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 THE
 POST IN GRANT AND FARM


[_All Rights Reserved_]




 THE

 EARLY HISTORY OF THE POST

 IN GRANT AND FARM

 BY
 J. WILSON HYDE
 CONTROLLER IN THE GENERAL POST-OFFICE, EDINBURGH

 AUTHOR OF
 "THE ROYAL MAIL: ITS CURIOSITIES AND ROMANCE"
 AND "A HUNDRED YEARS BY POST"

 LONDON
 ADAM & CHARLES BLACK
 1894




PREFACE


There has not hitherto been published any detailed account of the
first establishment, in this country, of the Post Office as a public
institution; nor does it appear that anything has been made known of
the men who were instrumental in building up this useful fabric, in the
years of its infancy, beyond the barren mention of their names. In some
cases, moreover, in such bald notices as have been given of the early
posts, important names are wholly omitted, and in others the names of
men are associated with events in which they had little concern. What
is disclosed in the following pages is an attempt not only to give
a fairly full and true account of the first forty years' existence
of the Inland Posts in Britain, but to tell something of the men to
whom the credit is due of contriving and bringing into working shape
this great machine of public convenience and utility. The facts here
narrated are collected from the Public Records, original documents,
and other authentic sources. In the extracts which have been made from
original papers, modern orthography, as being more convenient for the
reader, has been generally employed; but in a few cases the tone and
flavour of the antique have been retained in the original spelling.

I have to acknowledge with gratitude the very kindly assistance given
me by librarians, not only in Edinburgh but elsewhere, and by other
gentlemen in public positions, who have assisted me in clearing up
points of difficulty.

  Edinburgh, 1894.




CONTENTS


 CHAPTER I

                                                                      PAGE

 The King's Post--John Stanhope's patent, 1590                           1

 Wages of Chief Postmaster--Confusion of terms
 "post," "packet," etc.                                                  2

 Charles I. in need of money--Offices bought and sold--Scope
 of Lord Stanhope's patent                                               4

 New office created of Postmaster for Foreign Posts,
 out of the king's dominions                                             5

 De Quester and his son appointed Foreign Postmasters                    6

 Contest between Stanhope and the De Questers--Who
 the De Questers were                                                    7

 William Frizell and Thomas Witherings succeed the
 De Questers                                                             8

 Letters for the public carried by the Foreign Postmasters--Delays
 of the posts                                                           11

 Philip Burlamachi, subsequently Acting Postmaster--Who
 he was                                                                 13

 Orders for the Foreign Posts drawn up by Secretary
 Coke                                                                   14

 Witherings visits the Continent                                        15

 Posts by estafette, or fixed stages, established--Dover
 packet                                                                 16

 Quarrels between Witherings and others--Witherings
 suspended from office                                                  17

 Witherings and Frizell contend for possession of the
 office                                                                 19

 Sir John Coke, Witherings' patron                                      21

 Conflicting opinions of Witherings                                     22

 Merchants petition in favour of Witherings                             23

 Attempts to set up rival posts                                         24


 CHAPTER II

 Witherings recovers his office                                         27

 Settlement of accounts during period of sequestration                  28

 Post stages in France                                                  29

 Robberies of Channel packets                                           30

 Measures taken to resist attacks--More outrages                        33

 People of Calais attack the English packet boat                        39

 Armed packet boat, the _Speedy Post_, provided                    42

 Witherings' family connection                                          43

 Stated to have been a papist, and Gentleman Harbinger
 to the Queen                                                           44

 Probable interest at Court--Said to have been a mercer
 of London--His wife--She assists in purchasing
 his office--Value of money in middle of seventeenth
 century                                                                45

 Corruption and Court favouritism                                       46

 Inland Posts                                                           47

 Means for sending inland letters--Probable conveyance
 by postmasters on their own account                                    48

 Conveyance by carriers                                                 49

 Postmasters on Western Road set up a chain of posts
 for letters of the public, 1630--Foot post from
 Barnstaple to Exeter to work into the London
 posts                                                                  50

 Project for Inland Public Posts, 1633--Estimated
 number of letters then reaching London                                 52

 Troubles with postmasters and hackneymen on Dover
 Road as to charges                                                     53

 Pressing of horses--Difficulties between postmasters
 and public                                                             54

 Stanhope interferes with the public conveyance of
 letters by the Western postmasters--He tries to
 raise the price of purchase of their offices                           57

 Petition of Foreign Post messengers dismissed by
 Witherings                                                             59

 Foot post between London and Dover--Carrying gold
 out of the realm                                                       60

 Speed of posts, 1633                                                   62

 Condition of roads and difficulty of travelling                        63

 Quality of English horses and riders                                   68


 CHAPTER III

 Witherings propounds a scheme of Inland Posts for
 use of public, 1635                                                    69

 Proclamation issued for giving effect to his proposals                 75

 Probable difficulties of working                                       77

 Deputy postmasters unable to supply fit horses                         78

 Arrears of deputies' pay                                               80

 Stanhope's removal from office, 1637                                   85

 He petitions for arrears of pay                                        86

 Reasons for his removal suggested                                      88

 The manner of his removal                                              90

 Patent granted to Witherings for Foreign Letter Office                 91

 Stanhope's place granted to Secretaries Coke and
 Windebank                                                              92

 Witherings appointed their Deputy--Claim to Stanhope's
 late office by Endymion Porter                                         93

 Servile language of the period                                         96

 William Lake applies for some benefit in the Post Office              100

 Deputy Postmaster of the Court                                        101

 Scale of wages allowed to deputy postmasters                          104

 Direct courses of old roads                                           107

 New regulations for the posts, July 1637                              108

 The king's troubles in Scotland                                       121

 The mails run _thick_                                            122

 Women oppose the introduction of the Service-Book                     122

 Plague at Hull, 1637                                                  125

 Method of disinfecting letters                                        126


 CHAPTER IV

 The Secretaries consider as to the removal of Witherings--Reasons
 for proposed removal                                                  127

 Troubles with public carriers--Carriers contend for
 their right to convey letters                                         129

 They are supported by the Norwich merchants                           131

 Concessions made to the carriers                                      133

 Jason Grover, carrier, imprisoned                                     135

 Proclamation settling Witherings' office                              138

 Complaints made by postmasters                                        140

 Demands for horses                                                    145

 Complaints against postmasters made by the public                     146

 Traffic in postmasterships                                            153

 More petitions from postmasters                                       155

 Witherings quarrels                                                   156

 Difficulty with the Earl of Northumberland                            158


 CHAPTER V

 Sickness of Witherings and his reported death--Philip
 Burlamachi applies for Witherings' office                             161

 Divisions in the kingdom                                              163

 Proposed opening of post letters                                      164

 Burlamachi's services to the King's party                             165

 Fight for the possession of a post letter                             166

 A proposed duel over the seizing of post horses                       169

 Packet boat employed between Whitehaven and
 Dublin--Witherings' office sequestered                                173

 Attacks upon Witherings                                               175

 Nature of charges made against him                                    177

 The Secretaries of State try to undo Witherings--Witherings
 imprisoned--Assigns an interest in his
 place to the Earl of Warwick                                          179

 Committee of the House of Commons to consider
 question of the Posts--Deliverance in favour of
 Witherings as regards the Foreign Letter Office                       181

 Deliverance respecting the Inland Posts                               182

 Decision against Witherings, Coke, and Windebank,
 in regard to imprisonment of carriers                                 183

 Rough treatment of Witherings                                         185

 Earl of Warwick urges ejection of Burlamachi                          186


 CHAPTER VI

 Inland Letter Office to be delivered to Earl of Warwick               187

 Burlamachi required to produce accounts                               188

 Mails to be seized and delivered to the Earl of
 Warwick                                                               189

 Burlamachi imprisoned--He produces accounts                           190

 Foreign Letter Office remains with Witherings, the
 Inland Letter Office with the Earl of Warwick                         191

 James Hickes, clerk in the Foreign Letter Office--Goes
 over to the King at Oxford                                            192

 King Charles sets up an independent system of Posts                   193

 Imprisonment of Hickes                                                195

 Witherings assessed by Committee for Advance of Money                 196

 Earl of Warwick removed from the Post Office, and
 Mr. Prideaux ordered to settle post stages                            197

 Orders to search the mails--Witherings to prosecute
 Wilkes for seditious speeches                                         198

 Witherings prosecuted on a charge of taking part in
 an insurrection in Essex                                              199

 He is acquitted--Has a serious illness, and makes his
 will                                                                  200

 Packet boat taken by the Irish--Irish packets in 1650                 201

 The Council recommend that the Posts be in the sole
 power and disposal of Parliament                                      202

 Council of State place Mr. Prideaux, Attorney-General,
 in charge of the Inland Posts--Witherings still
 enjoys the Foreign Letter Office                                      203

 Serjeant-at-Arms ordered to search the mails                          204

 Vigilance of the Council                                              205

 Council consider the question of the Foreign Letter
 Office                                                                206

 Renewed charges of delinquency against Witherings                     207

 Witherings alleges malicious prosecution--He is
 acquitted                                                             209

 Contributes £1000 "to the going-away of the Lord-Lieutenant
 for Ireland"                                                          210

 Witherings' death--Epitaph to Witherings in church at
 Hornchurch, Essex                                                     211

 His character and work                                                213


 CHAPTER VII

 Council of State to consider question of the Inland
 and Foreign Posts                                                     216

 Foreign Letter Office carried on for behoof of Witherings'
 son and nephew                                                        217

 Rival claimants for possession of the Posts, Inland and
 Foreign                                                               218

 Suggestions made by the Committee for the Management
 of the Posts--The Posts to be farmed and
 tenders called for                                                    219

 Tenders                                                               222

 Council of State let the Posts--Inland and Foreign--on
 farm to John Manley                                                   223

 Rival posts                                                           224

 The "first undertakers" for reducing the postage                      225

 Prideaux's agents murder a post-boy                                   228

 The "first undertakers" drive Prideaux out of the
 field                                                                 229

 Council furnish Manley with warrant to take possession
 of the Posts                                                          231

 His method of taking possession                                       232


 CHAPTER VIII

 Manley at the head of the Posts--Who he was                           234

 John Thurloe, Secretary of State, to manage the Post
 Office                                                                235

 Act passed for Post Office, 1657                                      235

 Postage rates                                                         236

 Post Office farmed to Thurloe--Interception of letters                237

 Mails violated                                                        238

 Mails searched for counterfeit gold--Value of Post
 Office to ruling powers                                               240

 Thurloe removed from the Post Office                                  241

 The Farm passes to Dr. Benjamin Worsley                               243

 His previous employments                                              244

 Worsley turned out of the Post Office                                 245

 Thomas Scott controls the Post Office                                 246

 Scott a regicide--His execution                                       247


 CHAPTER IX

 Colonel Henry Bishop obtains the Farm--Who he was                     249

 His burial-place--Some conditions of the Farm                         250

 Clement Oxenbridge's influence at the Post Office                     251

 Scramble for places at the Restoration                                252

 Some petitions                                                        253

 Disaffected staff in the Post Office                                  256

 Number of officers                                                    258

 Letters first stamped                                                 260

 Charges against Bishop                                                262

 Bishop ceases to be Farmer                                            264

 Colonel Dan. O'Neale succeeds to the office                           266

 O'Neale's previous career                                             267

 Attempts to put down irregularities                                   269

 Independence of the Edinburgh Deputy                                  271

 Profits of Post Office settled on Duke of York                        272


 CHAPTER X

 Music at the Post Office                                              273

 The Plague of London                                                  277

 Petition of James Hickes                                              280

 The Great Fire of London                                              282

 Locations of the Post Office                                          283

 Labels or post-boys' way-bills                                        284

 Stages from London to Berwick                                         286

 Times of transit of Continental Mails                                 287

 News collected through the Post Office                                287

 Rate of travelling by post-boys in 1666                               291

 Notice taken of neglects                                              291


 CHAPTER XI

 Lord Arlington becomes Postmaster-General                             293

 His Deputy Postmasters-General                                        294

 Country deputies pay a fine for continuance in office                 296

 Reduction of salaries                                                 297

 Early post-office letter-books preserved                              300

 Colonel Roger Whitley appointed Arlington's Deputy                    300

 Wages further reduced--Exemptions enjoyed by
 Deputies                                                              305

 Dilatoriness of the deputies in making payments                       307

 Delays of mails in Wales                                              308

 Advantages of farming the Post Office                                 310

 Conciliatory character of Whitley                                     311

 Whitley pushes business                                               313

 By-letters                                                            315

 Whitley's opinion of attorneys                                        317

 On Conformity                                                         318


 CHAPTER XII

 Caustic correspondence                                                319

 Liverpool's first horse-post                                          320

 Circulation of Irish letters                                          321

 One delivery a day in London                                          322

 The Packet Service                                                    323

 An express way-bill                                                   325

 Ship letters                                                          325

 Irregular conduct of masters of packet boats                          327

 Tonnage of packets                                                    329

 Proposed transit through England of letters from
 Flanders and Holland to Spain and Portugal                            330

 Whitley's sympathy for his seamen                                     331

 Want of accommodation for letters at the post-houses                  332

 Careless treatment of the mails                                       334

 Young post-boys                                                       336

 Lame horses                                                           337

 Whitley's care for Members of Parliament                              338

 Foreign craftsmen brought over in packet boats                        339

 Salary of post-master of Edinburgh                                    340

 Accidents to post riders                                              341

 Treatment of Dead Letters                                             341

 Whitley's obliging nature                                             343

 His views of the wicked rebellion                                     344

 Presents made to Whitley                                              345

 Whitley's love of oysters                                             349

 Delayed payment for conveying expresses                               350

 Duke of York a Postmaster-General                                     351




THE POST IN GRANT AND FARM




CHAPTER I


In order to understand the circumstances under which the public postal
service in England was first established, it is necessary to go back
to an earlier period, and look at the patents granted to the Chief
Postmasters, whose duties did not then go beyond the forwarding of
despatches for the monarch or his government. A patent granted by
Queen Elizabeth in 1590 to John Stanhope, as Master of the Posts, was
surrendered to James I. in 1607, and (with the view, no doubt, of
securing the succession to Stanhope's son) a new patent was granted
to Stanhope, now Lord Stanhope of Harrington, and to Charles, his son
and heir-apparent. The appointment was as "Master of the Messengers and
Runners, commonly called the king's posts, as well within the kingdom
as in parts beyond the seas, within the king's dominions." The nominal
wages or fee attaching to this office amounted to £66, 13s. 4d. per
annum, being the same as was granted to the Postmasters Sir William
Paget and John Mason in the year 1545. But there were casualties
attaching to the office, yielding a more certain income, which were
doubtless the sums paid by the deputies for admittance to their
employments. This will be referred to hereafter.

In studying the post-office history of this early period, the inquirer
is apt to be misled by some of the terms used; for the words "post,"
"postmaster," "pacquett," and the like, were not always applied in the
modern sense, the word "post" sometimes serving to designate common
carriers, and "postmaster" being used indifferently to indicate the
Master of the Posts and the postmasters on the roads. The word pacquett
was also applied to common carriers. An instance of the last mentioned
is given in M'Dowall's _Chronicles of Lincluden_. A letter was written
from the abbey on the 24th August 1625, to the "richte noble and verrie
guid Lord the Earl of Nithisdaill," in which the following words
appear:--They "intreat the richt guid lord to help them suddenly--at
once; and more especially that he would procure an order from the
King's Treasurer to stay the legal proceedings directed against them,
until His Majesty's pleasure in the matter shall have been made known.
Because of the urgency of their case, the noble lord is requested to
favour them with an answer by a bearer of his own in the event of the
ordinary 'pakett' being unavailable." Now the word "pakett" here does
not refer to the post, but to the packman--the carrier--with his pack
of goods. In what follows we shall endeavour, as far as possible, to
use terms that will prevent any confusion of the kind indicated.

The reign of Charles I. was one full of abuses. The king required
money to maintain the excesses of his Court; his ministers were called
upon to find the money; they themselves had to wring it out of the
pockets of the people; and its passage through their hands produced
such attenuation that but a small portion reached the royal coffers.
Clarendon says that of £200,000 drawn from the subject in a year by
various oppressions, scarcely £1500 came to the king's use or account.
Monopolies in trade were granted for lump sums paid down, offices were
bought and sold, no man seemed secure without support of a patron, and
patronage was a marketable commodity.

It will be remembered that Lord Stanhope's patent covered not only the
control of the inland posts, but the posts in foreign parts, _within
the kings dominions_. Although Stanhope was not by patent specifically
empowered to send or work posts in foreign parts, _out of the kings
dominions_, it appears to have been his practice to do so, undertaking,
as may be supposed, all the various duties of conveying the king's
letters and packets to whatever parts they might be directed.

A somewhat similar condition of want of funds as that existing in the
reign of Charles distinguished the reign of his father, James I.

Now it is quite probable that, for the sole purpose of raising money by
the sale of a new office, advantage was taken by James of an opening
in Stanhope's patent, to make a new appointment of Master of the Posts
in Foreign Parts, _out of the kings dominions_. By the recital of a
patent bearing date the 30th April of the seventeenth year of James I.,
we learn that the king "appointed that there should be an office or
place called Postmaster of England for Foreign Parts, being out of the
king's dominions; that the office should be a sole office by itself,
and not member or part of any other office or place of Postmaster
whatsoever; and that there should be one sufficient person or persons,
to be by the king from time to time nominated and appointed, who should
be called the Postmaster or Postmasters of England for Foreign Parts,
etc.; and, for the considerations therein mentioned, the king appointed
Mathew de Quester, and Mathew de Quester, his son, to the said office;
to hold to them the said Mathew de Quester, the father, and Mathew de
Quester, the son, as well by themselves, or either of them, as by their
or either of their sufficient deputy or deputies, during the natural
lives of Mathew de Quester, the father, and Mathew de Quester, the
son, the said office of Postmaster of England for Foreign Parts, for
their natural lives and the life of the survivor," etc.

On the setting up of the De Questers, Stanhope was naturally unwilling
to surrender part of the service which he had hitherto undertaken, and
a long contest took place between Stanhope and these men, resulting, as
it would appear, in confirming the latter in their new office, and in
the discomfiture of Stanhope.

Thus from the seventeenth year of the reign of James I. down to the
period upon which we are about to enter, commencing in 1632, and for
some years thereafter, there were in England two distinct Masters of
the Posts--one for places within the kingdom itself and in foreign
parts, within the king's dominions; the other for foreign parts, out of
the king's dominions. Stanhope filled the one office, the De Questers
the other.

It is interesting to know who the people were that are now passing in
review before us at this distant date. A return made to the Council
by the Lord Mayor in 1635, of strangers inhabiting London, tells us
something of the de Questers. It is this:--"In ward of Billingsgate,
St. Andrew's parish. Mathew de Quester, late Postmaster, born in
Bruges, of 64 years' continuance in London; naturalised by Act of
Parliament. All his family English born." He was probably one of the
many foreign merchants who at that period were gathered together in the
neighbourhood of Lower Thames Street.

By letters patent, dated 15th March 1632, the office of Master of the
Posts for Foreign Parts, out of the king's dominions, was made to
devolve upon William Frizell and Thomas Witherings. Mathew de Quester
the younger had died, and the elder de Quester being stricken in age,
"the king ... declares his will and pleasure, that the office shall
have perpetual continuance, and grants unto William Frizell and Thomas
Witherings, gentlemen, the office of place of Postmaster of England for
Foreign Parts, out of the king's dominions; to do all things to the
said office belonging and appertaining; to hold, exercise, and enjoy
the said office of Postmaster of England for Foreign Parts, out of the
king's dominions, together with all powers, etc., by themselves or
either of them, or their or either of their sufficient deputies, during
their natural lives and the life of the survivor, from and after and
so soon as the said office shall become void by the death, surrender,
forfeiture, or other determination of the estate of Mathew de Quester,
the father. The king prohibits all persons other than the said William
Frizell and Thomas Witherings from intruding themselves in the said
office after the determination of the estate of Mathew de Quester;
and the Lord Chamberlain, the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports,
the Secretaries of State, etc., in their several jurisdictions and
places, are not only to be aiding and assisting the said Frizell and
Witherings, but to the utmost of their power to repress all intruders."

The patent, it will be observed, only vested the patentees in the
office as from the death of de Quester; and de Quester the elder was
still living. Accordingly, with a view to Frizell and Witherings being
at once admitted to the active management of the place, a proclamation
was issued, on the 19th July 1632, to the following effect:--

"The late king appointed Mathew de Quester, the father, and Mathew
de Quester, the son, Postmaster for Foreign Parts for their lives.
Mathew de Quester, the son, being dead, and the father aged and infirm,
he (that is, de Quester) has appointed William Frizell and Thomas
Witherings his deputies. The king approves this substitution, and
charges all his subjects that none of them, other than the said Frizell
and Witherings, presume to take up or transmit foreign packets or
letters."

Thus Frizell and Witherings entered upon their office as Foreign
Postmasters on the 19th of July 1632.

It must be understood that, though there was no authority for carrying
letters of the public at this time by the inland posts, it was the
practice of the foreign posts to carry the letters of merchants and
others to and from the Continent,--and the posts who actually conveyed
the packets would seem to have been men engaged in mercantile traffic.
The following letter, dated Westminster, 16th October 1632, from
Humphrey Fulwood to Sir John Coke, Principal Secretary to His Majesty
at Court, throws a good deal of light upon the subject:--

"Upon inquiry of Mr. Burlamachi, what should be the cause why letters
have not of late come from Germany, the Hague, and Brussels, as
usually, he entered into a large relation of the present disorder of
the posts. He imputed the fault merely to the posts who have heretofore
bought their places. They more minding their own peddling traffic
than the service of the State or merchants, omitting many passages,
sometimes staying for the vending of their own commodities, many
times through neglect by lying in tippling-houses. The opinions of
Mr. Burlamachi and Mr. Peter Rycaut favourable to Mr. Witherings and
Frizell in their places of Postmasters. For reformation they both agree
in one, and that with the proposition wherewith Mr. Witherings hath
formerly acquainted your honour. The displacing of these posts, and
laying of certain and sure stages whereby His Majesty will save, as Mr.
Burlamachi will make appear, above £1000 or £1500 yearly, now expended
for expresses," etc.

Mr. Burlamachi, whose Christian name was Philip, and Peter Rycaut were
merchants in London, and would no doubt be well informed as to the way
in which the mail service was conducted. In the Lord Mayor's return
of foreigners residing in London in 1635, Burlamachi is described as
follows:--"In the ward of Langbourne, in St. Gabriel, Fenchurch. Mr.
Philip Burlamachi, merchant, naturalised by Act of Parliament. He was
born in Sedan in France, and has been in England this thirty years
and more. He hath certain rooms at Mr. Gould's house in Fenchurch
Street, for his necessary occasions of writing there some two or three
days in the week; but his dwelling-house, with his wife and children
and family, is at Putney." Burlamachi, besides being a merchant, was
a great financier, and, as will be seen hereafter, he had intimate
relations in money matters with the Court.

Not very long after the date of the letter above quoted, namely, on
the 28th January 1633, the following orders for the Foreign Postmasters
and packet posts were drawn up by Secretary Coke:--

"In consequence of complaints, both of Ministers of State and
merchants, it is thought fit to send no more letters by carriers who
come and go at pleasure, but, in conformity with other nations, to
erect 'staffetti' or packet posts at fit stages, to run day and night
without ceasing, and to be governed by the orders in this paper. Among
these it is provided that the Foreign Postmasters shall take the oaths
of supremacy and allegiance, shall have an office in London, and
shall give notice at what time the public are to bring their letters.
A register is to be kept of the writers or bringers of all letters,
and of the parties to whom they are sent. The letters are to be put
into a packet or budget, which is to be locked up and sealed with the
Postmasters' known seal, and to be sent off so that it may reach Dover
while there is sufficient daylight for passage over sea the same day.
Various other minute regulations are laid down, both for the carriage
of the packet to Dover, the sending of the passage-barks to Calais, and
the transmission from stage to stage. The course to be adopted with
letters received from beyond seas is laid down with equal minuteness.
Letters for the Government and foreign ministers residing here were to
be immediately delivered to them, after which a roll or table of all
other letters was to be set up in the office for every man to view and
demand his letters."

In pursuance of the scheme here sketched out, Witherings appears
to have been sent to the Continent shortly thereafter; for on the
8th April 1633, he writes from Calais (to Sir John Coke probably)
describing the steps then taken in the business:--

"Right honourable and my good patron, I found here the Countess Taxis'
secretary with the postmaster of Ghent, they having settled stages
betwixt Antwerp and Calais for the speedy conveyance of letters;
they have placed a postmaster at Dunkirk, having dismissed all their
couriers, and seven days hence they intend to begin by the way of
'staphetto' (_estafette_) from Antwerp to London; their request is
we shall do the like, which accordingly I have ordered my man to do,
having taken order at Dover for the passage. The governor of this place
promiseth me all favour.

"The boatmen of this place who take their turns for Dover I find
unwilling to be obliged to depart upon the coming of the portmantell.
But upon the advice of Mr. Skinner and other merchants of our nation
in this place, I have found out a very sufficient man, who will oblige
himself, with security, that for forty shillings he will wait upon the
coming of the packet, upon sight whereof he will depart, engaging
himself to carry nothing but the said packet. Asks directions, and will
stay till the first packet shall come by 'staphetto' from Antwerp."

This then was the commencement of the forwarding of the continental
mails by fixed and regular stages, instead of by carriers proceeding
through the whole way, and engaged in other kinds of business.

Witherings had not long entered upon his office, jointly with Frizell,
when troubles began. In the year 1633, a curious complication came
to light, in which not only Witherings and Frizell, but two or three
other persons were involved, and which resulted in the temporary
suspension of the Foreign Postmasters from their functions. The matter
is referred to in a memorandum from the king to Secretary Windebank,
dated August 1633. It runs thus: "The king having granted the place of
Foreign Postmaster to his servant William Frizell, he has given the
king to understand that, whilst he was beyond seas, Thomas Witherings
endeavoured to defraud him of that place, the examination whereof
the king has referred to Secretary Windebank. The king understands,
moreover, that the place has been mortgaged for money, both by Frizell
and Witherings, which he condemns in them both; and has therefore
thought good, for the present, that the place shall be sequestered into
the hands of Mathew de Quester, the king's ancient servant in that
place. Windebank is therefore to send for John Hatt, an attorney, in
whom the legal interest of that place, for the present, is vested, and
to will him to make an assignment thereof to de Quester."

Although the question of this sequestration was not finally disposed
of till the year 1634, the period during which Witherings was removed
from the active management and possession of the place was from
the 4th September to the 28th December 1633. The details of the
arrangement of this business are not easily understood, but it would
seem that the first step was to get rid of the attorney; and with this
in view the Earl of Arundel (the Earl Marshal) advanced about £1000
to pay off Hatt, the earl retaining possession of Witherings' patent.
Another claim was put forward by one Robert Kirkham for £200, due 25th
May 1633, for a reversion of the Postmaster's office surrendered to
Witherings and Frizell. This indebtedness was not denied by Witherings;
but how there came to be a reversion in favour of Kirkham does not
appear.

Prior to the difficulties in connection with the suspension of
Witherings and Frizell from office, these two men were not getting
along smoothly. On 5th June 1633, Witherings writes to (Secretary Coke
probably) ... "I hear Mr. Frizell declares that the Lord Marshal will,
by His Majesty's means, compel me to deliver the place back again,
and pretends he will have a bout with me for my own moiety. I beseech
you move His Majesty as occasion shall offer, for I am confident the
king will be much moved for (in favour of) Mr. Frizell." On 19th June
of the same year, Witherings writes to Humphrey Fulwood: "Mr. Frizell
is at the Court, pretending that Witherings owes him a great sum,
and intending to move His Majesty for a proclamation for possession
of the whole place (of Deputy Foreign Postmaster), offering security
to be accountable if it be recovered from him again. Witherings owes
him nothing. He has sent the affidavit of Frizell's own servant to
Secretary Coke. Prays Fulwood to speak to Mr. Secretary that Witherings
suffer not in his absence." On the 3rd July, Witherings again writes
to Fulwood: "To answer all Frizell's allegations would be troublesome.
Upon their meeting, Frizell spoke of paying Witherings back his money;
but he is not able. Assures Fulwood that he can clear himself--with
the help of his noble friends he doubts nothing. Desires Fulwood to
sift him (Frizell presumably), for the knowledge of his intents doth
much advance Witherings." Then on the same day, as it happens, the Earl
of Arundel, who was at Stirling with the king, writes to Secretary
Windebank: "Mr. Frizell's business is referred to Windebank to examine
and report to the king. Needs not entreat him to do Frizell favour,
since his case is so well understood, and the foulness of Witherings'
abuse, which the writer is confident Windebank will represent as it
deserves."

Sir John Coke seems to have been the patron and protector of
Witherings, who, in a letter to Coke about this time, concludes his
communication with the words: "I rest, though never rest, to pray for
your honour as my only patron." In a letter sent by Coke to Windebank
on the 25th May 1633, Witherings is introduced to the latter thus:
"The bearer is the Postmaster who went over to Antwerp and Calais
and settled the business of the foreign letters. He has settled with
Frizell's assignee, so as the charge of the office is again reduced
to one hand. Frizell never did any service in the place, but the
king never till now heard of Witherings' name. How he satisfied the
merchants, their testimony witnesses; how he acquitted himself at the
Council Board, their Order declares. He complains that he is now called
again upon some reference which His Majesty remembers not. Secretary
Coke must avow that hitherto he has carried himself honestly and with
general approbation." The settling with Frizell's assignee may possibly
refer to the paying-off of Attorney Hatt by means of money found by the
Earl Marshal already referred to.

The criticisms made upon Witherings at this time are somewhat
conflicting, and on that account it is not by any means easy to
determine what sort of a man he was. On the 31st May 1633, Secretary
Windebank writes: "Mr. Witherings the Postmaster's industry and
dexterity for that place appeared at the Council-table by many
testimonies, in the midst of much powerful opposition. Mr. Witherings
misbehaved himself toward my Lord Marshal and his son, the Lord
Maltravers, and how he will be able to give them satisfaction I know
not." On 9th June, Lord Goring, Master of the Horse to the Queen,
writes: "I must highly commend the extraordinary care of the posts; and
especially Mr. Witherings, the Master, of whose care Her Majesty hath
taken most especial notice, for he is indeed the most diligent in his
services that ever I saw."

In commendation of Witherings' plans and work, a petition was presented
to the Council in April 1633, signed by fifty-four merchants in
London, to the following effect:--"By their Order (the Council's Order)
of the 6th February 1633, it was determined that letters should be
sent by _staffeto_ or pacquet posts; according to which Order Thomas
Witherings, one of the Postmasters for Foreign Parts, has, by consent
of foreign states, settled the conveyance of letters from stage to
stage, to go night and day, as has been continued in Germany and Italy;
by which agreements letters are to be conveyed between London and
Antwerp in three days, whilst the carriers have for many years taken
from eight to fourteen days, having played the merchants, and answered
complaints by saying that they had bought their places and could come
no sooner."

Early in 1633, an attempt was made to set up another foreign-post
service, as appears by a petition from eighty-nine London merchants,
addressed to the king, as follows:--"They are informed that some
strangers living here have made choice of a postmaster by whom they
have sent their letters, whilst His Majesty has chosen William Frizell
and Thomas Witherings for his Postmaster for Foreign Services, who have
hitherto carried themselves carefully. Pray the king to protect them
(Frizell and Witherings), and not to suffer strangers to make their own
choice." While on this subject of unauthorised posts, it may be noted
that in December 1633, Burlamachi writes to Secretary Coke respecting
a post set up in Paris, to work thence to London. He says: "I must not
fail to tell you that yesterday a courier from France called upon me,
who appears, from what he says, to have agreed with the postmaster of
Paris, to take up the letters for conveyance to and from that city
and London. I told him that this was a proceeding that could not be
allowed, and counselled him to return to Paris, which I believe he
has done. It is to be considered that, if the mails for France and
Flanders are not soon put into good order, all will go into confusion.
We might have letters to or from Paris in five days and less, while at
present they take fourteen days to come."

This statement does not reflect creditably upon Witherings' system of
posts established early in the year; but at this time Witherings was
under sequestration of his office, and it may be that de Quester, who
was temporarily in charge of the situation, had allowed matters to go
back into their old groove.




CHAPTER II


The sequestration of Witherings' office of Foreign Postmaster ceased on
the 28th December 1633, but it was not till the 20th August 1634 that
he was made legally secure in his place. On this latter date he writes
to Sir John Coke as follows:--"Four days past he procured his Order to
be drawn up by Sir William Becher (clerk of the Council in Ordinary),
which he shewed Mr. March, the Earl Marshal's steward, who went with
Mr. Witherings to Mr. Recorder, whose opinion was, that the Order not
only cleared Frizell in law and equity, but all others." Witherings
had, however, to sign a covenant holding the Earl Marshal harmless, and
thereupon the patents were signed over to Witherings.

It is tolerably clear that de Quester and Witherings were not on
particularly good terms. At anyrate the former wrote to Secretary Coke
in March 1633, complaining against Witherings "for breaking open a
packet directed to de Quester, and using disdainful speeches of him."
He also reminds the Secretary of a promise "that he should receive no
damage or detriment."

The occurrence of the sequestration has been the means of leaving on
record details of these early posts which would not otherwise have
survived. A statement of the accounts of Mathew de Quester during the
sequestration of the post office in London for foreign parts (_i.e._
4th September to 28th December 1633), made up in the year 1634, gives
much curious information, as also Witherings' comments on various
alleged inaccuracies therein. "Witherings desires that de Quester may
bring in all the rolls and books of accounts, from which Witherings
may draw out a just account. Among the items in this account, covering
a period of seventeen weeks, are the following:--For three portmantles,
£1, 12s.; for cord and cloth to cover the mails, 2s. 6d.; for
pack-thread to bind up the letters, 9s. 5d.; for pens, ink, and paper
to write and to pack, £1, 1s.; to George Martin for carrying letters
abroad, seventeen weeks, £2, 11s.; to John Ridge for the like service,
£2, 11s.; to clerks' allowance for seventeen weeks, at the rate of £60
per annum a piece, £39, 4s. 8d.; for candles, wax, and sealing-thread,
5s. 4d.; one quarter's rent for the office and other rooms, £10." In
another paper, making further remarks in objection to de Quester's
accounts, Witherings suggests "that if he and Lynde, who is paid £60
per annum for nothing else but to keep the accounts, were jointly to
inspect the rolls and accounts, they would be able to 'just' them in
one day."

There is reason to conclude that at this time some of the stages
in France were under English control; for on the 20th August 1634,
Witherings writes to Secretary Coke that he "had procured the French
ambassador's letters for settling the stages in France, and to-morrow
he begins his journey. At his coming to Paris he will write Coke of all
that passeth."

We may assume from the foregoing particulars that the posts with the
Continent were now laid in stages, and in a way to expedite the mail
service not previously existing.

The channel was, however, about this time infested with foreigners who
plundered the mail packets and robbed the passengers. A few instances
may be interesting.

On the 24th June 1635, the deputy postmaster of Dover writes to
Secretary Coke:--"On Tuesday, 16th, he received advertisement by
certain seamen whom the writer employs for carriage of the merchants'
letters to Dunkirk, and to bring the same from thence, that, coming
by Calais, their shallop and such passengers as were in it were rifled
of all the money they had and some trifles, and the mail (wherein His
Majesty's and the merchants' letters were put) was taken away by men
of Calais, who laid them suddenly aboard with a small shallop full of
musketeers. This advice coming to the writer in the night very late, he
wrote to Mr. Witherings, and did not then give the Lord Warden's deputy
notice, by which means the news came to His Majesty's knowledge before
it was written of to the Lord Warden."

Again, in the month of August, Henry Hendy, the post of Dover, had an
unpleasant experience. In an examination which he underwent touching
the facts, he states that, "going to and returning from Dunkirk, he has
been robbed five times within these seven weeks--four times by the
French, and once by a Flushinger. They shot at him, and commanded him
to strike, calling him and the rest 'English dogs'; and coming aboard,
they used violence, beating them, stripping them of all their money,
apparel, and goods, and took from the post all his bundle of letters,
among which was a packet from the king. The post showing them his pass
from Secretary Coke, they bid him keep it to wipe his breech." The ill
words of calling the men dogs seem to have been in common use in the
channel at that time; for Sobrière, a Frenchman who visited England
at the period in question, makes mention of the incivility which his
countrymen received on landing at Dover, the children running after
them and calling with all their might, "A _Mounser_! a _Mounser_!" and,
as they warmed up, they became more offensive. When told to be off,
they would cry out, "French dogs, French dogs."

But the English were not content to undergo all this offence and
ill-usage without showing that they could fight, and were prepared
to maintain their position on the high seas. The measures taken in
this sense are described in the following despatch, dated 14th August
1635, from Admiral Lord Lindsey to Secretary Coke:--"On Saturday last,
speaking with the post of Dover that plys to Dunkirk, the writer found
him unwilling to undergo the service any longer, unless he were better
provided to resist the violences offered him. The earl encouraged him,
and lent him fifteen men, well fitted with muskets and half-pikes and
swords, and sent them aboard his ketch. On Sunday morning they went
off from Dover, and in the afternoon were chased awhile by a shallop,
and then by a Holland man-of-war that made six great shots at them.
The _Sampson_, which the writer had the day before employed to sea,
was in their sight, but they durst not bear up to him, for then they
had been overtaken; but keeping upon a tack, they were too swift for
the man-of-war, who, after five hours' chase, left them in open sea.
The next morning, between Gravelines and Calais, the same shallop that
used to rob the post came to the ketch, as near as a man might throw
a biscuit into her. The master of the ketch had stowed all the men
within, there to remain until he should give the watchword, when they
were to appear and give fire. The shallop shot four or five times at
the ketch, and hailed the master and the rest in such English as one
of them could speak, crying out, 'English dogs! strike, you English
rogues! we will be with you presently,' the chief of them, in a red
coat, flourishing his falchion over his head. Hereupon the master gave
the word; and the men came out, pouring shot so fast into the shallop
that the French had not power to return one shot, but rowed away with
a matter of four using oars that were left of about sixteen men. It
was a dead calm, and the ketch had neither oars nor boat to help her,
otherwise she had brought away the shallop and the remainder of the
men. The post has desired the same supply again for his defence on
Sunday next; the writer has taken order accordingly, and furnished him
also with letters of safe-conduct."

In the following month, September, another outrage upon the mail boat
was committed. Waad, the deputy postmaster of Dover, gives an account
of the transaction, and a capture made thereafter, in a letter to his
chief, Witherings, on the 26th September. He writes: "The manner of
taking the boats by those that were laid in Dover Castle was: that the
Zealanders shot at them divers times, when one of the packet boatmen
struck sail and showed the Lord General's warrant, which they slighted,
and were like to stab the old man whom Waad trusts with the mail, with
base words to His Majesty. The place was off the Splinter, betwixt
Gravelines and Dunkirk. The day was the 2nd instant; and on the 3rd,
setting out another boat with the mail, one of the ketch told Waad
that he saw the captain that took them and some of his men; whereupon,
about twelve in the night, he called the watch and carried the captain
and other two to the town jail, having paid Sir William Monson's
gentlemen's dinners and horse-hires to acquaint the Lord General in
the forenoon before that the vessel was in Dover road. Whereupon Sir
William Monson came into the road and took the ship out, and sent
his boat after ashore. The prisoners being claimed by Sir William
Monson, and also by Mr. Moore, Secretary to the Lord Warden, the Mayor
adjudged to Sir William, who carried them to the Lord General. After
examination, he returned them to Dover Castle; but their ship was
cleared in the Downs, and on the Sunday morning took a bylander of
Bruges; also that night the prisoners made escape out of the castle
by a mat twisted very laboriously." The meaning of this last sentence
probably is, that these sailors untwisted the strands of a mat, then
spun the material into a kind of rope, and let themselves down from
their cell in the castle.

Again, in February 1636, another outrage was perpetrated on the packet
boat. The particulars are furnished by the examination of William
Dadds, master; Harry Hendy, passenger; and Richard Swan, servant to
William Dadds. They swore as follows:--"The Earl of Lindsey authorised
His Majesty's passage boat at Dover to wear a flag of His Majesty's
colours upon the rudder-head. It hath secured the said boat from the
Dutch, the French, and Spaniards ever since till Tuesday last; at which
time the said boat, riding at anchor by Dunkirk harbour, near the
Splinter fort, with the said flag, there came down from the said fort
three musketeers, and shot three or four volleys of shot at the said
packet boat, and in the hull of the said boat some of the shot are
still to be seen. They retired to the said fort, and shot one piece of
great ordnance at the said boat. The three musketeers began to beat
the said R. Swan with a crabtree cudgel of two inches about; they
came aboard, searched the packet boat, and fetched W. Dadds ashore,
and made him pay 20s. in money, which H. Hendy laid down to prevent
imprisonment. The master and his company, in the dark of the night, set
sail and came away. The serjeant-major and the soldiers gave no other
reason, than because they came not on shore to fetch the searcher on
board; and if they did not the next time come to fetch the searcher
aboard, they would hang the master upon the gallows. And this is the
first time that ever the searcher did question His Majesty's packet
boat."

Several other violations of the packet boat occurred about this time,
and a good deal of friction arose between the peoples on the two sides
of the channel; but probably the robberies were partly the result
of conditions arising from the unsettled relations existing between
England and the countries on the Continent at the period. The English
took extreme measures with these pirates, as will be seen by the two
following despatches from the Earl of Suffolk to Secretary Coke:--

"July 30, 1636, Dover Castle.--Since the writing of his last letter,
and the condemnation of the French prisoners, two of them, who were
quitted and returned to Calais, reported there that, after the
condemnation of the prisoners, three of them were presently hanged;
whereupon the people of Calais were much influenced, and have
committed many insolencies, as will appear by the enclosed examination.

"Declaration of John Adams of Gillingham, Kent, master of the _John_ of
that place:--Arriving with the packet ordinary from Thomas Witherings,
His Majesty's Postmaster for Foreign Parts, he received from the
master of a ship of Lynn this intelligence: That the people of Calais
came aboard, to the number of 300 or 400, presently after the arrival
of the two sailors cleared at Dover, in the Court of Admiralty, and
assaulted the master and company of the said ship, beating all the
company, wounding the master, and doing many outrageous acts--which are
stated here with a good deal of confusion, and probably exaggeration.
The informant concludes, that carrying the mail to the postmaster of
Calais, and having His Majesty's colours at the stern of his ketch,
the people came down upon them, throwing stones to the endangering of
their lives, and rending the said 'unite' colours.

"August 3, 1636.--By all men that come from Calais, he perceives that
there is in that town a froward inclination against His Majesty's
subjects, and therefore sends him (Sir John Coke) this present
information from the master of His Majesty's packet boat, that the
Secretary may thereupon use means to the French ambassador, or
otherwise, to prevent greater mischiefs that may happen.

"Enclosure.--Information of John Keres of Leith, mariner, that about
the 4th July, carrying over to Calais Mr. Witherings, His Majesty's
Postmaster, as soon as he came on shore they threw stones at informant
that he could not walk in the streets without great danger; and being
forced by stress of weather out of that road for Dunkirk, a little off
Gravelines he met with three French shallops of Calais, who commanded
him to strike, and then boarded him, spoiled his bark, beat him with
their swords, and would have taken the clothes off his back. Having
nothing in his bark worth pillaging, they went their way."

Shortly after this period, it was thought fit to provide an armed
vessel for the channel service. It was named the _Speedy Post_; and
we find that in February and March 1637 there was some correspondence
between the Council and the officers of ordnance as to the supply
of six brass guns for the Postmaster's frigate, the _Speedy Post_
of London. It is probably to this vessel that Evelyn refers in his
diary, under date of the 10th October 1642:--"From hence (Dunkirk),
the next day, I marched three English miles towards the packet boat,
being a pretty fregat of six guns, which embarked us for England about
three in the afternoone. At our going off, the fort against which our
pinnace ankered saluted my Lord Marshall with twelve greate guns,
which we answered with three. Not having the wind favorable, we ankered
that night before Calais. About midnight we weighed; and at four in
the morning, though not far from Dover, we could not make the peere
till four in the afternoon, the wind proving contrary and driving us
westward; but at last we got on ashore, Oct. the 12th."

Leaving these squabbles of the channel for a time, it will perhaps be
convenient to consider for a moment who Witherings was.

By the "Visitation of London, 1633-4," we find it stated that Thomas
Withering, "Postmaster of England for Forrayne Parts," was a second
son; that he was of a Staffordshire family who had property in that
county for many generations; that an uncle named Anthony Withering
was a yeoman usher, and his elder brother a gentleman sewer--both
places, we apprehend, attaching to the Court. In proceedings held
before the Council in June 1633, of which Secretary Windebanke made
notes, and wherein Thomas Witherings was interested, mention is made
that Witherings was stated to be a papist, and "to have been at one
time gentleman harbinger to the queen." The office of harbinger was
that of "agent in advance," the harbinger proceeding one day ahead of
the queen, to secure for her suitable lodging and entertainment on
occasions when she was upon progress. If Witherings really held this
office of harbinger, it is possible that he may have shown a leaning
towards papacy (though in later life he was a declared Protestant),
for King Charles' wife Henrietta Maria was a Roman Catholic herself,
and many of her followers were of that religion. There is nothing
improbable in the suggestion that Witherings held the office of
harbinger, seeing that his brother and uncle were servants at the
Court; but whether he was or was not, he would have, by his friends,
interest with the royal family. In a remonstrance of the grievances of
His Majesty's posts in England, carriers, waggoners, and others (1642),
"miserably sustained by the unlawful projects of Thomas Witherings,"
Witherings is referred to as "sometime mercer of London." Of this
mention will be made hereafter.

Witherings was married to Dorothy, daughter of John Oliver of
Wilbrougham; and she brought him a fair fortune. In a petition or
representation made by her after Witherings' death, she mentions that
£105 a year of her land was sold to assist him in procuring his place
as Postmaster.

It is well here to remark, in relation to this sum, and the matter
should be borne in mind in perusing what follows, that £105 in 1632
would be equivalent to about £420 in the present day. Professor Masson,
when speaking of the relative equivalents of English money now and
in the first half of the seventeenth century, gives his impression
"that any specified salary in English money (of that time) would have
purchased at least four times as much, whether in commodities or in
respectability, as the same English money would purchase now." As only
a portion of Mrs. Witherings' land was sold, she must have had a very
respectable fortune of her own.

Witherings lived in an age characterised by corruption, by Court
intrigue and Court favouritism, when envy and uncharitableness
struggled for place and power, and when those who failed to secure
the royal smile were in imminent danger of going to the wall. He did
not achieve his official career without attempts being made to oust
him from his place. Many general allegations were made against him of
irregularities committed in his office, but for the most part with an
irritating absence of any definite charges; and in the opposite scale
we have the fact that he was still Postmaster for Foreign Parts at the
time of his death, in the year 1651.

We have hitherto been dealing with the Postmastership for Foreign
Parts; and having accompanied Witherings over a portion of his
service, it will be convenient now to see what was going on in the
inland posts. It will be remembered that Charles Lord Stanhope was
the king's Postmaster at Home and in Foreign Parts, within the king's
dominions. The duties of Stanhope were to appoint and supervise the
deputy postmasters on the roads, to provide for the conveyance of
letters to or from the king or the Court, and, generally, letters on
State business; but there was no arrangement, recognised as a State
service, for the conveyance of letters of the merchants or the public
generally by the deputy postmasters under Stanhope. Although this was
so, there is apt to be some misapprehension as to the means available
at this time for the forwarding of letters of the public throughout
the country. It might be supposed that no machinery to this end
existed. There is, however, we think, every probability that while
the postmasters were not officially authorised to convey letters from
place to place, they did so, and reaped some benefit from the work. The
postmasters throughout the country were constantly sending guides and
horses between their several stages; the horses had to be brought back
by the guides to their headquarters; and it would be surprising if the
postmasters, when opportunity offered, did not undertake the carriage
of letters for a fee. Further, in a State-paper office document, dated
1635, it is mentioned that the king's postmasters carried the subjects'
letters, but up to that time had never reaped any benefit from it.
The meaning of this must be, that the Chief Postmaster and his
predecessors had never reaped any benefit; but it is not likely that
the deputy postmasters, who did the work, would perform the service
for nothing. When the carriage of letters was afterwards taken up as a
State affair, we shall hear an outcry for arrears of wages due to the
postmasters, who previously were apparently content to let that matter
lie over, deriving their profits from the letting out of horses, and
the fees from the carriage of private letters. But the carriers with
their carts and pack horses also conveyed letters for the public, and
though the travelling was slow, it extended to all parts. By consulting
old calendars and like books of reference, the reader will see how
extensive was this carrying business, down to the time when it was
superseded by the railways. But we are not left in any doubt as to
the part the country postmasters took in the carriage of letters for
the public, at anyrate on the Western road from London to Plymouth,
antecedent to this period, for by a petition which will be quoted
hereafter from the postmaster of Crewkerne, it will be seen that, under
an Order of the Council of State, dated the 24th February 1630, a
weekly carriage of letters had been set up by the several postmasters
on that road for their own profit.

Confirmation is given to this statement by papers belonging to the
borough of Barnstaple, under date the 17th September 1633. It is
there recorded that the Mayor and Aldermen of Barnstaple established
communication between their borough and Exeter by means of "a foote
post to goe weekly every Tuesday morning about seaven of the clock in
the morning from the said towne of Barnstaple unto Exceter, and to be
there at the postmaster's howse in Exceter the Wednesday morning, and
there to deliver unto the post whiche is to goe that morneing toward
London all such letters as shalbe sent him to be conveyed unto London,
... which foote post is to stay in Exceter untill the London post for
that weeke shall come from London, and shall take upp all such letters
as the said post shall bringe from London," etc. It is then explained
that, "by means of which so speedie conveyance, men may in eleaven days
write unto London and receive answers thereof backe again, and their
friends and factours may have three dayes' respitt to give answere unto
such letters as shalbe sent; as also any man receiving letters from
London may have like time to answer the same," etc. Now, if we deduct
from the eleven days here mentioned the two days coming and going
of the foot post between Barnstaple and Exeter, and the three days'
"respitt" in London, it leaves only six days for the double journey
between Exeter and London, or three days for a single journey of over
170 miles. There is no doubt whatever from these statements that there
existed, prior to Witherings' posts, a regular weekly horse post from
London to the West of England for the general service of the public.

A project for a new and extended arrangement of the business of the
post office was drafted in 1633--probably by Witherings. According
to this paper, "it was calculated that in the 32 counties of England
there were at least 512 market towns, which, one with another, sent 50
letters per week to London, which, in respect of their answers, are
to be reckoned at 4d. each, making in all 25,600 letters, or £426 per
week. The estimated charge for conveyance of these letters would be
only £37 per week, leaving £388, 10s. weekly profit by this office, out
of which was to be deducted £1500 per annum paid to the postmasters for
the charge of conveying his Majesty's packets. All letters on the road
to Scotland were to be charged 2d. for every single, and 4d. for every
double letter, to be paid at the receiving and delivery in London; for
Yorkshire and Northumberland, 3d. a letter; and for Scotland, 8d. The
postmasters in the country were not to take any money for letters,
save 1d. for carriage to the next market town." Thus, in 1633, it
would appear that nearly 26,000 letters a week reached London from the
country, and, as replies, a similar number would be sent thence to the
country. The project sketched out above was not, however, then carried
out.

Some curious questions as to the post service arose at this period. On
the 13th May 1633, the Mayor and Jurats of Dover made a representation
to the Lieutenant of Dover Castle and of the Cinque Ports, to the
effect that the deputy postmasters and the hackneymen of Dover and
Canterbury had admeasured the highway between these places, and set up
posts at every mile's end, making the distance fifteen miles and a
quarter. For this "distance they charged 3s. 9d. for horse hire, being
9d. more than the ordinary rate." The Mayor and Jurats "called before
them the postmaster's deputy and some of the hackneymen, and found them
resolute therein. They have done the same without commission from His
Majesty or the Lords." It appears that the Kentish miles were longer
than the miles elsewhere, and that 3d. per mile was allowed here, while
in some other places only 2-1/2d. was paid. The men of Kent wanted to
be paid the higher rate for the shorter miles, which they had measured
for themselves.

The postmaster of St. Albans, by the methods which he employed in
carrying on the business of his office, got himself into deep water
with the people of that town. On the 20th January 1632, informations
were made by Edward Seabrooke, John Tuttle, and Fromabove Done,
setting forth complaints against John Wells, postmaster of St Albans,
in pressing their horses for the service of the post maliciously or
corruptly, in order to procure a bribe for their release. On the
next day informations were made by John Mitchell of Sandridge, Ralph
Heyward of Bushey, Henry Pedder of Luton, and John Bolton of Harding,
all containing charges of corruption or misconduct against John Wells,
postmaster of St Albans. Again, on the 3d August 1633, the inhabitants
of the parish of St. Stephens, in St. Albans, forward depositions,
taken before Sir John Garrard and others, Justices of the Peace,
seeking to establish that "under colour of a commission granted by
Lord Stanhope, Wells sent to the several parishes in and about St.
Albans to furnish horses for His Majesty's service, there being not
any such horses needed; but warrants being issued merely to compel the
owners of the horses to compound." Whether Mr. Wells was as bad as
painted we cannot say, but he no doubt had at times to call in extra
horses; for, on the 13th May 1633, Lord Stanhope issued the following
warrant to all Deputy Lieutenants, Justices of the Peace, and other
officers:--"Special occasions are offered, for the affairs of the State
and service of His Majesty, to send in post both packets and otherwise
oftener than ordinary; the persons addressed are therefore to assist
John Wells, post of St. Albans, and on his application to take up
ten or twelve sufficient horses, as the service shall import." This
was within a few days of the king's setting out upon a progress into
Scotland.

On the 19th June 1633, a petition to the Council is forwarded by
Edward Hutchins and Joseph Hutchins, sons of Thomas Hutchins, post of
Crewkerne, lately deceased, and by all the posts between London and
Plymouth, as follows:[1]--

"Having obtained an Order, dated 24th February 1630, from this Board
for the weekly carriage of letters between London and Plymouth, the
settling whereof had cost them £400, besides their great and daily
charge in keeping men and horses. Neither Lord Stanhope, nor Mr.
Dolliver, the Paymaster of the Posts, had given any encouragement to
this business, but rather opposed it; Lord Stanhope going about to
assume the benefit of the merchants' letters, and raising the valuation
of the post places of the Western road from £20 to £100. Pray their
lordships to require Lord Stanhope and the Paymaster of the Posts to
answer wherefor they should raise the post places from £20 anciently
given, and for what cause they (Stanhope and the Paymaster) should have
the benefit of the merchants' letters. Pray also that Edward and Joseph
Hutchins may, for £20, have the place filled by their father and
grandfather for seventy years, or else the benefit of the merchants'
letters, which their father had." Lord Stanhope's answer was to the
effect that he doubted the statement as to the "great sums alleged to
have been given for obtaining the merchants' letters," that he did not
"take notice of disposing any place in that road, nor aim at any profit
by reason of those letters; he only takes upon him the appointment
of the posts." The meaning of this answer is not very clear; but the
two papers taken together show that the postmasters were in the habit
of buying their offices, paying £20 for them, and that it was now
attempted to raise the charge to £100. Stanhope's salary was only
£66, 13s. 4d. per annum, and, in consonance with the shameful traffic
of the age, he made his profit in his own position by requiring his
subordinates to purchase their places.

When Witherings set up the new plan of "estafette" posts in 1633,
the men who had up to that time performed the post service between
England and the Continent were all dismissed. They, like the deputy
postmasters, had purchased their places, and upon being turned off
received no compensation. Aggrieved as they felt themselves to be, they
had recourse to a petition to Lord Cottington. They were Sampson Bates,
Enoch Lynde, Jarman Marsham, Job Allibon, Abraham van Solte, and Samuel
Allibon "heretofore ordinary posts for the Low Countries." "At their
first entrance into their places," says the petition, "they paid great
sums of money for the same, and they were granted for term of life,
some of petitioners having served twenty-six years, and others various
other long periods. About April 1633 petitioners were all dismissed
without restoring any of their moneys, or giving them any allowance
towards their maintenance, so that they have been driven to pawn their
household stuff, and, if not relieved, are like to perish. The ordinary
posts beyond the seas likewise dismissed have been allowed £80 yearly,
although their places were not so good as petitioners'. Pray that, upon
a new election of a Postmaster, petitioners may be admitted to their
several places again, or each of them receive a pension from the office
of the Postmaster."

Besides the constant stream of horse posts passing from London to Dover
in connection with the continental mail service, there was a service
by foot messenger between these two towns. At this period there was
a prohibition against the carrying of gold out of the country. In
_Moryson's Itinerary_, 1617, the following limitation is stated to
have been in force:--"In England the law forbids any traveller, upon
paine of confiscation, to carry more money about him out of the kingdom
than will serve for the expenses of his journey, namely, about twenty
pounds sterling." In 1635, the prohibition was still in force. On
the 29th June of that year, the foot post between London and Dover,
Edward Ranger, was examined as to the exporting of gold before Sir John
Bankes, the Attorney General. Ranger deposed "that within two years
last past he had carried from London to Dover gold and silver, to the
value of several thousand pounds in the whole, for Cæsar Dehaze, Edward
Buxton of Lime Street, Jacob Deleap, Roger Fletcher, Walter Eade,
and John Terry of Canning Street, Charles French of Wallbrook, Peter
Heme of Love Lane, Lucas Jacob of Botolph's Lane, and John Fowler of
Bucklersbury, and Isaac Bedloe, and had delivered the same, in various
sums, severally to John Parrott, Nathaniel Pringall, Mark Willes, John
Demarke, David Hempson, David Neppen, John Wallop, and Henry Booth, at
Dover; that he had after the rate of five shillings for every hundred
pounds he carried; and that he believes that the greatest part of the
gold was sent beyond the seas by such persons as he delivered the same
unto at Dover." This man Ranger was still foot post for Dover down to
1649; but in that year he was superseded in his place in consequence of
certain irregularities. In the Council of State's proceedings of the
17th December of that year, the Mayor and Jurats of Dover were to be
advised that the Council approved of another appointment being made,
"as it would not have been safe for the State to suffer him (Ranger) to
continue in that employment."

The king's posts at this period (1633) were not remarkable for their
great speed. On the 27th June, Secretary Coke and the king received
letters at Edinburgh which had taken five days in coming from
Greenwich. On 9th July, Sir Francis Windebank writes to Secretary
Coke, that "your several letters of the 2nd and 3rd of this present,
written from Lithco (Linlithgow) and Stirling, and sent by Davis, came
to my hands upon Sunday the 7th, late in the evening. I send these by
Davis again because of the slowness of the posts, some of your letters
being ten days upon the way, and never any packet yet dated at the
stages as they ought to be." A Captain Plumleigh, writing from Kinsale,
apparently to the Lord Deputy, complains that "your lordship's letters
unto me seldom come to my hands under fourteen days' time. I beg that
the despatch of this of mine may come on towards Kinsale day and night,
for otherwise we shall haply lose the opportunity of a fair wind," etc.

The condition of the roads in these times was an important factor in
causing the posts to travel slowly; and the through couriers, after
riding during the day, would necessarily rest during the night. The
following letter, dated 20th December 1633, from Sir Gervase Clifton
to Sir John Coke the younger, at Selston, Nottinghamshire, describes
a journey by road:--"I will be bold to trouble you with a discourse
of my perambulation. I came on Tuesday to Dunstable, somewhat, albeit
not much, within night. On Wednesday to Northampton, almost three
hours after daylight, yet with perpetual fear of overturning or losing
our way, which without guides hired, and lights holding in, I had
undoubtedly done. On Thursday to Leicester, a great deal later, and so
much more dangerously, as the way (you know) was worse at the end of
the journey. On Friday we were the most of all troubled with waters,
which so much covered the causeways, and almost bridges, over which we
were to pass, as made me nearer retiring than coming forward; which,
nevertheless, at length I ventured to do, and am (God be thanked), with
my wife, safely got to Clifton (near Loughborough), where I remain yet,
the worse of the two, by reason of a great cold I have taken." Even
a good many years later the roads were in a bad way. In 1678, Lady
Russell writes to her husband from Tunbridge Wells: "I do really think,
if I could have imagined the illness of the journey, it would have
discouraged me: it is not to be expressed how bad the way is from Seven
Oaks; but our horses did exceeding well; and Spence very diligent,
often off his horse to lay hold of the coach." Smiles, in his _Lives of
the Engineers_, gives an account of the great North road, the principal
thoroughfare into Scotland, from a tract published in 1675 by Thomas
Mace, one of the clerks of Trinity College, Cambridge:--

"The writer there addressed himself to the king, partly in prose and
partly in verse, complaining greatly of the 'wayes, which are so
grossly foul and bad,' and suggesting various remedies. He pointed out
that much ground 'is now spoiled and trampled down in all wide roads,
where coaches and carts take liberty to pick and chuse for their best
advantages; besides, such sprawling and straggling of coaches and carts
utterly confound the road in all wide places, so that it is not only
unpleasurable, but extreme perplexin and cumbersome both to themselves
and all horse travellers.'

"But Mace's principal complaint was of the innumerable controversies,
quarrellings, and disturbances, caused by the pack-horse men in their
struggles as to which convoy should pass along the cleaner parts of the
road. From what he states, it would seem that these disturbances, daily
committed by uncivil, refractory, and rude Russian-like rake-shames,
in contesting for the way, too often proved mortal, and certainly were
of very bad consequences to many. He recommended a quick and prompt
punishment in all such cases. 'No man,' said he, 'should be pestered
by giving the way (sometimes) to hundreds of pack-horses, panniers,
whifflers (_i.e._ paltry fellows), coaches, waggons, wains, carts,
or whatsoever others; which continually are very grievous to weary
and loaden travellers; but more especially near the city and upon a
market-day, when, a man having travelled a long and tedious journey,
his horse well-nigh spent, shall sometimes be compelled to cross out
of his way twenty times in one mile's riding, by the irregularity
and peevish crossness of such-like whifflers and market-women; yea,
although their panniers be clearly empty, they will stoutly contend
for the way with weary travellers, be they never so many, or almost
of what quality soever.' 'Nay,' said he further, 'I have often known
travellers, and myself very often, to have been necessitated to stand
stock-still behind a standing cart or waggon, on most beastly and
insufferable deep wet wayes, to the great endangering of our horses,
and neglect of important business; nor durst we adventure to stir
(for most imminent danger of those deep rutts and unreasonable ridges)
till it has pleased mister carter to jog on, which we have taken very
kindly.'"

These were the sort of roads the posts had to travel in the seventeenth
century; but fortunately the horses were suited to the conditions.
With respect to these, Moryson says, in his _Itinerary_ (1617), that:
"The horses are strong, and for journies indefatigable; for the
English, especially northern men, ride from daybreak to the evening
without drawing bit, neither sparing their horses nor themselves."
In considering the speed of the posts and the endeavours made to
accelerate them, it is well to bear in mind the condition of the
highways.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: This petition has already been referred to as establishing
the fact that before Witherings' inland posts, the postmasters on the
Western road had already established a weekly post for the public.]




CHAPTER III


We now come to an important period of Witherings' connection with the
Post Office. In June 1635, the following scheme of public posts for
inland letters was propounded; it is attributed to Witherings:--

"Proposition for settling a 'staffeto' or packet post betwixt London
and all parts of His Majesty's dominions for carrying and recarrying
his subjects' letters. The clear profits to go towards the payment
of the postmasters of the roads of England, for which His Majesty is
now charged with £3400 per annum." The chief points of the proposal
are: "That an office or counting-house should be established in London
for receiving letters; that letters to Edinburgh and other places
along that road should be put into a 'portmantle,' with particular
bags directed to postmasters on the road; for instance, a bag should
be directed to Cambridge, where letters were to be delivered, taking
the same port (postage) as was then paid to the carriers, which was
2d. for a single letter, and so according to bigness. At Cambridge a
foot-post was to be provided with a known badge of His Majesty's Arms,
who on market-days was to go to all towns within 6, 8, or 10 miles to
receive and deliver letters, and to bring back those he received to
Cambridge, before the return of the 'portmantle' out of Scotland, when
the letters being put into a little bag, the said bag was to be put
into the 'portmantle'; that the 'portmantle' should go forward night
and day without stay; that the port should be advanced in proportion
to the distance the letter is carried; that a horse should be provided
for carrying letters to towns which lie far off the main roads, as,
for example, Hull. Similar arrangements were to be made on the road to
Westchester, and thence to Ireland; to Shrewsbury and the marches of
Wales; to Exeter and Plymouth; to Canterbury and Dover; to Colchester
and Harwich; to Norwich and Yarmouth. By these means, letters which
were then carried by carriers or foot-posts 16 or 18 miles a day (so
that it was full two months before any answer could be received from
Scotland or Ireland) would go 120 miles in one day and night. At this
rate of travelling, it was declared that news would come from the coast
towns to London 'sooner than thought.'

"In the first place, it will be a great furtherance to the
correspondency betwixt London and Scotland, and London and Ireland,
and great help to trades and true affection of His Majesty's subjects
betwixt these kingdoms, which, for want of true correspondency of
letters, is now destroyed; and a thing above all things observed by
all other nations.

"As for example:--

"If any of His Majesty's subjects shall write to Madrid in Spain, he
shall receive answer sooner and surer than he shall out of Scotland
or Ireland. The letters being now carried by carriers or foot-posts
16 or 18 miles a day, it is full two months before any answer can be
received from Scotland or Ireland to London, while by this conveyance
all letters shall go 120 miles at the least in one day and night.

"It will, secondly, be alleged, that it is a wrong to the carriers
that bring the said letters. To which is answered, a carrier sets out
from Westchester to London on the Monday, which is 120 miles. The said
carrier is eight days upon the road, and upon his coming to London,
delivers his letters of advice for his reloading to Westchester again,
and is forced to stay in London two days, at extraordinary charges,
before he can get his reloading ready. By this conveyance letters will
be from Westchester to London in one day and night, so that the said
carriers' loading will be ready a week before the said carriers shall
come to London; and they no sooner come to London, but may be ready to
depart again. The like will fall out in all other parts.

"Besides, if at any time there should be occasion to write from any of
the coast towns in England or Scotland to London, by this conveyance
letters will be brought immediately; and from all such places there
will be weekly advice to and from London.

"As for example:--

"Any fight at sea; any distress of His Majesty's ships (which God
forbid); any wrong offered by any other nation to any of the coasts of
England, or any of His Majesty's forts, the posts being punctually
paid, the news will come 'sooner than thought.'

"It will be, thirdly, alleged that this service may be pretended by the
Lord Stanhope to be in his grant of Postmaster of England. To which
is answered, neither Lord Stanhope nor any other that ever enjoyed
the Postmaster's place of England had any benefit of the carrying and
recarrying of the subjects' letters; besides, the profit is to pay the
posts of the road, which, next unto His Majesty, belong to the office
of the said Lord Stanhope; and by determination of any of the said
posts' places, by death or otherwise, the Lord Stanhope will make as
much of them as hath heretofore been made by this said advancement of
all their places,--the Lord Stanhope now enjoying what either he or any
of his predecessors hath ever heretofore done to this day."

The foregoing scheme of public posts is doubtless an amplification of
that drafted by Witherings in 1633, already quoted. Witherings refers,
in the closing paragraph of his scheme, to possible difficulties with
Lord Stanhope; but he meets this by saying that "Lord Stanhope will
make as much of them"--that is, the deputy postmasters' places--"as
hath heretofore been made by this said advancement of all their
places." The meaning of this appears to be, that Stanhope would still
receive his fee of £66, 13s. 4d. as Chief Postmaster of England, would
appoint the deputies of the roads, and continue to receive payment for
the sale to them of their places.

The plan being now ripe to be put into operation, the king issued a
proclamation, dated at Bagshot the 31st July 1635, "for the settling
of the Letter Office of England and Scotland." The general features of
the scheme are described to be: the laying of regular posts between
London and Edinburgh to perform the double journey every week,--the
travelling to be done in six days,--the laying of weekly posts on the
other principal roads out of London, the providing of by-posts to serve
the towns lying beyond the main roads. The postage rates prescribed
were:--

 For a single letter under           80 miles    2d.
   "     "      "    between 80 and 140   "      4d.
   "     "      "    above          140   "      6d.
   "     "      "    to Scotland or its borders  8d.

When several letters were made up in one packet, the charge was to be
according to the "bigness" of the packet. The postage both for outward
and inward letters was to be payable in London. On the Western road
to Plymouth the charge was to be as near as possible the same as that
heretofore charged. This must refer to the system of posts already
established by the deputy postmasters on that road before alluded
to. The several postmasters of the roads were required to keep one
or two horses in their stables ready for the service as Witherings
might direct them; and it was commanded that on the day on which the
mail would be due, these horses were not to be let or sent forth
"upon any other occasion whatsoever." For the hire of the horses,
the post-messenger was to pay 2-1/2d. per horse per mile. All other
messengers or foot-posts on the roads covered by Witherings were to be
put down, so far as the carriage of letters was concerned, exception
being made only in respect of "common known carriers, or particular
messenger to be sent on purpose with a letter by any man for his own
occasions, or a letter by a friend."

These, then, are the lines upon which the first general system of
inland posts in Great Britain, for the use and convenience of the
public, was launched by the State.

There was this curious complication about the business. Thomas
Witherings was already Postmaster for Foreign Parts, out of the
king's dominions; Charles Lord Stanhope was Master of the Posts in
England and for Foreign Parts, within the king's dominions, Stanhope's
sphere being restricted to the appointing of deputy postmasters on the
roads and managing the conveyance of letters for the king and State
officials; and now a third control is introduced by the appointment of
Witherings to manage a system of public posts, to be grafted upon the
chain of deputy postmasters already existing upon the roads and under
the direction of Stanhope. Such complex arrangements were not likely to
work smoothly, nor did they.

The postmasters of Stanhope were not all in a good position to perform
their part in the new system of posts, as will be seen by the following
representation made by the Mayor and others of Coventry to Secretary
Coke on the 10th April 1635:--"By his letter of the 27th March, they
perceive that many complaints are made of the backwardness of their
city to furnish post-horses for persons employed in His Majesty's
service between that and Ireland. They find that John Fletcher is
postmaster within their city, authorised by Lord Stanhope. Fletcher,
by reason of poverty and lameness, keeps his house, but employs John
Scott, another poor aged man, as his deputy. Scott acknowledged that
Fletcher had not had for a month past above three horses, and that
all of them are lame. They sent the Sheriff of the city to see how
the postmaster was provided for the said service, by whom answer was
returned that neither Fletcher nor Scott have so much as one horse,
mare, or nag. By an Order of the Council, it was ordered that the
postmaster, not being able to find sufficient numbers of horses for
packets and persons employed in His Majesty's service, should have a
supply of horses out of the country within twelve miles' distance from
Coventry. They also find that the postmaster, by himself and agents,
makes composition with the towns about the city, and has taken yearly
of them several sums of money to spare them from the service, by which
means the burden of the whole service falls upon the city, which hath
occasioned many late complaints. The writers are in great hope that
some speedy reformation may be had therein. They recommend to that
place Edward Mosse, an innholder in their city."

In order the better to understand the position in which the country
postmasters found themselves about this period, 1635 and later, it will
be well to quote some of the petitions sent forward by the postmasters,
most of which relate to arrears of pay. And it is not unlikely that the
demands for arrears were due to the new scheme of Witherings, under
which the postmasters would no longer be allowed to carry letters for
the public on their own account:--

1635. "Petition of William Parbo, post of Sandwich, to the Lords of the
Treasury:--About 13 years since petitioner bought the said post's place
in the name of a poor kinsman, Arthur Ruck, then a child, intending the
profits to be applied towards his education. Being much impoverished by
the forbearance of his post wages for ten years and a half, petitioner
is unable longer to maintain his kinsman at the University of Oxford.
If his arrearage of 16d. per diem were paid, he should be a loser above
£100, he being at charges of boat-hire to carry His Majesty's letters
aboard His Majesty's ships, and of warning-fires on shore, besides of
horse and man by land. Prays payment of his arrears, amounting to £255,
10s."

1635. "Petition of Alexander Nubie to the Council:--Petitioner being
post of Dartford, is forced to keep sixteen horses for the performance
of the service, which is an extraordinary great charge, and for which
he has received no pay these two years and a half, so that there is due
to him about £100. Is poor and in debt, and dare not go abroad for fear
of arrest by creditors by whom he has been furnished with hay and other
provisions. Prays for protection until he may receive his money."

1636. "Petition of Thomas Hookes, servant to the prince, to Secretary
Coke:--Petitioner's father, Nicholas Hookes, lately deceased, executed
the post of Conway, Co. Carnarvon, for 26 years. About six years
since petitioner was appointed to the said place by Lord Stanhope.
Understanding that all posts are in person to supply their places,
petitioner, being tied to attendance on the prince, prays the Secretary
to grant the place to petitioner's brother, Henry Hookes, who was
living in the said town, and also to give order for £300, arrears due
for the same place."

1636. "William Hugessen, postmaster of Dover, to Secretary
Windebank:--Has served as postmaster in the Port of Dover many years,
and keeps the most convenient and fairest house betwixt London and
Dover, and where ambassadors generally lodge. Is behindhand of his pay
about £400. If there be an order that no man may enjoy the place except
he serve by himself, he desires that Edward Whetstone, who is his
tenant in the house called the Greyhound of Dover, may have the place
upon such conditions as others, but if possible in Hugessen's name as
formerly."

1637. "March 26th.--Petition of Edmund Bawne, postmaster of
Ferrybridge, Co. York, to the Council:--After the death of petitioner's
grandfather, who served as postmaster in the place abovesaid thirty
years, petitioner, for £200, by his grandfather three years since paid
Lord Stanhope, was admitted into the same place. Upon questioning
Lord Stanhope's patent, petitioner gave Mr. Witherings £35 more for
his settlement, and was, by the signatures of Secretaries Coke and
Windebank, and Witherings, admitted into the same. Petitioner's
grandfather is owing for wages at least £500 from His Majesty. Without
any misdemeanour, being now sought to be ousted, he prays relief."

These various petitions set forth not only that the country postmasters
were being badly treated in regard to their pay,--this pay being what
may conveniently be described as their retaining-fee,--but that there
was some stirring-up by Witherings of derelictions of duty on the part
of the postmasters.

Allusion has already been made to the fact that matters could not go
along smoothly with the whole system of posts, seeing that the control
was in two sets of hands, and that the spheres of action were not
properly divided. So a blow shortly fell upon Lord Stanhope. This
must, apparently, have been unlooked for by Stanhope, for, shortly
before his fall, a proclamation was issued by the king bearing
Stanhope's signature. It had regard to the duties of the postmasters,
and is supposed to have been issued early in the year 1637. Its chief
provisions were: that (1) in all places where posts were laid for the
packet, the postmasters were to have the benefit and pre-eminence of
letting, furnishing, and appointing of horses to all riding in post;
that (2) none were to be regarded as riding on public affairs unless
with special commission signed by one of our Principal Secretaries of
State, or six at least of the Privy Council, etc.; that the postmasters
or owners of the horses were to be allowed to claim 2-1/2d. per mile
(besides the guide's groats); but that private persons riding post were
to pay such rate as might be agreed upon between the parties; that (3)
no horse was to be ridden away until the fare was first paid, nor
taken beyond the next stage without the owner's consent; baggage was
not to exceed 30 lbs., and no horse was to be ridden above seven miles
an hour in summer, or six in winter; and that (4) the constables and
magistrates were to take up horses for the postmaster's service in the
posts when the postmaster was himself short of horses. Not long after
the issue of the proclamation above referred to, Lord Stanhope was
driven from office. The immediate cause is not apparent; but the fact
is dealt with in the following petition, dated March 1637:--

"Petition of Charles Lord Stanhope, late Postmaster of England and
Wales, to the king:--

"There is due to the petitioner for his fee of 100 marks per annum
(£66, 13s. 4d.), as Master and Comptroller of the Posts, being in
arrear for 19 years and more. £1266, 13s. 4d., which petitioner, when
he enjoyed the said place, was in some sort better able to forbear,
and therefore did not importune for the same; but now, having resigned
the said office, full sore against his will, but in obedience to
His Majesty's pleasure, signified to him by the Commissioners for
the Posts,--the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Keeper, the Lord
Treasurer, Lord Cottington, and the Secretaries Coke and Windebank,--he
has lost divers profits incident thereunto, which were a great help to
his support (his other means left by his father being small as yet,
and most of it in his mother's hands), whereby, since the loss of his
office, he is disabled to maintain himself in the degree of an English
baron. In consideration of his free yielding of his place, prays order
for payment of the arrear, and some satisfaction for his office. A
man of quality, and honourable knight, would willingly have given
petitioner £5000 for his office."

Lord Stanhope states that he resigned his office "sore against his
will," and "in obedience to His Majesty's pleasure"; but no hint is
given of the immediate cause for this pressure being applied. An event
happened in 1629, however, which may have had some bearing upon the
present matter. On the 2nd of March in that year, the king desired, by
means of the Speaker, Sir John Finch, to dissolve Parliament before the
Commons could proceed with certain business which they had in hand.
In order, however, to carry their protest, certain patriots in the
House, Denzil Hollis among the rest, laid hands upon the Speaker and
held him in the chair while the House voted its protest. In consequence
of the violence thus shown to the Speaker, the chief actors in the
scene were thrown a few days thereafter into the Tower. While these
men lay in confinement, they were visited by certain of their friends.
In a paper dated 1629, found among the Coke Manuscripts, and headed
"The Lieutenant of the Tower's information of such as had visited the
prisoners in the Tower, from their first imprisonment to the 19th
March 1629," it is recorded that "the Lord Hollis (brother of Denzil)
brought the Lord Stanhope, Postmaster, and other persons to visit
Denzil Hollis." It is quite possible from this, and other circumstances
which have not come down to us, that Stanhope may have been suspected
of sympathy with the Parliamentary party, and that, on that account,
he was no longer to be relied upon as a faithful adherent of the king.
Although the removal of Stanhope was not effected till 1637, at which
period the tension between the royalists and the popular party was
becoming more severe, it is possible that the event of the Tower may
have had its share in bringing about his loss of office.

In a petition of Lord Stanhope's in the year of the Restoration, 1660,
on the subject of the loss of his office, some further information of
the way in which he was "removed" is given by Stanhope. He says, that
"when by the contrivance of one Witherings, and some great persons, he
was summoned to bring his patent before the Council, and, after writing
his name upon the back, to leave it there, words purporting to be a
surrender of the patent were afterwards written above his name, and
copied on to the enrolment; the late king offered him a new patent if
he would agree that Sir Henry Vane, senior, should be joined with him;
but this petitioner declined, being advised to appeal to the Parliament
then about to meet," etc. If this be a correct statement of what
happened, there is little doubt that Stanhope was deprived of his place
by the operation of a gross job. In connection with his petition of
1660, Stanhope produced a copy of a letter from Mr. Prideaux, dated 5th
September 1644 (of whom we shall hear later on as Attorney General to
Cromwell, and more intimately connected with the posts), about erecting
stages in all the roads for the service of the State; and this letter
was held to show that Prideaux recognised Stanhope's right to the
office. The committee who examined Stanhope's claims in 1660 were of
opinion that "he should be put into a position to recover the profits
of the office since the 25th April 1637"; but it does not appear that
he succeeded eventually in his suit.

According to Rymer's _Foedera_, the king granted to Thomas Witherings,
by Letters Patent, on the 22nd day of June 1637, the office of
Postmaster of Foreign Parts during life, which office, in 1632,
had been granted in the joint names of William Frizell and Thomas
Witherings. The details of this grant, if such were made, are not
given; and it is a curious fact that, before and after Witherings'
death, the grant put forward as the ground for Witherings' interest in
the Foreign Post Office was not that mentioned by Rymer, but the joint
grant made in favour of Frizell and Witherings of an earlier date.

In the same month (June 1637), a grant was made to Secretaries Coke
and Windebank "of the office of Postmaster within His Majesty's
dominions for their lives, if they so long continue Secretaries,
with the like fee of £66, 13s. 4d. (per annum), to be paid quarterly
out of the Exchequer, as was formerly granted to Lord Stanhope, who
has surrendered that grant. His Majesty thereby annexes the office
of Postmaster to the Principal Secretaries for the time being, and
declares that the surviving Secretary is to surrender this grant to His
Majesty, who thereupon will grant the said office to the Secretaries
who for the time shall be, to hold the same while they continue
Secretaries."

Following this change, we find, from a letter written by Sir John
Coke to his son, dated the 5th August 1637, that the Secretaries had
then appointed Witherings their deputy for executing this office. It
states that: "Your letters come sometimes late. I hope that will, by
Mr. Witherings' posts, be amended. For we, the Postmasters General,
have made him our deputy, that he may the better accommodate his letter
office." So now we have got to this stage, that Witherings, being
Postmaster for Foreign Parts, was also appointed Deputy Postmaster
General for the Inland Posts, and there was more likelihood of his
plans being successfully carried out.

The reader will remember that, in 1633, Witherings was for some months
suspended from office, and that several claims were made against
him, in respect of which he made terms of settlement. One of these
claims, not already mentioned, was put forward by Endymion Porter,
Groom of the Bedchamber; but this claim was met by Witherings with
a flat denial of any indebtedness. What the grounds were does not
appear. But by an opinion given by Attorney General Bankes in 1637,
it seems that on the 24th September 1635 an indenture of deputation
of Stanhope's place was made in favour of Endymion Porter and his son
George; which deputation of place, in the Attorney General's opinion,
only referred to the post-work incidental to the forwarding of State
despatches, and not "the ordering of the carriage of letters by post
to be settled within the kingdom, at the charge of particular persons
and not of His Majesty." It is to be remarked that the date of Porter's
indenture almost coincides with the date upon which Witherings' inland
posts were started; and the idea occurs to us, that possibly the
Groom of the Bedchamber was brought into the business with the view
of providing a channel of access to His Majesty for the furtherance
of Stanhope's interests. Be this as it may, Porter, having had a
taste of the Post Office, seemed desirous of obtaining Stanhope's
place wholly to himself. On the 5th April 1636 he writes a letter
to Secretary Windebank, of which the following is the import:--"The
Secretary is best acquainted how long Porter followed the business of
the Postmaster's place, being one to whom it was referred; and Porter
has intimated to His Majesty his former intentions towards Porter in
that business, to which he has received so gracious an answer from
his _sacred mouth_ as has much lessened Porter's sickness; yet he
fears, by something His Majesty said, that he imagines Porter is not
willing to have Lord Stanhope's patent made void. Begs the Secretary
to let His Majesty know that Porter has no disposition nor thought
to be averse to any intention of His Majesty. He hopes His Majesty
does it for the good of Porter (_his poor servant and creature_);
and if he be thought worthy of the office, he will make it such
for His Majesty's honour and profit as he shall have no cause to
think it ill bestowed." "Sacred mouth," and "his poor servant and
creature"! Such expressions may have been common at the period under
review; but they would be sadly out of place in the present day. The
English language is rich enough in figure to convey sentiments of
submission, and even veneration, without involving the writer in such
wretched abjection. May it not be that the doctrine of divine right
is responsible for this tone of servility in a large degree? A better
specimen of self-effacement in a petition could not be quoted than
that of Denzil Hollis to the king about 1630, found among Secretary
Coke's manuscripts. It will be remembered that Hollis was one of the
Parliament men who gave serious offence to the king by holding Speaker
Finch in the chair. As a punishment for the rash act, he was cast out
of the sunshine of royal favour and thrown into prison. From this
changed position, Hollis, patriot and Parliament man, penned the
following petition:--"Most gracious Sovereign, your Majesty be pleased
to vouchsafe leave to your most afflicted suppliant again to cast
himself at your royal feet, there still to implore your Majesty's grace
and favour, for he is no longer able to bear the weight either of your
Majesty's displeasure or of his own grief; and he languisheth under it
so much the more by how much he hath been heretofore comforted with
the sweet influence of your Majesty's goodness to him, and gracious
acceptation of him. His younger years were blessed with his attendances
upon your princely person, and it was the height of his ambition to
end his days in your service; nor did he ever willingly entertain the
least thought which might move your Majesty to cast him down from that
pitch into this precipice of your indignation; but in anything he may
have failed, it hath been through misfortune, and the error of his
judgment. Imitate the Dread Sovereign the God of Heaven, whose image
you bear here upon earth, both in yourself in regard to your royal
excellencies and in relation to us your loyal and obedient subjects. He
is best pleased with the sacrifice of a sorrowful heart, and accepts
only that person who mourns because he hath offended Him; and such a
sacrifice do I here offer myself unto your Majesty, a heart burdened
with the sense of your Majesty's displeasure, prostrate at your royal
feet with all humble submission waiting till your Majesty will reach
out the golden sceptre of princely compassion to raise me out of this
lowest dust, and so, by breathing new life into me, make me able and
capable to do your Majesty some acceptable service. And, as I am bound
in duty, I shall ever pray for the increase of your Majesty's happiness
and the continuance of your glorious reign. This is the humble petition
and prayer of your Majesty's most obedient and loyal subject and
servant, Denzil Holles."

Hollis was not taken back to bask in the desired sunshine; and
biography has left upon record that he was a "man of firm integrity, a
lover of his country and of liberty, a man of great courage and of as
great pride. He had the soul of a stubborn old Roman in him!"

There are patriots and patriots. A contrast to Hollis is found in a
contemporary patriot, Lilburne, of whom it is recorded that, "Whilst
he was whipped at the cart, and stood in the pillory, he uttered many
bold speeches against tyranny of bishops, etc.; and, when his head was
in the hole of the pillory, he scattered sundry copies of pamphlets
(said to be seditious) and tossed them among the people, taking them
out of his pocket; whereupon, the Court of Star Chamber, then sitting,
being informed, immediately ordered Lilburne to be gagged during the
residue of the time he was to stand in the pillory, which was done
accordingly; and, when he could not speak, he stamped with his feet,
thereby intimating to the beholders he would still speak were his mouth
at liberty."

The higher places in the Post Office were apparently much sought after,
and there must have been a good deal of Court manoeuvring on the
part of those in possession to remain in, and of suitors who desired
possession to get in. Here is the letter of another candidate, William
Lake, who gives something of his personal history in his letter. It is
addressed to Secretary Windebank from Putney Park, on the 5th August
1637:--

"I enclose copy of my former petition, which the Duke of Lennox
presented to His Majesty. I hope you will find my demands such as His
Majesty may approve of. He may be possessed that I acquired some very
great estate under my master, the late Lord Treasurer, but it was far
otherwise. I was always more careful of my honour and my honesty than
of increasing my fortune. My main hope was that, by my lord's means, I
might have obtained some grant from His Majesty which might have eased
me of the trouble of being a suitor. I know that his lordship meant me
some good in that place which Witherings how enjoys, whereof I give a
little touch in my petition. How I missed it, _nescio quid, nec quare_.
I entreat that, when you move His Majesty on my behalf, you would
affirm that all the fortune I got does not amount to above £5000, which
is but a small thing to maintain myself, my wife, and six children.
Neither will I be so immoderate in my suit as to desire more than what
the late king once thought me worthy of: I mean the place for the Latin
tongue."

Besides the officers of the Post Office bearing the title of Chief
Postmasters or Postmasters-General, there was an officer attached
to the Court called the Deputy Postmaster of the Court. What his
precise duties were, is not very apparent; but he probably looked
after the despatch of letters over short distances from the Court,
whereever situated, and arranged for post stages being temporarily
set up in places where they did not usually exist, when the Court was
on progress. The Court Deputy Postmaster did not, however, enjoy any
greater punctuality, as regards payment of wages, than the postmasters
of the roads. The following petition of 1637 proves this:--"Petition
of John Wytton, Deputy Postmaster of the Court, daily attending your
Majesty, to the king. For his wages of 10s. per diem there is due to
him about £1400; neither has he allowance of diet, or horsemeat, or any
other perquisite, the nonpayment whereof has brought him much into
debt. Some of his creditors have petitioned the Lord Chamberlain to
have the benefit of the law against him. He has granted the request,
unless the petitioner give satisfaction by the middle of Michaelmas
term. Prays that the Lord Treasurer may make present payment of what
is due to petitioner, and meanwhile that he may have a protection."
It appears that Wytton was not the real holder of the place, although
by delegation he executed the office; for by a petition laid before
Secretary Coke in 1639, he states that in the first year of Charles'
reign, Buckbury, the king's Postmaster, assigned to him the execution
of the place, and that for his pains he was to receive the third part
of Buckbury's wages when they were paid. Wytton was turned out of the
place in 1637, when there were for wages eight years and a half due to
him, amounting to £530. This would no doubt be one-third of the sum due
to Buckbury. "I can make it appear by bills upon oath," says Wytton,
"that during the time the debt grew I have disbursed almost £300 out
of purse in executing the place. And I do humbly conceive that my own
attendance, my keeping of lodgings and horses in town for eight years
and a half, may be thought worthy of the remainder of the sum above
mentioned."

In July 1637, a warrant was issued to Secretaries Coke and Windebank,
Masters and Comptrollers-General of the Posts, for a sum of money to
be paid to the postmasters of the roads, up to the 27th September
following, as under mentioned:--

                                                    Per Diem
                                                     _s._ _d._
 Thomas Swinsed,           of Ware                    3    0
 Thomas Hagger,             " Rayston                 4    4
 Ralph Shert,               " Babraham                2    0
 John Cotterill,            " Newmarket               4    4
 John Riggshis, and } late  " Huntingdon              2    0
 William Kilborne,  }                                 2    0
 James Cropper,             " Witham                  2    0
 Richard Leeming,           " Grantham                2    0
 Thomas Atkinson,           " Newark                  2    4
 Edward Wright,             " Scrooby                 2    0
 Edmund Hayford,            " Doncaster               2    0
 Edmund Bawne,              " Ferrybridge             2    6
 Thomas Tayler,             " Tadcaster               1    8
 John Howsman,              " York                    2    0
 William Thompson,          " Wetherby                2    0
 Andrew Wilkinson,          " Boroughbridge           3    0
 John Scarlet,              " North Allerton          2    4
 John Glover,               " Darlington              2    4
 William Sherrington,       " Durham                  2    4
 George Swan,               " Newcastle               3    0
 John Pye,                  " Morpeth                 3    0
 Alexander Armorer,         " Alnwick                 3    0
 Thomas Armorer,            " Belford                 3    0
 Thomas Carre,              " Berwick                 2    4
 James Ware,                " Dartford                2    6
 Thomas Lond,               " Gravesend               0    6
 Richard Jennings,          " Sittingbourne           2    0
 Thomas Parks,              " London                  2    0
 Roger Pimble,              " Charing Cross           2    0
 John Briscoe,              " Barnet                  2    0
 Robert Story,              " St. Albans              2    0
 John Gerrard,              " Brickhill               2    0
 Andrew Clark,              " Daventry                2    0
 John Fletcher,             " Coventry                2    8
 Ralph Castlon,             " Birmingham              2    0
 Robert Francis,            " Chester                 2    4
 James Wilkinson,           " Staines                 2    0
 Gilbert Davies,            " Hartford Bridge, Hants  1    8
 Anthony Spittle,           " Basingstoke             1    8
 Richard Miles,        late " Salisbury               1    8
 Roger Bedbury,         now "     "                   1    8
 Nicholas Compton,          " Shaftesbury             1    8
 John Smith,                " Sherborne               1    8
 Robert Searle,             " Honiton                 1    8
 Thomas Newman,             " Exeter                  2    0
 Samuel Smith,              " Brentwood               2    6
 William Neale,             " Chelmsford              2    6
 Robert Bunny,              " Witham                  2    0
 Henry Barron,              " Looe                    2    6
 Joshua Blaxton,            " Perryn (Penryn)         2    0
 Gilbert Davies,            " Hartford Bridge         2    6
 William Brooks,            " Portsmouth              2    6
 Rowland Roberts,      late " Langfenny}              2    0
 Richard Roberts,       now "    "     }
 William Folkingham         " Stamford                2    0

These seem at first sight to be small allowances to the postmasters;
but we must be under no illusion as to this; and it is proper to
remember, what has already been pointed out, that in all cases of
money payments at this period, and mentioned in these pages, the
figures must be quadrupled in order to estimate their value in
relation to the present worth of money. The payments here ordered
may have been intended to keep the principal postmasters quiet until
a new arrangement, promulgated under His Majesty's directions on
the 30th July 1637 (hereafter to be quoted), should come into force.
The date fixed for its taking effect was Michaelmas next ensuing.
But the payments above authorised did not by any means clear off the
indebtedness of the State towards the postmasters; for by a petition
of the postmasters to the House of Lords in December 1660, it is set
forth that "in the year 1637 they were upwards of £60,000 in arrear of
their wages, whereof they have never received one penny." That means
that, according to our present value of money, the postmasters were in
arrears of pay to the extent of about a quarter of a million sterling.

In looking over the post stages mentioned in the foregoing list, and
tracing them upon the map, whether from London to Berwick, London to
the stages in Cornwall, or in the other directions, one cannot fail
to be struck with the very direct courses which the post routes
followed. The lines taken are straight as an arrow; and considering
that the roads were not laid out by engineers, but were the product
of a mere habit of travel, worked out by packmen with their horses,
and travellers making for a preconceived destination, the exact result
attained to is very remarkable. On the great North road, the stages
are in many cases the same as those which served in the days of mail
coaches two centuries later.

Shortly after the appointment of the two Principal Secretaries of
State, Coke and Windebank, to be Masters and Comptrollers-General of
the Posts, Witherings being their deputy for the inland posts and
himself also Foreign Postmaster, a very important document was drawn up
for the governance of the posts generally. It is as follows:--

 "By the King.

"Orders for the furtherance of our service, as well to our Pacquets and
Letters, as for riding in Post; specially set downe, and commanded
to be observed, where our Postes are established within our County
of___________.

       *       *       *       *       *

 "Orders for the Pacquet.

"First, that no Pacquets or Letter shall be sent by Poste, or bind
any Poste to ride therewith in poste, but such as shall be directed
first for our speciall affaires, and subscribed by the Writer's name
or sender thereof; neither shall it be holden for our affaires, but as
the same shall be directed and subscribed by our High Treasurer, Lord
Warden of the Cinque Ports, Lord Admirall, Principall Secretaries of
State, being Masters and Comptrollers of our Postes, Lord Lieutenant
of the said County, writing from the Court, or otherwise to the Court,
subscribed by any Admirall, or Vice-Admirall from the Narrow-seas,
Lieutenant of Dover Castle, or Mayor of any Port Town, Ambassadours,
or Agents beyond the seas for the time being, or Deputy Lieutenant of
our said County, writing to any of those personages afore-named, or to
the body of our Privy Councell.

"2. All Pacquets or Letters so directed shall be carryed by the Postes
in poste from stage to stage onley, and not otherwise nor further, they
being dated and signed first on the outside by the sender or writer,
and shall run therewith in summer, vizt from the first of April to the
last of September, after 7 miles the houre, and 5 miles the houre in
winter, which is the rest of the yeare, as the wayes and weather afford.

"3. And that it may appeare from time to time (as oft as shal be
needfull) with what expedition the service is by our Posts performed,
every Post shall keep a faire paper book to enter the Pacquets in,
being so brought unto him, with the day, month, and houre they came to
his hands, two leather bags lined with cotten or bayes, to carry the
Pacquet in, and hornes to sound, as oft as he meets and sees company
comming, or foure times in every mile.

"4. And to the end our Posts attending thus our special service, may
performe their several duties in that behalfe, our pleasure is, that
they and every of them shal brook and enjoy the benefit of all former
favours and immunities by our Predecessors allowed them: Namely, that
they and their servants be holden free and exempted from all Summons,
Prests and personal attendance at assises, Sessions, Inquests, and
Musters.

"5. Every Poste in his severall Stage is commanded, and hereby required
to carry out and in once a week, the Maile of Letters that shall come
from, and goe to the Letter Office of London, free without charge.
And to that end, are from time to time to have in readinesse one good
Gelding or Mare sadled against the houre the Maile shall come that
way, and not to detaine the Maile above halfe a quarter of an houre at
no time; And run with the same after 5 miles in Winter, and 7 miles in
Summer, which is to be done in consideration that the Master of the
Letter Office is to pay them their wages according to the Reglement set
downe by the Lords Committees; And that to begin at Michaelmas next,
and he that shall faile, to be discharged from his place. And to enter
the houre of the day or night upon a Label, which is to be annexed to
the said Male, with their owne names and the names of the Stages.

"6. Every Poste is required to deliver all such Letters in the Country,
either at or neere his Stage, as shall be sent to him from the Master
of the Letter office, and to receive Port according to the taxe set
upon every Letter; and to be accomtable for such moneys as they shall
receive at the end of every three months. And likewise to returne such
Letters to London as shall be brought to them in the Country. And in
case Post paid be written upon any Letter that shall come from London,
they are not to take Port for it in the Country againe.

"7. And that it may appeare from time to time when and as often as it
shall be required, with what care and diligence the service is at all
hands applyed and performed--First, he that is appointed by our Masters
and Comptrollers Generall of our Posts, to attend this service at the
Court, and also every other Post-Master shall keep a large and faire
Ledger Booke to enter our Packets in, as they shall be brought to him
or them, with the name of the Poste who brought the same, and the day
of the month, houre of the day or night that they came first to their
hands, together with the name of him or them, by whom or unto whom they
were subscribed and directed, taking and entering onely such for our
Pacquets as come warranted, as is aforesaid.

"8. And further our Will and pleasure is, That every Post-Master shall
write upon a Labell fastened to every or any our Packets, the time of
his receite thereof, and not on the Packet or Letter, as hath been
disorderly used.

       *       *       *       *       *

 "Orders for Thorow-Postes in ________.

"First, as the service of the Pacquet so the horsing of all
Thorow-Posts (Through Posts) and persons riding in Poste, with horne or
guide, by commission or otherwise, shall be performed by our standing
Posts in their severall Stages, who to that end shall keep and have in
a readinesse under their direction a sufficient number of Poste-horses,
with saddles, bridles and furniture convenient; and if it shall fall
out, that by the repaire of Ambassadors, or other residents of Service,
men riding in Poste, that is to say, with horn or guide, come so
thick, or in such numbers, that their ordinary provision will not
suffice, then the Constables of the places where they dwell, with the
aid and assistance of the Cheife Magistrates there, and the countries
adjoyning (being required in our name) shall take up, bring in, and
supply the Posts with horses and with furniture where they may be had
or hired.

"2. And that it be not any way a let or impeachment to the liberty of
any man riding on his own or ordinary affaires, within the Realme at
his or their pleasure; it is hereby meant that all Strangers borne,
specially riding with horne or guide by themselves, or in company of
our ordinary Messengers or Posts for the Low Countries, or France, all
Ambassadors, riding or sending on their Princes affairs, and all other
whatsoever, riding with horne and guide, shall take and change their
horses onley of the Posts, and at the Post-house, of that place, or
with his consent, and appointment, they taking for each horse after the
rate of iijd. (3d.) the mile beside the guide groat.

"3. And to prevent all advantages of unconscionable dealing, by such as
keep horses to hire, in the horsing of strangers beyond the ordinary
Stages, to the wronging of our Posts, and injury to the beast and the
Rider. It is found expedient, and our will and pleasure is, that all
Strangers borne, as well going forth of the Realme, as comming into the
same, through our County of____, although it be about their owne and
private affaires, without horne or guide, shall likewise be horsed by
our ordinary Posts from Stage to Stage, or with the Posts knowledge and
consent, not taking for each horse above iijd. the mile.

"4. It shall not be lawfull for any so riding in Poste, to take
and ride away the horse or horses of any man, not having first and
aforehand fully paid and satisfied the hire, nor ride them further
than the next Stage, without the knowledg and consent of the Poste of
that place, nor charge any horse taken to ride Poste with any Male
(mail) or burthen (besides the rider) that exceeds the weight of 30
pound. And if it shall happen, any to disobey these our commandements,
and orders, to the manifest wrong of our Posts, injury of any owner,
or hurt of his beast; the Officers or Magistrates of the place,
upon complaint thereof made, shall stay the party offending, till
satisfaction be made, or sufficient security given to repay the
dammage. But if it so fall out, that the obstinacy of any herein
offending, require further punishment than the ordinary power of the
Magistrate of the place can or may conveniently inflict. Then we
require our said Master and Comptroller of the Posts, upon notice
thereof given him or them, to send for the party or parties to answer
their conptempt.

"5. This being in generall our Will and command, for the speedy, safe
and orderly expedition of our publike dispatches and occurrents, as
well in writing for our own affaires, as riding in poste, whatsoever
besides shall fall out more particularly to the behoofe of our said
Posts, or ease of their horses, that in these kind of services are most
subject to abuses, our like care is specially to be respected; and to
that end we doe hereby eftsoones recommend both the one and the other
to the wisedome and protection of our said Masters of the Posts, and
the aid of all Magistrates and others that love the furtherance of our
service, or regard our safety or pleasure.

"Given at our Court at Oatlands the 30 day of July in the thirteenth
yeare of our Raigne, 1637, of Great Brittaine, France and Ireland.

"Signed by His Majesty, and subscribed by Sir John Coke, and Sir
Francis Windebanke, Knights; Our Principall Secretaries of State, and
Masters and Comptrollers Generall of our Posts.

"'God Save the King.'"

       *       *       *       *       *

This ordinance is important in two or three particulars. It raised the
price per mile for post horses from 2-1/2d, as provided by Stanhope's
notice (issued in the king's name a few months previously), to 3d. per
mile; it gave the postmasters a practical monopoly of hiring-out horses
on the roads; but in return they were required to carry the regular
mails within their several stages once a week "free without charge,"
and to deliver letters directed to their own towns and districts. The
meaning of the term here used, "free without charge," is not very
clear, for immediately thereafter the document proceeds to say that
the work was to be done "in consideration that the Master of the
Letter Office is to pay them their wages according to the Reglement
set downe by the Lords Committees." What this Reglement was it is not
now possible to ascertain, for unfortunately there is a hiatus in the
records of the Lords' Proceedings from 1628 to 1640, within which
period the events to which we refer occurred. It may be that for the
regular weekly service, no mileage rate was to be charged, a revised
daily wage being granted which, together with the additional halfpenny
per mile authorised to be levied upon travellers, would remunerate the
postmasters for carrying the mail. But the postmasters were further
required, apparently, to convey letters sent "express" to or from the
king and certain specified officials, from stage to stage, without
fee or payment; the arrangement being a great relief to the king's
exchequer, inasmuch as, on many occasions, such conveyance would
dispense with the necessity for sending through-messengers with the
letters to destination.

Labels or way-bills were also first introduced under this order, and
the markings on the letters themselves discontinued.

It should be borne in mind that at this period the country was in
a very considerable state of commotion. Charles had had a taste of
Parliament early in his reign, and he did not like it. He resented
the trammels that such a body of men imposed upon his actions; and
he desired to be a real king, like the continental potentates.
Accordingly, he dispensed with the calling together a Parliament during
the period from 1629 to 1640: he ruled by means of a Council, who made
the laws, directed public affairs, and generally guided the vessel of
the State. His Principal Secretaries were Sir John Coke and Sir Francis
Windebank; his other chief advisers were Laud and Wentworth.

In 1637, there was much business for the post, owing to the tension
between the king and Laud on the one hand and the people of Scotland
on the other, over the matter of episcopacy. Communications were
constantly kept up between London and Scotland, Baillie, Principal of
Glasgow University, mentioning that "from the 24th of July to the 10th
of August, the posts rann thick betwixt the Court and the Counsell,
which sat every other day, to finde means for peaceable introduction of
the service." In reading the history of this period, it is curious to
observe what elements were at work; among these, the active interest
that women took in the question of Church service is noticeable.
Everyone knows the story of the throwing of the stool at the preacher
by Jenny Geddes in the church of St. Giles in Edinburgh. If she were
but an instance of the feelings aroused generally among the women of
the East, there is evidence that the women of the West were equally
determined to have nothing to do with the service-book. Baillie writes
thus of the preachings at the Synod of Glasgow in 1637: "Mr William
Annan (Moderator of Ayr) on the 1st of Timothy, 'I command that prayers
be made for all men,' in the last half of his sermon, from the making
of prayers, ran out upon the Liturgie, and spake for the defence of it
in whole, and sundry most plausible parts of it, as well, in my poor
judgment, as any in the Isle of Brittain could have done, considering
all circumstances; howsoever, he did maintain, to the dislyk of all in
ane unfit tyme, that which was hinging in suspense betwixt the King and
the Country. Of his sermon among us in the Synod, not a word; but in
the towne among the women, a great dinne. To-morrow (next day) Mr John
Lindsey, at the Bishop's command, did preach.... At the ingoing of the
pulpit, it is said that some of the women in his ear assured him, that
if he should twitch the service book in his sermon, he should be rent
out of the pulpit; he took the advyce and lett that matter alone. At
the outgoing of the church, about 30 or 40 of our honestest women, in
one voyce, before the Bishope and Magistrates, did fall in rayling,
cursing, scolding with clamours on Mr. William Annan; some two of the
meanest was taken to the Tolbooth. All the day over, up and down the
streets where he went, he got threats of sundry in words and looks;
bot after supper, whill needleslie he will go to visit the Bishop, who
had taken his leave with him, he is not sooner on the causey, at nine
of clock, in a mirk night, with three or four ministers with him, but
some hundredths of inraged women, of all qualities are about him, with
neaves, and staves, and peats, but no stones; they beat him sore; his
cloake, ruffe, hatt, were rent; however, upon his cryes, and candles
set out from many windows, he escaped all bloody wounds; yet he was in
great danger, even of killing. This tumult was so great, that it was
not thought meet to search, either in plotters or actors of it, for
numbers of the best qualitie would have been found guiltie."

It is no wonder that in an opposition such as this to the pet scheme
of Charles and his buttress Laud, taking shape in a terrible flutter
of Scottish petticoats, the posts between the Court and Scotland "rann
thick."

In the year 1637, England appears to have been visited by a plague,
which about the month of September had extended to Hull. On the 5th
of that month, Secretary Coke writes a letter from Bagshot, which is
interesting as showing the ideas then entertained as to the methods
of preventing the spread of infection. It also attests that the speed
of the posts was improving under Witherings' management. "This day I
received at Bagshot yours dated from York the 2nd, whereby you may see
what expedition is now used in the carriage of letters.... He (His
Majesty) is sorry to hear of the visitation at Hull, and well approves
your care in prohibiting goods to pass from Hull to Howden or Malton
fairs, with other particulars of the proclamation expressed; as to such
cautions as were fit to be given to the Justices of Peace, I doubt not
but your provident care will give the Board good satisfaction. For the
letters which come weekly by post, the manner in other countries is to
open and air before the fire all such letters as are bound up with silk
thread, pack-thread, or such like, but for letters of bare paper they
use no such observance, but suffer them to pass. Wherein, nevertheless,
if any one that receives any letters from a known infected place will
but take that care to air them before the fire, which the Secretaries
do sometimes practice when we conceive danger, it may be well hoped no
inconvenience will ensue."




CHAPTER IV


Witherings had not long put the posts into some kind of order, as
regards expedition and regularity, with the result no doubt of
increased business and growing profit to himself, when his possession
of the office of Postmaster for Foreign Parts excited the covetous
heart of Windebank--one of the two Principal Secretaries of State
and joint Comptroller with Coke of the inland posts, and a friend or
creature of Laud.

Pigeon-holes in public offices, as elsewhere, have long memories; and a
paper referring (as is supposed) to the year 1637 has been preserved,
containing "Observations of Secretary Windebank for recalling the
patent formerly granted to Mr. Witherings to be Postmaster for
Foreign Parts." The principal grounds suggested for getting rid of
Witherings are the following:--"The inconvenience of suffering such
an office to remain in the hands of a person who is no sworn officer.
Suspicion that his patent was surreptitiously obtained--no signed
bill was found. Persons who hold the office of Postmaster abroad are
of so great quality that they disdain to correspond with a man of his
mean condition. Some satisfaction may be given him, but he has very
much enriched himself upon the place. He is said to be worth £800 a
year in land. The office of Postmaster-General being now vested in
the Secretaries, the carrying of letters is a business of State. If
Witherings shall insist upon his patent, His Majesty may sequester
the place into the hands of the Secretaries." We cannot say whether
Witherings was aware of what was hatching in the mind of Windebank, but
we know that he was not then driven from his office.

Troubles now arose out of the exclusive privilege of carrying letters
as set forth and described in the king's proclamation of the 31st July
1635. It appears, by an Order of Council of the 15th December 1637,
that one "Jason Grover, carrier of Ipswich and Yarmouth, was taken in
custody by a messenger, upon complaint that he had transgressed the
proclamation and patent granted to Mr. Witherings." The Lords could not
then settle the matter, and Jason was discharged upon a bond of £200,
to appear at Hilary term next, to answer what was alleged against him.
In a petition to the Council in January 1638, Grover gives his version
of the affair as follows:--"Petitioner, about two months ago, riding on
one of his pack-horses with his pack, was arrested by the procurement
of Mr. Witherings, Postmaster of England for Foreign Parts. Petitioner
remained in the messenger's custody 16 days before he came to this
Board, when it was ordered that he should attend to be heard the first
week in Hilary term, and in the meantime petitioner was permitted to
follow his vocation. But on the 11th instant there came a messenger,
and summoned petitioner to attend on Wednesday then next, all which he
has punctually observed, yet Mr. Witherings threatens that he will not
leave petitioner worth a groat."

Witherings gives his view of the matter in petition to the Council
about the same time. "About three weeks since," says he, "the _posts_
of Norwich and Yarmouth petitioned to be released, which was granted,
with the proviso that they should attend after the holidays, and in
the meantime be comformable to the grant of the letter office by bond,
which bond Grover of Ipswich has already forfeited. On the hearing, Mr.
Hieron, counsel for the _posts_, cast an aspersion on the petitioner
that he should say they ought not to be heard by your Lordships,
which petitioner denies, and doubts not to clear himself of everything
else that shall be objected to him. As the _posts_ continue to carry
letters contrary to petitioner's grant, he prays the Lords to consider
the great charge he has been at in settling the conveyance of letters
throughout England, Scotland, Ireland, and other parts beyond the seas,
and not to suffer the _posts_ to continue carrying letters."

It should be noted that the word "posts," as used in this memorial of
Witherings, applies to the common carriers or packmen.

Grover was not left to fight the battle of the carriage of letters
alone. He was supported by the merchants of Norwich, and others
trading in Norwich stuffs, in a petition addressed to the Council as
follows:--"There has long been a constant trade betwixt London and
Norwich in sundry sorts of stuffs and stockings made in Norwich and
Norfolk, which trade has always been maintained by the merchants of
Norwich employing their stocks in buying the wares of the makers, and
sending them up weekly in carts by common carriers to London, whence
they are dispersed into all parts of this kingdom, and also exported to
foreign parts, in which intercourse of trade we always had our letters
safely and speedily carried by our common carrier, by a horseman, not
in manner of postage by change of horses, but as is usual by common
carriers, and for little or no charge to us. Of late Mr. Witherings
has intercepted our letters and molested our carriers, forbidding them
to carry any of our letters otherwise than to go along with their
carts, and no faster." Petitioners then explain why the new system of
conveying letters will prove detrimental to their trade, and pray that
"they may enjoy their ancient course of conveying letters by their
common carriers." A separate memorial to a similar effect was sent up
by Robert Sumpter, Mayor, and seventeen others of the town of Norwich.

After hearing Thomas Witherings and Jason Grover, and their counsel,
upon this dispute, an Order in Council was drafted, on the 19th
January, to the following effect:--

"It was ordered that Grover and all carriers shall henceforth conform
to the letters patent granted to Witherings of the letter office, and
the proclamation in that behalf. _But their Lordships declared that
it would be lawful for any carrier that should receive the letters
of merchants or others, to be carried from town to town within the
kingdom, to use what diligence he may, and to ride what pace he will,
so as he do it without shifting or change of horses._ It was objected
that Witherings took more for the carriage of letters within the
kingdom than was usual; the Lords referred the consideration of all
complaints of that nature to the Secretaries of State, praying them to
take courses for redress of such abuse." This draft, on being submitted
to the king, did not wholly satisfy him; and he struck out the clause
in italics, writing in the margin the words, "This clause to be left
out."

On the 21st January another Order in Council was drafted on this vexed
question: "It was ordered that the carriers of Norwich, as was ordered
on the 19th instant for the carrier of letters of Yarmouth and Ipswich,
should conform to the letters patent granted to Witherings of the
letter office, and to the proclamation on that behalf, and not presume
to do or attempt anything contrary to the same." Three days later,
namely, on the 24th January, yet another Order in Council was issued
from the Inner Star Chamber, making a concession to the carriers:
"It was now ordered that for the better accommodation of the said
merchants, it should be permitted to the common and known carriers
of letters belonging to Norwich, or any other town, to carry the
letters of merchants and others, travelling with the same letters the
ordinary journeys that common carriers travel, and coming to London,
Norwich, or any other town, not above eight hours before the carts,
waggons, or pack-horses, whereunto Witherings and others are to conform
themselves." This concession would appear to refer to the practice
of the masters of the heavy waggons performing the common carrying
business of the country, riding on a horse alongside the waggons, and
who, leaving the waggons in charge of their men when nearing their
destination, might make a dash forward to arrange the loading for the
return journey. The masters of a string of pack-horses would probably
adopt the same practice.

Jason, who had been fighting for the continuance of the old state
of things, seems not to have become aware at once of the limited
concession made to the carriers, and the result is described in
the following _de profundis_ addressed to the Earl of Dorset, Lord
Chamberlain to the Queen, and one of the Lords of the Council, from the
uncongenial precincts of the Fleet Prison:--

"Petitioner and the carriers of Norwich were lately questioned by Mr.
Witherings touching the carriage of letters; and the Lords ordered a
settled course, not only for the carriers of Norwich, but for all other
carriers, by Order of the 24th January last, to which Order petitioner
is willing to conform himself, but had no knowledge that the same was
drawn up till the 10th February instant. And although petitioner has
not broken the said Order since the drawing up thereof, yet he, with
his two men, were by Witherings' procurement for 17 days committed to
a messenger, and now to the Fleet, and cannot be discharged except
petitioner will enter into bond to perform such order as Witherings
has prescribed, which is contrary to the Order of the Board. Prays that
he may enjoy the benefit of the said Order, and not be punished before
he has broken the same, nor compelled by Witherings to enter into bond,
the Order being a sufficient tie."

Jason Grover must have found himself in very respectable company in the
Fleet Prison, for, at the very time of his confinement, two well-known
historical characters, John Lilburne and John Warton, were, under the
proceedings of the notorious Star Chamber, thrown into this place of
evil note. "Upon the 9th February 1638, the Star Chamber ordered that,
as the two delinquents had contemptuously refused to take the oaths
tendered to them, they should be remanded to the Fleet Prison, there
to remain close prisoners, and to be examined," etc. It is a curious
coincidence that the charge against these men was for the "unlawful
printing and publishing of libellous and seditious books, entitled
_News from Ipswich_," etc., and that Grover's incarceration was for the
carriage of letters from the same district of country.

In order to put matters beyond all doubt, as between Witherings on
the one hand and the common carriers and the public on the other, and
to lay down clearly the mode of working, with the claims of the whole
postal service committed to the hands of Witherings, a fresh royal
proclamation was issued on the 11th February 1638. Of the original
issue of this document it is understood that copies are extremely rare.
The main provisions of the proclamation are the following:--That as
the secrets of the realm might be disclosed to foreign nations were
promiscuous carriers of letters allowed to the Continent, none other
were to be suffered than those employed by Witherings; that Witherings'
carriers to the Continent should travel by the sole route of Dover,
Calais, Boulogne, Abbeville, and Amiens, and thence to Paris. Noticing
that "sundry abuses and miscarriages" are daily being committed in
respect of the inland posts to the prejudice of Witherings, the
proclamation sets forth that, where Witherings' posts are laid down,
"no post or carrier whatsoever within His Majesty's dominions" ...
"shall presume to take up, carry, receive and deliver any letter or
letters," etc., "except a particular messenger sent on purpose with
letters by any man for his own occasions, or letters by a friend, or by
common known carriers, who are hereby permitted to carry any letters
along with their carts, waggons, and pack-horses, travelling with the
same the ordinary known journeys that common carriers use to travel.
Provided always that they, nor any of their servants, at no time stay
at any place from whence they carry any letters above eight hours
after their carts, waggons, or pack-horses are departed, nor bring any
letters to London, or elsewhere, above eight hours before the said
carts, waggons, or pack-horses shall come there." The postage exigible
by Witherings for inland letters was to be as follows:--

                  Single    Double      Heavy
 Miles.           Letter.   Letter.     Letter.

 Under 80           2d.        4d.      6d. per oz.
 From 80 to 140     4d.        8d.      9d.   "
 Over 140           6d.    1s. 0d.  1s. 0d.   "
 To Ireland         9d.       --    2s. 6d.   "

Provision is made for the punishment of any post-boy or other servant
charging any sum in excess of these rates.

The Council, in managing the affairs of the country generally, must
have had their hands very full, for the amount of business brought
to their consideration in connection with the posts alone, judging
by the records left, was by no means small. The postmasters were
constant complainers of their treatment by the State, and the public
equally constant complainers against the postmasters. In November
1637, Robert Challenor, His Majesty's post of Stone, County Stafford,
memorialises Secretaries Coke and Windebank as follows:--"Petitioner
for 40 years has been postmaster in the said place, which office he
has always faithfully executed in his own person, until visited with
a long sickness, as by an annexed certificate appears. Mr Witherings
endeavours to put another in petitioner's place, upon pretence that
petitioner had put in a deputy, being his son, who about a year and a
half since, in the time of petitioner's sickness, gave his assistance
for performance of His Majesty's service; and on the 17th March 1637
petitioner, during his illness, disposed of his estate by will, and
then assigned his arrears due to him for his post-wages to his son,
towards discharging petitioner's debts, and benefit of his wife and
children. Mr Witherings, in regard petitioner would not give him £100
for petitioner's place (over and above the carriage of the merchants'
letters twice every week), has for £40 given orders for the said place
to another, whose parents have been great recusants. Petitioner being
still able and willing, and his arrears £368 (that stage being the
longest between London and Chester, and yet is allowed only 20d. per
diem), prays order that he may be continued in his place, and may
receive the said £368." This petition was backed up by a certificate of
the Justices of the Peace of the county, setting forth the petitioner's
fitness for the office.

Another postmaster, Thomas Parks, on the stage from London to Barnet,
petitions Secretary Windebank to the following effect:--"Has executed
that office about six years, which has stood him in £180, without any
neglect, as Mr. Railton can inform you, and has received but two years'
pay at the rate of 20d. per diem. Notwithstanding his diligence,
Mr Witherings endeavours to bring in another, and has already taken
from petitioner the through posts place of Charing Cross, which cost
petitioner £63, 6s. Prays order to Witherings to deliver petitioner his
orders and confirm him in his place."

David Francis, late post of Northop, petitions thus:--"There is £90
in arrear to petitioner for execution of the said place, as appears
by the last account of Lord Stanhope to the Auditors. Has been three
months in town soliciting payment, and received fair promises from Mr.
Witherings; but now he absolutely says petitioner shall have none, so
that he is like to be imprisoned. Has spent near his whole estate in
coming to town to solicit for his father's arrears, who was post of
Chester 60 years. Prays order to receive part with the rest who are in
the privy seal, otherwise he is like to perish by the prosecution of
his greedy creditors."

Richard Scott, innkeeper of Stilton, Huntingdonshire, petitions
Coke and Windebank for the place of a postmaster who discharges his
office by deputy. "For some years past," says he, "the place of post
of Stilton, being in the high North road, has been executed by a
deputy, who keeps an alehouse there, the postmaster living twelve
miles distant, and his deputy no ways able to receive gentlemen and
travellers, much less noblemen, whereby the posts are forced to travel
at unseasonable times and are not fitted with able horses. Petitioner
being an innkeeper in the town, both able and willing to give noblemen
and gentlemen entertainment, prays that he may serve His Majesty in
that place."

Royston, a market-town in Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire, was an
important place in relation to the posts for two reasons: it was a
stage not far distant from London, on the great North road, and a place
of residence for the king when he retired to hunt in the neighbourhood.
Now, on these two accounts there must have been frequent demands made
upon the postmaster to provide horses, and, on occasions, considerable
numbers of horses. We are little familiar with the demands then made
for horses when the sovereign was pleased to go on progress. In
_Nichols' Progress of James I._, it is stated that the number of carts
employed when the sovereign went on progress was, about the year 1604,
reduced from 600 to 220! And even when the king moved about, not in
a formal progress, it is probable that large orders were given for
horses. In an account of the number of post horses taken up at Royston
by four o'clock in the morning of one day in February 1638, it is
recorded that, from nineteen parishes, 200 horses were so taken up,
each parish contributing from six to fourteen horses. That the duties
of the postmaster were more than usually onerous, is recognised in the
fact that he and the postmaster of Newmarket, where there was another
royal hunting seat, were paid (or were supposed to be paid) on the
highest scale allowed to postmasters, namely, 4s. 4d. a day, as will be
seen by the list of wages previously given.

But all this levying of horses was extremely burdensome and irritating
to the people, who, however, do not appear to have submitted quietly
to the infliction. The following petition of eighteen inhabitants
of Royston, to the Justices of Peace for the county of Hertford,
shows how matters stood, and the estimation in which they held their
postmaster; it refers to April 1638:--"Thomas Haggar, of their town,
innholder, bearing himself so irregularly by authority of his office
(as postmaster), abuses his protection, to the great grievance of
the town and country: breaking open some of their doors in the night
without constable; taking away their horses without their privity;
extorting, bribing, beating, commanding, threatening countrymen that
will not fee him, or do him service with their carts, or spend their
money in tippling in his house; hindering poor men from coming to the
market to sell their corn, by taking their horses post when there is no
cause; causing the horses to be double posted, keeping them longer than
the service requires; and misusing young colts and horses not fit for
that service, whereby they are oftentimes spoiled; as also taking more
horses than need requires. They state the consequences to their market,
and pray relief."

With this petition the following specific cases of abuse were set
forth, some of them sworn under affidavit. One John Rutter, a
husbandman of Harleton, Co. Cambridge, having his horse, along with
others, taken up to go post to Ware, and seeing one of the others
released, "said he feared there was underhand dealing; whereupon the
postmaster's wife, and afterwards the postmaster himself, violently
assaulted him, so that he was forced to lie at Royston all night for
his hurts to be dressed, and was compelled to go to Ware after his
horse, and had to pay charges for him, being paid only for one stage,
although his horse had gone two; and was much wronged thereby." The
statement adds that the postmaster, and also his wife and servants,
"usually take money to free horses from going post, and then take other
horses to do the service." A yeoman of Croydon, Co. Cambridge, named
Amps, complained of Haggar taking a horse to go post one stage from
Royston, but discovered that it had been ridden to Newmarket. When
the horse was returned, the postmaster refused payment; and because
Amps made complaint, he found that whenever he came to Royston the
postmaster was "ready to take his horse and put an unreasonable load
upon him." One of the chief constables of the Hundred of Odsey, Co.
Hertford, stated that, having to serve a warrant on Haggar for an
assault, he compelled him to send on the packet, which means that his
horse was taken to ride the post stage. The complainer adds, that
"by taking money to excuse post horses, the market of Royston is
much wronged." Another case of assault by Haggar and his wife upon a
countryman is alleged; the grounds being that he had imputed bribery
on seeing another man's horse released while his own was seized for
service. Sundry other instances of misconduct and oppression are
charged against the postmaster, one of which is: that four men were
sent out with warrants to warn country towns to bring in horses;
that in two days about 200 were summoned, but that most of them were
believed to have been compounded for by the constables.

In reading this story of the proceedings of the postmaster and his
wife, the comment suggests itself, that "the grey mare must have been
the better horse."

On the 7th May 1638, a Mr. John Nicholas writes to his son, Mr.
Edward Nicholas, to the following effect, complaining of his local
postmaster:--"Edward Nicholas may do his country good, and especially
that neighbourhood, who are much oppressed by the postmaster of Sarum,
Roger Bedbury, the innkeeper of the Three Swans, in Sarum. Sends copy
of a warrant Bedbury has procured from the Secretaries of State. By
virtue thereof he sends his warrants to the constables to bring in
horses furnished, and to pay for their keep, and employs them, not in
His Majesty's service, but to his own benefit. Leonard Bowles, one of
the constables of the Hundred of Alderbury, being required, brought in
horses; and in his presence a minister, coming to the postmaster to
hire horses, he delivered to the minister one of them. The constable
asked the postmaster wherefore the minister rode post, imagining he
was not employed in His Majesty's service, to which the postmaster
answered, he rode for a benefice, as he thought. If Edward Nicholas
may prevent the postmaster's knavery, prays him to do so." From an
enclosure with this letter, it appears that, in issuing his warrant
to the constables to send in on the 9th May "six able horses, with
furniture, for His Majesty's service for two days and two nights, at
the charge of the owners," the postmaster relied upon and recited a
warrant from Secretaries Coke and Windebank, dated 13th February,
"for sending to the postmaster ten or twelve horses from New Sarum, a
six-miles' compass."

A week later, Mr. John Nicholas, finding that the prosecution of the
complaint was likely to prove troublesome, declares that he will have
nothing more to do with it. "Touching the postmaster," he writes, "I
will meddle no further, if there be such a business in it; but let the
constable, or who else finds himself wronged, follow it and inform
against him. It will be good service in any that shall do it, and
good for your own understanding to know the ground of the warrant,
and whether the postmaster may require the owner of the horse to pay
for his meat two days and two nights. It may be my own case, for the
constable has been to me for a horse. I put him off with good words;
but how I shall do it again, I know not; yet if it be too troublesome
to you, I pray you meddle no further." Mr. John Nicholas was one of
a very common type of men, who are ever ready to make a fuss over a
grievance in the first instance, but who are at all times forward to
draw someone else in to fight their battles for them.

There are grounds for supposing that at this time some order had been
issued, empowering the postmasters to keep in their stables supplies
of horses, taken up in the neighbourhood, and, while standing in the
stables, to be fed at the owners' expense. This seems the meaning of a
presentment made at the Grand Inquest at the Assizes holden at Bath on
the 2nd July 1638. The statement made is: "That of late there are come
commissions into the country, under the hand of the two Secretaries
of State, to all postmasters, for taking up such numbers of horses as
the postmasters shall think fit; and the postmasters take into their
stables ten or twelve horses at one time, and keep them two nights, and
then take in so many more; and if they have employment for any of them,
they pay the post price, otherwise they make the owners pay for their
meat and dressing what rate they please; but some, upon composition,
they release, which makes the burthen the heavier upon the rest. We
beseech you to present this grievance to His Majesty."

The way in which traffic was carried on in the places of country
postmasterships, and the duties delegated to deputies, is set forth in
a petition to the king, of February 1638, from Randolph Church, one of
His Majesty's gentlemen pensioners. Petitioner "has for sixteen years
served as serjeant-at-arms, and, since he left that place, in the place
wherein he now serves; during which time he never received benefit by
any suit; but he purchased some post places under Lord Stanhope, which
he has executed by deputies for many years. But now Lord Stanhope,
having surrendered his patent, petitioner's post places, to the value
of £200 per annum, are taken away, there being £650 due to him for
wages upon the said places; and now petitioner, being employed in the
prosecution of delinquents for converting timber to coal for making
iron, and having expended much money therein, and being likely to bring
great sums into the Exchequer, the means by which he should subsist
are taken away. Beseeches some such satisfaction out of moneys brought
into the Exchequer by his present service as may equal his places and
arrears."

There seems almost no end of the petitions which came up from the
postmasters upon all phases of their duties and pay. Thomas Carr,
postmaster of Berwick, thus complains: "Thomas Witherings, in
consideration of his grant of the letter office of England and foreign
parts, is to pay the posts their wages. Witherings has reduced the
wages of Thomas Carr from 2s. 4d. to 1s. per diem, all the rest being
cut off only but the third part of their pay, which will not be
sufficient to find horse and man to perform the service; moreover,
they are enjoined to more service than formerly, viz. to carry his
mail of letters forward and backward once a week gratis. Witherings
employs one at Berwick to carry his letters from thence to Edinburgh
for 20s. a week. Carr has offered to perform it for a great deal less;
but Witherings not only denies the same, but threatens to put Carr
out of his place if he go not speedily down, he waiting only for the
arrears of his post wages, without which he is not able to subsist.
Requests that his pay may be made 1s. 8d. per diem, that he may carry
the letters from Berwick to Edinburgh, and also that he may be sworn
His Majesty's servant, as the other posts are."

In a position such as Witherings held, and in a period when the
public mind was greatly disturbed, it must have been a hard task
for any man to keep free from entanglements and quarrels with the
public. We have several notices of differences, more or less serious,
in which Witherings was concerned. In May 1633, he is reported to
have "misbehaved himself toward my Lord Marshal and his son Lord
Maltravers," but in what respect is not stated. Again, in May 1636,
Captain Carterett writes (to Sir John Coke, apparently), from on board
his ship in the Downs, complaining of Witherings, as follows:--"Being
in Dover Road, there came unto me one Mr. Thomas Witherings (who is
also called Postmaster-General) for to have Captain Dunning's vessel
to carry him over for Calais, having a packet (as he said) from your
honour to my Lord Ambassador at Paris. I told him he should have the
_Roebuck_, or I would go over with him myself. I desired him to show me
the packet, but he told me he would neither show me order nor packet;
he began to use me in very rough and coarse language, notwithstanding
that I did use him with all the civility I could. I have heard that
he had never a packet, but only went over to Calais about his own
businesses. He gave out that he doth belong to your honour." There are
always two sides to a story; and when Witherings' version had been
heard, the tables were turned upon the captain. This appears by a
letter, written by Secretary Coke to (probably) the Governor of Dover
about the same period. "Finding our foreign letters," says Coke,
"come with less expedition than they were used to do, and requiring
account thereof from the Postmaster of Foreign Parts, he excused
himself by a certificate that Captain Carteret, who is trusted with
that business, refuses to put to sea with merchants' letters only. He
formerly charged Mr. Witherings with uncivil usage, which I discovered
to have no ground. His Majesty requires your lordship to rectify this
disorder; and to charge Captain Carteret, to whom you give this trust,
to be careful to convey the merchants' packets as his own. And if he
be not conformable, that you appoint some other more proper for that
duty; which Captain Drury before him performed with good content, and
may haply be still ready to undertake." But two years later Witherings
had a difference with a man of much higher standing, namely, the Earl
of Northumberland, then Lord General of the Forces at Sea, arising
out of some failure in the conveyance of a packet. The precise facts
are not clear; but the immediate action taken by the earl is described
in a letter from Witherings (to Secretary Coke, no doubt) dated 29th
September 1638:--"It was my unhappy fortune," says Witherings, "to
meet with Mr. Smyth, secretary to the Earl of Northumberland, who told
me that his lordship had sent a warrant directed to a messenger for
me. I went to his lordship's house--was there by six of the clock in
the morning, where, after two hours' stay, I spoke with his honour;
and the weather being extreme cold, I got an ague, and am now forced
to keep my bed. The stage at Farnham, he told me, was a stage in pay;
and I promised (if it were so) I would move your honour to compel him
(the postmaster) to carry his lordship's packets. He also told me I
had abused his lordship in not sending forward the packets which were
brought to my house; to which I answered: that belonged not to me, but
to the ordinary posts of the road" (probably the ordinary carriers are
meant). "I also told his honour that I had sent for the packet books
of all the posts betwixt London and Dover, to the intent if any abuse
were committed it might be punished. Notwithstanding his honour was
very well satisfied with my answers to him, his servant Smyth delivered
the warrant to the messenger; and though I was in bed, yet he came up
to my chamber, and, in a very violent way, asked me if I would obey the
warrant or not; to whom I answered, that in regard of my sickness I
could not at this time do it. Your honour may be pleased to satisfy his
lordship in this business." In perusing this letter, we are struck with
two things--the peremptoriness of the proceedings taken against a man
in Witherings' position, and with his treatment at the earl's house.
The latter is reminiscent of Dr. Johnson in the ante-room of the Earl
of Chesterfield.




CHAPTER V


In August 1638, Witherings was returning from a journey he had made
into the north, when he was laid-up ill at Ware. On the 8th of that
month, his servant Waad writes to Secretary Coke, that "yesterday I
found my master ill at Ware, intending this day to set forward to
Walthamstow." It immediately became rumoured in London that Witherings
was dead. "The wish" may, in some minds, "have been father to the
thought"; for Windebank had been looking into the possible removal of
Postmaster Witherings, and Burlamachi, merchant and financier, lost no
time in taking steps with a view to securing the office to himself. The
very next day after the rumour was set about, a letter was written by
Burlamachi to Sir John Coke, bespeaking the succession to the supposed
vacant place. "Since Witherings is dead," says Burlamachi, "I write to
offer my services to your honour; assuring you that you may dispose of
me; and I hope I shall be not less capable of advancing the interests
of His Majesty than Witherings has been." But Witherings, although
he had had a sharp attack of illness, was not dead. A week later, he
was no farther on his way towards London than Walthamstow, whence he
writes a doleful letter to Sir John Coke, dated the 14th August 1638.
The letter is as follows:--"It pleased the Lord, in this last northern
journey (wherein I was sent by Mr. Secretary Windebank), to inflict
upon me two great fevers, which have been so heavy, that indeed, had
not the Lord been more merciful, gracious, and favourable towards me, I
should no ways have been able to endure them for one hour of the time.
I am a weak and miserable man; yet no doubt of life nor fear of health,
if God (for my manifold sins) do not again lay His heavy hand upon me.
To-morrow (God willing) I shall be at London," etc.

The period at which we have now arrived, 1638-39, was one of widespread
distraction and trouble throughout the whole kingdom, the people being
divided into two very marked parties,--the Covenanters in Scotland and
Presbyterians in England being on the one side, and the King's Council,
with the bishops and the Church party, on the other. In circumstances
such as these, it must have been very difficult for a man at the
head of the Post Office to steer a middle course, as in all cases of
interception or delay of letters suspicion was likely to fall upon the
postmasters. Advice was given by one of the King's party, that "because
there be divers Scots Covenanters about Court, who give intelligence
(both by the ordinary and posters"--that is, by men riding post--"and
journiers into Scotland), a course should be taken that the letters may
be opened; and that the Governor of Berwick may give order for some
strict searching and examining the Scots travellers." And as a matter
of fact, the posts were waylaid and the letters carried to Secretary
Coke. In a letter written from Berwick to Secretary Windebank, on
the 26th September 1638, Sir James Douglas complains that "he who
carries the running-post letters betwixt Berwick and Edinburgh plays
the rogue with all the letters that come from Edinburgh to me, so I
have prohibited any to write to me that way." It is not clear whether
Witherings lent himself to this espionage of the letters, or whether he
tried to keep clear of it; but subsequent events might almost seem to
suggest that Witherings inclined to the Presbyterian or popular party,
and that he was distrusted by the Court. Reference has been made to
Burlamachi, who lately applied for the place of Chief Postmaster. This
man, as has already been mentioned, was a native of Sedan in France,
but naturalised in England. He was largely employed by the King and
Council in financial matters of State, and had a hand in negotiating
a loan of money upon the Crown jewels taken over to Holland early in
Charles' reign. These jewels remained in Holland until November 1636;
and while there, Burlamachi seems to have had power to pawn and repawn
them at pleasure, to the tune and measure of Court necessities. At one
time Burlamachi was a broken man; he was granted a protection from the
diligence of his creditors in 1633-34 and 35; yet he still enjoyed the
confidence of Charles. This is not, however, surprising; for, in a
petition from Burlamachi's daughters, at the time of the Restoration,
it is stated "that their father was ruined by his advances to the
king." Under these circumstances there would be a potent tie between
these men, for Burlamachi could only hope for the recovery of his
money through the good fortune and favour of the king. It is well that
all this should be borne in mind, for Burlamachi's name will come up
hereafter.

The public do not realise how effective, as a trap, the Post Office
is, until they find themselves in the position of having written and
posted a letter which, upon cooler reflection, they would fain withhold
from the eyes of the person addressed. Cases of this kind occasionally
happen in our own day, when proof is given of the irrevocability of the
act of dropping a letter into the letter-box. Writers in such cases
can then do nothing,--they are left to settle the business with their
correspondents as best they may,--and no difficulty or trouble, as a
rule, results to the officers of the Post Office. In the earliest days
of the post the trap existed, as is shown by the following account of
an attempt to recover a letter, after it had been committed to the
care of Witherings' officers, in the year 1639. The incident shows that
in these days, as well as in ours, men could write letters in haste and
repent at leisure. The account comes to us in a declaration by Laurence
Kirkham, an assistant in one of the offices appointed in London for the
taking in letters for the post. It states that "upon Tuesday the 4th
June came William Davies to my master's shop, my mistress and I being
there present, to take in letters for Mr. Witherings, His Majesty's
Postmaster both for the Northern road and West, etc., for conveyance
of letters both by sea and land. Davies, coming as above, demanded a
letter again which he said was his own, and that he delivered it to me
that same day to go by post. I, not remembering any such thing, and
he being a stranger to me, I told him that it was more than I could
answer or dared do, to deliver any man's letter again, being once
in my hands, especially not knowing it to be his letter; but, for
quietness' sake, he being so outrageous for his letter, I told him that
if he would stay until the box were opened wherein his letter was, if
I found any such letter with such a superscription as he expressed his
to have, I would deliver it to him, provided that he carried it not
away nor break it open; but he might add something outside, or stick
a note in it, if I saw it were no hurt; or rather, if he would write
another letter after it, I would give him the portage of it. But this
would not satisfy him; he swore I should not keep his letter from
him, but he would have it; and thrust his hand into a heap of letters
which lay before him in the shop, he well knowing that his letter was
not there, and took what he could get of letters and packets, and put
in his pocket--some scattering in the street and some in the shop, a
multitude of people being gathered together. What he took and what
he lost is uncertain, as also what damage my master and others may
receive thereby, there being letters to the nobility and many others
to the army in the North, and divers to other countries. My mistress,
striving with him, was hurt, and her hand bruised; and I, holding him
in the street for the letters, he fell upon me, beat and pulled me by
the hair, kicked me, and tore my apparel, by which abuse I received
damage." This must have been a very pretty little scene, and it would
have been interesting to know how the law took notice of Mr. Davies'
obstreperous conduct.

The proceedings of these times have a smack of dramatic interest,
surrounded as they are by conditions which do not obtain in the present
day. In May 1639, a scene was enacted in the market-place of Ware, of
which a description is given in a letter from Edmund Rossingham, dated
the 8th of May. The reader can perhaps imagine the open space of this
town where the market is held, thronged with country folks with their
produce for sale, stalls of vendors, horses and carts of the farmers,
and idlers hanging about to see what might turn up to their advantage.
A clatter of horses' feet is heard, and into the market-place dash
three men on horseback, who draw rein at the post house of Ware. With
the preliminary statement that the king was at this time lying with his
army at Berwick, the letter must itself describe what took place. The
letter, which is addressed to Viscount Conway, proceeds: "Lord Carr
(Ker), the Earl of Roxburgh's son, riding post the other day into the
North, having letters from the queen, came to Ware, and the postmaster
went out to take up three horses for his use; but out of malice would
have taken a great carthorse which carried corn to the market, only the
owner, a poor countryman, would not part with it, saying his horse was
not to ride post. The postmaster and he being in strife together in
the market, three Deputy Lieutenants, Justices of the Peace, namely,
Sir Richard Lucy, Sir John Butler, and Sir John Watts, convening there
about county business, saw this contention out of a window of the inn,
and they relieved the countryman, bidding the postmaster seek out other
horses more fit for the service; whereupon the postmaster, in a great
chafe, goes back to Lord Ker and tells him the Deputy Lieutenants
had taken one of those horses he had taken up by his warrant. Lord
Ker frets at this, and learns of the postmaster where the Deputy
Lieutenants' horses stand, and commands three of these horses to be
saddled to ride post with. The Deputy Lieutenants have notice of this,
and will not let their horses be saddled, whereupon a great contention
ensued between the lord and these Deputy Lieutenants; so hot grew Lord
Ker, who had a case of pistols by his side, that he and his two men
challenged the three Justices into the field to end the difference.
Sir John Butler and Sir John Watts had good stomachs to go out with
them; but Sir Richard Lucy, a more temperate man, would rather use his
authority than his courage that way, as being much the more justifiable
course; and so sent out to provide post horses for them, which were
brought to the gate. Sir Richard then tells Lord Ker there are post
horses for him, and, if he will not take them, himself will make his
lordship fast and take from him the queen's letters, send them to His
Majesty, and do his errand, which would be little to his lordship's
advantage; whereupon the Lord Ker cools a little, and, grumbling at
being thus thwarted, takes the horses provided for him, and away he
posts."

The Justices were well aware of the advantage of being early in
the field with their account of this business; and accordingly
they forthwith wrote a statement of the whole matter to their
Lord-Lieutenant, Lord Salisbury, who was then with the king in the
North, and which "they sent post after the lord, to be at Court so soon
as he should be."

The better to keep up communications between the king, then in the
North, and the governing powers in Ireland, a packet was at this time
employed between Whitehaven and Dublin. The agreement with the master,
Nicholas Herbert, was that his barque should be provided "with one
sufficient master and other meet and able sailors" ... "to carry the
letters of His Majesty or the Council to the Lord Deputy at Dublin, and
shall receive £10 per lunar month."

As has already been remarked, there is reason to suppose that
Witherings had come to have leanings towards the Parliamentarians, a
posture which would alienate him from the Court party. At anyrate,
on the 29th July 1640, the office held by Witherings was sequestered
by the king's privy seal into the hands of Philip Burlamachi, "who
was directed by proclamation to execute the office." The proclamation
here referred to is probably that dated the 6th August 1640. The first
clause sets forth the reason for the proceeding as follows:--"Whereas
we have received information of divers abuses and misdemeanours
committed by Thomas Witherings in the execution as well of the office
of Postmaster of Foreign Parts as also of the Letter Office within
our own dominions, and thereupon have been pleased to sequester the
said office into the hands of P. Burlamachi of London, merchant, who
is to execute the same, under the care and oversight of our Principal
Secretary of State, till we shall signify our pleasure to the contrary;
and have accordingly declared the same under our royal hand and signet,
and commanded our said Secretary to see the sequestration put into
speedy execution, and to take such course that neither our service nor
the business of the merchants nor our other subjects might thereby
receive any prejudice or interruption." In pursuance of this ordinance
the business of the post was removed from Witherings' offices to other
premises.

When a man is down there are always a lot of unthinking or interested
persons ready to give the unfortunate individual another kick, and
the king's followers were not slow to avail themselves of the chance
presented by Witherings' sequestration. Sir Francis Windebank writes
from Paris in April 1641, whither he had found it convenient to remove,
as follows:--"I wrote lately to Mr. Treasurer (Vane) by Mr. Frizell,
who touched here in his passage out of Italy toward England. He was
Postmaster before Witherings, and drew him in to be his partner; but
Witherings, in token of his thankfulness, joined with Sir John Coke and
thrust the poor man utterly out. He is able, and not unwilling, if he
be dexterously managed, to discover much of Witherings' miscarriage
in that place, which I have desired Mr. Treasurer to make use of, and
you will do well to put him in remembrance of it from me." In another
letter about the same date Windebank complains of the miscarriage of
his letters, and remarks: "How they are come to miscarry now I do not
understand, presuming that Witherings, though he want no malice to
betray anything that may fall into his hands concerning me, yet dares
not intercept any packet addressed to Mr. Treasurer, as this was."
About the same time a letter from Robert Reade, residing at Paris,
makes mention of the failure of letters, and proceeds: "But the world
grows every day worse and worse, and is so full of deceit and malice
that I think there will be no living shortly for an honest man in it.
Perhaps Witherings has met with it again; if he have, my comfort is
that no better fortune will befall him in that than usually does to
harkeners, who never hear good of themselves; yet, methinks, since the
House of Parliament were more noble than to countenance him in his
last unworthiness of that kind, he should not have much courage to
do it again." In another letter the same writer says: "I think your
honour will have very uncertain dealing from Mr. Witherings, for in all
his affairs he appears so." There is a marked indefiniteness in the
references made by private persons who at this period were ready to
speak ill of Witherings--a want of specific charges against him. But in
a report appended to certain resolutions of the House of Lords, dated
8th September 1642, information is supplied showing how Witherings had
been badgered, and what the various complaints were. The allegations
set forth are: "Misdemeanours in opening letters, not giving advices
in due time, taking greater rates than usual, transporting prohibited
commodities, not suffering the passage boat to be searched, not able
to hold correspondence for want of language, breach of correspondence
for want of paying foreign posts." Happily for Witherings none of these
charges were found proved.

Witherings seems to have believed that Burlamachi had had a principal
hand in bringing about the sequestration of his office, for we
find him writing to Sir John Coke, on the 8th November 1640, as
follows:--"Burlamachi stands upon his justification, which is, that
these offices were forced upon him. My humble suit unto your honour
is, that you will be pleased to deliver to ----, your son, upon his
coming up, such letters as your honour received from him years past,
whereby he was a practiser from time to time to take from me my office,
contrary to his own declaration. Your honour may be pleased to certify
something therein to your son, who may declare it to the House of
Parliament." Burlamachi was not, however, Witherings' only enemy in
this matter; for, in a letter from Thomas Coke to Sir John Coke, of
12th May 1640, two months before the sequestration, it is stated that
"the two Secretaries do now, since the Parliament, prosecute him again
for the right of his place; but they cannot yet fasten anything upon
him, neither can Mr. Attorney find any imperfection in his patent;
so that he hath now great hopes again that the question will be to
save him a thousand pounds a year in his purse." At the time of the
sequestration Witherings was put in prison, but probably his detention
was of short duration. Witherings found himself hard pressed by
his enemies, and, feeling himself not very able perhaps to contend
against large odds, he assigned an interest in his office to the Earl
of Warwick. This is mentioned in a letter to Sir John Coke from his
son, the 15th of March 1641: "He hath now, without the advice of his
friends, put himself under the protection of the Earl of Warwick,
by passing some interest in his places to him. This the violent
prosecution of his adversaries hath driven him unto, out of fear to
be oppressed. I wish by this means he do not lose all in the end." In
April 1641, the Earl of Warwick was sworn a Privy Councillor, and thus,
in point of interest, Witherings had secured an important ally. While
his friends may have thought the step taken by Witherings of uncertain
advantage, Witherings no doubt considered that "half a loaf would be
better than no bread."

It is a troublesome business to unravel all the records of the
proceedings in the Parliament and Council of this affair of the
possession of the posts. There were two offices held by Witherings,
as the reader will remember,--the Postmastership of the Foreign Posts
(held by patent) and the Postmastership (by delegation from the
Principal Secretaries of State) of the Inland Posts. In the records
we have of Witherings' present troubles, these two offices are not
always clearly defined, and it is somewhat difficult to understand the
references. But this much is quite clear, that, on the 10th February
1640, a committee of the House of Commons was appointed "to consider
of the complaints of the Inland Posts, foreign courriers and carriers,
and foot posts, and the several abuses of Mr. Witherings and the
rest of the postmasters." The proceedings of this inquiry dragged on
for a period of over two years. At length, on the 28th March 1642,
the House of Commons gave a deliverance, by resolution, in favour of
Witherings, respecting the Foreign Posts as follows, namely, "that this
sequestration of the office of Foreign Postmaster from the possession
of Witherings is a grievance and illegal, and ought to be taken off
and repealed" ... "that the proclamation for the putting Mr. Witherings
out of possession of the exercise of his place of Postmaster for
Foreign Parts is a grievance and illegal, and ought not to be put in
execution" ... "resolved that Mr. Witherings ought to be restored unto
the possession of his place as Postmaster for Foreign Parts, and to the
mean profits received since he was out of possession, deducting the
reasonable and usual charges of execution" ... "that for the legality
of his patent, it shall be referred to a trial at law." Then, on the
16th August 1642, the following resolutions were passed by the House
of Commons respecting the Inland Posts:--"That the sequestration of
the Inland Letter Office to Philip Burlamachi is illegal and void, and
ought to be taken off" ... "that Philip Burlamachi and his deputies
shall forthwith bring in an account of the profits of the office
received by him or his deputies since his illegal sequestration to
the Committee for the Accounts where Mr. Trenchard has the chair" ...
"that the proclamation in pursuance of the sequestration is illegal
and void." It will be observed that nothing is said in these latter
resolutions indicating that Witherings should again take charge of
the Inland Posts, by delegation or otherwise. But a deliverance was
also given at this time on the subject of Witherings' interference
with the public carriers in conveying letters for the public, which
events occurred in 1637-38, and have already been mentioned. The House
resolved "that the taking of the several letters in this case from
the several carriers, and the several restraints and imprisonment of
Grover, Chapman, Cotton, and Mackerill, is against the law and liberty
and freedom of the subject" ... "that these several persons ought to
have reparations and damages from Sir John Coke and Sir F. Windebank,
then Secretaries of State, and Mr. Witherings respectively" ... "that
Sir J. Coke, Sir F. Windebank, and Mr. Witherings are delinquents."

Now, although Witherings' office had been in sequestration from 1640
till 1642, it would almost seem that he was not entirely suspended from
all share in the management of the place during that period, for in
writings of 1641 reference is made to services performed by Witherings
in the transmission of foreign correspondence. In a letter, dated from
Edinburgh 2nd November 1641, from Secretary Vane to Edward Nicholas,
the latter is requested to instruct Mr. Witherings as to the forwarding
of two packets, "much concerning His Majesty's service," one of which
was for Hamburgh; and this Witherings was to forward by an express,
which by his office he was bound to provide for and pay. In a letter
from Witherings, dated at Walthamstow 7th November 1641, to Edward
Nicholas, respecting these instructions, Witherings writes: "I have
sent the one express for Hamburgh with my own packet-boat, which not
only carries the king's colours, but is of defence and well known on
the seas. Be confident there shall be no neglect, neither of the one
nor the other in me."

During the proceedings against Witherings, he was unquestionably
handled in a very rough manner; for a warrant was issued in 1641 (as
is supposed) by the Secretary of State to a messenger of the Chamber
in the following terms:--"These are by His Majesty's command, to
require and authorise you to repair to the office and house of Thomas
Witherings, Postmaster for Foreign Service, and there to search for and
take into custody all papers, pamphlets, and letters."

On the 5th October 1642, Robert Earl of Warwick petitioned that,
in virtue of the assignment of the Inland Letter Office to him by
Witherings, and in view of the fact that Burlamachi had failed to
obey the ordinance delivered by Parliament, by continuing to hold and
administer that office, Burlamachi should be ejected from the place and
punished for his disobedience.




CHAPTER VI


On the 25th November 1642, "It was thought fit, and ordered by the
Lords, that the said office--that is, the Inland Letter Office--shall
be delivered to the Earl of Warwick or his deputies, and that
Burlamachi and his deputies shall, within eight days after serving of
this Order, bring in a particular account upon oath to the Earls Clare
and Bolinbroke, and Lord Grey of Werke and Lord Bruce, of the profits
of that office during all the time of their being in possession of the
same. The lords above mentioned are to make reports to the House, that
thereby the Earl of Warwick may have the profits of that office, to be
paid to him by the parties aforesaid; and the posts and their agents
are hereby commanded to bring the mails, with letters, to such place as
the Earl of Warwick shall appoint." Another Order, dated 2nd December
1642, was issued confirming the foregoing Order, and also giving
authority to the earl, in the event of the country postmasters refusing
to carry or deliver up the mails as directed, "to seize upon the mails,
and to put the postmasters out of their places, until they conform
themselves unto the Order of the House." It was further ordered that
all colonels, captains, justices, constables, and others, His Majesty's
officers, should aid and assist in the execution of this Order.

On the 9th December, the House of Lords seem to have issued a
peremptory Order to Burlamachi to produce the "books of accompts for
receipt of the profits of the Inland Letter Office, with the warrants
and acquittances," etc. But this Burlamachi neglected to do, and,
in consequence of his contumacy, the House make a further Order on
the 21st December to the effect "that the Sheriffs of London or
their deputies shall, by virtue of this Order, seize the said books
of accompts, etc., and send them to the Clerk of the Parliament on
Saturday, the 24th present." The Lords at the same time confirm the
previous Orders of the 25th November and 2nd December, "for that it
appears that the possession of the Inland Letter Office, settled by the
Order of this House on the Earl of Warwick, has been interrupted by
divers refractory and obstinate persons." The Lords further give Order
"that all colonels, mayors, sheriffs, and other officers shall have
full power and authority to seize all mails of letters in all places,
both coming in and going out, and to deliver the same to the Earl of
Warwick or his deputies at his office near the Royal Exchange, London,
and this Order to be their sufficient warrant."

Events were developing very rapidly at this period, for, on the 24th
December 1642, Burlamachi was in custody for not bringing in the books
of account already referred to, and on that date he petitions for his
discharge. He was not, however, then released.

On the following day, 25th December, a brief return was made by
Burlamachi of the revenue and expenditure of the Inland Letter Office,
from 4th August 1640 to 25th December 1641, as follows:--Moneys
received, £8363; moneys expended, £4867; balance in hand, £3496,
whereof £1400 has been paid to the Secretary of State. Of the other
£2000, Burlamachi states that "those that keep the office are to be
considered for their pains and attendance, which are great," and he
adds something about a probable increase from the Irish correspondence.
On the 29th December, Burlamachi draws up a fresh petition, this time
to the effect that his accounts may be audited by one of His Majesty's
auditors, and he again prays that his liberty may be granted to him. On
the 31st December, an Order is issued from the House of Lords requiring
that "Philip Burlamachi shall within eight days account upon oath to
John Worfield, the City Auditor, for all moneys derived from the Inland
Letter Office since the sequestration, and how the same have been
disposed of, upon which Mr. Worfield is to report to this House."

The precise issue of these varied proceedings cannot readily be made
out; but it would seem that at this time, 1643, the Foreign Letter
Office remained in possession of Witherings, and that the Inland Letter
Office was handed over to the Earl of Warwick.

The period from 1642 to 1660 was one full of incident and surprises,
a time when every man had to risk all by declaring himself either
for the King or the Parliament, or remain, if this were possible, in
passive obscurity; and, in the former case, unhappy was the man who
chose the losing side. To men in positions like that of Witherings, the
situation must have been most trying, for however he might strive to
serve the party in power, his proceedings would be open to suspicion.
And so later experience will show.

Leaving Witherings for a moment, we will refer to an officer of the
Post Office who did important service for the king. This was James
Hickes, one of Witherings' clerks, the only member of the staff who
threw his lot in with the royal cause. When, in 1643, Charles held
his Court at Oxford, he was cut off from the service of the postal
system having its centre in London; and he took steps for erecting a
rival post system for his own use. Hickes was ordered by warrant to
"receive and demand from all postmasters on the Western and other
roads obedient to His Majesty, the arrears in their hands due to the
Letter Office; all refusers of the arrears to be dealt with according
to their deserts." He had other directions generally, to the effect
of establishing a system of posts in the West, well affected for the
king, and extending south to Weymouth, from which port to Cherbourg a
weekly service by packet was being set up. More complete instructions
were given to Hickes on the 27th January 1644, as follows:--"Knowing
your experience in the Letter Office, we hereby appoint you to reside
in Weymouth, for the receiving and despatching all packets and
letters coming to your hands, either from Court or any part within
this kingdom,--not possessed by the rebels,--or from beyond seas, and
to receive money for their port, such only excepted as are for His
Majesty's service, or to tax them according to the rules of the Letter
Office; as also to hire one or more passage boats as Sir Nicholas
Crispe, our deputy, shall direct you, taking special care that all
letters passing through the said port, and all passengers and goods
passing in the said passage boats, be duly taken notice of by you,
and all duties paid before you dismiss them, the master of the packet
boat to be answerable to you for the passage money of all goods and
passengers he shall take on board; and generally in this employment to
demean yourself as may be most for His Majesty's service, and the just
benefit of the Letter Office under us, and to observe all directions
you shall receive from us and from the said Sir Nicholas Crispe,
and to render a constant true weekly account of all your receipts
and disbursements to Mr Thomas Nevile at Oxford. And we desire the
Governor, Mayor, constable, etc., of Weymouth, to aid you therein."

Hickes is a somewhat remarkable figure in post-office history. Sometime
before the Restoration he was again employed in the Post Office in
London; and in a petition addressed to the king in 1666, he describes
the services rendered by him during the period above mentioned. In that
memorial he says that he then "carried personally His Majesty's foreign
letters and packets to Oxford, with the hazard of his life"; that "in
the year 1643 he was committed to prison by Corbett the traitor, and
in great danger of being tried for his life by the unjust laws then
practised, for holding correspondence with Mr. Secretary Nicholas in
His Majesty's service, and, having with much difficulty escaped to
Oxford, he was employed in several expeditions and employments of
trust, by both the then Principal Secretaries of State; and settled at
Weymouth to manage two packet boats, for conveyance of His Majesty's
despatches to and from foreign parts, as will appear by their several
commissions, and under his said Majesty's royal hand and signet;
during which time he exposed his wife and children to the charity of
others, himself to daily dangers, and his small fortune to an utter
diminution." "Corbett the traitor" referred to is no doubt one of the
regicides afterwards taken in Holland, and who was hanged and quartered
at Tyburn on the 19th April 1662. His full name was Miles Corbett.

About the year 1644, Thomas Witherings must have been, or considered to
be, a man of a respectable estate, for, according to the proceedings
of the Committee for the Advance of Money, he was, on the 18th June of
that year, assessed for a contribution of £800. Now, as the assessment
was based upon one-twentieth of real estate, and one-fifth of personal
estate, the sum assessed represents a condition of fair wealth. The
full amounts of these assessments were seldom, however, exacted, and
Witherings seems to have been let off after making payments amounting
to about £550.

By an Order in Parliament of 23rd February 1649, the appointment of
Robert Earl of Warwick as Lord High Admiral and Lord Warden of the
Cinque Ports was revoked; and on the same day, at the the Council of
State, a request was made that Mr. Prideaux should come to the Council
to settle stages for all the posts. From this it may be inferred
that the posts also had been taken out of the Earl of Warwick's
hands. Warwick's brother, Lord Holland, being dissatisfied with the
proceedings of the Parliamentary party, had gone over to the King's
side, and taken active service against the Parliament, on account of
which it may probably have been considered unwise to continue the
Earl of Warwick at the head of the Inland Posts. On the 29th March,
the Council appointed Sir Henry Vane, Alderman Wilson, and Messrs.
Heveningham, Holland, and Robinson to be a committee on the postal
service. Things at the Post Office were becoming very unsettled. On
the 27th March, by Order of the Council, the mails were that night to
be searched for the book called the _New Chains_; on the 5th April
instructions were issued that any person named Edward Broun, calling
for letters at the post office, was to be detained; in the same month
Mr. Witherings was ordered to prosecute "Wilkes" for the seditious
speeches mentioned by him. The Council of State gave orders, on the 8th
June, to stay all letters brought to the post, directed to Mons. de la
Caille, Marchand Français, démeurant à la Haye, and to bring them to
the Council. And in the following month the Council gave further orders
that all letters which might be thought to contain anything prejudicial
to the State should be examined. Later, complaints were made against
Captain Stephen Rich, for miscarriages in the execution of his place as
postmaster in not transporting the State's packets between Holyhead
and Dublin. Rich, it appears, resided at Dublin, and the matter was
referred for investigation to the authorities in that city. In a letter
from a lady in London to her brother at Rochelle, dated 20th February
1650, the following account of the state of the posts is given:--"The
jealousies of the time are great, and consequently the danger of
writing; all packets are stopped, which is the reason you do not hear
from me, for a high court of justice is erecting, and all intelligence
with the king or his ministers is voted treason." These particulars
exhibit something of the business that was proceeding in the Post
Office.

In 1649, a crisis occurred in Withering's official career. On the 2nd
April of that year, information was laid against him "that he had
assisted Lord Goring in the late insurrection in Essex (1648), by going
into arms and setting out three armed men,--one with a horse,--for
which he was sequestered in Essex." Shortly thereafter orders were
issued for the seizure of all his money, plate, goods, rents, debts,
and estate, and the Essex Commissioners were required to send up copies
of all depositions against him. In May he petitioned to be freed
from further trouble, alleging that he had always faithfully served
Parliament. He had previously asked for the charge against him, and
went down to the County Commissioners, who unanimously agreed that
there was no cause for the seizure or sequestration of his estate.
Thereupon orders were given "that he be discharged, and no further
proceedings taken against him."

About this time Witherings had a serious illness, brought on, in all
probability, by the worries with which he was surrounded. He thought
proper now to make his will, and in the preamble he refers to his
indisposition in the following terms. He states that "he was taken
upon a sudden with a dizziness in his head, and being thereupon very
ill-disposed in body, yet well and perfect in memory, doth dispose, in
case of mortality, his will to be," etc. Witherings was owner of the
estate called "Nelmes," near Hornchurch, Essex, where was a fine old
house, which still remains, and is inhabited to the present day.

In 1649, one of the packet boats plying between Holyhead and Dublin,
named the _Patrick_, of Waterford, was taken by the Irish; but it was
afterwards retaken by Capt. Fearmes, of the _President_, and restored
to its owner, the salvage due to the mariners being paid by the State.
In 1650, authority was given for employing a post barque for the
conveyance of letters, etc., to ply between Liverpool and Carlingford
or Carrickfergus. The boat proposed was the galiot _Robert_, and
the sum to be paid for its use, £11 a month. About the same time,
two post barques were settled to ply between Milford Haven and the
headquarters of the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, to carry letters "from
Attorney-General Prideaux or any other public Minister." The cost
of maintaining the packet boats between Holyhead and Dublin at this
period was £9, 6s. 8d. each per month. In order to keep up a constant
correspondence between the forces in Ulster and the standing army, a
packet boat was also ordered to ply between Ulster and Carlisle.

An important step was taken, in respect of the posts, by the Council
of State, upon a paper given in by the Attorney-General, on the 14th
March 1650. The Council ordered that their opinion be reported to
Parliament, that, "as affairs now stand, it is safe and fit that
the office of Postmaster shall be in the sole power and disposal of
Parliament." On the 21st March, an Order was passed in Parliament,
"that the offices of Postmasters, Inland and Foreign, ought to be in
the sole power and disposal of the Parliament. That it be referred to
the Council of State to consider of the offices of Postmasters, and of
all the interests of those persons who claim any, how the same may be
settled for the advantage and safety of the Commonwealth, and to take
order for the present management thereof." Two days later, the Council
of State resolved that Mr. Prideaux, the Attorney-General, should
undertake the management of the Inland Posts, and to be accountable to
the Commonwealth for the profits quarterly. And in further proceedings
of the Council of the 5th April, Sir William Armyne was instructed to
inform the House of the arrangement. Witherings would appear not to
have been disturbed in his position of Postmaster for Foreign Parts at
this time; for on the 9th May the Council issued a warrant to him and
the other masters of the letter packet boats, "not to carry any male
passengers to France or Flanders until further orders." And, again, on
10th July, the Council of State ordered Witherings to forbear paying
any money to William Jessop or Benedict Moore, "to the use of the Earl
of Warwick, or Lord Rich, or to Col. Charles Fleetwood, until further
order."

On 29th June 1650, the Council of State issued orders to Serjeant
Dendy (Serjeant-at-arms to the Council) and his assistant to make a
raid upon the country mails coming to and going from London, in the
following terms:--"You are to repair to some post stage twenty miles
from London, on the road towards York; seize the letter mail going
outward, and all other letters upon the mail rider, and present them,
by one of yourselves, to Council; the other shall then ride to the next
stage, and seize the mail coming inwards, and bring the letters to
Council, searching all persons that ride with the mail, or any other
that ride post without warrant, and bring them before Council or the
Commissioners for the examination; all officers, civil and military, to
be assistants." Like orders were also given in respect of the mails on
the Chester and Western roads.

The seizure of the mails was doubtless due to a desire on the part of
the Council to discover such persons as might be holding correspondence
with the enemy. The vigilance of the Council continued, for, on 4th
December, the Deputy Governor of Dover was required to examine the
master of the post barque, lately come over, as to his bringing a
person who (as he had been previously informed) "was dangerous, and
brought commissions and letters from the enemy." And, again, on the
13th May 1651, the Council of State gave order to the Committee of
Examinations, "to inquire into the opening of Capt. Bishop's letter
between England and Scotland, and to write such persons as they think
fit for the discovery of the same. The Attorney-General to bring in
a list of the persons employed as postmasters upon the several roads
throughout this nation, with their character." "To write the Lord
General to cause an inquiry to be made after the persons who presumed
to break open some letters directed to him, and, if he finds any of
them to be near the southern parts, he is to give notice thereof to
Council, that they may prosecute them."

Again, on the 21st August 1651, the Council gave directions that "the
packet brought in this day from the northern parts be searched before
the letters be delivered out." These are specimens of the measures
taken at the period in question with the view of preventing the
post-office service being used in the interest of the King's party.

On the 10th March 1651, the Council of State gave order for the
revival of a Committee, which was set up the year before, to consider
the business of the Foreign Post. They were to send for Mr. Witherings
and "confer with him as to what money he had on hand that was formerly
wont to be paid to the Earl of Warwick." It is not clear whether this
inquiry had reference to any supposed irregularity on Witherings' part,
or merely to the question of moneys claimed by the earl. Be this as
it may, a fresh storm was soon to break over Witherings' head. In the
month of June 1651, the charges of delinquency of which he had been
acquitted in 1649 were levelled at him in an aggravated form. The
information laid against him was to the effect "that when Oxford was a
King's garrison, he compounded with delinquents, and paid moneys for
them, by order of Sir Edw. Sydenham. That in the Essex insurrection he
sent a man and horse to Lord Goring, and was in person at Bow Bridge
when held by the enemy. That he was at many private meetings at the
Hoope Tavern, Leadenhall Street, plotting about the revolt of Capt.
Batten and the fleet (1648). That he conveyed moneys into France for
the relief of Cavaliers, some of which was taken. That he concealed
an annuity of £1200, and several sums due to the State which are in
his custody, and paid several sums to Sir Edw. Sydenham, a delinquent,
contrary to the Order of the Council of State. That he is very familiar
with delinquents, stands bound for them, conceals their letters,
and conveys letters and intelligence to them beyond seas." A few
days later, witnesses were summoned to appear against him, including
Sir Edward and Lady Sydenham. Sir Edward was a county neighbour of
Witherings, residing at Gidea Hall, Hornchurch, and is said to have
been a moderate Royalist. After full hearing, Witherings was finally
dismissed from the charges on the 25th July 1651. It is somewhat
difficult to fit in all the events connected with these prosecutions
owing to the conflicting dates under which they are recorded. But
this much appears, that one of the processes took place before the
Committee of Essex, that it continued over a period of seven months,
and that Witherings carried thirty witnesses from London to Chelmsford
in support of his case. Witherings tells us that Wilkes, "with the
assistance of some butchers whom Witherings had sued for great sums,"
prosecuted him maliciously, and that Wilkes and others offered from
£20 to £50 to witnesses to swear against Witherings. This man Wilkes
seems to have been a troublesome fellow, for Witherings relates that
"Wilkes was committed prisoner by Parliament for furnishing horses to
the enemy," and that, "after his enlargement, he accused Parliament of
being rogues, villains, and devils, and declared he hoped to see the
destruction of them all; for which words he was indicted, by order of
the Council." Witherings, in his defence, and as showing his attachment
to the party then in power, makes mention of the fact that he had been
"very serviceable to Parliament, contributing £1000 on the going away
of the Lord-Lieutenant for Ireland." The indebtedness of the butchers,
above referred to, may have had its origin in sales of cattle reared or
fed on Witherings' property in Essex; or it may be that he traded in
cattle, for he seems to have carried on business in a variety of ways.
It is recorded of him that, about this period, he and several other
merchants of London contracted with the Navy Commissioners "for the
supply of provisions at London, Dover, etc., and at Kinsale, for the
Navy, at the rate of 8d. a day per man at sea, and 7d. when in harbour,
the State bearing all charges of transport."

Witherings did not long survive these unsuccessful attacks of his
enemies, for on the 28th September, two months after his acquittal,
he was stricken down by death. He was one of the two elders of the
church at Hornchurch; and on the day mentioned, being Sunday, whilst
proceeding to service, he died suddenly on the way. His remains were
laid under the chancel of the church, and a mural tablet was erected
to his memory. This has since been removed from the chancel to the
north-east side of the entrance immediately under the old tower.

The inscription upon the tablet is as follows:--

  "Sacred to the Memory of Thomas Witheringe, Esqr., Chiefe Postmaster
  of Greate Britaine, and foreigne parts, second to none for unfathomed
  poilesicy, unparralled sagacius and divining Genius; witness his
  great correspondence in all parts of ye Christian World.

 "Here lies interred who God from hence did call,
 By speedy summons, to his funerall.
 Upon his sacred day, the world by Love
 May judge it was to sing his praise above.
 When on his way unto God's house Love brings
 Him swifter passage upon Angell's wings
 Full spread with zeal wherein his soul doth fly
 To Mercies throne in twinkling of an eye.
   This Epitaph may all him justly give,
   Who dies in Christ he dies not but to live.

     In Christo mori est vivere.
     Obiit Anno. Dni. 1651, Ætat. Suæ 55."

In _Memories of Old Romford_, it is stated that Witherings was a
Puritan; in any case his profession in later life seems to have been
that of a Protestant. It may be that the charge of being a papist in
his earlier years was but a base invention of his enemies. Reference
has previously been made to a suggestion that Witherings had been a
mercer in London in his earlier life. We find, on inquiry, that one
Thomas Witherings was admitted a member of the Mercer's Company, by
redemption, on the 15th February 1625. This means that he purchased
his admission; but it does not follow that he was a mercer in the
present meaning of the word.

From the conflicting statements made in regard to Witherings during the
course of his official life, it is perhaps now impossible to arrive
at any true estimate of his character. He lived in a troublous time,
surrounded by enemies covetous of his office, and during a period
of civil war, when to steer a course free from strife and collision
would be impossible. He must have been a man of originality and of
persevering disposition. In a negative sense, it may be said that he
was no tin-plate man, devoid of stability, reflecting only the opinions
of others, and capable of being cut into any shape by the scissors of
expediency; he was possessed of fight and determination, and must have
lived a trying and exciting life. What his pursuits or predilections
were, apart from business, it is not now possible to determine. During
his official career he was twice sequestered in his office; once he was
put in prison; twice his property was seized; and twice he was declared
to be, or was charged with being, a delinquent. The probabilities are
that the worries and anxieties of office thrust him into his grave, for
he died a comparatively young man. From the point of view of work done,
he has some claim to be regarded as an early Rowland Hill; it was he
who first organised the inland posts generally in Britain for the use
of the public; though it is to the credit of the deputy postmasters on
the road from London to the West of England, that they had anticipated
Witherings by several years in setting up a horse post for the benefit
of the people on that line of road. He was the forerunner of a long
line of able, zealous, and accomplished men, whose lives have been
spent in, and have adorned, the Post Office for two centuries and
a half, whose work has been swallowed up in the ever-advancing tide
of improvement, and whose names, when their work was done, have
disappeared from view and have hardly left an echo behind.




CHAPTER VII


Two days after Witherings' death, namely, on the 30th September
1651, by Order of Parliament, a previous Order of 21st March 1650,
touching the office of Postmaster, inland and foreign, was revived,
and the Council of State were directed to report their opinion thereon
forthwith. On the 4th October, the Committee for the Posts pass an
order, "that the Committee sit in the Inner Horse Chamber on Thursday,
at 2 P.M., to receive the claims of all persons pretending any interest
in the Foreign or Inland Letter Office, as also the propositions of any
person about the improvement and management thereof." This invitation
to claimants to come forward opened a very large door, as will be seen
presently.

It had all along been insisted upon by Witherings that, as his patent
for the office of Foreign Postmaster stood in favour of two lives,--his
own and that of William Frizell,--the possession of the office was
in his right (having many years before bought out Frizell), and must
remain of his right so long as either of the two lived. Now, by a
provision in Witherings' will, he left £300 a year to Sir David Watkins
to execute the office after his death, and to maintain and educate his
son Thomas until he should be of sufficient age to take his father's
place. Witherings' son died about 1652, and, as a matter of fact, Sir
David Watkins carried on the office of Foreign Postmaster, in favour
of Witherings' son, and afterwards of his nephew, who became heir,
until the 30th June 1653, when a change was made in the whole postal
arrangements, both Inland and Foreign.

In response to the invitation of the Committee for the Posts of the 4th
October, the following claims were sent in, in addition to the claim of
Sir David Watkins. That of Henry Robinson by deputation from Endymion
and George Porter, who previously had been granted a deputation by
Charles Lord Stanhope. This claim was for both offices, Inland and
Foreign. That of Walter Ward, merchant, also to both offices. That of
Thomas Billingsley to the Foreign Office; and that of Benedict Moore
and William Jessop, on behalf of the creditors and three daughters
of Robert Lord Rich, to a payment of £900 a year out of the Foreign
Letter Office. A claim was also preferred by Mrs. Witherings, on
behalf of herself and daughter, on the ground that a large part of her
fortune had been spent in purchasing and developing the Foreign Letter
Service. The Council of State and various Committees had much trouble
in dealing with these various claims, the legal opinions obtained
upon them, which still remain, having apparently been of little use
in clearing matters up. The Committees, by way of escape from their
difficulties, were fain to throw up the whole business, so far as
deciding the question of the claims is concerned; and, proceeding upon
a resolution of the Committee on the Posts of the 7th November 1651,
it was determined that "the offices should be let to farm." References
continued to pass, however, between the Parliament, the Council of
State, the Committee on the Posts, and the Irish and Scotch Committee;
and it was not till the year 1653 that any final step was taken. In
May of that year, the Committee for the Management of the Posts made
certain suggestions for the future carrying on of the posts. Among
these were, that the Inland and Foreign Posts be placed under one and
the same control. That the inland rates should be as follows:--

 For single letters to places within
                    100 miles from London    2d.
           do.      over 100    "    "       3d.
           do.      to Ireland               6d.
           do.      to Scotland              4d.

That the Irish mails should go by way of Milford and Waterford, and
Chester and Dublin; and that all letters to or from Scotland should
circulate by way of Leith or Edinburgh.

That public letters--letters of Government--should be carried free.
That the rental for both offices should not be less than £6300 per
annum.

Soon after this time tenders were called for, in connection with which
the following conditions were prescribed:--

"(1) The undertakers are to be of known integrity and good affection,
and responsible in outward estate.

"(2) They are to carry all extraordinary despatches to or from the
supreme authority, Lord-General Cromwell, the Council of State,
Commissioners of Admiralty, General of the Fleet, General Officers
of the Army, Army Committee, and Irish and Scotch Committee, or any
person entrusted with the management of a public affair wherein private
interest is not concerned.

"(3) All such letters by, as also those to and from, all members of
the legislative power, are to be carried free from postage, provided
that such as are not known by their seals have an endorsement as
follows:--'These are for the service of the Commonwealth,' signed by
the persons themselves or their clerks.

"(4) That the sum of £---- be paid by the undertakers of this business
every three months.

"(5) They shall receive for single letters carried into Ireland, 6d.;
into Scotland, 4d.; to all parts above 80 miles from London, 3d.; to
all parts less remote, 2d.--with note of the difference between single,
double, and triple letters.

"(6) That a weekly intercourse may be continued between England and
Ireland, they are to maintain one or more packet boats weekly between
Milford and Waterford, and between Chester and Dublin.

"(7) That besides the several post stages now in use, there is to be a
post settled between Dover and Portsmouth, Portsmouth and Salisbury,
London and Yarmouth, and Lancaster and Carlisle.

"The persons nominated by the undertakers for posts in their several
stages, as also all other officers subordinate to them, shall be
approved by persons authorized thereto by the Lord-General and the
Council of State."

On the 29th June 1653, offers were considered by the Posts Committee,
under the foregoing specification of conditions, as follows:--

 Henry Robinson                   £8041   0   0  per annum.
 Ben. Andrewes                     9100   0   0      "
 John Goldsmith                    8500   0   0      "
 Ralph Kendall                     1103  12   9      "
 John Manley (with good security)  8259  19  11-3/4  "
 Richard Hicks                     9120   6   8      "
 Rich. Hill                        8160   0   0      "

Two other offers at least had been made; but they do not seem to
have been taken into serious account for certain reasons--one being,
apparently, that the offerers had prescribed conditions outside the
specifications set down.

No time was now lost by the Council of State. On the very next day they
passed the following resolution:--"John Manley to carry all packets,
public and private, inland and foreign, according to the terms agreed
on between him and a Committee of Council for that purpose, and to
enter on the execution of the said office to-night, and receive the
profits thereof, and a warrant to be drawn for that purpose; power
given him to stop all mails of letters carried by any person not
authorized by him; and his office for postage of letters to be freed
from all taxes." The terms agreed upon as to payment were not those in
Manley's offer, but £10,000 a year.

Before proceeding further, it is necessary to revert to the year 1649.
In this year the Common Council of London set up a rival post of
their own on the several roads leading from London, and, as a report
of Prideaux states, they "have employed a natural _Scott_ into the
north who has gone into Scotland and hath settled postmasters (others
than those for the State) on all that road." The alleged reason for
this proceeding was, that the Common Council required another weekly
conveyance of letters for their uses. They were pressed to come before
Parliament in order that they might set forth their claim to the right
of setting up an independent post, but they declined to do so. Prideaux
represented that his rivals, besides "intrenching upon the rights of
Parliament," would cause a decrease of his revenue; and, under these
circumstances, he could not be expected to carry on the business of the
Posts; for under the arrangement then existing, the "charge of all the
postmasters of England were taken off the State." These representations
were made by Prideaux in March 1650. The Government was more arbitrary
than particular as to the strict observance of precedents in law, and
the Posts of the Common Council of London were promptly put down. But
shortly after Witherings' death, in 1651, a combination of men, relying
upon the votes of the Parliament of 1642, under which it was declared
that the Secretaries of State and Witherings had no exclusive monopoly
in the carriage of letters, succeeded in setting up a system of posts
in opposition to the officially recognised posts of Prideaux, and
actually drove the latter from the field. The men who conducted this
campaign against Prideaux were--Clement Oxenbridge, Richard Blackwall,
Francis Thomson, and William Malyn. Oxenbridge was Checkmaster to the
Collector for Prize Goods (1652); Blackwall was at the same period
a Collector for Prize Goods; Thomson is probably a man of the name
who, in 1654, resigned his interest in Windsor Little Park and other
property (of course, for a consideration), which he had purchased some
time before from the State; Malyn appears to have been connected with
one or other of the public offices. These men called themselves "the
first undertakers for reducing letters to half the former rates." They
tell us that Prideaux continued to exact the high rate of 6d. for every
letter. In the account given by them of their proceedings, they say
that:--"The undertakers, observing this extortive rate to be held up,
as well in Witherings' lifetime as after his death,--when the pretence
of that illegal grant was ended in point of limitation--and observing
that the whole benefit went into one private hand, ... they conceived
it would be a work both acceptable to the State and beneficial to
the people, to contrive the abatement of those excessive rates; and
therefore, maugre all oppositions and abuses of the monopolizer and his
interest, they at first dash adventured on postage at the rate of 3d. a
letter beyond eighty miles, and 2d. a letter within or to eighty miles;
and to make return three times weekly." The "undertakers" thus started
upon their venture by reducing the minimum rate for a letter from 6d.
to 2d., and by running the mails three times a week instead of once as
hitherto. Prideaux tried to put down this combination by reducing his
rates and establishing extra mails, but without avail; for the public
were so grateful for the reform introduced by the undertakers, that
they gave him no encouragement, and he was obliged eventually to give
up the business. As Prideaux was written to by the Council of State
about neglects on the Portsmouth Road on the 23rd May 1652, his giving
up the Posts must have been subsequent to this date.

The rival concerns were carried on, as might be supposed, in a spirit
of bitter antagonism, in which the deputy postmasters had their share.
Prideaux's agents on one occasion murdered a mounted post riding with
the opposition mail, and threw his body into a river; and near the
same place a son of one of the old postmasters assaulted another of
the rival messengers with a drawn sword. The account goes on to say,
that "these practices not accomplishing his (Prideaux's) aim, an Order
from the Council of State was procured--not to stop us or our mails,
that being too apparently illegal, but in such doubtful terms as might
affright the weak from sending their letters to us. Libels also were
posted up and down the city by him or his agents, signifying that our
mails should be stopped, but his go free. This project failing, Mr.
Prideaux, out of a hypocritical pretence of keeping the Sabbath day,
by his own warrant commanded his postmasters to require the justices
of peace in the several counties to stop our mails on the Sabbath,
whereas his own went free." ... "Whilst we were labouring amidst these
difficulties, it pleased God to devolve authority on such worthy
persons as had from the beginning countenanced us in our work; who, in
their first entrance on their management of public affairs, intrusted
us with their ordinary and extraordinary despatches." This appears to
refer to the period of the breaking up of the Long Parliament, 20th
April 1653, when the undertakers "were the only persons who performed
the service of conveying the State's despatches."

"We continued to perform the service of the State freely, fulfilling
all things concerning the postage of inland letters; we reduced the
same into one channel, and entertained as many of the old postmasters
as were honest and well affected, according to direction of the Council
of State (which constrained us to lay aside divers of those honest
persons ready to assist us in carrying on so good a work), took the old
post-house in London, where three days a week the State and all persons
were accommodated," etc. From this account it seems clear that the old
Post system under Prideaux was ousted by the new company, and that the
latter had established itself as the recognised Inland Post of the
country.

On the very day on which Manley was appointed to the farm of the Posts,
the 30th June 1653, he was furnished by the Council of State with a
warrant as follows:--"To Clement Oxenbridge, and all others concerned
in the inland and foreign post. John Manley having contracted for and
farmed these offices, we authorize him to enter on his duties this
night, to receive and carry all packets, and to receive the profits
to his own use. And you are required to permit him to do this without
interruption or molestation." Upon the strength of this warrant Manley
proceeded to enter upon his new duties, and, as regards the Foreign
Letter Office, there seems to have been no difficulty. But with the
Inland Letter Office the case was very different. Up to the day when
Manley was appointed, the managers of the Inland Post were hopefully
negotiating with the Council of State for the farm of the Posts. Their
hopes of success were, however, suddenly blighted. The account of
the transactions at this time given by these men, which is somewhat
amusing, is as follows:--"After we were withdrawn (from the Council),
Col. Rich, after private conference with a member of Council, so
represented the business that an Order within half an hour was passed
by Council immediately to invest Manley with the management of the
inland and foreign letters. He, that very night, without further
warning, demanded the letters which we had received, and the profits of
the letters then brought to us by our own servants, at our own charges.
With much persuasion we prevailed with Manley that the money should be
deposited into a clerk's hand intrusted by him, till the pleasure of
the Council were known; yet before that could be obtained, Manley, with
some old clerks and postmasters of Mr. Prideaux's company, violently
with swords broke into our house, where our letters and goods were,
thrust out our servants, and by force kept possession. The same night,
Manley and others violently broke into the dwelling-house of some of
us in Wood Street, demanded the letters there, and would by force have
broke into the room where some of us were, had we not by main strength
kept the door against them; and he, with threatening speeches, required
us not to receive any more letters. On complaint to Col. Rich, he, with
rough words, commanded us not to meddle with receiving or sending any
more letters, declaring that such was the sense of the Council's Order,
and that, if we persisted, those of us who had any employment under the
State should be turned out, and soldiers should be sent to our houses
to stop persons bringing any letters to us. From real tenderness to the
present posture of public affairs in that juncture of time we forbore
contest, in expectation of justice from the supreme authority, rather
than occasion disturbance." In this hustling way was the post-office
business transferred to new hands.




CHAPTER VIII


The Inland and Foreign Post Offices were now combined under the
management of John Manley, to whom they were farmed for a sum of
£10,000 a year. This was in 1653, and the grant was limited to a
period of two years. Manley was a Justice of Peace for the county of
Middlesex, and is referred to in some contemporary records as Justice
Manley. He made himself useful on the bench to Cromwell's party in
connection with many political cases brought before him for trial. It
is probable that he had previously been a soldier, as he is sometimes
referred to as Captain Manley. In 1655, when Manley's term was up,
the office changed hands. On the 3rd of May in that year, an Order
in Council was passed, to the effect that the management of the Post
Office should be performed by John Thurloe, Secretary of State,
"security being given for the payment of the present rent of £10,000 a
year, and for keeping the conditions of the contract with the present
farmer, etc., beginning from the expiration of Manley's contract."
Manley's contract fell to expire on the 30th June following. In
pursuance of this Order, Thurloe succeeded Manley in the management of
the Posts.

During Thurloe's possession of the office an Act was passed for
settling the postage of England, Ireland, and Scotland (June 1657).
The Act sets forth that "Experience having shown that the settling a
Post Office is the best means to maintain trade, convey dispatches, and
discover dangerous designs, it is enacted that there shall be but one
Post Office, and one Postmaster-General and Controller to settle Posts,
who shall carry all letters except those sent by known carriers, or
merchants' letters of advice sent by ship-masters; also, except private
letters sent by messengers. He is to have the horsing of all who ride
by post." The rates of postage for letters were as follows, viz.:--

                                             Single.  Double.  Per Oz.
 To or from any place within 80 miles     }    2d.      4d.      8d.
                 of London                }
    "        "  at a greater              }    3d.      6d.      1s.
                 distance                 }
    "       Scotland                           4d.      8d.     1s.6d.
    "       Ireland                            6d.      1s.      2s.

             Within Ireland.
 To or from any place within 40 miles     }    2d.      4d.      8d.
                 of Dublin                }
    "        "        at a greater        }    4d.      8d.      1s.
                       distance           }

                 Foreign.
 To Leghorn, Genoa, Florence, Lyons,      }
       Marseilles, Smyrna, Aleppo, and    }    1s.      2s.     3s.9d.
       Constantinople                     }
  " Bordeaux, Rochelle, Nantes, Bayonne,  }    9d.    1s.6d.     2s.
       Cadiz, and Madrid                  }
  " St. Malo, Morlaix, and Newhaven[2]         6d.      1s.     1s.6s.
  " Hamburgh, Frankfort, and Cologne           8d.    1s.4d.     2s.
  " Dantzic, Leipsic, Lubeck, Stockholm,  }
       Copenhagen, Elsinore,              }    1s.      2s.      4s.
       and Queenesbrough[3]               }

 For every through post, or persons riding in post, 2-1/2d. the
 mile for each horse, besides the guide groat for every
 stage.

All persons save the Postmaster-General or his deputies were forbidden
to supply post horses on pain of a fine of £1000 a month--half to the
Protector and half to the discoverer. Many other provisions are set
down which need not be quoted here.

Two months later, 27th August 1657, on a report from the Committee
on the Postage, it was ordered that a lease be granted of the office
of Postmaster-General to Thurloe, at a rent of £10,000, to be paid
quarterly; "he to be at all charges, take no greater rates of postage
than expressed in the Act, and send all Government letters free: the
grant to be for as many years as His Highness thinks fit, not exceeding
11, or one life."

During Thurloe's time, the Post Office was made very serviceable in the
discovering of "dangerous designs"; for it is said that the control
of the office gave him an "immense advantage in intercepting letters
and collecting intelligence, abroad as well as at home." The truth
is, that not only in Thurloe's time, but in the years immediately
preceding the Restoration, during the settlement of the kingdom after
the Restoration, and probably for long after that, the Post Office
was regarded as the pulse of all political movements, the deputy
postmasters in the country serving as a hydra-headed agency for the
State--seeing, hearing, and reporting everything of importance that
transpired in their districts; while the opening of letters in the Post
afforded a means of securing evidence against the enemies of the ruling
powers for the time being. One or two examples of how these things
were done may be interesting. On the 9th August 1659, the Council
approves of "Col. Crompton's stopping the Irish mail, not knowing of
how dangerous consequence some of the letters might be, and judging it
fit that they be perused before passing further." Then Major-General
Lambert, to whom this communication is addressed, is desired to
"examine all the letters, send up any that are dangerous, and send the
rest forward to Ireland." On the 9th January 1662, the postmaster of
Northallerton reports to the Postmaster-General, that "four disaffected
Scottish ministers,--Dunkinson, Ord, Douglas, and Jamieson,--thought
to be spies and deluders of loyal subjects, are at Northallerton,
and write many letters to Berwick and different parts of Yorkshire.
Asks whether the letters should be received, and, if so, whether they
should be opened in presence of a magistrate." These facts being
communicated through Secretary Nicholas to the king, the former writes
to the postmaster as follows:--"The king being acquainted with his
letter to Col. Bishop, about Scottish ministers and disaffected persons
now in Northallerton, and corresponding with others in Berwick and
elsewhere, wishes him to carry to Sir W. Penniman, a deputy lieutenant,
all letters from the four ministers whom he names; to be opened,
perused, and sent up to London if they contain anything prejudicial
to the public peace; otherwise to be forwarded as addressed." On the
31st January 1662, a warrant was issued to the head of the Post Office
"to permit John Wickham and John Hill to search the next mails from
Holland for counterfeit gold, and, if any be found, to accompany them
with it to Secretary Nicholas, it being reported that much base gold
has lately been imported by the mails." These incidents show how the
interception and perusal of letters in the post were carried out--all
under sufficient authority.

There were no newspapers in these days, as _we_ know them, and no
telegraphs; all news, except such as might be conveyed by special
messengers, or clandestinely by carriers, passed in letters through the
post. The possession of the office was therefore, under the conditions
previously stated, of the first importance to the powers holding the
reins of government; and as parliamentary parties, having various and
conflicting political views, were constantly changing positions at this
time, the control of the Post Office changed hands with almost equal
frequency.

To return to John Thurloe. Thurloe was Secretary of State under both
Oliver and Richard Cromwell; and, after the resignation of the latter,
he continued to hold his Secretaryship till the 14th January 1660.
"In April 1659, he used his utmost efforts to dissuade the Protector
from dissolving the Parliament; a step which proved fatal to his
authority." He had previously been "very obnoxious to the principal
persons of the army, to whose interests, wherever they interfered
with those of the civil government, he was a declared enemy"; and it
is not improbable that this antagonism led to his being relieved of
the farm of the Post Office. But his deprivation of the office of
Postmaster-General and Farmer of the Post did not take place till
later in the year, and under circumstances which Thurloe describes in
his State Papers. In a document of February 1660, he writes:--"I humbly
offer to consideration, that within less than a fortnight of the 29th
Sept. last"--that is, a fortnight after--"my farm was, by virtue of
an Act of Parliament dated the 11th Oct., made null and void; and the
office itself, as it stood at that time, set aside; and consequently no
more rent payable; and it was then lawful for any other person to set
up other posts for the carrying of such letters as should be brought to
them, which very many accordingly practised."

The State records during the closing period of the interregnum are
very imperfect, but sufficient has been left to enable us to trace the
position of affairs as relating to the Posts. Two months before the
passing of the Act just mentioned,--namely, on the 8th of August,--the
Council of State resolved that the Post Office should be farmed, that
is, let out to some farmer other than Thurloe; but, until Thurloe
should be removed, this could not be arranged.

Now, as a consequence of these proceedings, and of the Act of the 11th
October, the office passed into the hands of Dr. Benjamin Worsley, to
whom the farm was then granted for a term of seven years, at a rental
of £20,000. This seems a large advance upon the previous rent of
£10,000; but Thurloe states that he improved the office £4000 per annum
to the State voluntarily, which he might have put in his own purse; and
the rent he was paying when he vacated the farm must have been £14,000
a year. But Worsley did not long enjoy the position, for shortly
thereafter he was "violently turned out." Worsley had been selected,
as one of several persons, for nomination to Parliament as a general
officer by the Committee of Safety in July 1659. In October following,
the government was in the hands of a Committee of Safety composed for
the most part of officers; and Worsley being a military man, the Post
Office might be supposed to be in safe hands if placed under his care.

We have been unable to discover to what family Dr. Worsley belonged.
It is not improbable that he was connected by family ties with Charles
Worsley, who had been one of the colonels of Cromwell's own regiment
of foot. According to the Journals of the House of Commons, Benjamin
Worsley was, in July 1647, appointed to be one of the Physicians,
General-Surgeons, and Apothecaries of the Army in Ireland, and was
then sent to Dublin. In March 1650, he was appointed Secretary to
the Commissioners under the Act for regulating Trade, and, in 1653,
Secretary to the Commissioners for Ireland. He was then selected as a
fit person to accompany Viscount Lisle, as secretary, in a projected
embassy to Sweden; but the embassy, so far as Lisle was concerned, did
not proceed.

Now, on the 26th December 1659, the Rump was again in the ascendant,
and constituted themselves a House. On the 3rd January 1660, Parliament
appointed a new Council; on the 9th January, the House of Commons
resolved to take the Post Office into its own hands, and that it should
"be managed for the best advantage of the Commonwealth"; on the 10th
January, Thomas Scott, a member of Parliament, one of the Council of
State, and a hot-headed republican, was appointed by the House of
Commons "to receive informations of private and public intelligence,
as the Secretary of State heretofore had and used, and present them to
the Council of State"; and, a week later, he was appointed Secretary of
State to the Commonwealth. Now these events, taken in connection with
the fact that, on the 21st January 1660, the Council of State issued
an order "to apprehend Benj. Worsley and bring him in custody before
the Council," may warrant us in concluding that this is the time when
Worsley was "violently turned out" of the Post Office.

In succession to Worsley, Secretary of State Scott seems to have become
Postmaster-General, but his connection with the Post Office was of
brief duration; for a Parliament more favourable to the Restoration
commenced sitting on the 3rd March 1660, and all persons who had been
active in their opposition to the Royal House began to consider what
was best for their own preservation. Scott was one of the men who had
signed the death-warrant of King Charles I., and no doubt he would be
forward in clearing out. That Scott was virtually Postmaster-General
for a time seems to be proved by a warrant, issued by the Council of
State on the 9th March 1660, "for intelligence, from the proceeds of
the Post Office, paid by Wm. Scott and Isaac Dorislaus, whilst they
managed it under Thomas Scott, £1000."

Like most of the Postmasters-General of these early days, Scott had
an experience of imprisonment. After the Restoration he was taken; he
had been excepted out of the general indemnity given by Charles II.;
and on the 17th October he suffered death, with several others, in the
presence of the king. Evelyn thus refers, in his diary, to the closing
scene in the career of Postmaster-General Scott:--"I saw not their
execution, but met their quarters, mangled and cut and reeking, as
they were brought from the gallows in baskets on the hurdle. Oh! the
miraculous providence of God!" So much for a royalist exclamation, and
the laying of responsibility on the shoulders of Providence. For a
short period after Secretary Scott quitted the Post Office, it is not
very clear how it was managed; but a State paper of 3rd August 1660
shows that an account was rendered of its business from 25th March to
25th June of that year by Job Allibond and Francis Manley--the former
a clerk in the office, and the latter Riding Purveyor to His Majesty.
The receipts for the quarter were stated to be £5578, 9s. 5d., and the
disbursements, £5431, 9s. 6d. Manley speaks of himself as being late
Manager.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 2: Havre-de-Grace.]

[Footnote 3: Königsberg.]




CHAPTER IX


The Restoration was now an accomplished fact, and the Post Office
passed into the hands of Col. Henry Bishop of Henfield, Sussex, to whom
was granted the farm of the office for a period of seven years, dating
from the 25th June 1660, at an annual rental of £21,500. Bishop was the
third son of Sir Thomas Bisshopp, Knight, of Henfield. The Bisshopps
were formerly a Yorkshire family, some of whom served under Lord
Wharton in his proceedings against the Scotch in a previous age. Henry
Bishop, the Postmaster-General, was married to Lady Elizabeth Plumley
or Plumleigh, a widow who, in religion, was a papist. Before proceeding
to deal with Bishop's work in the Post Office, we may here mention,
as a matter of interest personal to the individual, that in the
impropriator's chancel of the church of Henfield is a mural monument to
his memory, setting forth that he died in 1691, at the age of eighty.

It is not apparent upon what grounds Bishop obtained the farm, or
whether he had performed any services entitling him to such an
appointment. Under his indenture he was required to pay one quarter's
rent in advance, namely, £5375, to bear all the expense of transmitting
Government letters, and to carry, free, single letters from members
of Parliament. He was required "to give in a true catalogue of all
postmasters employed by him, and dismiss those excepted against by a
Secretary of State, to whom all alterations in postage, or erection
of post stages, were to be submitted." He was, however, to be granted
certain allowances in case of plague, civil war, etc., which might
affect the revenue of his farm.

In connection with Bishop's appointment, there is a curious
circumstance related in a State paper of September 1667. The document,
although written under the initials "A.B.," is evidently the production
of Clement Oxenbridge, who, it will be remembered, was one of the
"First Undertakers for the reduction of postage," and who was the means
of Prideaux's giving up the Post Office. Indeed the paper is indorsed
"Mr. Oxenbridge." It reads as follows:--

"Statement of A.B.: That he was in youth a servant of the Princess
Royal, and was also allied to a grandee under the late powers; that in
1652 he got Prideaux put out of the Post Office, by reducing the price
of letters from 6d. to 3d., and bringing in a threefold weekly postage;
that, to recompense him for £5036, 8s. spent therein, he was to have a
weekly payment from the post office; and he took the office in 1660
in Bishop's name, and settled a foreign correspondence, but, being
dissatisfied with Bishop, had the office transferred to his Cousin
O'Neale" (O'Neale was successor to Bishop) "on condition of continuing
him £800 a year therefrom, but this has not been done," etc.

Whether Oxenbridge was able to exercise the interest here pretended is
not clear. He was employed in the Post Office under Bishop for a time,
but, as will be seen hereafter, there is little doubt he was turned out
of it.

The return of the king from exile was signalised by a general scramble
for offices, the king and his ministers being inundated with petitions
for all kinds of places. While the king came in upon a promise of
general pardon, his return was followed by measures of great severity;
and it is perhaps not far from the truth to attribute much of what
took place to the clamour of the Royalists, whose claims to place could
not be satisfied without turning other men out. In order to clear
the way, it would obviously be necessary to proceed against the then
holders upon some plea or other. The petitions are founded on every
variety of alleged service or suffering, from the most trivial to the
most important. For example, one suitor begs for the place of Groom
of the Great Chamber to the King or the Dukes of York or Gloucester,
stating that he "had been clerk of the chapel to the late king, and
served His Majesty, when prince, as keeper of his balloons and paumes,
and of tennis shoes and ankle socks." An aged widow, named Elizabeth
Cary, begs a place as page for her son, on the ground that she had
suffered greatly for her loyalty. She had had her back broken at
Henley-on-Thames, and a gibbet was erected to take away her life. She
was imprisoned at Windsor Castle, Newgate, Bridewell, the Bishop of
London's house, and lastly in the Mews, at the time of the late king's
martyrdom, "for peculiar service in carrying his gracious proclamations
and declarations from Oxford to London, and only escaped with her
life by flying into her own country." Many petitions were received
for places in the Post Office. The plaint of one applicant is, that
"his father's property was destroyed by Lord Fairfax at the siege of
Leeds." In another case it is set forth that the petitioner "should
have succeeded his father, but was put by for taking arms for the late
king." A suppliant in the West says, that he "has been a constant
sufferer from the tyranny of His Majesty's enemies. Would not mention
his sufferings, in the joy of the Restoration, but for his wife and
children, those patient partakers of all his troubles. Was the first
man in Exeter to be taken up and imprisoned in all occasions during
the late rebellion," etc. A former postmaster of Lichfield says, that
"he suffered much loss by pulling down of his house and plunder of
his goods, and was displaced by the then Parliament." The prayer of
Thomas Challoner, postmaster of Stone, is based on the fact that he is
brother to Richard Challoner, martyred for his loyalty before the Royal
Exchange in 1643, and has often been plundered, etc. Thomas Taylor, of
Tadcaster, solicits the postmastership of that place: urging his claim
upon the fact that his ancestors had served since Queen Elizabeth's
time; that his father, Thomas Taylor, had been seized and executed by
Lord Fairfax for carrying an express to Prince Rupert, when York was
besieged, to hasten to its relief; and that his family had been kept
out of the place ever since. A former postmaster of Newcastle-on-Tyne,
Thomas Swan, claims restoration to the place of postmaster because
the "pretenders who oppose him have not the least interest"; that
his family had been loyal almost to their extirpation and banishment
from the town; and that £674, 13s. is still due to his late father as
postmaster, Burlamachi not having allowed him to pay himself out of
the letter office, etc. These are specimens of the memorials sent in
immediately after the Restoration, and which the new powers were called
upon to satisfy.

The working staff of the Post Office in London at the period of the
Restoration seems to have been a very mixed company. A number of them
had been continued from the time of the Commonwealth; some had been
brought in by Bishop; and the system of intercepting and opening
letters, for the discovery of sedition, so largely practised during the
Commonwealth, being still carried on, there was a great outcry against
these officers who were not regarded as staunch Royalists. Bishop
himself was distrusted. In December 1660, the postmaster of Newbury
complains that many members of the Post Office are ill-affected, and
"that Major Wildman, and Thompson and Oxenbridge, Anabaptists, put in
and out whom they please." In the autumn of 1661, an account is given
of the condition of the Post Office. Therein it is stated, that "it is
managed by those who were active for Cromwell and the late Government:
first, Major Wildman, a subtle leveller and anti-monarchy man; second,
Oxenbridge, a confidant of Cromwell and betrayer of many of the King's
party; third, Dorislaus, the son of the man who pleaded for the king's
death at his trial; and, fourth, Vanderhuyden, agent of Nieuport, the
Dutch Ambassador to Cromwell, now treating, underhand, to settle the
postage by way of Amsterdam. The letter officers are chiefly disloyal:
Col. Bishop himself and the office are under Major Wildman's control."
The writer of this statement urges that the office should be put under
fresh management. Shortly after this time, as would appear, there had
been a clearing-out of several of the persons objected to; for in "a
perfect list of all the officers, clerks, and others employed in and
about the Post Office in London by Henry Bisshopp, Esq., His Majesty's
farmer of the said office," the principal names mentioned above do not
appear. The staff and constitution of the office, as exhibited by this
paper, are as follows:--

IN THE INLAND OFFICE.

 Job. Allibond          } Clerks of the Northern Road.
 Anselme Fowler         }

 James Hickes           } Clerks of the Chester Road.
 Matthew Hanscomb       }

 Thomas Chapman         } Clerks of the Eastern Road.
 Benjamin Lamb          }

 Thomas Aylward         } Clerks of the Western Road.
 Robert Aylward         }

 Andrew Leake           } Receivers of letters at the windows
 Samuell Allibond       }   of the office.
 Cornelius Glover       }

 Thomas Bucknor           General Accomptant.
 Benjamin Andrews         Clerk and Accomptant of the
                            moneys in the office.
 John Rea, son of Mr.   }
   John Rea, between ye } Letter Marker or Stamper.
   Temple Gates         }
 Mr Francis Thomson       "Agent to ryde ye severall rodes
                            and find out abuses, and
                            take care of ye due carriage
                            of ye mayles and of all postmasters'
                            doeing their severall
                            and respective dutyes."

 Of Porters or Letter Carriers, whose names need not be
 given here, there were 28.

 IN THE FOREIGN OFFICE.

 Thomas Harper          }
 Jeremiah Copping       } Clerks.
 Richard Bostock        }
     John Mansfield           Office-attendant.

This return is exceedingly interesting on several grounds. It shows
that in the autumn of 1661 the total effective force of the Post Office
in London numbered 47 persons; it contains the first recorded mention,
probably, of a surveyor,--"agent to ryde ye severall rodes,"--a
numerous class of officers nowadays, who perform the same duties as
then, taking into account the changes in the methods and work of the
Post Office; and it also contains the first record of a stamper of
letters being employed.

As regards the stamping, this is also mentioned by Bishop, in an
answer made to the Council of State respecting alleged abuses in the
Post Office, under date 2nd August 1661, as follows:-- ... "that he
only employs old officers because new ones cannot serve for want of
experience"; and he shows the precautions he has taken to rectify
abuses, "by setting up printed rules, taking securities of the
letter-carriers, stamping the letters," etc.

In complaints made of irregularities in the Post Office, very
unflattering comments are made upon some of its officers. Thus:
"Bishop's agent, Thompson, is a very juggler; they both"--that is,
Bishop and Thompson--"will be complained of next Parliament." A clerk,
Ibson, who had been dismissed, refers, in a vindication he attempted of
himself, to the "dangerous character of the disaffected and scurrilous
men who witness against him"; and that, "having accused them to
Secretary Nicholas and Col. Bishop, they procured his dismissal." James
Hickes, a clerk in the Post Office, on the other hand, recriminates
that, during the late troubles, Ibson was accustomed "to open and read
the letters, and give news therefrom; that he was careless of the
letters; and often wrong in his accounts"; and that on these grounds
he was dismissed. In another information, Thomas Chapman is described
as being a leveller; and Glover, a servant of Hugh Peters--both being
accused of speaking disrespectfully of the king and Parliament. In
a memorandum of Secretary Nicholas it is stated that "Glover of the
Post Office was last Sunday at Mr. Jenkins' church, whispering amongst
the people to take heed what they write, as their letters are often
opened." The period was evidently one of very severe examination, and
the weeding out from the Post Office of unreliable servants.

Col. Henry Bishop did not escape in the general round of attack. A
statement, dated 31st December 1661, is left on record to the following
effect:--"That William Parker, who keeps the Nonsuch, formerly
Commonwealth Club, in Bow Street, Covent Garden, was Wildman's man,
the wife his servant, and the house furnished by him for meetings
in Cromwell's time. That Col. Bishop often met Wildman there, and
revealed the design of the late King's party, wherein Lord Mordaunt,
Major Smith, and others were betrayed, and Dr. Hewitt lost his life;
Major Smith declared on his deathbed that he never spoke the words
by which he was betrayed to any but Bishop. Most of the post-office
clerks used to meet and dine weekly at this house; and those now in
hold, on suspicion of the plot, had meetings there. The night before
Wildman was committed, a clerk of the Post Office, and another,
rode to the post house at Hounslow, stopped the two Western mails,
carried the letters into a private room, and, after spending two
hours with them, charged the boy who carried the mail forward not to
speak of what they had done." In a petition of the discharged clerk
Ibson, some time later, Ibson states that "he was bound in loyalty
to disclose the horrid and dangerous practices of Henry Bishop, for
which Bishop dismissed him in disgrace, and imprisoned him on several
feigned actions." Bishop's farm of the Post Office must have given
him much trouble and anxiety, arising partly from the nature of the
staff employed by him, and partly from the conditions of unrest
pervading society, these two things inspiring distrust and suspicion
in the management of the office. When the time arrived for his forced
retirement from the farm, he would doubtless be glad to get quit of
it. This event occurred in 1663. The immediate cause is not made quite
clear. No less an authority than Dan. O'Neale, who succeeded Bishop,
states that "Col. Bishop was turned out for continuing disaffected
persons in the management of the Post." But Bishop was about this
time harassed with suits at law, and the king thought fit to step in
and arrest the proceedings. The following document, addressed to "Our
Attorney-General and all others," was issued with this intent from
Whitehall on the 20th March 1663:--"Whereas we are informed that John
Hill hath caused an information to be exhibited against Henry Bishop,
Esq., for the exercising of the office of our Postmaster-General,
and that other suits are intended to be brought against him by the
said Hill, which will much tend to the disquieting of the said Henry
Bishop and to our disservice; our Royal pleasure therefore is, that
the said suit be no further prosecuted against him, and that our
Attorney-General do enter a _non vult ulterius prosequi_ upon it, and
that no other suit be commenced or prosecuted against him for the same,
and that our Counsel at law do appear in the behalf of our servant the
said Henry Bishop." About the same time,--a few weeks later,--a formal
pardon of all indebtedness to the Crown was granted to Bishop; the
document setting forth that Bishop had surrendered his grant on the 6th
April; and proceeding that "by reason of some supposed variance between
the letters patent, indentures of covenants, and the said late Act for
establishing a Post Office, Bishop may be liable to suits and questions
concerning the execution of the said office or yearly rent due for
same; the king therefore pardons and releases to Bishop all sums of
money the Crown may now or hereafter claim of him," etc. Under a cloud
of proceedings of this nature Bishop ceased to be Postmaster-General.
The farm of the office was now transferred to Col. Dan. O'Neale for the
remaining portion of the seven years' lease granted to Bishop. It would
seem that a money consideration was made by O'Neale to Bishop for the
transfer of the office; for in a statement of some proceedings (before
the Council apparently), it is stated "that Colonel Bishop, before his
last appearance at Council, would have taken £4000 for resignation of
his grant, but has since advanced to £8000, which he says Mr. O'Neale
has offered to him; O'Neale also offers to Secretary Bennet £2000,
and £1000 a year during Bishop's lease; this can be no disservice to
the Duke of York, who can expect no improvement till Bishop's lease
terminates." Apparently O'Neale took up the grant under the whole
conditions, privileges, and obligations applicable to Bishop's tenure.

O'Neale, an Irish gentleman, was the king's Harbinger and Groom of
the Bed Chamber. During the rebellion in Ireland, wherein Owen Roe
O'Neale was concerned, before the downfall of Charles I., the Marquess
of Ormonde engaged Daniel O'Neale, a relative of Owen's (said to be a
nephew), in an endeavour to win the latter over to Charles' interest.
In this, however, he was unsuccessful. Later, during the Commonwealth,
he was declared a delinquent, impeached, and thrown into the Tower;
but from this durance he managed to effect his escape. Clarendon says
of him that "he made his escape in a dexterous way, clad in a lady's
dress." When the Duke of Ormonde crossed over to England from the
Continent, in disguise, with the view of ascertaining the hopes then
existing for a return of the royal house, he was accompanied by Dan.
O'Neale, at the hazard of his life. He also took part in an attempt
upon Scotland, for the Royal cause, in 1650, but was apprehended and
banished by the Council, being then put under a written obligation "by
which he consented to be put to death, if he were ever after found in
the Kingdom." O'Neale is known as the builder of Belsize, at Hampstead,
which he is said to have erected at vast expense. He would appear to
have been a special favourite of Charles II., for he enjoyed several
grants or monopolies besides that of the Post Office.

O'Neale's grant, dating from the 25th March 1663, was for a period of
four and a quarter years, at a rental of £21,500, but, like several
of the other grantees, he did not complete his term, his death taking
place about October 1664. Pepys, in recording this event, adds the
remark, "I believe to the content of all the Protestant pretenders in
Ireland." O'Neale left, as his widow, Katherine Countess-Dowager of
Chesterfield, who was his executrix. The countess was allowed to have
the benefit of the remainder of the term; and Henry Lord Arlington and
John Lord Berkeley were empowered, by warrant, to make contracts with
Foreign States on behalf of the Post Office, and to act for "the better
carrying out of that office."

The interception and inspection of letters in the Post for Government
purposes, so largely carried on under the farmers immediately
preceding, had the inevitable result of engendering discontent and
suspicion, and of driving the public to make use of other means for
the conveyance of their correspondence. Recoiling upon the farmers
would necessarily be the loss of revenue. No sooner had O'Neale
entered upon his trust than steps were taken to put down or curtail
the irregularities both inside and outside the Post Office. On the
25th May 1663, a proclamation was issued forbidding all persons except
Dan. O'Neale or his deputies to carry or deliver letters for hire,
and ordering searches to be made for the discovery of unlicensed
letter-carriers. As evidence of compliance with the royal views, all
postmasters were required to produce, within six months, a certificate
of their conformity to the Church of England, on pain of dismissal;
and a very important clause in the proclamation provided that no
letters should be opened by any but the persons to whom they were
addressed, "without immediate warrant from a Secretary of State." About
the same date Secretary Bennet issued a warrant "to all Mayors and
other officers, and particularly to Richard Carter and eight others,
specially appointed for twelve months, to search for and apprehend
all persons carrying letters for hire without licence from the
Postmaster-General, and to bring them before one of the Secretaries,
delivering their letters into the Post Office." The searchers were
what, in a later period of post-office history, were officially called
"apprehenders of letter-carriers."

These restrictive measures had not been a month in operation when
O'Neale found it necessary to make a representation with respect to
them. He complained that the means at the disposal of Bishop for
dealing with offences against the Post Office were quicker in operation
than those prescribed to himself; and he expressed himself to the
effect that he would rather quit the office than go to law against
every offender. O'Neale further says that the Lord Chancellor had
declared the opinion that the Secretaries, being superintendents over
the Post Office, should take notice of offences. It is quite evident
that O'Neale did not find the Post Office a bed of roses.

O'Neale also discovered, soon after entering the Post Office, that
while his grant purported to cover all the king's dominions, the
postmaster at Edinburgh, Robert Mein, was independent of him, Mein
having had a gift of that office made by His Majesty at Stirling,
and confirmed since the Restoration. For the loss of revenue in this
quarter, O'Neale claimed a deduction from his rent of £2000 a year.

It may be well here to mention that, shortly after O'Neale's grant of
the Post Office, an Act was passed--15 Chas. II. c. 14 (1663)--settling
the profits of the business upon James Duke of York and his heirs male.
That is to say, the rentals were the claim or right of the Duke of
York; but they were subject to payments to be made, under Privy Seal,
in favour of the king, to an amount not exceeding £5382, 10s. per
annum. By a later Act--22 & 23 Chas. II. c. 27--this reservation in
favour of the king was made perpetual.




CHAPTER X


A curious connection between the Post Office and Music is referred to
as existing at this period. To Pepys we are indebted for a knowledge
of the fact. In his _Diary_, under date Wednesday, the 5th October
1664, he has the following note:--"To the musique-meeting at the Post
Office, where I was once before. And thither anon come all the Gresham
College, and a great deal of noble company; and the new instrument was
brought called the Arched-Viall, where being tuned with lute-strings,
and played on with kees like an organ, a piece of parchment is always
kept moving; and the strings, which by the kees are pressed down upon
it, are grated in imitation of a bow, by the parchment; and so it is
intended to resemble several vyalls played on with one bow, but so
basely and so harshly, that it will never do. But after three hours'
stay it could not be fixed in tune; and so they were fain to go to
some other musique of instruments." It might be supposed that the Post
Office would be the last place on earth to which "a great deal of noble
company" would resort for musical entertainment. But, fortunately,
Evelyn in his _Diary_ throws some light on the subject by referring
to the same meeting in the following terms:--"To our Society.--There
was brought a new invented instrument of musiq, being a harpsichord
with gut strings, sounding like a concert of viols with an organ, made
vocal by a wheele, and a zone of parchment that rubb'd horizontally
against the strings." "Our Society" referred to by Evelyn, and Pepys'
allusion to Gresham College, as also the fact that the Minutes of the
Royal Society record a meeting on this day, leave little room for
doubt that the gathering at the Post Office was a meeting of the Royal
Society. Evelyn was one of the original Council when the Society,
a couple of years before, obtained its charter, and Pepys became a
Fellow some four months after this meeting at the Post Office. But
the question arises--Why was the meeting held at the Post Office? The
usual meeting-place of the Royal Society was Gresham College. It is
necessary to understand that the Post Office, at the period with which
we are dealing, was located in the Black Swan, Bishopsgate Street, at a
trifling distance, probably, from Gresham College. It was no doubt one
of the old city inns, built with an interior courtyard, and possessing
a number of rooms more or less adapted for public meetings. Within
the inn lived certain of the principal officers of the Post Office.
It may be that some of these officers were interested in the Royal
Society, and, as a matter of favour, afforded accommodation at the Post
Office for exceptional meetings. At anyrate, an original member of
the society, Andrew Ellis, became Deputy Postmaster-General in 1667,
and Joseph Williamson, secretary to Lord Arlington (who, by the way,
practised music as an amateur), was also a member, the last mentioned
(Arlington) becoming Postmaster-General in the same year. Or it may be
that, as the members of the Royal Society moved in the best circles,
they were granted accommodation for special meetings by the Farmer of
the Posts, Col. Dan. O'Neale, who would doubtless be on intimate terms
with many of the members. Another supposition is, however, open to us.
It may be that the Post Office occupied only a part of the Black Swan
premises, that the business of an inn was still carried on within the
building, and that the meetings referred to by Pepys were held in a
room rented for the purpose. However this may be, the entertaining
diarist has left it on record that he went "to the musique-meeting at
the Post Office."

About the time of O'Neale's death, or a little later, occurred the
Great Plague of London, 1664-65. The officers of the Post Office did
not escape the fatalities of that terrible scourge. The senior clerk
of the establishment, James Hickes, with whom the reader must now be
familiar, describes, in a petition written shortly thereafter, how
the Plague affected the Post Office. He says "that dureing the late
dreadfull sickness, when many of the members of the office desert the
same, and that betweene 20 and 30 of the members dyed thereof, your
petitioner, considering rather the dispatch of your Majesty's service
then the preservation of himselfe and family, did hazard them all, and
continued all that woefull tyme in the said office to give dispatch and
convayance to your Majesty's letters and pacquetts, and to preserve
your revenue ariseing from the same." Now, as in August 1661 the number
of officers attached to the London Post Office was only 47, it would
appear by Hickes' statement that from one-half to two-thirds of the
staff were carried off by the Plague. In a letter written to Jos.
Williamson (who, like a great many other principal officers of the
Government, had fled from the scourge), dated the 14th August 1665,
Hickes gives some further particulars of how things proceeded at that
time. He tells Williamson that the postmaster of Huntingdon has been
directed to forward his letters, "airing them over vinegar before he
sends them." Then he adds, that the chief office is "so fumed, morning
and night, that they can hardly see each other; but had the contagion
been catching by letters, they had been dead long ago. Hopes to be
preserved in their important public work from the stroke of the
destroying angel." Williamson had asked Hickes to give £5 on his behalf
to the poor of St. Martins-in-the-Fields; but the latter answered that
he did not know where to get it at this time, "where all doubt ever
seeing each other again." Hickes adds, that the sickness is increasing,
and that their gains at the Post Office are so small that "they will
not at the year's end clear £10 of their salaries." The whole business
of the City of London seems to have become paralysed. On the 3rd
August an ambassador in London wrote to his Government that "there was
no manner of trade left, nor conversation, either at Court or on the
Exchange." On the 17th of the same month one Richard Fuller wrote that
not one merchant in a hundred was left in the City; that every day
seemed like Sunday; and that though he had a great deal of money owing
to him, he could not get in a penny, nor could he sell any goods.

The concluding portion of Hickes' petition, above referred to, may
merit perusal. In justification of his prayer, he says: "Soe that your
petitioner, being now arrived to neere 60 years of age, hath acquired
for all the service of his life nothing but weaknesses and severe
distempers, which his dayly attendance and assiduitie hath contracted.
May it therefore please your most sacred Majesty, in consideration of
your petitioner's service and sufferings, his age and weakness, haveing
gained noe estate, but a bare subsistance by his hard services, that
your Majesty wilbe gratiously pleased to give him such a Compensation
as may suport and preserve your petitioner and his wife, now in their
old age."

Hickes did not, however, immediately retire from the Post Office: he
remained in its service some time longer. In another petition at the
time of the Restoration, he makes mention of some of his official
antecedents. He says that "he sent the first letter from Nantwich to
London by post in 1637, a road now bringing in £4000 a year." He
settled the Bristol and York posts, and conveyed letters to the late
king at Edgehill and Oxford. He refers to his committal to prison,
previously mentioned in these pages, in 1643; and gives us the further
information that his aged father was one of the 5000 Royalists who are
said to have been slain on the field of Edgehill. Hickes, after his
imprisonment, was employed in the king's service; but somehow he got
back into the London Post Office, under the Commonwealth, about the
year 1651. In yet a further petition, Hickes, again claiming credit for
keeping the Post Office open during the Plague, begs that he may have
an order to the Commissioners of Prizes, to deliver to him some brown
and white sugar granted to him by His Majesty from the ship _Espérance_
of Nantes, condemned as a prize at Plymouth.

Shortly after the Plague, the Great Fire of London broke out. It
commenced on the 1st September 1666, and on the 3rd September it
reached the Chief Post Office, in Bishopsgate Street. In these early
times, as has already been mentioned, some of the officers lived on
the premises--the higher officials, at anyrate. Sir Philip Frowde was
then one of the Controllers, and James Hickes was senior clerk. On the
3rd September the latter writes to Williamson as follows, dating his
letter from the post house at the Golden Lion, Red Cross Street (this
inn was probably a branch post office at the time):--"Sir Philip and
his lady fled from the office at midnight for saftey; stayed himself
till 1 A.M., till his wife and children's patience could stay no
longer, fearing lest they should be quite stopped up; the passage was
so tedious, they had much ado to get where they are. The Chester and
Irish Mails have come in; sends him (Williamson) his letters; knows not
how to dispose of the business. Is sending his wife and children to
Barnet."

It is not very clear whether the Post Office in Bishopsgate Street was
entirely destroyed,--it was certainly destroyed in part. At any rate,
on the 24th August 1667, nearly a year after the fire, an official
notice was issued that the Kentish office had been removed "from the
Round House to the Grand Office in Bishopsgate Street, for the better
dispatch of business." Whether this Grand Office was in the old Black
Swan or in other premises we are unable to say. These records make
it tolerably clear that the Chief Post Office was still placed in
Bishopsgate Street for some time subsequent to the fire.

The early locations of the Post Office in London seem to have been as
follows:--

  1635.--In Sherborne Lane, King William Street.

  1642.--Inland Letter Office (under the Earl of Warwick) in
  Bartholomew Lane, at the back of the old Exchange.

  Removed afterwards to Cloak Lane, Dowgate.

  Removed later to the Black Swan, Bishopsgate Street, where it was at
  the time of the Great Fire.

  Was again in Bishopsgate Street after the Great Fire.

  Later it was removed to the Black Pillars in Bridges Street, Covent
  Garden.

In the new regulations laid down for working the posts in 1637, it
was ordered that each mail should be accompanied by a label, or what
would now be called a time-bill or way-bill, and that upon this label
the arrivals at the several stages should be noted, instead of upon
the letters or packets as had previously been done. The labels used in
1666, specimens of which exist in the Public Record Office, are curious
documents. They are like a double sheet of foolscap, but longer and
narrower, and are furnished with a printed heading as follows:--

[Illustration]

_FOR THE SPECIAL SERVICE AND AFFAIRS OF HIS MAJESTY._

 Haste, haste.
 Poste-Haste.

  Whereas the Management of the Poste Stage of Letters of England,
  Scotland, and Ireland, is committed to my care and conduct; These are
  therefore in His Majesties name to require you, in your respective
  stages, to use all diligence and expedition in the safe and speedy
  conveyance of this Mail and Letters from London to ____ , and from
  thence to return; And hereof you are not to fail, as you will answer
  the contrary at your perils. Given under my hand this ____ past ____
  in the morning.

 To the Several Postmasters
 on ____ Road.

The bills were signed in writing by Philip Frowde, the then working
head of the Post Office.

The stages, and the official distances between the stages, at this
time from London to Berwick, were as follows:--

 London       to   Waltham,            12   miles.
 Waltham       "   Ware,                8     "
 Ware          "   Royston,            13     "
 Royston       "   Caxton,              9     "
 Caxton        "   Huntingdon,          7     "
 Huntingdon    "   Stilton,             9     "
 Stilton       "   Stamford,           14     "
 Stamford      "   Witham,              8     "
 Witham        "   Grantham,            8     "
 Grantham      "   Newark,             10     "
 Newark        "   Tuxford,            10     "
 Tuxford       "   Scroby,             12     "
 Scroby        "   Doncaster,           7     "
 Doncaster     "   Ferribrigs,         10     "
 Ferribrigs    "   Tadcaster,          10     "
 Tadcaster     "   Yorke,               8     "
 Yorke         "   Burrowbridge        12     "
 Burrowbridge  "   N. Allerton,        15     "
 N. Allerton   "   Darlington,         12     "
 Darlington    "   Durham,             12     "
 Durham        "   Newcastle,          12     "
 Newcastle     "   Morpeth,            12     "
 Morpeth       "   Alnwicke,           16     "
 Alnwicke      "   Belford,            12     "
 Belford       "   Berwick,            14     "
                                     ----
                                      272
                                     ====

The number of despatches weekly to the principal continental cities,
and the times allowed for transit to or from London, were these:--

 Madrid,      once a week,        transit,   21 days.
 Venice,        "     "               "      15  "
 Geneva,        "     "               "      17  "
 Marseilles,    "     "               "      11  "
 Paris,       twice   "               "       4  "
 The Hague,     "     "               "       3  "
 Brussells,     "     "               "       3  "
 Frankfort,   once    "               "      12  "
 Dantzicke,     "     "               "      16  "
 Stockholme,    "     "               "      20  "
 Cologne,     twice   "               "       6  "
 Mayence,     once    "               "      10  "
 Hamburg,     twice   "               "       8  "
 Copenhagen,    "     "               "      14  "
 Leghorne,      "     "               "      21  "
 Naples,      once    "               "      25  "

About this time Joseph Williamson became editor of the _London
Gazette_; and for his purpose, as well as for the use of the
Government, all manner of news was collected through the Post Office.
Williamson had a rival in the news business in one Muddiman, who
had previously had charge of Williamson's correspondence. Hickes
exerted himself to the utmost in opposing Muddiman, writing to his
correspondents "to assure them that Muddiman, being dismissed by
Williamson from the management of his correspondence, for turning it
to his own advantage, could not communicate much news, and that his
letters were no longer to be franked." The zeal of Hickes carried him
so far as to violate Muddiman's letters; and as listeners often hear
unpleasant things of themselves, so Hickes had a like experience in
looking into the rival's letters. A copy of one of Muddiman's letters
to his correspondents, left in Hickes' own handwriting, runs as
follows:--

"James Hickes, a little fellow of the Post Office, having written about
him, he informs them that, on a misunderstanding with Williamson about
the _Gazette_, he has quitted that office, turned his correspondents to
Secretary Morice, and will write fully and constantly as before. Has
discovered Hickes in some practices, and has not therefore given him
his letters to sign, nor a copy of them to write after." The following
are specimens of the news sent up from the country to Hickes:--

7th March 1665--from Richd. Foster, Newcastle. "In the impress of
seamen, the Mayor, Sir Ralph Delaval, and others agreed to make
volunteers of Capt. John Wetwyng's pressmasters, who, knowing the
haunts of most of the seamen of the town, managed so well that almost
as great a number of volunteers and pressed men will be returned as
will be had out of Scotland; as none can escape the pressmasters, many
come in as volunteers because they will not be pressed; there are
hundreds of stout young keel and barge men who could do good service,
and hundreds would go volunteers, if they may be employed."

19th March 1665--from Luke Whittington, Hull. "Col. Morley, the
present governor of Hull, sent out several files of Musketeers to
Serjeant Bullock's house, two miles off, where a conventicle of 100 to
300 fanatics was held; only 20 were seized, as their scouts were out,
and they fled."

10th June 1665--from Edward Suckley, Landguard Fort. "On the 9th, the
Duke of York with all his fleet came to Sole Bay, where they are at
anchor, with 15 Dutch ships taken and 2000 prisoners; 35 sail are sunk
or taken; Opdam, Trump, and Eversen, and other commanders, killed.
On our side Lords Fitzherbert and Falmouth, and two other Lords, are
killed."

20th October 1666--from Fras. Newby, Harwich. "A mighty eagle lighted
yesterday on the ropehouse on the Green; her wings seven feet long,
and one claw 9 inches long; she is thought to have come from some far
country, and to have been extremely weary, for she budged not at the
first shot made at her, and was killed by the second. Has sent him a
dried salmon," etc.

At this period (1666), the riding work seems to have been very slow
indeed. On the 18th May of this year, Hickes gives a return which shows
the following results:--

 Plymouth to London, at the rate of 3 to 4 miles an hour.
 Yarmouth      "       "       "      3-1/2    "     "
 Bristol Road  "       "       "      4        "     "
 Gloucester    "       "       "      3-1/2    "     "
 Chester       "       "       "      4        "     "
 York          "       "       "      4        "     "

The speed at which the mails should have been carried between Lady Day
and Michaelmas was seven miles an hour, so they were travelling at
little more than half their speed.

Yet severe measures were taken by the post-office authorities against
the postmasters. By a petition of John Paine, postmaster of Saxmundham,
it is set forth that he was taken into custody "for not having seven
horses ready as soon as Sir Philip Howard expected, though they were
ready within half an hour." The postmaster of Witham, Essex, was also
summoned before Lord Arlington for neglect, and imprisoned. So great
had been the effect of the pressing of men for the fleet at this period
that, on the 2nd July 1666, Sir Philip Frowde writes to Williamson,
that "most of the post-boys on the Kentish Road are pressed, so that
unless some course be taken, expresses or envoys cannot come or go."




CHAPTER XI


On the expiry of O'Neale's grant, the office of Postmaster-General
was conferred upon Henry Lord Arlington, the grant in his case being
for a period of ten years, dating from Midsummer 1667. During the
Commonwealth, Arlington, as Sir Henry Bennet, had been a faithful
adherent of the king while in exile on the Continent, and for a time
was his representative at the Court of Madrid. As a statesman, after
the Restoration, he was held in high esteem by Charles, and is well
known as a member of the Cabal. He was a busy man in the affairs of his
country, and, consequently, was unable to fulfil, in person, his duties
at the Post Office. And so we find that he discharged these duties by
deputies, the two men intrusted in the first instance with the work
being his brother, Sir John Bennet, and one Andrew Ellis. Ellis died in
1672, and in his place was appointed his cousin, Colonel Roger Whitley,
who continued to hold the office of Deputy Postmaster-General till the
close of Lord Arlington's first term in 1677. The precise conditions
of Arlington's grant, as regards rent, are not known. The patent roll
sets forth that the sum of £5382, 10s. was to be reserved to the order
of the king as in previous grants, but that the remaining rent payable
by Arlington was to be determined by a tripartite indenture, of the
same date as the patent, to be executed between James Duke of York of
the first part, Henry Lord Arlington and Lord Berkeley of Stratton of
the second part, and Mary Dowager-Viscountess Falmouth of the third
part. The terms of this indenture have not apparently come down to us.
The third party to the indenture was the widow of Viscount Falmouth,
who fell in the battle with the Dutch off Lowestoft, on the 3rd June
1665, and the arrangement here made was probably with the view of
securing her some allowance. Haydn, however, places Lord Arlington's
rent, in 1674, at £43,000, but we are unable to say from what source
these figures are taken. Lord Arlington's advent to the Post Office in
1667 was marked by measures that were held to be very oppressive by the
staff of that office. This is abundantly clear from letters written at
the period by James Hickes, the senior clerk. He writes to Williamson,
secretary to Lord Arlington, with whom he had intimate relations in
connection with the _Gazette_ business, as follows:--"Many postmasters
are in London, or coming up, in order to their future settlements:
understands his lordship's pleasure to be that they must pay a fine;
and has given reasons therefor to those who applied to him for advice,
so as to prevent hard thoughts of his lordship, and prepare them for
quiet submission." The fine here mentioned is a payment that was
demanded for renewal of employment, something after the plan previously
in vogue whereby the deputy postmasters obtained their places by
purchase. To obtain places by purchase was the common practice during
the reigns of James I. and Charles I. Again Hickes writes about
himself, that he "expects little compassion, notwithstanding all his
services and diligence, if Williamson do not stand firm to him." Then,
upon some interference by Sir John Bennet with the clerks sending
letters or news books post-free, Hickes says that "he would rather
withdraw and live on salt and water," and that he refused to pay for
his own letters or news books. He "told Sir John that the governors
had rather blamed the clerks for not corresponding more with the
postmasters to keep things right, as by so doing a correspondence had
been settled with all parts of the kingdom. Told him there was not a
man in the office who did not deserve continuance and encouragement
instead of reduction of salary, and that such severity would ruin
the office." Sir John, "said he could have 40 officers who wanted
employment. Told him that blades with swords at their sides, and velvet
jackets, would not do the business, as some had proved very rogues and
cheats, and were rooted out.... Sir John said that as his lordship had
to pay a greater rent than before, other things must be improved." He
again writes, that "Sir John Bennett tries to reduce the postmasters
to 20s. a mile, which lowers them from £40 to £20 a year; and that he
makes and unmakes contracts, so that they fear they may be removed at
pleasure. The two porters are reduced from 10s. to 6s. a week, and
are no longer to have 6d. for each express sent to Whitehall; the 30
letter carriers are reduced from 8s. to 6s.... Will do his best, though
told he is designed for ruin when he has served their turn," etc. In a
further letter Hickes writes, that he "will wait upon Williamson and
his lordship shortly, and if no more kindness is shown him for services
done, shall take his leave, and rest upon God. Is hardly dealt with,
as whatever care and pains he takes, it contribrites not a candle,
nor a cup of beer as formerly granted; and the taking away of these
poor petty things is the present reward for the most considerable
and advantageous service done. Writes all this to him, as being the
only person to whom he can unbosom himself." We will add but one more
extract, from a later letter written in Hickes' despair. He intimates a
desire to wait upon Williamson, but he pleads that "his service is so
severe that he has not two hours' rest between the post going out and
coming in, and seldom has half an hour's sleep, by which means he is
becoming decrepid and dropsical." Then he adds, that "he will wait with
patience; and if he die without consideration, it will be a comfort
to know that he has discharged his duty faithfully in all hazards and
hardships."

Incidentally, Hickes mentions in one of these plaintive letters that
his salary as senior clerk was £100 a year. He also indicates that Sir
John Bennet[4] was no favourite with the staff; for he says of him,
that when he comes into the office "it is with such deportment and
carriage that no king can exceed."

These letters afford a fair idea of the measures which were being
applied to the service under Lord Arlington's Postmaster-Generalship.

The paucity of information left to us of the internal working of the
Post Office in its earlier years, is doubtless due to the fact that
the books in use under the various Farmers of the Post were removed at
the termination of each farm, being the property of the farmer, and
in most cases these books have disappeared with time. Fortunately,
however,[5] one set of books remains, that referring to the period
from 1672 to 1677, when, under Lord Arlington, Colonel Roger Whitley
was Deputy Postmaster-General. These books contain the correspondence
with the deputy postmasters throughout, the country, and afford much
interesting information as to the state of the posts in that limited
term.

Colonel Roger Whitley, as appears by the _Historical Manuscripts
Commission Reports_, was either the individual of that name who, when
Governor of Aberystwith Castle, had to surrender to the Parliamentary
troops, or a son of that person. He was, at anyrate, an attendant upon
King Charles II. during his exile, and, in the semblance of a Court
then maintained, he held the position of a member of the Privy Chamber.
A letter is extant in which the king begs from Whitley the loan of
£100. At the Restoration, Whitley received the appointment of Harbinger
to the King, and now the appointment of Deputy Postmaster-General. It
is not improbable that he was a Cheshire man, from the facts that his
daughter was married to Sir John Mainwaring of Peover, in that county,
and that Colonel Whitley himself, or his son, was Mayor of Chester in
1693. During the time of Whitley's Deputy Postmaster-Generalship, he
represented Flint in the House of Commons. Andrew Marvell says of him
that by the farm of the Post Office "he got a vast estate."

In some loose sheets prefaced to the first volume of Whitley's office
letter-books, referring apparently to the year 1667, is a schedule
showing a rearrangement of the salaries of the deputy postmasters in
the country, when Lord Arlington assumed the farm of the Post Office.
The fragment of the document on the opposite page shows how the matter
was arranged.

For the renewal of their deputations under the new Postmaster-General,
the postmasters were mulcted in a fine or payment equal to one
year's salary as adjudged to be proper to the several offices, the
rate allowed being about 30s. per mile per annum. Now, as the mails,
as a rule, at this time travelled three times a week, the rate per
single-journey mile carrying the mail works out at about twopence and
one-third of a penny.

It is worthy of note, that on the admission of the deputy postmasters
to office they were required to pay, in addition to the fine above
referred to, fees for their deeds of deputation amounting to £3, 10s.
These fees went to the clerks at head-quarters, among whom they were
divided, as a payment, apparently, for the drafting and preparing the
necessary papers. This must have been a heavy tax upon the postmasters,
the sum mentioned being equivalent in value to at least £14 of our
present money.

                                                      CHESTER ROAD.
 +-----------+------------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+
 |   Miles   |            |                       |           | Salaries  |
 |  (up and  |            |                       |    Old    | according |
 |   down).  |  Stages.   |  Postmasters' Names.  |  Salary.  | to Derby  |
 |           |            |                       |           |   Road.   |
 +-----------+------------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+
 |           |            |                       |  £  s. d. |  £  s. d. |
 |           |            |                       |           |           |
 | 10 Single | London     | J. Bennett            | 30  0  0  | 10  0  0  |
 |           |            |                       |           |           |
 |           |            |                       |           |           |
 | 10 and 10 | Barnet     | Walter Yorke          | 40  0  0  | 20  0  0  |
 | 10  "  10 | St. Albans | Sarah Simpson         | 40  0  0  | 20  0  0  |
 |  7  "  10 | Dunstable  | Robert Joxon          | 40  0  0  | 17  0  0  |
 | 13  "   7 | Brickhill  | John Younger          | 40  0  0  | 20  0  0  |
 | 10  "  13 | Towcester  | Andrew Snape          | 40  0  0  | 23  0  0  |
 | 14  "  10 | Daventry   | Valentine Suckborough | 40  0  0  | 24  0  0  |
 +-----------+------------+-----------------------+-----------+-----------+

 --------------+---------------------------+------------+
   Salary     |                            |            |
 according to |                            |            |
  judgement.  |                            |   Fines.   |
              |                            |            |
 -------------+----------------------------+------------+
   £   s. d.  |{ Viz. for riding, £15    } |  £   s. d. |
              |{   per annum, and £6     } |            |
  21   0  0   |{   per annum for sending } | 21   0  0  |
              |{   his horse each        } |            |
              |{   night to the office.  } |            |
  30   0  0   |                            | 30   0  0  |
  30   0  0   |                            | 30   0  0  |
  25  10  0   |                            | 25  10  0  |
  30   0  0   |                            | 30   0  0  |
  34  10  0   |                            | 34  10  0  |
  36   0  0   |                            | 36   0  0  |
 -------------+----------------------------+------------+

The letters of Roger Whitley on subjects relating to the appointment of
deputies, to the riding work, the packet services, and to his dealings
with the public, are interesting in many ways. They are somewhat
curious in language and style, and show a quaint relationship existing
between himself and his subordinates. To the country postmasters,
Whitley ordinarily subscribed himself, "your very loving friend," "your
assured loving friend," and the like. The salaries of the postmasters
were usually arranged after negotiation by letter, and, in many cases,
by a subsequent visit from a friend on behalf of the postmasters.
Whitley rather discouraged visits from the deputies themselves on the
subject of salaries, and the object of the friend's visit is not very
clear.

While Lord Arlington had reduced the scale of pay in 1667 to something
like 30s. a mile per annum, the scale was further reduced under Whitley
to about 20s. a mile. The postmasters were not entirely remunerated
by salary. They enjoyed privileges not allowed to other innkeepers,
which brought them profits and immunities. They had the old monopoly
of providing horses for persons riding post, at the fixed rate of 3d.
per mile, with 4d. per stage for the guide. They were exempt from
serving in the militia and in certain other public capacities, and
they frequently had relief from the quartering upon them of soldiers.
This exemption did not, however, apply to the regiments of Guards.
In some cases, also, they were favoured with a couple of _Gazettes_
weekly, out of which they probably made something by attracting
thereby customers to their inns, or by circulating them in their towns
and districts. From these various sources did the postmasters receive
a return for their services to the posts. Beyond this, however, the
riding work brought travellers to their houses; and if the wages paid
by the Deputy Postmaster-General were not high, the deputy postmasters
probably "took it out" of the public. At anyrate, Colonel Whitley had
himself some experience of high charges, as appears by a remonstrance
made by him to one of his postmasters, as follows:--"I much admire to
have a bill of charges sent after me (for I use not to leave any place
till these be defrayed), especially since my son paid all that could
be demanded, which was judged by all that had skill in these affairs
to be extreme (or rather unreasonably) dear. Mr. Davies, I made use of
your house out of civility and kindness to you, but did not expect
your exactions. I could have had better entertainment, on better terms,
elsewhere. Consider well of it; and as I have always been civil and
just to you, so let me receive the like from you."

The postmasters were very dilatory in sending up their moneys to
the head office, and admonitory letters were daily sent out urging
upon them greater punctuality. These varied in terms from a gentle
reminder to the veriest threat. The following is a fair specimen of
the latter:--"By yours of the 8th you promise to pay the money due for
last quarter when you receive this quarter's accounts. I am resolved no
man shall be employed by me (in this office) that does not clear every
quarter immediately after it is due. Wherefore, I once more require
you to send up your money upon the receipt of this letter, or I will
endeavour to get it some other way, and find a more punctual man for
the employment.--Your loving friend."

Whitley was greatly troubled, or had every reason to be troubled, by
the very frequent delays of the mails. It would be tedious to cite case
after case, and more interest will be found to lie in the terms of
Whitley's letters, two of which run as follows:--

       *       *       *       *       *

 "To Mr. Sadler, Postmaster of Marlborough.

"I can no longer endure your shameful neglect of the mails. I have
grievous complaints from Bristol of the prejudice they receive thereby;
and find that it is 7, 8, 9, or 10 hours commonly betwixt you and
Chippenham, which is but 15 miles, and ought to be performed in 3
hours. This is a most abominable shame and scandal to the office; and
I tell you, Mr Sadler, in few words (for I will not any more trouble
myself to write you on the subject), that if this be not speedily
amended, but the like abuse be committed again, you may expect a
messenger for you to answer it before those that will be impartial
judges and just rewarders of such shameful neglects. Be advised to look
better about your business, or you will suffer for it."

       *       *       *       *       *

 "To Mr Ballard, Monmouth.

"I am tormented with complaints from the gentlemen of Glamorgan and
Monmouthshires, of the neglect and slow coming of the mails to these
parts. I observe the labels, after they have passed Gloucester,
commonly omitted to be dated, that it may not so easily be discovered
where the fault lies. I have writ so often on this subject that I am
weary of it; and admire you should be so little concerned, when it is
evident you are so far from performing your duty as you ought, and are
obliged to do. I acknowledge to have much respect for you, but cannot
suffer the public to be wronged by anyone I employ. I pray let this
neglect be amended, or it will make a breach; consider well of it."

The threat held out in the former of these two letters of a messenger
being sent for the postmaster was really a serious affair, for it meant
the taking the postmaster into custody, and his being probably involved
in expenses to the extent of £20 before he could obtain release.

It might be supposed that the farming of the posts was a most
unbusinesslike way of carrying on the work of the public conveyance
of letters. But there is another side to the question; and arguments
are not wanting that, for the development of the service, the farming
was, in some respects at anyrate, a very satisfactory arrangement. The
work was committed to the hands and control of a single individual, who
was unfettered by Treasury or other restrictions, and who was bound
to find a sum sufficient for the payment of his rent. He was further
under the influence of a personal interest in the way of securing a
profit to himself, and as a consequence, while his tenure lasted, he
put forth his utmost endeavour to make his office useful to the public,
and to extend its scope. Further, upon each increase of rent came a new
incentive to fresh exertions in the way indicated, and the growth of
the Post Office was steady and rapid.

Whitley was a man of a very conciliatory nature: his letters attest
it. He was always anxious to please the public. In disputes over
irregularities, and matters relating to alleged overcharges, he was
most indulgent. In a letter of apology to Dr. Bathurst, President
of Trinity College, Oxford, he writes:--"I will not permit him (the
postmaster) to dispute, but submit my interest to your pleasure, being
assuredly safe therein. I have ordered him to wait on you, and not
only to do you right in this matter, but conform with your demands in
all things; and I humbly beseech you to have that goodness and charity
for me as to believe me of another composition than to be guilty of
such low unworthy practices, but own me as one that is ambitious
of the honour of being esteemed, your," etc. To the postmaster of
York he writes in a strain advising like conciliatory dealings with
the public. "I cannot imagine," says he, "why you should not think
yourself sufficiently empowered by my last and former letters to do
right to the merchants in all their just demands; nay further, to
gratify them sometimes in little disputes (though they be in the
mistake) rather than exasperate and disoblige gentlemen that support
the office by their correspondence. If you reflect on my last letter,
you will find that I refer it to you and them to do with me (almost)
what you please.... I hope when you acquaint these gentlemen with
what I write, it will give them satisfaction, especially seeing I make
them chancellors in their own case." In a like matter of dispute at
Norwich, Whitley writes to the postmaster:--"I know their own ingenuity
will prompt them to consider the usefulness of this office to their
commerce, and how we work and travail night and day for them.... I
never found, in all my experience, that I lost anything by submitting
to the justice and civility of conscientious men." A similar strain
of patient forbearance towards the public runs through the whole of
Whitley's correspondence.

Whitley was at all times alive to the interests of the office and
himself, by giving additional facilities for the sending of letters.
Writing to the postmaster of Oxford, he says:--"In my opinion, the
College butlers may be useful to you in receiving and dispersing
letters, etc., and I wish you would be in a good correspondence with
them; and let your letter-carriers call there for letters, to be sent
to London, immediately before the post goes away, as well as to bring
letters to them when the post comes in." It was seen that a field for
extended business presented itself at Tunbridge Wells. Accordingly
Whitley seizes the opportunity and makes the necessary arrangements,
giving the postmaster advice and instructions as follows:--"I have
ordered the mails to go from hence sooner than ordinary, that the
letters may be at Tunbridge early in the morning; wherefore fail not
to be there ready to receive them, and then make all possible haste
with them to the Wells, that the gentry may have them before they go to
their lodgings." This arrangement would doubtless appeal to the love
of gossip in the frequenters of the Wells, who would naturally have
some rivalry to receive the most recent _items_, and to discuss them
while they lingered over the morning cup. The post-master was further
ordered to call every post-day "on Mr. Miles, confectioner on the Walk,
who will deliver you what letters he receives for London or elsewhere."
During the season the posts ran daily between London and Tunbridge.

The by-letters occasioned uneasiness to Whitley, because he was
entirely in the hands of the postmasters for the accounting of them. He
thus defines them:--"By by-letters I mean all letters of your stage and
branch sent by your agents or boys, to any place but London or beyond
it." The revenue from this class of letters was a matter of arrangement
between the Deputy Postmaster-General and the country postmasters, the
former finding it a convenient plan to farm this correspondence to
the postmasters. Whitley distrusted the returns of by-letters made by
his agents, as the following letters to Postmasters show:--"I wonder
at your great mistake in your by-letters; the account you give me
amounts to much more by the year, and yet I have good reason to believe
(I speak it without any disrespect or reflection on you) that I have
not account of the fourth part of your stage. Your servants may be
negligent, and boys abuse you; however, I am at the loss; but resolve,
where I find any injustice of that kind hereafter, to sue the bond, and
doubt not but some postmasters will be so kind and honest as to give me
true information." Again, "I find a great decay in our by-letters of
late. I hope you are a person of more integrity than to design (by this
means) to beat down the price. Do not do it; I have other measures to
go by; you will but wrong yourself as well as me. You do not offer the
third part of the value. However, to avoid suspicion, the trouble of
accounts, and possibly suits at law, I will let you have it for thirty
pounds the year (Hull gives fifty), and take the benefit of by-letters
into the bargain. You know I could have other chapmen." Colonel
Whitley may have had painful experience of law suits, for he expresses
himself to one of his postmasters in the following strain:--"Being
forced by Mr. Vaughan's ill-payment to have recourse to the law to get
my money, I cannot meet with a sincere attorney, but they juggle and
will not serve the writ, pretending they cannot; wherefore, relying
much on your kindness and ingenuity, and having no other way to get my
right, I send the enclosed writs to you." He gives directions as to the
serving of them, and adds, that "it will be an extraordinary kindness
to me."

On the 5th July 1673, Whitley wrote his views on the subject of
conformity to the postmaster of Belford (Mr. Carr) in the following
safe terms. In some respects the letter is amusing. It runs:--"I think
it not only convenient but necessary for every postmaster to conform
to the late law about the sacrament and oaths; not that it will anyway
concern me or this office, only in the safety and wellbeing of those
that relate to it. I pray consult the law itself, being too nice a
point for me to give my opinion of, and the judges themselves are shy
in the matter; but on the one hand you are sure not to err, therefore
that is the safest way." The postmaster of Ware having, by a like
omission, got himself into trouble, is thus written to:--"I am sorry
to hear that information is given into the Exchequer of your neglect
in not taking the oath of allegiance and supremacy and the test lately
ordained by Parliament.[6] I fear this may be troublesome to you, it
being unsafe for anyone to bear an office that will not conform to the
laws established."

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 4: Andrew Marvell says of Bennet that he "got of the poor
indigent Cavaliers' money £26,000, and other wayes near £40,000 more."]

[Footnote 5: The property of Sir Philip Mainwaring, Bart., of Peover
Hall, Knutsford, by whose courtesy they have been consulted.]

[Footnote 6: The declaration required was in the following terms:--"I
do believe that there is not any transubstantiation in the Sacrament of
the Lord's Supper, or in the elements of bread and wine, at or after
the consecration thereof, by any person whatsoever."]




CHAPTER XII


As compared with the sober and temperate style of official
correspondence in the present day, when a civilly expressed request is
generally held to convey all the force of a direct command, Whitley's
letters to his deputies savour of smartness and incisiveness that are
somewhat striking. Mr. Pye, the deputy at Morpeth, having quarrelled
with some of the postmasters at neighbouring post stages, by sending
travellers bound for Scotland by the road through Owler (Wooler)
instead of by Belford and Berwick, Whitley had to fall upon him. One of
Whitley's letters to Mr. Pye is as follows:--"I understand you well and
your designs, but you shall not prevail with me (for all your specious
arguments or applications to great persons) to countenance you in your
indirect ways. As for the Scottish lord that _pufft_ at my letter,
I value it not. I would rather he did so than applaud me for doing
otherwise," etc. The postmasters were very tenacious of their rights as
to the posting work, which was probably the most remunerative part of
their business, and they did not stick at trifles in asserting these
rights. The postmaster of Dartford, Mr. Glover, got into trouble in
December 1675 by laying hands upon several French gentlemen of quality,
Monsieur Vendome among the rest. It appears that these persons had
hired horses in London for their journey; but on reaching Dartford they
were pulled off their horses, and forced to take post horses from the
deputy.

Down to the year 1673, Liverpool was without a horse post.
Correspondence took place in that year between Whitley and the Mayor
of the town with the view of improving the service. In one letter
Whitley writes:--"I agree with you that the trade of that industrious
place ought to have quicker despatch in its correspondence, and may
deserve a horse post as well for expedition of letters as conveniency
of travellers; but if the charge be imposed on the office, the benefit
will not balance the expense." Negotiations were thereafter entered
upon with Alderman Chanler of Liverpool, with a view to his taking up
the work. The proposal was "to carry the Preston mail from Warrington
to Wigan (as it is now done), to send to Liverpool by a horse post,
also to Prescod and Ormskirk (if a foot post will not be as convenient
to this latter), and to carry the mail back again to Knutsford; and I
hope you will do this for forty pounds per annum." Previous to 1673
Irish letters from Manchester were carried up to London, to be thence
forwarded to their destination by way of Chester and Holyhead, from
which latter place the Irish packets sailed. In this year, however,
a more direct circulation was arranged: the Manchester letters being
carried south to Stone in Staffordshire, where, striking the post road
for Holyhead, they were carried forward with the London mails for
Ireland. Between London and South Wales the transit of letters was of
the slowest possible kind, and gave rise to much complaint. On the
24th July 1673, Mr. Courcy, postmaster of Pembroke, is written to on
the subject in these terms:--"Yours of the 16th came not to hand till
the 23rd, the usual despatch of the South Wales posts, 7 or 8 days
in the way; if you can tell me who opens your bag I know how to have
satisfaction, but without that discovery I am in the dark, and know not
what to do."

In London at this period there must have been but one delivery a day by
letter-carrier. This appears by the terms of a complaint made to the
postmaster of Harwich concerning the late arrival of the mails, which
resulted either in the keeping the "letter-carriers in the office to
attend your bag, or not issue out your letters till the next morning."
The country mails were at this time due to arrive in the very early
hours of the morning. In 1676, there were at least seven branch post
offices in London for the receipt of letters for the mails, and from
these offices letters were required to be sent up to the central office
nightly as despatches were made every week-day for one or other of the
roads, or for foreign parts.

The packet service was the occasion of much trouble and anxiety. The
French and Flanders packet boats sailed from Dover, and those for
Holland from Harwich. Whitley had a great deal of correspondence
with the agents at these two ports on the subject of their irregular
proceedings. To the agent at Dover he writes:--"There is an
information that the boats stay at Calais (sometimes) 24 hours after
the mail is on board to take in goods, and that occasions the irregular
coming over of the mails." The agent at Harwich is informed that "the
Commissioners of Customs complain that you refuse to enter and pay
custom for some rack wine which you (or some of your masters) lately
took up at sea; they are much offended at it." The same agent has
conveyed to him, "Lord Arlington's command to require the masters of
the Holland packet boats not to refuse passage to any English soldiers
that shall desire to come over in their boats; but that care be taken,
as soon as they arrive in England, to secure them and put them into
safe custody. This you are to give them in charge and see it strictly
observed." The soldiers here referred to were doubtless deserters
from the English force in Holland, with which country we were then
(1672) at war. Peace, following this war, was proclaimed in London on
the 28th February 1674, and the same night an express was despatched
to the Duke of Lauderdale, a member of the Cabal, then at Edinburgh.
It no doubt contained tidings of the peace. The instructions issued
to the postmasters for the special urgency of the express were as
follows:--"All postmasters between London and Edinburgh are hereby
required to forward this express with all possible expedition, and not
detain it in any stage for the ordinary maile, but hast itt away as
soon as received, as they will answer the contrary.

"Dated at the Generall Letter Office in London past six att night this
28th Feb. 1674."

Colonel Whitley was greatly annoyed by the neglect to secure letters
from the merchant fleets when they arrived off our coasts. On this
subject he writes to the agent at Deal:--"I am much troubled to
find so small an account of letters from the great merchant fleet
that came lately into the Downs. Such a fleet was wont to allow me
7 or 8000 letters, and now I have not so many hundreds. There was
certainly a great neglect in your boats, which, turning so much to my
loss, I know not how to pass by." In a similar matter the agent at
Dover is remonstrated with. "I wonder," says Whitley, "how I came to
be disappointed of the great abundance of ship letters that came in
with the last fleet, and were brought on shore at Dover by the pursers
and others--great bags and portmantlesfull. Here they are carried to
the Exchange and round the town in great quantities, and those they
cannot get off they bring to this office. The parties confess that they
brought them on shore at Dover without control." Dissatisfaction was
also given through the irregular carriage of freight by the packet
boats. "I have yours of the 3rd," says Whitley to the Dover agent, "but
do not understand why your masters should pretend to such a privilege
as to carry over silver or any commodities in the packet boats without
giving me account thereof. I find that that practice hath been longer,
and is more used than you mention. I expect satisfaction. The Harwich
packet boats would not carry over oysters without my order, and give
me account of all they do; but I know it much otherwise at Dover." The
good opinion thus expressed of the virtues of the Harwich people was
not of long duration, for a few days later we find Whitley writing the
agent there in the following very irate fashion:--"You are very brisk
in yours of the 6th; perhaps I may be so too when I see you. I deny
that you ever told me of your bringing over any goods in the Packet
Boats upon your own or any merchant's account without paying for them;
and why should you do it? Are not the boats mine? Should I suffer
you or others to drive so profitable a trade in my boats, and by the
assistance and management of my servants (as those seamen are that I
pay wages to), and I to have no benefit for freight, nor thanks, but
the contrary? I need not tell you how this comes to be a prejudice to
me; you are not so ignorant as to require information in the case; you
are free to follow any lawful callings, but not at my charges, in my
boats, and with my seamen. You cannot justify it (as you say you can);
but I will justify that in this and other things you are ungrateful,
and (perhaps I shall make it appear) unjust too. I have deserved better
from you."

On the 21st September 1675, a letter is written to the agent at Deal,
wherein Whitley puts his finger on the cause of the neglects at that
port. "I am daily tormented," says he, "with the complaints of the
merchants, and my ears are filled with the noise of seamen's wives
and others concerning the neglect of their letters, who are now fully
resolved to redress themselves to His Majesty.... It will be proved
that your boats very seldom go on board with letters, to force the
seamen to come ashore to drink at your house.... They go on board other
ships with brandy and other liquors."

The boats sailing in the packet service to and from Holland were
Galiot-Hoys, of which three were regularly engaged--two of 60 tons
and one of 40 tons, and in each six men were employed. The tonnage of
these boats was not greater than that of a decently-sized Stonehaven
fishing boat; yet they were supposed to provide adequate accommodation
for passengers. In 1675, the passenger fare from Harwich to Holland was
12s. In February 1674, a proposal was on foot for conveying letters
from Flanders and Holland to Spain and Portugal by way of England, but
it does not appear that the plan was given effect to. The idea was to
set up a packet service for this purpose from Plymouth to some port in
Spain, the boats to be employed being of 40, 50, or 60 tons, "with good
conveniency of cabins, and able to encounter storms," and furnished
with crews of not under seven or eight good men. In one of his letters
on this subject Whitley writes, that "the gentleman that demands £50
per mensem for a vessel of 60 tons is much out of the way"; and he
adds, "I have two of that burthen to Holland at a less rate." A service
of this kind from Plymouth is stated to have been kept up in Cromwell's
time; but possibly the reference is to the packets set up by Charles I.
when he was in the West of England and at war with the Parliamentary
party. The port of despatch then was Weymouth.

Whitley was very sympathetic over the hardships to which the seamen
were exposed in his service. To the agent at Dover he writes, on the
occasion of a disaster:--"I am very much afflicted for the loss of Mr.
Lambert, who had the character of an honest, able man. It was a great
mercy that the rest were preserved. I pray God send us good accounts
of our other boats, with better weather. We must resign ourselves and
all our concernments to the will of God, and depend on His providence."
On another occasion, he expresses himself thus:--"I pray God keep our
men and boats in safety these terrible storms; I assure you my heart
aches often for them." About the same period, Whitley deplores the
loss of the captain of one of the Dublin packet boats, who was washed
overboard.

Reference has been made to the packet boats conveying passengers
as well as mails. These, it seems, were not always kept in a tidy
condition, and the Deputy Postmaster-General had to speak his mind on
the subject, drawing an unpleasant contrast between his own countrymen
and foreigners. "Your boats," says Whitley to the agent at Harwich,
"are also rendered so contemptible, so nasty, ill provided, and out
of order, that we do not only lose many passengers, that will not
venture with them, but it is a reproach to our nation to have such bad
accommodation, when our neighbours are so neat and exact in theirs." In
some respects the reproachful contrast is one not confined to Whitley's
days.

Not only was it the case that separate rooms were not always
provided at the country post offices for the treatment and safe
custody of letters, but the following complaints from the Deputy
Postmaster-General prove that at certain places the letters were
very carelessly dealt with. To the postmaster of Rochester, Whitley
writes:--"I hear there is great neglect in your sending out of letters,
and that there is a great abundance of them scattered about your house,
especially in your chamber and upon the tester of your bed. This shows
want of order in your business. You should get some room apart to be
your office, in which only you should bring your mails, open and close
them, and where you should sort letters, and let nobody come into it
but yourself." The position of affairs at Hereford was perhaps worse.
In June 1675, the postmaster, Mr Philpotts, is thus written to:--"I
have complaints from persons of very good credit, that their letters
are not safe in your hands; they do not directly accuse you, but allege
that your office being kept in the prison, it gives opportunity to
prisoners, by countenance with some of your servants, to intercept
letters of business with writings, and whereby the parties concerned
are much damnified and the office abundantly scandalized."

At Witham, on one occasion, the mail was allowed to lie at the stage
from ten o'clock at night till six the next morning, "the servants
refusing to rise out of their beds to forward it." At times the mail
seems to have been intrusted to anyone who could ride a horse. For
carelessness in a matter of this kind the postmaster of Sittingbourne
was challenged, in July 1675, in the following terms:--"Now have you
completed the score of your neglects and miscarriages, in sending the
Flanders mail yesterday by a stranger, a Dutchman (without any guide
or servant of your own), who suffered it to be broke open on the way,
the Secretaries of States' packets and letters to be visited and tore,
and many letters lost," etc. About the same time, the postmaster of
Rochester offended in a like fashion. "You sent the mail," writes
Whitley, "by a seaman last Saturday, who rid alone, thinking he had
some gentleman's portmantle behind him; but coming to Dartford, and
understanding it to be the mail of letters, he presently swore that if
he had known what it had been, he would have cast it into some ditch
by the way, for he scorned to be a post-boy." The post-boys employed
were not certainly of high character in all cases. In an inquiry
respecting the opening of a mail by the way, Whitley writes thus to the
postmaster of Colchester:--"I have made inquiry what has become of the
Post Boy that formerly lived at Whitechapel, whom you rendered such a
notorious rogue, whose father was hanged, and he deserved the same; and
I find you have got him to your house, which I much wonder at, you
knowing him to be such a wicked villain. I cannot conceive any place
to be more likely for such rogueries to be committed than where such
are employed." The boys employed were in some cases very young. About
delays at Sarum, Whitley writes:--"I am apt to believe the boys that
ride are very little, and so discouraged in a dark night, which may be
the chief occasion of the slow coming of the mails." Well might the
little fellows be discouraged in a midwinter's night, riding through
lonely country, along ill-kept roads lying at times under water and
full of ruts and stones. Frequent mention is made at this time of the
waters being out covering the ways, and one postmaster was desired to
provide "able and high horses" in order to secure the forwarding of
the mails. In one of Whitley's letters, the road from London to Dover
is described as the "best and fairest in England," although, compared
with our own fine system of highways, it may have been a very sorry
affair. But relatively it carried the palm at the time we are dealing
with. The horses supplied for riding the posts were at some places very
poor creatures, and in certain cases the postmasters appear not to have
had any horses of their own. On the 1st December 1674, the postmaster
of Berwick was complained of for not having a horse and boy to carry
the mail for Edinburgh, and for having sent it forward to Cockburnspath
by carriers, thus causing great delay. On the 15th January 1675, the
following letter on this subject was written to Mr. Glover, postmaster
of Dartford:--"This day your boy brought the mail on his back to the
office, about one o'clock in the afternoon. His horse, as he says, died
on the way; which was, as I understand, one that was hired, and very
unfit for His Majesty's service, your boy having been often forced to
drive him before him. I am also informed that you keep your own horses
for posters, and hire one for the mail, though never so bad." The Post
Office certainly did not get the best of the animals.

During the time of Whitley's control of the posts, the Foreign mails
were closed not only by means of a seal, but also by a chain which in
some way rendered them more secure.

Great care was taken to avoid complaints from Members of Parliament. On
occasions when Parliament was about to assemble, or to break up, the
postmasters were put upon their guard by means of a circular-letter
addressed to them. On 11th March 1675, the following letter was sent
out on the subject:--"These are to advise you that the Parliament being
speedily to assemble, it is probable that many members may come up by
Post, wherefore I desire your especial care for the speedy and well
accommodating of them for their satisfaction, and the honour of your
employment. Also to receive and deliver their letters free during their
time of privilege."

On the 30th July 1675, the agent at Dover was instructed to facilitate
the bringing over from the Continent of certain tradesmen, as
follows:--"His Majesty being informed that there are several weavers
and other handy craftsmen that are desirous of transporting themselves
for England, to whom His Majesty (being desirous to give encouragement)
has commanded me to order you to give directions to your masters of
the packet boats to give passage to such of these weavers and handy
craftsmen as shall bring passes with them from Mr. Linch, Consul of
Ostend, or His Majesty's Minister at Brussels, and are desirous to come
and inhabit here in England."

Whitley had a long and troublesome correspondence with Mr. Mein, the
postmaster at Edinburgh, on the subject of settling the remuneration
to be made to the latter as agent for the English correspondence. Mein
held an independent appointment from the king as head of the Letter
Office in Edinburgh, and Whitley was not his master. The terms on
which the business was arranged are set forth in a letter to Mein of
the 8th August 1674, to this effect:--"I am content to allow you your
full 1/8th of unpaid letters from hence, with your £20 salary from the
commencement of my time till our late agreement of £100 per annum takes
place; and upon examination you will find that it exceeds what you have
now contracted for and are content to accept of." At this time two boys
were employed in Edinburgh to deliver the letters; and the rate of
postage for one ounce weight from London to Edinburgh was 2s. 2d.

Whenever the king went to reside at Newmarket, Windsor, or elsewhere,
daily posts were put on between London and the Court, the deputy
postmasters being required to keep additional horses at call for the
service.

It is recorded that in the Midlands of England more irregularities
happened with the post riders than elsewhere. This appears by a letter
to the postmaster of Lichfield in 1675, wherein it is stated that
"your riders are oftener lost in the night, and have more unfortunate
accidents happen to them on your road, than half England besides."

Undelivered letters were returned by the deputies to the head office
in London once in three months. At this early period (1677), the term
"Dead Letters" was already applied to these returns. Whitley had reason
to suspect unfair dealing in connection with returned letters at the
office of a certain deputy, to whom, in December 1672, he wrote the
following letter, which explains itself:--"This day Mr. Lambe brought
me a parcell of Returned Letters from you to ye damage of above eight
pounds; ye losse being soe considerable and unusuall made me more
inquisitive into the particulars; and opening 3 or 4 bundles, I found
that almost all of them had bin apparently opened; which causes my
greater admiration (wonder), comeing from soe discreete a person (and
one of soe much integrity and reputation as Mr. Gloyne is esteemed to
be). If they were opened by ye partyes to whom they were directed,
they ought to have bin first payd for; when ye contents are read, most
letters are of small use afterwards. Perhaps ye persons you imploy may
buy such letters at easy rates, and so impose them on you. I cannot
tell how to understand it, but under one of these notions, and soe
must returne them to you; resolving not to submit to such a practise,
whether it proceed from ye ignorance, corruption (or perhaps want of
care and diligence) of your officers; the respect I have for you keeps
me from any reflection on your selfe; onely I must oblige you to more
circumspection hereafter, for if the like were done in other stages,
wee should not be able to support ye charge of ye office."

Notwithstanding the sharp and severe terms of many of Whitley's
admonitions to the postmasters, his letters contain repeated offers to
serve and oblige them, if only they would do their duty to the office;
and the same spirit of kindly disposition is shown towards persons
outside the service. In reply to an application from the agent at
Harwich, in the matter of finding employment for a relative, Whitley
writes:--"By yours of the 13th, I understand that a relative of yours
will be in London this summer, with a design to get some employment,
wherein I should think myself happy could I be serviceable to him; but
the world is so altered of late to the disadvantage of young gentlemen
in point of education, that there is little encouragement to be had.
In times past (before the wicked rebellion), a nobleman, or great
officer of State or Court, would have half a score or a dozen gentlemen
to attend him, but now all is shrunk into a _valet de chambre_, a page,
and 5 or 6 footmen; and this is part of our cursed Reformation. If I
can serve you in this or anything else, you shall always find me to
be," etc. In the matter of a lost horse, belonging to a private friend,
Whitley engages the services of a postmaster in the West of England,
with a view to its recovery. He writes thus to the postmaster:--"Sir
John Hanmer (a worthy gentleman) hath lately lost a large white
gelding, about 15 hand fulls high, with a blew velvett saddle, silke
and silver fringe, silver nailes, etc.; the horse trots and gallops,
but not pace. Me was stole from Chester, and heares is seised on at
Bristoll. I pray enquire after it; and if it be there, secure it, and
give me speedy notice, whereby you will oblige," etc.

This kindly spirit was not altogether on the side of the Deputy
Postmaster-General, for repeated instances are given of good offices
performed for Whitley, and of presents made to him by the postmasters.
In many cases Whitley's letters commence with an acknowledgment in
brief terms, thus: "With thanks for your kind present." It may be
ungenerous to put a meaning upon these presents apart from mere
feelings of kindness on the side of the postmasters; but there is
reason to suspect that the presents often took the shape of money,
and were the complement of expectation on the part of the Deputy
Postmaster-General. In one acknowledgment Whitley says: "I have
received your token, and thank you for it, as coming from an honest man
for whom I have a great respect and kindness." The "honest man" was
the postmaster of Manchester. Replying to a letter of the postmaster
of Doncaster, he remarks: "I thought the seven guineas you sent by Mr.
Butcher had been in recompence for the damage done me last year in
your stage in the matter of By-Letters; or a present upon some other
account; but it seems you intend it to clear what you owed to the
office at midsummer."

Reference has been made to the exaction of fines upon the
postmasters at the time of Lord Arlington's assuming the position
of Postmaster-General. The deputations received by the postmasters
were generally for a term of a few years; and on their renewal, the
practice appears to have been to make a present to the Head of the Post
Office, or at anyrate a present was expected. This seems very clear
by some letters of instruction sent by Whitley to his confidential
servant, Saladine, when on a visit of inspection in the West of
England. In one letter he says: "Haste the settling all my business
(but on safe terms), that you may haste homewards; get the £10, and
what you can for the expense of this journey, and get what you can
for me from the several Postmasters by way of Fine, or Gratuity, for
renewing their Deputations." The meaning here is plain enough, but in
a further letter Saladine is given more particular instructions how to
proceed in the matter:--"I think," says Whitley, "I shall renew (the
deputations) but for a year, because Lord Arlington hath no more time
in the farm, but doubtless the Postmasters will be continued if they
deserve it. Get what Gratuities you can from them, without lessening
their salaries; or if any will increase their salaries, they must fine
proportionably--this to yourself." "At Sarum nothing is to be done. Let
him know I am so sensible of his civilities that he shall be continued
as long as I have to do in the office. If he offers of his own accord
to make me a present, receive it; or you may drop some words as if
others did it, and is usual upon renewing Deputations; but not propose
it; and make him sensible that I have a greater kindness for him than
any of the rest. If you can prevail fairly with Mr. Westcombe to make
a Present, I pray do it; but he is a touchy person, and must be gently
handled."

Some of the presents and civilities were, however, of a less
questionable character. From Beccles he receives a red-painted box
containing a turkey; from Shrewsbury, a cheese; from Newcastle, a
salmon; and he sends his humble thanks to the gentlemen of Amsterdam
for their kind present. To Captain Langley, the agent at Harwich,
Whitley writes: "I have received a single barrel of oysters by a
Colchester waggon, for which I thank you." The carriage of the barrel
is stated to have been 9d. At another time he acknowledges to have
received from Harwich ten lobsters; and to the agent at Edinburgh he
writes: "I thank you heartily for your kind present of herring. I
will send to look after them, and they shall be disposed of as you
desire." To the postmaster of Colchester, Mr Hollister, the following
request is made:--"I desire you to send me every week two barrels of
Oysters, and keep an account of them, and you shall be allowed for
them in your account. But let them be the best; or when you cannot get
the best, send none." The best were not always forthcoming; for some
months later, 20th March 1677, Mr Hollister is informed that: "The last
oysters you sent me were so bad they could not be eaten, and one of the
last was but half full; if you cannot help me with better, and better
ordered, I desire to have no more; but if you could get such as are
very good, and contrive some way to seal the barrels, that they may
not be abused, you would oblige me to send me 4 barrels a week for a
month to come." To the postmaster of Hull, Mr Mawson, Colonel Whitley
makes the following request:--"I pray do me the kindness to bespeak two
barrels of Ale (as good as you can get), and send it with as much speed
as you can to Monsieur Muilman, at the Post Office in Amsterdam. Let it
be sent by an honest, careful (_man_), that will not suffer it to be
wronged by the way, and presented from me to him. Pray take care that
it be excellent, and speedily sent, and let me know the cost; I will
remit the money."

The sums due to the country postmasters for conveying expresses on
His Majesty's special service were claimed every six months by the
deputies, whose accounts under this head had to be accompanied by an
affidavit sworn before a Master in Chancery or other Magistrate.
The amounts were afterwards obtained from the Exchequer; but it is
mentioned that the claims for 1674 were only paid shortly before
January 1677, while those for 1675 were still outstanding at that
period (1677).

Whitley's correspondence in 1677 discloses a very curious fact, and
one that has been entirely overlooked or forgotten, namely, that the
Duke of York, afterwards James II., had at one time the Post Office in
his own hands; and he has a claim, therefore, to be ranked as one of
the early Postmasters-General. On the 12th April of that year, Whitley
wrote the following circular-letter to 155 postmasters, probably the
whole number of postmasters at the time:--

"The Farm of this office expiring at Midsummer, and his R.H. the Duke
of York having declared his pleasure to take it then into his own
management, commands me to give you notice of it, requiring you (if
you intend to continue your employment as Postmaster of ----) to come
yourself, or authorize some other to appear for you at this office,
before the 10th of May next ensuing, in order to your future contract;
and in the mean time to send me the names, quality, and abode of your
security, that there may be time to enquire after their sufficiency. If
you fail herein, care will be taken to provide another for your stage,
that the Public may not suffer by your neglect. I expect your speedy
answer, and remain," etc.

Some of the postmasters thought the occasion favourable for asking an
increase of pay; but Whitley gave them no hopes of success, to one
of them writing that "his R. Highness will expect all Postmasters
should serve him on their present terms." Three months after the first
intimation of the proposed change, a further circular-letter was issued
to all the deputies as follows:--"This is to give you notice, that as
money grows due to the office since Midsummer last, you are to order
payment thereof, by bill or otherwise, to Sir Allen Absley, his R.Hs.
the Duke of York's Treasurer and Receiver-General, making your bills
payable to him or his order, enclosing them under cover directed to
him; herein you are not to fail." These letters seem to leave no doubt
that the Duke of York actually entered upon the management of the Post
Office, and carried it on (it may be nominally) for a time in his own
hands.

In connection with this royal direction of the posts, however, the
historical records produce a strange complication; because, according
to the Patent Rolls of 29 Charles II., a grant of the office of
Postmaster-General for life was made to the Earl of Arlington, dating
from June 1677, the period when his previous grant for ten years
expired. Lord Arlington died on the 28th July 1685. Whether it be that
the Duke of York had entered upon the new situation in the belief
that he could draw to himself the whole profits of the affair without
bearing any serious personal burden of troubles and anxieties, and
found it far otherwise; or whether the new duties interfered in an
unexpected way with his pursuits of hunting, hawking, and love-making,
and that he threw aside the more troublesome business in consequence,
does not appear. We know from the correspondence that Whitley, after
his term expired, was to continue the management of the office for
the Duke of York; and as (according to Evelyn), Arlington was "now
beginning to decline in favour (the Duke of York being no great
friend of his)," it may be that the Duke was dissatisfied with the
returns from the office, and entered into it in the position of Deputy
Postmaster-General, aided by Whitley in the practical management.

As regards Arlington's extended tenure of the position of
Postmaster-General, it should be remembered that he had not only been
intimately associated with the King as a Minister of State, but had
become nearly connected in another way--through the marriage of his
only daughter and heiress, when an infant, in 1672, to the natural son
of Charles II. by the Duchess of Cleveland. The son-in-law afterwards
became the Duke of Grafton; and Arlington's continued connection with
the Post Office may have been arranged by the king with a view to
enhancing the Postmaster-General's fortune in the interests of the Duke
and Duchess of Grafton. All this, however, will remain for elucidation
when the history of the period is better known.


MORRISON AND GIBB, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH.










ADVERTISEMENTS

THIRD EDITION.

THE ROYAL MAIL:

_Its Curiosities and Romance._

By JAMES WILSON HYDE,

SUPERINTENDENT IN THE GENERAL POST-OFFICE, EDINBURGH.

Crown 8vo. Price 5s.


OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

The Times.--"The author of 'The Royal Mail' has served five-and-twenty
years in the Post-Office, and had it been his fortune to turn novelist,
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of invaluable materials. The merest glance through his pages might
suggest subjects or incidents for half a score of sensational romances.
But the whole of the volume is so full of fascination that once taken
up it is difficult to lay it down."

Saturday Review.--"Mr. Hyde's work certainly shows that, even at
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Pall Mall Gazette.--"This volume is a storehouse of amusing anecdotes."

The Echo.--"The curiosities and romance of the Post-Office have
furnished Mr. J. Wilson Hyde, Superintendent in the General
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A HUNDRED YEARS BY POST.

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OPINIONS OF THE PRESS.

Daily Chronicle.--"Within the covers of this bright little book,
Mr. Hyde has managed to present a most interesting picture of our
Post-Office system in its infant days.... Every page of his book is
full of interest."

Publisher's Circular.--"We anticipated being interested in this new
little work, nor have we been disappointed.... Mr. Hyde's book comes at
an opportune moment, and we have no doubt will be widely read."

Globe.--"This is no dry-as-dust compilation, but a brightly-written
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brochure is neatly printed and usefully illustrated."

Scottish Leader.--"It is a prettily got up little volume, containing
abundance of interesting information, and a number of well-executed
illustrations."

Scotsman.--" ... his delightful book--gives a very interesting account
of the more remarkable changes that have taken place in the Postal
Service during the past century. The book is written with the same
thorough knowledge of its subject, and the same anecdotal felicity as
characterised its author's _Royal Mail_. It is well illustrated."

Speaker.--"A chatty description, illustrated by reproductions of quaint
contemporary prints, of the marvellous changes which have taken place
in the collection and distribution of letters since the close of last
century.... Mr. Hyde writes pleasantly, and there is not a page of his
narrative which is open to the charge of dulness."

Daily Graphic.--" ... A brightly-written narrative. Mr. Hyde gives
many interesting figures in connection with the rise and growth of the
various departments of Post-Office work."

Glasgow Herald.--"Mr. J. Wilson Hyde possesses the faculty of throwing
a halo of romance around the working of the Department with which
he has been so long connected, and his present volume is fresh
and vigorous in both matter and tone.... Will serve to show the
entertaining way in which he treats the subject. His illustrations are
equally humorous and meritorious."

The North British Economist.--" ... the memories recalled are
curious and amusing ... there are numerous quaint and interesting
illustrations."

Queen.--"It gives an account of the work and development of the Postal
system of Great Britain, and relates some curious details respecting
the changes that have come about in the course of years. To persons
interested in this subject, the little volume will be welcome."


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