England towns may still
be found the list of the coat-makers.... Every soldier volunteering
for eight months’ service was given one of these homespun, homemade,
all-wool coats as a bounty. So highly were these ‘Bounty Coats’ prized,
that the heirs of soldiers who were killed at Bunker Hill before
receiving their coats were given a sum of money instead. The list of
names of soldiers who then enlisted is known to this day as the ‘Coat
Roll,’ and the names of the women who made the coats might form another
roll of honor. The English sneeringly called Washington’s army the
‘Homespuns.’ They little knew the power and significance of that title.
Well did Horace Bushnell call it “mother and daughter power.”

Thus we see that in New England the culture, spinning and weaving
of wool, as well as flax, was as religiously encouraged as in
Pennsylvania, Virginia, and New York. The great wool-wheel was as
necessary an implement in every household as the little flax-wheel, for
every home had by law to contain one spinner. Children of all classes
were required to learn to spin wool, and met on equal footing over
their work. Homespun became so universal a commodity that imported
woolens were not missed when the time came to forbid them the country.
It was a process of many months of hard labor to convert the raw fleece
into the “all-wool goods a yard wide” which we cut up so recklessly
to-day. Another old saying, “dyed in the wool,” represents another
laborious process, that of dyeing the wool with homemade dyes. All
kinds of homely flowers were used for these dyes, a beautiful green
being made from goldenrod mixed with indigo. Blue, made from the
blue paper that wrapped the old sugar-loaf, and from indigo bought
from travelling pedlers, was the favorite color, possibly because the
easiest to obtain; and the old blue dye-pot stood constantly in the
chimney corner like the Frenchwoman’s _pot-au-feu_. We cannot help
wondering if the coats of the “Homespuns” were blue. And the familiar
blue of the patriot army? Was that also women’s work?

After the dyeing came the carding, a very deft process, and also a
very dirty one, for the wool had first to be rubbed with melted swine’s
grease—three pounds of grease to ten of wool. This process corresponded
in purpose and method to the hetcheling of flax, as the wool was
drawn into parallel fibres through bent wire teeth set in a leather or
wooden rectangle, called a wool-card. Here are the wool-cards of Maria
Tallmadge, second wife of Colonel Benjamin Tallmadge, the famous major
of Connecticut’s Second Light Dragoons, the friend of Lafayette and
confidant of Washington; they belong to the valuable collection of the
Litchfield Historical Society. By these clumsy-looking implements the
wool was twisted into little rolls, and was then ready for spinning.

  [Illustration: CARDS]

This wool-spinning called for the most alert and graceful series of
movements, to which our foremothers owe in large part their poise and
dignity of carriage. The little roll of wool was placed on the spindle,
the great wheel was given a quick turn, and the spinner stepped quickly
backward three or four steps, holding the twisting yarn in her left
hand high above her head: then with a quick forward movement she let it
wind around the bobbin, and the process was repeated. An active spinner
could spin six skeins a day, and to do this it is estimated that she
walked with her backward and forward steps over twenty miles.

Yarn was wound from the spindle on clock-reels, and also on hand-reels
called “niddy-noddies.” To be knitted it had also to be washed and
cleaned.

To spin the finest yarn was a much desired accomplishment among
housewives. It is said that one Mistress Mary Prigge once spun a pound
of wool into eighty-four thousand yards—that is, nearly forty-eight
miles.

All these different manipulations lasted many months, though they could
be accomplished in much shorter time; they also furnished occupation
for an entire family, from the grandmother down to the children, when
on long winter evenings they all assembled before the kitchen fire.

  [Illustration: WEAVER’S SHUTTLES]

It is impossible here to go into the home process of weaving this wool
and linen thread; but it was no less laborious than all that had gone
before. Suffice it to say that in almost every house throughout New
England, Pennsylvania, and Virginia the hand-loom was to be found, and
every farmer’s daughter could weave as well as spin, although weaving
was not so wholly woman’s work as was spinning. Homespun linen after
being woven had to undergo about forty processes of bleaching, as it
was still light brown in color. It was often kept out on the grass for
weeks at a time, until at least sixteen months had elapsed since the
planting of the flaxseed to the final evolution of the finished sheet
or pillow-case. What modern linen is as firm, solid, and close-woven,
and capable of being used a hundred years hence as this can be used
to-day? What needle-work so fine? One can hardly believe that the same
hands which made the soap and greased the wool could hem like that,
embroider the finest edging and other work, make bead-bags, and knit
the daintiest lace. All-around women they must have been to pass back
and forth from the coarsest to the finest labor, and to keep their
minds alert as well. Listen to one Abigail Foote’s diary, in the year
1775, and she a young girl:—

     “Fix’d gown for Prude,—Mend Mother’s Riding-hood,—Spun short
     thread,—Fix’d two gowns for Welsh’s girls,—Carded tow,—Spun
     linen,—Worked on Cheese-basket, Hatchel’d flax with Hannah,
     we did 51 lbs. a-piece,—Pleated and ironed,—Read a sermon of
     Doddridge’s,—Spooled a piece,—Milked the cows,—Spun linen,
     did 50 knots,—Made a Broom of Guinea-wheat straw,—Spun
     thread to whiten,—Set a Red dye,—Had two Scholars from
     Mrs. Taylor’s,—I carded two pounds of whole wool and felt
     Nationly,—Spun harness twine, scoured the pewter.”

All this besides washing, cooking, weaving tape, knitting, weeding,
picking geese, and making social visits. And yet we talk about modern
rush and hurry, and the “strenuous life.” It is merely a change
of occupation. We hear it constantly said of our ancestors’ fine
needle-work, delicate hand-writing, etc., “Oh, they had more time to
do such things.” Would not Abigail Foote dispute that, think you? Also
Mrs. John May, a prominent Boston woman, who writes in her diary for
one day:

     “A large kettle of yarn to attend upon. Lucretia and self
     rinse, scour through many waters, get out, dry, attend to,
     bring in, do up and sort 110 score of yarn; this with baking
     and ironing. Then went to hackling flax.”

  [Illustration: TAPE LOOM]

Now she was not an over-worked farmer’s wife, but a city woman, the
wife of a colonel. I do not believe they had one bit more time than we
have. Manners and customs change, but this busy world was always busy,
and it is true of all ages that “woman’s work is never done.” There are
those who regret the disuse of these homely occupations, saying that
the home has suffered with the modern broadening of “woman’s sphere.”
They forget that a sphere must round itself out on all sides, leaving
the centre at the same point: the rounding out of woman’s sphere
leaves her centre still the home. And the home still centres in the
woman; the country still centres in the home, and no mere change of
womanly occupation can alter God’s fundamental law of human society.
But for the comfort of those who would still see woman spinning as in
the “good old times,” it is worthy of note that in Deer Isle, Maine,
the spinning-match is still extant. True to patriotic tradition,
the wool-spinners there have formed a “Martha Washington Benevolent
Society,” which for fifty years, without a break, has held an annual
spinning-match in August, twenty or more women assembling with their
great wheels, and spinning with all the old-time dexterity. One of
their number is one hundred and two years old, and during the past
winter made, entirely without help, four large patch-work bed-quilts,
double-bed size, and sold them at the sale which accompanies the match.
The yarn which they spin through the year they knit into stockings and
mittens for home use and for sale.

In New York City lives a family who are now developing these homely
industries to their full artistic limits. One of the most interesting
exhibits in the National Exposition of Children’s Work held in March,
1901, was a portière entirely hand-made by the young son and daughter
of Douglas Volk, the artist, in their city home. The wool was spun
and dyed by Marian Volk with vegetable dyes of her own making, and
the boy wove it on a genuine loom, one hundred years old, brought
from the heart of Maine. The room in which they spin and weave, with
its home-made rugs, antique chairs, and brass candlesticks, its
spinning-wheels, clock-reel, and loom, all in daily use, might be
taken for the “living-room” of an old Maine farmhouse. The artistic
possibilities of the old spinning and weaving were recognized a few
years ago by Mrs. Volk while living at Lovell, her summer home in
Maine, and she has successfully established there her new industry of
home rug-making, every process of which is marked with the sincerity of
hand-work—a noble handicraft indeed. Thus this time-honored occupation
still thrives in the East, while in the remote and mountainous regions
in the South, handweaving and spinning are still household arts—as also
in many foreign countries.

But here must end the tale of the spinning-wheel in many ages and
climes, though the tale is not half told. We have seen the centuries
bear witness to the dignity of woman’s manual labor, of which the
old dusty spinning-wheel is as glorious a symbol as are the tattered
battle-flags a token of the soldier’s hard-fought field. Patriotism,
self-devotion, sacrifice—all speak to us from the one and from the
other. Woman’s labor has supported the home, has filled the breach in
war-time, has clothed the world, and continues to do so to-day. For
though the spinning-wheel is mute, the sewing-machine and the factory
are not, and the “Song of the Shirt” goes on forever. The Daughters
of Liberty spun for their country in the days of ’76, and they have
lived again in every period of their country’s need—in the Sanitary
Commission, in the women’s Red Cross Auxiliaries, in the “Dames” and
“Daughters” of to-day. Let us thank God that we had such foremothers;
thank Him that they and the forefathers gave us a country of which
we may still be proud; thank Him that their spirit is still alive in
our midst, for as the uprising of that spirit drove the tyrant from
our shores in 1776, so it has ever since arisen, and still will rise
to deliver our country from the perils of the hour—the peril from the
greedy and corrupt politician, the perils of popular ignorance and
luke-warm patriotism, and all other perils consequent upon the loss
of our forefathers’ ideals. May this spirit never die, for the day of
its disappearance is the day of our country’s doom. It is the duty and
the privilege of our great Society to see that “old New England” never
fails us, for it is her spirit that has burned high in the breast of
American womanhood from Bunker Hill till now, and there stands its
witness. Honor the old spinning-wheel and all it signifies, and to the
spinster:

     “Give her of the fruit of her hands; and let her works praise
     her in the gates.”

  [Illustration: FLAX WHEEL]




FOOTNOTES


     [1] Owned by the Litchfield Historical Society.

     [2] To whose charming book, _Home Life in Colonial Days_, I
     am indebted for many facts relating to colonial spinning.