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[Illustration: AN INNOCENT VICTIM.

S. SEYMOUR THOMAS’ MASTERPIECE.]




  SECOND EDITION--REVISED AND ENLARGED.

  ANGELS

  OF THE○

  BATTLEFIELD.

  A History of the Labors of the Catholic Sisterhoods in
  the Late Civil War.

  BY GEORGE BARTON.


  ... 1898 ...

  THE CATHOLIC ART PUBLISHING COMPANY.

  PHILADELPHIA, PA.


  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the
  year 1897

  By George Barton, Philadelphia, Pa.,

  In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at
  Washington, D. C.




AUTHOR’S PREFACE.


The object of this volume is to present in as consecutive and
comprehensive form as possible the history of the Catholic Sisterhoods
in the late Civil War. Many books have been written on the work of other
women in this war, but, aside from fugitive newspaper paragraphs,
nothing has ever been published concerning the self-sacrificing labors
of these Sisterhoods. Whatever may have been the cause of this neglect
or indifference, it is evident that the time has arrived to fill this
important gap in the literature of the war.

“The Sisters,” to quote an army chaplain, “do not have reunions or
camp-fires to keep alive the memories of the most bloody lustrum in our
history, but their war stories are as heroic, and far more edifying,
than many the veterans tell.”

That genuine humility so characteristic of the Sisters has made the
collection of the necessary data for this work very difficult. Most of
the stories embodied in the pages that follow have been gathered by
personal interviews, through examinations of various archives and
records, and by an extensive correspondence with Government officials,
veterans of the war and the superiors of convents and communities. It is
impossible to enumerate all those who have aided in the work, but the
writer desires to thank especially the Sisters to whom he is indebted
for the chapters relating to the Sisters of Mercy who were with the
Irish Brigade in the West, and to the Sisters of St. Joseph who were at
Camp Curtin, in Harrisburg, Pa.

While the author has not hesitated to avail himself of every possible
source of information, it is only fair to say that the great bulk of the
material that goes to make up the volume has been drawn from entirely
original sources, and is presented in printed form for the first time.
In order to form a basis for the work all of the obtainable literature
bearing upon the civil conflict was examined in a thorough and
exhaustive manner. It is no exaggeration to say that nearly one thousand
volumes bearing upon the “late unpleasantness” were searched with the
hope of finding some data bearing upon the saintly work of the
Sisterhoods. The books of reference included the more important
histories of the war; the memoirs and recollections of the leading
generals of both the Union and Confederate armies; the debates in
Congress, the lives of the founders of the several religious orders; the
histories of the Church and of the Sisterhoods, and a score of
miscellaneous works too numerous to name in a preface. The official
records and correspondence of the war, issued by authority of Congress,
under the supervision and at the expense of the government, consists, in
itself, of more than one hundred bulky volumes.

The return from this immense crop of literature, so far as the Sisters
were concerned, was ridiculously small. It did not begin to be
commensurate with the amount of time, labor and patience involved in the
research. A rare letter or document, and the occasional mention of a
Sister in the reports to the War Department constituted the sum total.
The oft-quoted hunt for the needle in the haystack furnishes the only
adequate comparison of the work in this instance. The Generals and the
officials who had the direction of the awful struggle were, in the main,
too busily engaged in making history to pause long enough to mention the
modest hands that bound up their wounds, soothed their fevered brows and
performed those other acts of faith and charity that seem to belong
essentially, not to the _weaker_ but to the gentler sex.

In addition to this, the files of the secular and religious newspapers,
from 1860 to 1865, were minutely examined and the results carefully
collated. Magazines and other periodicals, including the illustrated
weeklies of the time, were also searched. The material thus evolved
while more promising than in the case of the histories and books of the
war was not entirely satisfactory. The paragraphs were not only meagre
and disconnected, but the dates and places were uncertain and at times
unreliable. But where these newspaper stories could not be utilized,
they were useful in furnishing clues upon which complete stories were
afterwards built.

The general reader may not be deeply interested in these details
concerning the making of the book, but they are given for the purpose of
emphasizing the care and industry involved in the compilation and
production of the work. Through it all there has been a conscientious
effort to avoid political, sectional or religious controversy. In short,
the desire has been to present a modest picture of the grand work done
by the Sisters for HUMANITY.

Of course, there has been no intention of presenting a history, or even
a sketch, of the war itself and the merest thread of its events has been
introduced solely for the purpose of making the narrative of the Sisters
as connected as the scattered data permitted. The aim has been
constantly to present facts in an impartial manner. How far the writer
has succeeded remains for the reader to judge.

The chivalrous men wearing both the Blue and the Gray, who caused
American manhood and valor to be known and respected the world over,
have on many occasions, and in various ways, given expression to the
esteem and affection in which they hold the women who devoted their
lives to the care of the sick and wounded. The ranks of the war Sisters
have been gradually thinned out by death until but a handful of them
remain. These survivors rest in their convent homes, tranquilly awaiting
the final summons to a land where conflict is unknown. They may die, but
the story of their patriotic and humane work will live as long as love
for loyalty, regard for duty and admiration for self-sacrifice exist in
the hearts of the American people.

  G. B.




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.


                                                             FACING PAGE

  An Innocent Victim                                        Frontispiece

  Abraham Lincoln                                                     23

  Bombardment of Fort Sumter                                          39

  “Peace for Her”                                                     55

  Sister Anthony                                                      77

  First Battle of Bull Run                                            97

  Battle of Antietam                                                 113

  General Benjamin Butler                                            118

  General Meade at Gettysburg                                        137

  Sister Mary Gonzaga                                                159

  Mulvaney’s Sheridan’s Ride                                         177

  Obsequies of Sister Mary Lucy                                      189

  Battle of Wilson’s Creek                                           207

  Sisters of Satterlee Hospital                                      212

  An Army Express Office                                             227

  Grant, Sherman and Sheridan                                        251

  Lee, Jackson and Beauregard                                        271

  Lincoln at Gettysburg                                              286

  Farragut in the Rigging                                            303

  Union Leaders of the Civil War                                     319

  Confederate Leaders of the Civil War                               331




TABLE OF CONTENTS.


                                                                    PAGE

  AUTHOR’S PREFACE                                            3, 4, 5, 6


  CHAPTER I.

  THE ORDERS THAT PARTICIPATED

  One of the effects of the war. The productive force of the nation
  deprived by death, disease and disability of one million men. The
  task of caring for the sick and wounded. Four notable orders--The
  Sisters of Charity, Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of St. Joseph and
  Sisters of the Holy Cross. Their history and the discipline,
  experience and self-sacrifice brought to bear upon their work
  during the war.                                                     19


  CHAPTER II.

  ARCHBISHOP HUGHES AND THE SISTERS.

  The problem of how to provide the necessary nurses for both the
  Union and Confederate Armies. Sisters not able to volunteer
  without the approval of their superiors. An interesting epistle
  from Archbishop Hughes to Archbishop Kenrick. The New York prelate
  appointed by President Lincoln as a peace commissioner to France.
  A characteristic letter from the martyred President to the great
  Archbishop. Quelling the draft riots in New York city.              23


  CHAPTER III.

  IN AND AROUND RICHMOND.

  Sisters of Charity inaugurate their labors in the Confederate
  Capital. St. Anne’s Military Hospital begins with three hundred
  patients. A zealous Sister makes her colleague prisoner in the
  pantry. An odor of death and how it was caused. The Union soldier
  who was “shot at Manassas.” Nurses who first got “a puff and then
  a buff.”                                                            29


  CHAPTER IV.

  HARPER’S FERRY.

  The adventures of three Sisters who were detailed from the mother
  house at Emmitsburg. Their offer to retire in the interest of the
  ladies of Winchester. A night’s “repose” with foreheads resting
  upon umbrella handles. A journey homeward by car and stage, and
  then across the Potomac River in a flat canoe. A Sister received
  at the convent as one from the grave.                               36


  CHAPTER V.

  ST. LOUIS MILITARY HOSPITAL.

  The border state of Missouri the scene of some of the most
  dramatic events of the war. Soldiers ask the nurses if they are
  Free Masons. The Chaplain obtains a pardon for a prisoner of war.
  Archbishop Ryan and his work among the sick and wounded. The young
  Confederate who declined to express sorrow for his course in the
  war. Amusing and pathetic incidents.                                45


  CHAPTER VI.

  IN AND AROUND WASHINGTON.

  Dilapidated frame buildings serve as hospitals at the National
  Capital. A convalescent patient who was “tired and vexed.” A whole
  day spent in going from store to store in a vain attempt to
  purchase “one of those white bonnets” for a Sister. The soldier
  whose life was saved by being “shot in the U. S. A.”                62


  CHAPTER VII.

  SISTER ANTHONY AT SHILOH.

  Terrible loss of life at the battle of Pittsburg Landing or
  Shiloh. Sister Anthony wins enduring laurels. Seven hundred
  wounded soldiers crowded on one boat. The deck of the vessel
  resembles a slaughter house. A Sister of Charity acts as assistant
  surgeon. Sisters refuse to abandon their patients. Sketch of the
  life of Sister Anthony.                                             71


  CHAPTER VIII.

  PORTSMOUTH AND NORFOLK.

  The contest between the Monitor and the Merrimac, and general
  operations of the war during the seven days’ battle near Richmond.
  The taking of the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth by the Union
  forces. Sisters narrowly escape drowning while crossing the river
  in a row boat. One instance where hatred was turned to love.        87


  CHAPTER IX.

  LABORS IN FREDERICK CITY.

  The Sisters quartered in a stone barracks that had been occupied
  by General Washington during the Revolutionary war. Patients see
  no necessity for “tincture of iron” from the doctors. Soldiers
  without food for thirteen days. Young scholastics from the Jesuit
  Novitiate in the capacity of nurses. Not enemies “except upon the
  battlefield.”                                                       93


  CHAPTER X.

  WHITE HOUSE.

  Sixty Sisters depart from Baltimore for the station in Virginia.
  Wounded and dying men upon transport boats. Nurses who shared
  every horror with their patients. Two Sisters who were martyrs to
  duty and humanity. The worn-out Sister of Charity buried with
  military honors upon the banks of the Potomac. Death of a
  deserter.                                                          101


  CHAPTER XI.

  MANASSAS AND ANTIETAM.

  Five Sisters charged with the care of five hundred patients.
  Bodies of the dead consumed by the flames. The military hospitals
  at Gordonsville and Lynchburg. Boonsboro and Sharpsburg selected
  for hospital purposes for the men wounded at Antietam. General
  McClellan’s kindness to the Sisters. A man who had met Sisters
  during the Crimean war. The brave flag bearer.                     109


  CHAPTER XII.

  NEW ORLEANS.

  The capture of the commercial metropolis of the Southwest by
  General Butler and Admiral Farragut. Butler’s chivalrous letter to
  the Superior of the Convent at Donaldsonville. His tribute to the
  Sisters of Charity. Bishop Elder and the panic stricken people of
  Natchez. Work of the Sisters in other localities.                  119


  CHAPTER XIII.

  SOUTHERN BATTLEFIELDS.

  A letter from Central Georgia begging for sisters of
  Charity.--“Are they men or women?” A cautious priest who took the
  good nurses for impostors. The train crashes through a bridge. The
  “magic” lunch basket and how it fed an unlimited number of Sisters
  and soldiers. The hospitals at Marietta and Atlanta.               125


  CHAPTER XIV.

  GETTYSBURG.

  Twelve Sisters depart for the battlefield from the Mother House at
  Emmittsburg. A white handkerchief on a stick serves as a flag of
  truce. An open charnel house red with the blood of American
  manhood. The little church in the town of Gettysburg filled with
  the sick and wounded. A Sister saves the life of a helpless man.
  “I belong to the Methodist Church.”                                132


  CHAPTER XV.

  SATTERLEE HOSPITAL.

  A sketch of the remarkable labors of Sister Mary Gonzaga and her
  work as the executive head of a hospital where 50,000 sick and
  wounded soldiers were cared for. The chaplain kept busy preparing
  men for death. Bishop Wood visits the hospital and administers the
  sacrament of confirmation. A soldier who was saved from the
  stocks. A veteran’s tribute.                                       144


  CHAPTER XVI.

  THE FALL OF RICHMOND.

  Preparing for the close of the war. Sisters of Charity in the West
  enlisted in the military prison at Alton. Smallpox cases removed
  to an island in the Mississippi. Leaders of the Southern
  Confederacy realize that their cause is lost. Scenes of wild
  excitement in Richmond. Blessings for the Sisters.                 172


  CHAPTER XVII.

  SISTERS OF CHARITY OF NAZARETH.

  Bishop Spalding sends a letter to General Anderson tendering the
  services of the Sisters. The offer accepted and the volunteers
  assigned to work in the hospitals in and around Louisville. “Oh,
  Sister, put your head down by me and don’t leave me.” The
  martyrdom of Sister Mary Lucy. Tender-hearted soldiers keep a
  vigil around the coffin with blazing torches made of pine knots.
                                                                     182


  CHAPTER XVIII.

  MORE ABOUT NAZARETH.

  Bardstown occupied successively by the Union and the Confederate
  troops. Six Sisters start for Lexington under a flag of truce. A
  courteous letter from Brigadier-General Wood. Ex-Secretary of
  State Guthrie applies to President Lincoln for protection to the
  Nazareth Convent. A brief sketch of a famous school and some of
  its distinguished graduates.                                       192


  CHAPTER XIX.

  SISTERS OF MT. ST. VINCENT.

  A joint request from the Mayor of Cincinnati and the Archbishop of
  the Diocese promptly answered. Appalling sights witnessed by the
  Sisters. Young men seated on their own coffins prepare for
  execution. General Rosecrans and his kindness to the Sisters. The
  Governor of Indiana calls for nurses. Labors in Kentucky.          202


  CHAPTER XX.

  THE SISTERS OF MERCY.

  An application from the Secretary of War to the Superior of the
  order. Nine Sisters depart for the Government Hospital at
  Beaufort, N. C. A dinner of pork and beans and mouldy bread. The
  steward who expected the Sisters to poison some of the patients.
  Complimented by Jefferson Davis. A convent confiscated by General
  Slocum. Secular ladies who had “other engagements” when the
  smallpox appeared.                                                 211


  CHAPTER XXI.

  THE NORTH CAROLINA HOSPITALS.

  Solicitude of the Sisters for the patients under their care.
  Friendships formed that were only parted by death. Interesting
  reminiscences of Mother M. Augustine MacKenna concerning the
  Government Hospital at Beaufort, N. C. A victim of camp fever and
  how he was relieved by the nurse.                                  222


  CHAPTER XXII.

  LABORS IN THE WEST.

  The Sisters of Mercy attend the sick and wounded in the “Irish
  Brigade.” The command organized by Colonel Mulligan, whose life
  was sacrificed in the Union cause. Sisters leave Chicago for
  Lexington, Mo. One brave, religious Sister who wanted to finish
  her office before being shot. General Fremont and his staff call
  upon the Sisters. Taking charge of the hospital department of the
  steamship Express.                                                 233


  CHAPTER XXIII

  THE STANTON HOSPITAL.

  The authorities in Washington invite the Sisters of Mercy to take
  charge of both the institutions at the capital and the Western
  Pennsylvania Hospital, in Pittsburg. Death of the Superior of the
  Stanton Hospital. Buried with military honors. President Lincoln
  commends the Sisters for their self-sacrificing labors. A warm
  tribute from Father Canevin. How the Civil war helped to wipe out
  religious bigotry.                                                 247


  CHAPTER XXIV.

  SISTERS OF ST. JOSEPH.

  The Surgeon General applies for nurses to care for the sick
  soldiers in Camp Curtin, Harrisburg. Bishop Wood gives a ready
  assent. Their valuable Services at the State Capital. An official
  letter of thanks from Governor Curtin. Down the James River in the
  Commodore to bring the wounded from the battlefield of Yorktown. A
  poor soldier abandoned in an isolated tent. Rescued from death
  itself. A grateful patient.                                        258


  CHAPTER XXV.

  SISTERS OF THE HOLY CROSS.

  The heroic life and labors of Mother Angela. A cousin of the late
  James G. Blaine. She gives up her school at South Bend, Ind., to
  serve through the war. A historic meeting between Mother Angela
  and General Grant. Rev. L. A. Lambert, the chaplain at Mound City.
  Sixty Sisters of the Holy Cross on duty. Sister Angela, of the
  Visitation Community, and her love for the soldiers.               267


  CHAPTER XXVI.

  MOTHER ANGELA.

  Related to many eminent men of the century; her tranquil death in
  the convent in Indiana; her ability as a writer and an educator.
  An incident of the war told by her in a powerful and dramatic
  style. The original of a Holy Cross Sister portrayed in a poem.
                                                                     282


  CHAPTER XXVII.

  NON-CATHOLIC TRIBUTES.

  Comment of Mary A. Livermore upon the work of Mother Angela at
  Mound City: “The world has known no nobler and more heroic women
  than those found in the ranks of the Catholic Sisterhoods.” A
  famous scout gives his impressions of the Sisters. Susan D.
  Messinger tells of the work of the Sisters at New Berne, N. C.     297


  CHAPTER XXVIII.

  A LESSON IN CHARITY.

  An incident of the war in which a gentle Sister of Charity and a
  stern military commander played the leading parts. “What do you do
  with your beggings?” The Red River campaign and its fatal results.
  The general in the hospital. “Did you get the ice and beef?” A
  grateful patient and his appreciation of the real worth of the
  Sisters.                                                           315


  APPENDIX.

  An Innocent Victim                                                 324
  Medals for Sisters                                                 324
  Honored by the Queen                                               325
  Veterans of the Crimean War                                        326
  Poor Sister St. Claire                                             327
  Lord Napier’s Testimony                                            330
  Very Rev. James Francis Burlando, C. M.                            335
  Mother Seton                                                       340
  The Sister of Charity                                              345
  Sisters of Charity                                                 348
  The Angels of Buena Vista                                          353
  Catherine Elizabeth McAuley                                        356
  Clerical Veterans                                                  360
  Catholics in the War                                               363
  The Sanitary Commission                                            370
  The Blue and the Gray                                              374
  A Miracle of the War                                               376
  Lincoln at Gettysburg                                              378
  The Faith and the Flag                                             380
  A Romance of the War                                               388




CHAPTER I.

THE ORDERS THAT PARTICIPATED.

  One of the effects of the war. The productive force of the nation
  deprived by death, disease and disability of one million men. The
  task of caring for the sick and wounded. Four notable orders--The
  Sisters of Charity, Sisters of Mercy, Sisters of St. Joseph and
  Sisters of the Holy Cross. Their history and the discipline,
  experience and self-sacrifice brought to bear upon their work
  during the war.


[Illustration]

On the twelfth day of April, 1861, the first shot fired upon Fort
Sumter, formally inaugurated the civil war in the United States. On the
ninth of April, 1865, Grant and Lee were the principals in the historic
meeting at Appomattox Court House, by which hostilities were virtually
terminated. The interval between those two memorable dates presents the
greatest ordeal in the history of the Republic.

As a result of these four momentous years of conflict the nation was
deprived by death and disease of one million men. The total number of
enlisted soldiers in the Union Army during the whole of the war amounted
to 2,688,523. As many of these men were mustered in twice, and as a
certain percentage deserted, it is reasonable to estimate that
1,500,000 men were actively engaged in the Northern armies.

Of this number 56,000 died on the field of battle, 35,000 expired in the
hospitals from the effects of wounds received in action, and 184,000
perished by disease. It is probable that those who died of disease after
their discharge from the army would swell the total to 300,000. If the
effects of inferior hospital service and poor sanitary arrangements are
added to the other results of war, it is safe to assume that the loss of
the South was greater than that of the North. But, considering the
Southern loss equal to that of the North, the aggregate is 600,000. Add
to this 400,000 men crippled or permanently disabled by disease, and the
total subtraction from the productive force of the nation reaches the
stupendous total of 1,000,000 men. These figures seem almost incredible,
but they come from what, in this particular at least, must be regarded
as a trustworthy source[1].

The task of caring for such an army of dead and wounded was no light
one. In the beginning of the war this feature of military life was
conducted in an uncertain and spasmodic manner. As time wore on, it
became evident that the war was not to consist of a few skirmishes, but
was likely to be a protracted struggle between two bodies of determined
men[2]. Then the necessity of a systematic sanitary and hospital service
made itself apparent. As a result of the pressing needs of the hour the
Sanitary Commission and the Christian Commission were organized. The
meritorious nature of the work of these great charities has been made
known by reports and books published since the war. The details of the
good deeds of both organizations in supplying nurses and in caring for
invalids generally are too well known to need repetition.

But the story of the labors of the Catholic Sisters is not so well
known. To begin with, the Sisters brought to their aid in caring for the
sick and wounded soldiers the experience, training and discipline of the
religious bodies with which they were identified. Self-denial was a
feature of their daily life, and the fact that they had taken vows of
poverty, chastity and obedience peculiarly fitted them for a duty that
demanded personal sacrifices almost every hour of the day and night.

From the data obtainable it appears that the members of four Catholic
Sisterhoods participated in the merciful work incident to the war. These
included the Sisters of Charity, the Sisters of Mercy, the Sisters of
St. Joseph and the Sisters of the Holy Cross[3]. The soldiers, like many
people in civil life, made no distinction between the orders, and to
them the dark-robed angels of the battlefields were all “Sisters of
Charity.”

There are now three orders of the Sisters of Charity in the United
States. The “black caps,” or Mother Seton Sisters, who have
establishments in New York, Cincinnati and other places; the “white
caps,” or Cornette Sisters, of Emmittsburg, Md., and the Sisters of
Charity, of Nazareth, Ky. There are probably 5000 members of these three
orders of Sisters of Charity in this country to-day. The Nazareth
community was founded in 1812 by a few pious American ladies near
Nazareth, Ky., under the good Bishop David. Mother Catherine Spalding, a
relative of the late Archbishop of Baltimore, and of the present Bishop
of Peoria, Ill., was the first Superioress. The members of all these
three branches of the Sisters of Charity did good work during the war.

The Congregation of the Sisters of Mercy was founded by Miss Catherine
McAuley, in Dublin, Ireland, September 24, 1827. Seven Sisters, who came
from Carlow, Ireland, established the order in the United States,
locating in Pittsburg, Pa. The Sisters of the Holy Cross have a Mother
House at Notre Dame, Ind., and conduct establishments in a large number
of dioceses.

The Congregation of the Sisters of St. Joseph was founded in France, in
1650. In the general ruin incident to the French Revolution, near the
close of the last century, the convents of the order were destroyed. The
body was subsequently reorganized, and six Sisters from the Mother House
at Lyon came to St. Louis in 1836, at the request of Bishop Rosati, and
founded a house at Carondelet, Mo. This became the Mother House in this
country. A number of independent houses of the order have since been
established, notably the one at Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia.

[Illustration: ABRAHAM LINCOLN.]




CHAPTER II.

ARCHBISHOP HUGHES AND THE SISTERS.

  The problem of how to provide the necessary nurses for both the
  Union and Confederate Armies. Sisters not able to volunteer
  without the approval of their superiors. An interesting epistle
  from Archbishop Hughes to Archbishop Kenrick. The New York prelate
  appointed by President Lincoln as a peace commissioner to France.
  A characteristic letter from the martyred President to the great
  Archbishop. Quelling the draft riots in New York city.


[Illustration: LINCOLN.]

Very early in the war the question of providing nurses for the sick and
wounded soldiers of both armies became a serious problem, not only to
the civil authorities, but also to the Church officials. In every great
emergency questions of this kind generally solve themselves. It proved
so in this instance. The first shot had hardly been fired, the first
battle fought and the first improvised hospital put into service, before
volunteers from all sections of the country had placed themselves at the
disposal of generals of the contending armies. These offers came both
from lay women and from members of the various Sisterhoods connected
with the Catholic Church in the United States. The Sisters, of course,
being under certain rules and discipline, were not able to volunteer
until they had obtained the consent and approval of their Superiors.

In the beginning the nurses for the armies were taken from all walks of
life. While they were zealous and entered upon their work with the
desire of alleviating suffering, they did not have the disposition or
training necessary to carry on the work with the ease and thoroughness
essential to complete success. As the war progressed and battles
occurred more frequently, and the number of sick and wounded became
alarmingly large, the medical directors in both the Union and
Confederate armies began to recognize and appreciate the real value of
the Sisters.

The following letter[4], written by Archbishop Hughes, of New York, to
Most Rev. Francis Patrick Kenrick, D. D., Archbishop of the See of
Baltimore, shows that the subject was a live one in Church circles at
that time:

  To the Archbishop of Baltimore.      May 9, 1861.

  Most Reverend and Dear Sir:--

  The Superior of the Jesuits here called upon me more than a week
  ago to state that their society would be prepared to furnish for
  spiritual necessities of the army, North and South, as many as ten
  chaplains, speaking all the civilized languages of Europe or
  America. I heard him, but did not make any reply. For myself I
  have sent but one chaplain with the Sixty-ninth Regiment, and to
  him I have already given the faculties which you had the kindness
  to confer upon me for such an occasion.

  There is also another question growing up, and it is about nurses
  for the sick and wounded. Our Sisters of Mercy have volunteered
  after the example of their Sisters toiling in the Crimean war. I
  have signified to them, not harshly, that they had better mind
  their own affairs until their services are needed. I am now
  informed indirectly that the Sisters of Charity in the diocese
  would be willing to volunteer a force of from fifty to one hundred
  nurses. To this last proposition I have very strong objections.
  Besides, it would seem to me natural and proper that the Sisters
  of Charity in Emmittsburg should occupy the very honorable post of
  nursing the sick and wounded. But, on the other hand, Maryland is
  a divided community at this moment, whereas New York is understood
  to be all on one side. In fact, as the question now stands,
  Maryland is in America, for the moment, as Belgium has been the
  battlefield of Europe. As I mentioned several days ago, Baltimore
  must be destroyed or it must succumb to Northern determination.

  On these several points I would like much to know what your Grace
  thinks and would advise.

  Sincerely your devoted brother and servant in Christ.

  JOHN, Archbishop of New York.

While, as the Archbishop stated in his letter, Maryland might have been
a divided community, the same could not be said of the Sisters of
Charity of Emmittsburg. They were united in occupying “the very
honorable post of nursing the sick and wounded” on both sides of the
great conflict. Soon after this the Archbishop changed some of his views
regarding the Sisters, as expressed in the above letter. Both the
Sisters of Charity and the Sisters of Mercy in the Diocese of New York
served in the camps and the hospitals. To begin with, the Archbishop
withdrew his “strong objection” to the one hundred Sisters of Charity
who desired to volunteer in the early stages of the war. After that all
those who were willing to undertake the humane work went into it with
his blessing and best wishes.

The following letter from President Lincoln to Archbishop Hughes is of
interest. It was the beginning of a warm personal friendship between two
strong men--a friendship ended only by death.

  Washington, D. C., October 21, 1861.

  Archbishop Hughes.

  Rt. Rev. Sir:--I am sure you will pardon me if, in my ignorance, I
  do not address you with technical correctness.

  I find no law authorizing the appointment of chaplains for our
  hospitals, and yet the services of chaplains are more needed,
  perhaps, in hospitals than with the healthy soldiers in the field.
  With this view I have given a sort of quasi appointment (a copy of
  which I enclose) to each of three Protestant ministers, who have
  accepted and entered upon the duties.

  If you perceive no objection I will thank you to give me the name
  or names of one or more suitable persons of the Catholic Church to
  whom I may with propriety tender the same service.

  Many thanks for your kind and judicious letters to Governor
  Seward, and which he regularly allows me the pleasure and profit
  of perusing.

  With the highest respect. Your obedient servant,

  A. LINCOLN.

There are conflicting opinions regarding the propriety of the “war
stand” taken by the Archbishop, but it is generally agreed that he was
one of the heroic figures of war times. He had the absolute confidence
of President Lincoln, and on the 21st of October, 1861, was sent abroad
with Thurlow Weed on a “peace commission.” The Archbishop went to
France, while Mr. Weed confined his work to England. At the same time
Messrs. Mason and Slidell were in Europe on a mission in the interests
of the Confederacy. The late Bishop McNierny, of Albany, then a young
priest in New York City, accompanied the Archbishop to France, acting in
the capacity of private secretary.

These two rival “missions” to Europe were covered with all sorts of
honeyed diplomatic terms, but their real purpose was well known. Messrs.
Mason and Slidell went to induce one or more of the powerful nations of
the old world to throw the weight of their influence with the Southern
Confederacy. The mission of the Archbishop and Mr. Weed was to prevent
that result.

A letter written by Archbishop Hughes to Cardinal Barnabo, at the time
of his appointment by President Lincoln, goes to show that the
Archbishop accepted the mission with the very highest motives. After
explaining that he had refused it once and only reconsidered his refusal
at the earnest request of the President, he adds: “My mission was and is
a mission of peace between France and England on the one side, and the
United States on the other. The time was so brief between my visit to
Washington and my departure from New York that I had no opportunity of
writing to your Eminence upon the subject, or of consulting any of the
other Bishops in regard to it. I made it known to the President that if
I should come to Europe it would not be as a partisan of the North more
than of the South; that I should represent the interests of the South as
well as of the North; in short, the interests of all the United States
just the same as if they had not been distracted by the present civil
war. The people of the South know that I am not opposed to their
interests. They have even published that in their papers, and some say
that my coming to Europe is with a view to bringing about a
reconciliation between the two sections of the country. But in fact no
one but myself, either North or South, knows the entire object of my
visit to Europe.”

Archbishop Hughes was one of the great men of his day. He was on terms
of friendship with several of the Presidents who preceded Mr. Lincoln,
and also enjoyed the confidence and respect of the leading statesmen of
the nation. As early as 1847 he preached before Congress upon the
invitation of such men as John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun and Thomas
H. Benton. His subject was: “Christianity, the Only Source of Moral,
Social and Political Regeneration.”

In July, 1863, Archbishop Hughes was instrumental in quelling the draft
riots in New York City. The mob was beyond the control of the local
authorities, and the Archbishop finally consented to say a few words in
the interest of law and order. The venerable prelate was fast
approaching his end. He was so weak at this time that he had to be
conveyed to the balcony of his residence in an arm chair. He spoke
briefly, and succeeded in inducing the rioters to return to their homes
for the time being. It was his last public appearance, and soon after
this he peacefully passed away, surrounded by friends and relatives and
the ever faithful Sisters of Charity.

In the chapters that follow it is proposed to deal with the labors of
the Sisters of Charity, taking up first the Cornette or Emmittsburg
Sisters, then the “Sisters of Charity of Nazareth,” and finally the
“black caps” or Mother Seton Sisters. The concluding chapters deal with
the Sisters of Mercy, the Sisters of St. Joseph and the Sisters of the
Holy Cross in the order named.




CHAPTER III.

IN AND AROUND RICHMOND.

  Sisters of Charity inaugurate their labors in the Confederate
  Capital. St. Anne’s Military Hospital begins with three hundred
  patients. A zealous Sister makes her colleague prisoner in the
  pantry. An odor of death, and how it was caused. The Union soldier
  who was “shot at Manassas.” Nurses who first got “a puff and then
  a buff.”


[Illustration: LEE.]

In the early part of June, 1861, Dr. Gibson, who was in charge of the
Military Hospital at the Confederate capital, Richmond, Va., called upon
the Sisters of Charity of Emmittsburg to come to the relief of the sick
and wounded soldiers in that neighborhood. The late Rt. Rev. John
McGill, the Bishop of the Diocese of Richmond, did not object to having
the Sisters engage in a work of mercy, but he was opposed to any
hospital or infirmary which might prove to be an obstacle to or impair
the prosperity of the church hospital of St. Francis de Sales. The civil
authorities did not make any impression upon the prelate, but when the
Sisters themselves called at the episcopal palace and begged to be
assigned to the work, the Bishop could not resist, and the coveted
consent was obtained.

It was announced that the Sisters would begin their work on the
following Saturday. Two physicians called at the convent, and conducted
them to the institution, which afterwards became known as St. Anne’s
Military Hospital. The structure was in an unfinished state, and the
walls were not plastered. But it was thoroughly ventilated and free from
dampness, and that meant much in a building designed for the care of the
sick.

The house contained altogether about three hundred patients. Each ward
held from twelve to fourteen men, and the rooms opened into one another.
It was noon when the Sisters arrived, and they were shocked to find that
many of the wounded men had not yet broken their fast. The first care of
the newcomers was to relieve the hunger of the patients. To effect this
they went to the kitchen, making the acquaintance of “Nicholas,” the
cook; “Black George,” his assistant, and other occupants of this section
of the house. While these employes were good men and were doing their
very best, they succeeded but poorly in having an orderly kitchen, or in
providing the soldiers with the sort of food adapted to their weakened
condition.

One Sister among those who had volunteered to work in the hospital was
detained a little later than the others. She felt remorseful at the
unavoidable delay, but determined to compensate for it by unusual
activity. The first thing that caught her alert eye on her arrival was a
pantry with the door wide open. Burning with zeal to be useful she
closed and locked the door. Suddenly there was a rapping from the
inside. The zealous Sister was not superstitious, nor could she be
called nervous, but these strong noises frightened her, and she became
pale as the rappings continued to grow in volume and number.

“Open the door and let me out,” came in sepulchral tones from the
pantry.

The key was applied and the door hastily opened, and out walked another
frightened Sister, who had been imprisoned while searching for supplies.

After many little incidents of a trivial character order was restored
from chaos. Some of the soldiers declared that the first meal they
received from the Sisters was better than anything they had eaten since
entering the army. The Sisters, that first night, got no sleep, for the
wants of the sufferers were pressing.

One of the patients called a Sister to his bedside and in a low voice
said: “You know the doctors think I may not live over night, therefore I
have a great favor to ask that I hope you will not refuse. I have a
mother.” Here tears checked his utterance. The Sister said: “I
understand; you want me to write to her.” “Yes,” he said; “say that her
child is dead, but do not tell her how I have suffered; that would break
her heart.”

This delicate mission, like many similar ones entrusted to the Sisters,
was faithfully fulfilled.

The wounded men came from the battles and skirmishes that had taken
place in the vicinity of Richmond, notably Phillippi, Big Bethel,
Romney, Rich Mountain, Carrick’s Ford and Manassas, Va. The last
engagement, which is also known as the first battle of Bull Run, ended
disastrously for the Union forces. It occurred on the 21st of July,
1861, and the Sisters silently going the rounds in their infirmary could
almost hear the reverberating sound of the shot and shell.

Toward night about fifty wounded soldiers, prisoners from Manassas, were
brought into the hospital, some dying and others wounded, and until
better accommodations could be provided they had to be laid on the
floor.

One of the Sisters was called by the doctor, who said: “Sister, get
something for this poor man’s head; he has just asked for a log of
wood.”

The Sister went out, but where to get a pillow was a mystery; everyone
was engaged. At last a pillow case was found, and the bright idea came
to the Sister: “I will stuff it with paper.” She brought it to the man,
who was a down-East Yankee, thinking the invention suited the individual
for whom it was destined. The poor fellow, despite his suffering, smiled
as it was given him.

It was very late when the Sisters finally prepared to retire after a
hard day’s work. They were not settled in their room before Sister
Blanche remarked:

“I cannot sleep; there is such an odor of death about this apartment.”

Nevertheless they composed themselves as best as they could. In the
morning the secret of the strong odor was revealed. A pair of human
limbs amputated the week before had been carelessly thrown in the
adjoining room. It was a great trial for the Sister to visit that room.
She covered her nose and mouth with her handkerchief and threw open the
windows. Under her directions the limbs were at once interred. One of
the Sisters writing in her diary at his time says: “Yesterday a man was
buried with three legs.”

On Sunday morning an addition of eleven Union officers was received to
the number of wounded. They were given accommodations in the garret. In
the officers’ quarters were found captains, majors, lieutenants and
sergeants, all wounded. One fellow blessed with a fine voice had a
guitar loaned him, and he could always be seen in a corner whiling away
the dull hours. Sometimes these invalid officers were annoyed by
visitors who were untiring in their questions.

“Where were you shot at?” asked one inquisitive individual, meaning in
what part of the body.

“Shot at Manassas,” was the laconic reply.

As one of the Sisters was crossing the porch a tall, brawny soldier
cried out: “You ladies have a sight of work to do, but I tell you what,
you get high pay.”

“None at all,” was the quiet answer.

“What!” said he, starting back with surprise; “you don’t tell me you do
all this work for nothing?”

“Precisely,” was the quiet response.

One of the nurses or hands about the place being sadly put out about
something that went wrong exclaimed that he was “neither an angel nor a
Sister of Charity,” and that he would not put up with it at all. Sister
Mary Ann, in speaking of the varied dispositions of the men, said that
the Sisters “first got a puff and then a buff.”

Five of the Union officers who were in the garret clubbed together after
their departure and sent the Sisters a check for fifty dollars for the
benefit of the orphanage in Richmond.

The Infirmary of St. Francis de Sales had been in operation by the
Sisters for the sick in general when the war commenced, but after that
it was utilized for the wounded soldiers. On May 16, 1861, the Sisters
in this institution were appealed to by the medical authorities. Very
soon the building was too much crowded for the patients. The Government
then took a large house, which was transformed into a hospital. It was
thought that male nurses would answer the purpose. In a few days,
however, the surgeon and officers in charge went to the Sisters at the
Infirmary, begging them to come to their assistance at the new hospital,
as the sick were very much in need of their services. The Sisters went
to this hospital on June 26, 1861.

Other hospitals in and around Richmond were built, and as rapidly as
they were made ready for use the surgeons applied for Sisters to take
charge of them. All of the Sisters outside of the blockade which existed
at that time were at military posts, except those engaged in caring for
the orphans. The schools and academies controlled by the Sisters had
been closed for some time. As the Sisters were sent to many different
hospitals the number that could be assigned for each one was small. The
hospitals were often without the necessaries of life. For the Sisters’
table rough corn bread and strong fat bacon were luxuries; as for
beverages, they could rarely tell what was given to them for tea or
coffee, for at one time it was sage and at another herbs.

Soon after going to one of the new hospitals in Richmond the surgeon in
charge said to one of the Sisters: “I am obliged to make known our
difficulties to you that you may enable me to surmount them, for you
ladies accomplish all you undertake. Until now we have been supplied
with the delicacies necessary for our patients from Louisiana, but the
blockade prevents this at present and I fear to enter the wards, as the
poor men are still asking for former refreshments, and they cannot be
quieted. We dislike to inform them of the strait we are in, though this
state of affairs may be of short duration.”

The Sister hardly knew what to do, but proposed that wagons be sent
among the farmhouses for the purpose of gathering in fowl, milk, butter
and fruit. This was done, but in the meantime complaints had been made
to headquarters that since the Sisters had come to the hospital all
delicacies had been withheld from the poor sick. The surgeon and Sisters
knew nothing of this complaint until a deputy Government official
arrived to learn the truth of the charges. He visited the wards during
meal time, after which he entered the room where the Sisters dined. Then
he told the surgeon the motive of his visit. The surgeon was glad to
explain to the deputy the cause of the complaints. The deputy informed
the soldiers that the nurses were not in any way responsible for their
sufferings, and that the fare of the Sisters was always worse than that
furnished to the soldiers.

The men soon became convinced that they had been too hasty in their
judgment of the Sisters, and that the stoppage of the delicacies was for
unavoidable causes. They found before long that the “Angels of the
Battlefield,” as they came to call the Sisters, had but one desire, and
that was to add to their comfort, as much as the limited supplies would
permit.




CHAPTER IV.

HARPER’S FERRY.

  The adventures of three Sisters who were detailed from the mother
  house at Emmitsburg. Their offer to retire in the interest of the
  ladies of Winchester. A night’s “repose” with foreheads resting
  upon umbrella handles. A journey homeward by car and stage, and
  then across the Potomac River in a flat canoe. A Sister received
  at the convent as one from the grave.


[Illustration: GRANT.]

Nearly all the Sisters that could be spared had been sent from the
mother house at Emmittsburg, and were engaged in performing works of
charity on the battlefields and in the various camps and hospitals. On
June 7, 1861, a telegram was received from the authorities asking that a
number of Sisters be detailed to serve the sick and wounded soldiers at
Harper’s Ferry.

In spite of the severe strain that it entailed upon their available
assignments, the Superiors made the sacrifice of sending three Sisters.
These brave women left Emmittsburg on June 9 for Frederick City. Mother
Ann Simeon cautioned them to act with prudence, lest they meet with
trouble, as they had the Northern Army and its sentinels to pass in
order to reach their destination. An orderly had been sent to escort
them, but the Sisters passed their intended guide without knowing it, he
going by them on the road to Emmittsburg.

An expected engagement kept villagers and farmers quietly at home. Men
cautiously whispered their fears or opinions, and the sight of people
bold enough to travel just then was a matter that occasioned mild
surprise. For this reason the Sisters tried to huddle in the rear of the
stage coach, hoping to pass unobserved. During a brief halt for the mail
in one little town the driver opened the stage door and handing in a
letter said in a loud voice:

“Sisters, a gentleman in Emmittsburg desires you to put this letter in a
Southern post office after you have crossed the line.”

The eyes of the curious and astonished people were on them in a moment.
The Sisters were not aware that the driver knew of their destination,
but they remained quiet and made the best of the incident. The heat was
excessive. One of the horses gave out on the way, and another had to be
hastily substituted. After some delay the party arrived in Frederick
City. A few sentinels stood here and there, but no one paid much
attention to the new arrivals. Before they started again, however, a
number of men gathered around their carriages, saying: “Why, ladies,
where are you going?” Several of the men asked questions at the same
time, but the Sisters stared at them blankly, and civilly answered
anything except what the gossips most desired to know.

As hostilities had stopped the railway cars the pilgrims had to continue
their journey in the stage-coach. Almost sick with heat they journeyed
on until another horse succumbed. This meant more trouble and suspense,
but it was borne with heroic patience.

The most exciting adventure was yet to come. The rocks of the Maryland
Heights on one side, and the Potomac River on the left, came in view.
Just as the carriage was, seemingly, proceeding smoothly on its way
there came a sudden grating sound and then an abrupt stop. “We’re
stuck!” ejaculated the driver, with more force than elegance. The
carriage was so tightly fastened that it was feared the vehicle would
have to be abandoned and the remainder of the journey made upon foot.
The driver swore and stormed about, while the Sisters meekly looked on
in silence, fearing to further irritate him with suggestions. Finally
the carriage was extricated and the pilgrims proceeded upon their way.

About twilight the Southern pickets were seen, for the South still held
a portion of Maryland. The first soldier inquired where the Sisters were
going, and with what intent. He then passed them on to the next guard,
and so on until they came to the last, who said: “We have just received
such strict orders regarding persons crossing in or out that it is not
in my power to pass you on.” The captain of the guards was sent for,
however, and the Sisters were transferred over the Potomac Bridge. Great
cargoes of powder had already been placed on this bridge, so that, in
the event of the enemy’s approach it might be destroyed.

Harper’s Ferry is at the junction of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers,
the Potomac separating Maryland and Virginia. A summit above the town,
standing between the two rivers, is called Bolivar Heights. On this
elevation was located the military hospital where the Sisters were to
labor. A neat little Catholic church was located about midway between
the valley and the town.

[Illustration: BOMBARDMENT OF FORT SUMTER.]

The hospital was filled with the sick, and around the town lay thousands
of men just arrived from the most remote Southern States. A cold wet
spell had preceded the present heat, and many of the men were ill and
lay in their tents until vacancies opened for them in the badly
sheltered houses in the town. The men in one regiment had contracted
measles on their march; this spreading among others with the exposure
incidental to army life thinned their numbers before the ball and the
sword had begun their quicker work.

On reaching their lodgings the Sisters found supper prepared, and after
disposing of this they soon retired to rest. The stillness and darkness
of the town was frightful. No sound but the Sisters’ voices or footsteps
was to be heard. Not a light gleamed from the fastened windows for fear
of discovery by the hidden enemy. The whole army had been sleeping or
resting on their arms since their arrival, expecting an early attack.

The medical director, who had sent for the Sisters, came early in the
morning and took them to the hospital. With his assistant he escorted
them from room to room, introducing them and saying to the patients:
“Now you will have no cause to complain of not getting nourishment,
medicine and attention at the right time, for the Sisters of Charity
will see to all these things.”

The town had been by turns in the possession of the North and South, and
was therefore completely drained of provisions and necessary
conveniences for the sick. Notwithstanding these difficulties things
were beginning to look more comfortable, when a telegram was received
from Winchester ordering the whole Confederate Army to repair to that
town immediately. The Northern Army, it was announced, would attempt to
cross the Potomac above and below Harper’s Ferry, thus surrounding the
Southern Army and cutting off all supplies.

The soldiers moved at once, with the exception of those who served the
sick, and those who were to collect the tents and finally destroy
bridges and tracks. Provisions were cast into the river by the
wholesale, in order to deprive the enemy of benefit. Then came new
orders to wait a while, but the invalids had already been removed to the
depot, to await the return of the cars from Winchester. Arrangements
were now being made for the destruction of the bridges and tracks, and
the Sisters were sent to remain with a worthy Catholic family far away
from these structures. During the night one explosion after another
shook the grand bridge and seemed to shake the mountains. The little
Catholic church, the only one that had not been applied to military
purposes, was filled and surrounded by the frightened people. The
worn-out pastor was their only consoler.

The Sisters looked at the awful destruction around them, and felt
encompassed with desolation. All the next day they hourly expected to be
called to the cars, but no word came. They now learned that the ladies
of Winchester had written to the medical director requesting him not to
let the Sisters of Charity serve the sick, as they themselves would wait
on them. The Sisters knew that the ladies had been enthusiastic in
caring for the Confederate sick and, thinking the delay was owing to the
embarrassment the doctors might experience in regard to this, one
Sister, acting as spokeswoman, said to them:

“Gentlemen, we are aware of the ardor with which the Winchester ladies
have labored for your poor men, and also know of their desire to serve
the men alone--that is, without any aid of ours; therefore be candid
enough to allow us to return to our home. If you feel any difficulty
respecting the ladies of Winchester tell us. The Sisters consider it
reasonable that they should wish to serve their own people, and will not
be offended, but rather feel grateful for your friendly candor.”

The physicians replied that they did not care for the objections that
had been made to the Sisters; that the ladies of Winchester could never
do for the sick what the Sisters of Charity would do, and therefore
unless the Sisters insisted on returning home the doctors would hold
them to their undertaking.

The physicians begged the Sisters not to leave the town, but to await
the signal for departure. Expecting all day and even until 11 P. M. to
be sent for, and feeling that rest was absolutely necessary, the Sisters
were preparing for bed when the kind lady of the house came into their
room, saying: “My dear, poor Sisters, a wagon and your baggage are at
the door for you.” They soon left their benevolent hostess, who wept to
see them pursuing such hardships. It was a genuine farm wagon, with two
negroes as drivers. The worthy pastor of Harper’s Ferry, who was
determined not to leave the Sisters entirely to strangers, attended to
their trunks and found seats for them. The heavy spray from both rivers
was thick in the air. Here and there a star appeared between broken
clouds, giving barely light enough to see the sentinels at their posts.
One of these, advancing, asked the countersign, which the pastor gave
him. The wagon, running on the high terrace edge of the Potomac River,
made, with the darkness, a gloomy prospect for the Sisters.

On reaching the depot an officer met them and offered to find them a
shelter until the cars would arrive. He took them across two boards that
formed a temporary bridge. By the aid of his lantern they could see
water on either side of them, so that they had to watch carefully and
pick their steps lest they slip off the boards. At last he opened the
door of a little hut, which was almost washed by the river. Here they
entered and sat down, resting their foreheads on their umbrellas until
between 3 and 4 o’clock, when a rumbling outside announced the arrival
of the cars. The train reached Winchester five hours later. Almost the
entire town was occupied by soldiers, so that accommodations at hotels
were not to be had for any consideration. The zealous priest, who was
still with the Sisters, took them to the church, and afterwards went in
search of lodgings for them.

The church, which was of stone, and was one of the poorest old buildings
in the place, was located in the suburbs. A crowd of ignorant and
curious men and children followed the Sisters as they walked to the
edifice. As they entered the church the bystanders crowded in and about
the door. When the Sisters went by turns to the confessional the village
men and boys hurried outside and peeped through the cracks at the
penitents, peering into their very faces. Soon the priest went out and
as he did so he shut and locked the door after him. After some time he
returned, although the Sisters feared that it was just possible he had
lost his mind and would not come back. They knew his hardships had been
excessive, because, besides being sick and without food or sleep, he
had many other inconveniences to contend with. But he returned and took
them to a plain, worthy Catholic family.

The following morning being Sunday they walked to the church, and just
at the gate had to halt to let a company of soldiers, on their way to
Mass, enter the church. About twenty or thirty Catholics constituted the
congregation usually, but on this day the soldiers and Sisters made
quite a crowded assembly. After that the Sisters waited patiently for
the doctors to take them to the scene of their labors. The Reverend Dr.
Costello had called on them from time to time, informing the authorities
that the Sisters were ready to go to work among the sick. The medical
director finally asked them if they must remain in one hospital, or
whether each Sister could take charge of a separate one. He was informed
that their number was too small to divide and they would remain at one
of the hospitals.

The heads of families in the city of Winchester remained in town, while
grown-up daughters and children were sent to country seats, the mothers
of these staying at their houses, receiving and serving as many sick
soldiers as they could. The Sisters received much kindness from these
ladies, for they knew that the common rations of the soldiers were very
rough. Indeed, one of the greatest distresses of the Sisters at this
time was that they had not more for the poor sick.

The Sisters began their labors in one of the largest hospitals in
Winchester. They worked incessantly day and night, frequently not
pausing long enough to take necessary food and nourishment for
themselves. Such labor began to show on them, especially as they were
only three in number. The doctors said that while more nurses were
needed there would be no way of sending for more Sisters except by one
of them going home and returning with the others. Affairs had reached
such a crisis that only the Sisters of Charity could travel now. One of
them finally started off for the mother house, going by car, then by
stage, and then crossing the Potomac in a flat canoe. Then she traveled
by foot as fast as possible, and after running for a mile reached the
railroad car before it left the station.

The evening of next day she reached St. Joseph’s, at Emmitsburg, where
she was received as if from the grave. The anxious Superiors had heard
nothing from or of the Sisters except what meagre news was published of
the movements of the two armies. Sister Euphemia, afterwards Mother
Superior, left St. Joseph’s at once with three companions for
Winchester, to relieve the Sisters there. At the same time a telegram
was sent to Sister Valentine at St. Louis instructing her to go
immediately and replace Sister Euphemia in Winchester, who was to
proceed farther southward, for in Richmond, Va., the Sisters were almost
overcome with continuous duty. The Sisters, now six in number, continued
their labors in Winchester until very few remained in the hospitals. The
convalescent members of the army had been leaving Winchester for some
days, going towards Richmond. The Sisters themselves finally proceeded
towards Richmond.




CHAPTER V.

ST. LOUIS MILITARY HOSPITAL.

  The border State of Missouri the scene of some of the most
  dramatic events of the war. Soldiers ask the nurses if they are
  Free Masons. The Chaplain obtains a pardon for a prisoner of war.
  Archbishop Ryan and his work among the sick and wounded. The young
  Confederate who declined to express sorrow for his course in the
  war. Amusing and pathetic incidents.


[Illustration]

In the meantime operations in the great civil conflict were beginning in
the Southwest. The fact that Missouri was a border State made it the
scene of some of the most dramatic events of the war. Thousands of the
sick and wounded of both armies were cared for in St. Louis. It was on
the 12th of August, 1861, that Major-General Fremont, commanding the
Department of the West, established a military hospital in the suburbs
of St. Louis.

General Fremont desired that every attention should be paid to the
wounded soldiers. He visited them frequently, and perceiving that there
was much neglect on the part of the attendants, applied to the Sisters
of St. Philomena’s School for a sufficient number of them to take charge
of the hospital. He promised the Sisters, if they would accept, to
leave everything to their management. There was no delay in acceding to
this request. Rev. James Francis Burlando, the Superior of the Sisters
of Charity, during a visit made to St. Philomena’s School a few months
previous had forseen the probability of such an occurrence and given the
Sisters directions to guide them in such a case.

The Sisters had the superintendence of everything relating to the sick
in the hospital. Some of the soldier attendants at first looked with
wonder on the strange dress and appearance of the new nurses, asking
them if they were Free Masons. The Sisters were, however, treated with
the greatest respect, so much so that not an oath or disrespectful word
was heard in the hospital during the three years that they were there.

The hospital was visited every other day by the ladies of the Union Aid
Society, who could not help admiring the almost profound silence
observed in the wards. They could not understand the influence the
Sisters exercised over the patients, both sick and convalescent, who
were as submissive as children. The Archbishop of St. Louis, the late
Most Rev. P. R. Kenrick, D. D., was pleased when he learned that the
Sisters had been asked for at the hospital. The prelate provided a
chaplain, who said Mass every morning in the oratory arranged in their
apartment. After the Mass the chaplain visited every ward instructing,
baptizing and reconciling sinners to God. There were hundreds of
baptisms during the time the Sisters were in the hospital, the greatest
number of the persons thus baptized dying in the hospital. The
institution was closed at the end of the war, and the Sisters returned
to their former homes.

Father Burke was one of the priests who did a great deal of work in the
hospital, and he bears testimony to the fact that the patients thought
there were no persons like the Sisters. They would often say: “Indeed,
it was not the doctor that cured us; it was the Sisters.” When returning
to their regiment they would say: “Sisters, we may never see you again,
but be assured you will be very gratefully remembered.” Others would
say: “Sisters, I wish we could do something for you, but you do not seem
to want anything; besides, it is not in the power of any poor soldier to
make you anything like recompense. All that we can do for you is to
fight for you, and that we will do until our last breath.”

They preferred applying to the Sisters in cases where they could do so
than to the doctors, and as a result the Sisters had a difficult task in
encouraging them to have confidence in the doctors. Every evening the
Sisters were accustomed to visit a tent a few yards distant from the
hospital, where the badly wounded cases were detained. One night a
Sister found a poor man whose hand had been amputated from the wrist,
suffering very much, the arm being terribly inflamed. He complained that
the doctor had that morning ordered a hot poultice and that he had not
received it. The Sister called the nurse and wound-dresser and inquired
why the doctor’s orders had not been attended to. They told her that
there were no hops in the hospital; that the steward had gone to town
that morning before they knew it, and they had no other opportunity of
sending to obtain any that day. The Sisters immediately sent across the
yard to a bakery and got some hops and had the poultice put on. The poor
man was gratified and surprised. “The Sisters,” he said, “find ways and
means to relieve everyone, but others who make a profession of the work
do not even know how to begin it.”

When a new doctor came to the hospital it was from the patients that he
would learn to appreciate the value of the Sisters. When the patients
returned to their regiments they would say to their sick companions: “If
you go to St. Louis try to get to the House of Refuge Hospital; the
Sisters are there and they will soon make you well.” Late one evening a
Sister went to see that nothing was wanting for the sick. She found a
man suffering from intense pain in his forehead and temples. He had
taken cold in camp and the inflammation went to his eyes, so that he
became entirely blind. The pain in his forehead was so intense that he
thought he could not live until morning. The Sister asked him to let her
bind up his forehead with a wide bandage.

“Oh, Sister,” he said, “it is no use. The doctor has been bathing my
forehead with spirits of ether and other liquids, and nothing will do me
any good. I cannot live until morning; my head is splitting open. But
you may do what you like.”

She took a wide bandage which, unknown to him, was saturated in
chloroform, bound up his head and left him. Early in the morning she
went to ask him how he spent the night. He said: “Oh, Sister, I have
rested well; from the moment you put your hands on my forehead I
experienced no pain.” He never thought of attributing the relief to the
chloroform, because he did not know of it, and the Sister, feeling that
in this case ignorance was bliss, did not enlighten him.

The patients had the best of feeling toward the Sisters, and when the
medical doctor visited the hospital he would stand in the middle of the
ward and tell the patients to whom they owed their comfort, the good
order, cleanliness and regularity that reigned there. He told them that
all these things came through the Sisters. It is a notable fact that the
respect with which they were treated in the beginning never diminished,
but went on increasing while the hospital lasted.

Two of the prisoners of war, as the result of a court-martial, were to
be executed, but the worthy chaplain who daily attended the prison
obtained the pardon of one, while the Sisters obtained that of the
other. On one occasion a soldier who was accused of desertion was
sentenced to be hanged, and the Sisters attended him until all was over.

There was an elderly man confined in the prison hospital who always
found great pleasure in seeing to the wants of his companions. He told
the Sisters it made him happy to see them get what they most desired.
Toward the close of the war he obtained his release, and afterwards sent
fifty dollars to the Sisters to supply the wants of the suffering sick.
His son soon after this was charged with some military offense, tried by
court-martial sentenced and executed. The young man became a Catholic,
and in his last moments received the consolations of the Church. His
remains were given up to his family, and his father requested the
clergyman who attended him before his execution to preach the funeral
sermon, which the priest did in a Baptist church, where his hearers were
all Baptists.

One of the priests who was untiring in his work among the soldiers in
St. Louis during those heart-breaking days was Father Patrick John Ryan,
now the Archbishop of the great Archdiocese of Philadelphia. Early in
the war he was appointed a chaplain by the Government, but resigned his
position, feeling that he could do better work among the Southern
prisoners of war if he appeared among them simply as a priest. The
rector of one of the Protestant Episcopal churches in St. Louis
succeeded him as chaplain. Father Ryan is authority for the statement
that there were probably more baptisms in this military hospital than on
any of the battlefields or in any other hospital of the Civil War.

He was a witness to many pathetic and humorous incidents in the daily
routine of hospital service. On one occasion he was attending a poor
drummer boy who was only too surely approaching the end of his life of
warfare. He spoke to him gently of the things necessary to do under such
circumstances, instructed him to glance over his past life and try and
feel a genuine sorrow for all of his sins and for anything he had done
against his fellow-man.

The boy listened meekly for a while, but when he was told to be sorry
for all his wrong-doing a new light flashed upon him. He half rose in
bed and defiantly declared that if this contemplated the severing of his
allegiance to the Southern Confederacy and an admission that the
“Yankees” were right he would have none of it. Half-amused at the
outburst, and not entirely unmoved at this flash of spirit in what the
lad no doubt deemed a righteous cause, the good priest soon assured him
that his mission was not of the North or the South, but of God. The
young sufferer died soon after this with most edifying sentiments upon
his lips.

Sister Juliana, a sister of Bishop Chatard, of Vincennes, who did good
service in this and other hospitals, was the witness of many affecting
death-bed scenes and many wonderful death-bed conversions. Fervent
aspirations to heaven went up from the lips of men who had never prayed
before. Soldiers from the backwoods who had known no religion and no God
were in a few hours almost transformed. It is estimated that priests and
Sisters baptized between five and six hundred persons at this one
hospital.

Archbishop Ryan tells the following incident that came under his
personal observation, and which John Francis Maguire, Member of
Parliament from Cork, has incorporated in one of his works:[5]

“A Sister was passing through the streets of Boston with downcast eyes
and noiseless steps when she was suddenly addressed in a language that
made her pale cheeks flush. The insult came from a young man standing on
a street corner. The Sister uttered no word of protest, but raising her
eyes gave one swift, penetrating look at the brutal offender.”

Time passed on; the war intervened. The scene changed to a ward in a
military hospital in Missouri. A wounded soldier, once powerful but now
as helpless as an infant, was brought in and placed under the care of
the Sisters of Charity. It was soon evident that the man’s hour had
arrived; that he was not long for this world. The Sister urged the man
to die in the friendship of God, to ask pardon for his sins, and to be
sorry for whatever evil he might have done.

“I have committed many sins in my life,” he said to the Sister, “and I
am sorry for them all and hope to be forgiven; but there is one thing
that weighs heavy on my mind at this moment. I once insulted a Sister of
Charity in the streets of Boston. Her glance of reproach has haunted me
ever since. I knew nothing of the Sisters then. But now I know how good
and disinterested you are and how mean I was. Oh! if that Sister were
only here, weak and dying as I am, I would go down upon my knees and ask
her pardon.”

The Sister turned to him with a look of tenderness and compassion,
saying: “If that is all you desire to set your mind at ease, you can
have it. I am the Sister you insulted and I grant you pardon freely and
from my heart.”

“What! Are you the Sister I met in Boston? Oh, yes! you are--I know you
now. And how could you have attended on me with greater care than on any
of the other patients?--me who insulted you so.”

“It is our Lord’s way,” replied the Sister gently. “I did it for His
sake, because He loved His enemies and blessed those who persecuted Him.
I knew you from the moment you entered the hospital. I recognized you
from the scar over your forehead, and I have prayed for you
unceasingly.”

“Send for the priest!” exclaimed the dying soldier, “the religion that
teaches such charity must be from God.”

And he died in the Sister’s faith, holding in his failing grasp the
emblem of man’s redemption, and murmuring prayers taught him by her
whose glance of mild rebuke had long filled him with remorse through
every scene of revelry or of peril.

Rev. John Bannon, S. J., was one of the priests who performed efficient
service as a chaplain during the war. Father Bannon is now spending the
autumn of his life in performing the works of mercy and charity which go
to make up the life of a good priest, at St. Patrick’s Cathedral,
Dublin, Ireland.

Writing of his wartime experience in a letter dated December 10, 1897,
he says:

“Twice only did I come into relations with the Sisters’ hospitals. The
first time was at Corinth, Miss., after my arrival with the Missouri
troops from Arkansas. There I found the Sisters of Charity (bonnet
blanc), from Mobile, Ala., in possession of an hospital, located in a
large brick building situated on a hill overlooking a railroad
crossing--for the town of Corinth was little more at that time. During
the temporary illness of Father Coyle, who was chaplain of the nuns, I
visited the hospital for him a few times. On one occasion a Sister
indicated to me a cot in a distant corner of the ward, whereon lay a
large, burly man, heavily bearded and of uncompromising aspect. He had
been questioning the Sister about her religion and desired further
explanations; so I was asked to go see him and give him satisfaction.

“After a few questions about his home and family, and wounds and
personal comfort, I asked him about the nursing and treatment of the
hospital, a question which brought him to ‘attention,’ for he sat
upright in bed, looking at me sternly, and almost fiercely said:

“‘See, now Mister, if you come here to spy after the Sisters you’re in
the wrong shop. There’s not a man wouldn’t rise agin ye if you said a
word agin them. Don’t do it. Don’t do it, or I’ll--’ and he fell back
exhausted.

“‘But, my friend,’ I said, ‘I’m a friend of theirs; I’m a priest.’

“‘A priest,’ he repeated, and then, sitting up again, he called out:
‘Sister, Sister, this man says he’s a priest; is he?’

“To which the Sister answered, ‘Yes,’ and he fell back saying, ‘All
right, Mister, now I want to know if any man ever believed such things
as the Sister told me.’

“I assured him that I believed them all and had come at the Sister’s
request to explain them to him.

“‘All right, Mister, go ahead now.’

“So I proceeded to speak of God and the Trinity and principal mysteries.
He demurred to every word I said, especially to the mystery of the
Blessed Trinity, and to each new installment of doctrine would sit up in
bed and call to the Sister (at the other end of the Ward), repeat to her
my statement, and ask her was that true, to which when she answered
‘yes’ he would fall back on his pillow and with a sigh of resignation
say: ‘All right, Mister, go ahead now, I believe it,’ and so on. He
accepted my teaching only on the word of the Sister, and on his faith in
the Sister I baptized him and left him happy. I had not reached the door
of the ward when he called me back. ‘Say, Mister, do ye reckon I’ll git
better?’

“‘Yes, I think so; at least I hope so.’

“His countenance fell visibly. But after a few seconds he looked up and
said:

“‘Whisper down nearer to me,’ and so pulling my head quite close to his
mouth, he whispered: ‘If I get well I’ll have to leave the Sisters. I’d
rather stay and die than leave them. Good-bye. God bless ye. Pray for
me,’ and so we parted.

[Illustration: “PEACE FOR HER.”]

“Subsequently I heard Dr. Lynch, late Bishop of Charleston, narrate a
very like experience.

“The only other occasion that I remember visiting a Sisters’ hospital
was before the siege of Vicksburg, at Jacksonville, Miss. The hospital
was located in a large hotel, downtown. As I entered the door I found
the hallway occupied for its length by two rows of sick soldiers
stretched on the floor, each wrapped in his old worn blanket with his
small bundle for a pillow. A tall, gaunt, poor fellow had just come in
and was spreading his blanket, preparing to lie down. A Sister
approached and asked him for his ticket. He made no answer, but having
finished his preparations lay down and then proceeded to search for the
paper. When found, after a long search, he handed it to the Sister, who,
glancing at it, said:

“‘My good man, this is not for us. It is for the hospital in the
Capital.’

“‘That mought be,’ he answered, ‘and I reckon it is. But that don’t
matter anyhow. This is my hospital, and I’ll stay here, wherever the
ticket’s for. Think I’m gwine t’anywhar but the Sisters’?’

“And so he was tolerated and adopted by the Sisters, for though
inconvenient to the nuns it was consoling and encouraging to them when
they found their services so appreciated by their patients.

From Jacksonville I went to Port Gibson, and then to Vicksburg. There
were not any Sisters at either place. After the fall of Vicksburg I went
to Mobile, where I visited the Sisters’ hospital, but was not on duty
there or elsewhere up to my departure for Europe by the Steamer R. E.
Lee, via Wilmington, N. C., and Halifax.”

Many of the episodes of the war with which the Sisters were associated
would in their intensity and uniqueness furnish the basis for stories
and dramas more wonderful than anything yet written by the novelists or
constructed by the playwrights. Here was frequently illustrated the
poet’s contention that truth is stranger than fiction. One instance
containing all of the elements that go to make up a romance comes to
mind. The two principal figures in it were a sweet Sister of Charity,
burning with love for her fellow creatures, and willing to lay down life
itself in the cause of suffering humanity, and a brave soldier, filled
with patriotism for his country, brought to the point of death by a
malignant fever; nursed back to life and finally, twenty-five years
after the war, giving an exhibition of gratitude as rare as it is
beautiful.

Thomas Trahey was born in Detroit, Mich., in 1844, and was the only son
of devoted parents. When the war began he was about 17 years of age.
Flushed with the vigor and energy of youth he desired to enlist at once.
He did not succeed in carrying out his wish, however, until August,
1862, when he enlisted in Company H, Sixteenth Michigan Volunteer
Infantry. When he was mustered out at the close of the war it was as
sergeant of his command. He was commended many times by his superiors
for gallantry in action. In the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13,
1862, he was struck by the fragment of a shell and severely wounded in
the left breast. He was left on the battlefield all night, but finally
received attention at the hands of Dr. R. F. Weir, who was in charge of
the hospital at Frederick City.

Trahey recovered from this and went to the front again with his
regiment. After the battle of Gettysburg he was taken with typhoid
fever, which soon assumed a malignant form. Dr. Gray, of Philadelphia,
who was in charge of Barracks H, in the United States General Hospital,
at Frederick City, made a careful diagnosis of the case and said that
Trahey, who was weakened from the effects of his previous wounds and
suffering, could not possibly recover.

It was at this juncture that Sister Louise appeared upon the scene. She
inquired if careful nursing would not save the man’s life. The physician
said that it was one chance in a thousand, but that if anything could
prolong the soldier’s existence it was the patient and persistent care
and watchfulness of a Sister of Charity.

“Then,” she exclaimed, “I will undertake the case.”

Sister Louise had been detailed from the Mother House at Emmitsburg,
and, though young in years, had acquired considerable experience, which
added to her marvelous devotedness to duty and self-forgetfulness had
made her phenomenally successful in the hospitals and camps. She was
born of French-Canadian parents in Toronto. She was a devout child, and
early gave evidence of a desire to embrace the religious state.
Consequently the whole of her early childhood was a preparation for the
life she was to enter. At an early age she came to the United States and
took the vows of Chastity, Poverty and Obedience, and became a daughter
of St. Vincent.

At the time she was performing her labors at Frederick City she was only
19 years of age, and was, moreover, possessed of unusual beauty. Day and
night she remained at the bedside of her patient, frequently depriving
herself of food and rest in order to minister to his slightest wish.
Finally he recovered, only to have a relapse, which resulted in a severe
case of smallpox. This did not dismay the devoted nurse. She renewed her
energies. For three weeks after he became convalescent the Sister fed
him with a spoon.

Just as the patient was pronounced out of danger the Sister was ordered
away to another station, where her pious attentions were given to other
cases as serious and as dangerous as the ordeal she had just gone
through. Sergeant Trahey returned to the front from his hospital cot,
and was wounded once again at White Oak Road, Va., on March 29, 1865. He
recovered and soon after, at the termination of the war, returned to his
home. For several years he was unable by reason of his weakened physical
condition to perform any of the ordinary duties of life.

After he had recovered he determined to seek the whereabouts of the
Sister in order to thank her for the self-sacrificing care she had taken
of him during the most critical period of his life. As he expressed it
at the time, he was “willing to travel from Maine to California merely
to get a glimpse of her holy face.”

Sergeant Trahey first wrote to the Mother House of the order, at
Emmitsburg, Md., and received a reply that Sister Louise had been
ordered to St. Louis soon after the war and had died there in 1867 of
malignant typhoid fever, the same disease that had so nearly ended the
life of the soldier. She expired at the Ninth and Madison Streets
Hospital, St. Louis, and was buried in Calvary Cemetery, in that city.
The grateful soldier had the grave cared for, and decorated it with
religious regularity on each recurring Memorial Day. Frequently he would
visit the grave in company with his wife and family, performing a pious
pilgrimage at once picturesque and edifying. The desire to render the
memory of Sister Louise some service took a strong hold on him at this
time. He determined that the good Sister should have a better tombstone
than the modest little headpiece that occupied a place over her grave.
That there could possibly be any objection to such an act of devotion
and gratitude never once occurred to the old soldier. He had the stone
cut at a nearby marble yard, but when the matter was brought to the
attention of the superintendent of the cemetery the latter sent a
communication to the church authorities recommending that the request be
refused, as the grave was already provided with such a headstone as
marked the resting places of other members of the order. At last the
veteran called on Sister Magdalena, the local Superior, and gave her a
full account of the case. He recited in detail the unusual service that
had been rendered him by the deceased Sister. The Superior questioned
him very closely regarding the character of the stone that he desired to
erect, and was particularly anxious to know its exact dimensions. She
was very much impressed with his story, and expressed a desire to accede
to his wishes if it could be done without ostentation or the appearance
of any unnecessary show in the Sisters’ section of the cemetery. She
took his request under advisement, and early in 1895 he was given
permission to erect the stone.

The simple monument of a Sister’s devotion to duty and an old soldier’s
gratitude is in the shape of a rustic cross beautifully engraved. On it
is inscribed the following:

       To Sister Regenia La Croix,
     Died March, 1867, in this city.
    Erected as a Tribute of Gratitude
          From an Old Soldier.

                                  T. T.

The grave is regularly decorated with choice plants and flowers, and on
Memorial Day especially it attracts hundreds of visitors. The old
soldier, with a show of pardonable pride, says there is nothing like it
that has been erected over the grave of a Sister of Charity by any old
soldier during or since the war in this country.

The name upon the cross over the grave was the name of the Sister in the
world. She was known in religion by the title of Sister Louise.

Speaking of the services rendered him by Sister Louise Sergeant Trahey
says:

“She was my only attendant, and no mother could have been more tender or
faithful. She brought me dainties which I knew were almost priceless at
the time, and books that were as rare as gold, and in a thousand ways
did she add to my obligations. Naturally I became greatly attached to
her, and there is nothing in reason that I could do to perpetuate her
memory that I would not do. Her beautiful face and kind attentions have
ever remained to me as one of the most precious memories of my
existence. I have not the slightest doubt but that she saved my life. A
glass of water given me from her hand seemed to infuse new life and
strength into me. Whenever she approached my humble cot she brought
sunshine and holiness with her. Every time I meet a Sister of Charity
upon the street I am reminded of my ever-faithful nurse. I say, and I
repeat with all reverence and fervency, God bless her. I believe she is
now praying for me in heaven.”

This is one of the romances of the war, illustrating in a high degree
the heroism of self-sacrifice and the beauty of gratitude. There are no
doubt many other similar incidents on record, differing somewhat in
detail, but all tending to show the love and reverence that invariably
followed the noble self-sacrifices of the Sisters.




CHAPTER VI.

IN AND AROUND WASHINGTON.

  Dilapidated frame buildings serve as hospitals at the National
  Capital. A convalescent patient who was “tired and vexed.” A whole
  day spent in going from store to store in a vain attempt to
  purchase “one of those white bonnets” for a Sister. The soldier
  whose life was saved by being “shot in the U. S. A.”


[Illustration]

When the fratricidal conflict between the sections began very few
persons paused to consider its extent and consequence. But as each week
passed it grew in intensity and volume. In the beginning of the year
1862 at least 450,000 Union troops were in the field, and half of that
number were under the command of General McClellan in and around
Washington. Upon the breaking out of hostilities old Virginia had at
once become the principal arena of the contending armies of the East.
The Confederate capital being at Richmond and the Union seat of
Government at Washington, D. C., only a short stretch of country south
of the Potomac River separated the armies.

A disastrous defeat at Bull Run on the 21st of July, 1861, caused the
Union Army to retreat to Washington. There were various minor
engagements both before and after this date, but nothing of unusual
consequence occurred until February, 1862, when General U. S. Grant,
commanding the land forces, and Commodore Foote the gunboats, captured
Fort Henry on the Tennessee, and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River
in Kentucky. It was on this occasion, when the commander of Fort
Donelson asked for terms, that Grant gave the now historic reply: “No
terms except immediate and unconditional surrender can be accepted. I
propose to move immediately upon your works.”

Some time before this the Confederate and Union forces realized that
they were insufficiently provided with trained nurses. In the early part
of 1862 the Government made a formal request upon the Sisterhoods for
nurses. The Sisters of Charity were requested to send a deputation to
attend the sick and wounded in the temporary hospitals at Washington.
These hospitals consisted of a number of rather dilapidated frame
buildings and various tents which had been improvised into structures
for hospital purposes.

The Sisters were promptly assigned from the mother house at Emmittsburg,
Md. When they arrived at the National Capital they found the buildings
and tents crowded with patients. The majority of these had been brought
in from battlefields in the vicinity of Washington. The Sisters
endeavored to look after the temporal needs of the men, in many
instances acting in the dual capacity of doctor and nurse. There were
many incidents, some of them of a humorous, most of them of a decidedly
serious character.

While the nurses were rushing from one cot to another a poor man who
was in a dying state cried out at the top of his voice, “I want a
clergyman.”

One of the Sisters hastened to him and asked: “What clergyman do you
want?”

He replied: “A white bonnet clergyman; the one you ladies have.”

“But you are not a Catholic?” said the Sister.

“I know that, but I want to see a Catholic priest.”

After a slight delay a clergyman reached his bedside. The poor patient
reached his skeleton-like hand to the priest and began as follows: “In
the Bible we read ‘as the Father hath sent Me, I also send you, and
whose sins you shall forgive are forgiven.’ Now tell me has that order
ever been countermanded in any part of the Bible?”

The priest replied with a smile: “No, my son; it is the same now as it
ever was and ever shall be.”

“Well,” said the sick man, “I have never disobeyed an order when one who
gave that order had authority to command. Therefore being a good soldier
I wish to fulfill that order in every respect.”

As he was not in immediate danger and a man of considerable intelligence
the priest told him he would come and see him again. The soldier asked
for a catechism or any book that would instruct him in the white bonnet
religion. Later he made a confession of his whole life and was baptized
on the following Sunday morning in the chapel in the presence of the
entire congregation. He said he did not wish to be baptized behind
closed doors, but wished all to know that he was a Catholic. While he
remained in the hospital he would go from one patient to another reading
and explaining what had been explained to him. Several of the soldiers
argued with him upon the subject of religion, but with the Bible in one
hand and the little catechism in the other he would put them all to
silence.

One dreary night a score of ambulances drove up to the hospital grounds
with sixty-four wounded men. Of this number fifty-six had been shot in
such a manner as to necessitate amputation of either a leg or an arm.
Indeed, a few of the unfortunates were deprived of both legs.

Some died in the short while it took to remove them from the ambulance
to the ward. The Sisters went from bed to bed doing all they could to
minimize the sufferings of the soldiers. Two of the patients were very
disrespectful to one of the Sisters, showing anger and telling them to
begone. The nurse in charge quietly walked away. After a little while
another Sister went to them and asked if they wished her to write to
anyone for them. They did, and she wrote as they dictated, then read it
to them and left. By this time they began to reflect on the kindness
that had been shown them and soon appreciated the fact that the Sisters
were indeed their friends.

Of the sixty-four wounded men eight died the next day. There were thirty
bodies in the dead house, although it was the custom to bury two a day.
For a while the patients suffered from smallpox, which added very much
to the labors of the Sisters, since such patients had to be separated
and quarantined from the others. Several died from the disease. One of
the Sisters who waited upon them took it, but recovered. Many of the
patients who seemed to dislike and fear the Sisters found they had been
mistaken in the opinions they had formed of them. They often showed
their confidence by wanting to place their money in the custody of the
Sisters.

One day a poor fellow obtained a pass and spent the entire day in the
city and returned at twilight looking sad and fatigued. A Sister of his
ward asked him if he was suffering, and he replied: “No, Sister; but I
am tired and vexed. I received my pass early to-day and walked through
every street in Washington trying to buy one of those white bonnets for
you and did not find a single one for sale.”

There are amusing stories of life in the hospitals, and on the field,
and the following one is vouched for by Mather M. Alphonse Butler:

“Every Union soldier wore a belt with the initials ‘U. S. A.’--United
States Army. When a wounded man was brought to the hospital notice was
given to the Sister and she would at once prepare to dress the wound.
One day a man was brought in on a litter, pale and unconscious, and the
Sister rushed to give him attention. By degrees he became conscious, and
the Sister asked him where he was wounded. He seemed bewildered at
first, but gradually his mind returned. Again the Sister asked him where
he was wounded. A smile spread over his face.

“It is all right, Sister,” he said; “don’t disturb yourself.”

“Oh, no,” she said, “they tell me you were shot.”

“Yes,” he answered, “I was shot, but shot in the U. S. A.”

The Sister understood at once the bullet had struck the initials on his
belt, and they had saved his life.

The Sisters were the witnesses of some very pathetic incidents. The
battlefield of Bull Run supplied its full share of these. One of the
brave Union men who was killed in that disastrous engagement was
Lieutenant Colonel Haggerty, of the Sixty-ninth New York Regiment. It
appears that Haggerty had interred the remains of a child on the field
and had enclosed it with an improvised railing. At the head of the
little mound was a narrow bit of board, upon which was inscribed with
small capitals in ink the following:

  Strangers           Here lies the remains of
  please do not           Harriet Osborn,
  injure this              aged 8 years.
  inclosure.

Beneath this is written in pencil the following lines:

    When the storm clouds around us gather,
      And this world seems dark and drear,
    Let us look beyond the darkness
      Which hovers o’er our pathway here;
    Look beyond this world of sorrow
      To the regions of the blest,
    Where the wicked cease from troubling
      And the weary are at rest.

              --Haggerty, Co. B, 69th Reg’t.

Haggerty must have been killed soon after performing this touching act,
for beneath the inscription is appended this brief mortuary record:

  Haggerty was killed at Bull Run
          July 21, 1861.

A correspondent of one of the Northern newspapers, writing to his
journal at the time said:

“This little memorial of one of the most conspicuous men of the Union
cause among the New York troops--over whose fall one of his brother
officers, Thomas Francis Meagher, delivered at Jones’ Wood so
heart-rending a eulogy--will be read with interest by hundreds of those
who remember him, proving, as it does, that the stern, fierce, devoted
soldier found time in the very moment of danger to consider the fate of
others.”

At a meeting of the Board of Officers of the Sixty-ninth Regiment, held
at their armory on April 3, 1862, Captain Theodore Kelly, Lieutenant T.
M. Canton and Lieutenant Fahy were appointed a committee to proceed to
the battlefield of Bull Run and bring back to New York the remains of
their lamented brother officer, who had fallen while gallantly leading a
charge of the regiment in the memorable conflict of July 21. The
officers indicated performed their mission and the body was re-interred
near the brave Haggerty’s home, in New York City.

A letter received by the Sisters from Huntsville, Ala., dated May 26,
1862, contains the following touching passage:

“A few days ago a prisoner in the hands of General Mitchell, named Cobb,
a relative of Howell Cobb, died in the hospital at this place. A Federal
officer visited the prison, as was his daily wont, and, learning the
facts, asked the other prisoners if they would not like to attend the
funeral. The reply was yes, but they could not hope to have such a boon
accorded to them in view of their peculiar situation. The officer at
once repaired to the quarters of General Mitchell, stated the case and
received an order for their permission to accompany the remains of their
comrade to their last resting place. He returned to the prison with the
order, exacted a promise that they should not seek to escape, and put
the party in charge of Father Tracey, the resident Catholic pastor at
Huntsville.

“The procession wended its way to the cemetery, when the young ladies of
the town strewed the coffin and the grave of the young soldier with the
rarest flowers of the garden, and evinced in the most unmistakable
manner their sympathy and their ardent love for the cause of the South.
The scene was at once solemn, grand and affecting. There lay the earthly
remains of the devoted soldier in the narrow house of clay, and there
assembled hundreds of the fairest daughters of Huntsville to shed the
parting tear over the corpse of the hero of their cause and garland the
grave of the young rebel with the choicest products of their sunny
bowers. There stood the minister of religion, chanting the office of his
church for the repose of the soul of the departed, surrounded by the
witching forms of angelic traitors who made the air fragrant with the
odor of their treason, and comingling their anathemas of the Union with
the prayers of the priest. The sermon over, the prisoners returned to
their gloomy quarters, where they passed a series of resolutions
thanking the officer for his kindness and General Mitchell for the
courtesy he extended, and closing with the hope that the day might not
be far distant when the defenders of the South and the defenders of the
Union could shake hands and fight by each other’s side for a common
cause.

“To-day the men and officers of the Fifteenth Kentucky followed to the
same spot the remains of Bernard McGinnis, who died from a wound
received at Winchester, and over whose grave the same Father Tracey
performed similar services to those which he had done before for young
Cobb. How beautiful it seemed to the beholder to look upon the same
minister amid the tumult of war, contending passions and the fearful
excerbations of the public mind, lift up his voice to the throne of the
Most High and solicit the pledges of faith for the soul of the young
Georgian, and the faithful Irishman, without a prejudice for one or a
partiality for the other.”




CHAPTER VII.

SISTER ANTHONY AT SHILOH.

  Terrible loss of life at the battle of Pittsburg Landing or
  Shiloh. Sister Anthony wins enduring laurels. Seven hundred
  wounded soldiers crowded on one boat. The deck of the vessel
  resembles a slaughter house. A Sister of Charity acts as assistant
  surgeon. Sisters refuse to abandon their patients. Sketch of the
  life of Sister Anthony.


[Illustration: SISTER ANTHONY.]

The battle of Shiloh, Tenn, sometimes known as the battle of Pittsburg
Landing, was one of the great combats of the war. Shiloh cost the Union
army in killed, wounded and prisoners 14,000 men, while the Confederates
lost 10,700 men, including General Albert Sidney Johnston, who fell in
the first day’s fight. The battles were fought on the 6th and 7th of
April, 1862. The morning of the 6th was clear and beautiful, with no
indications of a storm; but the day’s terrific battle was followed by a
night of drenching rain. The battle of the next day was also succeeded
by a fearful storm, which in this case consisted of rain, hail and
sleet. An eye-witness writing of this says: “And to add to the horrors
of the scene, the elements of Heaven marshaled their forces--a fitting
accompaniment to the tempest of human devastation and passion that was
raging. A cold, drizzling rain commenced about nightfall and soon came
harder and faster, then turned to pitiless, blinding hail. This storm
raged with unrelenting violence for three hours. I passed long wagon
trains filled with wounded and dying soldiers without even a blanket to
shield them from the driving sleet and hail which fell in stones as
large as partridge eggs until it lay on the ground two inches deep.”[6]

It was by the work that she did at and after this battle that Sister
Anthony, a notable member of the Sisters of Charity, won enduring
laurels. She left Cincinnati for Shiloh, accompanied by two other
Sisters of Charity, Dr. Blackman, of Cincinnati; Mrs. Hatch and
daughter, Miss McHugh, Mrs. O’Shaughnessy and some charitable ladies of
the Queen City. This trip was made on Captain Ross’ boat, under the care
of Dr. Blackman. Sister Anthony, whose mind is unimpaired and whose
memory is excellent, thus tells of her experience at Shiloh:

“At Shiloh we ministered to the men on board what were popularly known
as the floating hospitals. We were often obliged to move farther up the
river, being unable to bear the terrific stench from the bodies of the
dead on the battlefield. This was bad enough, but what we endured on the
field of battle while gathering up the wounded is simply beyond
description. At one time there were 700 of the poor soldiers crowded in
one boat. Many were sent to our hospital in Cincinnati. Others were so
far restored to health as to return to the scene of war. Many died good,
holy deaths. Although everything seemed dark and gloomy, some amusing
incidents occurred. Some days after the battle of Shiloh the young
surgeons went off on a kind of lark, and Dr. Blackman took me as
assistant in surgical operations, and I must acknowledge I was much
pleased to be able to assist in alleviating the sufferings of these
noble men.

“The soldiers were remarkably kind to one another. They went around the
battlefield giving what assistance they could, placing the wounded in
comfortable places, administering cordials, etc., until such time as the
nurses could attend to the wounded and sick. I remember one poor soldier
whose nose had been shot off, who had almost bled to death and would
have been missed had we not discovered him in a pen, where some kind
comrade had placed him before he left the field, every other place of
refuge being occupied. His removal from the pen caused great pain, loss
of blood, etc. The blood ran down his shirt and coat sleeves, down his
pantaloons and into his very boots. He was very patient in the boat up
the river. On arriving in Cincinnati he was placed in a ward in our
hospital. Shortly after his arrival in the city a gentleman came to
Cincinnati and called at the Burnett House, which was then used as a
military hospital, inquiring for his son. After searching everywhere
else he called at St. John’s Hospital. I met this sorrowing father just
as I was leaving the hospital to attend to some business. From the
description he gave I concluded that the boy without the nose must be
his son. I took him to the ward. When we reached the bed where the man
lay the father did not know him.

“‘Well,’ said he, ‘if he is my child I shall know him by his head.’
Running his fingers through the boy’s hair he exclaimed: ‘My son! my
dear boy!’

“There was one young man under the care of Sister De Sales. This Sister
spoke to him of heaven, of God and of his soul. Of God he knew nothing,
of heaven he never heard, and he was absolutely ignorant of a Supreme
Being. He became much interested in what the Sister said and was anxious
to know something more of this good God of whom the Sister spoke. This
good Sister of Charity instructed him, and, no priest being near, she
baptized him and soon his soul took its flight to that God whom he so
late learned to know and love.

“Were I to enumerate all the good done, conversions made, souls saved,
columns would not suffice. Often have I gazed at Sister De Sales, as she
bent over the cots of those poor boys, ministering to their every want,
in the stillness of the night. Ah! here is one to whom she gives a cool
drink, here another whose amputated and aching limbs need attention,
there an old man dying, into whose ears she whispers the request to
repeat those beautiful words: ‘Lord, have mercy on my soul!’ I asked
myself: ‘Do angels marvel at this work?’

“Day often dawned on us only to renew the work of the preceding day,
without a moment’s rest. Often the decks of the vessels resembled a
slaughter house, filled as they were with the dead and dying.”

The following is what an eye-witness says of Sister Anthony: “Amid this
sea of blood she performed the most revolting duties for those poor
soldiers. Let us follow her as she gropes her way among the wounded,
dead and dying. She seemed to me like a ministering angel, and many a
young soldier owes his life to her care and charity. Let us gaze at her
again as she stands attentive kindness and assists Dr. Blackman while
the surgeon is amputating limbs and consigning them to a watery grave,
or as she picks her steps in the blood of these brave boys,
administering cordial or dressing wounds.”

A Sister relates a sad story of a young man who was shot in the neck.
The wound was very deep. From the effect of this and the scorching rays
of the sun he suffered a burning thirst. He was too weak to move, when
suddenly the rain fell down in torrents. Holding out his weak hands, he
caught a few drops, which sustained life until he was found among the
dead and dying on the battlefield. Cordials were given which relieved
him. His looks of gratitude were reward enough. Many other soldiers who
were thought to be dying eventually recovered.

After the Sisters had finished their work at Shiloh they followed the
army to Corinth, where the Confederates had retreated. The river was
blocked by obstacles in the stream and progress by boat was necessarily
slow. Finally the impediments became so thick that the boat was stopped
altogether. The vessel was crowded and the situation was a critical one.
The captain finally said that it was a matter of life and death and that
the Sisters would have to flee for their lives. To do this it would have
been necessary to abandon their patients, who were enduring the greatest
misery on the boat. This the Sisters heroically refused to do. All
expressed their willingness to remain with the “wounded boys” until the
end and to share their fate, whatever it might be. Such heroism melted
the hearts of hardened men. The Sisters fell on their knees and called
on the “Star of the Sea” to intercede for them, that the bark might be
guarded from all harm. And their prayer was answered. Two brave pilots
came, who steered the boat to their destination and to a place of
safety.

After the war Dr. Blackman became an active member of the medical staff
of the Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnati and ever proved a sincere
friend of Sister Anthony. The Sisters unite in praising the services of
Mrs. Hatch and her daughter. Miss Hatch was a most estimable lady, who
bestowed upon the soldiers the greatest of charity and kindness. Many of
them called her “Sister Jennie,” a rare compliment for one who was not a
religious.

The groans of the soldiers on the battlefield of Shiloh still linger in
the memories of many of the Sisters. Sister Anthony and her colleagues
frequently picked their way through the files of the dead and wounded,
and on many occasions assisted in carrying the sufferers to the boats.
These floating hospitals were unique in many ways, but they will ever
remain memorable as the scenes of the Sisters’ greatest triumphs, where
they did so much for the cause of humanity and where so many unwarranted
prejudices were removed from the minds of brave men.

Among the war Sisters none was regarded with more affection and
reverence than this same Sister Anthony, who spent her last years near
Cincinnati, surrounded with all the loving attentions and comforts that
should go with honorable old age. Her work for humanity was spread over
a long series of years, and the heroic labors she performed during the
war form but an episode in a busy and useful career. But it was a
brilliant episode, one that deserves to be handed down to history and
that brought fadeless laurels to a modest and unpretending woman.

[Illustration: SISTER ANTHONY.]

Sister Anthony O’Connell was born in Limerick, Ireland, of pious
Catholic parents. She came with them to this country at an early age,
and, in pursuance of a long-cherished idea, renounced the world and was
vested with the familiar habit of the Sisters of Charity. Her novitiate
and earlier years in the order were spent at Emmittsburg, Md. Finally
she was placed in charge of a community at Cincinnati. According to good
people in that city who carefully watched her career, she displayed
unusual devotion, business talent and self-sacrifice. Through her
exertions an orphan asylum was founded at Cumminsville, where large
numbers of friendless and homeless children were cared for and reared to
a sense of their responsibility to God and man.

When the Civil war broke out Governor David Tod issued a call for
volunteer nurses. Alive to the necessities of the occasion, Sister
Anthony relinquished the care of her asylum to other hands and, taking a
band of Sisters with her, offered their services. Their work was in the
South, most of it being in and around Nashville, Shiloh, Richmond, Ky.;
New Creek and Cumberland. Colonel John S. Billings, M. D., now of the
Surgeon General’s office at Washington, is one of the physicians having
personal knowledge of Sister Anthony, and he speaks of her in the very
highest terms. “I first knew Sister Anthony,” he said to the writer, “in
1859, when she was in charge of the old St. John’s Hospital, on Fourth
street, Cincinnati, in which I was resident physician, and I have known
her ever since. I can say very cordially that she was a competent
hospital manager and that I have always had the greatest respect and
affection for her.”[7].

Sister Anthony and her brave assistants spent many months in Nashville.
The care and attention that was bestowed upon the sick and wounded
soldiers of both the Union and Confederate armies did much to dispel the
thoughtless prejudices that had previously existed against the Sisters.
They went about like good angels, easing many a troubled spirit and
showering love upon all with whom they came in contact. Sister Anthony
stood out in bold relief from all the others, and one who has knowledge
of those times says: “Happy was the soldier who, wounded and bleeding,
had her near him to whisper words of consolation and courage. Her person
was reverenced by Blue and Gray, Protestant and Catholic alike, and the
love for her became so strong that the title of the ‘Florence
Nightingale’ of America was conferred upon her, and soon her name became
a household word in every section of the North and South.” Many of the
Sisters with whom she worked fell upon the field of honor, but Sister
Anthony lived and survived to enjoy a peaceful old age and the sweet
thought and consolation of work well done.

The ending of the war, however, did not end her work. After the white
wings of peace had been spread over the battlefields she returned to
Cincinnati and made an effort to found an asylum that should be larger
and greater than old St. John’s, where she had labored before the war.
For a time it looked as if this noble intention was to be frustrated.
Funds were not available and the usually charitable people of the city
seemed to be indifferent. They only seemed, however, for just when the
effort was about to be given up in despair, John C. Butler and Lewis
Worthington, two of the wealthy men of the city, came forward with
sufficient money to build and equip a magnificent institution. The
result of this was the establishment of the Good Samaritan Hospital.
Sister Anthony was placed in charge and the work she did there equaled,
if it did not exceed, her war experiences. Already a model nurse, she
became a model hospital manager. In the hospital she increased her great
knowledge and made a science of nursing the sick. She remained in
executive control of the institution until 1882, when devoted friends
finally prevailed upon her to relinquish her task and live in peace and
quiet the remainder of her life. She has had several successors, the one
now in charge being Sister Sebastian.

Sister Anthony departed this life at 6 P. M. on Wednesday, December 8,
1897, in her room, in St. Joseph’s Maternity Hospital and Infant Asylum,
conducted by the Sisters of Charity at Norwood, O. Her last days were as
tranquil and peaceful as the most devoted friend could desire. The
fortnight before her death was spent chiefly in prayer. On the Saturday
prior to her demise she received Holy Communion in the chapel attached
to the hospital. It was destined to be her last visit to the holy table
she loved so much. That same day she was prostrated and compelled to
take her bed. Here she remained until she calmly expired on the
following Wednesday.

Sister Anthony made her home with the Sisters at Norwood during the
last few years of her life. Her love for the poor unfortunates of the
hospital and the helpless little foundlings in the asylum was boundless.
Notwithstanding her extreme age she was very active and delighted to
mingle with the inmates every morning, giving them words of comfort and
consolation and in a hundred and one little ways trying to lighten their
burdens. She was ever cheerful and kind, and those who knew her best
cannot recall an instance where a word of impatience or complaint ever
escaped her lips.

The news of her death created great sorrow among the old soldiers, with
whom she was a great favorite. Many military organizations took formal
action as an evidence of their regard and esteem. For instance, William
H. Lytle Post, Grand Army of the Republic, passed the following
resolutions of respect:

“Whereas, The venerable Sister Anthony departed this life on Wednesday
afternoon, after a life of usefulness in taking care of the sick and
doing boundless charity, and

“Whereas, She was one of the most active nurses during the war, doing
many kind, silent acts, and

“Whereas, She will be buried from St. Peter’s Cathedral, Saturday, at 9
o’clock, be it

“Resolved, That, in order to show our gratitude and affection for her
and appreciation of her services as an army nurse, we attend her funeral
and invite all other posts to participate with us.”

It is the usual custom for the Sisters of Charity to be buried from the
mother house, but in recognition of the great services of Sister Anthony
the Archbishop ordered that the funeral be from the Cathedral. The body
remained at the Foundling Asylum, where she died, until Friday, when the
remains were brought to Cincinnati and laid in state at the Good
Samaritan Hospital. The following morning the last services were held in
the Cathedral. The scene was a memorable one. A vast multitude gathered
near the church; only a very small proportion was able to gain
admittance to the sacred edifice. As the cortege approached heads were
bowed in grief and silent reverence. Not a wreath or flower relieved the
simple severity of the pall, but a dozen men stood about the casket, its
guard of honor. These were the men who on the field of battle, in the
rain of bullet and shell, had watched the coming of that form, that now
lay cold within the narrow house, with anxiety born of despair. The
battle flags now furled and draped in their hands had been the beacon
that had led her where pain and fever raged, and it was meet that the
Stars and Stripes should follow to her tomb.

In the casket’s wake came the guard of honor and one hundred Sisters of
Charity in their sombre habits. The forward pews had been reserved for
the Sisters and orphans of the asylum, which the dead Sister had
founded. The white head-dresses of the little girls and white collars of
the boys were in marked contrast to the black garb of the Sisters,
silhouetted against the brilliant background. Archbishop Elder, Bishop
Byrne, of Nashville, a large number of priests and fifty seminarians
were present.

Archbishop Elder celebrated the mass, assisted by the Rev. J. C.
Albrinck. Rev. John H. Schoenelt was the deacon of the mass, and Rev.
Father Van Briss sub-deacon. The deacons of honor were the Very Rev.
John Murray and the Very Rev. John M. Mackay. Rev. Henry Moeller was
master of ceremonies.

Bishop Byrne, of Nashville, who preached the sermon, said among other
things: “We are come together to pay the last tribute to one who is
worthy of such a tribute--to one whose figure was a familiar one on the
streets of Cincinnati, and whom you all knew and loved. Her fame
extended beyond the limits of the State and was not circumscribed by the
limits of a continent, and the Church, always in sympathy with such
nobility of character, has draped her altars in black. Though she is
dead she lives. Every prophecy of the word conspires to express this,
that she has gone to live forever. That prophecy bids us to exult for a
soul gone to Christ. These are the words of the epistles, these are the
sentiments expressed by the Church. * * * Christ was her inspiration,
and for this reason she trod the battlefield and entered hospitals
pregnant with pestilence. Her presence was more to those brave sons of
America than that of an angel. Yet she was only a type of many. For the
same reason she loved the waifs and castaways, the destitute, afflicted
and lowly. I repeat that she was but the type of many, and every Sister
of Charity does these acts. One thing more precious than all she has
left us and that is her glorious example. To her own Sisters, to her own
community, not to Catholics alone, her example is precious. Her fidelity
and devotion should be an inspiration.”

The words of the prelate impressed his listeners, as was evidenced by
their tears, and when his Grace, the Archbishop, arose there was emotion
in his voice as he said:

“You have heard it said what lessons may be drawn from this sad
occasion. The pleasures and pains of this world pass away, and only the
things done for God last always. Only what is done for the world to come
lays by as an eternal treasure. We owe a debt of gratitude to her whose
life was so quiet and yet so glorious. We owe her a debt of gratitude
for the example she has set us for our encouragement.”

Thereupon the blessing followed, and the mourners filed from the church,
preceded by the casket, which after being placed in the hearse, began
its last journey to the mother house at Delhi, followed by eight
carriages containing the Sisters and the clergy. Arrived there the
soulless tenement was placed in the vault of the cemetery, to find
private burial without further ceremony at the hands of the good
Sisters, her friends and companions.

The following beautiful description of the funeral and interment of
Sister Anthony is from the Cincinnati Tribune of December 12, 1897:

“Friday afternoon the remains of Sister Anthony were brought to the Good
Samaritan Hospital, where they lay in state in the chapel, visited by
hundreds of sorrowing friends. A great number of girls employed in
factories near the hospital visited the chapel after working hours to
pay a last tribute of respect to her who was at all times their friend
and confidant in times of trouble.

It was at the earnest request of the Sisters at the hospital that the
remains of Sister Anthony were brought in. They wanted to have her with
them once more for the last time, amid the scenes of her noblest work,
to pray beside her bier and bid a last farewell to the spirit which they
all emulate.

Visitors thronged the chapel far into the night and there was little
rest for the Sisters, who were up at dawn and in the chapel again, where
the Rev. Father Finn, of the Society of Jesus, sang requiem mass,
assisted by the St. Xavier’s choir, under the direction of Mr. Boex.

When the time came for the departure to the Cathedral a number of the
friends joined in singing “Lead, Kindly Light” and “Sweet Spirit Hear My
Prayer” while the body was borne from the chapel.

These two beautiful hymns were the favorites of Sister Anthony, and she
would have wished that they be sung at her funeral.

In the Cathedral, the temple of the religion she loved and worked and
prayed for, two veterans of the Grand Army of the Republic, bearing
aloft the flags of their country draped in sombre black, stood sentinel
at her bier.

There was the procession of priests and companies of Sisters of Charity
instead of the rank and file of soldiery; there were embroidered robes
and black habits in place of the blue and gray; there were candles
instead of camp fires; there was the chime of bells and the chanting of
the choir instead of the call of trumpets and beat of drums; there was
the organ pealing instead of the musketry roll; there was the fragrance
of incense instead of the smoke of the battlefield; there was the
counting of beads instead of the binding of wounds; there was the bier
and the sable pall instead of the hospital stretcher; there were the
whispered prayers of 2000 people on bended knees for the repose of the
soul of Sister Anthony.

The morning light streamed dimly and softly through the stained glass
windows, and electric lights took the place of the stars in heaven’s
blue canopy, but it was the bivouac of the dead.

The ministering angel to soldiers, the comfort of widows and orphans,
the friend of the poor, the sick and the unfortunate was dead, and about
her, come to do her honor, were soldiers, orphans and widows; those who
had been poor and sick and unfortunate, her greatest care in life.

The altars of the church were draped in black, and with high requiem
mass and eulogies the priests of the church paid tribute to a noble
member of their sisterhood.

Far up above the Ohio, on a beautiful plateau, with a view for miles in
every direction, is the mother house of the Sisters of Charity, founded
away back in the thirties by pioneers of the order from Emmittsburg, Md.

Here is the grave of Sister Anthony. She lies beside Mother Regina
Mattingly and Mother Josephine Harvey, who were with her when she first
came West, and with her helped to found the mother house. To-day they
sleep together in the little graveyard and near the home they made for
their sisterhood.

Their graves are in a little grove of birches and ever-greens and
surrounded by the graves of their Sisters who have gone before.

Their graves are marked by simple stone crosses, bearing their names in
the world and in religion.

When the funeral train reached the house the Sisters, headed by their
chaplain, received the body and bore it to the chapel, where it lay in
state for two hours. The Sisters wanted their dear friend for that long
at least, for the mother house she always considered her home, and they
regarded her as a mother and loved her as such, for to all she was ever
the same sweet, lovely and loving friend.

The services for the dead were read by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Byrne, after
which the body was borne to the grave.

With slow and solemn tread the long file of black-robed Sisters marched
before. A drizzling rain had begun to fall, and in the murky atmosphere
the scene took on a solemnity and grandeur impossible to picture. The
Sisters chanting prayers and the priests following in their purple
robes, and their heavy bass voices joining in had a beautiful effect.

As the procession neared the burying ground the ‘Miserere’ was chanted
by all.

There were very few at the graveside besides those connected with the
church. Thus ended the earthly career of this “Angel of the
Battlefield.”




CHAPTER VIII.

PORTSMOUTH AND NORFOLK.

  The contest between the Monitor and the Merrimac, and general
  operations of the war during the seven days’ battle near Richmond.
  The taking of the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth by the Union
  forces. Sisters narrowly escape drowning while crossing the river
  in a row boat. One instance where hatred was turned to love.


[Illustration]

In the East the Union cause had not been so successful. When the Union
forces at the beginning of the war abandoned Norfolk, with its navy
yard, they blew up all the Government vessels to prevent them from
falling into the hands of the Confederates. One frigate, which had been
sunk, was raised by the Confederates and transformed into an ironclad
ram, making her one of the most formidable vessels then afloat, though
now she would be considered ridiculous. This vessel, rechristened the
Merrimac, aided by three gun boats, destroyed the United States frigate
Cumberland, forced the surrender of the Congress and scattered the
remainder of the Union fleet in Hampton Roads. That night, amid the
consternation which prevailed, the new Union gun boat, called the
Monitor, designed by John Ericsson, arrived in Hampton Roads and
prepared to resist the Merrimac the next day. The Monitor was a turreted
ironclad. The following morning, after a severe battle, the Monitor
drove the Merrimac back to Gosport Navy Yard, where she was later blown
up. This was one of the turning points of the war.

In the meantime General McClellan made his advance on Richmond, going by
sea to Yorktown and advancing thence on Richmond. For seven days there
was tremendous fighting near Richmond, the Confederates usually getting
the best of it. Finally McClellan retreated to Harrison’s Landing to
make a new effort. He was greatly disappointed in not getting
reinforcements, and finally was ordered back with his army to
Washington.

During the contest known as the “seven days’ battles” the fighting
commenced about 2 o’clock A. M., and continued until 10 P. M. each day.
The bombs were bursting and reddening the heavens, while General
McClellan’s Reserve Corps ranged about three hundred yards from the door
of the Sisters’ house. While the battle lasted the Sisters in the city
hospitals were shaken by the cannonading and the heavy rolling of the
ambulances in the streets as they brought in the wounded and dying men.
The soldiers informed the Sisters that they had received orders from
their general “to capture Sisters of Charity, if they could,” as the
hospitals were in great need of them.

One night the doctors called on the Sisters to see a man whose limb must
be amputated, but who would not consent to take the lulling dose without
having the Sisters of Charity say he could do so. The Sisters said it
was dark and the crowd was too great to think of going. The doctors
left, but soon returned, declaring that the man’s life depended on their
coming. Two Sisters then, escorted by the doctors, went to see the
patient, who said to them: “Sisters, they wish me to take a dose that
will deprive me of my senses, and I wish to make my confession first,
and a priest is not here.” They put his fears at rest, and he went
through the operation successfully. Sometimes the poor men were brought
to them from encampments where rations were very scarce or from
hospitals from which the able-bodied men had retreated and left perhaps
thousands of wounded prisoners of war, who, in their distress, had fed
on mule flesh and rats. These poor men, on arriving at the hospitals,
looked more dead than alive.

Norfolk, being left undefended about this time, was soon occupied by
General Wool, who swooped down upon it with a force from Fortress
Monroe. The bombardment of the cities of Portsmouth and Norfolk gave
notice to the Sisters of Charity that their services would soon be
needed in that locality. They had a hospital, an asylum and a day school
in Norfolk. The tolling of the bells on that May morning first announced
the destruction of the city. Soon Portsmouth was in flames. Large
magazines and powder exploding shook the two cities in a terrible
manner. The hospital where the Sisters were in charge was crowded with
the sick and wounded. They were cared for as well as possible with the
limited means at hand. In a short time, however, Norfolk was evacuated,
and both that city and Portsmouth taken by the Union troops. All of the
Southern soldiers that could leave before the coming of the Northerners
left, and the hospital was comparatively empty. The Union soldiers
crowded into the city and great confusion ensued. The Marine Hospital
in Portsmouth was prepared for the sick and wounded, and the Union
authorities asked the Sisters to wait upon their men. These troops were
in a deplorable condition. There was no time to be lost and the Sisters
lost none. They were constantly administering by turns to soul and body.
Indeed, as far as possible, the self-sacrificing Sisters subtracted from
their own food and rest in order that the suffering men might have more
of both.

In a few days several more Sisters came to aid those who were in charge.
The newcomers met with many vexatious trials on the way. First they were
denied transportation, and next barely escaped being lost in crossing a
river in a small rowboat, the frail craft, through the carelessness of
some one in charge, being heavily overloaded. They eventually reached
their destination, however, and were enabled to effect much good among
the men. Many affecting scenes took place in the wards. The Sisters were
applying cold applications to the fevered men. One soldier, bursting out
in tears, exclaimed:

“Oh, if my poor mother could only see you taking care of me she would
take you to her heart.”

A man of about 23 years saw a Sister in the distance and raised his
voice and cried:

“Sister, come over to my bed for awhile.”

He was in a dying state, and the Sister knelt by his bedside making
suitable preparations for him in a low voice. He repeated the prayers
she recited in a very loud tone. The Sister said:

“I will go away if you pray so loud.”

“Ah, Sister,” he said, “I want God to know that I am in earnest.”

The Sister showed him her crucifix, saying: “Do you know what this
means?”

He took it and kissed it, reverently bowing his head. While another man
was receiving instructions he suddenly cried out at the top of his
voice: “Come over and hear what Sister is telling me.” She looked up and
saw a wall of human beings surrounding her, attracted by the loud
prayers of the poor man. In this crowd and on his knees was one of the
doctors, who, being on his rounds among the patients and seeing the
Sister on her knees, involuntarily knelt, and remained so until the
Sister arose. The patient soon after died a most edifying death,
receiving the last rites of the Church.

Another poor fellow seemed to have a deep-seated prejudice against the
Sisters. He constantly refused to take his medicine, and would even go
so far as to strike at the Sisters when they offered it to him. After
keeping this up for some time and finding the Sisters undisturbed and
gentle as ever, he said, “What are you?”

The Sister replied: “I am a Sister of Charity.”

“Where is your husband?”

“I have none,” replied the Sister, “and I am glad I have not.”

“Why are you glad?” he asked, getting very angry.

“Because,” she replied, “if I had I would have been employed in his
affairs, consequently could not be here waiting on you.”

As if by magic he said in a subdued tone: “That will do,” and turned his
face from her. The Sister left him, but presently returned and offered
him his medicine, which he took without a murmur. When he recovered from
his long illness he became one of the warmest friends of the Sisters.

As the war continued the Government also made use of the Sisters’
Hospital of St. Francis de Sales. Here all things were under the direct
charge of the Sisters, the Government, in this particular instance,
paying them a stated sum for their services. During the time their house
was thus occupied about twenty-five hundred wounded soldiers were
admitted, of whom but one hundred died.

The Sisters had been at Portsmouth about six months when the hospital
was closed. Several of the Sisters were sent to other points, while the
remainder started for Emmittsburg. The cars took them to Manassas, in
the midst of an extensive encampment, where they were told they could
not pass the Potomac, as the enemy was firing on all who appeared.

The army chaplain celebrated Mass at this point, an old trunk in a
little hut serving as an altar. The Sisters were obliged to go to
Richmond, and it was two weeks before a flag of truce could take them
into Maryland. They met the Judge Advocate of the army on the boat and
he showed them every attention, saying: “Your society has done the
country great service, and the authorities in Washington hold your
community in great esteem.”




CHAPTER IX.

LABORS IN FREDERICK CITY.

  The Sisters quartered in a stone barracks that had been occupied
  by General Washington during the Revolutionary war. Patients see
  no necessity for “tincture of iron” from the doctors. Soldiers
  without food for thirteen days. Young scholastics from the Jesuit
  Novitiate in the capacity of nurses. Not enemies “except upon the
  battlefield.”


[Illustration]

On the 4th of June, 1862, a telegram was received at the Central House,
in Emmittsburg, asking that ten Sisters be detailed for hospital service
in Frederick City, Md. The request came from the medical authorities in
charge of the hospital, and it explained the immediate and imperative
need of the Sisters. There were only three Sisters at liberty in the
main house at the time, but the zeal of the Superiors managed to secure
seven others from the various Catholic schools and academies in the city
of Baltimore.

The ten nurses started upon their journey without any unnecessary delay
and soon reached Frederick City. When they arrived at the hospital they
were received by an orderly, who showed them to their room. It was in
an old stone barracks, that had been occupied by General George
Washington during the Revolutionary War. The room contained ten beds, so
closely jammed together that there was scarcely space to walk about
them. An old rickety table and two or three dilapidated chairs comprised
the only furniture of the room. The chief surgeon called to welcome the
Sisters and expressed the hope that they would be comfortable in their
military quarters. He informed them that they were to call upon the
steward for whatever they needed. The medicine was plentiful, but badly
administered by the nurses, who did not attach much importance to the
time or manner of giving it.

The Sisters’ food consisted of the soldiers’ ration. It was served to
them on broken dishes, with old knives and forks, red with rust. The
patients often amused their nurses by saying:

“There is no necessity for the doctors to order us the tincture of iron
three times a day; don’t you think we get nearly enough of it off our
table service?”

On the Fourth of July an addition to the sick from the field of battle
arrived at the hospital. The newcomers numbered about four hundred, and
the majority were suffering from typhoid fever and dysentery. They came
unexpectedly and no preparations had been made to receive them, so that
many of the men had to lie in the open yard of the hospital for nearly a
whole day exposed to the scorching heat of the sun. The Sisters were
thus doomed to witness a most distressing scene without having it in
their power to alleviate the suffering. Finally the Sister servant, who
could no longer behold such a spectacle, managed to procure some wine,
which, with the aid of water, she multiplied prodigiously, thereby
giving all a refreshing drink. This drew from the lips of the poor
sufferers many a blessing and prayer for the Sisters of Charity.

There were continual skirmishes in the Shenandoah Valley, from whence
large numbers of wounded were frequently brought to the hospital, so
that in a short time it was overcrowded and the chief surgeon was
obliged to occupy two or three public buildings in the city as
hospitals. At the request of the doctors eight additional Sisters were
sent from the Mother House at Emmittsburg, and they were divided among
the various hospitals that were occupied as temporary wards until
accommodations could be made at the general hospital to receive the
worst cases. The sick and slightly wounded men were transferred to
Baltimore.

A young man, a Philadelphian, was brought in one day fearfully crushed,
one hand and arm mangled to a jelly. Opening his eyes he beheld a Sister
of Charity standing near him; a look of light succeeded the heavy
expression of weary pain and he exclaimed: “Oh, I wish I were as good as
the Sisters of Charity, then I would be ready to die.” He begged for
baptism. There was no time to lose. The Sisters hastened to instruct him
in what was necessary for him to believe and then baptized him, after
which he calmly expired.

One of the difficulties with which the Sisters had to contend was the
improper manner in which the food was prepared. One day the chief
surgeon asked for a Sister to superintend the kitchen, and one who was
qualified for the charge was sent for that purpose. Her silence and
gentleness soon quelled the turbulent spirits of the soldiers employed
in her office, so that in a short time they became as docile as
children. On the first day an improvement was noticed in the hospital.
The steward said that for the short time the Sisters had been there
their presence in the barracks had made a wonderful change. He said that
the men were more respectful and were seldom heard to swear or use
profane language. A Sister was unexpectedly accosted one day by a
convalescent patient, whom, she often noticed, viewed her with a surly
countenance and would reluctantly take from her whatever she offered
him. He said:

“Sister, you must have noticed how ugly I have acted towards you and how
unwillingly I have taken anything from you, but I could not help it, as
my feelings were so embittered against you that your presence always
made me worse. I have watched you closely at all times since you came to
the barracks, but when you came in at midnight last night to see the
patient who lay dangerously ill I could not but notice your
self-sacrificing devotion. It was then that my feelings became changed
towards you. I reflected upon the motives which seemed to actuate the
Sisters of Charity and I could not help admiring them. I thank you,
Sister, for all the kindness you have shown me. I am happy to say that
the Sisters of Charity have left impressions on my mind that will not be
easily effaced.”

On the 19th of July, 1862, the feast of St. Vincent de Paul, the Sisters
received quite a treat in the shape of an excellent dinner, sent by the
director of the Jesuit Novitiate and the Superioress of the Visitation
Convent, in Washington. Several ladies also visited them and sent
refreshments for the day.

There were many Germans in the barracks, and the band of Sisters who
were there only spoke the English language. The Superior, however, sent
a German Sister who could speak to these men and interpret for the
other Sisters. At their request one of the clergymen from the
Novitiate, who spoke the German language, heard the confessions of the
German Catholics.

[Illustration: FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN.]

On the evening of September 5, 1862, the Sisters were suddenly alarmed
by an unusual beating of the drums. They had all retired to bed except
the Sister servant, who called to them to rise quickly and go to the
barracks; that the Confederate army was in Maryland and would reach the
camp in the morning. They were informed that all the patients who were
able to walk, including the male attendants and men employed about the
hospital, would have to leave the place in about an hour, and that all
the United States army stores in the city must be consigned to the
flames. Imagine their feelings at such news. The hour passed like a
flash. The soldiers all disappeared except a few of the badly wounded,
who could not be removed. The signal was given and in a few moments the
entire city was enveloped in smoke and flames. The conflagration was so
great that it illuminated all the surrounding towns. The Sisters spent
the remaining part of the night with the sick who were left alone in the
wards. The doctors who remained at their posts carried their instruments
and other articles to the Sister servant for safe-keeping, knowing that
whatever the Sisters had in their possession was secure.

The next day dawned bright and beautiful, but what a scene of desolation
and ruin was presented to the view! There was no one on the hospital
grounds but the steward and doctors, about four in number, and the
Sisters, who were going to and from the barracks attending the helpless
soldiers. It was then that these poor, helpless men exclaimed in
astonishment and gratitude:

“Oh, Sisters, did you stay to care of us? We thought you also would have
gone, and then what would have become of us?”

About 9 o’clock in the morning the Confederates were discovered on the
top of a hill advancing rapidly towards the hospital. Suddenly the
advance guards appeared in front of the Sisters’ windows, which were
under the doctor’s office. One of the Confederates demanded without
delay the surrender of the place to the Confederate army, in command of
Generals Jackson and Lee. The officer of the day replied, “I surrender.”
The guards rode off and in about fifteen minutes afterwards the whole
Confederate army entered the hospital grounds. It was then that the
Sisters witnessed a mass of human misery--young and old men, with boys
who seemed like mere children, emaciated with hunger and covered with
tattered rags that gave them more the appearance of dead men than of
living ones. After these skeleton-like forms had been placed in their
respective barracks and tents the sick were brought in, numbering over
400. The majority of these were, however, half-dead from want of food
and drink. They informed the Sisters that they had been without anything
to eat for thirteen days, with the exception of some green corn, which
they were allowed to pluck on their march into Maryland. The Sisters
were delighted to find a field in which to exercise their charity and
zeal on behalf of the suffering men. But, alas! a new trial awaited
them. The United States surgeon called upon the Sister servant and told
her that the Sisters could not at that time give any assistance to the
Confederates, as they, the Sisters, were employed by the Union
Government to take care of their sick and wounded, but he added that the
Union army was daily expected, and as soon as it would reach the city
the Confederate sick would receive the same care and attention as the
Union soldiers.

The citizens were now at liberty to do as they pleased. They flocked in
crowds to the hospital, distributing food and clothing at their own
discretion. This proved fatal in many cases, as the diet furnished the
sick men was contrary to what their condition required. The young
scholastics of the Jesuit Novitiate near-by volunteered to nurse the
sick soldiers, and their services were accepted by the United States
surgeon, who arranged accommodations for them at the barracks. The
Sisters were also allowed to give the scholastics meals in their
refectory. It was truly edifying to see the zeal of those school boys.
Father Sourin, the confessor of the Sisters, was likewise indefatigable
in his labors. He deeply regretted the restrictions the Sisters were
under, at the same time admiring the wonderful ways of God in permitting
the young scholastics to gain admittance into the hospital, to fill the
mission of charity of which the Sisters were so unexpectedly deprived.

On the fifth day of the invasion the Sister servant obtained a passport
from General Lee for two Sisters to Emmittsburg. They were thus enabled
to apprise the Superiors of their situation. These same Sisters returned
to Frederick on September 12, accompanied by the Sister assistant from
Emmittsburg. On re-entering the city their astonishment was great when
they found that the whole Southern army had disappeared. When they
reached the barracks the other Sisters informed them that the
Confederates had left the city the previous night, leaving only their
sick who were unable to be removed.

Frederick City was again in possession of the Union forces and the good
nurses were now at liberty to exercise their duties in behalf of the
sick Confederates who were prisoners at the hospital. The doctors made
no distinction between them and the Union soldiers. They lay side by
side, so that the Sisters had it in their power to give them equal
attention. It was truly edifying to see the patience and harmony that
prevailed among them. They would say: “Sisters, we are not enemies
except on the battlefield.”

General McClellan was at this time in command of the Union army. On one
occasion he visited the barracks and was delighted with the order that
reigned throughout. Before leaving he expressed a desire to have fifty
additional Sisters sent to nurse the sick and wounded, but the scarcity
of Sisters made it impossible to comply with his request.

A reinforcement of Sisters was now required to go to the various places
occupied by the wounded. The Superiors could only send a few on account
of the great demand for them throughout the different parts of the
State. In Frederick City the Sisters had to divide their services
between the barracks and the tents, and even then it was impossible to
do justice to all. They were thus occupied for nearly six weeks without
intermission except a few hours, which they would occasionally take for
repose, and even that was frequently interrupted. They thought little of
fatigue or bodily privation, being happy in the belief that they were
not better served than the sick and wounded.

During the month of September the Sisters were recalled by their
Superiors to the Central House at Emmittsburg, and this for the time
being ended their labors at Frederick City.




CHAPTER X.

WHITE HOUSE.

  Sixty Sisters depart from Baltimore for the station in Virginia.
  Wounded and dying men upon transport boats. Nurses who shared
  every horror with their patients. Two Sisters who were martyrs to
  duty and humanity. The worn-out Sister of Charity buried with
  military honors upon the banks of the Potomac. Death of a
  deserter.


[Illustration]

The many appeals for Sisters to repair to the war-stricken sections of
the country, both North and South, had widely separated the members of
the Emmittsburg community. The venerable Mother Ann Simeon remained in
executive charge at home. Father Burlando visited as well as he could
the various military hospitals where the Sisters were stationed. His
care would not extend beyond the line of hostilities, but, fortunately,
the Sister assistant had been sent to superintend the missions in the
South before the blockade.

On July 14, 1862, the surgeon general at Washington wrote for one
hundred Sisters to be sent to a station called White House, in Virginia,
then in possession of the Northern forces. So many were already in
service that it was impossible to comply fully with this request. Sixty
Sisters, however, started from Baltimore for that place. As all
traveling was attended with much difficulty, the Sisters experienced
many hardships. The authorities intended to make a hospital encampment
in the vicinity of White House, as many thousands of wounded had been
brought there from the recent battles. No preparations had been made for
accommodating the Sisters, although the officers and doctors were
rejoiced at their coming. General George B. McClellan, then chief in
command, was some miles distant at the time, but sent orders that every
possible care and attention should be offered to the Sisters. Father
Burlando accompanied the Sisters to this place, and after receiving
assurances that proper arrangements had been made for them returned
home. They had only passed a few days here when suddenly all hands were
ordered to leave with the greatest haste--the enemy was only two miles
distant. Then began confusion and additional suffering.

The wounded and dying men were hurriedly placed upon transport boats.
These vessels were so overcrowded that they seemed more like sinking
than sailing. The Sisters were detailed to accompany the wounded to the
several cities where they were destined, the work of transportation
continuing for several weeks. The Sisters shared with their patients
every horror but their bodily pains. They were in the under cabin, the
ceiling of which was low and the apartment lighted by hanging lamps and
candles. The men lay on beds on the floor, with scarcely enough space to
walk between them. The Sister in charge of this lower ward was so
persevering in her zealous attention that even the doctor declared he
did not know how human nature could endure such duties. A few months
later this Sister died from the effects of overwork--a martyr to duty.
The remaining Sisters not engaged with the sick returned to Baltimore,
but in a few days received a summons to go to Point Lookout, situated at
the southern extremity of Maryland, bounded on one side by the
Chesapeake Bay and on the other by the Potomac River.

On the 14th of July, 1862, Father Burlando, with twenty-five Sisters,
left Baltimore, and in twenty-four hours reached the hospital encampment
of Point Lookout. The Sisters were soon destined to have another martyr
in their band. They were only at Point Lookout two weeks when one of the
zealous band, who had contracted typhoid fever on the transport boat,
died from that disease. She gave up her whole being as generously as she
had offered her zealous labors. Father Burlando had returned to
Baltimore, but a good priest, who came occasionally to the encampment,
heard her confession, and she received communion a day or two previous
to her death. The priest being stationed twelve miles distant could not
reach the encampment in time to administer the last sacraments, but
arrived in time to perform the burial service. The kind doctors and
officers made every effort to suitably honor the departed Sister. The
men said they deemed it a great privilege to act as the pall-bearers.
All of the soldiers who had died had been buried with only a sheet
wrapped around them, but for the Sister a white pine coffin was
procured. The authorities walked in procession, the drum corps playing a
dead march. There on the banks of the Potomac rested the worn-out Sister
of Charity. What a subject for the pen of the poet or the brush of the
painter!

Several cottages and tents, as well as wooden wards for the
accommodation of thousands of sick and wounded, made this narrow strait
a thickly-inhabited place. Many of the men were in a deplorable state
from the effects of their wounds and painful removals from distant
battle-grounds. The priest often came on Friday and remained until
Monday, constantly engaged among the soldiers, instructing, baptizing
and hearing confessions. On Sunday mornings he said the first Mass at
the encampment and the second in the little chapel. The first Mass was
said in a tent surrounded by soldiers. The captain of the guards marched
his company to Mass on that day, and at the elevation a drum was sounded
and all adored profoundly.

Later on the officers gave the Sisters more cottages, and by removing
the patients they had a good-sized chapel. With but few exceptions the
doctors and officers were very kind to the Sisters. Removals by death
and the arrival of more wounded men sometimes caused the wards to be
emptied and refilled again the same day. As soon as a boat would land a
horn was blown to let the Sisters know that they must go to their wards.
Then they would appoint a place for each sufferer, giving the best
accommodations to those Who were enduring the greatest anguish. Many
among the new arrivals were Confederate prisoners.

About this time orders came from Washington that no women nurses were to
remain at the Point. After the Sisters had begun their work a band of
young ladies arrived for the purpose of nursing the sick, and they were
surprised to find the Sisters there before them. When the Sisters heard
the order from Washington concerning “women nurses,” they made
preparations for leaving, but the chief physician said to them:

“Remain here, Sisters, until I hear from Washington, for we cannot
dispense with your services at this time.”

The physician telegraphed to the national capital and received this
reply:

“The Sisters of Charity are not included in our orders. They may serve
all alike at the Point, prisoners and others, but all other ladies are
to leave the place.”

About 5 o’clock on the morning of the 6th of August, 1864, the Sisters
were at meditation in their chapel, when they were startled by a noise
like thunder, and, looking out, saw the air darkened with whirling sand,
lumber, bedsteads, stovepipes and even the roofs of houses. A raging
tornado and waterspout were tearing and destroying all in their way,
taking in everything from the river to the bay. The little chapel shook
from roof to foundation. Doors and windows were blown down. Sick and
wounded men were blown out on the ground. Wards and cottages were
carried several feet from their base. Two Sisters who had not yet
arisen, terrified at finding their lodgings falling to pieces, ran out
and in their efforts to reach the chapel were struck down by the flying
doors and as often raised from the earth by the violent wind.

The Sisters were too stunned with surprise to know what to do, though
truly nothing could be done, for they would only have left one part of
the chapel for another when the last part would be blown away. In one of
these intermissions a Sister seized hold of the tabernacle, fearing that
its next place would be in the bay, but the altar was the only spot in
the chapel that the angry elements seemed to respect. Lumber and iron
bedsteads were carried over the tops of the cottages. The wards were
nearly all filled with patients, and several of these buildings were
leveled to the ground. The men who were able to move about were running
in all directions for safety, many of them only half dressed. One house
was seen sailing through the air, and the bodies in it at the time of
the storm were not discovered until some days afterward. The storm
lasted about ten or fifteen minutes, but in this time heavy mattresses
were carried through the air like so many feathers. It was some time
before all could be repaired. The poor patients had to be cared for in
some way or other, and it was not an unusual sight to see the Sisters
standing by the stove with their saucepans of broth in one hand and
umbrellas in the other, only too happy thus to relieve the poor
sufferers.

The Sisters going to the Provost one day were informed that a deserter
was to be shot the next morning, and they were requested to see him.
They visited the prison for the purpose of consoling the condemned but
the man showed no desire to see them, and they sorrowfully returned
home. Later the prisoner regretted not having seen the Sisters, and
asked to have them sent for. The kind Provost sent an orderly, telling
the Sisters of the poor man’s desire. It was now very dark, and some of
the authorities advised the Sisters not to go until the next morning.
The orderly carried this message to his superior but was sent back again
with a note from the Provost, saying:

“I will call for you on horseback and will be your pilot with the
ambulance. I will guide the driver safely through the woods and will
also conduct you home safely. I think circumstances require your
attendance on the prisoner.”

This was enough for the Sisters, and they were soon at the prison, but
found a minister of the prisoner’s persuasion with him. After he had
finished his interview the Sisters were taken to the man, who apologized
for not seeing them sooner. One of the Sisters asked him if he had been
baptized. He said, “No, never.” Then she informed him of its necessity,
and he regretted, with much fervor, that he had not known this sooner.
The Sisters remained with him some hours, giving him such instructions
as his condition required. After baptizing him he expressed his desire
to see a priest. The Provost, looking at his watch, replied that he
could not be there in time. It was now late and the execution must take
place early in the morning. The young man resigned himself fully to his
fate, saying:

“I deserve death, and freely pardon anyone who will take part in it. I
know I must die by the hand of one of my company, but whoever it may be
I forgive him.”

Then he returned to his devotions with such a lively faith that the
Sisters had no fear for his salvation. They bade him adieu and promised
to assemble before the altar in his behalf when the hour of his trial
drew near and to remain in prayer until all would be over with him. The
kind Provost made all arrangements for the Sisters’ return home, and
said, when leaving the prison:

“May I have such help at my death and die with such a good disposition.”

At the dreaded hour in the morning the Sisters knelt before their humble
altar, most fervently imploring the Redeemer to receive the soul of the
poor deserter. They continued very long after the sound of the fatal
fire had told them that his destiny had been decided. The soldiers
remarked afterwards that every one on the Point was present at the
execution with the exception of the Sisters, who had retired to pray for
the doomed man.

Peace being declared, preparations were made for a general removal. The
doctors desired the Sisters to remain until all the sick and wounded had
gone. After this they, too, left the Point on the 1st of August, 1865,
going to their home at Emmittsburg.

The Sisters carried away with them a sense of duty well done. The
sacrifices they made while at Point Lookout were never fully made known,
not even to their superiors. Several Sisters fell victims to death and
disease. One of the most conspicuous of these was Sister Consolata
Conlan, who in the twentieth year of her age yielded up her spotless
life while in attendance upon the sick and wounded soldiers.




CHAPTER XI.

MANASSAS AND ANTIETAM.

  Five Sisters charged with the care of five hundred patients.
  Bodies of the dead consumed by the flames. The military hospitals
  at Gordonsville and Lynchburg. Boonsboro and Sharpsburg selected
  for hospital purposes for the men wounded at Antietam. General
  McClellan’s kindness to the Sisters. A man who had met Sisters
  during the Crimean war. The brave flag bearer.


[Illustration]

There was scarcely a time from the opening of the war until its close
that some of the Sisters of Charity were not located at Richmond. This
was a sort of unofficial Southern headquarters for them, whence they
were sent for duty on the various Southern battlefields. The section of
country in which the Mother House was located was in possession of the
Union army most of the time. But the house was looked upon as sacred
property by the generals of both armies and was never molested by the
soldiers.

Late in August, 1862, Dr. Williams, the medical director of the army of
the Potomac, made a hasty summons for a detachment of Sisters to wait
upon the sick and wounded at Manassas, where a severe battle had just
taken place. Five of the Sisters immediately left Richmond for the scene
of the conflict.

When they arrived at Manassas they found five hundred patients,
including the men of both armies, awaiting them. The mortality was very
great, as the wounded men had been very much neglected. The wards of the
temporary hospital were in a most deplorable condition and strongly
resisted all efforts of the broom, to which they had long been
strangers. It was finally discovered that the aid of a shovel was
necessary. One small room was set aside as a dormitory for the Sisters.
They were also provided with a chaplain and Mass was said every day in
one corner of the little room. Fresh difficulties and annoyances
presented themselves later in the season. The kitchen, to which what was
called the refectory was attached, was a quarter of a mile from the
Sisters’ room, and often it was found more prudent to be satisfied with
two meals than to trudge through the snow and sleet for the third. These
meals at the best were not very inviting, for the culinary department
was under the care of negroes who had a decided aversion to cleanliness.
On an average ten of the patients died every day. Most of these poor
unfortunates were attended by either Father Smoulders, Father Tuling or
the Sisters.

After spending a long while at Manassas the Sisters received orders from
General Johnston to pack up quietly and prepare to leave on six hours’
notice, as it had been found necessary to retreat from that quarter.
They had scarcely left their posts when the whole camp was one mass of
flames and the bodies of those who died that day were consumed.

The next field of labor for the Sisters was the military hospital at
Gordonsville. There were but three Sisters, and they had two hundred
patients under their charge. The sick were very poorly provided for,
although the mortality was not as great as at Manassas. The Sisters had
a small room, which served for all purposes. One week they lay on the
floor without beds, their habits and a shawl loaned by the doctor
serving for covering. The trunk of a tree was their table and the rusty
tin cups and plates, which were used in turn by doctors, Sisters and
negroes, were very far from exciting a relish for what they contained.
The approach of the Federal troops compelled the Sisters to leave
Gordonsville on Easter Sunday.

They retreated in good order toward Danville. Having been obliged to
stop at Richmond some time they did not enter on this new field of labor
until much later in the year. At Danville they found four hundred sick,
all of whom were much better provided for than at Manassas or
Gordonsville. The Sisters had a nice little house, which would have been
a kind of luxury had it not been the abode of innumerable rats, of which
they stood in no little dread. During the night the Sisters’ stockings
were carried off, and on awakening in the morning the meek religious
frequently found their fingers and toes locked in the teeth of the bold
visitors.

In November the medical director removed the hospital to Lynchburg, as
there was no means of heating the one in Danville. The number of the
Sisters had increased to five, as the hospital was large and contained
one thousand patients, most of whom were in a pitiable condition. When
the Sisters arrived they found that most of the unfortunate patients
were half-starved, owing to the mismanagement of the institution. As a
Sister passed through the wards for the first time, accompanied by the
doctor, a man from the lower end cried out:

“Lady, lady, for God’s sake give me a piece of bread!”

The doctors soon placed everything under the control of the Sisters, and
with a little economy the patients were provided for and order began to
prevail. Father L. H. Gache, S. J.[8], a zealous and brave priest,
effected much good among the patients. During the three years that the
Sisters remained in Lynchburg he baptized one hundred persons. The
approach of the Federal troops placed the hospital in imminent danger,
and it was decided to remove the sick and the hospital stores to
Richmond. The surgeon general of the Confederate army begged that the
Sisters would take charge of the Stuart Hospital in that city, which
they did on the 13th of February, 1865.

Father Gache accompanied them and continued his mission of zeal and
charity. The Sisters were then ten in number, and, as usual, found
plenty to do to place the sick in a comfortable situation. They had just
accomplished this when the city was evacuated, and on the 13th of
April they left Richmond for the Mother House at Emmittsburg.

[Illustration: BATTLE OF ANTIETAM.]

A terrible engagement took place near the Antietam River, in Maryland,
not far from the Potomac, on the 17th of September, 1862. Not only were
thousands on both sides killed, but as many more were left wounded on
the battlefield, with the farmhouses and barns their only prospective
shelter. As the fighting had been from twelve to fifteen miles in space,
the towns of Boonsboro and Sharpsburg were selected for hospital
purposes. The general in charge of the Maryland division requested the
people to aid the fallen prisoners, as the Government provided for the
Northern soldiers and would have cared for all if it had enough for that
purpose.

The Superior of the Sisters of Charity, with the people of Emmittsburg,
collected a quantity of clothing, provisions, remedies, delicacies and
money for these poor men. The overseer of the community drove in a
carriage to the place, with Father Smith, C. M., and two of the Sisters.
Boonsboro is about thirty miles from Emmittsburg, and the wagon
containing the supplies reached the town by twilight. Two officers of
the Northern army saw the cornettes by the aid of the lighted lamps,
and, pointing to the carriage, one said to the other:

“Ah, there come the Sisters of Charity; now the poor men will be equally
cared for.”

The Sisters were kindly received at the house of a worthy physician,
whose only daughter had previously been their pupil. There were in the
town four hospitals. The morning after their arrival they set out for
the battlefield, having Miss Janette, their kind hostess, as a pilot.
They passed houses and barns occupied as hospitals, fences strewn with
bloody clothing, and further on came to the wounded of both armies. The
poor men were only separated from the ground by some straw for beds,
with here and there a blanket stretched above them by sticks driven into
the earth at their head and feet to protect them from the burning sun.
The Sisters distributed their little stores among the men, although
their wretched condition seemed to destroy all relish for food or
drinks.

Bullets could be gathered from the small spaces that separated the men.
They were consoled as much as possible, but the Sisters scarcely knew
where to begin or what to do. If they stopped at one place, a messenger
would come to hastily call them elsewhere. In a wagon shed lay a group
of men, one of whom was mortally wounded.

An officer called the Sisters to him, telling them how the mortally
wounded man had become a hero as a flag-bearer in the bloody struggle
just ended. The poor fellow seemed to gain new strength while the
Sisters were near him.

They were about to move away when the officer recalled them, saying: “I
fear the man is dying rapidly; come to him. He has been so valiant that
I wish to let his wife know that the Sisters of Charity were with him in
his last moments.”

Father Smith was summoned and hastily prepared the man for death. The
thought of having the Sisters near him seemed to fill the poor man with
joy and gave him the confidence and courage to die with a smile upon his
lips.

Two wounded Protestant ministers lay among the wounded soldiers, and
with one of these Father Smith spoke for a long time while preparing the
man for his end. The steward, who seemed delighted to see the Sisters,
informed them that he had met members of their order during the Crimean
War.

A Northern steward and a Southern surgeon became involved in a personal
dispute, which ended by one challenging the other to meet him in mortal
combat in a retired spot near the battlefield. Both withdrew towards an
old shed, at the same time talking in a loud voice, threatening each
other in angry tones. No one interfered and the duel would have taken
place had not one of the Sisters followed them. She spoke to both of
them firmly and reproachfully, taking their pistols from them, and the
affair ended by their separating like docile children, each retiring to
his post.

Nightfall drove the Sisters to their lodgings in the town, but they
returned early in the morning. The medical director met the Sisters,
saying: “You dine with me to-day,” and added: “If you will remain I
shall make arrangements for your accommodations.” But he was ordered
elsewhere a few hours later and the Sisters saw no more of him.

The Sisters were requested by one of the officers to attend the funeral
of the brave flag-bearer. It was about dusk and eight or ten persons
followed the body to the grave, besides Rev. Father Smith and the
Sisters. Presently they saw about two hundred soldiers on horseback
galloping towards them. A few of the horsemen approached the group of
mourners and taking off their caps and bowing one of them said:

“I am General McClellan and I am happy and proud to see the Sisters of
Charity with these poor men. How many are here?”

“Two,” was the reply. “We came here to bring relief to the suffering,
and we return in a day or so.”

“Oh,” he replied, “why can we not have more here? I would like to see
fifty Sisters ministering to the poor sufferers. Whom shall I address
for this purpose?”

Father Smith gave him the address of the Superior Emmitsburg. Then he
asked:

“Do you know how the brave standard-bearer is doing?”

He was informed that the flag-bearer was just about to be buried,
whereupon he joined the procession and remained until after the
interment.

General McClellan at this time was in the full flush of a vigorous
manhood, with the added prestige of a West Point education. His command
was considered the finest body of men in either the Union or the
Confederate army. Just prior to the battle of Antietam General McClellan
had ordered a review of his troops before the President and the members
of his Cabinet. It was a magnificent sight to see 70,000 well-drilled
and well-dressed soldiers keeping step to the tune of martial music.
What a difference between then and now. The finest blood in the nation
lay spilled upon the field of Antietam; the dread hand of death had
broken up and demoralized the Army of the Potomac.

General McClellan was the idol of his men and was affectionately styled
“Little Mac.” Upon his staff were two volunteers from France, the Compte
de Paris and the Duc de Chartres. They were grandsons of King Louis
Philippe, were commissioned in the Union army and served without pay as
aides-de-camp to General McClellan. The Compte de Paris has written what
is considered to be the best and most impartial history of the civil
war extant. Both of these distinguished volunteers were with General
McClellan at the time of his conversation with the Sisters.

About this time the work of removing the wounded soldiers to Frederick
City and Hagerstown began. During the time the Sisters remained on the
battlefield they went from farm to farm trying to find those who were in
most danger. The Sisters were in constant danger from bomb shells which
had not exploded and which only required a slight jar to burst. The
ground was covered with these and it was hard to distinguish them while
the carriage wheels were rolling over straw and dry leaves. The farms in
the vicinity were laid waste. Unthreshed wheat was used for roofing of
tents or pillows for the men. A few fences that had been spared by the
cannon balls were used for fuel. The quiet farmhouses contained none of
their former inhabitants. Stock in the shape of cattle and fowl seemed
to have disappeared from the face of the earth. Even the dogs were
either killed or had fled from the appalling scene. It was very
remarkable also that on none of the battlefields during the war were
there any carrion birds, not even a crow, though piles of dead horses
lay here and there. Some of these animals were half burned from the
efforts made to consume them by lighting fence rails over them, but this
seemed rather to add to the foulness of the atmosphere than help to
purify it. Long ridges of earth with sticks here and there told “so many
of the Northern army lie here” or “so many of the Southern army lie
there.” General McClellan’s army was encamped in the neighborhood, with
arms stacked, shining in the sun like spears of silver.

A Northern soldier was rebuking a sympathizing lady for her partiality
towards the fallen Southerners and said: “How I admire the Sisters of
Charity in this matter. When I was in Portsmouth, Va., they were called
over from Norfolk to serve their own men, the Southerners, in their
hospitals and labored in untiring charity. When, a few weeks later, our
men took the place and the same hospital was filled with the Northern
soldiers, these good Sisters were called on again, when they resumed
their kind attention the same as if there was no sectional change in the
men.” “This,” he continued, “was true Christian charity, and I would not
fear for any human misery when the Sisters have control. This, young
lady, is what all you young ladies ought to do.”

The following day Father Smith celebrated two Masses in the parlor of
the house at which he was stopping. The Sisters left this place on the
8th of October, having spent six days among the wounded soldiers, who
had nearly all been removed at this time from the neighborhood.

[Illustration: GENERAL BENJAMIN BUTLER.]




CHAPTER XII.

NEW ORLEANS.

  The capture of the commercial metropolis of the Southwest by
  General Butler and Admiral Farragut. Butler’s chivalrous letter to
  the Superior of the Convent at Donaldsonville. His tribute to the
  Sisters of Charity. Bishop Elder and the panic stricken people of
  Natchez. Work of the Sisters in other localities.


[Illustration]

On the 25th of April, 1862, a fleet under the famous Admiral Farragut,
together with a land force under General Benjamin F. Butler, captured
the city of New Orleans. Butler assumed charge of the “commercial
metropolis of the Southwest,” as it was then called, while the gun boats
proceeded up the Mississippi River, subjugating other cities and towns
along its banks. One of these was Donaldsonville. In shelling this place
Admiral Farragut injured some of the property under the charge of the
Sisters of Charity. The Superior entered a complaint with General Butler
and in return received the following chivalrous letter:

  “Headquarters Department of the Gulf, New Orleans, La., September
  2, 1862.

  “Santa Maria Clara, Superior and Sister of Charity.

  “Madame: I had no information until the reception of your note
  that so sad a result to the Sisters of your community had
  happened from the bombardment of Donaldsonville.

  “I am very, very sorry that Rear Admiral Farragut was unaware that
  he was injuring your establishment by his shells. Any injury must
  have been entirely accidental. The destruction of that town became
  a necessity. The inhabitants harbored a gang of cowardly
  guerrillas, who committed every atrocity, amongst others that of
  firing upon an unarmed boat crowded with women and children going
  up the coast, returning to their homes, many of them having been
  at school in New Orleans.

  “It is impossible to allow such acts, and I am only sorry that the
  righteous punishment meted out to them in this instance, as,
  indeed, in all others, fell quite as heavily upon the innocent and
  unoffending as upon the guilty.

  “No one can appreciate more fully than myself the holy,
  self-sacrificing labors of the Sisters of Charity. To them old
  soldiers are daily indebted for the kindest offices. Sisters to
  all mankind, they know no nation, no kindred, neither war nor
  peace. Their all-pervading charity is like the boundless love of
  ‘Him who died for all,’ whose servants they are and whose pure
  teachings their love illustrates.

  “I repeat my grief that any harm should have befallen your society
  of Sisters and will cheerfully repair it, so far as I may, in the
  manner you suggest by filling the order you have sent to the city
  for provisions and medicines.

  “Your Sisters in the city will also further testify to you that my
  officers and soldiers have never failed to do to them all in our
  power to aid them in their usefulness and to lighten the burden of
  their labors.

  “With sentiments of the highest respect, believe me your friend,

  Benj. F. Butler.”

Some time after this General Blanchard, who was in command of the
military in Monroe, La., made a request for Sisters to care for the
sick and wounded under his charge. A deputation of Sisters was at once
sent from St. Mary’s Asylum in Natchez.

The Sisters were obliged to leave in the night in consequence of a
dispatch announcing the approach of the Federal gun boat Essex, which
might have prevented their departure had they remained until the next
day. Hence they were compelled to cross the Mississippi River shortly
before the midnight hour. The good Bishop of Natchez, now Most Rev. W.
H. Elder, Archbishop of Cincinnati, alarmed for their safety, determined
to accompany them to the post to which they were destined, and he did
so. The pastor of the church at Monroe was also one of the party. The
Sisters and their friends crossed the river in a skiff, and, reaching
the other side, found an ambulance awaiting them. They traveled the
remainder of that night and the following two days over a very rough and
dangerous road. General Blanchard had a matron and nurses employed in
the hospital. He dismissed these and arranged with the Sisters to take
charge the day after their arrival.

Sister E---- had in her ward a convalescent patient who, deeming himself
of more consequence than the others, was somewhat piqued at her for not
showing him special attention. The Sister kept him in his place and
treated him precisely as she did the others. One day she went as usual
to administer the medicines, and as she was passing the ward in which he
was located she heard him utter most terrible oaths. She passed on
quietly, but on her return showed her displeasure at his disorderly
conduct. He made every apology for his misbehavior. The Sister proceeded
on her way, having a bottle in each hand. At a very short distance from
where the man was standing she stopped to say a few words to another
patient. She happened to look back and noticed the convalescent man put
his hand in his coat pocket, and at the same instant the crack of a
pistol shot was heard. The ball passed through the front of the Sister’s
cornette, within an inch or two of her forehead. The poor man with whom
the Sister had been talking thought he was wounded again, jumped up and
clapped his hands on his old wound, as if to assure himself of its
escape from harm. The Sister, pale, but with perfect presence of mind,
still held her bottles and made her way through the cloud of smoke and
the crowd that had gathered at the report of the pistol. The man was
arrested and would have been dealt with in a summary manner, but at the
request of the Sister he was released. He claimed that it was an
accident. It was afterwards discovered that he was a gambler and had
loaded the pistol to shoot an enrollment officer in town.

In the meantime things were reaching a crisis in the city of Natchez.
One morning the sound of a shell bursting over the town filled the
people with consternation. The scene that followed is beyond
description. Women and children rushed through the streets screaming
with terror. The asylum was thronged by persons of every description,
who begged to be admitted within its walls. One of the Sisters speaking
of this says: “I can never forget the anguish I felt at the sight of
mothers with infants in their arms begging us to preserve the lives of
their little ones, without a thought about their own safety. At the
sound of the first shell our good Bishop hastened to the asylum to
assist us in placing the children out of danger of the shells. The
Bishop was surrounded as soon as he appeared and nothing could be heard
but cries of ‘Oh, Father, hear my confession,’ and ‘Bishop, baptize me.
Do not let us be killed without baptism.’ The Bishop kindly went into
the confessional, but soon perceived that he would be detained there too
long; therefore he requested the Sisters to assemble all in the chapel
and he would give a general absolution, as the danger was so imminent.
Immediately their cries and sobs were suppressed. The Bishop, after a
few touching words, bade us remember that no shell could harm the least
one among us without the Divine permission. He then gave a general
absolution to all present.”

Shells passed over the building in rapid succession while the Sisters
were kneeling in the chapel. Some of the bombs fell in the adjoining
yard, yet not one of those in the asylum was injured. Within the silence
of death reigned. No sound was heard but the fervent aspirations of the
Bishop and the suppressed sobs of the smaller children. Giving the final
blessing the Bishop said: “Tell the Sisters to take the children away as
soon as possible.” When all were in readiness each of the orphans, with
a bundle of clothing, passed out of the asylum with the thought that
they were never again to enter its loved walls. Five of the Sisters
accompanied them, and the others, with two sick children, followed in a
market wagon, the only vehicle that could be procured. While the Sisters
were placing the smaller children in the wagon a shell passed over the
horse’s head, so near as to frighten and cause the animal to jump, but
it fell some distance away without exploding. The poor children had to
go five miles without resting, so great was the danger. After remaining
some weeks in the country the authorities compromised, and the gunboat
left the city without doing any further damages. The Bishop announced
the Forty Hours’ Devotion in thanksgiving.

Good work was done in the Charity Hospital, New Orleans. The Sisters of
Charity had charge of this hospital and attended many hundreds of the
sick and wounded on both sides. It was the same with the Marine Hospital
of New Orleans. The first act of one of the Sisters on entering a ward
in this hospital was to grasp a cup of water from a nurse and baptize a
dying soldier.

One Sister relates how she endeavored for a long time to get a cot for a
very sick patient who lay on the floor reclining on his carpet bag. She
finally succeeded, and then persuaded a convalescent soldier to convey
the sick man to the cot. The patient was unwilling to go without his
carpet bag and his boots, fearing they would be stolen if he left them.
He kept a watchful eye on them all the time, and the Sister,
understanding the reluctant movements of the patient, took up the carpet
bag in one hand and the boots in the other and followed. The poor man
was very much struck with the humility and charity of the Sister, and
said:

“The soldiers wonder how the Sisters can work so hard without pay.”

The Sister replied: “Our pay is in a coin more precious than gold; it is
laid up in a country more desirable than any that exists on this
earth.”




CHAPTER XIII.

SOUTHERN BATTLEFIELDS.

  A letter from Central Georgia begging for Sisters of
  Charity.--“Are they men or women?” A cautious priest who took the
  good nurses for impostors. The train crashes through a bridge. The
  “magic” lunch basket and how it fed an unlimited number of Sisters
  and soldiers. The hospitals at Marietta and Atlanta.


[Illustration]

After the battle of Fredericksburg, in December, 1862, the Sisters who
had been looking after the sick and wounded in the hospitals near
Richmond soon found their labors reduced very materially. The armies on
both sides were becoming more accustomed to the hardships of the camps,
and as a result there was less sickness in the various regiments. There
had also been a cessation of battles in the vicinity of Richmond, and as
a consequence there were no wounded men to care for. The Sisters,
feeling that their usefulness was at an end, called upon the officer in
charge and asked for passports in order that they might return through
the lines to their Emmittsburg home. The official would not consent to
their going away, claiming that he knew they would be needed in other
places in the near future. This being the case, they remained.

The next day a letter came from the military in Central Georgia, begging
for Sisters of Charity to be sent to their hospital there. Five Sisters
left for this place on the night of February 24, 1863. A fierce battle
had taken place, rendering the services of the Sisters very necessary.
On the way, at many places where they stopped, there was great curiosity
at the sight of their peculiar garb. Upon one occasion, having to wait
two hours for a train, the curious bystanders examined the Sisters
closely, saying:

“Who are they?” “Are they men or women?” “Oh, what a strange uniform
this company has adopted.” “Surely the enemy will run from them.”

Once or twice the crowd pushed roughly against the Sisters, as though to
see whether they were human beings or not. A Sister spoke to a woman at
the station, and thereupon many in the crowd clapped their hands and
shouted: ‘She spoke! she spoke!’

At one of the towns where the Sisters stopped they did not know where to
look for lodgings. Acting upon the first impulse, they went to the
Catholic pastor’s residence and inquired where they might be
accommodated. The good old priest, strange as it may seem, had never
seen their costume before, and as every day had its impostures to avoid,
he was reserved and cautious, even unwilling to direct them to any
house. At last his pity got the better of his prudence and he said
slowly: “I will show you where the Sisters of Mercy live.” He took them
there, where the good Mother received them with open arms, saying: “Oh,
the dear Sisters of Charity. You are truly welcome to my house.”

This lady had been kindly entertained some years before by the Sisters
of Charity at Baltimore. The poor, abashed priest had kept near the
door, fearing he had put trouble on the good Sisters of Mercy, but when
he saw the reception accorded the visitors he brightened up. Approaching
one of the Sisters with outstretched hands, he said: “Oh, ladies, make
friends; I thought you were impostors.”

Continuing the journey, one night a cry suddenly went up: “The cars have
gone through the bridge and we are in the river.” The greatest
excitement prevailed in the train. Passengers rushed to and fro, falling
over one another in their confusion. The Sisters had gone through so
many exciting scenes during the war that they had learned the value of
retaining their presence of mind in such an emergency. They remained
still and soon learned that the accident had not occurred to their
train, but to one coming in the opposite direction. Except by the help
of torches very little could be done until daylight. Two of the Sisters,
however, crossed to the other side of the bridge and gave suitable
attention to the sufferers, washing and binding their wounds. None were
killed or in serious danger. By 12 o’clock the next day they reached a
town. No refreshments were to be had. The work of devastation on the
part of Sherman’s army had preceded them. Fortunately a little basket of
lunch, originally prepared for five Sisters, offered some sustenance.
The next day the number of Sisters had increased to eleven and several
strangers also, with whom they shared their supplies. At 9 o’clock the
same evening a poor soldier near them in the car said: “Oh, but I am
hungry. I have not had one crumb of food this day.”

Out came the magic basket and the sufferer was satisfied. Immediately
others asked for food. The two following days the Sisters had the
soldiers to supply besides themselves, and yet the generous basket was
true to all demands. On the third day’s journey they reached their field
of labor. It was in the town of Marietta. A very fine building had been
prepared for hospital purposes, and the whole place, with its wants and
workings, was placed in charge of the Sisters. Their trained hands soon
reduced everything to a system, and from that hour until its close the
affairs of the institution went like clockwork.

The Sisters were five weeks without having the opportunity or facilities
for hearing Mass. Two Sisters at last went to Atlanta, where there were
two priests, and begged that they might at least have Mass at Easter,
which was then approaching. This was agreed to, and not only the
Sisters, but many poor soldiers made their Easter duty. An earnest
appeal was also made for a chaplain, and “headquarters” appointed one.
Before he arrived, however, orders were given to remove, as the enemy
was advancing. The Sisters had just received many wounded soldiers, and
these men grieved bitterly when the religious left them.[9]

On the 24th of May, in response to an urgent appeal, the Sisters reached
Atlanta, where nearly all the houses were filled with the sick and
wounded. Only tents could be raised for the Sisters. They had five
hundred patients in the tents at the start, and large numbers were added
daily. The Sisters were provided with a little log house, containing two
small rooms. The mice ran over them at night and the rain was so
constant through the day that their umbrellas were always in their
hands. Two of them became very ill. The surgeon told them to keep in
readiness for a move, but the patients were so happy and doing so well
under their care that he could not think of their leaving at that time.

A poor man, badly wounded, had been very cross and abusive towards the
Sister who served him, but she increased her kindness and on the surface
did not seem to understand his rudeness. At last he became very weak,
and one day when she was waiting on him she saw that he was weeping. She
said: “Have I pained you? I know I am too rough. Pardon me this time and
I will try to spare you pain again, for I would rather lessen than
augment distress in this hour of misery.”

He burst into tears and said: “My heart is indeed pained at my
ingratitude towards you, for I have received nothing less than maternal
care from you, and I have received it in anger. Do pardon me. I declare
I am forced to respect your patience and charity. When I came into this
hospital and found that the Sisters were the nurses my heart was filled
with hatred. My mind was filled with prejudice--a prejudice which I
confess was inherited from those nearest and dearest to me. I did not
believe that anything good could come from the Sisters. But now I see my
mistake all too clearly, and in seeing it I recognize the unintentional
blackness of my own heart. I have seen the Sisters in their true light.
I see their gentleness, their humility, their daily--aye, their hourly
sacrifices, their untiring work for others; in a word, their great love
for humanity. Forgive me if you can.”

This man soon after expired with the most edifying sentiments upon his
lips.

The Sisters were employed at Camp Dennison until the hospitals there
were systematized; then they went to New Creek, Va., and Cumberland, Md.
During Pope’s campaign they followed Sigel’s corps in the ambulances.
After the battle of Stone River they went to Nashville and took charge
of Hospital 14, capable of accommodating 700 or 800 patients. The
following document, written on the occasion of the Sisters leaving
Nashville, will show the light in which they were regarded by the
inmates of the hospital. The paper was signed by two hundred and
thirty-six persons.


  General Hospital No. 14, Nashville, Tenn., November, 1863.

  To the Late Superior and Sisters of Charity in Attendance of Said
  Hospital:--The undersigned attaches and patients in said hospital
  have learned with regret that you contemplate leaving your present
  post of labor, and the object of this is to express the hope that
  you may be induced to forego that intention, and kindly consent
  to remain with us:

  During your stay in the hospital you have been indeed sisters to
  all the patients, and your uniform kindness to all has endeared
  you to all our hearts.

  Should you leave us we can only say that wherever you may go you
  will bear with you the soldier’s gratitude and our earnest hope
  and prayer is that in whatever field you may labor in future you
  may be as happy as you have been kind and charitable to us, and
  may heaven’s choicest blessings be showered upon you for your
  kindnesses to the poor sick and wounded soldier.

Private William N. Nelson, Nineteenth Illinois Infantry, writes that he
was passing through the ward getting signatures to the above petition
when one poor fellow, who was lying on the bed almost dead, aroused
himself and said: “I want to sign that paper. I would sign it fifty
times if asked, for the Sisters have been to me as my mother since I
have been here, and I believe had I been here before I would have been
well long ago. But if the Sisters leave I know I shall die. This is the
feeling of every sick soldier under the care of the Sisters.”

On May 2, 1863, General Joseph Hooker, who had succeeded Burnside,
fought General Lee at Chancellorsville, but was defeated. Lee followed
up this victory by crossing the Potomac at Harper’s Ferry, and marching
into Pennsylvania. The Union army under General Meade advanced to meet
him, and then came Gettysburg.




CHAPTER XIV.

GETTYSBURG.

  Twelve Sisters depart for the battlefield from the Mother House at
  Emmittsburg. A white handkerchief on a stick serves as a flag of
  truce. An open charnel house red with the blood of American
  manhood. The little church in the town of Gettysburg filled with
  the sick and wounded. A Sister saves the life of a helpless man.
  “I belong to the Methodist Church.”


[Illustration]

What is now generally conceded to have been the decisive battle of the
Civil War was fought on the 1st, 2d and 3d of July, 1863. It took place
in and around Gettysburg, a town located only about ten miles north of
Emmittsburg, the mother house of the Sisters of Charity. The Union army
was under the control of General George G. Meade, and the Confederate
forces under General Robert E. Lee. Over 140,000 men were engaged in
that bloody struggle, which lasted until the evening of the third day.
The contending armies by their movements advanced more and more toward
the Sisters’ house in Maryland. The scene of this historic battle
covered an area of over twenty-five square miles. The soldiers were so
close to the Sisters’ house that the buildings trembled from the fearful
cannonading.

On the morning of July 1, as the head of the One Hundred and Seventh
Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, Second Division, First (Reynolds)
Corps was approaching St. Joseph’s Academy near Emmittsburg the soldiers
were greeted with a remarkable and impressive sight. A long line of
young girls led by several Sisters of Charity took their position along
the side of the road and at a word from the Sister in charge all fell
upon their knees and with upturned faces toward the vaulted skies
earnestly prayed for the spiritual and physical safety of the men who
were about to go into deadly battle. The sight was at once solemn and
inspiring in the extreme. The roughest soldiers ofttimes have the
tenderest hearts, and this scene affected them more than they cared to
confess. In an instant the head of every soldier in the line was bowed
and bared, and remained so until the prayer was finished. All
instinctively felt that the prayers of those self-sacrificing women and
innocent children would be answered. To many of the men it was a
harbinger of coming victory as certain as the sunshine that smiled upon
them on that beautiful July morning. The scene was photographed upon the
mind of many a veteran and remained ever afterwards as one of the
sweetest memories of the war.[10]

The night of the third day the rain fell heavily, and it continued
raining all the next day. On Sunday morning immediately after Mass, Rev.
James Francis Burlando, with twelve Sisters, left Emmittsburg for the
battlefield, taking refreshments, bandages, sponges and clothing, with
the intention of doing all that was possible for the suffering soldiers
and then returning home the next evening.[11] The roads previous to the
rain had been in a bad condition and the two armies had passed over them
with difficulty. But with the mighty rain the mud became so thick that
they were almost impassable. The subdued Southerners having retired,
their thousands of dead and wounded were left on the field and in the
barns and farmhouses in the vicinity. Scouts of the North were stationed
here and there, prepared to meet and cope with any eleventh hour
surprises. One of these bands seeing the Sisters’ carriages was about to
fire on them, thinking they were the ambulances of the enemy. The
Sisters had reached a double blockade of zigzag fence thrown across the
road for defensive purposes. The visitors wondered whether they dare go
around it by turning into the fields, for in the distance they saw
soldiers, half hidden in the woods, watching them. Father Burlando put a
white handkerchief on a stick and holding it high in the air, walked
towards them, while the Sisters alighted and walked about, so that the
concealed soldiers might see their white head-dress, known as cornettes.
The men viewed the priest sharply, for they had resolved to refuse to
recognize a flag of truce if it were offered, but the sight of the
cornettes reassured them. They met the priest and, learning his mission,
sent an escort with him to open a passage for the Sisters through the
fields. The meek messengers of peace and charity soon came in sight of
the ravages of grim war.

It was a sight that once seen was not soon to be forgotten. Thousands of
guns and swords, representing the weapons of the living, the wounded and
the dead, lay scattered about. The downpour from heaven had filled the
roads with water, but on this awful battlefield it was red with real
blood. The night before the unpitying stars shone down upon the stark
forms of the flower of American manhood. Hundreds of magnificent
horses--man’s best friend to the end--had breathed their last and lay by
the sides of their dead masters. Silent sentinels upon horseback, as
motionless almost as the dead about them, sat guarding this gruesome
open-air charnel.

With the first streak of gray dawn the work of interment had begun.
Bands of soldiers were engaged in digging graves and others were busy
carrying the bodies to them. There was no attempt at system. Vast
excavations were made and as many bodies as possible placed in them. The
dead were generally buried where they fell. In one trench at the foot of
the slope known as Culp’s Hill sixty Confederates were buried. In that
three days’ fight 2834 Union soldiers were killed and 14,492 wounded. On
the Confederate side there were 5500 killed and 21,500 wounded.
Thousands of the slightly wounded cared for themselves without the
assistance of either doctor or nurses. Thousands of others were shipped
to the Satterlee Hospital, in West Philadelphia, where their wants were
looked after by the Sisters of Charity in that institution. The
remainder were forced to remain in Gettysburg.

This was the condition of things that confronted the brave Sisters as
they rode over the battlefield on that scorching July day. Frightful as
it may seem, their carriage wheels actually rolled through blood. At
times the horses could scarcely be induced to proceed on account of the
ghastly objects in front of them. The sight of bodies piled two and
three high caused the animals to rear up on their hind legs and kick
over the traces in a most uncomfortable manner. In the midst of the
sickening scenes the Sisters discovered one little group sitting about
an improvised fire trying to cook some meat. The carriage was directed
to this point and here again Father Burlando informed the soldiers of
his errand. The officers seemed well pleased and told the Sisters to go
into the town of Gettysburg, where they would find sufficient employment
for their zealous charity. Every large building in Gettysburg was being
filled as fast as the wounded men could be carried in. Within and around
the city one hundred and thirteen hospitals were in operation, besides
those located in private houses. On reaching Gettysburg the Sisters were
shown to the hospital, where they distributed their little stores and
did all they could to relieve and console the wounded soldiers.

Two of the Sisters returned to Emmittsburg that same evening with Father
Burlando, for the purpose of sending additional nurses to relieve those
already on the ground. On arriving at the first hospital the surgeon in
charge took the Sisters to the ladies who had been attending there and
said to them: “Ladies, here are the Sisters of Charity come to serve our
wounded; they will give all the directions here; you are only required
to observe them.” Those addressed cheerfully bowed their assent.

[Illustration: GENERAL MEADE AT GETTYSBURG.]

The soldiers seemed to think that the presence of the Sisters softened
their anguish. One Sister was giving a drink to a poor dying man with a
teaspoon. It was slow work and a gentleman who entered unobserved at the
time stood near by without speaking for some moments. This gentleman was
from a distance and was in search of the very person the Sister was
serving. Standing a moment in silence, he exclaimed in a loud voice:
“May God bless the Sisters of Charity,” and repeated it emphatically,
adding: “I am a Protestant, but may God bless the Sisters of Charity.”

The Catholic Church in Gettysburg was filled with sick and wounded. The
stations of the cross hung around the walls, with a very large oil
painting of St. Francis Xavier holding in his hand a crucifix. The first
man put in the sanctuary was baptized, expressing truly Christian
sentiments. His pain was excruciating and when sympathy was offered him
he said: “Oh, what are the pains I suffer compared with those of my
Redeemer.” Thus disposed he died. The soldiers lay on the pew seats,
under them and in every aisle. They were also in the sanctuary and in
the gallery, so close together that there was scarcely room to move
about. Many of them lay in their own blood and the water used for
bathing their wounds, but no word of complaint escaped from their lips.
Others were dying with lockjaw, making it very difficult to administer
drinks and nourishment. Numbers of the men had their wounds dressed for
the first time by the Sisters, surgeons at that juncture being few in
number. When the Sisters entered in the morning it was no uncommon thing
to hear the men cry out: “Oh, come, please dress my wound,” and “Oh,
come to me next.” To all the pain suffered by the soldiers was added the
deprivations of home friends and home comforts, which in such times come
so vividly to the mind.

Four of the Sisters attended the sick in the Transylvania College
building, which for the time being was used as a prison for about six
hundred Confederate soldiers. The Sisters dressed their wounds as in
other cases. Every morning when they returned, eight or ten dead bodies
lay at the entrance of the college awaiting interment. Two youths lay in
an outstretched blanket and a little ditch two inches deep was around
the earth they lay upon, to prevent the rain from running under them.

There was quite a sensational scene in this prison one morning. One of
the Sisters hearing a great noise among the patients looked to see the
cause. She discovered a group of men with guns aimed at one poor,
helpless man. There had been a quarrel, and no one attempted to stop the
strife. The Sister promptly and with no thought of personal danger
hurried over to the group and placed her hand on the shoulder of the
prospective corpse. Then she pushed him back into the surgeon’s room,
holding her other arm out to hinder the men from pursuing him. There was
a dead silence. The poor man was put safely inside the doctor’s room and
his tormentors retired without a word, quietly putting away their guns.
The silence continued for some time. The Sister placidly resumed her
duties in the mess room.

Presently the doctor came to her and said: “Sister, you have surprised
me. I shall never forget what I have witnessed. I saw their anger and
heard the excitement, but feared that my presence would increase it. I
did not know what to do, but you came and everything was all right.
Indeed, this will never die in my memory.”

“Well,” replied the Sister calmly, “what did I do more than any other
person would have done? You know they were ashamed to resist a woman.”

“A woman!” exclaimed the doctor; “why, all the women in Gettysburg could
not have effected what you have. No one but a Sister of Charity could
have done this. Truly it would have been well if a company of Sisters of
Charity had been in the war, for then it might not have continued so
long.”

One young man after being baptized requested the Sister to stay with him
until he died. He prayed fervently until the last breath, and almost his
final words were: “Oh, Lord, bless the Sisters of Charity.” This brought
a crowd around him, as his bed was on the floor. The Sister was kneeling
by him and continued to pray for him until the last; then she closed his
mouth and bandaged his face with a towel, in the usual manner. They who
stood near said one to another: “Was this man her relative?”

“No,” was the reply; “but she is a Sister of Charity.”

“Well,” said one of the company, “I have often heard of the Sisters of
Charity, and I can now testify that they have been properly named.”

The surgeon remarked to the religious: “Sisters, you must be more
punctual at your repast. I see you are often here until 4 o’clock in the
afternoon without your dinner, working for others with a two-fold
strength. Where it comes from I do not know--forgetting no one but
yourselves. You should, however, try to preserve your own health.”

A Protestant gentleman remarked to one of the Sisters that “the Sisters
of Charity have done more for religion during the war than has ever been
done in this country before.”

Both the Catholic church and the Methodist church in Gettysburg were
used for hospital purposes. One day a Sister from the Catholic church
had ordered her supplies, as usual, from the sanitary store. Soon after
this a Sister who was nursing the sick in the Methodist church called at
the store and as she was about to leave the merchant said:

“Where are these articles to be sent? I believe that you belong to the
Catholic church.”

“No, sir,” replied the Sister, with a barely suppressed smile. “I belong
to the Methodist church. Send the goods there.”

After the more severely wounded had been removed by friends, or had
died, the officers began directing the work of transferring the
remaining patients from the town hospital to a wood of tents, called the
general hospital.

A Sister was passing through the streets of Gettysburg about this time
when a Protestant chaplain, running several squares to overtake her,
said:

“I see Sisters of Charity everywhere but in our general hospital. Why
are they not there?”

The Sister told him that when the wounded men had been removed none of
the surgeons or officers had asked them to go there or they would have
gone willingly.

“Well,” he said, “I will go immediately to the provost and ask him to
have you sent there. I feel sure that he needs you there.”

In going over the field encampment one of the Sisters was pleased and
saddened to find her own brother, whom she had not seen for nine years.
He had been wounded in the chest and ankle and was in one of the
hospitals in the town. The meeting under such circumstances was an
affecting one. Both were devoted, loyal souls, each doing duty earnestly
according to his or her knowledge of the right. Through the kindness of
the officer of the day the wounded man was permitted to be removed to
the hospital where his sister was in charge.

A few days after the battle of Gettysburg Father Burlando wrote a letter
to one of his reverend colleagues in Maryland. Some of the facts
mentioned in this document have already been told in this chapter, but
the fact that it was written while the echoes of that famous fight were
still fresh makes it of unusual interest. It is as follows:

  Emmitsburg, July 8, 1863.

  Rev. and Dear Sir:--You have been informed without doubt by the
  papers that we have been visited by the Army of the Potomac, and
  that very near us has been fought a terrible battle, the most
  bloody since the secession. St. Joseph has well taken care of his
  house, and St. Vincent of his daughters; we have not been
  troubled, or at least we have escaped with the slight loss of a
  little forage and some wooden palings, which have served for the
  wants of a portion of the army.

  The evening of the 27th of June the troops commenced to appear
  upon a small hill a little distance from St. Joseph’s. Regiment
  after regiment, division after division, all advanced with
  artillery and cavalry, and taking possession of all the heights
  encamped in order of battle. The 28th, 29th and 30th we were
  completely surrounded. General Howard and his suite took
  possession of our house in Emmitsburg; General Schultz and his
  suite were close to St. Joseph’s, in the house which served some
  time since for an orphanage; the other Generals took quarters in
  different houses along the line of army.

  For the protection of St. Joseph’s General Schultz gave orders
  that guards should be posted in its environs, and General Howard
  did the same for our little place in Emmittsburg. A great number
  of officers asked permission to visit the house, and all conducted
  themselves with courtesy, expressing gratitude for the services
  rendered the soldiers in military hospitals by the Sisters.

  On Monday this portion of the army departed, and was replaced by
  another not less numerous, which ranged itself in line of battle
  as the first. A colonel of artillery, Mr. Latrobiere, with other
  officers quartered in the orphanage; he also visited the
  Institution. The Sisters distributed bread, milk and coffee.

  On the 1st of July the battle commenced about seven miles from
  Emmittsburg. Whilst the booming of the cannon announced that God
  was punishing the iniquities of man our Sisters were in church
  praying and imploring mercy for all mankind.

  On Sunday I accompanied eight Sisters bearing medicaments and
  provisions for the wounded. At the distance of six miles we were
  stopped by a barricade, and at about three hundred yards there was
  another to intercept all communication. At the second was
  stationed a company of Federal soldiers, who perceived us from
  afar. I descended from the carriage, and raising a white
  handkerchief advanced to the second barricade, and announced the
  purpose of our errand. Immediately several soldiers were sent to
  open the way, and the two vehicles continued their route without
  danger. At some distance we found ourselves again in face of
  another barricade, which compelled us to make a long circuit.
  Behold us at last upon the scenes of combat--what a frightful
  spectacle! Ruins of burned houses; the dead of both armies lying
  here and there; numbers of dead horses; thousands of guns, swords,
  vehicles, wheels, projectiles of all dimensions, coverings, hats,
  habiliments of all color, covered the fields and the road. We made
  circuits to avoid passing over dead bodies; horses, terrified,
  recoiled or sprang from one side to the other. The further we
  advanced the more abundant were the evidences presented of a
  terrible combat, and tears could not be restrained in the presence
  of these objects of horror. At last we halted in the village of
  Gettysburg. There was found a good portion of the Federal army in
  possession of the field of battle. The inhabitants had but just
  issued from the cellars wherein they had sought safety during the
  engagement. Terror was still painted upon their countenances. All
  was in confusion, each temple, each house, the Catholic church,
  the Court House, the Protestant Seminary were filled with wounded,
  and still there were many thousands extended upon the field of
  battle nearly without succor. I placed two of our Sisters in each
  one of the three largest improvised hospitals, offered some
  further consolations to the wounded and then returned to St.
  Joseph’s.

  The next day I started with more Sisters and a reinforcement of
  provisions. Meanwhile provisions had been sent by the Government,
  and the poor wounded succored, and the inhabitants having
  recovered from their terror have given assistance to thousands of
  suffering and dying. Eleven Sisters were now employed in this town
  transformed into a hospital. We shall send some Sisters and
  necessaries to-morrow if possible. Whilst I write you the sound of
  cannonading re-echoes from the Southwest, where another engagement
  takes place. My God, when will you give peace to our unhappy
  country?

  Yours,      BURLANDO.




CHAPTER XV.

SATTERLEE HOSPITAL.

  A sketch of the remarkable labors of Sister Mary Gonzaga and her
  work as the executive head of a hospital where 50,000 sick and
  wounded soldiers were cared for. The chaplain kept busy preparing
  men for death. Bishop Wood visits the hospital and administers the
  sacrament of confirmation. A soldier who was saved from the
  stocks. A veteran’s tribute.[12]


[Illustration: SISTER GONZAGA.]

As stated in the previous chapter many car-loads of wounded soldiers
were conveyed from Gettysburg to the Satterlee Hospital in Philadelphia.
Sister Mary Gonzaga, who was in charge of this institution, deserves
special mention in connection with her work during the war. If nobility
of character, earnestness and purity of purpose, great natural executive
ability, together with unaffected piety and humility tell for anything,
this Sister will rank high in the bright galaxy of self-sacrificing
women whose lives have illumined the history of Catholic Sistershoods in
the United States. Celebrating her golden jubilee, April 12, 1877, she
could even then look back over a series of years in the course of which
she has been school teacher, nurse, Mother Superior, head of a large
orphan asylum and the executive of a great military hospital, where
nearly 50,000 sick and wounded soldiers received the self-sacrificing
attention of a staff of sixty or seventy Sisters of Charity. Sister
Gonzaga, just before her death, was credited with being the oldest
living Sister of Charity in the United States. She spent the tranquil
evening of a busy and eventful life as the Mother Emeritus of St.
Joseph’s Orphan Asylum, one of the magnificent charities of the City of
Brotherly Love.

This venerable woman’s name in the world was Mary Agnes Grace. She came
from a respected Baltimore family, being born in that city in 1812. She
was baptized in St. Patrick’s Church, and there and in a Christian home
received her preliminary religious training. In December, 1823, she was
sent to St. Joseph’s Academy, Emmitsburg, Md., where she proved to be a
most diligent pupil. The four years she spent in this institution helped
to make that certain foundation upon which her subsequent successful
career was built. She had early conceived the idea of retiring from the
world and devoting her life entirely to the service of God. Accordingly,
on March 11, 1827, she was received into the community of the Sisters of
Charity of St. Vincent de Paul. In April, 1828, in company with two
other Sisters, she opened a school in Harrisburg. On the 25th of March,
1830 she made her holy vows.

In May, 1830, Sister Gonzaga was sent to Philadelphia to St. Joseph’s
Orphan Asylum, with which her future was to be so intimately connected.
The Asylum at that time was situated on Sixth street, near Spruce,
adjoining Holy Trinity Church. On October 24, 1836, the institution was
removed to the site of the present asylum at the southwest corner of
Seventh and Spruce streets. Four Sisters and fifty-one children
comprised the population then. The Sisters were Sister Petronilla,
Sister Theodosia, Sister Mary John and Sister Mary Gonzaga. Sister
Petronilla died on August 3, 1843, sincerely mourned, and was succeeded
by Sister Gonzaga, who remained in charge until October, 1844. Here she
went on with her good work, placid and calm in the midst of the worrying
turbulence of anti-Catholic bitterness and persecution, which at times
threatened the lives of innocent women and children. In the latter part
of 1844 she was sent to Donaldsonville, La., as assistant in the
Novitiate, which at that time was for the purpose of graduating Southern
postulants.

In the following year Sister Gonzaga was transferred to New Orleans. On
March 19, 1851, she returned to St. Joseph’s Asylum in Philadelphia to
re-assume her former charge. In 1855 she was sent in an administrative
capacity to the mother house of the Order in France, where she remained
for a year, obtaining and imparting much valuable information regarding
the work and duties of Sisters. In May, 1856, she returned to the United
States, going to St. Joseph’s, Emmittsburg where she filled the office
of Procuratrix. In January, 1857, she returned to Philadelphia, taking
charge of her old love, St. Joseph’s Asylum, for the third time.

The beginning of the Civil War a few years later was to mark one of the
most eventful epochs in the career of Sister Gonzaga, and to develop
extraordinary gifts and qualities of administration. The Satterlee
Military Hospital was established in Philadelphia. Dr. Walter F. Atlee,
an honored physician of the Quaker City, felt that the interests of the
Government and of the soldiers would be benefited if the Sisters of
Charity were installed as nurses in the army hospital. He had several
interviews with Surgeon-General Hammond and with the Secretary of War,
Edwin M. Stanton. As a result of this the Sisters of Charity were
invited to assume charge. On June 9, 1862, Sister Gonzaga, accompanied
by 40 Sisters, assembled from all parts of the United States, entered
upon the duties in the hospital. It is difficult to estimate the good
work done by the Sisters during the period they spent in this place,
which has been aptly styled the “shadow of the valley of death.” In
those three momentous years the Sisters nursed and cared for upwards of
50,000 soldiers. Only those who have had the care of the sick can begin
to estimate the amount of ceaseless labor and patience involved in such
a vast undertaking. The sick and wounded comprised both Union and
Confederate soldiers. The gentleness of the Sisters soon endeared them
to all under their charge.

In securing the necessary number of Sisters a requisition was made by
Surgeon-General Hammond for twenty-five from the mother house at
Emmittsburg. They were sent to Philadelphia at once to take their places
in the new hospital. To quote one of the Sisters, the place was so large
that “they could scarcely find the entrance.” The workmen about the
grounds looked at the Sisters in amazement, thinking perhaps that they
belonged to some flying artillery. At 12 o’clock they repaired to the
kitchen for dinner, and by the time this meal was finished they found
plenty of work had been planned for them. One hundred and fifty men who
had been brought in were in the wards. All of the Sisters went to work
and prepared nourishment for the men, most of whom looked at them in
astonishment, not knowing what kind of persons they might be, but among
the number was a French soldier named Pierre, who immediately recognized
the garb of the “Daughters of Charity.” In a short time the number of
patients was increased to nine hundred.

On the 16th of August over fifteen hundred of the sick and wounded were
brought to the hospital, most of them from the Battle of Bull Run or
Manassas. Many had died on the way from sheer exhaustion, others were in
a dying state, so that the chaplain was kept busy in preparing the men
for death. The wards being now crowded, tents were erected in the yard
to accommodate over one thousand patients, for the Sisters at that time
had not less than forty-five hundred in the hospital. When they first
went to Satterlee their quarters were very limited, consisting of one
small room, about seven feet square, which served as a chapel. Another,
somewhat larger, answered the purpose of a dormitory by night and
community room by day. Dr. Hayes soon supplied four more rooms, one of
which was for a chapel. The soldiers, who were very much interested,
took up a collection among themselves and gave the money to the Sisters,
requesting them to purchase ornaments or whatever was needed for the
chapel. They did so at different times until they finally had a good
supply of everything that was necessary. They even secured new seats and
sanctuary carpet. The men stipulated that when the hospital was closed
the Sisters should take everything for the orphans.

In April, 1863, Rt. Rev. Bishop Wood administered the sacrament of
Confirmation in the little chapel to thirty-one soldiers, most of whom
were converts and two of whom were over 40 years of age. In February,
1864, forty-four others received the sacrament of Confirmation. One man
was unable to leave his bed, and the Bishop was kind enough to go to the
ward in his robes to confirm the man. After the ceremony the prelate
distributed little souvenirs of his visit and then asked the Catholics
who were present to approach the railing of the altar. To his great
astonishment as well as satisfaction all in the chapel came forward. He
gave a little exhortation and then dismissed them. Mass was said at 6
o’clock in the morning, and many of the patients were in the chapel at
half-past four, in order to secure seats. This was generally the case on
great festivals, although some of the crippled men had to be carried in
the arms of their comrades. At 3 o’clock on Sundays and festivals
Vespers were sung in the chapel, in which the patients felt quite
privileged to join. In Lent they had the Way of the Cross, and in May
the devotions of the month of Mary. The chapel was always crowded at
these times. The soldiers took great delight in decorating the chapel at
Christmas with green boughs, festooned with roses; indeed, it always
gave them great pleasure to help the Sisters in any kind of work, and
they often interfered when they found their kind nurses engaged in
laborious duties. In May, 1864, a Jubilee was celebrated at the hospital
with great success.

Cases of smallpox had occurred in the hospital from time to time, but
the patients were removed as soon as possible to the smallpox hospital,
which was some miles from the city. The poor men were very much
distressed because they were compelled to leave the Sisters. It was
heartrending when the ambulances came to hear the men begging to be left
at Satterlee, even if they were entirely alone, provided the Sisters
were near them. The Sisters offered their services several times to
attend these poor men, but were told that the Government had ordered
them away to prevent the contagion from spreading. At last the surgeon
in charge obtained permission to keep the smallpox patients in a camp
some distance from the hospital. The tents were made very comfortable,
with good large stoves to heat them. The next thing was to have the
Sisters in readiness in case their services should be required. Every
Sister was courageous and generous enough to offer her services, but it
was thought prudent to accept one who had had the disease. From
November, 1864, until May, 1865, there were upwards of ninety cases.
About nine or ten of these died. Two of the men had the black smallpox,
and were baptized before they expired. The Sisters had entire charge of
the poor sufferers, as the physicians seldom paid them a visit,
permitting the Sisters to do anything they thought proper for them. They
were much benefited and avoided being marked by drinking freely of tea
made of “pitcher plant.” The patients seemed to think the Sisters were
not like other human beings, or they would not attend to such loathsome
and contagious diseases.

One day a Sister was advising an application for a man who had been
poisoned in the face. He would not see the doctor because, he said, he
did not do him any good. The Sister told him that the remedy she advised
had cured a Sister who was poisoned. The man looked astonished and said:
“A Sister?” She answered, “Yes.” “Why,” he said, “I did not know that
Sisters ever got anything like that.” She told him that they were human
beings and liable to take diseases as well as anyone else. “But I
believe they are not,” he said, “for the boys often say they must be
different from anyone else, or from other people, for they never get
sick and they do for us what no other person would do. They are not
afraid of the fever, smallpox or anything else.” The men had more
confidence in the Sisters’ treatment than in that of the physicians’.
The doctors themselves acknowledged that they would have lost more of
their patients had it not been for the Sisters’ watchful care and
knowledge of medicine.

One occurrence will show the good feeling of the men towards the
Sisters. One of the convalescent patients had been in town on a
furlough, and while there had indulged too freely in liquor. On his
return he went quietly to bed. A sister, not knowing this, went with his
medicine as usual and touched his bedclothes to arouse him. The poor
man, being stupid and sleepy, thought his comrades were teasing him, and
lifting up his arm gave a terrific blow, sending the Sister and medicine
across the room. Several of the convalescent patients seized their
comrade by the collar, and would surely have choked him to death if the
Sister had not compelled them to desist. However, he was soon reported
by the men and sent under an escort to the guard house, where stocks
were prepared for him.

Nothing could be done for his release, as the surgeon in charge was
absent. As soon as that official returned the Sister begged that the
poor man might return to his ward and be also free from all other
punishment, as well as from imprisonment in the guard house. The surgeon
complied with the Sister’s request, but in order to make a strong
impression on the soldier he dispatched an order to all the wards, which
was read at roll call, as follows: “This man was released only by the
earnest entreaty of the Sisters; otherwise he would have been punished
with the utmost severity.” When the poor man came to himself and learned
what he had done he begged a thousand pardons and promised never to take
liquor again.

The following notes from the diaries of the Sisters are of interest:

“From our taking charge of the hospital, June the 9th, 1862, until we
left it, on August 3, 1865, ninety-one Sisters had been on duty there.
The war being over in April, 1865, the Government only desired our
services after that until the convalescents could obtain their
discharge. The physicians, however, requested us to remain until all the
sick were removed to the Soldiers’ Home, or returned to their own homes.
I am happy to be able to state that during our whole sojourn at
Satterlee Hospital there never was an unpleasant word between the
physicians or officers and the Sisters. The eve of our departure the
executive officer said to me: “Sister, allow me to ask you a question.
Has there ever been any misunderstanding or dissatisfaction between the
officers and the Sisters since you came to this hospital?” I answered:
‘Not at all.’ ‘Well,’ he said, ‘I will tell you why I asked. The other
evening we were at a party. The conversation turned on the Sisters in
the hospitals, and I said there had never been a falling out between us
at Satterlee--that we were all on the same good terms as on the first
day we met. Some of the city hospital doctors said they did not believe
that forty women could live together without disputing, much less that
they could be among such a number of men without it.’

“Among the soldiers, who were of many nations, there was a large number
of Indians. In Ward 20 there was a young Indian names James Wise, who
was far gone in consumption. The doctors thought he could not live very
many days. A Sister sent for Charles Corbin, another Indian, who was in
Ward U, to speak to him of his condition. Charley was a well-instructed
Catholic, and understood the French language, through which he
communicated to Sister the dispositions of the poor sufferer, who did
not know that he had a soul, or that there was a God. In fact, to use
Charley’s own words, ‘he was a perfect savage.’ He would not listen to
anything Charley had to say, either in regard to the existence of a God
or the immortality of the soul. On leaving him for the night Charley
told Sister what little hope there was of his conversion. But how
mysterious are the ways of God! On his return next morning he found him
with very different dispositions. The poor, sick one had had a dream,
which he relates as follows: He had thought he saw our Lord coming
toward him with a priest ready to baptize him, thinking he was an infant
and heaven was open to receive him. This he described to Charley as
minutely as if he had seen the priest in reality, at the same time
requesting him to bring him to the chapel to be baptized. The next time
Father McGrane came to say Mass Charley brought his ‘poor little
savage,’ as he still called him, although he was almost too weak to
walk, to the chapel. Here there followed a scene which I must describe.
Three interpretations were needed in order to perform the ceremonies of
administering the Sacrament of Baptism. First Charley, who understood
the Indian language, interpreted it to Sister in French; then Sister
translated the French into English for Father McGrane, who thus learned
the desire of the ‘little savage,’ the third in the circle. He lingered
for two weeks after his baptism and was interred in Cathedral Cemetery.
Since his death Charley has often expressed the wish to be one day as
happy as he believes him to be. May he rest in peace.

“September 27.--Quite an excitement was created about 2 o’clock on the
27th of September, caused by the visit of Generals Sigel and Hammond.
The former lost a leg in one of the late battles of Gettysburg and has
been since that time under the care of the Sisters in Washington. He is
now able to go about on crutches. Dr. Hayes, with the principal
surgeons, accompanied them in walking the circuit of the hospital. The
patients, who were all eager to see once more their good old generals,
who had stood by them so valiantly in the terrible engagement, came out
of the wards as best they could, many of them also on crutches, and
crowded in the corridors to cheer and welcome them as they passed along.
One poor young lad, Who was very sick, who Sister thought would feel the
privation of not being able to see them, replied to her words of
consolation: ‘Do not feel sorry on my account. I would any time rather
see a Sister than a general, for it was a Sister who came to see me when
I was unable to help myself, in an old barn near Gettysburg. She dressed
my wounds and gave me drink, and took care of me until I came here.’ The
poor boy is a Protestant, and never saw a Sister before that time.

“Thanksgiving Day.--Quite an interesting little party assembled in the
laundry yesterday evening. The poor laundresses have been so very
generous for some time past that Sister N. consented to let them have a
little party as soon as Sister Gonzaga would return from St. Joseph’s,
where she had been for the last two weeks. They came quite early
yesterday morning and hastened to finish all their work by noon; then
washed and dressed in all their finery, which they had brought with them
for the occasion. Sister N. arranged the tables, which were covered with
snow white cloths, upon which were placed cakes, preserves, apples,
candies, etc. In the centre and at each end of the tables were placed
handsome bunches of flowers. The pitchers looked like silver and the
knives and forks looked as if they had never been used. The tea set was
white--in fine, everything looked nice, and our poor washwomen were
delighted. At 4 o’clock Sister N. informed them that everything was in
readiness, and sent for Sister Gonzaga, who opened the afternoon with a
few remarks. The doctor, whose duty it is to prescribe for them, was
present. Two of the patients who have violins had been previously
requested to come and play for them, and they, with the exception of two
or three small boys, were the only men present. They danced until nearly
7 o’clock. The old women gave us Irish jigs and reels to perfection,
while the younger ones danced cotillions. There was not a loud or
unbecoming word spoken during the whole evening, and they acted as
nicely as might be expected from a better class. They all seemed well
pleased, and expressed their thanks to the Sisters for honoring them
with their presence. Sister Gonzaga said grace for them before taking
their places at supper, and afterward make a few pleasant remarks, to
which they listened with the greatest respect. The doctors then took
their leave, after having expressed their thanks to the Sisters for
having allowed them the favor of being present, which they considered a
great compliment. After supper one of the girls, in the name of all,
presented Sister Gonzaga with a large cake, nicely frosted. She was
obliged to accept it, else she would have wounded their feelings. They
then bade us good night at a quarter to 8, and returned to their humble
homes, well pleased with their evening’s entertainment. I must not omit
to tell you that they defrayed the expense of all the refreshments
themselves. Each one contributed a little beforehand, for, of course,
they knew they could not have had it in any other way.”

The hospital was one of the largest in the country, and everything was
arranged on a generous scale. It was not the cause of any wonder,
therefore, when the wounded were brought in by the car-loads. Sister
Gonzaga always recalled two events in the history of the institution
with particular distinctness; the first was after the battle of Bull Run
and the second the day following the battle of Gettysburg. After the
battle of Bull Run the soldiers were brought to the hospitals by the
hundreds. The time of the battle of Gettysburg there was a terrible
period of suspense for the people of Philadelphia. They only knew in a
general sort of way that a battle was taking place perhaps somewhere in
the neighborhood of the State Capital, but they had no information
regarding the result, or who was the victor or vanquished. The earliest
information came with the first consignment of wounded soldiers to the
Satterlee Hospital. The sick and wounded from the blood-stained field of
Gettysburg did not come by the dozen or by the car-load or by the
hundred, but by the thousands. One careful estimate puts the number at
four thousand. Such an emergency as this naturally tested the capacity
of the women in charge, but Sister Gonzaga came through the ordeal with
flying colors. The surgeon in chief of the hospital was Dr. Isaac Hayes,
who achieved much fame by his connection with the celebrated Kane Arctic
exploring expedition, and who afterwards headed an expedition of his
own. The wards of the hospital were very commodious and comfortable,
each one accommodating at least seventy-five beds.

Dr. Hayes was as a kind father to the Sisters, consulting them upon
everything that would contribute to their comfort and happiness. Through
the kind offices of Dr. Hayes and Dr. Atlee they secured a chaplain,
Father Crane, who said Mass for them once a week. In the early part of
the war many of the wounded soldiers were taken to St. Joseph’s
Hospital, where Sister Hillary was in charge. The hospital was then
located in a dwelling house on Girard avenue, between Sixteenth and
Seventeenth street. After the battle of Bull Run about sixty soldiers
were cared for at St. Joseph’s Hospital. At the same time St. Teresa’s
Church, of which the venerable Hugh Lane is pastor, was temporarily used
as a hospital for wounded soldiers. The Sisters from Emmittsburg, as
detailed in the previous chapter, did much good service after the fight
at Gettysburg, going directly from their mother house in Maryland to the
scene of the battle.

There is an old and very rare print of the Satterlee Hospital still in
existence. From this valuable documentary evidence it is clear that the
hospital occupied many acres of ground. In order to reach the building
it was necessary to cross a bridge in the vicinity of South street. In
crossing this at the time the hospital was opened the carriage
containing a number of Sisters broke down and they were compelled to
walk the remainder of the distance.

During all the time of the war Sister Gonzaga remained in charge of St.
Joseph’s Asylum, which she visited at regular intervals. At the close of
the war she returned to give her whole time to the Asylum; the other
Sisters returning to their various missions.

Sister Gonzaga has had frequent visits from grateful soldiers who were
nursed back to life through her Christian devotion. One who heard of her
serious illness a few years ago called, and then, as the outpouring of a
grateful heart, sent the following letter to the Philadelphia Evening
Star as “A soldier’s tribute to the noble work of Mother Gonzaga during
the war:”

  “In your valuable paper dated yesterday the announcement was made
  that Mother Gonzaga, in charge of St. Joseph’s Orphan Asylum,
  southwest corner of Seventh and Spruce streets, was lying
  dangerously ill. In reciting her many acts of charity for the
  young orphans under her care and protection, victims of epidemics,
  etc., during the many years of her life, you were not aware that
  the short notice touched a tender chord of affection in the breast
  of many a veteran of the late war.

  “Mother Gonzaga was a mother of sixty thousand soldiers, as
  patients under treatment in Satterlee United States Army Hospital,
  Forty-fourth and Pine streets, from 1862 until 1865. Those who
  were under her care, no matter of what religion or creed, when
  they received the midnight visits of Mother Gonzaga, her silent
  steps after ‘taps’ and by the dim gaslight, will recognize her
  familiar countenance surrounded by that white-winged hood or cowl,
  just bending her form to hear the faint breath or whisper of
  some fever patient or some restless one throwing off the bed
  clothes; she kindly tucking them in around his body as a mother
  would a child; then a visit to the dying to give them expressions
  of comfort. Those who recall these scenes I say think of her truly
  as an angel of peace and sweetness.

  [Illustration: SISTER MARY GONZAGA.]

  “Administering medicine when required, loosening a bandage or
  replacing the same, watching a case of a sufferer in delirium--at
  all times annoying to those near him--was her daily duty. To see
  her always calm, always ready, with modesty and fidelity,
  faithfully performing a Christian duty as an administering angel
  when physicians, surgeons, friends and all human aid had failed,
  was a beautiful sight. No poet could describe, no artist could
  faithfully portray on canvas the scenes at the deathbed of a
  soldier, that would convey to those not having witnessed them the
  solemnity of the quiet kneeling, the silent prayer, a murmur
  faintly heard as a whisper, a Sister of Charity paying her
  devotion to Him on high, and consigning the spirit of the dying
  soldier to His care.

  “As one of many thousands under her care I shall always think of
  Mother Gonzaga as one of a constellation of stars of the greatest
  magnitude--surrounded by many others that were devoted servants,
  among whom I would mention Dorothea Dix, Annie M. Ross, Hettie A.
  Jones and Mary Brady. We soldiers cannot forget the service they
  rendered.

  “J. E. MacLane.”

On the 12th of, April, 1877, Sister Gonzaga celebrated the occasion of
her golden jubilee in the Sisterhood. On the previous 19th of March she
had attained her 50th year in the community. On that day she received
the blessing of the Holy Father (Pope Pius IX), a gracious act obtained
for her at the suggestion of Rev. Father Alizeri, C. M., a saintly man
and a faithful missionary, who has since gone to his reward. Bishops,
priests, Sisters and laymen vied with one another on this jubilee
occasion in showing the reverence and esteem in which they held the
simple religious woman who had gone about doing good for so many years.

Ten years later she was recalled to the mother house at Emmittsburg by
her superiors, who desired to relieve her of her responsibility as the
head of such a large institution. Born to obedience she promptly
responded to the order, and left the house which had become as a home;
left friends who had become endeared to her, and left orphans who truly
regarded her as a mother. There was not a murmur from this woman who was
being taken away from associations with which she had been lovingly and
intimately connected for nearly half a century.

Her Philadelphia friends, without solicitation and spontaneously and
simultaneously, addressed petitions to her superiors requesting her
return to the scenes of her life’s labors. In the words of one who loved
Sister Gonzaga, “Heaven was stormed by fervent prayers for the return of
the Mother of the Poor.” She remained at Emmittsburg for sixteen months,
and at the end of that time returned to Philadelphia. Her home-coming on
the 20th of December, 1888, was made the occasion of a great
demonstration. The Sisters, the orphans, the managers of the asylum and
a host of friends participated.

The actual extent of the good done by Sister Gonzaga is scarcely
realized by those who were about her. Many of her charitable acts have
been done quietly, even secretly. There was one story with almost the
pathos of a tragedy in which she was concerned. The daughter of an
estimable family went astray, and the parents in the first violence of
their anger and grief turned her out of the house. A few months passed,
and then their sober better judgment coming to the surface they
attempted to find and forgive the child they had disowned. But they
searched in vain, and finally almost in despair turned to Sister
Gonzaga. She had not the slightest clue to the missing girl, but she
pledged herself to bring her back. In a short time she located the
erring one in the insane ward of the Philadelphia Hospital. She was a
raving maniac. The girl was restored to her remorseful parents, and by
careful nursing was gradually brought back to reason.

On another occasion when the Sister was missing for an hour or so every
day it was discovered that she was in daily attendance on a poor woman
who lay ill in a small house in a street near by. Although this was
entirely foreign to her duties she regularly called and washed and
dressed the woman.

Sister Gonzaga departed this life on the morning of October 8, 1897, in
her room in St. Joseph’s Orphan Asylum in Philadelphia. A piece of
crape, on top of which was fastened a bit of immaculate white ribbon,
fluttered from the bell on the door of the asylum on that day to inform
the passer-by that this marvelous woman had gone to receive her reward.

The obsequies of Sister Gonzaga took place on the morning of Tuesday,
October 12th. On the evening before this event countless numbers took a
last farewell of the devoted Sister. Hundreds of women and men kissed
her dead face as she lay in her coffin. They kissed her hands, which
held the Rosary, and about which was twined the broad, purple ribbon of
her office as Superioress. Some of the women shed tears, but the men
seemed even more deeply affected.

On the morning of the funeral the body lay in state. It was attired in
the habit of the order, with a black gown and the white headdress.
Clasped in her hand was a crucifix and rosary and a small roll of paper,
on which was written the vows that the deceased took when entering upon
her work.

The casket was heavily trimmed in silver, and upon the lid was a plate
containing this inscription: “Sister Mary Gonzaga, died October 8, 1897,
aged 85 years.” Near the top of the lid was a large silver cross, with a
figure of the crucifixion. Upon the head of Sister Gonzaga there reposed
a golden-leaved crown, that was presented to her when she had been 50
years a Sister of Charity.

There was a profusion of floral offerings tastefully arranged about the
head of the casket. In a prominent place was a cross and crown from the
“Children of Mary,” a society composed of former inmates of St. Joseph’s
Orphan Asylum.

The body lay in the community room, beneath the altar. Half a hundred
Sisters of Charity were seated along the side of the room. The entire
apartment was draped in black. By 10 o’clock, when the doors were
closed, several thousand persons had passed around the casket. At length
the hearse drew up before the asylum, and eight students from St.
Vincent’s Seminary carried the coffin out to the street. A long
procession quickly formed and slowly the march to St. Mary’s Church was
begun, the route being down Spruce to Fourth and up Fourth. Arriving at
the church the eight theologians again acted as pall-bearers, and the
casket was carried up the aisle and placed in front of the altar.

Among the mourners were the Board of Managers of the institution,
Sisters of Charity from various houses of the order in Philadelphia and
other cities, Sisters of other orders, the Children of Mary, composed of
those who were formerly inmates of St. Joseph’s Orphan Asylum, numbers
of them now mothers of families, and the orphans at present at the home.
In addition to these a large congregation was present, which crowded the
church.

Solemn Requiem Mass celebrated by Very Rev. J. A. Hartnett, C. M., of
St. Vincent’s Seminary, Germantown, who celebrated his first Mass at St.
Joseph’s Asylum chapel. Rev. E. O. Hiltermann, rector of Holy Trinity,
was deacon; Rev. Edward Quinn, C. M., of Baltimore, sub-deacon, and Rev.
John J. Duffy, master of ceremonies. Mr. John F. Walsh, a seminarian,
was thurifer. Bishop Prendergast, who occupied a seat on the Gospel side
of the altar, was attended by Rev. James O’Reilly, of Downingtown, and
Rev. T. B. McCormick, C. M., of St. Vincent de Paul’s.

The sermon was delivered by Rev. John Scully, S. J., rector of St.
Joseph’s, who spoke in substance as follows:

“St. Paul tells us in his first letter to the Corinthians that the
wisdom of this world is foolishness with God, and in order that God may
show to us that this is so the same Apostle tells us that the base, the
lowly of this world and the contemptible hath God chosen and the things
that are not in order to confound the things that are. How true in all
ages have been these inspired words of the Apostle! How true to-day.
This foolishness, this wisdom of the world, so foolish in the eyes of
God, differs in degree and kind in different ages. In our age it shows
itself in the attempt to divide human philanthropy and brotherly love
from religion. Take the intellect and culture of this great city in
which we live, and what does it lay down as law, except it be that
mankind must practice altruism, as they call it, brotherly love, the
civic virtue by which alone society among men can be made possible, yet
not one word about the essential basis which even the modern pagan sees
is necessary. When talking about our rights they say nothing of the
rights of God, and when talking of our obligations to one another they
say nothing of our obligations to God, without which nothing can rest on
a solid basis.

“The wisdom of the world is foolishness. The lowly are chosen by God to
confound the worldly wise. In the days of old God raised David from the
shepherd of a flock to be the ruler of His people. Christ chose the poor
fishermen to be His Apostles. He called St. Vincent de Paul from the
lowly occupation of a shepherd to be a wonder-worker, a marvel, a
propagator of charity, not only in his own days, but up to the present
time. How many millions of dollars are spent in the spirit of modern
philanthropy? For education, in order to raise men up as they think, to
give men a chance in life. Because it is divided from religion it falls.
The late Mr. Vaux said on what was perhaps his last official visit to
the penitentiary: ‘When I first came here I found the children of the
poor and the ignorant. Now I find my own schoolmates.’ Thus are spent
millions in charity, or rather in almsgiving, for it is not worthy to be
called charity. What is the result? It puffs up one with pride and
another with envy.

“The reason why the thing is done differently is the motive under the
acts of thousands and tens of thousands who have given up their lives to
works of charity. Have you ever heard of a soldier wishing to become a
member of a church to which a trained nurse belonged? How different when
the motive is that of Jesus Christ. It is the experience of thousands
who beg to be allowed to die in that religion of the devoted Sisters
who attended them, and it was this that caused a bishop to receive a
petition from a remote part of the diocese for a priest to be sent there
and a church built. He replied that not only was he ignorant that so
many Catholics were there, but that there was even one Catholic. The
answer was, ‘There are no Catholics here yet, but we are men who were
attended by the Sisters and we want to be of the religion of the
Sisters.’ The base, ignoble and contemptible things of this world has
God chosen for His work.

“What is more foolish in the eyes of the world; what is more despised
and held in contempt by the intellectual and the cultured than poverty?
Yet the Sisters are bound by vows of poverty to be as poor as Christ, to
live a life of dependence, depending on one another for their very food
and raiment. What more foolish in the eyes of the world than that! As
the wise man has said, they are a parable of reproach, looked on with
derision. What is more foolish, more base, more spiritless, more
contemptible than to find women, ladies, willingly binding themselves,
not by impulse, but by vocation, not as a mere whim, but perpetually to
live by rule, doing that to which no man ever yet got accustomed, to
purify their acts to make them meritorious in the sight of God? And
obedience! The world hates and loathes obedience, yet our Divine Lord
was obedient even unto death, the death of the cross.

“What is the result of all the so-called charity and philanthropy?
Nothing lasting. Search the hearts of thousands of men, women and
children who have been benefited by the Sisters and you will find there
the love of God.

“Such was the life of the devoted woman who spent 70 years doing good.
Many philanthropists have monuments raised to them and are looked upon
as public benefactors and honored as such. Take him or her who was
greatest among them, or all of them together, what are all compared with
a life such as hers, spent in the care of the poor, sick and needy? One
long life doing good. A life not only an imitation of Jesus Christ in
its acts, but what is more necessary and more difficult, a life in
imitation of His motives. The world looks in reproach upon such a life.
How many times has she been sneered at on the street in her poor dress
and strange bonnet! How often has the world looked with contempt on her
that served the Lord so faithfully. How He loved that soul that did as
He did and for the same reason. All I have said could be said of almost
any other Sister of Charity, but of her, who lived for 70 years in
religion, how much could be said those only can know who lived with her
and knew her and loved her the more they knew her. Of how few can this
be said--to have combined in one and the same person the power of
execution, the power of government, and at the same time the spirit of
kindness and of great-heartedness which does not make commands ever
necessary. Without emotion, without anger. No one ever saw that kindly
face ruffled. This is rare in the world--yes, even rare in the religious
life. To speak of her life and to realize that thousands and tens of
thousands of orphans have had her care, many becoming mothers of
families and bringing up their children influenced by her example. To
realize her hard work in the military hospital, to think of the
thousands and tens of thousands dealt with directly by her or indirectly
through her as superioress. What a world of well doing! Seventy years
in religion; 85 years spent in the serving of Christ. What a wonderful
crown is won by her whose dead body is lying here! Seventy years a
member of the community whose very name is held even by the enemies of
her faith as a synonym of all that is good in humanity--something which
raises humanity and brings it close to God.

“Now the reign of sorrow and desolation has passed away. She has gone
forth from the scene of her labor to her rest. She has gone into the
sight of Jesus Christ, whom in life she made her Friend. Not to meet the
severe face of a Judge, but the smiling countenance of a dear friend.
Who would recall her? Not those who loved her most, who lived with her
in community; not those who were the recipients of her bounty. What so
glorious as a death such as hers after 70 years in God’s service. Says
St. Hilary, ‘Shall I fear to die after I have served my Lord for 70
years?’ So died she, because she knew the good Master she served.

“As theologians tell us, God makes known to his saints the needs of
those whom they have left behind. ’Thou who knowest the needs of thy
children be their advocate and pattern now as ever in life. Be unto us a
mother and pray for us that we may go forth as thou hast from this
valley of affliction and tears to the sunshine of God the Father, to
live forever with His Son, our Lord, Jesus Christ.”

The absolution of the body was performed by Bishop Prendergast, assisted
by the officers of the Mass. The music was the Gregorian chant, with the
introit, offertory, communion and “Benedictus” in harmony. This was
rendered by the students of St. Vincent’s Seminary, Germantown. From
among them were chosen the pall-bearers also. The prominent part taken
in the services by the Congregation of the Mission was due to the fact
that St. Vincent de Paul, its founder, was also founder of the Sisters
of Charity.

Eleanor C. Donnelly, the gifted Philadelphia poetess, has written the
following verses in memory of Sister Gonzaga and inscribed them to
Sister Mary Joseph and her community, with affectionate sympathy:

    Thrice in the rounding of one little year,
      Saint Mary’s hallowed temple hath revealed
    An honored priest reposing on his bier,
      His pallid lips in icy silence sealed.

    Thrice, have regretful tears bedewed the urn
      Where sacerdotal ashes were enshrined;
    Youth, age and ripen’d manhood, each in turn,
      Unto Saint Mary’s funeral vaults consigned.[13]

    And now, before the fading flow’rs have strown
      Their last, sweet, withered petals round the place;
    Or early snows lie white upon the stone
      That shuts from sight each well-remembered face--

    Before the shades of the anointed Dead
      Have melted from Saint Mary’s aisles away,
    We hear once more the mourner’s solemn tread--
      Another saint is here in death, to-day!

    Dear Sister Gonzaga! good mother, friend
      Of Christ’s own little ones--His precious poor!
    From Life’s beginning to its blessed end
      Thy Words were Wisdom’s, and thy works were pure.

    In tender youth, betrothed to thy Lord;
      For three-score years and ten His faithful spouse,
    He was thine aim--thy solace--thy reward--
      Bound to His Sacred Heart by deathless vows!

    Toiler of yore with Kenrick, Neuman, Wood,
      One of our Faith’s first local pioneers!
    So long hath been thy service, and so good,
      Thou needest not our prayers or pitying tears!

    For death is gain to thee, tho’ loss to all
      Thou leavest here. Thy prayers must plead for them.
    The orphans’ tears that sparkle on thy pall
      Shall prove on high thy brightest diadem.

    The dear old heart that loved them now is stilled,
      The dear old voice they loved is heard no more;
    She waits afar with ardent yearning filled
      To bid them welcome to the eternal shore!

    Prate not of sculptur’d immortality--
      Her children’s virtues shall her heart content
    If all who look upon their lives shall see
      In each their Mother’s lasting monument.

    The old-time friends may leave us, one by one,
      The ancient landmarks swiftly fade away--
    The good that Sister Gonzaga hath done
      Shall live when brass and marble both decay!

    Then lay her gently down, in peace and trust,
      Where angel-memories shall guard her bed;
    Her soul is with her God; her virgin dust
      Sleeps sweetly with Saint Mary’s sainted dead!

  October 12, 1897.      ELEANOR C. DONNELLY.

Sister Gonzaga had a countenance of great benignity and firmness. A high
forehead, a kindly mouth and eyes which even age was not able to dim.
She was ever a model of graciousness and good breeding. The effects of a
good education were visible, and the results of a well-balanced and
well-trained mind seen in a remarkably accurate and strong memory. The
story of her life is well worth the telling, serving as it does as a
model and incentive for those who would be successful in their chosen
vocation.

This chapter upon Sister Gonzaga cannot be concluded better than by the
presentation of the roster of Sisters of the Satterlee Hospital[14]. On
the 9th of June, 1862, it was as follows:

  1. Sister Mary Gonzaga Grace, Superioress.
  2. Sister Mary Louis.
  3. Sister Louise Collins.
  4. Sister Ann Joseph Dougherty.
  5. Sister Josephine Keleher.
  6. Sister Ann Marie Boniface.
  7. Sister Clare McGerald.
  8. Sister Mary Cremen.
  9. Sister Augustine Valentine.
  10. Sister Dolores Smith.
  11. Sister Mary Xavier Lucet.
  12. Sister Angela Mahony.
  13. Sister Maria Noonan.
  14. Sister Catharine Harty.
  15. Sister Edna Heney.
  16. Sister Margaret Hepp.
  17. Sister Phillippa Connelly.
  18. Sister Delphine Wivelle.
  19. Sister Neri Matthews.
  20. Sister Onesime.
  21. Sister Teresa McKenna.
  22. Sister Aloysia Daley.
  23. Sister Stella Moran.
  24. Sister Elizabeth Freze.
  25. Sister Adeline Byrnes.
  26. Sister Eleanora Tyler.
  27. Sister Vincent Saunders.
  28. Sister Mary Joseph Sinnott.
  29. Sister Magdalen Groell.
  30. Sister Cletilda Welty.
  31. Sister Pacifica Ulrich.
  32. Sister Alphonsa McNichols.
  33. Sister Annie O’Leary.
  34. Sister Mary Laurence Kane.
  35. Sister Felix McQuaid.
  36. Sister Mary Bernard Moore.
  37. Sister Henrietta.
  38. Sister Alix Merceret.
  39. Sister Martha Moran.
  40. Sister Mary Jane Douglass.
  41. Sister Mary Alice Delahunty.
  42. Sister Vincentia Waltzing.
  43. Sister Martina Tragesser.
  44. Sister Marie Mulkern.
  45. Sister Julia Fitzgerald.
  46. Sister Loretta McGee.
  47. Sister Angeline Reilly.
  48. Sister Gabriella McCarthy.
  49. Sister Petronilla Breen.
  50. Sister Amie Dougherty.
  51. Sister Marcella Finnigan.
  52 Sister Frances Griffin.
  53. Sister Mary Josephine Gamel.
  54. Sister De Chantal Costello.
  55. Sister Mary Eliza Dougherty.
  56. Sister Dionysia O’Keefe.
  57. Sister Cecelia Groell.

1863.

  58. Sister Euphrasia Mattingly.
  59. Sister Mary Martha Lynch.
  60. Sister Mary Harmer.
  61. Sister Mary Bernard Farrell.
  62. Sister Ann Teresa Roche.
  63. Sister Amelia Davis.
  64. Sister Severina Relihan.
  65. Sister Rosalie Benligny.
  66. Sister Irene McCourt.
  67. Sister Clementine McCaffery.
  68. Sister Felicita Puls.
  69. Sister Cornelia McDonnell.
  70. Sister Agnes Weaver.
  71. Sister Euphrasia Wittenanes.
  72. Sister Ann Maria Shaughonessy.
  73. Sister Generosa Foley.
  74. Sister Julia Sheehan.

1864.

  75. Sister Genevieve Kavenaugh.
  76. Sister Celestine Adelsberger.
  77. Sister Bernardine Farrell.
  78. Sister Josephine Edelen.
  79. Sister Antonia Asmuth.
  80. Sister Alphonsa McBride.
  81. Sister Catharine McQuaid.
  82. Sister Clara Doyle.
  83. Sister Eloise Lacroix.
  84. Sister Ann Joseph Cummin.
  85. Sister Francis McDonald.
  86. Sister Mary Xavier Vendrome.

1865.

  87. Sister Genevieve Garvey.
  88. Sister Agnes McDermott.
  89. Sister Sylveria O’Neill.




CHAPTER XVI.

THE FALL OF RICHMOND.

  Preparing for the close of the war. Sisters of Charity in the West
  enlisted in the military prison at Alton. Smallpox cases removed
  to an island in the Mississippi. Leaders of the Southern
  Confederacy realize that their cause is lost. Scenes of wild
  excitement in Richmond. Blessings for the Sisters.


General Grant, who had been laying siege to Vicksburg, had captured that
stronghold on the Fourth of July, 1863. Then came the surrender of Fort
Hudson and the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary
Ridge.


[Illustration]

Grant in 1864 was made Lieutenant-General and placed in command of all
the armies of the United States. Early in May he led the Army of the
Potomac across the Rapidan toward Richmond. For six weeks he tried to
get between Lee’s army and Richmond without success. In this fruitless
effort he fought the battles of the Wilderness, North Anna, Bethesda
Church and Gold Harbor, losing 40,000 men. Then he moved his whole army
south of the James and laid siege to Petersburg.

The burning of Chambersburg by the Confederates and the valor of
General Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley, with Admiral Farragut’s
achievements at sea, completed the notable events of 1864.

In the fall of 1864 Sherman began his march to the sea, which was unique
in modern warfare, and was completely successful. The last campaign
began in the spring of 1865. On April 1, 1865, Petersburg was evacuated,
the Union Army entered Richmond on the 2d. On the 9th of April came the
surrender of Lee to Grant at Appomattox, which was the practical end of
the war. Long before this the Sisters of Charity felt that their work
was drawing to a close. In the meantime, however, their services were
being utilized in the West. Colonel Ware, who was then in command of the
prisons of that section, applied to the Bishop of Alton, Ill., for the
Sisters of Charity to attend the prisoners at Alton. Accordingly, Bishop
Yonker applied to the Sister servant of St. Philomena’s School, St.
Louis. One of the Sisters was at that time in St. Louis at the Gratiot
State Prison Hospital. She received a dispatch from Father Burlando to
go to Alton and take with her three Sisters. They started early the next
morning, March 15, 1864, and reached Alton in twenty-four hours. There
they were met by Father Harty, who conducted them to the residence of a
gentleman, a member of the City Council.

Colonel Ware soon called to see them and accompanied them to the prison,
which had been formerly called the Illinois State Penitentiary. It had
been vacated before the war for a more commodious and healthy locality.
Before reaching the main entrance the Sisters had to ascend a very
rugged road, well protected by guards. Here a residence would have been
provided for them, but they did not think it safe or prudent to accept
it. They passed through the yard, which was crowded with prisoners,
numbering four thousand Confederates and one thousand Federals, the
latter being confined there for desertion and through follies committed
in camp. The two parties were separated, except in the hospital. The
poor sick were so delighted to see the Sisters that they could scarcely
contain themselves.

It is said that the men died in this hospital at the rate of from six to
ten a day. The place was too small for the number of inmates, who were
all more or less afflicted with diseases. Some were wounded, other a
prey to despondency, typhoid fever and the smallpox; consequently the
atmosphere of the prison was very foul. Fortunately the smallpox cases
were removed to an island in the Mississippi as soon as discovered. The
Sisters made arrangements with Colonel Ware to visit the sick twice a
day. As there were no accommodations for the Sisters to remain in the
prison they returned to the residence of Councilman Wise, who had so
kindly received them in the morning. He could not accommodate them, but
procured lodgings for them in the house of his sister, where they
remained for nearly six weeks. On their return to the prison the next
day the Sisters found written orders from the Government. They also met
there the attending physicians, who appeared glad to see them and said
that they hoped soon to see an improvement in the condition of the
sufferers, who had been heretofore much neglected. The Sisters were
informed that four of the patients had died during the previous night. A
place was allotted to them to prepare drinks and nourishment for the
sick. It was an old workshop, and the floors were in such a condition
that the Sisters were continually in danger of falling through. The
attendants, who were prisoners, were exceedingly kind and obliging, so
much so that they would even anticipate the wishes of the Sisters.

Two weeks had scarcely elapsed before the sick began to improve. The
doctors acknowledged a change for the better, saying that there were
fewer deaths, and that despondency had nearly disappeared. A look of
commiseration or a word of encouragement soon made these poor victims
feel that they were cared for at least by the lowly children of St.
Vincent. The Sisters visited the Federal Guards Hospital and the
smallpox island hospital at the request of Colonel Ware. They visited
the Federal Guards Hospital once a day and the smallpox island hospital
once a week, but even that consoled the poor patients, as the Sisters
provided them with delicacies and nourishment they mostly craved.

On the 1st of May the Sisters took possession of a house belonging to
St. Joseph’s, Emmittsburg, that had been previously occupied as a
school, but was then vacated. They were now one mile distant from the
prison, and an ambulance was sent daily to convey them to and fro.

On July 1 they were notified that their services were no longer required
at the prison. They could do nothing until the superiors were acquainted
with their situation. Meanwhile the citizens were anxious to have them
remain in Alton and convert their house into a hospital. They soon
received a letter from the venerated Mother Ann Simeon, giving
permission to open a civil hospital for the citizens of Alton. One of
the Sisters was sent to St. Joseph’s Hospital, Alton, to wait on the
sick and wounded soldiers from the battle of Winchester. There was one
man in the ward who was nicknamed “Blue Beard,” from his ferocious
manners and large mustache. He would never ask for anything nor take
anything offered to him. One day when he was being urged to take some
nourishment he replied:

“Sister, I do not wish for anything that you have. There is only one
thing, and that I do not think you can procure for me.”

The Sister inquired what it was and assured him that if it were in her
power she would get it for him. He then replied:

“Sister, I should like to have a lily. I think it would do me so much
good.”

The wish was a strange one, nevertheless she at once determined to
gratify him, which the kindness of a friend enabled her to do. This
little act of kindness was not without effect, and from that time the
man had a high regard for the Sisters.

At the termination of the war, in 1865, the prisoners received their
discharge. It was sad to see the streets of the city lined with the
ragged and distressed looking men. The sick were brought to St. Joseph’s
Hospital, which was soon filled. The Sisters gave the soldiers the very
best attention and consideration, and within a few months the majority
of the men were enabled to return to their homes and families.

The little band of Sisters who had been laboring in Frederick City, Md.,
from 1862 to 1864 certainly did their share in caring for helpless
humanity. They were kept actively employed in Frederick City during
the summer and autumn of 1862. They found then that their work was not
nearly done. The winter set in with heavy rains and deep snow, to which
they were constantly exposed. The poor patients had likewise much to
suffer from the badly constructed buildings. The wind, rain and snow
penetrated through the crevices, leaving the poor men in a most
uncomfortable condition. This was called to the attention of the chief
surgeon, who immediately gave orders for the dilapidated barracks to be
repaired as much as possible.

[Illustration: MULVANEY’S “SHERIDAN’S RIDE.”]

Some of the soldiers were quite amusing with their grateful intentions.
A Sister was asked one day whether she ever wore any other color but
gray or black, “for,” he continued, “I wish to present Sister Agnes with
a new dress; she has been so truly good to me.”

The soldiers seemed to have the greatest confidence in the Sisters,
whose advice they preferred before that of the physicians. General
Hunter had now received command of the Shenandoah Valley. He visited the
hospital and issued an order that all the prisoners should be placed by
themselves in separate barracks entirely apart from the Union men. Soon
after the United States surgeon in charge of the hospital inspected all
the barracks and found one filled with Confederates and with no Sister
to take charge of them. The sufferings of these poor men touched him so
much that he immediately went to the Sister servant and requested her to
send a Sister from a ward of the Union soldiers to take care of the
Confederates. The patience of these poor sufferers was the admiration of
all. A worthy clergyman once remarked that in his visits to the
hospital he was always edified by their resignation. He said he had
never heard the least murmur escape their lips, and commenting upon this
he remarked: “I think the intensity of their pain, both mentally and
physically, might, if offered in unison, expiate the sins of their whole
life.”

About this time the leaders of the Southern Confederacy began to realize
that the clouds were gathering about them and that their cause was
hanging in the balance, if indeed it was not already destined to
failure. They resolved to concentrate their hospital facilities in and
around the city of Richmond, Va. The Sisters who had been doing work
upon the various battlefields in the South were summoned to the Southern
Capital. The Sisters had served at Harper’s Ferry, Manassas, Antietam,
Fredericksburg and White House, Va.

Those who were located in Richmond at this time began to feel “in their
bones” that the fall of the city was imminent. They were right. The long
expected event occurred in April, 1865. Jefferson Davis, the President
of the Southern Confederacy, was at worship in an Episcopal church when
he was handed a telegram telling him that Richmond must be evacuated. He
presented a calm exterior, but bad news is hard to conceal, and the
exact situation was soon noised about the city. The wildest excitement
prevailed. Men, women and children rushed hither and thither, knowing
not what to do or where to go. Finally their frenzy assumed a decisive
shape and a general evacuation of the city began. The Sisters, who
constituted the calmest portion of the population, looked on the scene
with mild amazement.

The City Councils met and with the general interests of the people in
view determined to destroy all the liquor in Richmond. This work was
begun at midnight and before the first gray streaks of dawn revealed the
terror-stricken city to the public gaze the streets and gutters were
running with veritable lakes of whisky, wine and beer. Many of the
soldiers and some of the residents balked the good intentions of the
Councils by drinking the liquor, and then scenes of drunken revelry were
added to the general confusion. Thieves broke loose, houses were robbed,
public buildings were fired and bridges leading from the city were
destroyed.

Notwithstanding the foresight of the authorities on the coming defeat,
its arrival was most appalling. Medical stores, commissary departments
and other houses were thrown open. The city was troubled from the
blowing up of the gunboats in the river. The Sisters were preparing to
go to Mass early in the morning when suddenly a terrific explosion
stunned, as it were, the power of thought. The noise of the breaking of
windows in the hospitals and neighboring buildings added greatly to the
alarm. The Sisters soon learned that the Confederates had blown up their
supplies of powder which were very near the hospital buildings; then
followed an explosion of all the Government buildings.

After the surrender a Federal officer rode up to the door of the
Sisters’ house and told them they were perfectly safe, their property
would be respected and that he would send a special guard to protect
their house. No resistance was shown to the Union troops. The city was
placed under military rule and General G. F. Shepley made Governor. One
thousand prisoners were found in the city and five thousand sick and
wounded were in the hospitals. The prisoners were set free and the
Sisters with joy hailed the peace that was once again to dawn on a
blood-washed land. They remained in Richmond until the sick and wounded
were able to quit the hospitals and then returned home to Emmitsburg,
followed by the gratitude and blessings of the men of both armies.

The soldiers who were in the Washington hospitals also returned to their
homes impressed with the kindest feelings toward the Sisters. The
officers and doctors all concurred in expressing unlimited confidence in
them. Printed placards were hung in all the wards, reading: “All
articles for the use of the soldiers here are to be placed in the care
of the Sisters of Charity, as also papers, books and clothing.”

Early in the summer of 1865 the Sisters took their departure and the
hospital was permanently closed. Another hospital in Washington began
its operations in March, 1865, and closed in October of the same year.
The Sisters were placed in charge, and, since their customs and calling
were known, did not experience as much annoyance as in the beginning of
the war.

The house was well filled with the sick and wounded. During the month of
July the Jesuit Fathers were giving a jubilee at their church in the
city of Washington and many of the convalescents attended.

The officers of the hospital expressed much gratitude for all that had
been done by the Sisters. The first surgeon was at a loss to know how to
put his satisfaction into words, saying that the Sisters of Charity had
marvelously lessened the cares of the physicians and surgeons in all of
the hospitals in which they served.

This concludes the story of the work done by the Sisters of Charity of
Emmittsburg from the beginning to the close of the war. While they were
at work, however, the Sisters belonging to branches of the order and to
other orders were not idle, as will be seen by the chapters that
follow.




CHAPTER XVII.

SISTERS OF CHARITY OF NAZARETH.

  Bishop Spalding sends a letter to General Anderson tendering the
  services of the Sisters. The offer accepted and the volunteers
  assigned to work in the hospitals in and around Louisville. “Oh,
  Sister, put your head down by me and don’t leave me.” The
  martyrdom of Sister Mary Lucy. Tender-hearted soldiers keep a
  vigil around the coffin with blazing torches made of pine knots.


[Illustration]

The main body of the Sisters of Charity were not alone in their devotion
to the sick and wounded soldiers. During the trying days between 1861
and 1865 no body of men or women did more for suffering humanity than
the patient, zealous Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, then, as now, of
Bardstown, Kentucky. A score of Sisters in that community offered
themselves and their services without pay and without hope of earthly
reward of any character. It was in the spring of 1861, the opening year
of the civil war, that Bishop Martin John Spalding sent a formal
communication to General Robert Anderson, of Fort Sumter fame, then in
command of the Department of Kentucky, tendering the services of the
Sisters of Charity of Nazareth to nurse the sick and wounded soldiers.
Their services were willingly accepted, and the understanding was that
the Sisters were to work in the hospitals in and around Louisville.

Three large manufacturing establishments in the city of Louisville had
been placed at the service of the Government and were being used as
hospitals at that time. The rooms were long, and lines of cots extended
along each side. The hospitals were divided into sections and each
section was placed under the watchful charge of a Sister of Charity. The
system that characterized the three establishments was such that no
sufferer was neglected or without a nurse. This was in striking contrast
with the disorder and lack of system that had prevailed prior to the
advent of the Sisters. There were twenty-three Sisters in the three
hospitals, in charge of an army surgeon, and they worked faithfully from
their entrance into the hospitals until the close of the war, without a
cent of compensation.

There had been one battle and several severe skirmishes in Kentucky
about that time, and when the Sisters arrived at the hospitals the scene
was enough to bring tears into the eyes of the most hardened. A great
many Confederates had been captured and were being held as prisoners of
war. Within the walls of the hospitals hundreds of Union men and
Confederates lay groaning in a common agony. Those that were not
mortally wounded and that had not submitted to the amputation of a leg
or an arm were raving in the worst forms of fever or had contracted
erysipelas, pneumonia and kindred ailments. About it all there was a
heroism that was touching, and as the Sisters passed from cot to cot
many a soldier suffering with a shattered limb or bullet-pierced body
lifted his wan face and gave forth a smile of welcome and of
recognition.

The Sisters soothed the restless patients, bathed the fevered brows and
moistened the parched lips “with a touch impartially tender.” The
attitude of the men themselves was not without interest. Many of them
had never seen a Sister before; the majority of them looked upon the
Sisters with distrust and suspicion. The change that came in a short
while came as actual knowledge comes when it dissipates prejudice and
misrepresentation. They could not help but be impressed with the quiet
demeanor and the self-sacrifice of the Sisters, and unreasoning dislike
and bigotry soon gave way to natural respect and esteem.

But the beauty of the Sisters’ lives, their habit of thinking of all but
themselves, had its effect upon many a hardened sinner. Five hundred men
died in “hospital number one,” and of that number only one passed away
seemingly indifferent to his future.

An incident told by one of the surviving Sisters carries a moral with
it. One of the soldiers in the hospital, a Catholic, refused to do
anything for the benefit of his soul. His end seemed to be approaching
and he was transferred to some other place, where he could be reasoned
into submission and repentance. A man who occupied a cot near that of
the unrepentant Catholic had heard the Sisters pleading with him. He
listened with a thoughtful manner, and when the hard hearted man had
been removed, called a Sister to his side. He begged to be further
instructed in the Catholic faith. His request was complied with, he was
baptized, confessed, received Holy Communion and finally died a most
holy and edifying death.

The parish priests of Louisville and several of the Jesuit Fathers paid
regular visits to the hospitals. Each priest came on an average of three
times a day, but there was not a moment during the day or night when a
priest was not within easy call. The Sisters by their forethought and
intelligence made the work of the clergy comparatively easy. A man who
desired to be baptized was prepared by the Sisters and ready when the
priest arrived. Those to whom it was necessary to administer the last
rites of the Church were gradually brought to realize the importance of
these rites by these same Sisters. So it was from day to day, from week
to week, from month to month. The Sisters were unflagging in their
devotion to the men in their charge. They nursed, they prayed, they
consoled, in fact, as more than one grateful soldier exclaimed, proved
themselves little short of earthly angels.

A pathetic scene took place one day in “hospital number two.” A young
soldier, a Catholic and a Scotchman, lay on his death-bed, far from home
and family and country, but surrounded by all the loving devotion of the
Sisters. He knew that his end was at hand and had been prepared by all
of the sacred rites of the Church for his journey into the great
unknown. He was slowly expiring from a fatal wound and was unable to
move.

In a feeble voice he asked the Sister to hand him a package of letters
that he had read over and over again, and which he always kept in view.
They were given him and he read them over once again and for the last
time. After that he selected several from the package and placing them
close to his heart said slowly, but distinctly: “Sister, leave them
here until I am dead. That will not be long. Then send them to my father
and mother in Scotland. Tell them that I thought of them until the last.
Get the money that is coming to me. Give some of it for Masses for an
offering for my soul and forward the remainder to my parents. Now I am
ready to die. Good-bye.” With a faint smile he closed his eyes and in a
short time the spirit had fled from his youthful body. The instructions
were carried out to the letter, as were the last wishes of all the dying
soldiers whenever it was possible and practicable. One of the most
important tasks of the Sisters was to write to the near relatives of the
deceased, giving accounts of their last moments and delivering entrusted
messages from the dying.

On more than one occasion the Sisters supplied the place of a mother to
the wounded and the dying. Many a pathetic death-bed scene is still
fresh in the memory of the now venerable Sisters who have survived those
trying times. They were able to repress their emotions in most cases,
but there were times when nature asserted itself, and the tears of
compassion flowed freely. This was especially the case when drummer boys
and buglers--mere children--were brought into the hospitals. In such
cases all the tenderness of the Sisters’ gentle natures went out in
abundance to the wounded “lambs,” as they delighted to call the young
ones. One day three blue-eyed, fair-haired lads in soldier attire were
brought into “hospital number one.” They were ill of typhoid pneumonia
and they were in an advanced stage, too. They were placed on cots side
by side and there they lay for days, uncomplaining and innocent, giving
expression to the quaintest thoughts in the most childish way. They
were like brothers, although they were not, and all three were of about
the same height and age. The gratitude they expressed to the Sisters was
more by their manner than anything they said.

One afternoon one of the three looked up at the Sister who was nursing
him, and with a wistful look in his blue eyes exclaimed: “Oh, you are
such a good lady; just like my mother to me.” In spite of the care that
was lavished on them the three little heroes died, as so many heroes
have died--unknown, unhonored and unsung. In the same room another lad
of twelve or thirteen, whose life was fast ebbing away, cried out: “Oh,
Sister, put your head right down by me and don’t leave me.” The request
was complied with, and the little fellow clasped the Sister about the
neck and never let go his hold until grim death relaxed it soon
afterward. Who could look on such scenes unmoved! Many boys died thus.
Death seemed to pluck the choicest and freshest of the earth to make its
bouquets during those four fearful years. The Sisters’ care of their
“lambs” after their death was as tender and reverential as it had been
in life. Their eyes were closed with a prayer, their silken locks parted
and their little hands folded as if in supplication to the Divine mercy.
Who can doubt but what the blessings of heaven were showered upon these
innocent, heroic souls?

The Sisters were “always on duty,” and sometimes the duty was more
severe than at others. After great battles, such as Shiloh, the
hospitals were hardly able to accommodate the hundreds that were brought
there. When the orderlies had performed the first essential service for
the newcomer he would be taken in charge by the Sisters. Refreshing
draughts and nourishing food were intermingled with the remedies that
would be administered from time to time. The ladies of Louisville were
frequent visitors at the hospitals, and they brought many delicacies for
the sick and the wounded. At length near the close of the war the
Sisters were recalled to their home from the Louisville hospitals. The
recall came none too soon for the survivors, as they stood much in need
of rest and change of air. For nearly three years they had been confined
in the close wards of the three hospitals, and this not unnaturally had
its effect upon their health. Many of them overestimated their strength
and their powers of endurance. Some died in the hospitals, others soon
after, at a premature age.

The actual number of Catholic Sisters who laid down their lives during
the civil war, that their fellow-creatures might live, will probably
never be known, but there is no question that hundreds did so. Their
names are not cut upon any earthly monuments, but they are surely
emblazoned in letters of gold in the great book of the Recording Angel.
The Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, as Mother Carroll could have
testified, furnished their full quota of fair martyrs. Many instances
have been lost in the long number of years that have elapsed since the
closing of the war, but several well-authenticated cases still linger
freshly in the minds of those that were witnesses of the great struggle.
One of these is particularly pathetic. Sister Mary Lucy, one of the
sweetest young members of the Order, richly endowed by nature, was one
of the teachers in St. Mary’s Academy, at Paducah. When the exigencies
of war compelled the temporary abandonment of this institution, Sister
Mary Lucy volunteered as one of the hospital nurses. She was assigned
to some of the severest typhoid cases, and the manner in which she
nursed these patients won for her the unqualified praise of the hospital
doctors and attendants.

[Illustration: OBSEQUIES OF SISTER MARY LUCY.]

The post of honor in this instance proved to be the post of danger.
Sister Mary Lucy contracted the fever from one of her patients who was
convalescent. This was in the latter part of December, during the first
year of the war. Despite the best medical attention she rapidly grew
worse, until December 29, when she expired as calmly and heroically as
she had lived. Her death cast a gloom over the entire hospital, and the
soldiers of both armies were filled with admiration and awe at the
martyrdom of this gentle soul. They determined that she should be
honored in death as she had been in life, and that her final obsequies
should be of a character befitting her great merits.

Several files of soldiers marched with muffled drums and noiseless tread
from the Central Hospital to the Ohio River, bearing in the midst of
them the remains. There the coffin was placed in a gunboat in waiting,
which had been especially designated for this service. Then the boat
slowly steamed away, bearing its honored burden under a flag of truce to
Uniontown, Ky. On landing, the remains were borne to St. Vincent’s
Academy, some miles distant, where the Sisters own a considerable tract
of land and where they have a last resting place for their dead. Father
Powers, at that time pastor of the Catholic Church at Paducah, said the
Solemn Mass of Requiem and accompanied the body to the grave and recited
over it the last offices of the Church, of which the deceased had been
such an exemplary member. A guard of devoted soldiers watched by the
coffin day and night from the time it left the Central Hospital until
the earth covered it from mortal view. At night the tender-hearted
warriors kept their vigil around the coffin with blazing torches made of
pine knots. Sister Mary Lucy was born in the vicinity of the spot where
she was buried. She received her education at St. Vincent’s Academy,
became a Daughter of Charity and died in the performance of her duty.
This is the short but brilliant life history of one heroic woman.

A letter dated Louisville, February 1, 1862, written by one of the army
surgeons to Mother Francis Gardner, contained the following
announcement: “I regret very much to have to inform you of the death of
Sister Catherine at the General Hospital in this city. She, as well as
the other Sisters at the hospital, has been untiring and most efficient
in nursing the sick soldiers. The military authorities are under the
greatest obligations to the Sisters of your Order.”

Still another conspicuous loss was soon to be felt in the death of
Sister Appollonia, the directress of “No. 1 Hospital.” She served long
and faithfully in this post and won warm commendation from stern
soldiers, who, whatever else their faults, were never guilty of
flattery. She was a woman of great executive ability, and was
instrumental in causing order to come out of chaos in the hospital over
which she presided. Her zeal was great. Not content to direct affairs,
she also nursed individual cases. It was while engaged in this work that
she contracted typhoid fever, from which she soon after died. She had
endeared herself to the soldiers by her kind and motherly treatment of
them, and her death caused universal regret.

The manner in which the Sisters were treated by the soldiers had in it a
blending of the humorous and the sublime. Those of the Sisters that
live to tell the tale say that nothing was wanting in the courtesy with
which they were invariably considered by the men of both armies. On
Sundays they were given especial consideration. They were escorted to
Mass by a military guard of honor, and received the military salute in
passing to and fro in the neighborhood of the hospital and the camps.
Some of the invalid soldiers imagined that every Sister carried a charm
about her, and was thus protected from the contagious diseases that
caused such sad havoc among the men. But the supposed charms were not
always successful in preventing the Sisters from wearing the martyr’s
crown in death. The only charms they carried, as the soldiers soon
discovered, were blameless lives, absolute devotion to duty and entire
self-forgetfulness.

There was one modest institution near the three large hospitals in
Louisville where a great amount of good was done in an unostentatious
manner. This was St. Joseph’s Infirmary, conducted by the Sisters of
Charity of Nazareth. This was generally filled in war times with wounded
officers and other invalids connected with both armies. The good done
there, though not quite as conspicuous as elsewhere, was lasting, and
bore fruit in after years.




CHAPTER XVIII.

MORE ABOUT NAZARETH.

  Bardstown occupied successively by the Union and the Confederate
  troops. Six Sisters start for Lexington under a flag of truce. A
  courteous letter from Brigadier-General Wood. Ex-Secretary of
  State Guthrie applies to President Lincoln for protection to the
  Nazareth Convent. A brief sketch of a famous school and some of
  its distinguished graduates.


[Illustration]

Bardstown, three miles distant from Nazareth Academy, in Nelson County,
Ky., was occupied successively by the Union and the Confederate armies.
Some hostile engagements had taken place in the vicinity of the town and
in the neighboring counties, and as a result the place was kept in a
state of feverish anxiety. The victories and the defeats were attended
with the usual result, killed and wounded men and sickness and suffering
on all sides. Here again the peaceful aid of the Sisters came at an
opportune time. Fully aware of the great need there was for experienced
nurses, the Mother in charge of Nazareth sent a devoted band of Sisters
to the Baptist Female College in Bardstown, which had been temporarily
fitted up for hospital uses. On their arrival they found that they had
to care for a large number of disabled Confederate soldiers. They
quickly began their humane work and carried it to a successful
completion. The Confederates were on the march, and their wounds had to
be bound up quickly or not at all. When they had withdrawn from the
town, taking with them their convalescents, the Union forces came in.
Their sick and wounded were also nursed by another band of the same
Sisters at St. Joseph’s College, which was conducted by the Jesuit
fathers, but which, of course, at that time was not in educational use.
Thus in the midst of civil strife, with the bullets flying thick and
fast, did the Sisters work under one flag--a flag that was respected by
Northerner and Southerner alike--the flag of humanity.

Some of the episodes connected with the work of the Sisters was of an
exciting and dramatic nature. Late one night in September, 1862, twelve
Confederate soldiers in their gloomy gray uniforms marched into
Nazareth, after a wearisome journey from Lexington, Ky. They were
received, as all visitors are, with kindness and hospitality. They came
to ask the Sisters to nurse their sick and wounded comrades. The request
was granted at once.

“How many Sisters can you spare for the work?”

“Six now and more later, if necessary,” was the prompt reply.

“When will they be ready to return with us?”

“This very night, and at once,” was the incisive reply.

Such promptness was as surprising as it was pleasing to the couriers.
That very night six Sisters, without anything beyond the familiar garb
which they wore, their usual rosaries and a few books of devotion,
started on their mission, ready, if need be, to offer up their lives in
what they believed to be the service of God. They proceeded on their
long journey under the protection of a flag of truce. Resting in a
farmhouse one night and in Frankfort, the capital of the State, the
next, they finally reached Lexington in safety. In a few hours they were
installed in one of the large halls in that city, which had been fitted
up for hospital purposes, and without any preliminaries they began at
once to minister to the sufferers who were collected there. Later in the
same year another band of Sisters of Nazareth nursed the Union soldiers
in one of the colleges in another quarter of the city. As far as can be
ascertained this was Transylvania University.

Events that took place about that time proved that the Sisters believed
no material sacrifices were too great when made in the cause of
suffering humanity. In the spring of 1862 General Smith, who was then in
command of the Union troops, nearly seven thousand strong, in Paducah,
Southern Kentucky, asked the Nazareth Sisters to come to the assistance
of the many sick and wounded soldiers scattered about that city. He had
been advised to make the request by Dr. Hewit, who had the general
superintendence of all the hospitals in that section of the country. Dr.
Hewit was a man of great executive ability, who stood in the very
forefront of his profession. He had great faith in the ability of the
Sisters as nurses. He was a convert to the Catholic Church, and a
brother of the saintly superior of the Paulist Fathers of New York city.
As no communication could be had with the Mother of the house at
Nazareth at this time, owing to the disturbed condition of affairs, the
request caused the Sisters some perplexity. Only for a time, though. A
conclusion was soon reached. Sister Martha Drury at that time was at the
head of St. Mary’s Academy, probably the leading educational
institution in Paducah. She resolved to close the schools and go with
all of her Sisters to the relief of the soldiers. They went first to the
Marine Hospital and then moved to the Court House, which was known as
the Central Hospital. Their experiences in this place were similar to
those of the Sisters who were engaged in the hospitals at Louisville.

Their greatest difficulty was experienced in caring for those soldiers
who were afflicted with contagious diseases. Typhoid and similar fevers
held sway in their most virulent form. The havoc that war had made in
the human frame was painfully evident in this particular hospital. After
the close of the war the Sisters returned to their academy, which exists
in the town to-day in a flourishing condition. It will ever remain as a
monument to that brave little band of Sisters who gave up their peaceful
pursuits to minister to the afflicted, and it will ever be pointed out
as the house from which Sister Mary Lucy, the gentle little teacher,
went forth to meet her martyrdom a martyrdom as blessed in the sight of
heaven as any ever undergone by the saints of old.

The gentleness and devotion with which the Sisters nursed all of the
wounded soldiers, no matter what the color of their uniform and
regardless of rank, was not unappreciated by either “the boys in blue”
or “the boys in gray.” Throughout the whole of the war, with but few
exceptions, their institutions, mother houses and places of learning
were exempt from the usual ravages of internecine strife. This is
especially true of the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth. Being in close
proximity to the contending armies and their camps, great apprehensions
were felt at one time for the safety of Nazareth. This, too, in spite
of the fact that the daughters and other relatives of the general
officers of both sides were still pupils in the school. At intervals
during the war some of the generals called at Nazareth for the purpose
of visiting their children. On these occasions they were always
hospitably entertained. Although the Sisters felt comparatively safe,
they desired some official assurance of that fact. As is usual in such
cases, over-timid persons, generally friends of the pupils, now and then
sounded alarms. The following letter, received by the Mother Superior
from General Wood, the original of which is still in possession of the
Sisters, reassured the community that it need not fear an intrusion of
the military into the sacred precincts. General Wood was in command of
the Union troops:

  “Headquarters U. S. Forces,
  “Bardstown, Ky., January 20, 1862.

  “To the Lady Superior and Sisters of the Convent of Nazareth: I
  have just had the pleasure to receive by the hands of your
  messenger the very polite and complimentary note of the Right Rev.
  Bishop Spalding, and I hasten to apprise you that it is my earnest
  desire and intention to afford you perfect protection and the
  enjoyment of all your rights both as an institution and as ladies
  individually. It is my earnest wish and intention to secure you
  and your ancient institution (which has educated so many of the
  fair daughters of my own native State, Kentucky), from all
  molestation and intrusion, and to this end I pray you will not
  hesitate to make known to me any grievances you may have on
  account of any misconduct on the part of any officer or soldier
  under my command. I assure you it will be equally my duty and my
  pleasure to attend to any request you may have to make. I beg you
  to dismiss all apprehensions on account of the presence of the
  soldiery in your sacred neighborhood, and to continue your
  peaceful and beneficent vocations as if the clangor of arms did
  not resound in our midst.

  “I have the honor to be, ladies, your very obedient servant,

  Th. J. Wood,

  “Brigadier General Commanding.”

“Will you do me the favor to send the accompanying note to Bishop
Spalding?”

Later on Nazareth must again have been in dread of military trespass,
for one of its patrons, Hon. James Guthrie, of Louisville, Secretary of
State under a previous administration, applied to President Lincoln for
protection for the institution. The President graciously issued the
necessary orders, saying that the violation of such orders by any of the
commanders would invoke his serious displeasure.

General Smith, Doctors Hewit, Fry, Kay, Austin and the officers of the
Union army surrounded the Sisters with every mark of respect and esteem,
and they in turn devoted all their energies to ameliorating the
condition of the suffering soldiers.

In addition to the labors of the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth already
mentioned, they did very effective work in the neighborhood of Owensboro
and Calhoun, Ky. At the last-named place the sick and wounded soldiers
were quartered in the two Protestant churches of the town. The Sisters
entered these places and attended the sufferers there with the same
diligence and patience that characterized their work in every other
locality. When Sisters had to be removed on account of their own
illness, their places were promptly supplied by other Sisters.
Reinforcements were on hand to fill every gap in the ranks. As before
mentioned, the Sisters of Nazareth neither required nor received
compensation of any sort. The hundreds of brave souls that have passed
away since the war have no doubt ere this received their reward in a
better world. Dr. Foster, who was engaged in the Louisville hospitals
while the Sisters were there, wrote eulogistic articles about them in
the Louisville papers at that time, but unfortunately these papers were
not preserved.

The famous convent school from which these Sisters came forth to do
their great work is worthy of more than passing notice. The organization
known as the “Sisters of Charity of Nazareth” was founded by Right Rev.
John B. David, D. D., who was consecrated the first Bishop of Bardstown
(now the Diocese of Louisville) in 1810. Henry Clay, who knew this good
man well, pronounced him “the best representative of royalty off the
throne.” The Bishop, with the Right Rev. B. J. Flaget, built the little
log cabin near Bardstown which was to be the birthplace of the new
order. It was a success from the start. This was largely due to the
piety and administrative capacity of the mothers in charge. They were
sketched in an article in the “Catholic World” a few years ago. The
first of these was Catherine Spalding, a member of the eminent Kentucky
family of that name. She held the position of Superior for more than a
quarter of a century, and by her great intellect and modesty won the
affection and admiration of all with whom she came in contact. On her
death, in 1858, she was attended by another distinguished member of her
family, Right Rev. Martin J. Spalding. After her came Mother Frances
Gardiner, who proved a worthy successor to a worthy Superior.

The last of this notable trio was Mother Columba Carroll, in the world
Margaret Carroll. For thirty-five years she was directress of studies
and teacher of the first and second classes. In 1862, when the Civil War
was beginning to rage fiercely, she was elected Superioress, and for ten
years held that position with credit to herself and the convent-school.

While Mother Columba took no active part in caring for wounded soldiers,
she was nevertheless the presiding genius of the establishment at that
time, and directed the movements of the Sisters with extraordinary tact
and good judgment. She held many interviews with persons in power, and
thus warded off petty annoyances and troubles. The occasion of Mother
Columba’s golden jubilee was celebrated with great fervor by the
community on February 22, 1877. A drama, written by Sister Seraphia,
entitled “Religion’s Tribute to Our Mother on Her Golden Jubilee,” was
performed by the pupils, and was one of the most successful features of
an elaborate programme. One of the touching incidents of the celebration
was a poem inspired by the venerable Sister Martha, one of the original
five that started at “Old Nazareth,” and addressed to Mother Columba.
Mother Columba was one of the first pupils under the care of Sister
Martha. The following lines from this graceful offering are worthy of a
place here:

    There are many to-day, dear mother,
      Who are crowning your head with gold,
    And writing fine things of the record
      Your fifty long years have told.
    And, I too, should come with the others,
      My offering before you to cast;
    But I am old, and my thoughts, dear mother,
      Somehow will fain run on the past.
    On the days when our Naz’reth, dear Naz’reth,
      Was not like what Naz’reth is now;
      Our dear Lord only knew how.
    Then we spun, and we wove, and we labored
      Like men in the fields, and our fare
    Was scanty enough, and our garments
      Were coarse, and our feet often bare.
    When we lived like the ravens and sparrows,

In the following year Mother Columba’s earthly career closed, but the
force of her example still lives in the hearts of those who were
fortunate enough to be her pupils and associates. Mothers Catherine,
Frances and Columba made a truly wonderful trio. They helped to give
Nazareth the reputation it enjoys to-day, and while the school exists
their memory will endure. The Sisters of Charity of Nazareth are
particularly known in Kentucky, and they are to be found wherever
suffering humanity calls.

The ancient house at Nazareth is the mother from which have sprung
forty-seven branch houses in various parts of the country--schools,
orphan asylums and hospitals. Perhaps the most conspicuous of the latter
is the “Mary and Elizabeth Hospital,” in Louisville, founded by William
Shakespeare Caldwell as a memorial to his wife and a tribute to the
Sisters who educated her. The mother house is located a few miles south
of Bardstown, which is forty miles from Louisville. The buildings are
extensive and imposing. There is a presbytery, a convent and academy, a
chapel and the commencement hall. In the old-fashioned hall are
full-length portraits of Bishops Flaget and David and Father Chambige.
The library contains five thousand volumes, and in the corner is an
excellent bust of the late Archbishop Spalding. Mother Helena is the
present Superior, and in the administration of her office she has clung
to the best traditions of the past.

I am sure I will be pardoned for digressing sufficiently from the main
subject of this volume to mention a few of the distinguished patrons and
graduates of this institution. The patrons included Henry Clay, who sent
his daughter, granddaughter and great-granddaughter there; Judge
Benjamin Winchester, John J. Crittenden, Judge John Rowan, Zachary
Taylor, Jefferson Davis, James Guthrie, George D. Prentice and Charles
Wickliffe. The graduates include Sarah Knox Taylor, daughter of
President Zachary Taylor; Madame Henrietta Spalding, now Superior of the
Sacred Heart Convent, in Chicago; the first wife of Jefferson Davis;
Mary Eliza, daughter of James Breckinridge, of Kentucky; Mary Gwendoline
Caldwell, the original benefactress of the Washington University; the
wife of United States Senator Vance, of North Carolina; the four nieces
of Jefferson Davis, all converts; Mary Anderson, whose professional
career is as much a matter of pride to the good Sisters as her private
virtues, and Miss Taney, the author of the State poem, “The Pioneer
Women of Kentucky,” written for the World’s Fair. Such is the
institution that furnished so many nurses for the camps and the
hospitals.




CHAPTER XIX.

SISTERS OF MT. ST. VINCENT.

  A joint request from the Mayor of Cincinnati and the Archbishop of
  the Diocese promptly answered. Appalling sights witnessed by the
  Sisters. Young men seated on their own coffins prepare for
  execution. General Rosecrans and his kindness to the Sisters. The
  Governor of Indiana calls for nurses. Labors in Kentucky.


[Illustration]

The work done by the Sisters of Charity of Mount St. Vincent during the
war was of a high order. The first of the Sisters to enter the service
as nurses were Sisters Anthony and Sophia. Both were sent to Camp
Dennison, Cincinnati, O., on the 1st of May, 1861. On the evening before
that date a peculiar holy calm was upon the beautiful convent, which is
located on a hill top, just within the limits of Cincinnati. The
structure, surrounded by cedar trees and well-cultivated grounds, had in
it the appearance of nobility, religion, peace and charity. The golden
rays of the setting sun glanced, then darkened as the Sisters were
enjoying their evening walk. A messenger suddenly called for the
Superior. The Mother leaves her religious family to attend to business.
Only a few minutes elapse when she returns to inform her Sisters that
his honor, the Mayor of Cincinnati, and the Most Rev. Archbishop Purcell
earnestly request the Sisters of Charity to attend the sick troops who
are stationed at Camp Dennison. There were no commands; all willingly
volunteered to nurse the sick soldiers. Preparations were quickly made,
and on May 1, 1861, five members of the community were named for the
camp. Sisters Sophia and Anthony were sent in advance, and Sisters
Bernardine, Alphonse and Magdalen followed. Camp Dennison was situated
about fifteen miles from Cincinnati, on the Little Miami Railroad. This
location was advantageous for many reasons--easy of access, with ample
space and abundance of water, level and suitable for military purposes.
Mother Josephine, the presiding Superior, accompanied the Sisters to
this new home. Their duties consisted principally in attending the
soldiers who were suffering from measles, which had broken out in the
ranks in the very worst form. After these soldiers had recovered health
the Sisters returned to the Mother Superior House at Cedar Grove,
Cincinnati.

After the return from Camp Dennison a hasty call was received from the
Mayor of Cumberland to attend the sick and wounded of that place. Sister
Anthony was among the number, and an amusing incident is related of the
Sisters’ leave-taking. As the good-byes were being said the train moved
off, carrying only Sister Anthony. She arrived in Columbus some hours in
advance of the others, who boarded the next train. Arriving at the
station in Columbus she received a telegram from the Most Rev.
Archbishop of Cincinnati to return immediately to St. John’s Hospital to
prepare for the sick and wounded soldiers who were there, being brought
from different places. The Sisters named for Cumberland were Sisters
Sophia, Ambrosia, Ettiene, Agnes, Jane, Mary, Gabriella. There they were
kindly received by a Catholic family. Dr. McMahon, the attending
physician, was kind and attentive.

The weather was cold, the accommodations poor and the hospitals, of
which there were twelve, were some distance from each other. There were
crowded into these hospitals at one time 2200 poor soldiers, suffering
from typhoid fever, pneumonia, erysipelas, etc. The duties were very
trying, but a murmur never escaped from the lips of one Sister of
Charity. Almighty God and His glory being their only aim, all seemed
easy. “Sad and numerous were the scenes we witnessed in those
hospitals,” says one of the Sisters, “yet none presents itself more
vividly to my mind to-day than the suffering of the boy soldiers longing
for home and mother. How often were those endearing words, ‘Mother,’
‘Home,’ mentioned!”

Sister Jane says: “I had in my ward a droll boy named Billy. Now, our
Billy had watched the Sisters for some time and addressed me thus:
‘Lady, what is that I hear the boys call you? Sister! Ah, that is a
beautiful name. Well, Sister, will you give me your Bible? I would like
to know something of your religion.” Billy received the little Bible, or
rather a small catechism, of which he made good use. He was soon
baptized, made his first holy communion, and his zeal did not end here.
“Often have I seen him on a platform explaining the words of his
catechism to his comrades, many of whom became fervent children of the
Church. Many hundreds of like instances could be cited, but I trust they
are written in the Book of Life.”

Sister Agnes spent about three months in Cumberland nursing the sick
soldiers. She then returned to St. John’s Hospital, Cincinnati, to nurse
the soldiers who were being sent from Richmond and Nashville to the
city. “It was here I witnessed the most appalling sights,” she says;
“men wanting arms or legs, and sometimes wanting both arms and
legs--pale, haggard faces, worn from long marching and fasting. Many, I
think, died of broken hearts. Faces and voices haunt me yet, calling for
home and dear ones whom they were destined never again to behold on
earth. The streets of this now flourishing city were then the scenes of
extreme suffering and misery. Frequently fine young men, seated on their
own coffins, passed through on their way to execution on some
neighboring hillside.”

About the 16th of February the Sisters received a hasty call from
Cumberland. Mother Josephine and Rev. Father Collins were to accompany
them to the scene of their duties. They reached Wheeling about 5 P. M.
the next day, and received hospitality from the Visitation Nuns. The
next morning, in the face of a blinding storm of sleet and snow, the
Sisters started for Cumberland, where they were met at the station by
Dr. McMahon, the surgeon of the post. They walked in procession through
the streets, and were the objects of much curiosity. That evening they
secured some rooms, but slept on the floor. The next morning they were
assigned some apartments in the house of a Southern gentleman, Dr.
Healy, whose sympathy with the South compelled him to leave home and
family. The accommodations here were little better than at the hotel.
The bunks were made of rough boards, covered with straw ticks, and the
pillows were of the same material.

Pages would not suffice to relate all the good done in Cumberland. Often
during the stillness of night one might have gazed on a Sister as she
stood at the cot of a dying soldier, heard her whisper words of
consolation and religion in his ears, saw her close gently his dying
eyes. Thus they passed long, weary nights.

Early in March, 1863, the Sisters of Mount St. Vincent, who had already
done valiant service in other localities, were invited to go to
Nashville to nurse the sick and wounded of that place. Those named were
Sisters Anthony, Constantina, Louise, Benedicta and Gabriella. They left
Cincinnati March 19, 1863, and were accompanied by Rev. Father Tracy.
There were four hospitals at this place, fairly well adapted for their
purpose. Sister Constantina, who took charge of the first one, proved to
be an angel of mercy to the poor invalids. The building was formerly an
old cotton mill, located on an eminence known as College Hill. The
Sisters were quartered in a small house opposite to this place, and
during their stay were treated with the greatest consideration. Many of
the wounded were sent to this place after the battle of Stone River.
Most of the patients were young, and they suffered intense agony.

At one time measles became quite epidemic among the soldiers, from which
many of them died. It was during the mission at this place that General
Rosecrans, with his body-guard, made daily visits to the sick. He was
wont to say in his kind, jovial way: “Come, come, boys, you are foxing;
these Sisters are too good to you,” then laugh heartily at his remarks.
He was very kind to all the Sisters. The next important call to duty
was at New Creek. The Sisters of Charity named for this colony were
Sister Sophia, in charge, assisted by Sisters Ann, Cecelia, Beatrice,
Stainlaus, Etienne, Laurence and Benedicta. The chaplain was Rev. Father
Corcoran.

[Illustration: BATTLE OF WILSON’S CREEK.]

From the diary of one of the above-named Sisters the following is
extracted: “We left Cedar Grove Academy June 9, 1862, for New Creek.
Arriving at our destination, we were assigned a tent, erected for our
accommodation by order of Dr. McMahon. This gentleman, however, soon
procured better quarters for us with a family named Dinges. Here we
performed our duties of nursing the sick and wounded with energy and
zeal. During our stay at New Creek we were treated with great kindness
and respect, particularly by Colonel Miller, who, although a Protestant,
proved a sincere friend of priest and Sisters.

“It is not surprising that our peculiar dress was a source of amusement
to many persons who had never before seen a religious. We were
frequently asked why we dressed so differently from other ladies. We are
happy to relate that our care and kindness removed many prejudices
against our religion. We remained at New Creek about three months; then
the army moved to Culpepper Court House. We followed in ambulances and
nursed the sick soldiers in tents pitched on the camp grounds. Some of
the soldiers had typhoid fever, of which disease many of them died. When
the Confederates were victorious at Harper’s Ferry we retreated to
Washington, whence we returned to the Mother house, Cincinnati.”

Gallipolis was the next assignment. The Sisters named for the field of
charity were Sisters Louis, Ambrosia, Euphrasia, Basilia, Gonzaga,
Laurence, Constantina and Seraphine. About eight months after their
return from Cumberland they were ordered to this location to attend the
soldiers from Winchester and Lynchburg. The wounded did not reach the
hospitals until fourteen days after the battle. The misery and suffering
presented was most frightful. The attending physician was Dr. Stone, and
the chaplain was Rev. Father Callenberg. Sister Gonzaga, a very holy
person, who has since gone to her reward, took quite an interest in
little Toby, a little darky, who was conspicuous about the camp, and who
endeavored, whenever an opportunity occurred, of instructing him in the
knowledge and love of God. When she thought she had instructed him
sufficiently and an examination would not be out of place, she called
him to her and said: “Toby, who made you?”

“Dun no, Sister,” he answered.

She then said to him: “Well, Toby, who made the trees, the grass, the
flowers and all these beautiful things which we see around us?”

The little fellow looked at her for awhile and said: “Dun no; dey was
all hyar when I comed.”

The soldiers in Gallipolis acted as gentlemen in their intercourse with
the Sisters. The sight of a Sister was sufficient to check the least
levity. Men who had been taught to look on Catholics as dangerous people
learned to love and respect the faith which taught even women to
sacrifice their lives for the comfort or relief of the soldiers.

The Governor of Indiana made application to the Most Rev. Archbishop of
Cincinnati for the Sisters to care for and nurse his troops in Richmond,
Ky. Sisters Anthony and Sophia were among the first ones sent. They
traveled in ambulances from Cincinnati. The following are extracts from
the diaries of these religious:

“Much, very much, might be said of our work at Richmond, but God alone
could tell the story. En route from here (Cincinnati) we witnessed
sights the most appalling; the grounds were covered with wounded, dying
and dead bodies. Some of the dead bodies were only partially covered,
hands and feet protruding. The weather being very hot added not a little
to the hardships of this scene of action.

“Arriving in Richmond, we began work immediately. The hospital had been
an academy, affording wards larger and better than many other locations
during the war. Shortly after attending to those suffering from the most
severe wounds, a Sister discovered a poor soldier crouched in a corner.
For hours he had lain under the burning rays of the sun, suffering
severely from a wound received in his shoulder. The flesh surrounding
the wound was dreadfully mangled, and owing to neglect was swarming with
vermin. Pale and haggard he looked. I shall never forget him. We washed
and dressed his wounds and administered the necessary cordials, and when
we placed him in a clean cot the reader may imagine his joy.

“Another ward in this hospital accommodated more than one hundred men.
Seventeen were lying on the floor, each of whom had lost one or more
limbs. ‘What shall we do with these poor men?’ was the constant query.

“The first death that occurred was of a man who had been shot through
the lung. He had been exposed to the heat of the sun, and had eaten no
food for hours. Everything was done for him, but his moments on earth
were few. He received the last sacraments and died a beautiful death.
His last words were: ‘Thanks to the Sisters.’ This death and its
attending circumstances were the cause of many conversions. One pious
Episcopalian asked the Sisters for books on the subject of religion,
saying that ‘a religion which teaches gentle ladies such devoted
self-sacrifice for suffering humanity must be Divine.’

“No page in history can record such noble deeds of courage and devotion
as that illuminating the life and labors of these Sisters during their
stay at Richmond. Particularly noble was our much esteemed Sister
Anthony.[15]

“History can point to annals of devotion and self-sacrifice of noble
women, but no annals are so rich in noble work and silent charity as
that of our loved Sister. Hundreds of men scattered over the States will
always remember and revere her. She seemed happy when engaged in
alleviating the sufferings of others, particularly of the soldiers.”

The following anecdote from the diary of a Sister illustrates the
influence that the religious possessed with these soldier boys:

“It is midnight. The moon sends her welcome light to cheer my watching
hours. There is stillness all around, although many soldiers are
suffering. But listen! I hear moans. A poor soldier is dying; must away
to his cot. Yes, he was dying. I prayed, then spoke: ‘Now, my young
friend, you are going home.’ ‘Home!’ said the boy; ‘what do you mean,
Sister?’ ‘Why, would you not like to go to heaven?’ ‘Sister, are you
going there when you die?’ I assured the boy that I sincerely hoped to
go there. ‘Well,’ said he, ‘so do I.’ I called the chaplain, had the
soldier baptized and ere the morning dawned this beautiful soul was in
heaven.”




CHAPTER XX.

THE SISTERS OF MERCY.

  An application from the Secretary of War to the Superior of the
  order. Nine Sisters depart for the Government Hospital at
  Beaufort, N. C. A dinner of pork and beans and mouldy bread. The
  steward who expected the Sisters to poison some of the patients.
  Complimented by Jefferson Davis. A convent confiscated by General
  Slocum. Secular ladies who had “other engagements” when the
  smallpox appeared.


[Illustration]

None of the Sisters who gave up their time and talents to the cause of
suffering humanity did better work than the Sisters of Mercy. Their most
conspicuous service was on Southern battlefields, although, like their
colleagues in this merciful work, they were subject to the call of duty
no matter whence it came. On the 19th of June, 1862, Vicar General
Starrs, of New York, applied for a sufficient corps of nurses to take
charge of a military hospital in North Carolina. The proposition was
laid before the Sisters of St. Catherine’s Convent of Mercy, in New York
City, and the invitation promptly and cheerfully accepted.

Nine Sisters were selected for the mission. They included Sisters Mary
Augustine MacKenna, M. Elizabeth Callanan, M. Paul Lennon, M. Gertrude
Ledwith, M. Paula Harris, M. Veronica Dimond and M. Agatha MacCarthy.
The Mother Superior and Mother Alphonsus decided to go with the party.
The chaplain was Rev. Father Bruhl, a native of Hungary, sixty years of
age. He had a long, flowing grey beard, and while he was not possessed
of an adequate knowledge of English, he was equipped with a valuable
experience of hospital work incident to warfare. This was derived from
long and laborious service in the French army during the war which
resulted in the taking of Algiers.

The Sisters bade adieu to their convent friends on the 15th of July, and
boarded the Government boat Catawaba, which was to take them to the
scene of their future labors at Beaufort, N. C. The Sisters were under
the care of General Foster, who showed them every consideration.

It happened that 500 horses, destined for cavalry service, were to be
passengers on the vessel, and as the tedious and somewhat distressing
process of getting them into the hold only commenced after the Sisters
boarded the boat the Catawaba could not leave the dock until the
afternoon of July 16.

A non-Catholic officer writing from Beaufort at this time says:

“The Hammond General Hospital, at Beaufort, N. C., is eligibly located
on the bay, the tide rising and falling entirely around the main
building. It is under the care of the Sisters of Mercy, whose earnest
devotedness to the noble task they have assumed is manifested in the
cleanly condition of the place and the comfort and contentment displayed
by all the patients. One kitchen, a perfect ‘bijou’ of a kitchen, is
devoted to the use of the Sisters, where they prepare every kind of
delicacy which the condition of the sick require, in such a manner as
those good Sisters only can prepare such things. The prejudice which
exists in some illiberal-minded persons toward Catholics would be very
speedily and effectually dispelled could they witness, as we have, these
worthy ladies modestly but earnestly pursuing their vocation among the
sick and wounded, with no hope of reward until He, whose divine example
they imitate, shall say: ‘I was weary and ye ministered unto me.’ Long
may Sister Mary Madeline, the Superior, and her amiable Sisters be
spared to pursue their work of faith and love among us. Our soldiers
feel truly grateful to Mrs. Foster, the accomplished wife of our Major
General, for her consideration in bringing the Sisters here.”

[Illustration: SISTERS OF SATTERLEE HOSPITAL.]

The structure which was known as the “hospital” is thus admirably
described by Mother Mary Carroll: “It was a large building that had
formerly been a summer hotel. It was so near the shore that at high tide
the waves rolled in and out under the timber props on which it was
erected. It was a frame building, containing 500 rooms. The Sisters
arrived in the midst of a heavy rain storm. As they passed from the
wharf to the building, in single file, all dressed in black, the
patients, looking out of the windows, took them for nine lone widows,
seeking the dead bodies of their husbands!

“The place contained no furniture except a few miserable bedsteads, and
was in a most desolate condition. There was only one broom and very few
utensils. The broom, in possession of Chloe, a saucy little negress, was
seldom available. Along the shore were wrecks of pianos, tables, chairs,
glass, etc. There were no candles or lamps, and every one was compelled
to retire before night.”

Truly, a forsaken habitation for women, the most of whom had been
brought up in homes of comfort and refinement. The house was extremely
dirty, and the Sisters got very little rest the first night. The next
day a transformation took place. The new-comers, with what assistance
they could obtain from the natives, began the work of housecleaning.
“Bob” Sproul, a young negro, who was presented with a red shirt, was
installed as water carrier. He was so delighted with the conspicuous but
useful garment that he wore it outside of his Sunday coat and proclaimed
himself “the best-dressed man in North Carolina.”

The first dinner of the Sisters was a “sumptuous repast” of pork and
beans and mouldy bread, to which was added coffee sweetened with
molasses. Eight rooms were assigned to the nurses. These rooms were
located on the second story, and opened out on a piazza overlooking the
sound. In spite of the great consideration shown the Sisters, they were
compelled to undergo many privations. Two of the Sisters, whose names
are not recorded, died from the effects of these hardships, and several
were dangerously ill.

Nearly all the patients differed from the Sisters in religious belief,
and their coming caused several humorous as well as pathetic incidents.
Many of the soldiers had never met “a real, live” Sister before. Their
minds had been installed with false notions, and it was some days before
they appreciated the Sisters in their real character and at their true
worth. After the work in the locality was finished, the steward of the
hospital confessed that he often sat up until 1 o’clock in the morning
watching the Sisters, fully expecting them to poison the patients, or
do some other terrible thing, they being “confessed emissaries of the
Pope.”

The dress of the Sisters scared some of the others. “Great heavens!”
shrieked one patient to the nurse that bent over him, “are you a man or
a woman? But your hand is a woman’s hand; its touch is soft, and your
voice is gentle. What are you?”

“Only a poor servant of the Great Master, come from afar to serve you,”
said the Sister.

“Sister,” moaned another, “I’m dying. I want to be what you are; help
me.”

“What the Sister believes, I believe,” cried another, who had probably
never known any religion. “Sister, tell me what to answer when the
priest comes to baptize me.”

When the patients finally recovered sufficiently to leave the hospital
they would offer little keepsakes to the Sisters--a button, a shred of
blue or gray, a pebble--with a fervent “God bless you, Sister. I’ll
never forget you. Pray for me.”

The Sisters became part of the patients’ lives. They did more than nurse
them. They cheered them in their hours of despondency, and wrote letters
for them to the anxious ones at home. Some of the Sisters, by reason of
ill health, were compelled to return to New York. Their places were
promptly filled with recruits from the Mother House.

The perfect discipline among the Sisters, the spirit of humility and
self-sacrifice that prevailed generally, was exhibited when the Mother
Superior in charge was succeeded by Mother M. Augustine McKenna. Mother
Augustine was one of the women who had previously prepared food for the
soldiers. The patients and others were surprised to learn, after the
change, that she was not only a person of great executive ability, but
that she was also a woman of the utmost refinement, and one of the most
intellectual members of the Sisterhood.

In October, 1862, it was found that Beaufort was too much exposed for
the patients, and they were removed to Newberne. The residence of
Governor Stanley was placed at the disposal of the Sisters. It was
transformed into a handsome convent, the parlor being used as a chapel.
After the raids at Goldsboro all of the wards were crowded with sick and
wounded. Americans, Germans, Irish and Creoles, all came in the same
ambulances, with their clothing matted to the skin from ghastly wounds.
They were all treated alike by the nurses, who were working in the cause
of humanity.

Some time after the war Jefferson Davis, ex-President of the late
Confederacy, addressing a number of the Sisters, said: “Will you allow
me, ladies, to speak a moment with you? I am proud to see you once more.
I can never forget your kindness to the sick and wounded in our darkest
days, and I know not how to testify my gratitude and respect for every
member of your noble order.”

Mr. Davis met Mother Mary Teresa Austen Carroll in 1887, and he
reiterated his expressions of thankfulness toward the sisters who had
performed what he called a great work. Many other dignitaries and
soldiers on both the Union and Confederate sides testified to the good
services rendered by the Sisters of Mercy. Their labors, however, did
not end with the war, for after that cruel period they busied themselves
in establishing homes for widows and asylums for the orphans.

The Sisters of Mercy also worked with unremitting zeal during the war
at Mississippi Springs, Oxford, Jackson and Shelby Springs. The Southern
Sisters, after devoting months to the service of the sick and wounded
soldiers in these localities, returned home to Vicksburg only to find
that General Slocum had confiscated their convent for a headquarters.
Father Michael O’Connor, S. J., formerly Bishop of Pittsburg, was a
personal friend of Secretary of the War Stanton, and he at once
interested himself in the cause of the Sisters. After a brief
correspondence their property was restored to them.

In February, 1862, the Mayor of Cincinnati applied to the Archbishop of
the same city for a sufficient number of Sisters to nurse the sick and
wounded soldiers of the Ohio regiments. The application was sent to
Mother Teresa, who not only complied with it, but headed the delegation
of Sisters that went to the front. Grant and Johnson had met at Shiloh
and the battle of Pittsburg Landing was the result. The Sisters went
down the river on the Superior, preparing bandages and other hospital
necessaries on the way.

There was plenty of work to do when they landed, and it was entered upon
with zeal. A number of secular ladies also arrived upon the scene and
insisted upon aiding in the work. The Sisters cheerfully accepted their
assistance. In a few days small-pox broke out among the patients and the
secular ladies suddenly remembered that they had important engagements
elsewhere. They deserted the temporary hospitals with more haste than
dignity, leaving the Sisters in undisputed possession. Mother Teresa was
especially devoted during the small-pox epidemic, joining the other
Sisters in personally dressing the wounds of the patients suffering
from this loathsome disease.

The Sisters of Mercy also worked zealously in St. Louis. They visited
almost daily the hospitals on the Fair Grounds in that city, where an
average of from 1000 to 2000 sick and wounded men were being cared for.
Many other visitations were made to private hospitals and private
dwellings, where the necessities of the occasion happened to place the
disabled soldiers. Particular attention was paid to the patients in the
McDowell College, used as a hospital for sick prisoners of war. The
Sisters sent large hampers to this institution filled with clothing and
with delicacies in the way of food and drink.

Some of the poor sufferers were stone-blind, but as soon as they
discovered that the Sisters of Mercy were among them they would stretch
out their hands, crying, “Welcome, Sisters. If you had never given us
anything we would still rejoice to have you come amongst us with your
consoling words.”

Three of the prisoners of war in the McDowell Hospital were condemned to
be shot as a measure of “retaliation”--one of the cruel customs of the
war. The sentence of death had been passed with all due military
solemnity, and the carrying out thereof was inevitable. Knowing this to
be the case the Sisters visited the condemned men in their cells and
urged them to make suitable preparations for death. The unfortunate men
received the Sisters with cordiality, but they were furious at the
decree which condemned them to death, and absolutely refused to consider
any suggestions which would cause them to forgive their enemies. While
the Sisters were pleading with the men an armed guard stood at the door
and two other sentinels paced up and down the corridor with a
regularity and grimness that filled the scene with awe.

Finally perseverance conquered. The doomed men relented, and a clergyman
accompanied them to the scaffold. They were blindfolded when making
fervent acts of contrition, and while engaged in this pious devotion
were launched into eternity.

One of the duties that devolved upon the Sisters during the war, as well
as thereafter, was the care of the widows and orphans of the soldiers.
There was one pathetic case in the McDowell Institution. It concerned
two little girls, daughters of Southern prisoners. Their mother and
married sister had died in the prison, and their father was among the
missing. The little ones were seriously ill when they were brought to
the attention of the Sisters. They were in such a sad plight that their
clothes had to be changed in the yard, and the cast-off garments buried.
Baptism was administered to them, and their physical needs given
immediate attention. The younger child, about 8 years of age, died a few
days later. The other recovered and was instructed in the ways necessary
for a life of virtue and usefulness. At the close of the war she was
claimed by her father. He had searched the city in a vain endeavor to
find his offspring, and when he had all but abandoned hope located her
in the “House of Mercy,” conducted by the Sisters. On being given
positive pledges that the child would be properly cared for the Sisters
restored her to the anxious father.

Mary Mulholland, who became known as Mother Francis of the Sisters of
Mercy, did wonderfully effective work during the war. She was born in
Armagh, Ireland, in 1808, but came to this country when a mere child.
Her one desire was to become a member of one of those devoted
Sisterhoods that give their lives to the service of the Creator. In
spite of the opposition of her parents this object was finally achieved.
The opportunity came when Bishop Quarter engaged a colony of Sisters of
Mercy for Chicago in 1843. The journey to the Western city was by stage
and boat. A terrific storm arose while the party was crossing Lake
Michigan. A high wave swept over the deck of the vessel, carrying men,
women and children into the angry waters.

Mary Mulholland was one of those that went overboard, and when a brave
man--a Mr. Ogden, who afterwards became the first Mayor of
Chicago--attempted to save her she cried: “Leave me to my fate; save the
others.” He did save others, but he saved her, too, for a future of
usefulness and good works. The future Mother of the Order received the
white veil from the Bishop in April, 1847, and was professed by
dispensation December 28, 1848. Her business accomplishments made her a
valuable member of the community.

Speaking of the experience of this good woman in the Civil War Mother
Carroll says[16]: When the Civil War broke out Mother Frances organized
among the Sisters a band of volunteer nurses to minister to the sick and
wounded on Southern battlefields. She accompanied them to Missouri, and
set them to work. In Chicago she looked after the soldiers, whether sick
or prisoners. A Sister who shared with her the fatigues of these great
works writes: “Many soldiers crying out in agony on their hard beds
blessed her as she passed her holy hands over their burning brows. The
absent fathers and mothers for whom they called could not come, but
this gentle, humble, self-sacrificing soul supplied their places. A
Southern lad of 18 cried like a child when she laid her hand on his
clammy brow. ‘Oh, God,’ he murmured, ‘I thought you were my mother.’ She
prepared him for death, and he died in her arms.

Mother Francis was a power in the prisons and hospitals when the most
influential gentlemen and committees were refused admission. There were
so many sympathizers with Confederates in Chicago that a general
uprising between Federals and Secessionists was often feared. Whenever
or wherever the Sisters of Mercy appeared the sick and wounded soldiers,
whether in blue or gray uniform, were abundantly supplied with
everything necessary for their comfort. Once when Secretary Stanton
refused to supply more rations during the current month the case was
laid before the President, who wrote:

  “To all whom it may concern:--On application of the Sisters of
  Mercy in Chicago of the Military Hospital in Washington furnish
  such provisions as they desire to purchase and charge the same to
  the War Department.

  ABRAHAM LINCOLN.”

After the war Mother Frances continued her useful work in many convents
of her order, dying peacefully on December 8, 1888.[17]




CHAPTER XXI.

THE NORTH CAROLINA HOSPITALS.

  Solicitude of the Sisters for the patients under their care.
  Friendships formed that were only parted by death. Interesting
  reminiscences of Mother M. Augustine MacKenna concerning the
  Government Hospital at Beaufort, N. C. A victim of camp fever and
  how he was relieved by the nurse.


[Illustration]

There were many incidents of interest in the hospitals at Beaufort and
Newberne, N. C., told by Mother M. Augustine MacKenna to her niece,
Sister Dolores, and other members of the community of the Sisters of
Mercy. Some of these were incorporated in a neat little book called the
“Milestone,” issued last year to commemorate the golden jubilee or 50th
anniversary of the Sisters of Mercy in New York City. The principal
points are embodied in the paragraphs that follow.[18]

Beaufort is a village on a little peninsula that runs out into Bogue
Sound. It is directly opposite to Fort Macon, which is built on an
island in these shallow waters. Before the war Beaufort was a place of
fashionable resort for sea bathing, and its principal hotel, though a
frame building, contained five hundred rooms and was elaborately
furnished; but having been sacked in the spring of 1862 everything of
value was destroyed. It was therefore in a sadly denuded condition when
it was utilized as a hospital and made the temporary resting place of
two hundred disabled men, just two months previous to the coming of the
Sisters.

Only the common army rations had been provided for these sufferers, and
their situation was painful in the extreme. A complete dearth of
utensils in every department marked the early management of the
hospital. There was no modern means of washing clothes, it had to be
done with a few small, old-fashioned tubs, and the untrained hands of
some escaped field slaves.

No artificial light of any kind, not even a candle, could be procured at
that time in Beaufort, and there was no proper food or refreshing drink
for the patients. The Sisters sent an urgent requisition to the United
States Sanitary Commission, and very soon the hospital was amply
provided with all necessaries and many comforts in the line of
dressing-gowns, towels, sponges, castile soap, “Aunt Klyne’s cologne,”
etc.

Even in the midst of such suffering many amusing incidents frequently
occurred, as for instance when a Sister undertook the task of getting
the kitchen cleaned. This establishment had been until now under the
control of a certain functionary called the kitchen steward. He was a
native of Maine, of short, stout build; never wore shoes (on account of
the heat, he said), but always wore an immense straw hat in the house
and out of it, and constantly sat in a wheelbarrow at the kitchen door
with a huge bunch of keys dangling from the belt of his ticking apron.
He was a woodcutter in his native forests before he was drafted into the
army; he could neither read nor write, and his name was Kit Condon. The
negroes, and indeed his fellow-soldiers, called him “Mr. Kit!” It took a
great amount of persuasion to induce “Mr. Kit” to relinquish his keys,
the token of his dignified office, to the “North lady,” as the Sister in
charge was called, and he eyed the cleaning process from his wheelbarrow
with evident disapproval.

“Mr. Trip,” a soldier six feet high, was another important personage in
the culinary department, and this with “Edward, the baker,” who made his
“cookies,” buns, pies, etc., on the marble top of a ruined billiard
table, completed the kitchen force.

The renovating that kitchen received was marvelous! Piles of greasy sand
were swept into the ocean through a never-to-be-forgotten hole in the
very midst of the kitchen floor. The house being built on “piles” or
timber supports, this portion of it was directly above the water. After
the debris of a meal had been thrown them through this opening the
fishes could be seen by hundreds when the tide was in, and nothing could
surpass their voracity, unless indeed it was their quarrelsomeness, for
they seemed bent on annihilating one another.

One day much excitement was created by the arrival of an escaped slave.
A tall young girl was seen running breathlessly across the sort of
bridge or causeway that connected the hospital premises with the village
of Beaufort. She was quickly followed by an elderly Southerner, and he
was very close to her when she got to the end of her perilous race.

The soldiers cheered her wildly, and called to her that she was safe
with them, while they pointed their bayonets at her pursuer and swore in
no measured terms that they would pitch him into the sea if he laid a
finger on the girl.

However, some of the officers took up the case and brought both man and
girl into the General’s office, in order to come to an understanding.
The man cried out, “She is my gal; she is my gal; she was born upon my
place; she is mine.” But the General would not listen to this claim, and
told the man the girl was free from the moment she claimed the
protection of the army.

She was all trembling and exhausted with fear, fatigue and excitement,
and during the remainder of that day she had to be encouraged and
consoled and petted like a baby, although she was 17. Her name was
Ellen, and she had a sweeter face and softer manners than are generally
found among colored persons.

Towards the end of October the tides became very high, and the water was
driven under and around the hospital with greater impetuosity by the
wind. On one occasion the water was profane enough to invade the “Hall”
where a good old Unitarian minister held forth to his sparse
congregation, and the “meeting” had to be discontinued. The next tide
was still more daring, for it swept clear through the kitchen and dining
room, leaving in both a debris of dead crabs and little fish, not to
mention seaweed of every variety. All this rendered the place very
uninhabitable, and General Foster, with his usual thoughtfulness,
authorized the Sisters to move to Newberne and to take possession of
the Stanley House, the officers and doctors receiving orders at the same
time to remove the patients thither as soon as possible.

The two Sisters sent to inspect the prospects in Newberne had a
delightful sail in an open boat through the sound, past Fort Macon and
past the sea-green islands on to Moorhead City, which “city” consisted
of twelve houses and a few “shanties.” On arriving at Newberne the
Sisters were agreeably surprised at the aspect of the “Stanley” House,
so-called because it had originally been the home of Governor Stanley,
of North Carolina.

A handsome lawn or courtyard lay in front of the house. Beautiful large
cedars grew within this enclosure, and as their berries were now
ripening flocks of mockingbirds were rejoicing in their branches and
filling the air with their own inimitable harmony. In a corner stood a
grand old “Pride of India,” the first tree of the kind the Sisters had
ever seen; climbing roses clustered around the windows, and numbers of
little songsters made their abode in the foliage.

The house was fine and in perfect repair, having been used as General
Burnside’s headquarters. It had not been ransacked or rifled as most of
the other houses had been. Of the two large handsome parlors one was set
aside for a chapel, and a beautiful one it became soon afterwards.

In the last week of October the hospital at Beaufort was vacated, and
the sick soldiers were much more comfortably settled in their winter
quarters. The “hospital” was distinct from the “Stanley residence” and
consisted of three houses and several newly-erected pavilions; a nice
shady path and a large garden separated these from the Sisters’
domicile.

[Illustration: AN ARMY EXPRESS OFFICE.]

In December, 1862, General Foster, with a large detachment of the men
under his charge made an attack on the town of Goldsborough, North
Carolina, and almost ruined it. An immense number of soldiers were
wounded, and, as the doctors’ stores had not arrived, the surgeons had
no old linen or lint with which to bind up the wounds of the poor
sufferers. For this reason they presented a most fearful spectacle. Some
had their heads and faces wrapped in coarse cloth, and were so besmeared
with blood that the sight was a painful one.

Others, indeed the greater number, had either one or both feet in a
terrible condition, the feet having been pierced with balls. There were
broken legs, broken arms and one unhappy victim had both hands shot off,
and the condition of these agonizing wounds was something terrible.

The first task of the Sisters was to feed the wretched sufferers, who
had had but little care bestowed upon them. After that the difficult and
distressing duty of cleansing their wounds was undertaken and was left
entirely to the Sisters.

One very large man named Sherman, an Englishman, had his mouth and chin
so shattered that the doctors decided that his mouth had better not be
touched, as he must certainly die. However, the Sisters with soft
sponges and warm water began to loosen the horrible rags with which the
poor man’s face and head were covered. He, poor fellow, had heard enough
of the doctor’s opinion to render him hopeless, and when he found that
efforts were being made to relieve him he tried to evince his gratitude
by signs. When the wraps were removed blood began to flow from his
mouth, and a Sister took out with her finger several loosened teeth,
and thus greatly facilitated his breathing. The utmost possible care was
taken of this patient, and the satisfaction of seeing him perfectly
restored to health, though disfigured in a dreadful manner, was in
itself a great reward. The dumb gratitude he displayed when he came to
say “good-bye” as he was leaving the hospital was very pathetic.

Another interesting case was that of David Brant, a ruddy-faced lad
about 18 years of age. He was suffering in some way that could not at
first be discovered. It was noticed that he kept moving his feet in a
distressing sort of way. These members were uncovered, when, to the
surprise of the Sister attending him, it was found that he had still his
boots on and that they seemed ready to burst. Some of the soldiers at
hand came with knives and cut them off, piece by piece, with great
difficulty, and then, alas! it was found that veins of the boy’s legs
had burst open, and his boots were filled with clotted blood. The
doctors were sent for, and had great trouble in stanching the blood, and
in tying up the arteries. It need hardly be added that the poor lad died
the next day in great agony. He was the victim of a forced march in
which the men were made to run for several miles without stopping. The
Sisters wrote to his father the least painful account possible of the
poor son’s death, and received a most grateful reply, the bereaved
gentleman adding that but for them he would never have known the real
truth of the sad event.

“Hiram” was a victim of camp-fever; unfortunately for him he had been
kept in camp too long after he took sick, and the fly-blister had been
applied to the back of his neck. Some of his comrades took it off, but
applied no dressing of any kind, so that the coarse blue flannel collar
of his shirt grew into the raw sore, and his hair also festered into it.
It was his cries that first attracted the attention of a Sister, for he
was brought into the hospital in this condition.

She found a soldier trying to relieve him by applying a coarse wet towel
in cold water to his neck, and this caused the screams of the sufferer.
A soft sponge, warm water and castile soap came into requisition here,
and when the hair was cut so as to free it from the sore, and the
gathers of the shirt loosened from the collar, the poor boy began to
feel a little relief. As he lay with his face buried in the pillow he
did not see who was attending him.

“Who is doing that?”

“A Sister of Mercy,” was the reply.

“No,” said he, “no one but my mother could do it.”

By degrees the sore was nicely dressed with soft old linen and cold
water--the only dressing allowed by the doctors--and then Hiram stole a
glance at his new friend and nurse.

“What are you, at all?” was the first question.

The Sister tried to make him understand what a Sister of Mercy does, or
tries to do for those who suffer, and he sank back in his pillow,
saying,

“I don’t care what you are; you are a mother to me.”

He was only 16, full of bright intelligence and wit, but after suffering
dreadfully for six weeks from the fatal fever he died in the arms of his
father, who had been apprised by the Sisters of poor Hiram’s condition,
and had come from Boston to remain with him.

Many such sad incidents might be related, but no doubt such are the
records of every hospital. The Sisters continued their services until
May, 1863, when General Foster, under whose protection they had been
able to effect much good, was ordered to Tallahassee, Florida, where
there was no need of a military hospital. The necessity for the Sisters
was now not so great in North Carolina--most of the poor men having been
released from their sufferings, many by death and others by recovery--so
preparations were commenced for returning to New York.

The Sisters felt very much for the poor negro girls who had attached
themselves to them so affectionately, and who in their simple ignorance
thought that the “North ladies” could do anything and everything. Some
very amusing incidents took place in connection with our “contrabands.”
One night a Sister, having forgotten something in the kitchen, went for
it at a later hour than usual. All the negro girls and women who worked
for the hospital--scrubbing, washing, ironing, etc.--slept in the rooms
over the kitchen; and the Sister, hearing peals of laughter, did not
think it beneath her dignity to act the part of a listener under these
“colored” circumstances.

She therefore went noiselessly up the stairs, and, to her great
amusement, heard herself perfectly imitated by one of the girls. This
Sister had for many months been giving the general instructions to the
women and girls; now she heard the very tones of her voice and the
manner of her delivery most perfectly reproduced; another genius
undertook to represent another Sister, and so on until every Sister was
portrayed, to the great delight of the company, the members of which
never dreamed of the amused listener on the kitchen stairs.

The solicitude of the Sisters for the welfare of their patients
frequently caused warm friendships that continued long after the close
of the war. Sister Mary Gertrude and Mother Mary Augustine were two of
the Sisters attached to the hospitals in Beaufort and Newberne. One of
those cases that came under their care was that of Charles Edward
Hickling, of the Forty-fifth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers. The
bravery and manliness of this young soldier won the hearts of all.

Illness contracted in the service finally caused his death in 1867. He
bore all his suffering with great fortitude. During his illness the
Sisters visited him at his home, and after his death sent consoling
letters to the bereaved family.

These letters show the tender sympathy and generous interest of the
Sisters towards the soldiers to such an extent that the writer feels
justified in giving brief extracts from what were intended to be
personal missives.

Sister Mary Gertrude, under date of January 3, 1868, wrote to the
parents: “How can I express to you in adequate terms the very great
grief and affectionate sympathy I feel toward you in your great
affliction. May God be your comfort and your refuge in this trying hour,
for in sufferings such as these no creature can give you consolation. We
must look higher. He who sent the cross can alone give the power to
sustain its weight. Do not give way to despondency, my very dear
friends. The dear boy has only gone before you for a time--we are all
hastening towards our turn. In a very little time we, too, shall have
passed the eternal gates, there to meet all we have loved and lost, and
with them praise the tender mercy of the good God to us whilst in our
exile. * * * I have been, and am still with you, in thought and spirit,
going through the least detail of all the trying circumstances of this
sad bereavement.”

Mother Augustine, who was the Superior of the Sisters at the Newberne
Hospital, writing to a devoted friend--Miss Susan Messinger--said on
January 4, 1868:

“So our brave soldier boy is gone, his long and trying march has brought
him to the goal, and in his young enthusiasm he has gone to join the
numerous band of those who were his companions on the field and in the
fight, in danger and in privations, exposure and fatigue, but not in the
long years of patient and heroic endurance which requires more of a
martyr’s fortitude than a soldier’s courage. Dear Charles! He is the
last of our soldier boys--the last link that bound us to the Boston
Regiment, the brave Massachusetts Volunteers, whose heroism we shall
never forget. * * * Eternity! Dear Charles knows its wonders now. Let us
pray that we may so live, so use our powers here that our eternity may
be with those who have fought their way through the trials and sorrows
of life to its unending peace.”




CHAPTER XXII.

LABORS IN THE WEST.

  The Sisters of Mercy attend the sick and wounded in the “Irish
  Brigade,” the command organized by Colonel Mulligan, whose life
  was sacrificed in the Union cause. Sisters leave Chicago for
  Lexington, Mo. One brave, religious Sister who wanted to finish
  her office before being shot. General Fremont and his staff call
  upon the Sisters. Taking charge of the hospital department of the
  steamship Express.


[Illustration: COLONEL MULLIGAN.]

Soon after the beginning of the war the “Irish Brigade” was organized in
Chicago by Colonel Mulligan, whose life was sacrificed in the Union
cause towards the close of the war. He was a devout Catholic, and a warm
friend of the Sisters of Mercy. As his command were nearly all Catholics
be determined to secure the services of the Sisters in behalf of his
sick and wounded, and, before his departure from Chicago, called on
Reverend Mother Frances, from whom he obtained the promise that the
suffering among his soldiers should be cared for by her children. This
is the mother of whom a brief sketch is given in a previous chapter. The
regiment left Chicago in the summer of 1861, and was finally stationed
at Lexington, Missouri. On September 3, six Sisters of Mercy, escorted
by Reverend Mother Francis and her assistant, left Chicago under the
care of Lieutenant Shanley. The Superiors were to return when the
Sisters were settled in Lexington.

The hospital was to be in charge of Sister M. Alphonsus Butler, assisted
by her companions. To those who had never been within sight or sound of
“war’s alarms,” this appeared to be an undertaking of no small hazard.
The Sisters believed they were risking their lives. “Yes,” said one, “I
was fully convinced I should never see Chicago again.”

They went by St. Louis to Jefferson City, from which point they were to
proceed to Lexington. During their stay in Jefferson they were the
guests of Mr. and Mrs. Mosely, who were ardent sympathizers with the
Southern cause. Nothing could exceed their attention and kindness to the
Sisters, to whom they showed every mark of respect. When Mr. and Mrs.
Mosely withdrew to St. Louis they left their beautiful home at the
disposal of their valued guests.

It was rumored that Confederate forces were stationed along the river
banks, and that communication with Lexington would be speedily cut off.
The Sisters, therefore, embarked on the first boat leaving Jefferson,
the “Sioux City,” which was to carry them to their destination. It was
under command of Lieutenant Shanley, who was conducting a detachment of
troops to Lexington. Several ladies were on board, among whom was Mrs.
Mulligan, who with her infant daughter was going to join her husband. As
the steamer proceeded up the river the rumors of “danger ahead” became
more and more alarming. At length, at the earnest request of some of the
ladies, Lieutenant Shanley gave orders to return to Jefferson. On
reaching that city the officer in command directed that the ladies who
were not willing to undertake the voyage should be put ashore, and that
the “Sioux City” should resume her voyage to Lexington.

The second attempt, however, proved that the alarm of the ladies was not
unfounded. Danger was constantly apprehended. It was given out as
certain that the Confederates were stationed at Glasgow, a small town on
the Missouri. When the boat came within a few rods of it the
Confederates were seen rushing from the woods on both sides of the
river. Sister M. Alphonsus, who was saying her office on deck, saw the
men on the right bank uncovering a cannon and preparing to fire. She
hurriedly entered the state room, saying:

“Here they are!”

“Who?” asked a Sister.

“The Confederates,” she replied.

While they were still speaking they heard the whizzing and rattling of
bullets outside. The head of the boat was immediately turned, but the
firing from both sides of the river continued for some minutes. Had the
assailants waited till the boat had come within range of the cannon
nothing could have saved her. Their impetuosity defeated their attempt.
As it was, the escape of the boat was considered miraculous. The Sisters
afterwards met a gentleman who had been among the Confederates at
Glasgow on that occasion. He told them that the Southerners never could
account for the escape of the “Sioux City.” There were five hundred
infantry on the right bank and one thousand cavalry on the left. No one
on board was wounded, but the craft was very much damaged. The
pilot-house was completely riddled, as the Confederates had aimed
particularly at the helmsman. The Southerners afterwards declared they
did not know there were women on board when they fired on the boat,
above all, the Sisters, for they were especially courteous to all who
wore the religious habit. During the danger the other ladies were placed
by the officers in the part of the boat which was least exposed. The
Sisters stood in readiness to wait on the wounded, but blessed God that
there were none such this time. When all peril was over one of the
Sisters caused much amusement by saying “I continued to say my office
all through the firing, so that I might have it finished before being
shot.”

During the return voyage much apprehension was felt, because the
Confederates were supposed to be in ambush at different points. About
ten miles below Glasgow the boat stuck in a sand-bar, and the efforts of
the men to release her were more terrifying than the Southern bullets.
This was the last attempt made to reach Lexington. Meanwhile Colonel
Mulligan’s brigade of two thousand men was surrounded by Price’s men,
supposed to number twenty thousand. For three days the brigade made a
gallant resistance. Their supply of water had been cut off for
forty-eight hours, when they surrendered to General Price, September 20,
1861. The General proved himself a generous enemy, and his conduct won
the esteem and gratitude of his distinguished prisoner. The two men
became sincere friends before they parted.

The Sisters continued to occupy the Mosely residence. They experienced
the greatest kindness and respect from the colored people left in
charge of it. To the simple souls they were a great curiosity.

The old housekeeper wanted all her friends to come to see the Sisters,
and numbers responded to her ardent invitations. These guests were
puzzled to account for the want of resemblance between persons related
to each other, as they thought, in the first degree. “You say this lady
is your sister,” said one, “but she doesn’t look like you at all, nor
this one, either.” It took some time to make them understand that the
relationship was not in blood, but in spirit and profession.

The Jefferson City Hospital for the sick and wounded was placed under
the care of the Sisters. This charge they readily undertook at the
request of the authorities, as their original project of going to
Lexington had proved impracticable. They found the poor soldiers in
wretched condition. The hospital, a very recently established
institution, had not yet sufficient furniture. Convalescing soldiers,
who were the only nurses, could not be expected to bestow on the sick
the tender care they required. No woman of a religious order had ever
before been seen in Jefferson, and such of the soldiers as had heard of
them had heard little that was construed to their advantage. The
Sisters, therefore, on taking charge of the hospital met with a very
cold reception. They showed neither surprise nor annoyance at this, and
very soon the coldness and prejudice disappeared, being followed by
appreciation and gratitude.

On entering the hospital they found a poor soldier in a woefully
neglected condition, lying on a blanket laid on the floor. One of the
Sisters requested the nurse to allow her to have a little water. When
she received it she knelt beside the poor sufferer and bathed his face
and hands. The nurse, a rather stern person, stood by during the
process.

“May I ask, madam,” said he when she finished, “is that man a relative
of yours?”

“No, sir,” she replied, “I never saw him before; we are here to take
care of the sick, and we attend every patient as we would our nearest
and dearest relative.”

In a short time the Sisters, by their self-devotion, had gained the good
will of the inmates and officers; and the hospital began to wear a
better appearance. It took a good while, however, for the citizens and
soldiers to become so accustomed to the Sisters as always to recognize
them as such. One morning, as they were going processionally to Mass
they met a new detachment of soldiers, who stepped aside to allow them
the sidewalk. They kept a respectful silence until the Sisters had
passed, when one turning to another inquired, “Who’s dead?”

When General Fremont and his staff came to Jefferson they at once
visited the sick soldiers. Desiring to have an interview with the
Sisters the General was shown to their apartment just as they had
assembled for their frugal meal. When he knocked the door was opened,
and, to their great astonishment, he and his staff, in brilliant
uniform, stood before them. The interview was a very pleasant one.
General Fremont was on all occasions most courteous to them, and granted
everything they asked. Eloquently did they represent to him the wants of
the poor soldiers, for whom he promised to provide, and his promises
were religiously kept. This officer was noted for his kindness to his
soldiers, especially the sick.

The Sisters also received several visits from Colonel Mulligan and his
brave little wife, an old pupil of theirs. When she heard of her
husband’s capture, although she had but just recovered from a severe
illness, she made her way across the country to Lexington, to comfort
him by her presence. Soon after he was paroled, and they journeyed
homeward together, stopping at Jefferson on their way. Mrs. Mulligan
gave the Sisters a glowing account of her husband’s exploits, and moved
them to tears by her description of his sufferings. She was proud of
him, for he was a genuinely brave man. To rare merit he added rare
modesty, and were it not for the animated recital of his devoted wife
the Sisters would have heard but little of his thrilling adventures in
Lexington.

On the 10th of March, 1863, an incident occurred in Mulligan’s Irish
Brigade which, while not dealing with the labors of the Sisters, was of
such an unusual character as to deserve mention. It was the presentation
of a purse to Rev. Thaddeus J. Butler, D. D., the chaplain, by the
Protestant members of the regiment. The following address accompanied
the purse:

  Rev. and Dear Sir:--We, the undersigned, Protestant members of the
  Twenty-third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and O’Rourke Battery
  attached thereto, have learned with deep and sincere regret of
  your intention to leave us. From our long and happy association
  with you, and the many kindnesses we have experienced at your
  hands, we cannot permit you to depart without expressing to you
  the heartfelt sentiments we feel toward you. The earnestness, zeal
  and untiring energy you have displayed for the welfare of all
  connected with the regiment, the kindly and deep solicitude and
  manly courtesy which at all times we have experienced at your
  hands, your sterling worth, so nobly tried in the hour of danger
  have won for you all our hearts and gained your admiration and
  respect. In parting with you we feel that we have lost a dear and
  valued friend, a good counselor, and a Christian gentleman, and we
  assure you carry with you our sincere wishes for your welfare
  wherever your duty may call you. Wishing you a kind farewell and
  that God may bless you, we remain.

The signatures followed this.

Colonel Mulligan presented the purse in the presence of the officers and
orderly sergeants of the regiment and in doing so said:

  “Rev. and Dear Sir:--Our gallant brigade desires me to present to
  you as an earnest of their respect and affection the accompanying
  purse. To us all in every situation you have proved yourself the
  devoted friend and the exemplary priest. Our hearts are with you.”

One of the soldiers, writing to the Freeman’s Journal of this remarkable
event, says:

  “When the Protestants of our regiment address words of so much
  affection and attachment to our beloved chaplain, how are the
  Catholics, his own co-religionists, for whom he has labored
  zealously and devotedly, to testify their sorrow at his departure
  from them? Words can but inadequately do so.

  “Our separated brethren proved in a substantial manner the
  sincerity of their declaration by contributing liberally to the
  purse which was donated to him. They worked upon our rustic church
  as eagerly as those for whose benefit it was constructed. The
  amiable Captain Simison, an ardent admirer of Dr. Butler,
  superintended the work. Our late worthy and accomplished chaplain
  was necessitated to return to his own congregation at Chicago,
  which has been bereft of his ministry. General Kelley with his
  staff came from Cumberland to bid him farewell. The General held
  him in esteem and regretted his departure. Last evening the
  reverend doctor passed through the quarters and bade good-by to
  the several companies; afterward the men assembled at the depot,
  being anxious to obtain the last glimpse of him. Lines were formed
  by the men, between which he passed on entering the train; hands
  were extended on both sides, half of which he could not grasp.
  After entering the carriage, and when it was in motion, many
  others shook hands with him. The enlivening airs of Erin were
  played by the band. Captain Gleason called for three cheers for
  Dr. Butler, which were responded to with deafening plaudits.
  Colonel Mulligan came on the train from Cumberland, and with many
  of the officers accompanied the Doctor a short distance from the
  station.

  “Dr. Butler organized a temperance society here last fall. Being
  painfully sensible of the baneful effects of intemperance, the
  predominating sin of our race, he administered the pledge to
  almost 400 of the men. Although it has not eradicated the vice, it
  has checked it in a great measure. Many of the officers set the
  good example by joining the movement. The Colonel is president of
  the society, the Lieutenant Colonel is vice president. Father
  Butler did not pledge them for life; only during the term of their
  enlistment while they were under his spiritual care. Lieutenant
  Nugent invited the reverend doctor and most of the officers to
  supper last evening, where a bounteous table was spread for them,
  and good cheer prevailed.”

It is in order to state here that on the 20th of December, 1861, Mr.
Arnold, rising in his seat in the House of Representatives, at
Washington, introduced a joint resolution giving the thanks of Congress
to Colonel James A. Mulligan and the officers and men under his command
for the heroic defense of Lexington, Missouri, which was read a first
and second time. The joint resolution was as follows:

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives that the thanks of
Congress be extended to Colonel James A. Mulligan and the gallant
officers and soldiers under his command, who bravely stood by him
against a greatly superior force in his heroic defense of Lexington,
Missouri.

Resolved, That the Twenty-third Regiment of Illinois Volunteers--the
Irish Brigade--in testimony of their gallantry on that occasion are
authorized to bear on their colors the word “Lexington.”

Resolved, That the Secretary of War be requested to communicate these
resolutions to Colonel Mulligan and his officers and soldiers.

The joint resolution was ordered to be engrossed and read a third time
and, being engrossed, it was accordingly read a third time and
passed[19].

Rev. William Walsh, of Jefferson City, was a sincere friend of the
Sisters during their abode in the hospital, and they remember him with
lively gratitude. On New Year’s Day, 1862, they made their renewal of
vows in the church. They also derived much comfort and support from the
many kind and encouraging letters they received from their superior,
Rev. Mother Francis. The warmest sympathies of this noble-hearted woman
were aroused for her children, working in a cause so dear and sacred.
She visited them during the fall, and frequently sent them
contributions, provisions and delicacies for their sick soldiers. These
soon became so numerous that two more Sisters and several elderly women
and young girls were sent to their aid. An additional hospital was
required, and a building formerly used as a seminary was devoted to that
purpose. The assistants of the Sisters wore a uniform of gray, and as
all went to Mass every morning, when hospital duties permitted, the
procession of the black and gray-robed maidens looked rather solemn.

Except in case of Catholics the ministrations of the Sisters were
confined to the bodily ills of the sick. They rarely touched on
religious subjects, save when the patient desired it. On one occasion
they found a dying man whom they believed to be a Catholic. The Sisters
who attended him asked him to what church he belonged. He looked
cautiously around the ward and whispered:

“I am ashamed to tell.”

“But,” said she, “you should not belong to a church of which you are
ashamed.”

The poor man then acknowledged that he was a Catholic, though, through
human respect, he had concealed it until then. The Sister spoke words of
advice and encouragement to the poor man--a brave soldier of earth, an
indifferent soldier of Christ--and had the consolation of inducing him
to receive the sacraments. His death took place soon after, and his
fellow-soldiers, having arrayed him in his uniform, placed upon his
bosom the crucifix which the Sister had given him. This act of reverence
in men who seldom gave religion a thought surprised and pleased the
Sisters not a little.

They remained in charge of the Jefferson City Hospital until April,
1862, when, the army having been ordered to another division, their
services were no longer required. They, therefore, made preparations to
return to Chicago. The night before the day appointed for their
departure they were much surprised by receiving a serenade from the
military band. Next morning Father Welsh said Mass in the hospital. The
Sisters then bade “good-bye” to the few soldiers who remained, and the
poor fellows were very much affected at the parting.

When the Sisters reached St. Louis they were waited on by Mr. Yateman,
Sanitary Commissioner, who requested them to take charge of the hospital
department of the steamboat “Empress,” then about to start for the
battlefield of Shiloh, in order to transfer the wounded to places where
they could receive proper care. Many of the sick and wounded were on the
battlefield, sheltered only by tents, and deprived of almost every
comfort. When the necessary permission from home was obtained the
Sisters went aboard the “Empress,” bound for Pittsburg Landing, which
they reached on Palm Sunday. They had been anxious to reach it that day,
hoping to be in time for Mass; but they were surprised and disappointed
to find that, instead of being a town or village, Pittsburg Landing
consisted of only one house, a log cabin, in which there was no prospect
of hearing Mass. They went ashore at once to visit the sick and wounded
of both armies, who were in separate tents, and distributed to the poor
men some refreshments, which were most gratefully received. Next day the
“Empress,” laden with sick and wounded, started for Keokuk, Iowa. There
were over three hundred sufferers aboard, and the Sisters were occupied
from early morning till midnight waiting on them and endeavoring to
soothe their depressed spirits. The “Empress” reached Keokuk on Holy
Saturday, April 16, 1862. The removal of the sick to the hospital began
at once and occupied two days, during which time the Sisters were
engaged in doing everything possible to ease the pains of their
patients.

On Easter Sunday they had the happiness of hearing Mass and receiving
the sacraments. The Sisters of Notre Dame, who were present at Mass,
awaited the Sisters of Mercy at the church doors, and, knowing they were
fasting, invited them to come to their convent to breakfast. Much as the
Sisters appreciated their kindness, they were obliged to decline, as
they had to return as quickly as possible to their sick on the hospital
boat. In the evening the Visitation Nuns sent a message to invite the
Sisters of Mercy to dine at their convent. This invitation was accepted,
as the sick and wounded had had their wounds dressed, and were made as
comfortable as possible. At the Visitation Convent they received much
kindness, and had the happiness of being present at benediction. At
Mound City the Holy Cross Sisters, under Mother Angela Gillespie, showed
much kindness to the Sisters of Mercy.

Next day the “Empress” returned to Pittsburg Landing for another cargo
of the sick, who were conveyed to St. Louis. The boat made many voyages
of this kind. The Sisters strove to get delicacies of all sorts for the
sick wherever they landed, and in distributing these there were scenes
at once amusing and touching. The men would gather around the Sisters
like big children, holding out their piece of bread and begging for
“just one little bit of jam.” The Sisters, not having the heart to
refuse anyone, would give away all they had, trusting to kind Providence
to send them more. The “Empress” also made a voyage to Louisville,
where the Sisters placed under proper care the last cargo of the sick
and wounded from the terrible battle of Shiloh. The end of May, 1862,
concluded five weeks’ service on the hospital boat. To this day the
Sisters of Mercy express gratitude for the kindness and almost
reverential courtesy they experienced during their stay with the invalid
soldiers. Accustomed to a life of seclusion and tranquillity, they did
not venture on this undertaking without nerving themselves to encounter
much that might be repugnant to their nature and profession. But none of
their gloomy anticipations were realized. They always felt that they
owed a special tribute to the brave men of both armies for the deference
and courtesy they invariably received from Confederate and Federal
alike. The soldiers under their care showed them a child-like docility
and respect, and never was a word uttered in their presence by a warrior
of either side that could offend the most delicate ear. “If,” writes one
of the survivors of the nursing band, “the man who knows how to treat a
woman with respect is himself worthy of respect, then all honor to the
soldiers of the war, North and South.”




CHAPTER XXIII.

THE STANTON HOSPITAL.

  The authorities in Washington invite the Sisters of Mercy to take
  charge of both the institutions at the capital and the Western
  Pennsylvania Hospital, in Pittsburg. Death of the Superior of the
  Stanton Hospital. Buried with military honors. President Lincoln
  commends the Sisters for their self-sacrificing labors. A warm
  tribute from Father Canevin how the Civil war helped to wipe out
  religious bigotry.


[Illustration]

In the autumn of 1862 application was made by the authorities in
Washington to the Mother Superior of the Sisters of Mercy for nurses to
take charge of the wounded soldiers in the Stanton Hospital in
Washington City. Accordingly, four Sisters from the mother house in
Pittsburg were appointed for the work. They hastily prepared and
departed for the scene of duty, arriving in Washington the day before
Thanksgiving. Finding that the Stanton, a long row of one-story frame
buildings, was not quite ready for occupancy, the Sisters remained for a
few days with the Sisters of Mercy, who were in charge of the Douglas
Hospital then in operation in Washington. These Sisters were members of
the Baltimore Community, founded some years previously from the house
at Pittsburg. In a short time the new hospital was opened, and the
Sisters repaired thither, and began their work by caring for one hundred
and thirty wounded soldiers, who had just been carried in from an
engagement. On December 8 four more Sisters arrived from Pittsburg,
making in all eight, which number constituted the staff of Sisters
engaged in the Stanton Hospital. Some of these did not remain until the
close of the war, but were relieved as circumstances required by Sisters
from home. These changes were not made without necessity, as the health
of several of the original volunteers was hopelessly shattered by the
severe duties entailed upon them. To the bodily fatigue incident to the
care of so many patients was added much mental anxiety, caused by the
responsibility attending the charge of grave cases. The successful issue
in many severe surgical operations depended almost entirely on the
vigilance of the nurse.

Too much praise cannot be given to the officials of the Stanton Hospital
for their careful supervision and attention to the patients, and the
unvarying kindness and confidence reposed in the Sisters. The surgeon in
charge, Dr. John A. Liddell, and his assistant, Dr. Philip Davis,
deserve special mention. Abundant supplies of everything needful for the
sick were most liberally provided. As far as possible no want of the
patients was left ungratified.

This was a source of great satisfaction to the Sisters, and lightened
their cares considerably. What has been said of the work of Sisters in
other hospitals might be repeated here. Their labors were arduous and
unceasing. After every battle numbers of wounded were brought in, and
received unwearied attention day and night. As a rule the soldiers
appreciated the work of the Sisters, and regarded them as their best
friends. Often patients, when convinced that the hope of recovery was
gone, confided their last wishes to the Sisters. They were frequently
called upon to send messages to the loved ones far away, and write
letters to absent friends. These and similar acts of kindness, with
words of comfort and encouragement, made the day more than full “pressed
down and running over” with meritorious acts. The Sisters frequently had
the consolation of witnessing happy deathbed scenes, often of persons
who, under less favorable surroundings might not have enjoyed this great
blessing. Entire freedom of conscience was secured to all, each patient
being at liberty to summon to his side the spiritual adviser of his
choice. The Catholics were attended by the Jesuit Fathers, among whom
Revs. Father Wagit, Brady and Roccofort were untiring in their efforts
to console the sick and fortify the dying with the consolations of
religion. The Sisters remained at the Stanton until the close of the
war, when, their services being no longer required, they returned to
Pittsburg, where they resumed their usual avocations.

The Western Pennsylvania Hospital in Pittsburg was used by the
Government for a military hospital at this time, principally for
Pennsylvania soldiers. Such men as were able to bear the fatigue of
transportation from Washington or other places were sent to this
institution in order to make room at the Stanton for cases direct from
the field of battle. The Sisters of Mercy were invited to give their
services, a request with which they cheerfully complied, early in 1863.
In this institution the Sisters experienced the same courtesy from the
officers as was extended to them elsewhere. Every arrangement
compatible with existing circumstances was made to lighten their duties.
In both these hospitals a chapel was fitted up and Mass was celebrated
daily, which such convalescent patients as desired were at liberty to
attend. The Sisters continued their work in the Pennsylvania Hospital
until May, 1865. In Washington and Pittsburg the members of the Sanitary
Commission gave very efficient aid towards alleviating the conditions of
the patients by providing delicacies and reading matter. After each
visit supplies were left in the hands of the Sisters to be distributed
at their discretion.

The Douglas Hospital in Washington had been erected out of three large
dwellings in the then fashionable part of the Capital City. It was so
named from the fact that the most important of these three houses had
been the residence of the famous Senator of that name.

Sister M. Collette O’Connor was in charge of this institution, and was
revered by all who became acquainted with her. She died at the hospital,
July 16, 1864, and her remains were escorted to Baltimore and buried
with military honors.

One day President Lincoln visited the Stanton Hospital in Washington.
Those who were fortunate to be present on this remarkable occasion
received impressions that should remain ever fresh in their minds. None
of the Sisters had ever met the Chief Executive, but when a tall,
angular man with just the suggestion of a stoop about the shoulders
sauntered up the path leading to the main entrance of the hospital they
intuitively knew that it was President Lincoln. The homely, wrinkled
face, with its careworn appearance, and the patient, almost pathetic
eyes appealed at once to the tender sensibilities of the Sisters. They
knew little, and were without leisure to inquire, about the merits of
either the Northern or Southern side of the bloody controversy then
raging at its height, but they had a keen appreciation of human
suffering and human sympathy, and their hearts went out at once to this
plain man who so uncomplainingly carried the woes of the nation upon his
shoulders.

[Illustration: GRANT, SHERMAN AND SHERIDAN.]

The President went from cot to cot shaking hands with the poor patients
and addressing them in the jocular manner he frequently employed to
conceal the anguish caused by the sight of so much suffering. On
occasions of this character the very simplicity and naturalness of the
President only served to bring his greatness into brighter relief. The
Sisters had a good opportunity of observing the man who had been called
from his modest home in Illinois to become ruler of the Republic at the
most serious crisis in its history. They saw in him a person who with a
single stroke of the pen was destined to liberate nearly four millions
of slaves. They saw a man who was daily performing the most painful
duties under the most trying circumstances, but who did each act “with
malice toward none; with charity for all.” They saw in him the one
distinctively grand figure of the war. They realized with others that
amid the clash and roar and smoke of battle; amid the perplexities and
contentions of legislative halls, and the difficulties and differences
of Cabinets, there arose pre-eminent above all the peaceful, pathetic,
powerful personality of Abraham Lincoln.

Mr. Lincoln remained at the hospital for some time. With the trained eye
of a man of affairs he observed the cleanliness of the place, and did
not fail to notice all that the Sisters were doing for the comfort and
relief of the patients. When he departed he cordially shook hands with
each of the Sisters, and congratulated them on the work they were
performing in the cause of humanity.

Rev. J. F. Regis Canevin, rector of St. Paul’s Cathedral, Pittsburg, has
paid a high tribute to the work of the Sisters of Mercy in the late
war.[20] A passing reference is made to some of the events already
detailed in this chapter, but it is such an able presentation of the
case that it deserves reproduction in these pages. Father Canevin said
in part:

“The Sisters went forth from their peaceful convent homes to serve their
God and country in the Stanton Military Hospital at Washington and in
the Western Pennsylvania Hospital at Pittsburg. The military physicians
regarded them as valuable assistants, and oftentimes the nuns had the
entire charge of the patients, administering of medicines and arranging
bandages with deft and skillful hands.

“The Sisters had four hundred and fifty wounded men under their care in
the Stanton Hospital at one time, and after the second battle of
Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, a number of Confederate wounded were
laid side by side with those whom they had wounded.

“‘It was a beautiful sight,’ said one of the Sisters, ‘to see how
tenderly the convalescent Union soldiers helped to nurse back the health
of those whom they had so fiercely fought a short time before. Those who
are first in war are also first in peace.’

    “‘The bravest are the tenderest,’
    “‘The loving are the daring.’”

“Southern sympathizers in Washington sent large supplies of provisions
and delicacies for their Confederate friends. ‘We took all they sent,’
said a veteran Sister, ‘but we saw that the boys in blue fared as well
as their foes.’ This was holy simplicity. At the time the Sisters were
engaged in their work of mercy in the hospitals and on the battlefields
of the North some of their companions who had left their side a few
years before were under the shot and shell which were hurled from land
and water when Grant besieged Vicksburg, and fear and famine stalked the
Confederate camp and city. The Sisters followed the ill-fated army
through all the hard fortunes of the struggle; nursed the sick, stanched
the blood, bound up the wounds of those who fell on the battlefield, and
spoke words of consolation and hope to the dying.

“We can read in military annals how the dying soldier fancied a mother
or a sister to be supporting his head as the black-robed nun bade him
confide in the Saviour of Calvary, and poured refreshing drops on his
lips parched and quivering in the throes of death. It was loyalty to the
Divine Master that caused these women to serve on both sides of the
line.

“After the war the Vicksburg Community returned to their convent and
found their latest golden opportunity in the South in the great yellow
fever scourge of 1878, which spread sorrow and gloom over the land,
until even hope was almost paralyzed. Yes, when fear had dissolved all
the ties which hold society together; when succor could not be bought
with gold; when the strongest natural affections yielded to the love of
life, then a band of Sisters of Mercy, led by the same fearless heroines
from Pittsburg who fifteen years before had seen duty on the
battlefield, were to be found bending over the plague-stricken couch,
praying, ever encouraging and holding up to the last before the expiring
patient the image of the Cross.

“When the brave men of both armies had fought out the nation’s quarrel,
and when the roar of cannon died away and the smoke of battle was lifted
from the land, the bright sun of peace shone upon a people more united
than they had ever been before. Religious bigotry and sectarian hatred
had received a deadly stroke. There was more Christianity amid the rough
scenes of war than there had been in preceding years of peace. The best
blood of the Roman Catholic and of the Protestant co-patriot had
reddened the same stream and mingled on many a well-fought field; side
by side they met the charge; side by side they repelled the shock; side
by side they fell. In the same pit their bodies were deposited. The dew
fell from Heaven upon their union in the grave.

“Misfortune had taught them to know and respect and trust and love each
other. Those who survived learned to despise the cowards and hypocrites
and bigots who at home, in ignorance or malice, had armed man against
his brother, and in the name of religion kept us in perpetual conflict.
The soldier descendant of the New England Puritan, and of the
Papist-hating Orangeman, discovered that his Catholic comrade was a
brave, generous-hearted man, and a consistent Christian; that the Roman
Catholic Church was not the sworn enemy of free institutions; that the
Sisters of that Church were kind, earnest, hard-working, useful and
devoted women in the service of that Christ whose doctrine is that we
should love one another. And thus the Sisters of Mercy returned from
war to find the good they and other religious women had done had won the
grateful recognition of the whole country. Thoughtful men learned from
their deeds that even a Covenanter need not fear to offend the Creator
in acknowledging that there rested a holy influence in hearts
consecrated to God.”

A Sister of Mercy at Charleston, under date of September 23, 1865, thus
writes to a friend concerning the destitution in that city and State:

“Every phase of life has been so upturned here that the once rich, who
were wont to assist the poor, are now wretchedly poor themselves, and
are grateful for a little of the common necessaries of life when given
them. We have called upon the Northern storekeepers here and received
some assistance from them, but we cannot call too often. Few of our own
people are able to go into business; none can afford to give at present,
though the will is good. If, my dear lady, you can do aught in this
emergency, you will perform a great act of charity. Could you see these
people as we do your heart would ache. Sad eyes swimming in tears;
little delicate hands skinned from the wash-tub, and hearts without hope
for the future. I saw last week a lady, one of the wealthiest a short
time ago, lying on a miserable pallet, the room without furniture, where
she once had every comfort. The house had been stripped of everything,
linen, plate and wines of all kinds; her limbs were covered with sores,
occasioned by anxiety of mind and poverty of blood; the result of almost
starvation. Were this an isolated case, it could be relieved, but,
unfortunately, the city abounds in them. The planters for miles around
are homeless, and are compelled to take refuge in the city without any
means of subsistence.”

Sisters DeSales and DeChantel, and some five other Sisters of the
Sisters of Mercy arrived in New York in the latter part of 1865 from
White Sulphur Springs, Montgomery County, Virginia, where they were
engaged attending the sick and wounded soldiers in the hospital for the
last four years. They were accompanied by the Rev. Mr. Croghan, of
Charleston, who was also engaged during the war as chaplain in the same
hospital.

According to the New York News, at the time of Lee’s surrender there
were over three hundred sick and wounded at this particular hospital. It
adds: “Over sixty of these were Federal soldiers, and not more than two
days’ rations to meet their wants. The Sisters were among strangers,
having neither money nor worldly influence, but, compelled by the spirit
of their holy calling, they devised means to procure provisions enough
to suffice for more than six weeks for the patients and remained with
them until all had either convalesced or died.

“About the 22d of May they proceeded to Lynchburg. General Gregg
received them at this port most courteously and offered them every means
in his power to prosecute their journey to Washington, where they again
applied to General Hardie for transportation to Charleston. In this they
were not successful. General Hardie refused to send them, on the ground
that, being non-combatants, no provision had been made by the
authorities in Washington for such persons. Finally, through the
kindness of some private gentleman in Washington, Father Croghan was
enabled to procure transportation to New York, where they found
themselves strangers and penniless, and with hardly sufficient wearing
apparel to enable them to appear in public. On hearing of their
embarrassing circumstances, the Rev. William Quinn, of St. Peter’s,
Barclay street, called a few of his parishioners together on Sunday last
with a view to raising the necessary funds to enable these good Sisters
to return to their homes. The result was that, aided by Judge Andrew
Clarke, Esq., and a few other gentlemen, the sum of eleven hundred and
forty-eight dollars was collected in a few days. On Saturday last this
amount was presented to Sister DeSales, at the Convent of the Sacred
Heart, in Seventeenth street, by a committee consisting of the Rev.
William Quinn, Dennis Quinn and Andrew Clarke. On receiving the amount
Sister DeSales, on behalf of herself and the community she represented,
expressed her earnest thanks to the donors, promising that their
kindness should never be forgotten by their community.”

The Convent at Charleston belonging to these Sisters was burned to the
ground, having caught fire from the shells thrown into the city during
the bombardment of the Federal forces.




CHAPTER XXIV.

SISTERS OF ST. JOSEPH.

  The Surgeon General applies for nurses to care for the sick
  soldiers in Camp Curtin, Harrisburg. Bishop Wood gives a ready
  assent. Their valuable Services at the State Capital. An official
  letter of thanks from Governor Curtin. Down the James River in the
  Commodore to bring the wounded from the battlefield of Yorktown. A
  poor soldier abandoned in an isolated tent. Rescued from death
  itself. A grateful patient.


[Illustration: JEFFERSON DAVIS.]

In January, 1862, Dr. Henry H. Smith, Surgeon-General of the State of
Pennsylvania, applied to Rev. Mother St. John at the Mt. St. Joseph
Convent, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, for Sisters to serve as nurses of
the sick soldiers in Camp Curtin, Harrisburg, saying he had had
experience of the Sisters’ efficiency in nursing while he attended at
St. Joseph’s Hospital in Philadelphia, and felt they would be able to do
good work at the State Capital.

Bishop Wood, to whom the Doctor had spoken of the matter, gave ready
assent, and writing on the 22d of the same month, the Doctor speaks of
the arrangements for the Sisters’ journey as having been effected, and
adds: “The Doctor hopes the Sisters will not disappoint him. Whilst
beset by applicants, every female nurse has been refused, Dr. Smith
being unwilling to trust any but his old friends, the Sisters of St.
Joseph. There is a large field of usefulness, but it is to be properly
cultivated only by those whose sense of duty will induce them to
sacrifice personal comfort. The living is rough, the pay poor, and
nothing but the sentiments of religion can render the nurses contented.”

On January 23 three Sisters under the direction of Mother Monica Pue,
went to Harrisburg, and on the following day the Surgeon-General took
them to Camp Curtin Hospital, which he placed under their charge. At the
camp there were then about three thousand militia. The hospital was
merely a temporary frame building, roughly put together, and to make the
apartments at all habitable blankets and other such improvised tapestry
had to be hung over the boards. The Sisters arrived at the hospital
towards evening. They found that three matrons had been in charge, and
with them a number of the soldiers acting as nurses. The reception
accorded the Sisters was not at all cordial. One man had been given the
charge of seeing to the Sisters’ wants, and, coming to them he asked
what they wished to have for supper, saying: “I know that the discipline
of the Church is bread and water, but I do not know what you ladies may
want to have.” The Sisters replied that anything would do, and were
shortly afterwards summoned to the table the nurses had just left in a
most uninviting condition. The viands were left untasted, and the
Sisters began to see what work was before them, and to arrange matters
accordingly.

It was not long before the sick soldiers as well as those employed in
the hospital began to feel the beneficial effects of the Sisters’ care,
and their efficiency in hospital administration; and the respectful
attentions and military salutes of the men became almost oppressive.
Bishop Wood paid several visits to the Sisters at the camp, and also to
the Church Hospital, Harrisburg, where three Sisters, under charge of
Sr. Mary John, afterward the Rev. Mother of the Community, took charge
of the sick, who, among the arriving militia, were unable to proceed as
far as the camp.

Finding themselves always addressed by the physicians as “Sisters of
Charity” or “Mercy,” the Sisters drew the Surgeon-General’s attention to
the misnomer, but he replied that the name accorded with their work, and
it would be no use in trying to explain to the doctors about the
different orders. Hence in all newspaper reports and in various accounts
of their work given at the time the Sisters were always mentioned as
Sisters of Charity or Mercy, which they took as another sign that their
patron, St. Joseph, desired them to labor as he had done, in silence and
obscurity, unknown and unnoticed by the world.

On the 2d of February the Surgeon-General, after visiting the hospitals,
wrote to Mother St. John: “I have found all the Sisters perfectly well,
and with no complaints after their trial of the inconveniences and
exposure attendant on military life. Already each hospital shows the
blessing attendant on their presence. Everything is now neat, orderly
and comfortable. Sr. P. is ‘Captain of the Ward’ in the camp hospital,
and has a drummer boy to attend her. Sister C. in the kitchen is also in
authority, and has a sentry at the kitchen door. * * * Sr. M. is ‘the
Major,’ and commands the surgeons, keeping them in good humor by her
kind acts. All seem happy and contented, and the Governor and others
speak frequently of the good move made in bringing them there. * * * At
the Church Hospital Sister C. shines in the refectory, and everything is
in excellent order.”

On the 18th of the same month the doctor called for more Sisters,
adding, however, “Matters are so unsettled by the recent victories I am
at a loss whether to send for extra help. There are rumors of closing
the camp or rather of giving it up to the United States.”

What Dr. Smith had anticipated came to pass; the soldiers at Camp Curtin
were called to the front, and the Sisters left the Church Hospital March
27, and Camp Curtin April 8, ’62. It was indeed touching to see the
difference between the reception the men had given the Sisters on their
coming and the feeling of sorrow that marked their parting with them.
Many of the men sobbed aloud, and the Sisters themselves were deeply
moved at the thought of how many, who were starting off in health and
strength, would ere long meet a sad and painful death.

On the 14th of April, by order of Governor Curtin, the following letter
was sent by Dr. Smith to Madam St. John, Superior of the Sisters of St.
Joseph:

  “Madam:--During a period of several weeks, amidst the confusion of
  a constantly changing camp, and amidst an epidemic of measles,
  with typhoid fever, etc., six of ‘The Sisters of St. Joseph,’
  sacrificing all personal comfort, ministered faithfully and truly
  to the comfort and welfare of the sick. Neatness, order and
  efficient ministration immediately followed their arrival in the
  camp.

  “Highly appreciating their valuable services and Christian
  devotion to the relief of human suffering, the State authorities
  desire to express to them and your order high appreciation of the
  self-sacrificing spirit which they exhibited among the sick
  soldiers, both at Camp Curtin and the Church Hospital in
  Harrisburg.

  “By order of

  “A. G. CURTIN, Governor of Pennsylvania.”

Dr. Smith himself wrote:--“It affords me pleasure to transmit the
accompanying order, acknowledging the valuable services of the Sisters
recently engaged at Harrisburg. * * * In the event of a fight at
Yorktown I shall go there with a party on a steamboat and stop at
Fortress Monroe. If some hardy Sisters will volunteer for duty with me I
will perhaps be able to take them. The notice will not be more than six
hours. * * * I will share the exposure with them, and will do all that
is possible to make them comfortable, bringing them back with the
wounded, unless you allow them to stay. Your Order is, I believe, the
only one that is doing duty with the army. I think they can do much
good, under my care. Sr. ---- will be especially useful in cooking for
the wounded in the boat I shall take at the Fortress.”

On the 18th the orders came, and, under the escort of Captain Bankson,
U. S. A., three Sisters went to Baltimore and thence to Fortress Monroe.
On the 26th the Doctor sent a request for six more Sisters, promising
plenty of occupation.

In a letter dated April 27, 1862, Archbishop Wood, after naming the
Sisters detailed “for attendance on the wounded and sick soldiers under
the direction of Dr. Henry Smith, Surgeon-General of the Pennsylvania
Volunteers,” adds “We commend them to the kind care and protection of
the Surgeon-General, and to the attention of all persons, ecclesiastical
and civil, with whom they may be in any way associated, holding it as a
special and personal favor bestowed on ourselves.”

On April 21, writing from Fortress Monroe, the Doctor informs Mother St.
John that the Sisters on their arrival had been put at once on hospital
duty, and were doing much needed work, especially in the preparation of
sick diet, etc. He adds: “They are sure to be appreciated. * * * They
come into friendly competition with a party of nurses under the
direction of Miss Dix. They will win the good will and opinion of all.”

The three Sisters first sent were again under the direction of Mother
Monica Pue. They were kindly and eagerly welcomed by Dr. Smith, who,
with the aid of a spy-glass, saw the boat approaching and hurried to
meet them. There were then some sick and wounded on board the floating
hospital, the “Whillden.” Other Sisters went down later under charge of
one of the hospital surgeons, who, poor man, was anything but pleased
with being detailed to act as escort to five ladies. But all his fears,
as he afterwards declared, were speedily dispelled when he found his
office rather a sinecure, since the Sisters did not call on him for the
thousand and one attentions it had been his fortune to have been called
on to give while attending secular ladies.

At Fortress Monroe they went aboard the two floating hospitals, the
“Whillden” and the “Commodore.” On May 3 they had the great consolation
of receiving the Sacraments from Rev. Father Dillon, of the Congregation
of the Holy Cross, who drove up and down the Camp by Fortress Monroe,
hearing the confessions of the soldiers. He said Mass on board the
“Commodore” May 3 and 4.

On May 6, in company with the Surgeon-General and his assistants, three
of the Sisters went down the James River in the “Commodore” to bring up
the wounded from the battlefield of Yorktown. All night from 5 P. M.
till 2 A. M. of next day the wounded were being carried to the vessel on
stretchers. Harrowing, indeed, were the scenes that there met their eye,
and sad it was to find how inadequate were their efforts to fully
assuage the terrible sufferings of the victims. But all that could be
done was done, and the supply of coffee and stimulants was thankfully
received by those who for days had languished without any attentions. A
company of Pennsylvania Volunteers, whom the Sisters met near the
landing had not had any food for two, and some for three days, the
steamer laden with provisions having been unaccountably delayed. On
their way up the river the “Commodore” passed the vessel with the
longed-for supply of food on its way down to the men.

Among the wounded were many of the Southern soldiers, who had been taken
prisoners; and they seemed particularly grateful for the attentions of
the religious. The wounded lay in rows along the decks of the steamers,
and in the state rooms, so close together that it was almost impossible
to pass along without treading on them.

On May 16 Dr. Smith wrote to Mother St. John: “The Sisters have given
universal satisfaction, and have done much good. It will be acknowledged
hereafter in proper form. In the meantime I should like to take six of
them with me again, ending perhaps at Richmond.” Six of the Sisters came
up with the wounded on the “Commodore” to the port of Philadelphia, and
stayed with them until they had all been removed to the different
hospitals of the city. After a few days’ rest they returned to receive
the wounded from the battle fought near Richmond.

Meanwhile the camp at Harrisburg had been reopened, and three Sisters
were again called to attend the hospital. One of them relates that on
her rounds about the place on their return she saw an isolated tent by
the door of which lay a coffin. To her inquiries an officer replied that
in the tent there was a man dying of camp fever. She inquired whether it
was possible to save the man, and, on hearing that it was not known,
declared her intention of going to see. The officer refused to allow her
to go in, saying it would be suicide, as she could not go without
contracting the fever. She, however, persisted, and entering the tent,
beheld a man in apparently a state of collapse. For days, it would seem,
he had received very little attention, and the filth of the bed and
floor was indescribable. That day the poor patient had had nothing but a
drink of water. The Sister at once prepared and gave him a bowl of
stimulating broth. He became sufficiently strong to tell her he was from
St. Paul’s Parish, Philadelphia. The priest, Rev. Father Maher, of
Harrisburg, was sent for. In the meantime, by dint of warnings and
entreaties, the Sister got two of the male nurses to lift the man from
the bed, to which parts of his body adhered. The floor was cleansed, the
man washed, his sores attended to, and then the priest came, heard his
confession and gave him the last Sacraments, and immediately his
recovery seemed to set in. His gratitude was touching in the extreme.
The Sisters had word sent to his wife in Philadelphia that she might be
able to have him removed home, but before she came they themselves had
been recalled from what to them was a blessed field of labor.

On June 9, 1862, Dr. Smith wrote to Mother St. John, saying: “The United
States have agreed to take charge of all the State hospitals. * * * I
have requested the Sisters at Harrisburg to return to you and hope I
shall not have again to trouble you until the war is ended. The Sisters
did great good, were very kind and useful. All will be acknowledged in
due time.” Several of the Sisters who attended the soldiers have already
entered on their reward, and rest in the beautiful cemetery of Mt. St.
Joseph, where on Decoration Day the Sisters and children love to pay
special attention to the graves of those departed ones “of the Soldiers
of Christ who went out to attend on the soldiers of war.”

No words could adequately express the gratitude of the Sisters for the
delicate and fatherly attentions they received from Surgeon-General
Smith and his corps of assistants. Dr. Smith was truly “one of Nature’s
noblemen,” with a soul free from every taint of prejudice, with a heart
open to every phase of human suffering and a charity that never wearied
in alleviating the horrors of war.[21]




CHAPTER XXV.

SISTERS OF THE HOLY CROSS.

  The heroic life and labors of Mother Angela. A cousin of the late
  James G. Blaine. She gives up her school at South Bend, Ind., to
  serve through the war. A historic meeting between Mother Angela
  and General Grant Rev. L. A. Lambert, the chaplain at Mound City.
  Sixty Sisters of the Holy Cross on duty. Sister Angela, of the
  Visitation Community, and her love for the soldiers.


[Illustration]

Mother Angela, of the Holy Cross Sisters, was one of the most devoted
nurses in any of the orders that served during the civil war. She was a
woman of high birth and considerable refinement. She came from a
well-known Pennsylvania Irish family--the Gillespies. It was from this
family that James Gillespie Blaine was so named. She was a cousin of the
illustrious man, and was also related to the Ewings and the Shermans.
Her parents migrated from Pennsylvania to Illinois while she was quite
young, and her education was received at the Academy of the Visitation,
in Washington, D. C. Mother Angela always had a high regard for Blaine.
She was intimately acquainted with the details of his early life and his
home at Brownsville, Pa. To those in whom she placed great confidence
she frequently gave touching incidents of the young man’s early career,
and on more than one occasion she repelled slanders which were no doubt
implicitly believed by the public at large. She became connected with
the Holy Cross Sisters many years before the war. When the first gun was
fired at Sumter Mother Angela was in charge of a flourishing school at
South Bend. When the need for nurses became pressing this was given up,
the scholars returned to their homes, and the Sister teachers
volunteered their services to those in charge of the hospitals. Mother
Angela was sent out by the Very Rev. Father Sourin, Superior General of
the Congregation of the Holy Cross, whose head house was at Notre Dame,
Indiana.

The following is an extract from the Circular Letter issued October 21,
1861, by Father Sorin, who was the founder of the Sisters of the Holy
Cross in the United States:

  “My Dear Daughters in Jesus Christ:

  “Among the distressing features of the times I am glad to convey
  you some consoling news, for, however much we deplore the
  distracted state of our country, we find a gratification in being
  able to assuage some of its sorrows....

  A most honorable call has been made on your community by the First
  Magistrate in our State, asking for twelve Sisters to go and
  attend the sick, the wounded and dying soldiers.... The call has
  been unhesitatingly responded to, and this afternoon six Sisters
  of Holy Cross started for Paducah. Six more start within a
  week.... They are all chosen from a large number of volunteers;
  and if we judge of their sentiments by the joy with which they
  have received their selection, we have reason to believe that they
  duly appreciate the honor and favor bestowed upon them.

  “It is well known that in the Crimean War the Sisters of Charity
  literally covered themselves with glory before men, and,
  doubtless, with merits before God. When the record of our present
  struggles will be handed down to posterity will it not be a source
  of joy for the Church to be able to show, in every rank of
  society, many a glorious name generously sacrificed for the rescue
  of the country?

  “But why should we be left out of the list? If the Standard of the
  Cross, under which we have enlisted, knows no enemies among men;
  if our objects, on the contrary, is to rally them all under the
  precious emblem of our salvation, our little army stands arrayed
  against the enemy of mankind, the spirit of darkness, and all the
  evils and the wounds which he has inflicted on humanity. Hence,
  wherever there is a pain to soothe, a pang to relieve, a bleeding
  heart or limb to treat or dress, there is a field for us to enter,
  under pain of deserting our noble banner.... What a joy it would
  bring to the apostolic heart of our venerated founder (Father
  Moreaux) to hear of this heroic act of charity undertaken by this
  little vanguard of his company in the New World! It is in his name
  I have blessed them, and they may rest assured that while they
  follow the fortunes of the battlefields of the nation, he, like
  Moses, will be praying for them on the mountain top. We, too,
  shall persevere with him in prayer in their behalf. In all our
  Houses there shall be offered for them a General Communion every
  Saturday, that they may fully discharge the important trust they
  have received.”

Mother Angela met many of the great generals of the war, and they all
united in declaring her a woman of marvelous executive ability. Besides
this she had many other accomplishments of a high order. Although she
was the Mother in charge, she gave her personal attention to many of the
patients. On several historic occasions she waited upon Confederate and
Union soldiers at the same time. “Johnny Reb,” as he was facetiously
called, and the “Yank” would lie in cots side by side, with the peaceful
face of Mother Angela between them. Often men lying helpless on their
backs would get into heated disputes over the relative merits of the
war, and but for their physical disability would have done each other
violence. The Sisters alone possessed the power to quell these quarrels,
and they did it with all the tact and diplomacy becoming their gentle
natures.

The story of the first meeting between General Grant and Mother Angela
comes from an eye-witness of that historic episode, and can be vouched
for as strictly correct. Grant was just then beginning to develop the
traits of a leader, which were to mark him later as the greatest captain
of his time. His headquarters were in an old brick building that had
formerly served as a bank in Cairo. Mother Angela came to this place to
report for duty to General Grant. She was accompanied by the late Dr.
Brinton, an honored physician of Philadelphia, and Rev. Louis A.
Lambert, D. D., LL. D.[22]

[Illustration: LEE, JACKSON AND BEAUREGARD.]

Dr. Lambert, who was to act in the capacity of chaplain, escorted Mother
Angela into Grant’s presence. The great Captain was seated at a desk
behind the iron bars, which had evidently been formerly used by the
cashier of the bank. He was writing with the air of a man who was
absorbed in his task and unconscious of his surroundings. An ordinary
cheap pipe was in his mouth, and every now and then he mechanically blew
forth a cloud of smoke. The characteristics of the man so well-known in
later years were just as pronounced then. The people all around him were
plainly agitated with the thought of the great war that was about to
rage in all its fury. He sat at his work calm, silent, and with an
imperturbability of countenance that was sphinx-like. Dr. Brinton, who
had been one of the first to suggest the Sisters, introduced Mother
Angela to Grant. The General came out from behind the iron grating with
his head bare, and, taking Mother Angela’s hand, gave it a hearty shake.
The pipe he had been smoking was temporarily laid aside. There was a
moment’s silence, and then Grant, looking at his visitor with a pleasant
smile, said:

“I am glad to have you with us, very glad.”

There was a pause for a second, and then he added:

“If there is anything at all I can do for you I will be glad to do it. I
thoroughly appreciate the value of your services, and I will give orders
to see that you do not want for anything.”

After a few more minutes of general conversation, in which Dr. Brinton
and Father Lambert joined, Mother Angela and the Sisters started for
their mission at Mound City. In later years General Grant frequently
expressed profound admiration for Mother Angela, not only as a nurse,
but as a woman of unusual ability.

Grant about this period in his career was one of the most interesting
characters of the war. It is curious to note the various estimates of
his character. The following extract from a letter written from the
“front” during the closing months of the war furnishes a striking pen
picture of the man:

  “In his manners, dress and style of living Grant displays more
  republican simplicity than any other general officer in the army.
  In manner he is very unassuming and approachable, and his
  conversation is noticeable from its unpretending, plain and
  straightforward style. There is nothing didactic nor pedantic in
  his tone or language. His rhetoric is more remarkable for the
  compact structure than the elegance and finish of his sentences.
  He talks practically, and writes as he talks, and his language,
  written and oral, is distinguished by strong common sense.

  “He seldom indulges in figurative language; but when he does his
  comparisons betray his habits of close observation. He dresses in
  a careless, but by no means slovenly manner. Though his uniform
  conforms to army regulations in cut and trimmings, it is often
  like that of Sherman--worn threadbare. He never wears any article
  which attracts attention by its oddity, except, indeed, the three
  stars which indicate his rank. His wardrobe when campaigning is
  generally very scant, while his headquarters train is often the
  smallest in the army. For several months past he has been living
  in a log hut of unpretending dimensions on the James River,
  sleeping on a common camp-cot, and eating at a table common to all
  his staff, plainly furnished with good roast beef, pork and beans,
  ‘hard-tack’ and coffee.

  “It is related of the General that when the march to the rear of
  Vicksburg began he announced to his army the necessity of ‘moving
  light,’ i. e., without extra baggage. He set an example by sending
  to the rear all his baggage except a green briar-root pipe, a
  tooth-brush and a horn pocket-comb. The story of his appearance in
  the Senate chamber in February last is still fresh in the minds of
  the public. He had no sooner left the hall after paying his
  respects to the Senators than one of the Democratic members rose
  and asked the consideration of the Senate upon what he termed the
  evident and gross mistake which had been made in appointing Grant
  a Lieutenant General, and declared it to be his opinion that
  ‘there was not a second lieutenant of the Home Guard of his State
  who did not “cut a bigger swell” than this man who had just left
  their presence.’”

Mother Angela’s party after leaving General Grant had quite an
experience in reaching their destination. The wagon which had been
detailed as their conveyance broke down when they were half way thither,
and there was some difficulty in patching it up sufficiently to finish
the journey. But it was done, and the Sisters eventually reached Mound
City, and began their work of mercy in the hospital located there.
Sister Ferdinand was a fellow laborer with Mother Angela at this time.
Father Lambert, the chaplain, attended the Post Hospital at Mound City
and said Mass at 4 o’clock in the morning for the benefit of Mother
Angela and her Sisters.

There was one incident that was kept quiet and which did not become
generally known until after the war. Small-pox was raging at the time,
and one of the brave Sisters was stricken down. She was hastily stowed
away in a garret of the hospital building and a special guard placed
over her. She recovered, and after that devoted herself to nursing
others with even more zeal than she had shown before she was stricken
down. Ordinarily small-pox cases were sent to the pest house, but in
this instance the tenderness of the Sisters would not permit them to
part with their afflicted colleague. It was against the rules, to be
sure, but who can blame the Sisters for this merciful breach of
discipline? It is only proper to state that the case was so isolated
that not one of the twelve hundred patients was affected even in the
remotest degree. One who was in the hospital at this time says that he
is not certain but that the Surgeon General knew of the hidden case.

There were between 1200 and 1400 patients in the hospital, and all
received the kindest care and attention. Mother Angela served through
all the war, winning extraordinary distinction for tact, diplomacy and
faithfulness.

The official communication written by Commander Davis after a battle on
White River, June 17, 1862, indicates that Mother Angela was not unknown
to the authorities.

  U. S. Flag Steamer Benton, Memphis, June 20, 1862.
  Hon. Gideon Wells, Secretary of the Navy.

  Sir:--The number of men on board the hospital boat Red Rover is
  forty-one. The account given me yesterday was incorrect. I shall
  still wait for further knowledge before presenting a final report
  of the casualties attending the capture of the St. Charles forts.
  The Department will be gratified to learn that the patients are,
  most of them, doing well. * * * Sister Angela, the Superior of the
  Sisters of the Holy Cross (some of whom are performing their
  offices of mercy at the Mound City Hospital), has kindly offered
  the services of the Sisters for the hospital boat of this squadron
  when needed. I have written to Commander Rennock to make
  arrangements for their coming.

  I have the honor to be, very respectfully your obedient servant,

  CHARLES H. DAVIS,
  Flag Officer Commanding Western Flotilla.

The Catholic Mirror, under date of November 8, 1862, records the
following:

  “A fourth colony of these devoted Sisterhoods has set forth on its
  mission of mercy, to serve in the hospitals of Washington, as they
  already serve so faithfully at Memphis, Cairo and Mound City. The
  Hospital of St. Aloysius, erected in a week by Catholic charity,
  fired by the zeal of the dead Jesuit Fathers, call them to its
  succor; and they, fully responding to the holy fervor which built
  these hospitals from the very overflowings of love to God and of
  reverence for the tabernacle in which dwells the Holy of Holies,
  will fill up the measure of these by ministering to the wants of
  the sick and sorrowing and forlorn, the objects of His love who
  died on Calvary, and renders daily His sacrifice for their
  success, and the holy temple thus saved by piety from desecration.

  “Who has not heard of the Jesuit Fathers? Their fame has spread
  throughout the earth; and yet so silently they work, so sublimely
  concealed their burning zeal, that but for an occasion like the
  present, when the influence they possess over the human soul
  manifested itself by a simultaneous impulse that cannot be
  repressed, they for the most part live a hidden, unobtrusive
  life--a life which makes the surer the good they invariably
  effect--for near 400 years the devoted sons of St. Ignatius toiled
  like their founder in striving to hide from the world the
  individuals who achieved a good that will not be hidden; and it
  seems a sort of sacrilege to withdraw the veil that hides this
  good even partially from the world. When we think of what the
  Jesuits have done through long ages, our heart burns, our spirit
  fires, and in our heart of hearts perceive that men who do good in
  every age, without being tainted with the spirit of any age,
  demand from us reverence and not praise.

  “When, then, we heard of the last demonstration of zeal, of
  Catholic zeal, stirred up by the Jesuit Fathers, we felt no
  extraordinary surprise, we manifested no extraordinary exultation;
  a tranquil happiness stole over us; we thanked God that St.
  Ignatius still lived in his sons, and that, great as was the work
  of building St. Aloysius Hospitals in six days, a far greater
  work, though a more hidden one, is being daily, hourly, performed
  by these devoted soldiers of the Church.

  “But, meantime, the hospital of St. Aloysius is a fact; in
  Washington, hospitals to form a refuge for the sick, measuring six
  hundred feet by twenty-six, are in actual existence, erected
  spontaneously by Catholic charity, and purposing to be watched
  over also by Catholic charity, for the Sisters of the Holy Cross
  are already on the way to take charge of such inmates as this
  unhappy war shall bring within its precincts.

  “May they prosper in their mission at Washington, as at Memphis,
  Mound City and at Cairo; may they bring balm to the wounded heart
  as they bandage the wounded limb; and may the blessings they bring
  to others react upon themselves to enable them to lead more and
  more fully the life of recollection every true religious covets,
  even while pursuing the apparently distracting occupations of
  attending the sick and wounded! In bringing to the bedside the
  comforts of a soul in constant and habitual communication with
  God, by the faithfulness in which are performed the religious
  exercises prescribed by the rule, a Sister of Holy Cross can
  scarcely fail to dispense treasures far more valuable than the
  gold and silver of the world.

  “How many are the souls aided in their passage to eternity! How
  many reclaimed from a life of sin! How many taught to bless the
  temporary suffering which brought them acquainted with the peace
  that passeth all understanding! The annals of these deeds are
  hidden now; but on the Day of Judgment they will stand forth and
  praise the religious, who, by her spirit of prayer, was enabled to
  perform these ‘miracles of the soul.’”

The following communication, signed “P,” and addressed to the editor of
the New York Tablet, on April 12, 1862, is interesting, not only in
particularizing the order in question, but in affording another glimpse
of Mother Angela:

  “In your issue of the 22d I find a notice of the military hospital
  at Mound City. There is a mistake in that article which I am sure
  you will willingly rectify. The Sisters who are in charge there
  are not the ‘Sisters of Charity;’ they are the ‘Sisters of the
  Holy Cross,’ from their Convent of St. Mary’s, St. Joseph’s
  County, Indiana. Under the direction of their Superioress, Mother
  St. Angela, these pious Sisters have had for some time the charge
  of the hospitals at Cairo, Mound City and Paducah. Upon their
  arrival, about the beginning of October, all the other female
  nurses were dispensed with, and the Sisters assumed the entire
  control of the wards, each Sister having the care of one ward.

  “When it became known throughout the West that Mother Angela and
  her Sisters had assumed this arduous position, hundreds of her
  friends hastened to forward to her care large supplies of clothing
  and linen suitable for hospital purposes. She even made a journey
  to Chicago for the purpose of obtaining supplies, and right nobly
  did the citizens respond to her call. There are now over thirty
  Sisters there, who are almost exhausted by their incessant labors;
  they know no rest night or day. Fourteen hundred wounded men are
  hourly receiving at their hands such care as can only be bestowed
  by pious souls who look for their reward not on earth but in
  heaven.

  “It must be a great consolation to the relatives and friends of
  our gallant soldiers to know that they are attended on their beds
  of pain and suffering by such nurses. Wherever a Sister moves she
  has the prayers and blessings of the poor soldier, and the thanks
  and gratitude of the officers. Beside whatever bed death has laid
  his hand, there is seen a Sister seeking to alleviate the
  suffering of the patient and to prepare the parting soul for the
  judgment so soon to be pronounced upon it.”

The following reference to the Holy Cross Sisters from the pen of Father
Corby is apropos:

  “Sixty Sisters of the Holy Cross went out under Mother Angela.
  These Sisters volunteered their services to nurse the sick and the
  wounded soldiers, hundreds of whom, moved to sentiments of purest
  piety by the words and example of these angel nurses, begged to be
  baptized in articulo mortis--at the point of death. The labors and
  self-sacrifice of the Sisters during the war need no praise here.
  The praise is on the lips of every surviving soldier who
  experienced their kind and careful ministration. Many a soldier
  now looks down from on high with complacency on the worthy Sisters
  who were instrumental in saving the soul when life could not be
  saved. Nor was it alone from the Order of the Sisters of the Holy
  Cross that Sister nurses engaged in the care of the sick and
  wounded soldiers. Many other orders made costly sacrifices to save
  life and to save souls, notably the noble Order of the Sisters of
  Charity. To members of this order I am personally indebted. When
  prostrate with camp fever, insensible for nearly three days, my
  life was entrusted to their care. Like guardian angels these
  Daughters of St. Vincent watched every symptom of the fever, and
  by their skill and care I was soon able to return to my post of
  duty.”[23]

One of the interesting features of the charitable work of the war came
to the notice of Mother Angela in the early part of 1864. It was a
donation of $1000 from Pope Pius the IX for the relief of the sick and
wounded soldiers. Through Cardinal Barnabo the Pope expressed to Bishop
Timon, of Buffalo, his tender sympathy for the sufferings of the many
wounded, and requested the Bishop to give, in the Pope’s name, $500 to
aid in alleviating the suffering of the wounded soldiers in the Northern
army, and the same amount for the same object for the Southern soldiers.
Bishop Timon gave $500 to Mrs. Horatio Seymour, president of the
Sanitary Commission, to aid our wounded soldiers, and $500 to Miss D. L.
Dix, to be applied in procuring for wounded Southern prisoners in the
hospitals any additional comforts which might be deemed useful.

The following incident concerning Mother Angela’s war experiences is
from the pen of Eliza Allen Starr:

During the early days of the war and the hospital service we all know
how inadequate were the supplies for the sick and wounded; how meagre
the equipments for the hospital nurses. A poor, little circular
stovepipe served the indefatigable Mother Angela on which to prepare
with her own skillful hands the early cup of gruel for her patients,
rising as four, or, if need were, at three in the morning to answer the
first call of the sufferers; and the character of the stores provided
was such as few could realize one year later. At this time the
Commissary Board sent a visitor to the camp and hospital where Mother
Angela and her Sisters were stationed. During all these months nothing
could exceed the courtesy of the officers, who always shared any choice
provisions which came to them with the Sisters, as they supposed, while
the Sisters as scrupulously passed on to their patients everything which
could tempt the sick appetite, sharing, in fact, only the rations served
regularly to the hospital wards. When the Commissary visitor arrived he
was duly escorted to the hospital, which excited his warmest
approbation for its order, neatness, comfort of every sort; but as he
was bowing himself out in the most complimentary manner from the
presence of Mother Angela and her band of Sisters, she said to him:
“But, Mr. ----, you must allow us to show you some hospitality. Pardon
our lack of silver and porcelain, but take a cup of hospital tea!”
“Thank you, thank you, Mother Angela, but I have taken dinner already
with the officers, and need nothing.” “Allow me to insist!” and before
another excuse could be urged a Sister appeared with a snow-white napkin
and the tincup and spoon of the hospital and--the anything than fragrant
beverage of hospital tea. “Sugar, Sister,” said the sweetly-ringing
voice of the gentlewoman, Mother Angela, and before our Commissary
visitor could wave off this fresh specimen of hospital luxury, Mother
Angela had dumped into the tin cup what resembled the scrapings of the
molasses barrel more than sugar. Our Commissary visitor was a gentleman
from the toe of his boot to the crown of his head, and he drank the cup
of tea, well stirred, to its dregs, without a grimace, bowing as he
handed the empty tincup to the Sister, while Mother Angela rubbed her
little hands with unmistakable glee, and the full merriment of laughing
eyes, as she said: “I knew, Mr. ----, you would wish to taste of our
hospital tea!” And the Commissary visitor vowed in his heart as he
turned from the hospital door that the next train, on his arrival home,
should take, as he said in his letter to Mother Angela, such stores to
her own and to every hospital under his charge as a Christian man could
accept without shame from the hand of any hospital nurse in the land.

There was another Sister Angela who was prominent during the civil war,
but who was not so conspicuous as her illustrious namesake. She is thus
referred to in a recent work:[24]

“Sister Angela became a member of the Community (Visitation Sisters)
about 1819. She was one of those characters who convey to the mind the
image of a soul of spotless innocence. She celebrated her golden jubilee
and lived for several years afterwards, retained to the last her full
mental faculties and childlike simplicity. She was made Superioress of
the foundation in Philadelphia. On the breaking up of the house there
she was recalled to Georgetown. Then for twelve years at different times
she served as Superioress of Georgetown Convent and governed with a
gentle firmness and a lovely spirit of forebearance; enduring the many
trials incidental to authority with the utmost patience.

“During the civil war her energy and wisdom shone forth especially. She
was at that time most generous in trying to aid poor chaplains, and she
showed a true zeal for souls in the advice she gave to soldiers who
applied to her for help. Her charity was remembered, as the nuns of
Georgetown had reason to realize not long ago, during the encampment of
the Grand Army of the Republic, when one of the veterans called to see
“Sister Angela,” not knowing she had been dead several years. The
veteran gave as his reason for desiring to see her that the angelic
Superioress had converted him. Whenever worn out with marching and laden
with dust, regiments halted in front of the Convent during the war, a
liberal lunch was served to the weary soldiers, and objects of piety
sent out to those who wanted them by Sister Angela.”




CHAPTER XXVI.

MOTHER ANGELA.

  Related to many eminent men of the century; her tranquil death in
  the convent in Indiana; her ability as a writer and an educator.
  An incident of the war told by her in a powerful and dramatic
  style. The original of a Holy Cross Sister portrayed in a poem.


[Illustration]

Mother Angela, who performed such valiant service as the head of the
Holy Cross Sisters, departed this life on March 4, 1887. Her death was
so calm and peaceful that it seemed as though she were gliding into
slumber rather than passing from life into eternity. “Mother Mary of St.
Angela” was the name of this devoted woman, who was previously known to
the world as Eliza Maria Gillespie.

As stated in the preceding chapter Mother Angela was of distinguished
lineage. Her godfather, the elder Thomas Ewing, was one of the great
Whigs and Secretary of State under President William Henry Harrison.
James Gillespie Blaine, her first cousin, was the idol of his party,
member of Congress, United State Senator, Secretary of State, and the
Republican candidate for the Presidency. General William T. Sherman,
another relative, ranked second only to Grant among the Union generals
in the civil war. Phil. B. Ewing, her brother-in-law, won the reputation
of an eminent jurist in Ohio. “Young Tom” Ewing distinguished himself in
the Union army. Her only brother, Rev. N. H. Gillespie, was the first
graduate of Notre Dame University, and afterwards became its vice
president and editor of the “Ave Maria.”

Mother Angela was born in West Brownsville, Pa., February 21, 1824. Her
parents lived in a large stone house. It was a double structure, and in
the other half of it lived her uncle and aunt, the parents of James G.
Blaine, who was born there six years later. Mr. Blaine’s mother and
Mother Angela’s father were brother and sister, and the two children
were reared together until the one was twelve and the other was six
years of age. This childish association caused a sincere attachment,
which lasted through life.

While receiving her education in the Academy of the Visitation at
Washington the future Sister had many opportunities for mingling in
fashionable Washington society. One of her chroniclers of that time says
that she had the same personal magnetism that distinguished her
relative, Mr. Blaine. At the age of twenty-seven, however, she abandoned
the world, and after the usual preparation became a Sister of the Holy
Cross. Her work during the war has already been outlined.

The death of Mother Angela came as a shock to those with whom she had
been associated. She had been ill for a month, but all looked forward
with confidence to her ultimate recovery. The Father General coincided
with the physician in assigning the sad event to heart disease,
probably brought on, as he says, “by the death of Sister M. Loba, whom
she loved tenderly, and whose funeral procession passed under her window
four hours before.”

The funeral of Mother Angela took place at Notre Dame on Sunday morning,
March 6, 1887, the mortal remains being borne from the halls where she
had been Superior for thirty-four years.

Telegrams and letters of regret came from all sections of the country,
and even from parts of Europe. Among the telegrams was the following
from one of the kinsmen of the dead Sister:

  Augusta, Maine, March 4, 1887.

  John G. Ewing:

  Your message is a sad one to me. Communicate my deepest sympathy
  to Aunt Mary and to your mother.

  JAMES G. BLAINE.

The relatives of the deceased religious who were present were: Her aged
mother, Mrs. M. M. Phelan; her sister, Mrs. P. B. Ewing; Hon. P. B.
Ewing, Lancaster, Ohio; Sr. Mary Agnes, Miss Mary R. Ewing, Miss
Philomene Ewing, Mr. John G. Ewing, Mrs. N. H. Ewing, Edward S. Ewing,
Mrs. Colonel Steele, Miss Marie Steele, Miss Florence Steele, Charles
Steele, Master Sherman Steele, Mrs. John Blaine, Miss Louise Blaine,
Miss Ella Blaine, Messrs. Walker and Emmons Blaine. Among the numerous
friends in attendance at the funeral were Justice Daniel Scully, Colonel
W. P. Rend, Mr. and Mrs. P. Cavanagh, Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Sullivan,
Miss Angela Dillon, Miss Eddy, Chicago; Mr. Jacob Wile, Mr. F. Wile, Mr.
George Beale, La Porte, Ind.; Mr. and Mrs. P. O’Brien, Mr. and Mrs. L.
G. Tong, Mr. and Mrs. Stanfield, Mr. Dunn, Mr. Baker, Dr. Cassidy, Dr.
Calvert, Mrs. Lintener, Mr. Birdsell, South Bend, Ind.; Miss C. Gavan,
Lafayette, Ind.; Mrs. Shephard, Omaha, Neb.; Mrs. Atkinson, Baltimore,
Md.; Mrs. Coughlin, Toledo, Ohio; Mrs. L. Gregori, Miss F. Gregori,
Professor James J. Edwards, Professor W. Hoynes, Notre Dame, Ind.; Mrs.
Claffey, Notre Dame. Solemn Requiem Mass was sung by Rev. Father
L’Etourneau, assisted by the Rev. Fathers Spillard and Zahm as deacon
and subdeacon; Rev. Father Regan, acting as master of ceremonies. There
were present in the sanctuary: Rt. Rev. Bishop Gilmour, D. D.; Very Rev.
Father General Sorin, Very Rev. Father Granger, Very Rev. Father Kilroy,
D. D.; Very Rev. Father Corby; Rev. Fathers Walsh, O’Connell, Hudson,
Shortis and Saulnier.

The late Rt. Rev. Bishop Gilmour preached the funeral sermon, in which
he outlined the life of a model religious. He said, among other things:

“It is too much to say that she around whose bier we are gathered to-day
is a fair and generous example of what I have outlined so very
imperfectly and so succinctly. Fair in her talents and her ambitions
with what the world values most, she buries herself--where? In the
silence of a religious life, in a corner, in an unseen position! When
she came here, some thirty-seven years ago, there was to be found little
of that which to-day might, perhaps, attract one seeking the religious
life. She came here to labor, to struggle, to wrestle with hardships, to
concentrate her exceptional talents and energies upon the one grand
object of her life. She came in all fervor, animated solely with zeal
for religion--devotion to her cause. And thirty-seven years of unfailing
generosity tell the tale of her life.

“It is difficult to comprehend what has been done in those thirty-seven
years. It is not easy to realize what a devotion, an ambition for God
such as hers, might do. Unseen, unnoticed, unobtrusive the generosity;
unfailing, unflagging the devotion with which God has been served and
man has been blessed--such is the life of her who lies before us. We see
the results of her labors, not merely in the material building she has
erected, for that, in itself, is little, but in the moral seed that she
has deeply planted here; that has been the salvation of many who have
already gone to their reward. And amongst those who are living, how many
there are whom she has moulded, attracted, inspired with high and
religious ambitions; whom she has directed in the paths of life!

“How many through her influence have been brought back to God and made
generous once more! She has lifted up the weak, and made stronger those
who were strong; soothed the wounded, directed all to nobler and higher
aims. It would be difficult to find a heart so entirely throbbing for
God as hers; a foot so restless and untiring in doing good as hers; a
brain so busy in devising works for the welfare of religion and her
fellow-men. It is difficult for those who have not known her to realize
the extent of her labors. It is not every person who can comprehend the
depth of Mother Angela’s devotion to the cause of God. Many have seen it
but few have understood it.... For many a long, long day this community
will feel the gap that is made to-day by the loss of one who lies in
that narrow, little coffin.... The kind Father General, in the days that
are coming, will find how much he has lost in the generous, assisting
hand now cold in death.... And you, young friends, will feel the loss of
a tender and directing parent.... It is for us all to pray that God may
bless her, as I am convinced He has.”

[Illustration: LINCOLN AT GETTYSBURG.]

After the Bishop’s sermon the final absolution of the body was given and
then the procession marched to the modest little cemetery and Mother
Angela was laid to rest within a stone’s throw of where the greater part
of her life work had been performed.

Mother Angela is the original of the Sister of the Holy Cross portrayed
in the following poem:


    I.

    The din of the battle has died away;
    The twilight has grown to a deeper gray;
    The moon rises pale through the mistly cloud,
    While the blood-stained rivulet moans aloud;
    And the beams are faint in the kindly stars,
    For hope shines no more from their golden bars.
    The leaves of the tremulous aspen sigh
    As the night winds, wailing, sweep mournfully by.
    The ambulance glides through the gloomy path,
    To heed the wreck of the War Demon’s wrath;
    And the Angel of Peace, from his home sublime,
    Weeps o’er man’s wretchedness, folly and crime.


    II.

    ’Tis the hour of midnight. How lightly tread
    The feet of the watcher, ’mid dying and dead.
    Lo! the sable veil and the saintly air,
    And the lofty calm of a beauty rare,
    Proclaim that watcher, the chosen bride,
    Of the world’s Redeemer--the Crucified
    The stifled groan, the sharp cry of distress
    With their burden of woe, through the hot air press,
    And the Sister of Holy Cross low doth bend;
    Her prayer with the pestilence breath to blend.
    O Sister of Holy Cross, why art thou
    Thus won by the pallid and death-cold brow?


    III.

    He is not thy brother, yon prostrate form,
    Who moans there all bathed in his life-blood warm;
    And the veteran wounded--his locks so gray--
    He is not thy father; then, wherefore stay?
    All these are but strangers. Thou, too, art frail;
    Contagion is borne on the midnight gale.
    Ah! a veteran heart, and a nerve more strong,
    Unto scenes and to sights like these belong.
    O I see her bend with a gentler grace,
    And a holier light in her tranquil face,
    And sweet tears methinks from her mild eyes flow
    As she bends o’er her crucifix fondly, low!


    IV.

    How reverent her kiss on those sacred feet!
    And almost I hear now her heart’s quick beat;
    And her low voice sways with a loving might,
    Like the key-note by heaven entoned to-night;
    “O ask me not wherefore my heart is bound
    To scenes where but agony clusters around.
    O bid me not go from a place like this,
    For my labor is rest, and my tears are bliss!”
    One hand she laid on her throbbing breast,
    While the Holy Cross to her lips she pressed.
    “Nor a stronger nerve; nor a heart more stern
    Could enkindle the fire that here doth burn.


    V.

    “Ah! these are not strangers, for God hath died;
    And for each in His love shed His heart’s full tide;
    ’Tis for His dear sake that with joy I bear,
    This breath of contagion; this noisome air.
    Ah! when I behold here the shattered limb--
    The crimson blood oozing, the eyesight dim;
    See the gore and the gashes; the death-sweat cold,
    It is my Redeemer that I behold;
    His wounds that I stanch; His brow that I lave;
    His form that I straighten and shroud for the grave.
    I faint not; I fear not, for faith is strong
    Since my love and my hope to the Cross belong.”


    VI.

    Then, then did my heart with her meaning thrill:
    My eyes from the fount of my soul did fill.
    For the sake of our loving and Crucified Lord
    The cordial she mingled; the wine she poured.
    Compassion she drinks at the fountain head;
    The Mother of Sorrows her soul hath led.
    How sacred the treasures she stores at Her feet;
    Her lesson makes mourning than joy more sweet.
    ’Tis the Queen of Mercy bends down to bless
    The wealth of her heavenly tenderness,
    And the Angel of Peace from his home of light
    Has baffled the fiends in her mission to-night!

Mother Angela rarely spoke of her services in the war, and with
characteristic modesty and humility frequently endeavored to give others
the credit that belonged to herself. She was a writer with an unusual
grace and charm of style. One of those who served with her during the
war was Sister Mary Josephine. This devoted Sister died in 1886, and her
death evoked the following dramatic story from the pen of Mother Angela.
It was a true story, and one of her last contributions to the “Ave
Maria.”

  “Sister Josephine was one among the first of the seventy Sisters
  of the Holy Cross who, during the late civil war, served the sick
  and wounded soldiers in the military hospitals of Louisville,
  Paducah, Cairo, Mound City, Memphis and Washington city.

  “Those who knew this quiet, gentle religious only during the last
  twenty years of her life could scarcely realize what courage, even
  heroism, animated her during those years of the war spent in the
  hospitals. We give below one instance among many others.

  “In the summer of 1862 the Confederate Fort Charles, on White
  River, was attacked on land by a force under the command of
  Colonel Fitch, of Indiana, and from the water by gunboats
  commanded by Commodore Davis. In the midst of the battle the
  boilers of one of the gunboats exploded, frightfully scalding
  Captain Kelty and some fifty others. The sufferers, in their
  agony, leaped into the river, and as they did so a broadside from
  Fort Charles poured bullets and grapeshot into their parboiled
  flesh.

  “The battle ended with the capture of the fort, and the wounded of
  both sides were taken to Mound City Hospital--a block of some
  twenty-four unfinished warehouses and storerooms, that had been
  converted into a vast hospital--in which, after some of the great
  battles in the Mississippi Valley, as many as two thousand
  patients were treated by a staff of medical officers, and nursed
  by twenty-eight Sisters, Sister Josephine being one of them.
  Colonel Fry, commander of the fort, supposed to be dangerously
  wounded, and Captain Kelty were of the number brought to Mound
  City after the surrender of Fort Charles.

  “The latter was a universal favorite of all the men and officers
  of the Western flotilla. His sad state--the scalded flesh falling
  from the bones, and pierced with bullets--excited them almost to
  frenzy. He was tenderly placed in a little cottage away from the
  main building, and Colonel Fry, with a few other sufferers, was
  put in a front room in the second story of the hospital, under the
  immediate care of Sister Josephine.

  “The next day the report spread like wildfire through the
  hospital, and among the one hundred soldiers detailed to guard it,
  that Captain Kelty was dying. The wildest excitement prevailed,
  and in the frenzy of the moment Colonel Fry was denounced as his
  murderer; it was declared that he had given the inhuman order to
  fire on the scalded men. Everyone firmly believed this. But it was
  not true. Colonel Fry was ignorant of the explosion when the order
  was given.

  “Sister Josephine, very pale, yet wonderfully composed, went to
  the Sister in charge of the hospital to say that all the wounded
  had just been removed from the room under her care except Colonel
  Fry. The soldiers detailed to guard the hospital, and the gunboat
  men, had built a rough scaffold in front of the two windows of the
  room, mounted it, with loaded guns, and loudly declared that they
  would stay there, and the moment they heard of Captain Kelty’s
  death they would shoot Colonel Fry. ‘And,’ continued Sister
  Josephine, ‘the doctor made me leave the room, saying that my life
  was in danger. He took the key from the door and gave it to “Dutch
  Johnny,” telling him that he had entire charge of the man within.’

  “Now, ‘Dutch Johnny’ was one of six brothers; five had been killed
  at Belmont; Johnny was so badly wounded and crippled in the same
  battle that he was useless for active service, and so left to help
  in the hospital. But one idea possessed him; in revenge for his
  brothers’ death he intended to kill five Confederates before he
  died.

  “In this fearful state of affairs the Sister in charge went to the
  Surgeon General of the staff, begging him to see that no murder be
  committed. Dr. Franklin answered that he was powerless to control
  events, and that the captain of the company guarding the hospital
  was absent.

  “‘Then,’ said the Sister, ‘I must call my twenty-seven Sisters
  from the sick; we will leave the hospital, and walk to Cairo.’ (A
  distance of three miles.)

  “In vain did the doctor represent to her the sad state of all the
  patients she was leaving; she would not consent to remain in a
  house where murder would soon be committed; except on one
  condition: that the doctor would give her the key of Colonel Fry’s
  room, and that the Sisters have the care and entire control of the
  patient.

  “‘But,’ expostulated the doctor, ‘it will be at the risk of your
  lives; for if Captain Kelty dies--and I see no hopes of his
  recovery--no power on earth can restrain those men from shooting
  Colonel Fry.’

  “‘Oh, doctor!’ she answered, ‘I have too much faith in the natural
  chivalry of every soldier--be he from North or South of Mason and
  Dixon’s line--to fear he would shoot a poor, wounded man while a
  Sister stood near him!’

  “Seeing the Sisters would leave if this request was not granted,
  the doctor sent for ‘Dutch Johnny,’ took the key from him and gave
  it to the Sister. The latter called for Sister Josephine, and both
  went in haste to the room of the wounded man.

  “As they turned the key and opened the door a fearful scene was
  before them. Colonel Fry lay in a cot: his arms, both broken, were
  strapped up with cords fastened to the ceiling; one broken leg was
  strapped to the bed; only his head seemed free. As he turned it,
  and glared fiercely, as he thought, upon another foe, he seemed
  like some wild animal at bay and goaded to madness. Before Sister
  Josephine had been forced to leave the room she had closed the
  windows and lowered the blinds; but her successor, ‘Dutch Johnny,’
  had changed all this; he had rolled up the blinds, and threw up
  the lower sashes. And there, on the raised platform, not fifty
  feet from him, Colonel Fry could see the faces and hear the voices
  of the soldiers and gunboat men, shouting every few minutes for
  him to be ready to die, for they would shoot him as soon as they
  heard of Captain Kelty’s death.

  “Very quickly and gently did Sister Josephine speak to the wounded
  man, moistening his parched lips with a cooling drink, giving what
  relief she could to the poor, tortured body, and assuring him that
  she and the other Sister would not leave him; so he need not fear
  that the soldiers would fire while they remained.

  “When these men saw the Sisters in the room they begged them to
  leave, even threatened, but to no purpose; brave, noble Sister
  Josephine and her companion stood at their post all through that
  long afternoon, and far into the night; and they prayed, perhaps
  more earnestly than they ever prayed before, that Captain Kelty
  would not die; for, in spite of all their assuring words to
  Colonel Fry, they did not feel so very certain that their lives
  would be safe among frenzied men, bent on their taking revenge
  into their own hands.

  “In the meantime it became known that Captain Kelty was a
  Catholic--a convert--though for many years he had neglected his
  religious duties. A messenger was sent to Cairo to bring Father
  Welsh to the dying man. When he came Captain Kelty was in
  delirium, and the Father could give him only Extreme Unction. Soon
  after, about 9 o’clock, he sank into a quiet sleep. He awoke,
  perfectly conscious, near midnight, made his confession, received
  Holy Communion, and took some nourishment. The doctor said all
  danger was over, and a messenger ran in breathless haste to spread
  the glad tidings. The excited soldiers fired a few blank
  cartridges as a parting salvo, jumped from the scaffold, and were
  seen no more. The rest of the night good Sister Josephine took
  care of her patient, undisturbed by any serious fear that both
  might be sent into eternity before morning.

  “When the naval officers, who the night before had looked, as they
  feared, their last look on the living face of Captain Kelty, went
  up the next day from Cairo and found him out of danger, they
  laughed and cried with joy. In a whisper Captain Kelty asked them
  to be silent for a moment and listen to him. In a voice trembling
  with weakness he said:

  “‘While I thank these good doctors for all they have done, I must
  testify--and they will bear me out in what I say--it was not their
  skill nor any earthly power that brought me back from the brink of
  the grave, but the saving and life-giving Sacraments of the
  Catholic Church.’

  “Colonel Fry and Captain Kelty had long known each other. Both
  were naval officers, until at the beginning of the war Captain Fry
  left the service, and was made Colonel Fry in the Confederate
  Army.

  “As soon as Captain Kelty was well enough to learn what had
  passed, he declared Colonel Fry was guiltless of the barbarity of
  which he had been accused. And Sister Josephine was made the
  bearer to her patient of all the delicacies sent to Captain Kelty,
  and which he insisted on sharing with Colonel Fry.

  “As soon as Captain Kelty could travel he was taken to his home in
  Baltimore. For his bravery he was made Commodore, and placed in
  command at Norfolk; but he was maimed for life; his right hand and
  arm, all shriveled and wasted, hung lifeless by his side. When
  able to take such a journey alone, he went all the way back to
  Cairo to see again and thank those Sisters, who, he said, under
  God, had saved his life in a double sense. He remained until his
  death a most fervent Catholic.

  “Colonel Fry, after many months of suffering, also recovered; he
  was paroled, and returned to his home in New Orleans. There he
  became a Catholic, often declaring that good Sister Josephine’s
  bravery and devotedness during that day and night of torture and
  agony, followed by months of long suffering, were eloquent sermons
  that he could not resist.

  “A few years after the close of the war he was one of the leaders
  of that rash band of adventurers who invaded Cuba. His fate is
  well known; with those under his command he was captured and
  executed. But it is not so well known that he profited by the days
  spent in prison, in instructing those with him; and many were
  converted to the holy faith that first came to him through Sister
  Josephine.

  “Twenty-three years to the very month passed away, when quietly
  and calmly, as in the discharge of hospital duties, this good
  Sister, strengthened by the Sacraments of the Church, literally
  fell asleep in Our Lord, a few days after the close of the annual
  retreat, at which she had assisted. Owing to the intense heat of
  the weather, it was deemed necessary to advance the hour of burial
  from 6 o’clock in the morning to 8 o’clock on the previous
  evening. Scarce ever was a procession so affecting; the
  Sisters--more than three hundred in number--all bearing lighted
  tapers, the Rev. Chaplains, and the venerable Father Sorin,
  Superior General, C. S. C., followed the remains of Sister
  Josephine through the beautiful grounds of St. Mary’s to the
  cemetery. The moon shone as brightly on her lifeless body as it
  had shone years ago through the open window on her brave, gentle
  form, when she saved from death or insanity the wounded prisoner.

  “Of the four persons most interested in that night of agony and
  torture in the vast military hospital on the banks of the Ohio,
  but one now remains--Sister Josephine’s companion. May the three
  gone to eternity remember her before God.”

  The sole survivor of that dreadful episode and the historian of
  the event has also gone to her reward. The prayers of innumerable
  persons that have benefited by her charity and goodness ascend to
  the skies, coupled with the hope that Mother Angela will not
  forget those she has left behind.




CHAPTER XXVII.

NON-CATHOLIC TRIBUTES.

  Comment of Mary A. Livermore upon the work of Mother Angela at
  Mound City: “The world has known no nobler and more heroic women
  than those found in the ranks of the Catholic Sisterhoods.” A
  famous scout gives his impressions of the Sisters. Susan D.
  Messinger tells of the work of the Sisters at New Berne, N. C.


[Illustration]

No tributes that have been paid to the work of the Catholic Sisterhoods
during the war have been more cordial or more emphatic than those coming
from non-Catholic sources. It is a significant fact that those most
prejudiced against the Sisters have been persons who knew the least
about them, while the warmest friends of the dark-robed messengers of
charity and peace have been persons who came in contact with them and
their labors for humanity.

Mary A. Livermore, whose personal services during the war were by no
means inconsiderable, is one non-Catholic writer who does not hesitate
to give the Catholic Sister full credit for what she did. Miss Livermore
says the Mound City Hospital, in charge of the Sisters of the Holy
Cross, was considered the best military hospital in the United States.
She writes:[25]

“There was one general hospital in Cairo, called by the people ‘the
Brick Hospital.’ Here the Sisters of the Holy Cross were employed as
nurses, one or more to each ward. Here were order, cleanliness and good
nursing. The food was cooked in a kitchen outside of the hospital.
Surgeons were detailed to every ward and visited their patients twice a
day, and oftener if necessary. The apothecaries’ room was supplied with
an ample store of medicines and surgical appliances, and the store-rooms
possessed an abundance of clothing and delicacies for the sick.”

The work done at Mound City is thus graphically set forth: “Except in
Mound City everything was in a chaotic condition compared with the
complete arrangement afterwards. The hospital at Mound City occupied a
block of brick stores, built before the war to accommodate the
prospective commerce of the war. They had not been occupied, and as the
blockade of the Mississippi rendered it uncertain when they would be
needed for their legitimate use, they were turned over to the medical
department for hospital use. At the time of my visit the Mound City
hospital was considered the best military hospital in the United States.
This was due to the administrative talent of Dr. E. S. Franklin, of
Dubuque, Ia., who, despite poverty of means and material, transformed
the rough block of stores into a superb hospital, accommodating 1000
patients. Fifteen hundred had been crowded in it by dint of close
packing.

“The most thorough system was maintained in every department. There was
an exact time and place for everything. Every person was assigned to a
particular work and held responsible for its performance. If anyone
proved a shirk, incompetent or insubordinate, he was sent off in the
next boat. A Shaker-like cleanliness and sweetness of atmosphere
pervaded the various wards; the sheets and pillows were of immaculate
whiteness and the patients who were convalescent were cheerful and
contented. The Sisters of the Holy Cross were employed as nurses, and by
their skill, quietness, gentleness and tenderness were invaluable in the
sick wards. Every patient gave hearty testimony to the skill and
kindness of the Sisters.

“Mother Angela was the Superior of the Sisters--a gifted lady of rare
cultivation and executive ability with winning sweetness of manner. She
was a member of the Ewing family and a cousin of Mr. and Mrs. General
Sherman. The Sisters had nearly broken up their famous schools at South
Bend to answer the demand for nurses. If I had ever felt prejudiced
against these Sisters as nurses, my experience with them during the war
would have dissipated it entirely. The world has known no nobler and
more heroic women than those found in the ranks of the Catholic
Sisterhoods.”

Captain “Jack” Crawford, who became famous as a scout in the Union army,
in the course of a lecture delivered after the war speaks of the Sisters
as follows:

“On all God’s green and beautiful earth there are no purer, no nobler,
no more kind-hearted and self-sacrificing women than those who wear the
sombre garb of Catholic Sisters. During the war I had many opportunities
for observing their noble and heroic work, not only in the camp and
hospital, but on the death-swept field of battle. Right in the fiery
front of dreadful war, where bullets hissed in maddening glee, and shot
and shell flew madly by with demoniac shrieks, where dead and mangled
forms lay with pale, blood-flecked faces, yet wear the scowl of battle,
I have seen the black-robed Sisters moving over the field, their
solicitous faces wet with the tears of sympathy, administering to the
wants of the wounded and whispering words of comfort into the ears soon
to be deafened by the cold, implacable hand of death. Now kneeling on
the blood-bespattered sod to moisten with water the bloodless lips on
which the icy kiss of the death angel has left its pale imprint; now
breathing words of hope of an immortality beyond the grave into the ear
of some mangled hero, whose last shots in our glorious cause had been
fired but a moment before; now holding the crucifix to receive the last
kiss from somebody’s darling boy, from whose breast the life blood was
splashing and who had offered his life as a willing sacrifice on the
altar of his country; now with tender touch and tear-dimmed eye binding
gaping wounds, from which most women must have shrunk in horror; now
scraping together a pillow of forest leaves, upon which some pain-racked
head might rest until the spirit took its flight to other realms--brave,
fearless of danger, trusting implicitly in the Master whose
overshadowing eye was noting their every movement; standing as
shielding, prayerful angels between the dying soldiers and the horrors
of death. Their only recompense the sweet, soul-soothing consciousness
that they were doing their duty; their only hope of reward that peace
and eternal happiness which awaited them beyond the star-emblazoned
battlements above. Oh! my friends, it was a noble work.

“How many a veteran of the war, who wore the Blue or the Gray, can yet
recall the soothing touch of a Sister’s hand as he lay upon the
pain-tossed couch of a hospital! Can we ever forget their
sympathetic-eyes, their low, soft-spoken words of encouragement and
cheer when the result of the struggle between life and death yet hung in
the balance? Oh! how often have I followed the form of that good Sister
Valencia with my sunken eyes as she moved away from my cot to the cot of
another sufferer and have breathed from the most sacred depths of my
faintly-beating heart the fervent prayer: ‘God bless her! God bless
her!’

“My friends, I am not a Catholic, but I stand ready at any and all times
to defend these noble women, even with my life, for I owe that life to
them.”

Miss Susan D. Messinger, of Roxbury, Mass., writes the following
eloquent letter to the author:

“It is with real pleasure I pay my tribute to that noble band of Sisters
of Mercy, who did such a Christian work of love and helpfulness for our
suffering soldier boys in New Berne, N. C. My brother, Captain
(afterwards Colonel) Messinger, was on the staff of Major General John
G. Foster, Eighteenth Army Corps, stationed at New Berne, N. C. After
the taking of New Berne my brother was made Provost Marshal and given
quarters near the general at the request of Mrs. Foster, my sister. Mrs.
Messinger and I were sent for to stay a few weeks, although in no
official capacity. No woman could be in the army without finding much
she could do to relieve and comfort, and especially through the home our
little quarters became to all, from major generals to privates. We could
not go home. We stayed until summer. I write all this personal matter
to show how I was thrown into the companionship of these Catholic
Sisters. Although my brother and myself were Unitarians we became close,
congenial friends with these brave women, who had to seek constantly
advice and help from my brother on account of his position as Provost
Marshal.

“General Foster was a Catholic and brought to New Berne six Sisters from
the Convent of Mercy, in New York, to take charge of a hospital in New
Berne for special cases. He took for their convent a house which had
been General Burnsides’ headquarters, and which also, during the war of
the Revolution, had been occupied by Washington, his room and writing
table sacredly preserved. This house communicated by a plank walk with
another house, or houses, used as hospitals, and only over that plank
walk did those devoted women ever take any exercise or recreation. They
literally gave themselves as nurses to the poor, wounded, maimed and
sick soldiers brought to them day after day. And most beautifully did
they fulfill the charge. Many a soldier will never forget their tender,
unselfish care and devotion. I was witness myself to much of it, as I
was privileged to go from ward to ward. Many a dying man blessed them as
angels of mercy, almost looking upon them as sent from the other world.

“One dear young fellow, who was almost reverenced by doctors and nurses
for his patience and fortitude (young George Brooks, brother to the late
Bishop Philipps Brooks), looked up into the sweet face of Mother
Augustine, as she bent over to minister or to soothe the dear boy, with:
‘Mother, thank you, Mother,’ and with such an ineffable smile of peace.
We could never tell if in his delirium he thought it was his own mother,
but the peace on the boy’s face showed what his nurse had been to
him. His sickness was short and death came just before the father
reached New Berne.

[Illustration: FARRAGUT IN THE RIGGING.]

“One dear young friend of mine, Sergeant Charles Hinkling, was sick
under their care many weeks; finally brought home to linger and die; but
he and his family were most deeply grateful to the kind Sisters for the
tender care bestowed upon him in their hospital, especially by Sister
Gertrude.

“Sister Mary Gertrude is now the Mother Superior of an institution in
California, after a life of hard work among the poor and suffering. I
think she is perhaps the only one living of those dear women I knew in
New Berne.

“It was through the winter of 1862-63 that the Sisters were in New
Berne. The next year the headquarters were removed to Fortress Monroe
and the Sisters returned to New York.

“Through these thirty years or more--my brother and many, many more who
could have borne evidence to the faithful work of the Sisters of Mercy
in New Berne--have answered the roll call to the Home above. But those
days stand out in my memory as clearly as if yesterday, with all the
pain, anxiety, hope, fear and faith, and no scenes are more real to me
than those hours with those devoted women who were helping God’s
children so wisely, so gently, with no thought of reward or glory! God
bless their memories to us all.”

General David McMurtrie Gregg ranks as one of the most distinguished
cavalry officers that served in the Union Army. No man on either side
had a more brilliant record for discretion in camp and bravery in
battle. He graduated at West Point, and after meritorious service in
the regular army in New Mexico, California, Oregon and Washington
Territory he became colonel of the Eighth Pennsylvania Volunteer
Cavalry. He served with his regiment during the entire Peninsular
campaign of 1862, and in November of that year he became brigadier
general of volunteers. He was placed in command of a division of cavalry
on the battlefield of Fredericksburg and served as its commander in the
Stoneman’s raid, in the campaigns of Gettysburg, Mine Run, the
Wilderness and in front of Petersburg. He commanded the cavalry of the
Army of the Potomac from August, 1864, until his resignation from the
army, in February, 1865. He was breveted major general United States
volunteers, August 1, 1864. General Gregg has occupied many positions of
distinction in civil life.

The writer of this volume recently communicated with General Gregg
regarding his experiences with the Catholic Sisterhoods in the war, and
received the following very interesting reply:

  “My Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of the 8th instant,
  inclosing an article taking from a newspaper published in 1866,
  and in which the name ‘General Gregg’ is mentioned. The person
  referred to was my cousin, General John I. Gregg, who commanded
  one of my brigades.

  “I do not recall that at any time in the field I was brought in
  contact with representatives of any of the Catholic Sisterhoods,
  yet the mere mention of the matter makes me reminiscent, and
  whilst my experience with a representative of a Sisterhood was
  purely personal, it was so pleasant and profitable to me that I
  cannot refrain from mentioning it. In the summer of 1861 I was
  made a captain in the Sixth Regular Cavalry, and was ordered East
  from Oregon, where for several years I had been serving as a
  lieutenant in the First Dragoons. In crossing the Isthmus of
  Panama I contracted the low fever of that region.

  “In September I joined the Sixth at Bladensburg, near Washington,
  and after a short time I was prostrated by this fever. Just at
  this time the regiment was ordered away, and I was left in the
  camp seriously ill. Stretched on the bottom of an ambulance I was
  hauled over a rough road to Washington and placed in a bed in the
  old Kirkwood House in a state of delirium. A few hours after Major
  Ingalls, who subsequently became Quarter Master General, a warm
  personal friend, heard of my condition, and with another friend
  came to the hotel with a carriage, and I was taken to the E Street
  Infirmary, which was in charge of a surgeon of the regular army.
  At the entrance of the infirmary stood the doctor, and at his side
  an elderly Sister of Charity.

  “I was carried in and placed in a large room next to the
  surgeon’s, and was at once put into a clean, comfortable bed. The
  good Sister, who had some superior rank, saw that I was made
  comfortable, and, it is needless to say, that after what I had
  gone through, I felt as though I were in heaven. Then followed
  weeks of severe illness with typhoid fever. I had the attendance
  of my own man, and had many visits each day from doctors, stewards
  and their assistants, but the real nursing was done by another
  Sister of Charity, Sister Margaret.

  “I have never forgotten her gentleness and cheerfulness. She was
  simply the highest type of a Christian woman. Her good nursing
  continued for weeks, and I was kept alive only to go through
  another trying experience, for an a cold and rainy night early in
  November, and nearly midnight, this infirmary took fire and was
  entirely destroyed. How I escaped has nothing to do with this
  narrative, but to my exceeding regret I never again saw Sister
  Margaret.

  “But I have never forgotten her, and when in the street I meet one
  of the Sisterhood to which she belonged there is in my heart a
  feeling of respect and gratitude to those self-denying and devoted
  women who are spending their lives in doing good to their
  fellow-beings.

  “I have written more than I intended, but I love to talk about the
  good Sister Margaret, and it is not surprising that if, as now, I
  am inclined to write about her, I allow my pen to run away a
  little.

  “Sincerely yours,
  “D. McM. GREGG.

  “Reading, Pa., Jan. 11, 1898.”

The South Bend Tribune, shortly after the return of the Sisters of the
Holy Cross to their convent homes, printed the following:

“When in September, 1861, General Lew Wallace, commanding the Federal
forces in Southern Kentucky, applied to St. Mary’s for nurses, Mother
Angela, with five other Sisters, hastened to the relief of the suffering
soldiers at the camp in Paducah. And before the opening of the year 1862
seventy-five Sisters were sent from St. Mary’s, and her branch houses,
to the military hospitals at Louisville, Paducah, Cairo, Mound City,
Memphis and Washington.

“Of this number, two died from fever, caught in the discharge of their
duties. When the Western flotilla of gunboats opened the Mississippi
River Commodore Davis asked and obtained the services of seven Sisters
of the Holy Cross to take charge of the floating hospital, in which
hundreds of lives were saved. These deeds were not done for the world’s
praise; they were the duties to which the lives of the Sisters of the
Holy Cross are devoted, whenever suffering humanity requires their help.
A memorial of those days now rests in St. Mary’s grounds, in the shape
of two immense shattered cannon, captured at Island No. 10, and
presented to Mother Angela by the commander of the flotilla. These
cannon are destined to be moulded into a statue of ‘Our Lady of Peace,’
and will remain in St. Mary’s grounds as an historical monument of the
dark days of our civil war.”

A correspondent of the (Protestant) Church Journal, writing from New
Orleans in 1862, highly compliments the Sisters of Charity in that city
for the amount of good they are unostentatiously doing, saying among
other things:

“One misses here a church hospital. Many of our Federal officers and men
are cared for when sick in the Roman Catholic institutions, the Hotel
Dieu and the Charity Hospital. The Sisters attend most winningly on
their patients and force them to confess on recovering that their own
mothers and sisters at home could not have done better for them. On
leaving the patient carries away in his hand some Roman Catholic book of
prayer, or controversy, or instruction, and in his heart a grateful
remembrance of the fair donor, a resolution to peruse the book, and a
profound conviction that the Roman Catholic Church, with all its faults,
certainly has a soul of true Christian love. Surely the time will come
when all churchmen will acknowledge the angelic influence of Christian
Sisterhoods in the natural connections between curing the body and
renovating the soul, the imperative necessity of organizing Christian
and accomplished nurses and placing them in institutions where their
love and skill can do the highest possible service.”

The Charleston Mercury, during the siege of that city, said:

“There is probably no one in this city whose eyes have not followed with
interest the quiet and modest figure of some Sister of Mercy as she
passed upon her rounds. It is in this gentle impersonation of Christian
benevolence and to her associates that our sick and wounded soldiers owe
the tenderest of those ministrations which are better than medicine in
their effect upon the languishing invalid. Nor is the large kindness of
these ladies solely displayed in the personal cares which they bestow
upon the sufferer. They give generously from their stores at the same
time, and many a want is thus supplied which might otherwise have been
left ungratified. Since the beginning of the siege of our city their
presence has diffused its blessings in every hospital, and their
unwearied attentions to the soldiers have done incalculable good.”

In the closing year of the war Rev. George W. Pepper, a Methodist
clergyman, in a sermon preached by him in the Methodist Episcopal
Church, White Eyes, Coshocton County, Ohio, eulogized these heroic
ladies as follows:

“The war has brought out one result--it has shown that numbers of the
weaker sex, though born to wealth and luxury, are ready to renounce
every comfort and brave every hardship, that they may minister to the
suffering, tend the wounded in their agony, and soothe the last
struggles of the dying. God bless the Sisters of Charity in their heroic
mission! I had almost said their heroic martyrdom! And I might have said
it, for I do think that in walking those long lines of sick beds, in
giving themselves to all the ghastly duties of the hospital, they are
doing a harder thing than was allotted to many who mounted the scaffold
or dared the stake.”

“Mack,” a correspondent of the Ohio State Journal, writing from
Murfreesboro, under date of January 4, 1863, about hospital scenes,
which he describes as heartrending, thus speaks of the kind offices and
invaluable services of the Sisters of Charity:

“It is now a pleasure to turn from this dark and dismal description of
the majority of our hospitals to an oasis--a something that is in
reality bright and cheering. There is a sect called Roman Catholics--a
sect that, in my younger days, I was taught to look upon as monsters,
capable of any crime in the calendar of human frailties--who have
hospitals in their own charge attended by Sisters of Charity. They
should be called ‘angels,’ who know what true, disinterested humanity
is. I have visited them, therefore I speak of what I know. Everything in
and about them is clean and comfortable; scarcely a death takes place
within their portals. If a soldier is dangerously sick you will see by
the side of his clean and tidy cot one of these heaven-born ‘angels’ (we
call them nothing else), ministering to his every want with the tender
care of a mother or sister. They glide noiselessly from cot to cot
cheering the despondent and speaking words of kindness to all. No one
who has the heart of a man can help loving them with a holy sisterly
love. There is not a soldier in Richmond but would beg, if it was
possible, that when wounded or sick he should to be taken to such an
hospital, and for myself, sooner than be taken to any other, I would
rather die by the wayside with God’s canopy my only covering. Would to
God there were more of them!”

The following account of a presentation to a Sister of Charity is from
the Cleveland Herald of November 13, 1865:

“One of the most pleasant presentation affairs we remember to have
attended took place at Charity Hospital yesterday, at 11 o’clock. After
Professor Weber, Dr. Scott and the students had been seated the Lady
Superior was invited into the room and presented with a beautiful
engraving, one of the proof-sheets copied from the painting of Constant
Mayor, entitled ‘Consolation,’ by Captain Samuel Whiting. Mr. Whiting,
in presenting the engraving, said:

“‘Sister Superior, some years ago, while in command of one of the New
Orleans steamships, I was prostrated at that port with a severe attack
of yellow fever, and though I had many friends there, had it not been
for the tender care and skillful nursing of the Sisters of Charity, I
have no idea that I should have survived the attack.

“‘During our late fearful and bloody war the devotion of your noble
order to the cause of humanity has won the admiration of the world, and
entirely obliterated the illiberal prejudices of the most bigoted
opponents of your sect. Certainly, no soldier of the Crimean army will
ever ignore the kind care and gentle nursing of the Sisters of
Charity.’”

    Each hospital throughout our land could count them by the score
    Whose deeds have doubly sanctified our long and bloody war,
    And many a home-returning brave will long delight to tell
    Of her, the gentle minister, who tended him so well.

    The mother calls a blessing down on her who nursed her son,
    And thanks of wounded heroes brave how well her work was done.
    True womanhood has ever prov’d self-sacrificing, brave--
    Last at the dear Redeemer’s Cross and earliest at His grave.

“The citizens of Cleveland may well be congratulated on the possession
of this noble Institution. The rare skill of its eminent and
accomplished surgeons, the sound teaching of its learned pathologist,
combined with the tender nursing of your good and benevolent Sisterhood,
will relieve many of the ills that flesh is heir to, and restore to many
a grateful sufferer the God-given priceless boon of health.

“As a small token of grateful recollections to my nurses at New Orleans,
I beg to present to the Sisters of Charity Hospital this engraving, one
of the proof-sheets, copied from the beautiful painting of Constant
Mayer, entitled ‘Consolation,’ and with it the following poem, which I
take pleasure in writing for them, descriptive of the scene so admirably
portrayed by the accomplished artist:

    A Union soldier in his tent,
      Weak, wounded and despairing lay;
    The hectic flushes came and went,
      As rose the din of battle fray.

    The Army of the Cumberland
      Saw him with eager, flashing eye
    In its front rank undaunted stand,
      Resolved to conquer or to die.

    Firm and unflinching thus he stood,
      While cannon belched through blood-red flames;
    His chiefest thought his country’s good,
      And next perchance a deathless name.

    Sudden as lightning’s vivid glare
      Shrilly shell burst above his head;
    A fragment laid his bosom bare
      And stretched him wounded with the dead.

    Back to the rear the soldiers bore
      The wounded comrade, faint and weak;
    His “army blue” was stained with gore,
      And death’s pale seal was on his cheek.

    A surgeon dressed the ghastly wound
      And counseled quiet and repose,
    Then sought again the battleground,
      Now thickly strewn with friends and foes.

    Left to himself the wounded man
      Bethought him of his early life,
    Each wayward act and vicious plan,
      Each worldly and unholy strife.

    And as he weaker grew he thought
      Of his dear home, far, far away;
    What would he give--could it be bought--
      For power to be there but a day.

    To close his dying eyes where first
      His infant lips had learned to pray,
    To kiss the mother who had nursed
      The sister who had shared his play.

    He murmured: “Oh, for one sweet tone
      Of voices loved in days gone by!
    Dear mother, sister, oh, for one
      To gently close my dying eye.”

    He ceased; a face of radiant light
      Was in his tent and by his side;
    Each feature beautified and bright,
      Free from all trace of human pride.

    She points him to a heavenly home,
      A house of joy not made with hands--
    To the Redeemer calling, “Come!”
      Who at the portal beckoning stands.

    Then she unclasped the book of prayer,
      Its oft turned leaves were soiled and worn,
    For she had made her constant care
      Our wounded soldiers night and morn.

    From those dim pages she essayed
      To whisper to the wounded, “Peace!”
    Her gentle tones his fears allayed
      And bade his soul despairing cease.

    “Sister of Charity!” he cried,
      “Sister and mother both thou art;
    For here by my poor pallet side,
      Thou’rt one with them in hand and heart.”

    “Oh, hear me, and, though poor and weak,
      If I survive I’ll hold her dear,
    Who gently bathed my fevered cheek
      And brought me consolation here.”

“It now remains for me only to tender you this humble testimonial of my
regard and my hearty wishes for the fullest prosperity of the Charity
Hospital and College, for the temporal and eternal welfare of the
Sisterhood of the first, and the continued health and usefulness of the
eminent faculty of the last.”

The remarks of Captain Whiting met with a hearty response from Dr.
Scott, in behalf of the Lady Superior, in acceptance of the picture.

The Memphis Appeal, in its issue of February 17, 1866, thus bears
testimony to the zeal and value of the Sisters of Charity in this city:

“Vincent de Paul, who has since received, so justly deserved, the title
of ‘Benefactor of Mankind,’ was the originator of that divine and
charitable society, ‘The Sisters of Charity,’ in a small town of France,
in the early part of the seventeenth century. The signal service
rendered by them during the past civil war to our sick, wounded and
dying soldiers in camp, in hospital and on the battlefield, and their
unwearied and constant ministrations to the suffering and poor of all
classes throughout the land, is the theme of praise and commendation on
the lips of all, no matter of what religious creed or faith.

“Their God-like and noble works have won respect, the most profound from
every one. In our own city the result of their exertions are to be seen
on every hand. In the cause of education their stand is pre-eminent.
With them modesty, knowledge and refinement are most carefully blended.
The young girl, after a tutelage of years under their careful
supervision, walks forth into the world, with a mind as pure and free,
and demeanor as gentle and kind, as when first these precious charges
were tendered to their keeping. And how carefully are the poor little
ones, without parents and bereft of homes, provided for by these angels
of earth!

“The asylum under their charge and guidance, situated near the Catholic
Cemetery, on the outskirts of the city, is the most complete institution
of its kind in the State. A large number of orphans are educated,
clothed and fed here the year in and out, finding compensation only in
the good they have done and the anticipation of a bright reward
hereafter, from Him ‘Who tempereth the wind to the shorn lamb,’ and
under whose ‘All-seeing Eye’ every act of charity and faith is always
recorded. Their labors in behalf of the sick are ever attended with the
most cheering results. Take a look at our city hospitals, and you will
find everything well arranged, clean and neat, and bearing the impress
most unmistakably of the goodness of their hearts and the greatness of
their works.

“The patients, one and all, express the most sincere satisfaction at
their treatment, and pray, as all good people do, that the society which
has rendered so much good to us and all mankind may be like the
foundation stone of all blessings--Truth--and with it ever bear the
stamp of immortality.”




CHAPTER XXVIII.

A LESSON IN CHARITY.

  An incident of the war in which a gentle Sister of Charity and a
  stern military commander played the leading parts. “What do you do
  with your beggings?” The Red River campaign and its fatal results.
  The general in the hospital. “Did you get the ice and beef?” A
  grateful patient and his appreciation of the real worth of the
  Sisters.


[Illustration]

“During the late war, and when General S. was in command of the
department at New Orleans, the Sisters of Charity made frequent
applications to him for assistance.[26] Especially were they desirous to
obtain supplies at what was termed ‘commissary prices;’ that is, at a
reduction or commutation of one-third the amount which the same
provisions would cost at market rates. The principal demand was for ice,
flour, beef and coffee, but mainly ice, a luxury which only the Union
forces could enjoy at anything like a reasonable price. The hospitals
were full of the sick and wounded of both the Federal and Confederate
armies, and the benevolent institutions of the city were taxed to the
utmost in their endeavors to aid the poor and the suffering, for those
were trying times, and war has many victims. Foremost among these
Christian workers stood the various Christian Sisterhoods. These noble
women were busy day and night, never seeming to know fatigue, and
overcoming every obstacle that, in so many discouraging forms,
obstructed the way of doing good--obstacles which would have completely
disheartened less resolute women, or those not trained in the school of
patience, faith, hope and charity, and where the first grand lesson
learned is self-denial. Of money there was little, and food, fuel and
medicine were scarce and dear; yet they never faltered, going on in the
face of all difficulties, through poverty, war and unfriendly
aspersions, never turning aside, never complaining, never despairing. No
one will ever know the sublime courage of these good Sisters during the
dark days of the Rebellion. Only in that hour when the Judge of all
mankind shall summon before Him the living and the dead will they
receive their true reward, the crown everlasting, and the benediction:
‘Well done, good and faithful servant.’

“It was just a week previous to the Red River campaign, when all was
hurry and activity throughout the Department of the Gulf, that General
S., a stern, irascible old officer of the regular army, sat at his desk
in his office on Julia street, curtly giving orders to subordinates,
dispatching messengers hither and thither to every part of the city
where troops were stationed, and stiffly receiving such of his command
as had important business to transact.

“In the midst of this unusual hurry and preparation the door noiselessly
opened, and a humble Sister of Charity entered the room. A handsome
young lieutenant of the staff instantly arose and deferentially handed
her a chair, for those sombre gray garments were respected, if not
understood, even though he had no reverence for the religious faith
which they represented.

“General S. looked up from his writing, angered by the intrusion of one
whose ‘fanaticism’ he despised, and a frown of annoyance and displeasure
gathered darkly on his brow.

“‘Orderly!’

“The soldier on duty without the door, who had admitted the Sister,
faced about, saluted and stood mute, awaiting the further command of his
chief.

“‘Did I not give orders that no one was to be admitted?’

“‘Yes, sir; but--’

“‘When I say no one, I mean no one,’ thundered the General.

“The orderly bowed and returned to his post. He was too wise a soldier
to enter into explanation with so irritable a superior. All this time
the patient Sister sat calm and still, biding the moment when she might
speak and meekly state the object of her mission. The General gave her
the opportunity in the briefest manner possible, and sharply enough,
too, in all conscience.

“‘Well, madam?’

“She raised a pair of sad, dark eyes to his face, and the gaze was so
pure, so saintly, so full of silent pleading, that the rough old soldier
was touched in spite of himself. Around her fell the heavy muffling
dress of her order, which, however coarse and ungraceful, had something
strangely solemn and mournful about it. Her hands, small and fair, were
clasped almost suppliantly, and half-hidden in the loose sleeves, as if
afraid of their own trembling beauty; hands that had touched tenderly,
lovingly, so many death-damp foreheads; that had soothed so much pain;
eyes that had met prayerfully so many dying glances; lips that had
cheered to the mysterious land so many parting souls, and she was only a
Sister of Charity--only one of that innumerable band whose good deeds
shall live after them.

“‘We have a household of sick and wounded whom we must care for in some
way, and I came to ask of you the privilege, which I humbly beseech you
will not deny us, of obtaining ice and beef at commissary prices.’

“The gentle, earnest pleading fell on deaf ears.

“‘Always something,’ snarled the General. ‘Last week it was flour and
ice; to-day it is ice and beef; to-morrow it will be coffee and ice, I
suppose, and all for a lot of rascally rebels, who ought to be shot,
instead of being nursed back to life and treason.’

“‘General!’--the Sister was majestic now--‘Rebel or Federal, I do not
know; Protestant or Catholic, I do not ask. They are not soldiers when
they come to us; they are simply suffering fellow-creatures. Rich or
poor, of gentle or lowly blood, it is not our province to inquire.
Ununiformed, unarmed, sick and helpless, we ask not on which side they
fought. Our work begins after yours is done. Yours the carnage, ours the
binding up of wounds. Yours the battle, ours the duty of caring for the
mangled left behind on the field. Ice I want for the sick, the wounded,
the dying. I plead for all, I beg for all, I pray for all God’s poor
suffering creatures, wherever I may find them.’

“‘Yes, you can beg, I’ll admit. What do you do with all your beggings?
It is always more, more! never enough!’

“With this, the General resumed his writing, thereby giving the
Sister to understand that she was dismissed. For a moment her eyes fell,
her lips trembled--it was a cruel taunt. Then the tremulous hands slowly
lifted and folded tightly across her breast, as if to still some sudden
heartache the unkind words called up. Very low, and sweet, and earnest
was her reply:

[Illustration: UNION LEADERS OF THE CIVIL WAR.

  HOWARD KEARNY   BURNSIDE    SCOTT    ROSECRANS    WALLACE    CUSTER
            THOMAS     HANCOCK    McCLELLAN    HOOKER    BUTLER    LOGAN
]

“What do we do with our beggings? Oh, that is a hard question to ask of
one whose way of life leads ever among the poor, the sorrowing, the
unfortunate, the most wretched of mankind. Not on me is it wasted. I
stand here in my earthly all. What do we do with it? Ah! some day you
may know.’

“She turned away and left him, sad of face, heavy of heart, and her dark
eyes misty with unshed tears.

“‘Stay!’

“The General’s request was like a command. He could be stern; nay,
almost rude, but he knew truth and worth when he saw it, and could be
just. The Sister paused on the threshold, and for a minute nothing was
heard but the rapid scratching of the General’s pen.

“‘There, madam, is your order on the Commissary for ice and beef at army
terms, good for three months. I do it for the sake of the Union Soldiers
who are, or may be, in your care. Don’t come bothering me again.
Good-morning!’

“In less than three weeks from that day the slaughter of the Red River
campaign had been perfected, and there neared the city of New Orleans a
steamer flying the ominous yellow flag, which even the rebel
sharpshooters respected and allowed to pass down the river unmolested.
Another, and still another, followed closely in her wake, and all the
decks were covered with the wounded and dying whose bloody bandages and,
in many instances, undressed wounds gave woeful evidence of the lack of
surgeons, as well as the completeness of the rout. Among the desperately
wounded was General S. He was borne from the steamer to the waiting
ambulance, writhing in anguish from the pain of his bleeding and
shell-torn limb, and when they asked him where he wished to be taken he
feebly moaned:

“‘Anywhere, it matters not. Where I can die in peace.’

“So they took him to the Hotel Dieu, a noble and beautiful institution,
in charge of the Sisters of Charity. The limb was amputated and then he
was nursed for weeks through the agony of the surgical operation, the
fever, the wild delirium; and for many weary days no one could tell
whether life or death would be the victor. But who was the quiet,
faithful nurse, ever at his bedside, ever ministering to his wants, ever
watchful of his smallest needs? Why only ‘one of the Sisters.’

“At last life triumphed, reason returned, and with it much of the old,
abrupt manner. The General awoke to consciousness to see a face not
altogether unknown bending over him, and to feel a pair of small, deft
hands skillfully arranging a bandage, wet in ice-cold water, around his
throbbing temples, where the mad pain and aching had for so long a time
held sway. He was better now, though still very weak; but his mind was
clear, and he could think calmly and connectedly of all that had taken
place since the fatal battle--a battle which had so nearly cost him his
life and left him at best but a maimed and mutilated remnant of his
former self.

“Yet he was thankful it was no worse--that he had not been killed
outright. In like degree he was grateful to those who nursed him so
tenderly and tirelessly, especially the gray-robed woman, who had
become almost angelic in his eyes; and it was like him to express his
gratitude in his own peculiar way, without preface or circumlocution.
Looking intently at the Sister, as if to get her features well fixed in
his memory, he said:

“‘Did you get the ice and beef?’

“The Sister started. The question was so direct and unexpected. Surely
her patient must be getting--really himself!

“‘Yes,’ she replied simply, but with a kind glance of the soft, sad
eyes, that spoke eloquently her thanks.

“‘And your name is ----”

“‘Sister Francis.’

“‘Well, then, Sister Francis, I am glad you got the things--glad I gave
you the order. I think I know now what you do with your beggings. I
comprehend something of your work, your charity, your religion, and I
hope to be the better for the knowledge. I owe you a debt I can never
repay, but you will endeavor to believe that I am deeply grateful for
all your great goodness and ceaseless care.’

“‘Nay; you owe me nothing; but to Him, whose cross I bear and in whose
Divine footsteps I try to follow, you owe a debt of gratitude unbounded.
To His infinite mercy I commend you. It matters not for the body; it is
that divine mystery, the soul, I would save. My work here is done. I
leave you to the care of others. Adieu.’

“The door softly opened and closed, and he saw Sister Francis no more.

“Two months afterward she received a letter sent to the care of the
Mother Superior, inclosing a check for a thousand dollars. At the same
time the General took occasion to remark that he wished he were able to
make it twice the amount, since he knew by experience ‘What they did
with their beggings.’”

With this portion of the book is concluded the record of the labors of
the Catholic Sisterhoods in the war. The appendix which follows contains
a number of interesting facts which it was deemed advisable to separate
from the text proper. Most of them have reference, either directly or
indirectly, to the patience, courage and loyalty of the Sisters. Those
that have not are sufficiently allied to the subject matter to justify
their insertion in a volume of this character. Before the book went to
press the writer went over this additional matter with a view to
omitting some portions that did not appear directly related to the main
volume. But it was difficult to make a choice. No two persons could
agree upon the part to be retained and the portion to be omitted. So all
of the matter has remained as it was originally conceived and arranged.

No one can read the story of the labors of the heroic women in the war
without a thrill of reverence and admiration for these devoted nurses.
They constitute “a grand army of the Republic” before which the boys in
Blue and the boys in Gray, and their descendants after them, can bow the
head in respectful salutation. They “enlisted in the war” from motives
of the highest patriotism--love of humanity and love of God. They had no
purpose to accomplish, no axes to grind, no reward to receive, no pay to
earn! They did not forsake their peaceful convent homes, share the
privations and the rough fare of the soldiers, to gratify any worldly
ambition. All that they did was from a pure and elevated sense of duty.
The high motives that inspired them in volunteering their services at
the crisis in this nation’s history has also prevented them from
recording or publishing the amount and character of these services.
Their light has literally been hid beneath a bushel. This feeble effort
to do justice to their labors and their memory has been undertaken, not
because they would have it done, but because duty, justice and
patriotism alike demanded that it should be done. If the perusal of
these pages furnishes the reader one-tenth of the pleasure involved in
their making, the writer will be well repaid for his labor.

[Illustration]




APPENDIX.


I.

AN INNOCENT VICTIM.

The frontispiece, entitled “An Innocent Victim,” that adorns this volume
is taken from a famous painting executed by S. Seymour Thomas, an artist
who is rapidly rising to fame. Mr. Thomas was born in San Augustine,
Tex., studied in New York at the Art Students’ League, and from there
went to Paris, where he is recognized as an artist of great power. This
picture was exhibited at the World’s Columbian Exposition, in Chicago,
where it attracted great attention.


II.

MEDALS FOR SISTERS.

The official gazette of the French Government recently published an
order of the Minister of War granting medals to certain Catholic
Sisters. A gold medal has been awarded to Sister Clare, of the Order of
Sisters of St. Charles, for twenty-seven years’ service in the wards of
the military hospital at Toul, and for previous service at Nancy, during
the whole of which time she had given constant evidence of her devotion
to duty. Silver medals have been given to Sister Gabrielle for
thirty-six years’ work, during twenty-three of which she has been
Superior; to Sister Adrienne for thirty-eight years’ service, and to
Sister Charlotte for eleven years’ service. These last three religious
have been attached to the mixed hospital of Verdun, and, according to
the official notice, have been remarkable for their zeal and their
devoted care of the sick soldiers.


III.

HONORED BY THE QUEEN.

The Queen of England only a few months ago showed her appreciation of
the work of the Sisters in time of war by bestowing the Royal Red Cross
upon the venerable Mother Aloysius Doyle, of the Convent of Mercy, Gort,
Ireland. The following correspondence deserves to be preserved:

  Pall Mall, London, S. W.,
  February 15, 1897.

  Madam:--The Queen having been pleased to bestow upon you the
  decoration of the Royal Red Cross, I have to inform you that in
  the case of such honors as this it is the custom of Her Majesty to
  personally bestow the decoration upon the recipient when such a
  course is convenient to all concerned, and I have, therefore, to
  request that you will be so good as to inform me whether it would
  be convenient to you to attend at Windsor some time within the
  next few weeks. Should any circumstances prevent your receiving
  the Royal Red Cross from the hands of Her Majesty it could be
  transmitted by post to your present address. I am, madam, your
  obedient servant,

  GEORGE M. FARQUHARSON.

  SISTER MARY ALOYSIUS.

  St. Patrick’s, Gort, County Galway.

  Sir:--I received your letter of the 15th, intimating to me that
  Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen is pleased to bestow on me the
  Order of the Royal Cross in recognition of the services of my
  Sisters in religion and my own in caring for the wounded soldiers
  at the Crimea during the war. My words cannot express my gratitude
  for the great honor which Her Majesty is pleased to confer on me.
  The favor is, if possible, enhanced by the permission to receive
  this public mark of favor at Her Majesty’s own hands. The weight
  of seventy-six years and the infirmities of age will, I trust,
  dispense me from the journey to the palace. I will, therefore,
  with sentiments of deepest gratitude ask to be permitted to
  receive this mark of my Sovereign’s favor in the less public and
  formal manner you have kindly indicated. I am, sir, faithfully
  yours in Jesus Christ,

  SISTER M. ALOYSIUS.

  February 17, 1897.


IV.

VETERANS OF THE CRIMEAN WAR.

In August, 1897, at the close of the ceremonies incident to the
celebration of her Diamond Jubilee, the Queen of Great Britain conferred
the decoration of the Royal Red Cross upon Army Nursing Sisters Mary
Helen Ellis, Mary Stanilaus Jones, Mary Anastasia Kelly and Mary de
Chantal Huddon, in recognition of their services in tending the sick and
wounded at the seat of war during the Crimean campaign of 1854-56. Their
services were very much appreciated by Miss Nightingale, who, indeed,
has ever since shown her interest in them in many ways.

The three Sisters first mentioned, together with another who has died
since, were on their return from the East, asked to undertake the
nursing at a hospital, just then being established in Great Ormond
street, for incurable and dying female patients, and to this hospital
they have been attached to the present time.


V.

POOR SISTER ST. CLAIRE.

Professor Edward Roth, the well-known Philadelphia educator, is
authority for this episode of the Franco-German war. He quotes General
Ambert, who fought as a private in the war, as follows:

“Oh, yes; one of them I shall never forget. Poor Sister St. Claire! I
see her this moment, her big black veil trimmed with blue, as she makes
her way through the blood-smeared straw of our crowded barn. The roaring
of the cannon was awful, but she did not seem to mind it; she did not
seem to mind even the terrible fire that was now raging through the last
houses of the village, the flames near enough to cast an unearthly
glimmer on the suffering faces of the wounded men. But, oh! how her
sharp ear caught the slightest complaint! How she flew towards the
faintest whisper!

“Everywhere at once--with each one of us at the same time! What iron
strength God must have put into that little body! Your eye had hardly
caught glimpse of it when you felt already at your lips the cool
refreshing drink that you had not the courage to ask for. You had
hardly opened your dimmed eyes, heavy with pain and fever, when you
were aware of a face bending over you, keen, indeed, and bright, though
slightly poxmarked; but so resolute, calm, smiling and kindly that you
instantly forgot your sufferings, forgot the Prussians with their bombs
bursting around you, forgot even the conflagration that was drawing
nearer and nearer and threatened soon to swallow up the barn in which
our ambulances had taken shelter. Good Sister St. Claire, you are now
with your God, the voluntary victim of your heart and your faith, but I
have often wished since that you were once more among us, listening to
the thanks and prayers of such of us as are still alive and never to
forget you. But you did not hear even the tenth part of the blessings of
those that died with your name on their lips as they sank to their
eternal sleep tranquilly, resignedly, hopefully, thanks to your holy
ministrations!

“It was the evening of August 16, 1870, the day of our bloodiest
battle--Gravelotte. For hours and hours the wounded had been carried
persistently and in great numbers to the rear. In a large barn near
Rezonville those of us had been laid whose intense sufferings would not
permit them to be removed further. Thrown hurriedly down wherever room
could be found, the first arms you saw extending towards you, were those
of that little dark-faced woman, her lips smiling, but her eyes
glistening with tears. A few yards only from the field of battle, from
the very thick of the fight; a few yards only from the muddy,
blood-slipping ground where you had just sunk, fully expecting to be
soon trampled to death like so many others, what heavenly comfort it was
to meet such burning charity! How it at once relieved your physical
sufferings, soothed off your mortification and drove away your
deadening despair!

“Poor Sister St. Claire! All that evening and all that long night to get
water for the fifty agonized voices calling for it every moment you had
to cross a yard hissing with bullets, but every five minutes out you
went with your two buckets and back you soon came as serene and
undisturbed as if God Himself had made you invulnerable. And so the long
night wore away.

“But next morning our army, after a fifteen hours’ valiant struggle and
after resting all night on the battlefield, had to fall back towards
Metz, and the barn had to be immediately vacated. There was no time for
using the regular ambulances, for the Prussians, though they could not
take any of our positions the previous evening, being heavily reinforced
were now steadily advancing. The wounded, picked up hastily and carried
out without ceremony, were piled on trucks, tumbrils and every available
vehicle.

“Oh, the cries! the pains! the sufferings! Still, dear Sister St.
Claire, though for forty-eight hours you hadn’t had a second for your
own rest, you contrived to pass continually from one end of that
wretched column to the other, with a little water for this one, a good
word for that, a smile or friendly nod for a third, your little arms
lifting out of danger a head that leaned over too far, or shifting into
a more comfortable position the poor fellow whose leg had been cut off
during the night and who would probably be dead in an hour or two. Then
you found a seat for yourself on the last wagon.

“Alas! you were not there half an hour when the bullet struck
you--struck you as you were striving to keep a poor, wounded, helpless
man from rolling out. A squadron of Uhlans suddenly cut us off from the
army and made us all prisoners.

“Poor Sister! It was by the hands of our enemies that the grave was dug
where you are now lying in the midst of those on whom you expended the
treasures of your saintly soul. Of us that survive you there is probably
not one in a thousand that will ever know the name of that little Sister
of the Trinity--in religion Sister St. Claire--that bright vision of
charity flashing continually before us during the long ride of agony in
the barn near Rezonville.

“Your holy limbs are now resting in an unknown corner of Lorraine--no
longer your dear France--but your blessed memory will live forever in
the grateful hearts of those you have died for!”


VI.

LORD NAPIER’S TESTIMONY.

Lord Napier, who held a diplomatic position under Lord Stratford de
Redcliffe, in Constantinople, during the Crimean War, gives the
following testimony to the worth of the Sisters of Mercy:

“During the distress of the Crimean war the Ambassador called me in one
morning and said: ‘Go down to the port; you will find a ship there
loaded with Jewish exiles, Russian subjects from the Crimea. It is your
duty to disembark them. The Turks will give you a house in which they
may be placed. I turn them over entirely to you.’ I went down to the
shore and received about 200 persons, the most miserable objects that
could be witnessed, most of them old men, women and children, sunk in
the lowest depths of indigence and despair. I placed them in the cold,
ruinous lodging allocated to them by the Ottoman authorities. I went
back to the Ambassador and said: ‘Your Excellency, those people are cold
and I have no fuel or blankets; they are hungry, and I have no food;
they are very dirty, and I have no soap; their hair is in an undesirable
condition and I have no combs. What am I to do with these people?’ ‘Do?’
said the Ambassador; ‘get a couple of Sisters of Mercy; they will put
all to rights in a moment.’ I went, saw the Mother Superior and
explained the case. I asked for two Sisters. They were at once sent.
They were ladies of refinement and intellect. I was a stranger and a
Protestant, and I invoked their assistance for the benefit of Jews. Yet
these two women made up their bundles and followed me through the rain
without a look, a whisper or a sign of hesitation. From that moment my
fugitives were saved. No one saw the labors of those Sisters for months
but myself, and they never endeavored to make a single convert.”

[Illustration: CONFEDERATE LEADERS OF THE CIVIL WAR.

 BRAGG  SMITH  PEMBERTON     HAMPTON    EARLY   FITZ-HUGH LEE  PICKETT
    “JOE” JOHNSTON    A. S. JOHNSTON  LONGSTREET  STUART       GORDON
]

In his speeches in after times Lord Napier repeatedly referred to the
singular zeal and devotedness constantly shown by the Sisters to the
sick of every denomination. On one occasion, in Edinburgh, he remarked
that the Sisters faithfully kept their promise not to interfere with the
religion of non-Catholics, but, continued his Lordship, “they made at
least one convert; they converted me, if not to believe in the Catholic
faith, at least to believe in the Sisters of Mercy.”

The few months spent at Balaklava by the devoted Sisters witnessed a
repetition of the deeds of heroism which had achieved such happy results
at Scutari and Koulali. The cholera and a malignant type of fever had
broken out in those days in the camp. By night as well as by day the
Sisters were called to help the patients, yet their strength seemed
never to fail in their work of charity. Besides the soldiers, there were
sick civilians, Maltese, Germans, Greeks, Italians, Americans and even
negroes, and to all they endeavored to give some attention.

The medical orders reveal the constant nature of the nursing required at
their hands. At one time the doctor “requests that a Sister would sit up
with his Dutch patient in No. 9 ward to-night.” Again, “Sisters to sit
up with the Maltese and the Arab.” “Kind attendance on Jones every night
would be necessary until a notification to the contrary be given.” “Keep
the stump moist; a little champagne and water to be given during the
night.” “Elliot is to be watched all night; powder every half hour; wine
in small dose if necessary.” The very confidence placed by the
physicians in their careful treatment added to their toil. As the deputy
purveyor-in-chief reported to the Government in December, 1855: “The
medical officer can safely consign his most critical case to their
hands; stimulants or opiates ordered every five minutes will be
faithfully administered, though the five minutes’ labor were repeated
uninterruptedly for a week.”

The heroism of the nuns, however, was now well known in camp, and never
did workers find more sympathetic subordinates than the Sisters had in
their orderlies. The fact that they would never lodge complaints or have
the orderlies punished only made the men more zealous in their service.
One of the Sisters found it necessary to correct her orderly. “Perhaps,
James,” she said, “you do not wish me to speak to you a little
severely.” He at once interrupted her: “Troth, Sister, I glory in your
speaking to me. Sure, the day I came to Balaklava I cried with joy when
I saw your face.” One who had taken a glass too much was so mortified at
being seen by the Rev. Mother--whom the soldiers call their
commander-in-chief--that he sobbed like a child. Another in the same
predicament hid himself that he might not be seen by the Sister. He had
never hidden from the enemy; a medal with three clasps bore eloquent
testimony to his bravery. “I don’t like to say anything harsh,” said the
Sister. “Speak, ma’am,” interrupted the delinquent; “the words out of
your blessed mouth are like jewels falling over me.”

One of the Sisters writes: “We have not a cross here with anyone. The
medical officers all work beautifully with us. They quite rely on our
obedience. Sir John Hall, the head medical officer of the army, is quite
loud in his promise of the nuns. The hospital and its hunts are
scattered over a hill. The respect of all for the Sisters is daily
increasing. Don’t be shocked to hear that I am so accustomed to the
soldiers now and so sure of their respect and affection that I don’t
mind them more than the school children.” The soldiers in the camp
envied the good fortune of stratagem to have a few words with the nuns.
“Please, sir,” they would say to the chaplain, “do send a couple of us
on an errand to the hospital to get a sight of the nuns.”

As the time for the nuns’ departure approached the cordial
manifestations of respect and kindly feeling were only the more
multiplied. “The grateful affection of the soldiers (a Sister writes) is
most touching, often ludicrous. They swarm around us like flocks of
chickens. A black-veiled nun, in the midst of red coats all eyes and
ears for whatever she says to them, is an ordinary sight at Balaklava.
Our doors were besieged by them to get some little keepsake; a book in
which we write ‘Given by a Sister of Mercy’ is so valuable an article
that a Protestant declared he would rather have such a gift than the
Victoria Cross or Crimean medal.”

The Sunday after the nuns’ departure the men who went to the chapel
sobbed and cried as though their hearts would break. When the priest
turned to speak to them and asked their prayers for the safe passage of
the nuns they could not control their emotion. “I was obliged to cut
short my discourse,” wrote the chaplain, “else I should have cried and
sobbed with my poor men.” This sympathy was shown by Protestants and
Catholics alike, and from the commander-in-chief to the private soldier,
from the first medical officers to the simple presser in the surgery,
all was a chorus in praise of the “untiring, judicious and gentle
nursing of the Sisters of Mercy.”

Two Sisters of Mercy were summoned to their crowns from the hospitals of
the East. One was English, a lay Sister from the convent at Liverpool.
She fell a victim to the cholera which raged at Balaklava. The other was
a choir Sister from Ireland, Sister M. Elizabeth Butler. Already rumors
of peace had brought joy to the camp, when toward the close of February
7, 1855, she caught typhus attending the sick and in a few days joyfully
bade farewell to the world. One of the surviving Sisters describes her
funeral. The Eighty-ninth Regiment obtained the honor and privilege of
bearing the coffin to the grave. One officer earnestly desired to be
among the chosen, but thought he was not worthy, as he had not been at
Holy Communion on that morning. The whole medical staff attended. The
Sisters of Charity at the Sardinian camp sent five of their number to
express sympathy and condolence. Eight chaplains attended to perform the
last rites for the heroine of charity.

The place of interment was beside the departed lay Sister, on a rocky
hill rising over the waters of the Black Sea. The funeral was a most
impressive sight. The soldiers in double file, the multitudes of various
nations, ranks and employments, the silence unbroken, save by the voice
of tears, the groups, still as statuary that crowded the rocks above the
grave, the moaning of the sullen waves beneath, all combined in a weird
pageant never to be forgotten by the thousands that took part in it. The
graves of these cherished Sisters were tended with loving attention.
Marked by crosses and enclosed by a high iron railing set in cut stone,
they are still quite visible from the Black Sea beneath. Many a pilgrim
went thither to strew the graves with flowers; and to the present day
many a vessel entering the Black Sea lowers its flag in memory of those
heroines, who in the true spirit of charity devoted their lives to
alleviate the suffering of their countrymen.


VII.

VERY REV. JAMES FRANCIS BURLANDO, C. M.

The Very Rev. James Francis Burlando, of the Congregation of the
Mission, who is mentioned several times in the text of this volume, was
born on May 6, 1814, in the city of Genoa, Italy. Very early in life he
became impressed with the desire of adopting the priesthood as his
vocation, and on the 16th of February, 1837, his Archbishop, Cardinal
Tadini, conferred on him the holy orders of sub-deacon and deacon.

Soon after this he sailed for the United States and enlisted for the
American missions under Rev. John Odin, C. M., late Archbishop of New
Orleans, who at that time was seeking recruits for the infant seminary
at the Barrens, Missouri. Before Father Burlando could come here he was
obliged to meet and overcome a very strong opposition on the part of his
good father, who, although a fervent Christian, could not bear the idea
of being separated from his first-born son.

The very day that Father Burlando was to be admitted to the novitiate he
perceived his father at the Archepiscopal Hall, waiting for an audience
with Cardinal Tadini. Guessing at once the motive of such an interview,
namely, that he might exercise his authority and command the young
deacon, in virtue of holy obedience, to remain with his father and
family, which would prevent him from carrying out his holy desire, the
young man sought to baffle the intention of his father by seeing the
Archbishop first and securing his permission and blessing.

Accordingly he had recourse to the following stratagem: He borrowed from
his friends the various articles of a clerical suit; from one a hat,
from another a cassock differing from his own, from a third a cloak,
and, to render the disguise more complete, he put on a pair of
spectacles and wig. Thus equipped, he entered the house of the Cardinal,
had a conversation with him, in which he received his approbation and
blessing, and passed out again without being recognized by his father,
who he left standing at the door watching closely every young seminarian
who entered. Fearing he might be discovered, the young man quickened
his pace, and repaired immediately to the venerable R. Bartholomew
Gazzano, then Superior of the Lazarists, who received him.

In the following June he left Genoa and repaired to Turin, where he was
ordained priest on the 9th of July by the Most Rev. Aloysius Fransoni,
Archbishop of that See. To mitigate in some measure the pain which his
good father experienced on account of this separation, Father Burlando
wrote him a pressing invitation to honor and gratify him by being
present at his first Mass, on the 10th of July. Touched by his son’s
filial respect and affection, he at last relented and assisted with
tearful devotion at the impressive ceremony.

A few weeks after Father Burlando went to the Mother House, in Paris,
whence he set out for New Orleans. Having landed safely on the American
shore, he proceeded by steamboat to Missouri, and reached the Seminary
of the Barrens towards the close of the same year. He filled many
positions of trust and honor. The last and most important field of his
apostolic labors was the Community of the Daughters of Charity, at the
Central House of St. Joseph’s, near Emmittsburg, Md., whither he
repaired in the spring of 1853, and where he remained for the space of
twenty-three years.

“During all that time,” says Father Gandolfo, his assistant, “I had more
occasion than anyone else of observing his noble qualities of mind and
heart. As a Superior he was always kind, discreet, obliging, generous,
amiable and edifying in all that regarded the observance even of the
least rule, beginning from rising at 4 o’clock in the morning at the
first sound of the Benedicamus Domino. He was exceedingly charitable and
ever ready to assist me at the first request in the performance of my
duties, and this notwithstanding his frequent attacks of neuralgia and
weakness of the digestive organs. I never saw him misspend a minute of
his time. If he was not occupied in answering his numerous
correspondents he was drawing plans of hospitals and other buildings, or
attending to similar important affairs of the Community. He never
retired to rest without having first read the many letters he daily
received from every quarter of the United States. Although he frequently
retired very late and slept but a few hours during the night, he was
always ready for the hard labor of the next day.”

It was largely due to the wise administration of this worthy director
that the Community owed, and owes, its singular prosperity and
development. It suffices to state that when he assumed the duties of his
position there were only three hundred members distributed among
thirty-six houses, and he lived to see the white Cornette on the brow of
one thousand and forty-five Daughters of St. Vincent, having under their
control ninety-seven establishments for the service of the poor,
affording relief for almost every species of misfortune. Owing to his
superior knowledge of architecture, he not only planned but personally
supervised the erection of the greater number of these charitable
institutions.

It would be impossible to enumerate the long and painful journeys he
took, the multiplied dangers to which he exposed himself, and the many
privations he endured for the particular welfare of the different
establishments of the Sisters. How many sleepless nights he passed
during our late civil war! There were Sisters in the North and Sisters
in the South, but, by his constant vigilance, his consummate prudence,
his repeated fatherly admonitions, and especially by his continual and
fervent prayers, he had the consolation of seeing the entire Community
free from all reproach and danger.

He has left many valuable volumes which prove his ability as a writer as
well as a thinker. One of these is the “Ceremonial,” which was entrusted
to him by the Most Rev. Archbishop Kenrick, approved by the Provincial
Council, and which is now largely used throughout the United States. In
this valuable work all the details relative to the Mass and offices of
the Church, the sacred vessels and other articles used are minutely
described, so that solemnity, beauty and becoming uniformity may be
maintained. He also compiled the life of Father De Andreis, the pioneer
of the Lazerists in this country. To him we are also indebted for the
publication of the beautiful life of “Sister Eugenie, Daughter of
Charity.”

A person remarked that he must be well and extensively known throughout
the United States, as he was always traveling and had to register his
name in the hotels. “Oh, no,” he replied, “I give my name in as many
different languages as I can. In this way I pass unnoticed, and get a
little recreation at the expense of the poor recorder, who is often at a
loss to spell the foreign name. He looks bewildered, repeats it several
times, and casts an inquiring glance at me; meantime I pretend stupidity
and leave him write whatever he likes. Then, you see, Francis Burlando
is not known.”

This devoted priest breathed his last on Sunday, February 16, 1873, at
the close of a day well spent in the exercise of his sacred functions.
The funeral service took place in the Central House of the Sisters of
Charity, St. Joseph’s, Emmittsburg, February 19, and the remains were
interred in the little cemetery of the Sisters of Charity, besides the
mortuary chapel, wherein repose the venerated remains of Saintly Mother
Seton, foundress of the Sisters of Charity in the United States.


VIII.

MOTHER SETON.

Mother Elizabeth Ann Seton, the founder and first Superior of the
Sisters of Charity in the United States, was one of the most remarkable
women in the history of the Catholic Church in America. She was reared
in the doctrines of the Protestant Episcopal Church and did not embrace
the Catholic faith until after the death of her husband.

This distinguished woman, who was born in the city of New York on the
28th of August, 1774, was a younger daughter of Dr. Richard Bayley, an
eminent physician of the metropolis. Her mother died when she was but
three years of age, but her father watched over her with all the loving
care of a good parent. As Miss Bayley advanced in years, nature and
education combined in developing those admirable traits of character
that were to make her so lovable and merciful in later life. All of her
friends and relatives were members of the Protestant Episcopal Church,
but the physician’s daughter was more fervent in her religious duties
than any of those with whom she was associated. From her earliest years
she wore a small crucifix on her person, and was frequently heard to
express regret and astonishment that the custom was not more general
among the members of her church.

At the age of twenty Miss Bayley was married to William Seton, a
prosperous and most estimable merchant, of New York city. It was a happy
marriage, and husband and wife lived in mutual love and esteem. In 1800
Mr. Seton became embarrassed through a reaction in business, caused
mainly by the consequences of the Revolutionary war. In this crisis Mrs.
Seton was a help-mate in every sense of the word. She not only cheered
her husband by her encouraging counsel, but rendered him practical aid
in arranging his business affairs.

In the course of her married life Mrs. Seton became the mother of five
children, Anna Maria, William, Richard, Catherine Josephine and Rebecca.
She was a model mother, restraining, guiding and educating her offspring
with a mingling of tact, tenderness and edifying example. She did not
confine her goodness to her children, but was ever ready to assist the
poor and suffering. One of her biographers says she was so zealous in
this respect “that she and a relative who accompanied her were commonly
called Protestant Sisters of Charity.”

The death of Mrs. Seton’s father in 1801 was a source of great sorrow to
this devoted woman. Years had only served to cement the affectionate
relations between father and daughter. During the last three or four
years of his life Dr. Bayley was Health Officer at the Port of New York.
He was naturally of a philanthropic disposition, and his official duties
called him to a field that presented an unbounded field for Christian
charity. It was while in the discharge of his duty among the immigrants
that Dr. Bayley contracted the illness which carried him to his grave
within a week’s time.

Mrs. Seton had scarcely recovered from the shock of her father’s death
when her husband’s health, which had never been robust, began to decline
rapidly. A sea voyage and a sojourn in Italy were recommended. Mrs.
Seton could not permit her husband to travel alone in his weak and
exhausted state, and she accompanied him, along with her oldest child, a
girl of eight. The other children were committed to the care of
relatives in New York city. The child caught the whooping cough on the
way over, and the anxious mother was constantly occupied in nursing the
husband and daughter. Before landing the unfortunate trio were detained
for many days at the lazaretto station in the harbor of Leghorn. After
they landed the good wife was untiring in her attentions to her husband,
but, in spite of her love and solicitude, he died on the 27th of
December “among strangers and in a foreign land.”

On the following 8th of April, with her tears still fresh upon the grave
of her devoted husband, Mrs. Seton sailed for home. Prior to this voyage
and during the fifty-six days that it occupied, Mrs. Seton began to take
a deep interest in the doctrines and practices of the Catholic Church.
She eagerly devoured all of the literature upon the subject that
opportunity offered, and also learned much by frequent conversations
with friends. Deep meditation finally strengthened her in the desire to
become a Catholic. Her only fear was that a change in her religious
faith might bring about a coldness and a severance of the friendship
that existed between herself and her friends and relatives--particularly
her pastor--Rev. J. H. Hobart, a man of singular talent and goodness,
who afterwards became the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of New York.

Writing of the possibility of such an estrangement in her diary at this
time, Mrs. Seton says with evident feeling: “If your dear friendship and
esteem must be the price of my fidelity to what I believe to be the
truth, I cannot doubt the mercy of God, who, by depriving me of one of
my remaining dearest ties on earth, will certainly draw me nearer to
Him.” She was not mistaken. When she returned home the coldness of many
of her Protestant friends was a great trial to her warm and still
bleeding heart. The storm of opposition added to her grief.

The fact that Mrs. Seton was in doubt upon the question of religion made
her a subject of attack for the friends of all denominations. Writing of
this, she says: “I had a most affectionate note from Mr. Hobart to-day,
asking me how I could ever think of leaving the Church in which I was
baptized. But, though whatever he says has the weight of my partiality
for him, as well as the respect it seems to me I could scarcely have for
anyone else, yet that question made me smile; for it is like saying that
wherever a child is born and wherever its parents place it, there it
will find the truth; and he does not hear the droll invitations made me
every day since I am in my little new home and old friends come to see
me.

“It has already happened that one of the most excellent women I ever
knew, who is of the Church of Scotland, finding me unsettled about the
great object of a true faith, said to me: ‘Oh, do, dear soul, come and
hear our J. Mason and I am sure you will join us.’

“A little after came one whom I loved, for the purest and most innocent
of manners, of the Society of Quakers (to which I have always been
attached), she coaxed me, too, with artless persuasion: ‘Betsey, I tell
thee, thee had better come with us.’ And my faithful old friend of the
Anabaptist meeting, Mrs. T----, says, with tears in her eyes: ‘Oh! could
you be regenerated; could you know our experiences and enjoy with us our
heavenly banquet.’ And my good old Mary, the Methodist, groans and
contemplates, as she calls it, over my soul, so misled because I have
got no convictions. But, oh, my Father and My God! all that will not do
for me. Your word is truth, and without contradiction, whatever it is.
One faith, one hope, one baptism, I look for, whatever it is, and I
often think my sins, my miseries, hide the light. Yet I will cling and
hold to my God to the last gasp, begging for that light, and never
change until I find it.”

Mrs. Seton’s doubts were finally set at rest, and on Ash Wednesday,
1805, she was received into Catholicism in old St. Peter’s Church, New
York city. The embarrassed state of her husband’s finances at the time
of his death had involved her, and she opened a boarding house for some
of the boys who attended a neighboring school. Some months later Miss
Cecilia Seton, the youngest sister-in-law of Mrs. Seton, followed her
into the Catholic Church. The one thought of Mrs. Seton was now to
devote her life to the poor and to the Church. The opportunity came
sooner than she anticipated. The co-operation of the Church authorities,
and financial resources being forthcoming, a little Community was formed
in St. Joseph’s Valley, Emmittsburg. Vows were taken in accordance with
the rules of the institute of the Sisters of Charity, of France, and in
a few months ten Sisters were employed with the instruction of youth
and the care of the sick. They were poor but happy. The first Christmas
day, for instance, “they rejoiced to have some smoked herring for
dinner.” Rigid regulations were adopted for the government of the new
order, and its growth was remarkable. Mother Seton had the satisfaction
of receiving her eldest daughter into the Sisterhood.

Mrs. Seton’s youngest daughter lived into the nineties and died recently
in the Mercy Convent, New York, where she had lived as a Sister of Mercy
for over forty years. The sons of Mrs. Seton were prosperously launched
in business enterprises.

Mother Seton died on the 4th of January, 1821, in the forty-seventh year
of her age. Her bedside was surrounded by the dark-robed Sisters of
Charity and her only surviving daughter, Josephine. Her end was happy
and tranquil. Her career was one of great piety and usefulness. She has
gone but her memory will live forever through the perpetration of the
great order that she planted in the United States, and which has already
grown to proportions far beyond the most sanguine expectation of its
tender and affectionate founder.


IX.

“THE SISTER OF CHARITY.”

This beautiful poem, descriptive of a Sister of Charity, written by
Gerald Griffin, has taken its place among those precious bits of
literature that never die. The author was born in Limerick, Ireland, in
1803, and began his literary career as a reporter for a London daily. He
wrote many novels, a tragedy and various poems. He died in Cork, in
1840.

A correspondent whose opinion is valued very highly writes to remind the
author of the “Angels of the Battlefield” that a society of Sisters of
Charity was first established in Dublin by Mary Mother Aikenhead early
in this century. It was these ladies, particularly a sister and a cousin
of the poet who joined Mother Aikenhead, that inspired Gerald Griffin’s
beautiful lines. The Irish Sisters of Charity make perpetual vows, wear
veils and dress somewhat similar to the Sisters of Mercy. They are not
connected with any other congregation. The “Sister of Charity” is as
follows:

    She was once a lady of honor and wealth,
    Bright glowed on her features the roses of health,
    Her vesture was blended of silk and of gold,
    And her motion shook perfume from every fold;
    Joy reveled around her--love shone at her side,
    And gay was her smile as the glance of a bride;
    And light was her step in the mirth-sounding hall
    When she heard of the daughters of Vincent De Paul.

    She felt in her spirit the summons of grace,
    That called her to live for the suffering race;
    And heedless of pleasure, of comfort, of home,
    Rose quickly like Mary and answered, “I come.”
    She put from her person the trappings of pride,
    And passed from her home with the joy of a bride;
    Nor wept at the threshold as onward she moved,
    For her heart was on fire in the cause it approved.

    Lost ever to fashion--to vanity lost,
    That beauty that once was the song and the toast.
    No more in the ball room that figure we meet,
    But gliding at dusk to the wretch’s retreat.
    Forgot in the hall is that high-sounding name,
    For the Sister of Charity blushes at fame;
    Forgot are the claims of her riches and birth,
    For she barters for heaven the glory of earth.

    Those feet that to music could gracefully move
    Now hear her alone on the mission of love;
    Those hands that once dangled the perfume and gem
    Are tending the helpless or lifted for them;
    That voice that once echoed the song of the vain
    Now whispers relief to the bosom of pain;
    And the hair that was shining with diamond and pearl
    Is wet with the tears of a penitent girl.

    Her down-bed a pallet--her trinkets a bead,
    Her lustre--one taper that serves her to read;
    Her sculpture--the crucifix nailed by her bed;
    Her paintings one print of the crown-thorned head;
    Her cushion--the pavement that wearies her knees;
    Her music--the Psalm or the sigh of disease;
    The delicate body lives mortified there,
    And the feast is forsaken for fasting and prayer.

    Yet not to the service of heart and mind,
    Are the cares of that heaven-minded virgin confined.
    Like Him whom she loves, to the mansions of grief
    She hastes with the tidings of joy and relief.
    She strengthens the weary--she comforts the weak,
    And soft is her voice in the ear of the sick;
    Where want and affliction on mortals attend
    The Sister of Charity there is a friend.

    Unshrinking where pestilence scatters his breath,
    Like an angel she moves mid the vapor of death,
    Where rings the loud musket and flashes the sword
    Unfearing she walks, for she follows the Lord.
    How sweetly she bends o’er each plague-tainted face
    With looks that are lighted with holiest grace;
    How kindly she dresses each suffering limb,
    For she sees in the wounded the image of Him.

    Behold her, ye worldly! Behold her, ye vain!
    Who shrink from the pathway of virtue and pain;
    Who yield up to pleasure your nights and your days,
    Forgetful of service, forgetful of praise;
    Yet lazy philosophers--self-seeking men--
    Ye fireside philanthropists, great at the pen,
    How stands in the balance your eloquence weighed,
    With the life and the deeds of that high-born maid?


X.

SISTERS OF CHARITY.

(In Mr. Southey’s “Sir Thomas More” the following account of the
Beguines of Belgium and the Sisters of Charity of France is reprinted
from the London Medical Gazette, Vol. I.)

A few summers ago I passed through Flanders on my way to Germany, and at
the hospital at Bruges saw some of the Beguines, and heard the
physician, with whom I was intimate, speak in strong terms of their
services. He said: “There are no such nurses.” I saw them in the wards
attending on the sick, and in the chapel of the hospital on their knees
washing the floor. They were obviously a superior class of women, and
the contrast was striking between these menial offices and the
respectability of their dress and appearance; but the Beguinage of Ghent
is one of their principal establishments, and, spending a Sunday there,
I went in the evening to vespers. It was twilight when I entered the
chapel. It was dimly lighted by two or three tall tapers before the
altar and a few candles at the remotest end of the building, in the
orchestra, but the body of the chapel was in deep gloom, filled from
end to end with several hundreds of these nuns seated in rows, in their
dark dresses and white cowls, silent and motionless, excepting now and
then one of them started up, and, stretching out her arms in the
attitude of the crucifixion, stood in that posture many minutes, then
sank and disappeared among the crowd. The gloom of the chapel, the long
line of these unearthly-looking figures, like so many corpses propped up
in their grave clothes--the dead silence of the building, once only
interrupted by a few voices in the distant orchestra chanting vespers,
was one of the most striking sights I ever beheld. To some readers, the
occasional attitude of the nuns may seem an absurd expression of
fanaticism, but they are anything but fanatics. Whoever is accustomed to
the manners of Continental nations knows that they employ a grimace in
everything. I much doubt whether, apart from the internal emotion of
piety, the external expression of it is graceful in anyone, save only a
little child in his night-shirt, on his knees, saying his evening
prayer

The Beguinage, or residence of the Beguines at Ghent, is a little town
of itself, adjoining the city, and inclosed from it. The transition from
the crowded streets of Ghent to the silence and solitude of the
Beguinage is very striking. The houses in which the Beguines reside are
contiguous, each having its small garden, and on the door the name, not
of the resident, but of the protecting saint of the house; these houses
are ranged into streets. There is also the large church, which we
visited, and a burial ground, in which there are no monuments. There are
upwards of six hundred of these nuns in the Beguinage of Ghent, and
about six thousand in Brabant and Flanders. They receive sick persons
into the Beguinage, and not only nurse, but support them, until they
are recovered; they also go out to nurse the sick. They are bound by no
vow excepting to be chaste and obedient while they remain in the order;
they have the power of quitting it and returning again into the world
whenever they please, but this, it is said, they seldom or never do.
They are most of them women, unmarried, or widows past the middle of
life. In 1244 a synod at Fritzlau decided that no Beguine should be
younger than 40 years of age. They generally dine together in the
refectory; their apartments are barely yet comfortably furnished, and,
like all the habitations of Flanders, remarkably clean. About their
origin and name little is known by the Beguines themselves, or is to be
found in books. For the following particulars I am chiefly indebted to
the “Histoire des Ordres Monastiques” (tome viii):

Some attributed both their origin and name to St. Begghe, who lived in
the seventh century; others to Lambert le Begue, who lived about the end
of the twelfth century. This latter saint is said to have founded two
Communities of them at Liege, one for women, in 1173, the other for men,
in 1177. After his death they multiplied fast, and were introduced by
St. Louis into Paris and other French cities. The plan flourished in
France, and was adopted under other forms and names. In 1443 Nicholas
Rollin, Chancellor to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, founded a
hospital at Beaune and brought six Beguines from Malines to attend upon
it, and the hospital became so famed for the care of its patients that
the opulent people of the neighborhood, when sick, were often removed to
it, preferring its attendance to what they received at home. In one part
of the hospital there was a large square court, bordered with galleries
leading to apartments suitable to such patients; when they quitted the
hospital the donations which they left were added to its funds.

The Soeurs de la Charite, of France, are another order of religious
nurses, but different from the Beguines in being bound by monastic vows.
They originated in a charity sermon, perhaps the most useful and
extensive in its influence that ever was preached. Vincent de Paul, a
celebrated missionary, preaching at Chatillon, in 1617, recommended a
poor sick family of the neighborhood to the care of his congregation. At
the conclusion of the sermon a number of persons visited the sick family
with bread, wine, meat and other comforts. This led to the formation of
a committee of charitable women, under the direction of Vincent de Paul,
who went about relieving the sick poor of the neighborhood, and met
every month to give an account of their proceedings to their superior.
Such was the origin of the celebrated order of the Soeurs de la Charite.
Wherever this missionary went he attempted to form similar
establishments. From the country they spread to cities, and first to
Paris, where, in 1629, they were established in the parish of St.
Savious.

And in 1625 a female devotee, named Le Gras, joined the order of the
Soeurs de la Charite. She was married young to M. Le Gras, one of whose
family had founded a hospital at Puy, but, becoming a widow in 1625, in
the thirty-fourth year of her age, she made a vow of celibacy, and
dedicated the rest of her life to the service of the poor. In her
Vincent de Paul found a great accession. Under his direction she took
many journeys, visiting and inspecting the establishments which he had
founded. She was commonly accompanied by a few pious ladies. Many women
of quality enrolled themselves in the order, but the superiors were
assisted by inferior servants. The Hotel Dieu was the first hospital in
Paris where they exercised their vocation. This they visited every day,
supplying the patients with comforts above what the hospital afforded,
and administering, besides, religious consolation. By degrees they
spread into all the provinces of France, and at length the Queen of
Poland requested Mademoiselle Le Gras, for though a widow that was her
title, to send her a supply of Soeurs de la Charite, who were thus
established in Varsovia, in 1652. At length, after a long life spent in
the service of charity and religion, Mademoiselle Le Gras died on the
15th of March, 1660, nearly seventy years of age, and for a day and a
half her body lay exposed to the gaze of the pious.

A country clergyman, who spent several years in various parts of France,
gives an account of the present state of the order, which, together with
what I have gathered from other sources, is in substance as follows: It
consists of women of all ranks, many of them of the higher orders. After
a year’s novitiate in the convent, they take a vow which binds them to
the order for the rest of their lives. They have two objects, to attend
the sick and to educate the poor; they are spread all over France, are
the superior nurses at the hospitals, and are to be found in every town,
and often even in villages. Go into the Paris hospitals at almost any
hour of the day, and you will see one of these respectable-looking
women, in her black gown and white hood, passing slowly from bed to bed,
and stopping to inquire of some poor wretch what little comfort he is
fancying will alleviate his sufferings. If a parochial cure wants
assistance in the care of his flock he applies to the Order of Les
Soeurs de la Charite. Two of them (for they generally go in couples),
set out on their charitable mission; wherever they travel their dress
protects them. “Even more enlightened persons than the common peasantry
hail it as a happy omen when on a journey with a Soeur de la Charite
happens to travel with them, and even instances are recorded in which
their presence has saved travelers from the attacks of robbers.” During
the Revolution they were rarely molested. They were the only religious
order permitted openly to wear their dress and pursue their vocation.
Government gives a hundred francs a year to each Sister, besides her
traveling expenses; and if the parish where they go cannot maintain
them, they are supported out of the funds of the order. In old age they
retire to their convents and spend the rest of their lives in educating
the novitiates. Thus, like the vestal virgins of old, the first part of
their life is spent learning their duties, the second in practicing
them, and the last in teaching them.


XI.

“THE ANGELS OF BUENA VISTA.”

(Written by John Greenleaf Whittier with reference to the work of the
Sisters of Mercy at the battle of Buena Vista, during the Mexican war.)

    Speak and tell us, our Ximena, looking northward far away,
    O’er the camp of the invaders, o’er the Mexican army.
    Who is losing? Who is winning? Are they far or come they near?
    Look ahead, and tell us, Sister, whither rolls the storm we hear.

    “Down the hills of Augostura still the storm of battle rolls;
    Blood is flowing, men are dying; God have mercy on their souls!”
    Who is losing? Who is winning?--“over hill and over plain,
    I see but smoke of cannon, clouding through the mountain rain.”

    Holy Mother! keep our brothers! Look, Ximena, look once more.
    “Still I see the fearful whirlwind rolling darkly as before,
    Bearing on in strange confusion, friend and foeman, foot and horse,
    Like some wild and troubled torrent sweeping down its mountain course.”

    Look forth once more, Ximena! “Oh! the smoke has rolled away;
    And I see the Northern rifles gleaming down the ranks of gray.
    Hark! that sudden blast of bugles! there the troop of Minon wheels,
    There the Northern horses thunder, with the cannon at their heels.

    “Jesu, pity! how it thickens! Now retreat and now advance!
    Right against the blazing cannon showers Pueblo’s charging lance!
    Down they go, the brave young riders; horse and foot together fall;
    Like a plowshare in the fallow through them ploughs the Northern ball.”

    Nearer came the storm and nearer, rolling fast and frightful on;
    Speak, Ximena, speak and tell us who has lost and who has won?
    “Alas, alas! I know not, friend and foe together fall,
    O’er the dying rush the living; pray my Sisters for them all.”

    “Lo! the wind the smoke is lifting; Blessed Mother save my brain!
    I can see the wounded crawling slowly out from heaps of slain.
    Now they stagger, blind and bleeding; now they fall and strive to rise;
    Hasten, Sisters, haste and save them, lest they die before our eyes.

    “O my heart’s love, O my dear one! lay thy poor head on my knee;
    Dost thou know the lips that kiss thee? Cans’t thou hear me? Cans’t thou see?
    Oh, my husband, brave and gentle! O my Bernal, look once more
    On the blessed cross before thee! Mercy! Mercy! all is o’er!”

    Dry thy tears, my poor Ximena; lay thy dear one down to rest;
    Let his hands be meekly folded, lay the cross upon his breast;
    Let his dirge be sung hereafter, and his funeral masses said;
    To-day, thou poor bereaved one, the living ask thy aid.

    Close beside her, faintly, faintly moaning, fair and young a soldier lay,
    Torn with shot and pierced with lances, bleeding slow his life away;
    But, as tenderly before him the lorn Ximena knelt,
    She saw the Northern eagle shining on his pistol belt.

    With a stifled cry of horror straight she turned away her head;
    With a sad and bitter feeling look’d she back upon her dead;
    But she heard the youth’s low moaning, and his struggling breath of pain,
    And she raised the cooling water to his parching lips again.

    Whisper’d low the dying soldier, press’d her hand and faintly smiled.
    Was that pitying face his mother’s? Did she watch besides her child?
    All his stronger words with meaning her woman’s heart supplied;
    With her kiss upon his forehead, “Mother!” murmur’d he and died.

    “A bitter curse upon them, poor boy, who led thee forth,
    From some gentle sad-eyed mother, weeping, lonely in the North!”
    Spoke the mournful Mexic woman, as she laid him with her dead,
    And turn’d to soothe the living, and bind the wounds which bled.

    Look forth once more Ximena! like a cloud before the wind
    Rolls the battle down the mountains leaving blood and death behind.
    Oh! they plead in vain for mercy--in the dust the wounded strive;
    Hide your faces, holy angels! O thou Christ of God forgive!

    Sink, O night, among thy mountains! let the cool gray shadows fall;
    Dying brothers, fighting demons, drop thy curtain over all!
    Through the thickening winter twilight, wide apart the battle rolled,
    In its sheath the sabre rested and the cannon’s mouth grew cold.

    But the noble Mexic women still their holy task pursued,
    Through that long dark night of sorrow worn and faint and lacking food;
    Over weak and suffering brothers, with a tender care they hung,
    And the dying foeman bless’d them in a strange and Northern tongue.

    Not wholly lost, O Father, is this evil world of ours;
    Upward, through its blood and ashes spring afresh the Eden flowers;
    From its smoking hill of battle love and pity send their prayer,
    And still Thy white-wing’d angels hover dimly in our air.


XII.

CATHERINE ELIZABETH McAULEY.

Miss Catherine Elizabeth McAuley, the foundress of the Order of Sisters
of Mercy, ranks high among the notable women whose achievements have
enriched the history of the Catholic Church. The religious institution
first planted by her in the city of Dublin has spread to such an extent
that its branches now spread into at least every quarter of the
English-speaking globe. The communities of the Sisters of Mercy in the
United States have done excellent work in many fields, but they
particularly distinguished themselves as nurses during the unhappy
conflict between the North and the South.

Miss McAuley was born September 29, 1787, at Stormanstown, Dublin,
Ireland. She was the daughter of pious, well-known and respectable
parents. Her father was especially prominent by reason of his goodness
to the poor and the unfortunate. One of his regular practices was to
have all the poor of the vicinity come to his house on Sundays and
holidays for the purpose of instructing them in their religion. Both
father and mother died when the subject of this sketch was very young.

Shortly after this unfortunate event Catherine was adopted by Mr. and
Mrs. William Callahan, who belonged to a family that was distantly
connected with the mother of Miss McAuley. Her foster-parents, although
very worthy people, were bitterly prejudiced against the religion
practiced by their adopted child. They were so opposed to anything
Catholic that they would not permit a crucifix or a pious picture in the
house. Despite this, Catherine attended to her religious duties with
great regularity and fidelity, and by her gentleness succeeded in
disarming any anger or annoyance that they might have otherwise felt
regarding her course.

She was a model of all the virtues, and this fact did not escape the
attention of her foster-parents. Dean Gaffney, writing of her at this
period, says: “Everyone who had distress to be relieved, affliction to
be mitigated, troubles to be encountered, came to her, and to the best
of her ability she advised them what to do. Her zeal made her a
missionary in her district.” In these works of charity and usefulness
she continued for several years, during which she was rendering herself
dearer and dearer to her adopted parents. In the course of a few years
both these estimable people died, but not before the gentle foster-child
had led both of them into the Catholic Church. Catherine was left the
sole heiress of Mr. Callahan, and at once made arrangements for
systematically distributing food and clothing to the poor.

Miss McAuley was now in a position to realize her early vision of
founding an institution in which servants and other women of good
character might, when out of work, find a temporary home and be shielded
from the dangers to which the unprotected members of the sex are
exposed. She unfolded her plans to the Very Rev. Dr. Armstrong and Very
Rev. Dr. Blake, her spiritual advisers.

“It was deemed advisable,” says Dean Murphy, writing of this, “not to
take a house already built and occupied for other purposes, and which
she would have some difficulty in adapting to her own designs, but to
secure a plot of ground that had never been built upon, and to erect an
edifice for the honor and glory of God that had never been profaned by
the vices and folly of the world, and which should be as holy in its
creation as in its use, and be dedicated to God from its very
foundation.” The building was constructed and put into operation within
a reasonably short time. When finished it was discovered that the
architect had created a building which for all purposes could be used as
a convent.

This was regarded as a fortunate mistake. In the beginning Miss McAuley
had no thought of founding a religious institute, but in working out the
ideas that were near to her heart she imperceptibly and almost
unconsciously drifted towards that end. Daniel O’Connell, the great
Irish liberator, was a friend and patron of Miss McAuley, and frequently
visited her establishment, which he regarded as filling a long-felt want
in the Irish capital. In 1827 O’Connell presided over a Christmas dinner
given by Miss McAuley to the poor children of Dublin.

In 1828, at the suggestion of the Archbishop of the Diocese, she formed
the Order of the Sisters of Mercy. There had been a “Royal, Military and
Religious Order of Our Lady of Mercy,” dating back to the twelfth
century, and this new order, founded by a pious young woman, was largely
based upon the old one, except that it was intended for women and not
for men. Miss McAuley frequently said that what she desired was to found
an order whose members would combine the silence, recollection and
prayer of the Carmelite with the active zeal of a Sister of Charity. It
seems to be generally conceded that she succeeded in achieving her
purpose. Three words, “works of mercy,” briefly tell the story of the
character of the labors of the Sisters of Mercy. Miss McAuley did not
finally complete her laudable plan without having to overcome many
obstacles, and to set aside some very bitter opposition, part of which
came, not only from her own relatives, but from bishops and priests as
well.

A few years after the dedication of her institute Miss McAuley and a few
chosen companions decided that the high purpose to which they had
consecrated their lives could be carried out if they would enter the
religious state. They were admitted to one of the convents of the
Presentation Order, and after a novitiate lasting one year she and her
companions received the religious habit.

In October, 1831, she professed and was canonically appointed by the
Archbishop as Superior of the new order. The costume worn by the members
of the order was devised by Mother Catherine, as she was thereafter
called. The Order grew rapidly in numbers and in prominence. The life of
its first Mother and foundress was active and edifying. Her labors were
not confined to any particular work, but embraced everything that was in
the interest and for the benefit of the poor and unfortunate. In 1832
she won enduring laurels by assuming charge of the cholera hospital in
Dublin.

She died on November 11, 1837, resigned and happy, and furnished an
example of pious fortitude to the Sisters that crowded about her
deathbed. The Order that she founded, as it exists to-day, is her best
monument. Beginning in Ireland in 1827 it was afterwards successfully
introduced into England, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South
America and the United States of America.


XIII.

CLERICAL VETERANS.

Notre Dame, Indiana, enjoys the distinction of a Grand Army Post
composed of Catholic clergymen, most of whom are members of the faculty
of Notre Dame University. The organization was officially entered on
October 6, 1897, as Post No. 569, Department of Indiana. Very Rev.
William E. Corby, C. S. C., the commander of the new post, was chaplain
of the Irish Brigade, and is now the provincial, or head officer, of the
order of the Holy Cross in the United States. Dr. Corby is also the
chaplain of the Indiana Commandery of the Loyal Legion. To this position
he was nominated by General Lew Wallace.

The membership of the new post will be very small, but large enough to
have a few famous fighters and great men of the war. With the exception
of Colonel William E. Haynes, the only lay member, the post is composed
altogether of members of the congregation of the Holy Cross. The
following complete the roster:

Very Rev. William Corby, C. S. C., chaplain Eighty-eighth New York
Volunteers, Irish Brigade.

Rev. Peter P. Cooney, C. S. C., chaplain Thirty-fifth Medina.

James McLain (Brother Leander), C. S. C., B Company, Twenty-fourth
United States Infantry.

William A. Olmsted, C. S. C., captain and lieutenant colonel Second
Infantry, New York Volunteers, colonel Fifty-ninth New York Veteran
Volunteers; brigadier general by brevet, commandery First Brigade,
Second Division, Second Army Corps, Army of the Potomac.

Mark A. Willis (Brother John Chrysostom, C. S. C.), I Company,
Fifty-fourth Pennsylvania Volunteers.

Nicholas A. Bath (Brother Cosmos, C. S. C.), D Company, Second United
States Artillery.

James Mantle (Brother Benedict, C. S. C.), A Company, First Pennsylvania
Heavy Artillery and Sixth United States Cavalry.

John McInerny (Brother Eustathius, C. S. C.), H Company, Eighty-third
Ohio Volunteers.

Joseph Staley (Brother Agathus, C. S. C.), C Company, Eighth Indiana
Regulars.

Ignatz Mayer (Brother Ignatius, C. S. C.), C Company, Seventy-fifth
Pennsylvania Volunteers and One Hundred and Fifty-seventh Pennsylvania
Volunteers.

James C. Malloy (Brother Raphael, C. S. C.), B Company, One Hundred and
Thirty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers.

Colonel William E. Haynes.

General Olmsted, who is studying for the priesthood, is much interested
in the little gathering. He is justly proud of the work of his men in
the celebrated Hancock’s Division. He refers to the Government reports
in every case as proof of the bravery of his soldiers. The General said
not long ago in an interview: “Very much that is said of me is not true,
but to show you that my men were brave, I give you the reports from the
department at Washington.” The General read: “The losses of the First
Brigade, Second Division, Second Corps--my brigade--were greater in the
battle of Gettysburg than those that occurred to any one brigade in the
army. There was, beside, a total casualty of 763 killed and wounded out
of 1246 men at Antietam, a percentage of 61.”

Father Corby has the honor of being the only chaplain to give absolution
under fire. The event of his giving absolution at Gettysburg to the
Irish Brigade is the best known of his achievements in chaplain life. It
is said that every man, Catholic and Protestant, knelt before the rock
upon which he stood, and the colors were lowered. Then they went out and
fought, and how many fell upon that bloody field is too well known to be
repeated. Father Corby, although an old man, is hale and hearty, and
does all his work as provincial of the order without the aid of a
secretary.

Rev. Peter Cooney also has a brilliant war record, but he and Father
Corby are by no means the only two who went to war from Notre Dame. In
all there were eight priests who went forth to service as chaplains in
the war. Beside these Mother Mary Angela, a cousin of James G. Blaine,
went forth with a large number of Sisters to nurse the wounded and care
for the dying. To these also great praise is due.

There was much enthusiasm in Notre Dame over the organization exercises,
and among those present or who sent their congratulations were General
Lew Wallace, General Mulholland, of Philadelphia; Colonel J. A. Smith,
of Indianapolis; General J. A. Golden, of New York; General William J.
Sewall, Colonel R. S. Robertson, of Fort Wayne; General J. A. Starburg,
of Boston; Captain Florence McCarthy, of New York; Captain Emil A.
Dapper, of Grand Rapids; Captain J. J. Abercrombie, of Chicago;
Department Commander James S. Dodge, with his full staff. The G. A. R.
post from Elkhart and two posts from South Bend helped to muster in the
clerical veterans. Commendatory messages were also received from a large
number of posts and leaders in the G. A. R.


XIV.

CATHOLICS IN THE WAR.

St. Teresa’s Church, at the northeast corner of Broad and Catherine
streets, was temporarily used as a hospital for wounded soldiers during
the war. On July 4, 1897, Rev. Joseph V. O’Connor, one of the eloquent
priests of the diocese of Philadelphia, delivered an address in this
church, relative to Catholics in the war. A score of Grand Army posts
attended the exercises, which were also honored by the presence of the
venerable Hugh Lane, who has been pastor of the church during and since
the war. Father O’Connor’s address deserves a place in this volume. He
said:

“The sacred edifice in which you assemble is an appropriate spot for
religion and patriotism to meet, for St. Teresa’s Church was for a time
in the Civil War a military hospital. The old railway station at Broad
and Prime streets was the rendezvous of the Union troops from the North
and East going to and from the seat of war. The gleaming cross upon the
church seemed lifted in benediction over army after army marching past.
The poet Byron represents the forest of Ardennes as weeping over the
‘unreturning brave’ of Waterloo, but the sign of man’s redemption may
have lifted up many a Catholic soldier’s heart destined to be stilled in
the next battle. These walls, now bright with light and color, have
re-echoed the moans of the dying. The venerable priest whose gracious
presence lends dignity and historic interest to this celebration
prepared here many a soldier for the last dread fight with death, the
universal conqueror. I seem to behold, mingling with your solid
phalanx, the shadowy forms of the brave men who were delivered from the
storm and earthquake of battle to breathe out their spirits here in the
peace of the sanctuary.

“Far be it from me to limit to the Catholic breast that noble fire of
the love of country, which with purifying flame burned in the great
heart of the nation when war sounded the trumpet call to the children of
the republic. It is occasion that shows the man. Our Civil War was an
occasion that showed our Church. The legislative code of England was
disgraced, even in Victoria’s reign by the calumny and the imbecility of
penal laws against Catholics. To be a Catholic was to be a traitor. In
vain did we appeal to history, which crowns with laurels the brows of
unnumbered Catholic patriots and heroes in every land of the universal
Church. The Thundering Legion fought for the Roman Emperor, who decreed
its martyrdom. The fleet of Protestant England was led against the
Armada of Catholic Spain by a Catholic in the service of a Queen who
sent his fellow-religionists to the stake on account of their faith. The
patriotism of the Catholic is motived by his religion. It rises superior
to the form in which civil government may be embodied. Were the Pope, as
temporal prince, to invade our country we should be bound in conscience
to repel him, nor would our patriotism conflict one iota with our
religious faith.

“Our people, driven by misgovernment from their native soil, found the
portals of the great Republic flung open to them in friendly welcome.
They came to the North and to the West. Thus the great centres of
industry in the Northern States were crowded with Catholics. Most of us
had learned the bitter lessons which tyranny, bad government and
religious rancor have to impart under the scourge of England’s misrule
of Ireland. As Bourke Cockran says, England’s treatment of the Irish
people has made the world distrust her. Ireland’s love for America dates
from before the Revolution. The Irish Parliament passed resolutions of
sympathy with the American colonists. The great tides of immigration
from Ireland set in early and continued until, at the outbreak of the
Civil War, the North was one-fourth Celtic in blood.

“The Catholic Church studiously refrained from any official
pronouncement upon the causes of the conflict which she deplored. The
first regiment to respond to President Lincoln’s initial call for troops
was the Sixty-ninth New York. It was mainly Irish and Catholic. Within
forty-eight hours it was on its way to the front. New York,
pre-eminently a Catholic State, furnished one-seventh of the military
forces in the war for the Union.

“Obviously the Government had no reason for recording the religious
faith of its soldiers. Patriotism is at once a natural and a civic
virtue. That it may be supernaturalized is evident from the words of St.
Paul, bidding us obey the higher powers for conscience sake. The country
had to face a condition, not a theory, and whatever abstract reasoning
has to say about State rights, the will of the majority of the people,
which is the supreme law in a republic, decided for the maintenance of
the Federal Union. The best traditions of the country, North and South,
identified liberty with union. God appears to have made the country one
in geographical formation, in sameness of language, in homogeneity of
character.

“Two illustrious Catholic prelates, recognized as leaders in
Israel--the Moses and the Joshua of the Church--Archbishop Kendrick, of
Baltimore, and Archbishop Hughes, of New York, declared in favor of the
Union. The sainted sage of the primatial city flung the starry banner
from the pinnacle of his Cathedral. The Archbishop of New York was so
thoroughly identified with the cause of the Union that he was invested
by the President and his Secretary of State with the authority of envoy
extraordinary to the courts of Europe.

“Unroll the military records of our country and you will read column
after column of names that are historically Catholic. Read the names on
the tombstones of soldiers in the great national cemeteries and you will
find in the Christian name alone confirmatory evidence of the faith of
the hero that sleeps beneath. The Catholic knows that the Church imposes
in baptism the name of a saint. We may safely judge that he is a
Catholic who bears the name of Patrick and Michael, of Bernard and
Dominic. Not even the conservative spirit of the Church of England could
retain the old saintly nomenclature, and Puritanism chose the names of
Old Testament worthies or names taken from natural history and even
heathen mythology.

“If we reckon our soldiers by their religion, the majority would be
Catholic and we should find that we had given our children in far
greater number than any one denomination. On the second day of
Gettysburg a Catholic priest, ascending an eminence, lifted his hand to
give absolution, and far as the eye could reach rank upon rank of
soldiers bent their heads like cornfields swept by the summer breeze.
Hancock, the “superb,” impressed by the solemnity of the scene, bared
his brow. If the poet thought that a tear should fall for Stonewall
Jackson because he spared Barbara Frietchie’s Union flag, will not a
Catholic murmur a prayer for the great general who gave heed to the
priest calling upon his people to be contrite for their sins in the hour
which for many would be the last?

“The seven successive stormings of the heights of Fredericksburg by the
Irish Brigade has long passed into history as surpassing Alma and the
Sedan. Keenan’s cavalry charge at Chancellorsville saved the Union army
at the cost of 300 lives. The charge of the Light Brigade at Balaklava
was described by a French officer as magnificent, but unmilitary--‘C’est
magnifique, mais ce n’est pas la guerre.’ But Keenan’s charge was both
glorious and strategic. His troop rushed like a whirlwind upon 20,000
Confederates. His men were shot down or sabered in the saddle. The
steeds, maddened by wounds and uncontrolled by their dead riders,
plunged into the thick of the Confederate ranks, and so disconcerted and
appalled them that the main army of the Union had time to save itself
from otherwise inevitable destruction. Perhaps the most critical point
of the war was the success or the failure of Sheridan’s devastation of
the Shenandoah Valley, which was the great base of supplies for the
South. Sheridan’s historic ride, which saved the day at Winchester, was
the exploit of a Catholic. The Republic subsequently conferred upon this
son of the Church one of the highest and most responsible positions in
her keeping, the generalship of her armies.

“One of the first, if not the first band of trained nurses that offered
their services to the Government was the religious society of the
Sisters of Charity. Their title is their history. Their services in
hospitals and on the field did more than tomes of controversy to make
the Catholic Church better known, and consequently loved, by the
American people. The convalescing soldier by word and by letter spread
the information throughout the land that the ministrations of the
Catholic Sisterhood reminded him of a mother’s love and a sister’s
tenderness.

“The heroic devotion to duty of the Catholic chaplains, who made no
distinction of religion when a soldier was to be helped, endeared the
Catholic religion to many who met a Catholic priest for the first time
in camp or hospital. Our own noble-hearted Archbishop rendered such
service to the wounded soldiers in St. Louis that the Government offered
him a chaplaincy. Care of the body was often supplemented with the
higher care of the soul. In that parting hour, when mortality leans upon
the breast of religion, the example of devoted priest and religious
gently led many a soul into the hope and the consolation of divine
faith.

“God grant that our country shall never again reel under the shock of
war! Yet out of the nettle of danger has come the flower of safety.
Calumny, suspicion, distrust of our patriotism were struck dumb. Never
again shall we be taunted with secret antipathy to free institutions.
The banner of the stars was rebaptized in our blood. To the soldier of
the war the Church owes a debt of gratitude. He proved often by his
death that the religion which he professed, far from condemning his
patriotism, commended it as a virtue, and the faith that sustained him
in battle supported him when his heart poured out the blood of supreme
sacrifice upon the altar of his country. And though no memorial marks
his resting place the Church in every mass pleads for the repose of his
soul.

“The soldier stands as the highest value which we place upon our country
and her institutions. He says to all: ‘My country is worth dying for.’
In our thoughtless way we take liberty, security of life and property,
the blessings of religion and safeguards of law and all the beauty and
amenity of our civilization as a matter of course. Without the soldier
all these goods would perish. It is war that preserves and protects
peace. The soldier is the guardian of our homes. Honor him; make
peaceful and happy his declining years. Thank God with David for
preparing our hands for the sword, before whose blinding ray, in the
hand of the hero, domestic treason and foreign conspiracy slink into
their dens. Bless God for making us a nation of soldiers, as well as of
citizens. The war proved that the American soldier, North and South, is
without a peer in bravery, in discipline, in self-control. Whilst our
Republic gives birth to such heroic sons we may laugh armed Europe to
scorn.

“Soldiers, there is another battle, another field, a greater Captain
than even the archangel who led the embattled seraphim to war. You
divine my meaning. Be soldiers of the cross! Fight the good fight of
faith. Be sober, pure, charitable. The laurel that binds the warrior’s
brow on earth soon fades. The flowers of Decoration Day droop with the
setting sun. But the Divine Captain of our salvation will place upon
your brow, if you are faithful to the end, a crown that fadeth not away,
a wreath which you will receive amid the shout of the heavenly armies.”


XV.

THE SANITARY COMMISSION.

The purpose of the writer of this history, as already stated, has been
to furnish for the first time a full and detailed story of the labors of
the Catholic Sisterhoods in the Civil War, but in doing that he has not
had the slightest intention of detracting from the splendid service
rendered by other bodies and other persons. One of the most notable
organizations that contributed its part in the humane work incident to
the war was the Sanitary Commission. It had its rise in a spontaneous
movement of the women in New England. It is said that 7000 branch Aid
Societies were connected with the Commission at one time. Charles J.
Stille, of Philadelphia, has written a history of the Commission, from
which most of the facts embodied in this sketch have been obtained.
Committees were sent to Washington, the part of the Government, the
Secretary of War, on the 9th of June, 1861, issued an order appointing
Henry and after much negotiation, involving tedious delay on W. Bellows,
D. D., Professor A. D. Boche, LL. D., Professor Jeffries Wyman, M. D.,
W. H. Van Buren, M. D., Wolcott Gibbs, M. D., R. C. Wood, surgeon U. S.
A.; G. W. Cullom, U. S. A.; Alexander E. Shiras, U. S. A., in connection
with such others as they might chose to associate with them, “a
commission of inquiry and advice in respect of the sanitary interests of
the United States forces.” They were to serve without remuneration from
the Government and were to be provided with a room for their use in the
city of Washington.

They were to direct their inquiries to the principles and practices
connected with the inspection of recruits and enlisted men, the sanitary
condition of volunteers, to the means of preserving and restoring the
health and of securing the general comfort and efficiency of the troops,
to the proper provision of cooks, nurses and hospitals, and to other
subjects of a like nature. The mode by which they proposed to conduct
these inquiries was detailed in the letter of the New York delegation to
the Secretary of War on the 22d of May. The order appointing them
directed that they should correspond freely with the department and with
the Medical Bureau concerning these subjects, and on this footing and
within these limits their relations with the official authorities were
established. To enable them to carry out fully the purposes of their
appointment the Surgeon General issued a circular letter announcing the
creation of the Commission, and directing all the officers in his
department to grant its agents every facility in the prosecution of
their duties.

On the 12th of June the gentlemen named as Commissioners in the order of
the Secretary of War (with the exception of Professor Wyman, who had
declined his appointment) assembled at Washington. They proceeded to
organize the Board by the selection of the Rev. Dr. Bellows as
president. Their first care was to secure the services of certain
gentlemen as colleagues, who were supposed to possess special
qualifications, but whose names had not been included in the original
warrant. Accordingly Dr. Elisha Harris and Dr. Cornelius R. Agnew were
unanimously chosen Commissioners at the first meeting, and George T.
Strong and Dr. J. S. Newberry in like manner at the one next succeeding.
At different periods during the war Rt. Rev. Bishop Clark, Hon. R. W.
Burnet, Hon. Mark Skinner, Hon. Joseph Holt, Horace Binney, Jr., Rev. J.
H. Heywood, Prof. Fairman Rogers, J. Huntingdon Wolcott, Charles J.
Stille, E. B. McCagg and F. Law Olmstead were elected by the Board
members of the Commission.

At the first meeting a “Plan of Organization,” prepared by the
president, was presented, discussed and finally adopted. On the 13th the
Commission, in a body, waited on the President and Secretary of War, who
gave their formal sanction to this plan of organization by affixing to
it their signatures. The experiences of the war suggested but little
alteration, even in the outline of this report, while to a strict
adherence to the general principles it embodied the Sanitary Commission
owed much of its wonderful success.

The plan reduced to a practical system and method the principles laid
down in the letters of the New York gentlemen to the Government
authorities and endeavored to apply them to the actual existing
condition of the army. Confining its proposed operations within the
limited sphere of “inquiry” and “advice,” which had been assigned to it
by the Government, it declared what it proposed to do and by what
methods in each of these departments of duty.

In order that its work might be carried on systematically and thoroughly
two general committees were created, one respecting “inquiry,” the other
“advice.” The object of the first was to determine by all the light
which could be derived from experience what must necessarily be the
wants and conditions of troops brought together as ours had been, to
ascertain exactly how far evils which had proved the scourge of other
armies had already invaded our own, and to decide concerning the best
measures to be adopted to remove all causes of removable and preventable
disease.

Each branch of “inquiry” under this head was referred to a distinct
sub-committee. From the first was expected such suggestions of
preventable measures as experience in former wars had proved to be
absolutely essential; to the second was entrusted the actual inspection,
by its own members or their agents, of the camps and hospitals, so that
the real condition of the army, in a sanitary point of view, concerning
which there were many conflicting rumors, could be definitely known. To
the third was referred all questions concerning the improvement of the
health and efficiency of the army in respect to diet, clothing, quarters
and matters of a similar nature.

In regard to the other branch of duty assigned to the Commission under
its appointment, that of “advice,” the Board took the same wide and
comprehensive views as had guided them in regard to the needful subjects
of inquiry. Their purpose was to “get the opinions and conclusions of
the Commission approved by the Medical Bureau, ordered by the War
Department and carried out by the officers and men.”

The interest excited in thousands of homes throughout the land, whose
inmates were members of aid societies in favor of the Sanitary
Commission, and who looked upon it only as the almoner of their vast
offerings for the relief of the army, led to the popular error that it
was only a relief association upon a grand scale and quite overshadowed
in popular estimation its original purpose, if not the peculiar and
exclusive work before it. The Commission itself, however, never departed
from the true scientific idea and conception of a preventive system,
and always regarded the relief system, vast as was the place occupied by
it in the war, as inferior in the importance of its results to those due
to well considered and thoroughly executed preventive measures.

The Commission at the close of the war established a pension bureau and
war claim agency for the benefit of disabled soldiers and their orphans
and widows. The entire money receipts of the Commission from 1861 to
1866 were $4,924,480.99, and the value of supplies furnished is
estimated at $15,000,000.


XVI.

“THE BLUE AND THE GRAY.”

    “By the flow of the inland river,
      Whence the fleets of iron have fled,
    Where the blades of the grave-grass quiver,
      Asleep on the ranks of the dead--
        Under the sod and the dew,
          Waiting the judgment-day;
        Under the one, the Blue;
          Under the other, the Gray.

    These in the robings of glory,
      Those in the gloom of defeat,
    All with the battle-blood gory
      In the dusk of eternity meet--
        Under the sod and the dew,
          Waiting the judgment-day;
        Under the laurel, the Blue;
          Under the willow, the Gray.

    From the silence of sorrowful hours
      The desolate mourners go,
    Lovingly laden with flowers,
      Alike for the friend and the foe--
        Under the sod and the dew,
          Waiting the judgment-day;
        Under the roses, the Blue;
          Under the lilies, the Gray.

    So with an equal splendor
      The morning sun-rays fall,
    With a touch impartially tender,
      On the blossoms blooming for all--
        Under the sod and the dew,
          Waiting the judgment-day;
        Broidered with gold, the Blue;
          Mellowed with gold, the Gray.

    So when the summer calleth,
      On forest and field of grain,
    With an equal murmur falleth
      The cooling drip of the rain--
        Under the sod and the dew,
          Waiting the judgment-day;
        Wet with the rain, the Blue;
          Wet with the rain, the Gray.

    Sadly, but not with upbraiding,
      The generous deed was done:
    In the storm of the years that are fading,
      No braver battle was won--
        Under the sod and the dew,
          Waiting the judgment-day;
        Under the blossoms, the Blue;
          Under the garlands, the Gray.

    No more shall the war-cry sever,
      Or the winding rivers be red:
    They banish our anger forever
      When they laurel the graves of our dead--
        Under the sod and the dew,
          Waiting the judgment-day;
        Love and tears for the Blue;
          Tears and love for the Gray.”


XVII.

A MIRACLE OF THE WAR.

The following interesting little incident is taken from Very Rev. W. C.
Corby’s book, entitled “Memoirs of Chaplain Life:”

“On the 29th of November, 1863,” says Rev. Constantine L. Egan, O. P.,
chaplain of the Ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, “we advanced to Mine Run
and formed a line of battle and bivouacked for the night. The enemy were
posted on the east ridge, about one mile from the stream called Mile
Run, on a centre ridge nearly 100 feet above the surface of the stream.
Their works could easily be seen by us posted on the west ridge of the
run. They were strongly fortified, their works bristling with abatis,
infantry parapets and epaulements for batteries. About 3 o’clock on the
evening of the 30th the order was given to charge the enemy’s line.
Seeing the danger of death before us I asked the colonel to form his
regiment into a solid square so that I could address the men. He did so.
I then spoke to them of their danger, and entreated them to prepare for
it by going on their knees and making a sincere act of contrition for
their sins, with the intention of going to confession if their lives
were spared.

“As the regiment fell on their knees, other Catholic soldiers broke from
their ranks and joined us, so that in less than two minutes I had the
largest congregation I ever witnessed before, or even since. Having
pronounced the words of general absolution to be given in such
emergencies and danger, I spoke a few words of encouragement to them.

* * “After talking to the soldiers and finishing my remarks, they arose
from their knees, grasping their muskets with a firm clinch, and went
back to their respective commands, awaiting the hour to expire to make
the assault.”

Smith Johnson, taking this as his theme, has written the following poem,
entitled “A Miracle of War,” and dedicated it to Father Corby:

    Two armies stood in stern array
      On Gettysburg’s historic field--
    This side the blue, on that the gray--
    Each side resolved to win the day,
    Or life to home and country yield.

    “Take arms!” “Fall in!” rang o’er the line
      Of Hancock’s ever-valiant corps--
    For to the left the cannons chime
    With music terribly sublime,
      With death’s unceasing, solemn roar.

    With spirits ardent, undismayed,
      With flags uplifted toward the sky,
    There stands brave Meagher’s old brigade
    Those noble laurels ne’er will fade
      Upon the page of history.

    “All forward, men!” No, pause a while--
      Dead silence follows like parade
    At “order arms,” for ‘long the file
    There moves a priest with holy smile--
      The priest of Meagher’s old brigade.

    All eyes were toward him reverent turned,
      For he was known and loved by all,
    And every face with fervor burned,
    And with a glance his mission learned--
      A mission of high Heaven’s call.

    Then spake the priest: “My comrades, friends,
      Ere long the battle fierce will surge,
    Ere long the curse of war descends--
    At such a moment God commends
      You from the soul all sin to purge.
    “Kneel, soldiers; lift your hearts to God,
      In sweet contrition crush the pride
    Of human minds; kneel on the sod
    That soon will welter in your blood--
      Look up to Christ, who for you died.”

    And every man, whate’er his creed,
      Kneels down, and whispers pass along
    The ranks, and murmuring voices plead
    To be from sin’s contagion freed
      And turned from path of mortal wrong.

    Across the vale the gray lines view
      The priest and those who, kneeling now,
    For absolution humbly sue,
    And joining hearts, the gray and blue,
      Together make the holy vow.

           *       *       *       *       *

    The smoke of battle lifts apace,
      And o’er the field lie forms of men,
    With glazen eyes and pallid face--
    Dead--yet alive, for God’s sweet grace
      Has saved them from the death of sin.

    SMITH JOHNSON.


XVIII.

LINCOLN AT GETTYSBURG.

It has been aptly said that the battlefield of Gettysburg has become the
“Mecca of American Reconciliation.” By act of Congress a National Park
has been established there, observatories erected and everything
possible done to make the battlefield convenient and attractive to
tourists.

The National Cemetery at Gettysburg was dedicated November 19, 1863. The
oration was by Edward Everett. On this occasion President Lincoln made
the famous address that will never die. It was as follows:

“Four-score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal. Now, we are engaged in a
great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation, so
conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great
battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that
field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that
the nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we
should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate--we cannot
consecrate--we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and
dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to
add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say
here, but it never can forget what they did here. It is for us the
living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they
who fought here have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us
to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from
these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which
they gave the last full measure of devotion. That we here highly resolve
that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under
God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that the government of the
people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the
earth.”


XIX.

THE FAITH AND THE FLAG.

While the work of the zealous Catholic Sisterhoods on the battlefield
and in the camp and hospital was for humanity in its broadest sense the
effect of their example and the beauty of their daily lives also had the
effect of clearing away the mists of prejudice that sometimes distorted
and clouded the views of honorable, well-meaning and worthy
non-Catholics. The writer has endeavored to present the history of the
labors of the Sisters in a straightforward and dispassionate manner.

He has dealt exclusively in facts and has, as far as possible, avoided
comment. It has especially been his aim to keep entirely clear of
sectional disputes or religious controversies. Hence it will be found
that the story of the work of the Sisters has reference, in the main, to
their devotion to suffering humanity. It was inevitable, however, that
men living in the atmosphere of sanctity created by these good women
should feel the consoling benefit of their silent influence. The result
was that non-Catholics began to take a broader and more kindly view of
their Catholic comrades and fellow-citizens, and long before the war
closed they realized that the faith and the flag were entirely
compatible.

A few years ago William J. Onahan, of Chicago, in an address,
incidentally touched upon this very point. Speaking of those who were
distrustful of the Church and its teachings he said: “If they could
realize the harmony and benevolent influence of her teaching, the number
of souls redeemed through her efforts and graces from despair and sin,
the wounded hearts solaced by her balm--the extent of human misery she
has removed or mitigated? Let them but think how that Church has
consecrated the marriage tie, sanctified the home, shielded the
unfortunate, lifted up the lowly and sorrow-stricken, staying the arm of
the oppressor, pleading for the rights of the poor against the power of
the tyrant and the greed of capital. Witness the asylums and the refuges
the Catholic Church has established all over the world for every
condition of infirmity and suffering--for the orphans, the foundlings,
the sick, the aged, the wayward and the fallen.

“See the admirable sisterhoods--to which no parallel can be found on
earth--the Sisters of Charity and Mercy, the Poor Handmaids of Jesus
Christ, the Sisters of St. Joseph, the nuns of the Good Shepherd, the
Little Sisters of the Poor and countless others, varying in the
admirable diversity of their charitable labors. Watch these sisters at
their appointed duties in the hospitals and asylums, in the hovels of
the poor, by the bedside of the dying--aye, in pesthouses and smallpox
hospitals, as well as on the battlefield, ministering to the dying
soldier--all bent on doing God’s work for God’s sake. Assuredly these
facts--these daily examples here before our eyes, within reach of our
feet in daily walk--assuredly these ought to serve toward dispelling the
false glare of prejudice.

“As a preliminary let me say I adopt without reserve or qualification
the language of the Baltimore Catholic Congress: ‘We rejoice at the
marvellous development of our country, and regard with just pride the
part taken by Catholics in such development.’ In the words of the
pastoral issued by the Archbishops of the United States, assembled in
the third Plenary Council of Baltimore, ‘we claim to be acquainted both
with the laws, institutions and spirit of our country, and we
emphatically declare that there is no antagonism between them.

“We repudiate with equal earnestness the assertion that we need to lay
aside any of our devotedness to our Church to be true Americans, and the
insinuations that we need abate any of our love for our country’s
principles to be faithful Catholics. We believe that our country’s
heroes were the instruments of the God of Nations in establishing this
home of freedom; to both the Almighty and to His instruments in the work
we look with grateful reverence, and to maintain the inheritance of
freedom which they have left us, should it ever--which God forbid--be
imperiled, our Catholic citizens will be bound to stand forward as one
man, ready to pledge anew their lives, their fortunes and their sacred
honor.’

“Before turning to the question of the ‘rights and duties’ let me first
define what I understand by the term ‘Catholic Citizen.’ An American
citizen, whether by birth or adoption, who, having had the grace of
Christian baptism, believes and practices the teachings of the Catholic
Church--in other words a practical Catholic. Now we come to the question
of ‘rights and duties.’ What are our rights as citizens? No more, no
less, precisely, than those possessed by any other American citizen.
What are the rights we in common have with others? In general terms we
have the ‘right’ of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of
acquiring, possessing and protecting property and reputation and of
pursuing our own happiness.

“We hold, in the language of the Constitution of Illinois, that all men
have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according
to the dictates of their own consciences, that no man can of right be
compelled to attend, erect or support any place of worship, or to
maintain any ministry against his consent, that no human authority can
in any case whatever control or interfere with the rights of conscience.
We have a right to be protected in our persons and property; we cannot
be deprived of either without due process of law; the right of free
elections, to trial by jury, to equality before the law--but I need not
enter into detail of the ‘Bill of Rights’ which specifies the catalogue
of a freeman’s inheritance. The highest and most precious right,
however, is that of religious freedom, liberty to worship God without
let or hindrance and free from religious disabilities of any kind, and
next to their own rights as free men, to exercise it as shall best
promote the welfare of the city, State and nation.

“Catholics, then, are entitled to absolute equality before the law, and
this is according to the letter and spirit of the Constitution of the
United States, as well as of the several States now, I believe, without
exception. There is nevertheless an unwritten law, which operates as a
practical discrimination against Catholics in public life as effectually
as though it were so expressed in the Constitution. It is the law of
public opinion deriving its force and effect from popular prejudice. It
is a well-known fact that neither of the great political parties would
dare to nominate a Catholic for the Presidency, and the same is true as
to the office of Governor in the different States. Surely it would not
be claimed that no American Catholic could be found qualified by
position and ability for any of these high offices.

“Eternal vigilance, it has been said, is the price of liberty. Probably
if Catholics were alert in asserting their rights--in a just and
lawful, as well as in a reasonable manner--there would be less
disposition shown to infringe upon those rights, and to ignore their
claim to representation. Again, the government, whether National or
State, has no just claim or authority to deny the rights of conscience
to Catholics, whether they be employed in the service of the nation, in
the army or naval forces, in penal or reformatory institutions, in
asylums, or elsewhere. The State may lawfully and justly deprive a man
of his liberty and place him behind prison bars; but it has no right to
compel him while there to attend a form of religious worship in which he
does not believe; it should not deny or hamper the attendance and
ministrations of priest or elder whose services are sought by the
prisoner or State’s own ward. Justice and sound policy alike demonstrate
the wisdom of invoking the services of the Catholic Missionary for
Catholics, whether in jail or asylum, or on the frontier.

“General Grant testified that Father De Smet’s presence among the
Indians was of greater value to the Government than a regiment of
cavalry, and recent events on our Northern borders intensify the force
of this conclusion. The Catholic missionary is always a peacemaker.
Catholics ask nothing in the way of ‘privileges.’ We have no claim to
privileges. We only ask what we are willing to concede to
others--equality and fair play. If others are content to minimize
religious principles or to abdicate them entirely we must be excused if
we insist on holding fast to ours. We are on firm ground in that
respect; we do not care to follow others into the “slough of despond.”
We are persuaded that every vexed question occupying and disturbing the
public attention, dividing and distracting the people can be amicably
adjusted, provided the wise men of the nation and the States will take
these questions out of the hands of fanatics and bigots, who are only
too eager and anxious to inaugurate a reign of discord and religious
strife.

“Catholics, be assured, will have no part in this warfare, beyond
protecting and defending their rights--God-given and Constitutional
rights. They would be unworthy of American citizenship were they to be
content with less.

“We now come to the question of the ‘Duties of Catholics as Citizens.’
Let it be understood that in undertaking to answer this, as well as the
previous question under consideration, I speak for myself only as a
Catholic layman. I express my own thoughts and convictions unreservedly.
What are the ‘duties’ referred to? First, and primarily, I should say to
be American, in all that the term broadly implies. How do I define the
term American? It stands in my mind for liberty, order, education and
opportunities. It is the duty of the Catholic citizen to love liberty
for its own sake, order for the general good and to illustrate the
highest type and model of civic virtue. It is a duty to foster and
nourish the purity of home life and the domestic virtues, eagerly to
promote education and to make every necessary sacrifice for it, and to
see to it that Catholic children shall have the benefit of a sound
Christian education. Catholics should avail themselves of the material
opportunities and advantages offered in this wonderful age and country,
and strive to be in the front ranks in the march of progress.

“The field is wide and inviting, the race is open to all. The privilege
of American citizenship should be regarded as precious and priceless.
Because so easily acquired, perhaps, it is not sufficiently estimated at
its true value and worth. Think what American citizenship confers; see
what it assures! Equal part and membership in this mighty empire--the
equal advantage in its unsurpassed opportunities--the unqualified
privileges of its unequaled freedom. No standing armies here to be moved
at a monarch’s caprice, weighing down and oppressing the nation’s
energies, draining it of its life blood, sapping its vitality, and,
worst evil of all, menacing the peace of the world. No armed
‘constabulary’ to terrorize over a peasant population and enforce the
heartless edict of brutal landlords. No hereditary or favored classes.
No obstacle to the unfettered enjoyment of those rights which we possess
from God in the natural law, and that are guaranteed to us in the
Constitution and laws of the land--the right to life, liberty and the
pursuit of happiness.

“What a future opens before us, what possibilities for ourselves and for
our children! Justly are the American people jealous of this
inheritance. It must be guarded with vigilant care, lest unworthy hands
and evil guidance should put it in peril. American liberty and the
opportunities of American life are too precious to the human family to
permit the one and the other to be wrecked or endangered. I rejoice in
every indication of patriotic public spirit, whether shown in devotion
and respect for the country’s flag or in reverence and admiration for
the nation’s heroes. We need all these demonstrations to keep alive in
this material age the ardor and purity of true patriotism.

“True American patriotism is the inheritance and monopoly of no one
class or condition. Its title is not derived from accident of birth or
color, is not to be determined by locality. Montgomery, Pulaski,
Steuben, De Kalb, Rochambeau, the Moylans and Sullivans, fought for
American liberty in the Revolutionary days with an ardor and a fidelity
at least equal to that displayed by those “native and to the manner
born.” Jackson was none the less a typical American because of the
accident of his father’s foreign birth, or, as is sometimes intimated,
of his own. And who shall question the patriotic devotion of General
Shields, honorably identified with the early history of your own State;
of Meagher, of Mulligan, of Sheridan, of Meade and countless others I
might name.

“Apprehension is sometimes expressed at the growth of foreign influence
and the display of foreign customs, but this fear is after all puerile.
Under our system of government the foreigner who comes to stay is soon
assimilated, and while there may be here and there instances and
examples, the outgrowth of foreign habits and customs, not welcome to
American notions, yet these can be only passing and temporary accidents.
The foreigner, I insist, is all right, provided he is loyal to American
laws and government. We have no use for any other.”


XX.

A ROMANCE OF THE WAR.

This record of their life and conduct could not be brought to a more
appropriate close than by the recital of a touching romance of the war,
growing directly out of the work of the Sisters during that crucial
period. The episode upon which the story hinges gains added interest
from the fact that it constituted one of the actual occurrences of the
closing day of the war.

A few years before the first shot was fired upon Sumter a household that
was a perfect picture of domestic felicity existed in one of the large
cities of Kentucky. It consisted of four persons--father, mother, son
and daughter. The parents were in comfortable circumstances, and in
their life and conduct were all that the heads of a Christian family
should be. The son and daughter vied with one another in performing
those little acts of devotion and duty that go so far toward making up
the sum total of harmony and happiness that should ever reign about the
family hearthstone.

At the time our narrative begins the son was approaching his twentieth
year. He was a tall, handsome manly fellow, and by a course of
preparatory work was now about to begin the final years of study at the
West Point Military Academy. The daughter, a girl of unusual
intelligence and beauty, was two years the junior of her brother. Hers
was a devout nature, and choice and study led her to adopt the habit of
a Sister of Charity as the means for carrying out a desire to be both
useful and good during her transitory stay upon this earth.

Just at this period death, by one of these inexplicable strokes which
can never be made quite clear to the human intellect, carried off both
parents. The devoted children of such a loving father and mother were
naturally prostrated at such an affliction. But they rallied nobly, and
grief only served to bring out the better qualities of their nature.
After all that was mortal of their dearest ones had been consigned to
the earth they calmly sat down and rationally discussed their future
plans.

The result was just what might have been expected. Both resolved to
carry out their original design. The parting was a sad one--the man
going to complete his knowledge of a soldier’s life--the woman to her
convent home to receive the final vows and to learn the last lessons
concerning the philosophy of charity in its sweetest and grandest sense.

Many years passed and the brother and sister, in their widely separated
and totally different spheres of life, were as dead to one another as if
they had never lived under the same roof. The Civil War with all of its
horrors began. What had been the theoretical discussions of cabinets and
the political orations of legislators now developed into the fierce and
awful reality of war. It was no longer a question of what might or could
have been, the actual grim-visaged monster with all of the hideous ills
that follow was engaged in the work of death and destruction.

Men volunteered their services. After them came the nurses. One of these
was Sister S----, from one of the Northern houses of the Sisters of
Charity. In order to expedite her mission of mercy it was necessary that
she should enter the service of the Federal Government. The record of
her daily life from that time forth was the record of every member of
the Catholic Sisterhood that served during the war. Days of
uninterrupted work; nights of ceaseless watching.

Soon after the siege of Vicksburg word was telegraphed to Baltimore that
a corps of Sisters of Charity was needed at once to care for the scores
of sick and wounded then suffering in Louisiana. Only five Sisters were
available. They were sent at once, with Sister S---- in command. They
found travel seriously impeded from the start. This fact caused the good
Samaritans much anguish of mind, for the summons they received said that
many of the men would die unless they had the immediate attendance of
experienced nurses. When the Sisters reached Chattanooga they found that
a special train had been provided for the purpose of rushing them with
all possible speed to the City of New Orleans. On this train there were
also a number of Union officers carrying important sealed orders from
the authorities at Washington to the men in charge of the Union forces
in what was known as the “Department of the Gulf.” Sisters and officers
were filled with conflicting emotions, but all had one object in
common--the desire to reach New Orleans at the earliest possible moment.
With the Sisters it was a race for life--for lives that might be saved
by their exertions. With the men it was a race for honor--for promotion,
perhaps for official commendation from the General of the Army or the
President of the United States.

Finally the train steamed into the Crescent City, and the officers went
to seek their commanders and the sisters their patients, who were in a
small town on the Mississippi River. Sister S---- divided her small
force of nurses with such rare good judgment and executive ability that
in twenty-four hours all of the sick and wounded men were resting
comfortably. Suddenly came the order to depart and the Union troops all
left the town, taking with them such of the convalescent patients as
were able to bear the strain of travel. Twelve hours later a portion of
the Confederate army entered the town, bringing several hundred of their
sick and wounded. Sister S----, thinking that the call to duty in this
instance was no less imperative than it had been in the case of the
Union men the day before, started for the hospital, where the wounded
Confederates had been carried.

One of the Union surgeons who had remained behind with his wounded men,
placed a detaining hand upon her arm.

“Where are you going?” he said.

“To look after these men,” she replied.

“That is impossible,” he said. “You are in the service of the United
States Government, and you are are not permitted to serve under the
enemy. We have no objection to your nursing the wounded Confederates,
but it must be under the auspices of our generals. The Union forces will
probably regain possession of this town before nightfall, and then you
can wait upon both sides alike.”

“But I insist,” and the eyes of the usually mild-mannered Sister
sparkled as she stamped her foot in an emphatic manner. “I know nothing
of technical military rules, but I insist upon my right to nurse these
poor men.”

“I regret very much being placed in such a position,” said the surgeon
gently, “but I am here representing the Government.”

“And I,” responded the Sister, “am here representing something greater
than the Government.”

“What is that?” he asked in an incredulous tone.

“Humanity!” was the quiet reply.

The officer--a brave man obeying orders--did not utter another word, but
bowing his head opened the door and admitted the Sister and her
companions into the presence of the sick.

Scarcely a minute had elapsed when the surgeon heard the heartrending
shriek of a woman come from the interior of the building. Rushing in he
beheld the Sister kneeling beside a cot at the far end of the room. The
tears were pouring down her cheeks, but it was evident that they were
tears of joy. The bearded man upon the cot was seriously wounded, but
there was a placid expression upon his countenance as he kissed the
hands of the Sister.

Need this dramatic scene be explained to the reader. It was the son and
daughter mentioned in the beginning of this sketch--reunited after years
of separation. The one enlisted in the Confederate army, the other a
nurse serving under the Union Government. The sight drew tears from
rough soldiers who seldom betrayed emotion of any character.

The Sister lavished every attention upon her wounded brother. What would
have been a solemn duty under any conditions now became a work of love
and affection. But it was all in vain. He had been marked as a a victim
by the grim destroyer. In a few days he breathed his last, edified and
consoled by the presence of his Sister and all of the offices of
religion.

Funerals from the hospital always occurred at night, and this was no
exception. But the obsequies of the young Confederate officer were out
of the ordinary. Every one about the hospital, and, indeed, in the
town, evinced a desire to do something as a mark of respect to Sister
S----. The moon was shining brightly on the night of the interment, and
it looked down upon a ghostly procession that followed the body to its
last resting place. Six convalescent soldiers--three Union men and three
Confederates, acted as pall-bearers. The services of the church were
conducted by the chaplain. Sister S---- was the chief mourner. The other
sisters followed with lighted tapers. No one took more interest in the
proceedings or did more for the convenience of those concerned than the
surgeon with whom the Sister had the altercation a few days before.
After the war the Sister devoted herself to those works of charity and
mercy, which to a person with the desire and will are within reach in
times of peace as well as in times of war.

[Illustration]




PUBLISHER’S NOTICE.


No book on the war, that has been published in recent years, has met
with a more generous reception than has been accorded by the reading
public to the “Angels of the Battlefield.” Congratulations and
expressions of good-will have come from all classes of persons.
Following will be found brief comments from letters and from notices of
the secular and religious press. These references are in most cases mere
excerpts from lengthy reviews of the book. Of course it has been
impracticable to publish quotations from all of the newspapers, but
those that are given are of a representative character.


Archbishop Ryan’s Eloquent and Earnest Letter of Recommendation.

I beg to thank you for the copy of your book, “Angels of the
Battlefield,” which you were kind enough to send to me. I have read it
with great satisfaction and beg to congratulate you on your success in
presenting the touching and edifying scenes in which Charity sent her
Angels into both camps alike, to heal the sick and console the dying, to
chasten triumph and comfort defeat.

The mission of these “Angels of the Battlefield” was to remove the
strong prejudices that impeded the progress of the Church. It was like
the mission of Saints Peter and John to the poor lame man at the porch
that was called beautiful of Solomon’s temple. The nation, wounded and
crippled by the war, was sent in through the beautiful gate of Catholic
charity to view the true temple of God. And of those who never belonged
to the fold of the Catholic Church how many can cry out with honest
Captain Jack Crawford, quoted by you. “My friends, I am not a Catholic,
but I stand ready at any and all times to defend these noble women, even
with my life, for I owe that life to them.”

I earnestly recommend your excellent book to all with whom my opinion
may have any influence.--Most Rev. P. J. Ryan, D. D., LL. D., Archbishop
of Philadelphia.


A Very Flattering Tribute from the Governor of Pennsylvania.

I am more than pleased with the work. It is a valuable addition to our
war literature. I cannot but recommend your subject matter and approve
of your literary style. I congratulate you heartily on the graceful and
deserved tribute to the women who served so faithfully and loyally the
cause of humanity during the dark days of our nation’s struggle.--Gen.
Daniel H. Hastings, Governor of Pennsylvania.


High Praise from the Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the
Republic.

General J. P. S. Gobin, Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the
Republic, writes:--

“I have at length had an opportunity to carefully read your volume,
“Angels of the Battlefield,” and wish to thank you for the pleasure you
have given me. Your book is a valuable addition to the literature of the
War. You have depicted those scenes with rare fidelity and without
exaggeration, which so frequently justified the title you have
selected.--Very truly yours, J. P. S. Gobin, Commander-in-Chief.


Particularly Happy in Avoiding Sectional, Political or Religious
Controversies.

There is a praiseworthy attempt to give plain facts without comment or
unnecessary coloring. The author has been particularly happy in avoiding
sectional, political or religious controversies. Although many volumes
have been written concerning the work of women in the war, this book is
said to be the first connected and consecutive history of the
self-sacrificing labors of the Catholic Sisterhoods during that great
conflict.--The Washington (D. C.) Post.


Comment from the Official Organ of the Historical Society of Quebec,
Canada.

As might be expected, the work is full of interest, and is an eloquent
tribute to the faith that produces such heroines. There was difficulty
in collecting the data for the genuine humility so characteristic of the
Sisters would move them to hide, rather than publish, the deeds, in
themselves so heroic, but in their eyes only what their duty,
enlightened by faith and enkindled by charity, demanded of them. In
order to make the narrative as consecutive as the scattered notes
permitted, a sketchy account of the war is introduced.--Le Courrier Du
Livre, Quebec, Canada, official organ of the Quebec Historical Society.


Cordial Words from Right Rev. Edmond F. Prendergast, D. D., Auxiliary
Bishop of Philadelphia.

“I have read your beautiful work, ‘Angels of the Battlefield,’ from
beginning to end, with the greatest pleasure. It is certainly a most
delightful book, and I trust and hope that it will have readers
everywhere.”--Right Rev. Edmond F. Prendergast, D. D., Auxiliary Bishop
of Philadelphia.


General Miles, the Head of the Army, and the “Angels of the
Battlefield.”

“Recently I had occasion to call on General Miles, the ranking officer
of the army, the Miles who gained such distinction as one of Hancock’s
fighting commanders. When I entered his office, at the War Department, I
found him reading a book in which he appeared to be deeply interested.
Having the curiosity which comes to newspaper men, both by nature and
from training, I could not restrain myself from asking the General the
name of the book. It proved to be “Angels of the Battlefield: A History
of the Catholic Sisterhoods in the War of the Rebellion,” a work by a
near friend and professional colleague of mine, Mr. George Barton.--“S.
M.” in Philadelphia Evening Star.


The work possesses “the Light and Interest Which Belongs to Incidents
from Life.”

The author has been able to gather from personal interviews with Sisters
many narratives which give to his pages the light and interest which
belong to incidents from life. He possesses the vivid sympathy with
action and suffering, without which a history of this kind would be no
better than dry bones. The author is rightly touched by the heroism that
surrounded those cots, where enemies lay side by side in an agony,
which, for many, could only obtain surcease in the grave. Some
incidental descriptions of battles are animated, and we are sure our
readers will find themselves moved for the better by this narrative of
heroic charity on the part of the nuns, and soldierly heroism on that of
the men to whom they ministered.--The Catholic World Magazine, New
York.


Record of Blameless Lives, “Strung Like Golden Beads on a Silver
Thread.”

It is a sweet, and clean, and healthy book. The sketches are delightful
reading. The writer has poetic touch and a felicity of phrase. Nothing
is overdrawn. Mr. Barton writes without rhetoric, but with wholesome
sentiment, and rescues from the convents the story of the part these
Sisters took in the great drama of our Civil war. It has been a labor of
love, and the author has strung like golden beads on a silver thread the
record of the blameless lives of the Sisters and their absolute devotion
to duty. Literature and libraries are enriched by this contribution to
impartial history.--The Monongahela (Pa.) Daily Republican.


“Magnificent Contribution to the Best Literature of Our Day.”

It was a beautiful thought to collect in one splendidly illustrated
volume the touching records of so many noble lives; to snatch from
oblivion, as it were, the names of those heroic Sisters whose deeds of
mercy and valor in our hospitals and on our battlefields have hitherto
been known, in some instances, to God and themselves alone. Your book is
a unique and magnificent contribution to the best literature of our day,
and I wish it the success it so richly deserves.--Eleanor C. Donnelly,
of Philadelphia.


“Supplies a Chapter Essential to the History of the War.”

It supplies a chapter essential to the history of our Civil War. The
Christian religion claims that its teachings have mitigated the horrors
of war; and the conduct of the Catholic Sisterhoods, North and South,
furnished a striking evidence of the truth of such claims, in the
particular instance of our domestic conflict.

It is such books as yours that accomplish the end which the Sovereign
Pontiff, Leo XIII, most ardently desires, in the relations of Church and
State--the perfect accord of the love of our faith with the love of
country.--Rev. Joseph V. O’Connor, of the diocese of Philadelphia.


“The Whole Book Clean and Written in an Easy, Practical Style.”

I offer you my sincere congratulations for having given us a volume that
illustrates heroic charity, in a manner calculated to command the
admiration of all men. Men may differ about politics, economics, creed,
the relative merits of men of letters and affairs; they will be one,
however, in recognizing the “Angels of the Battlefield” as the grandest
types of all the Christian virtues--charity--the bond of the true
brotherhood of man.

The whole book is so clean, and written in such an easy, practical style
that it is more fascinating than a classical novel--even than a
well-written sensational one. After reading it through one feels like
reading it to some friend, and calling his attention to its many
beautiful passages and the thrilling episodes in which it abounds. It is
a volume that all can read with ease and interest--not alone in clubs
and homes, but in the refectories and community-rooms of our convents.
From cover to cover it is, in every chapter, calculated to edify all and
inspire thoughts and aspirations that are good, sweet and
elevating.--Rev. William Walsh, of the diocese of Nashville, Tenn.


“Embodies the Work of Several Years of Research and Correspondence.”

This large volume embodies the work of several years of research and
correspondence on the part of the author. The war itself is the merest
thread upon which are strung these tales of womanly heroism which have
naught to do with political or sectional feeling. The brave Sisters find
in this volume their appreciative historian. The Catholic Columbian
“veterans should see that it finds a place in post libraries.”

The author has been at pains to collect all the data he could
find--anecdotes, thrilling incidents and statistics concerning the good
nuns. His book is very entertaining. We can well believe that it will
delight many an old soldier who knew the tender ministrations of the
angels of the battlefield. Veterans should see that it finds a place in
the post libraries, where such useful adjuncts are found.--Providence
(R. I.) Visitor.


“Will Take Its Place With Standard Histories of the War.”

This work is one of much more than usual interest. It will take its
place with the standard books concerning the history of the great Civil
War.--Camden (N. J.) Review.


“Vivid Pictures of Sisters Who Have Gone to Their Reward.”

This interesting history gives especially vivid pictures of three
Sisters who became conspicuous by reason of their superior
attainments--Sister Anthony, Sister Gonzago and Sister Angela--all now
gone to their reward.--Taggarts’ Times, Phila.


The Data is “Presented in a Very Attractive and Pleasing Form.”

This interesting book is handsomely bound and beautifully and profusely
illustrated. It fills a gap in the history of the Rebellion. Mr. Barton,
who is a trained and able writer, has expended considerable time in
gathering the data about these noble women and he presents it in a very
attractive and pleasing form. The volume abounds with the personal
experience of the Sisters. The narrative is replete with thrilling and
pathetic incidents.--Pittsburg Dispatch.


The Writer “Presents a Book With Not a Dull Page in it.”

The author of the book has succeeded in investing his work with an
absorbing interest. While he fully accomplishes his motive in setting
forth the numerous heroic acts and deeds of mercy of members of the
Sisterhoods, he has so interwoven them with stirring incidents of the
strife as to create a history that has an enduring value apart from its
personal interest. He has made his selections with a judgment of what is
most interesting and only acquired by a long experience in newspaper
work. He has, therefore, succeeded in making a book of over three
hundred pages with not a dull page in it. It is safe to say that no one
who reads the introductory chapter will willingly lay the book aside
until the whole work has been absorbed.--Major John W. Finney, in the
Pottsville Miners’ Journal.


“The Story of the Sisters Well Told in This Charming Book.”

Many books have been written about the faithful work of women during the
war, in hospitals and on the battlefields, but these books, at least
those we have seen of them, are strangely silent about the work of the
Catholic Sisterhoods in the same good cause. Some years ago we called
the attention of Mr. George Barton, of Philadelphia, to this fact and
suggested that a work of the Sisters in field and post hospitals during
the war would afford ample material for a most interesting and edifying
book. He saw the matter in the same light we did and set himself to the
task. The result is this admirable work. The labors of all the Sisters
are given in this charming book in detail and in chronological
order.--Rev. L. A. Lambert, LL. D., in New York Freeman’s Journal.


“Illustrations in Perfect Taste from the Beginning to the End.”

Typographically the work is a masterpiece. The seventeen half-tone
illustrations are beautifully executed; besides they are in perfect
taste from the frontispiece, Thomas’ “Innocent Victim,” to the closing
scene, “Lincoln at Gettysburg.” The volume is bound in red, with green
trimmings, and the lettering is tastefully brought out in gilt, giving
an artistic effect of coloring, pleasing to the eye and in keeping with
the interior exquisiteness of finish. As a holiday book the publishers
could not have improved on the “Angels of the Battlefield.”--The
Connecticut Catholic.


“It Should Appeal Especially to Veterans of the War.”

All sorts of books have been written about the late war, enough to fill
a good-sized library and, I think, I have read them all, but Mr.
Barton’s book is a new thing in that class of literature. The author has
ventured on untrodden paths, with the result that he has given to the
public a vast amount of interesting history that has not hitherto seen
the light of day. “Angels of the Battlefield” should meet with a
generous welcome from all classes and conditions of people, irrespective
of locality or religious belief; it should appeal especially to the
veterans of the war, many of whom now living have experienced the
practical charity and kindness of the gentle members of the various
Sisterhoods. The general appearance of the book is very attractive and
makes it suitable for presentation purposes.--Congressman James Rankin
Young (S. M., in the Philadelphia Evening Star).


Fills “A Gap in the Chronicle of the Gruesome Years of the War.”

This work will fill, we believe, a gap in the chronicle of those
gruesome years. The unselfish deeds of other women have been often
related, but the incessant and universal help of the Catholic religious
of the battlefields has never yet been placed in an orderly fashion
before the world.--Catholic Standard and Times, Philadelphia.


The Effort “Was Well Worth Making, and the Task is Done Admirably.”

In the “Angels of the Battlefield” is given a history of the labors of
the Catholic Sisterhoods in the Civil War. Among all the agencies for
relief of suffering in that dreadful conflict, none was more beautiful
and more self-sacrificing than the work of these untiring Sisters. The
effort was well worth making, and Mr. Barton has done his task
admirably.--Philadelphia Evening Telegraph.


The Reader “Brought Face to Face With the Sterner Realities of War.”

The author in this work leads us into an entirely new field of
literature. He treats of a subject never before taken up in such
pretentious shape. So vivid are his pictures of the great conflict and
of the noble and humane work done by these self-sacrificing “angels”
that the reader comes face to face with the sterner realities of the
war. The book is an altogether readable one, and is a worthy adjunct to
the already published literature of the Civil War.--Burlington (N. J.)
Democrat.


All Will “Welcome This Delightful Volume With Its Sprightly Narrative.”

Everyone who took part in the late war, on either side, will welcome
this delightful volume of reminiscence of one of the most beautiful and
touching aspects of that history so full of misfortune and horrors. The
special friends and admirers of the Sisterhoods, whose members
participated, will all seek to possess it, and also many Catholic
apologists and students of American history. The narrative is sprightly
and abounds in anecdotes. This publication well deserves the large sale
it is sure to have.--The (St. Louis) Church Progress.


The “Clear, Crisp Newspaper English” One of Its Good Points.”

The fact that a writer has actually found a field or phase of our
national history unrecorded, or as newspaper men would say, uncovered,
by a book is sufficient to entitle this volume to mention by the
newspapers. The work has been well done, not only as to the amount and
systematic presentation of evidence, the authenticity of which is
confirmed by numerous authorities of unquestionable standing, both in
and out of the Catholic Church, but also in the manner of treatment, the
language being the clear, crisp newspaper English, without which no book
need be expected to meet with any great degree of popular success.--The
Camden (N. J.) Post.


Illustrating “The Extent and the Superb Courage” of the Sisters.

To the story of the part which our American womanhood played in the war
for the Union Mr. Barton has contributed some new data in the field of
our war literature which hitherto has been untouched. Moved by a spirit
of gentle enthusiasm, Mr. Barton has painstakingly told in a book of
several hundred pages how the Sistershoods of the Roman Catholic Church
toiled in the lowliest and most perilous offices of the nurse, as they
followed the armies into the very storm of shot and shell. The book is
full of anecdotes of historic value in illustrating the extent and
superb courage of the labors of these useful women. Let us hope that
when the true history of the Civil War shall be written, as it has yet
to be, there will be a place in it for them as among the noblest of
their sex.--“Penn,” in the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin.


“A Comprehensive Book That Makes History, and Valuable History.”

Mr. Barton has written a book that makes history, and valuable history.
It is not one of the kind that, according to the proverb, his enemies
(if he has any) need rejoice over, but a tribute to the noble band to
which every kindly heart, irrespective of religious faith, will respond.
The author gives us a compact presentation of the history of these noble
women in the matricidal strike of the 60’s, a subject which has been
hitherto sadly neglected. The humility of the Sisters made the
collection of data difficult, but stories included in the work have been
gathered after much painstaking effort.--Louis N. Megargee in the
Philadelphia Times.


“The Twenty-Seven Chapters of the Volume Crowded With Stories.”

The twenty-seven chapters of the volume are crowded with incidents and
stories, some pathetic, some humorous, and others still historical.
There are fleeting glimpses of Generals McClellan, Butler, Jefferson
Davis and other characters of the time. One chapter is devoted to a
collection of non-Catholic tributes to the Sisters. There is a letter in
the volume that reveals General Butler in a chivalrous light. Some of
the Sisters of a convent at New Orleans had complained that their
property was being damaged by the military operations in that vicinity,
and in response the General sent a reply couched in language that
presents the man in a new light to those not intimately acquainted with
him.--Philadelphia Inquirer.


“A Fascinating Volume that Perpetuates the Memories of the Sisterhoods
in the Civil War.”

To the annals of the war George Barton, an historical student of
Philadelphia, has just added a fascinating volume entitled “Angels of
the Battlefield,” in which he has endeavored to perpetuate the memories
of the members of the Roman Catholic Sisterhoods who helped to care for
the sick, wounded and dying in the Civil War. It is hard to obtain
information from such people, and as military records are proverbially
careless in such matters, the Sisters not coming within military
jurisdiction, the author was compelled to obtain his material by the
slow process of personal application to the witnesses of the many
affairs in which these Christian workers were the chief actors. The
Sisters received no pay, and the only gifts they accepted were upon the
condition that the gift would in turn be given again, in order to do
good among those who most needed it. Their services will never be
forgotten, and the story of their devotion and sacrifices will ever be
one of the prettiest chapters in the annals of the Union.--Margherita
Arline Hamm in the New York Mail and Express.


“A Book Valuable as a Record and in its Literary Style.”

Mr. Barton has presented to the public a valuable book, valuable as a
record and valuable in its literary style. It is well described by a
historical critic as a tribute to the noble band of women samaritans to
which every kindly heart, irrespective of religious faith, will respond.
The Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, who so readily and with such
self-sacrificing heroism volunteered their humble services to help the
sick and administer to the dying in the great Civil conflict receive in
“Angels of the Battlefield” a just and due recognition of their moral
courage and heroism.--The Chattanooga (Tenn.) Times.


“The Descriptions of the More Important Engagements are Really Graphic.”

His facts, gathered from letters still extant, from conversations had
with many of the surviving nuns, and the testimony of not a few who owed
their lives from the ministrations of the Sisters, give a very complete
and accurate account of his subject. He traces the work of the Sisters
at times with a vividness that is startling. His descriptions of the
more important engagements, especially of Shiloh, Antietam and
Gettysburg, are really graphic, and they give us the truest idea of the
noble character of the Sisters, who amid such scenes of carnage pursued
uninterruptedly their mission of love and mercy. “The Angels of the
Battlefield” should be read by everyone who desires to possess a
complete knowledge of the war.--The New World, Chicago.


“It is Well to Let the World Know of Their Heroic Services.”

Although the noble Sisters who for the love of God went forth during the
Civil War to nurse the sick and wounded do not desire to have their
deeds perpetuated on earth, it is well to let the world know of the
heroic services they rendered from 1861-5. The author presents in a
compact form the history of the labors of the Sisters during this period
in a most readable manner. The volume contains handsome illustrations of
some of the more prominent generals and Sisters of the war. Several
valuable pictures of battles are also given.--The Church News,
Washington.


“Praiseworthy Attempt to Give Plain Facts Without Comment.”

The “News” compliments the author upon the excellence of his work and
commends it to its readers. The labor of four of the most conspicuous
Sisterhoods are detailed in a most complete and thorough manner. The
book begins with the work of the Sisters of Charity, and then takes up
in natural sequence the labors of the Sisters of Mercy, the Sisters of
St. Joseph’s and the Sisters of the Holy Cross. There has been a
praiseworthy and successful attempt to give plain facts without comment
or unnecessary coloring. It is one of the best books of the year.--The
Harrisburg News.


“Fleeting Glimpses of Many of the Great Characters of the Time.”

The twenty-seven chapters of the volume are crowded with incidents and
stories, some pathetic, some humorous and others still, historical.
There are flitting glimpses of General McClellan, General Butler,
Jefferson Davis, and other characters of the time. One chapter is
devoted to a collection of non-Catholic tributes to the Sisters; while
an appendix furnishes the reader with some interesting and important
facts that it was deemed advisable to separate from the text.--The Union
and Times, Buffalo.


Right Rev. I. F. Horstmann, D. D., Bishop of Cleveland.

It was a happy thought for you, even at this late hour, to gather
together some of the glorious records of the labors of the noble bands
of Sisters on the field and in the hospitals during the war. Gather up
the fragments lest they be lost. These victories of charity ought to be
at least as memorable as the bloody triumphs of the battlefield.--Ign.
F. Horstmann, Bishop of Cleveland.


An Indorsement from the Editor of a Well-Known Latin Journal.

“Angels of the Battlefield.” A History of the Labors of the Catholic
Sisterhoods in the Civil War. Auctore Georgio Barton. The Catholic Art
Publ. Co., Burd Building, 9th and Chestnut str., Philadelphia. Pretium,
tela $3.00, corio Russico $4.00; editio elegans, corio Marocanno $5.00.
Liber hic iconibus venustissimis illustratus, chartae laevissimae
impressus, historiam complectitur rerum gestarum virginum
Sanctimonialium, in bello civili Americanorum curam militum sauciorum
gerentium. Historia certe modestior vulnera medentium cruoremque
abstergentium quam vulnera infligentium & sanguinem profundentium,
legendo tamen non minus digna, praesertim siquis humanitatem non e
ferocia iudicare cupiat. Opus nobis placet, fortasse & aliis humanitati
studiosis placebit.--Arcade Mogyorossy, Editor Praeco Latinus,
Menstruum-Gentium-Latinum.


Translation.

“Angels of the Battlefield.” A history of the labors of the Catholic
Sisterhoods in the Civil War, by George Barton, author. The Catholic Art
Publishing Company, Burd Building, 9th and Chestnut sts., Philadelphia.
The work is illustrated with the finest engravings and printed on very
fine paper. It relates to the work of the various Sisterhoods in caring
for the wounded soldiers in the late American Civil War. A history of
healing wounds and cleansing the bloodstains therefrom is certainly more
noble than that of the infliction and the shedding of blood. The reading
is not less worthy, especially if one does not wish to judge our race by
its barbarity, but by its virtue. It has been very gratifying to us, and
perhaps will be so to others who endeavor to humanize mankind.”--Arcade
Mogyorossy, Editor Praeco Latinus Menstruum-Gentium-Latinum.


Pleasure Taken “in Complimenting the Author on His Splendid Production.”

We are personally acquainted with the author, have read the book
carefully, and take great pleasure in complimenting Mr. Barton on his
splendid production. While the battle scenes, camp life and other
stirring events of the war period from 1861-5 have received attention
from the bright minds, and the facts recorded on the pages of history in
every civilized country, yet this book by Mr. Barton is the first that
treats exclusively on the great work accomplished by the Catholic
Sisterhoods in the Civil war.--Clearfield Republican.


“Recounts Many Incidents Which Will Be Read With the Deepest Interest.”

“Angels of the Battlefield” is a well printed, generously illustrated
volume of more than 300 pages, containing no inconsiderable amount of
information about the services rendered by Sisters of different
religious orders during the Civil war. Mr. Barton writes feelingly of
their devotedness and self sacrifices, and recounts many incidents which
will be read with the deepest interest. The author has wisely touched
upon the leading events of the years 1861-5, and thus rendered the
volume more acceptable to general readers than it would otherwise be. He
is to be congratulated on the services he has rendered to the cause of
religion and truth.--The Ave Maria.


“This Comprehensive History of Mercy Reads Almost Like a Romance.”

“Angels of the Battlefield” is an elegantly bound volume, in cloth, with
gilt back and front, and beautifully illustrated. The book is crowded
with incidents and stories, pathetic, humorous and historical, and the
story of the self-sacrificing work of the Sisters is told in a compact
and comprehensive form. This history of mercy reads almost like a
romance.--Boston Daily Globe.


“Tribute of Permanent Preservation Well Carried Out and Richly
Deserved.”

It is a noble record, North, South or West, and the tribute of permanent
preservation so well carried out by Mr. Barton is richly deserved. We
cannot afford to let the noble deeds of our women in the Civil war, any
more than those of our men, die out from our recollection and gratitude.
The Catholic Sisterhoods were active in the work of helping and nursing
in the Civil war, as they are in all wars and epidemics. Their work was
so unobtrusive that there has been difficulty in getting the data
necessary for this record, but by means of personal interviews and the
examination of records and newspaper files the author does justice to
the devotion of these good Sisters.--The Baltimore Sun.


“The Nobler Literature of the World Gains By This Work.”

One of the most beautiful stories of the Civil War has been fittingly
told at the end of thirty-two years. The materials were not easily
gathered, for, as the author remarks, a genuine humility has stood in
the way of the collection of the data, but the work has been done, and
the nobler literature of the world gains by its performance. As the
self-sacrificing Sisters ministered to all whom they could reach during
the war, never asking whether the uniform was blue or gray, so a
striking and appropriate characteristic of this book is the fact that
the narrative is interwoven without regard to the opposing lines of
armies.--St. Louis Globe-Democrat.


Author of the Work has Succeeded in Compiling “a Fascinating Volume.”

The book fills 300 pages with its accounts of the different Sisterhoods
and their leading members. Incidentally it brings in many of the great
men of the sixties, such as Archbishop Hughes, whose labors for the
Union have made him immortal; Archbishop Kenrich, Archbishop Ryan,
General McClellan, General Butler, Abraham Lincoln, Archbishop Elder,
General Grant, Archbishop Spaulding, General Anderson, General Wood,
General Rosecrans, Governor Morton and Col. Mulligan. The author in his
endeavor to perpetuate the memories of the modest members of the
Catholic Sisterhoods, who helped the sick and wounded in the Civil War,
has compiled a fascinating volume.--Irish-American, New York.


“Performed His Task With Excellent Judgment and in a Broad Spirit.”

The author of this book has performed his task with excellent judgment
and in a broad spirit. Most of the stories given were gathered in
personal interviews, by examination of various archives and records, and
by an extensive correspondence with Government officials, army veterans
and Superioresses of Convents and communities. The gentle ways, the
fathomless sympathies of the Sisters soothed and cheered the soldier who
lay sick and wounded. The Sister seemed to the sufferer like a link to
his mother. He was far more ready to unbosom his thoughts to the Sister
than to the doctor. In his last moments he would give the Sister his
messages, and asked to hold her hand as his life drifted away.--The
Western Chronicle.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] Greeley’s “American Conflict.”

[2] There were 2261 known battles, engagements and skirmishes during the
war.

[3] It is probable that scattering members from one or two other orders
did praiseworthy work during the war, but diligent inquiry has failed to
bring forth any specific facts concerning their labors.

[4] Life of Archbishop Hughes, by John R. G. Hassard.

[5] “The Irish in America.”

[6] From “War and Weather,” by Edward Powers (c. e.), Delavan,
Wisconsin, 1890.

[7] Dr. John Shaw Billings was born in Switzerland County, Ind., April
12, 1839. He received his degree in medicine in 1860, and the following
year was appointed demonstrator of anatomy in the Medical College of
Ohio. The same year he was appointed an assistant surgeon in the United
States army, in which position he continued until placed in charge of
the hospital at Washington, in 1863. He was later appointed medical
inspector of the Army of the Potomac. In 1894 he was appointed surgeon
general, and placed in charge of the division of vital statistics. In
addition to this he has been medical advisor to trustees of the Johns
Hopkins University.

[8] Rev. Louis Hippolyte Gache, S. J., was born June 18, 1817, in the
department of Ardeche, France. His early studies were pursued at the
College of Bourg, St. Andeole. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was
appointed chaplain of a Louisiana regiment in the Confederate army.
Owing to losses in battle, sickness, etc., the regiment ceased to exist
in two years, and Father Gache from then to the close of the war was
attached as chaplain to military hospitals. At the end of the conflict
he returned to Grand Coteau, remaining there a year. He was then
transferred to the new province of Maryland, now that of New
York-Baltimore, becoming a professor in Loyola College. He has occupied
various posts of responsibility since that time, and only last year
(1896) celebrated his golden jubilee or fiftieth year in the Society of
Jesus, at the Church of the Gesu, in Philadelphia.

[9] One of the nurses who did splendid service in the South was Sister
Mary Gabriel. She was the daughter of the late Henry W. and Barbara
Kraft, of Philadelphia. When little more than a child she entered the
novitiate at Emmittsburg, Md., an action which even then had been
delayed a year in deference to her father’s expressed wish. At the end
of two years she was professed on the Feast of the Nativity of the
Blessed Virgin, 1842.

Her first mission was the Charity Hospital, New Orleans, where she
entered upon what proved to be a long life of devotion to the poor sick.
Soon after her arrival she contracted the dreaded yellow fever while
nursing stricken patients, and her life was despaired of. She recovered,
however, and was again at the post of danger in the plague-stricken
city. During the war she labored among the dying soldiers at Mobile and
Holly Springs. Twice in later years she visited Philadelphia, the second
visit following retirement from active duty. It was during this second
visit and while she was staying at St. Joseph’s Hospital that she
celebrated her golden jubilee. Her superiors finding her so full of
vigor and zeal, again assigned her to active duty, and at her own
request she was returned to the Charity Hospital, New Orleans. This
devoted Sister passed to her reward about the fall of 1896.

[10] The accuracy of this story is vouched for by several persons who
were eye-witnesses of the incident. One of these was Major John C.
Delaney, now of Harrisburg, Pa.

[11] Father Burlando was a notable member of the Congregation of the
Missions, commonly knows as Lazarists Fathers. A sketch of his useful
career will be found in appendix vii at the end of this volume.

[12] The interesting event took place on April 12, 1877.

[13] Rev. Hugh J. McManus, December, 1896; Rev. Eugene J. Bardet, March,
1897; Right Rev. Mgr. Toner, September, 1897.

[14] For this valuable list of names the author is indebted to an
admirable article from the sympathetic pen of Sara Trainor Smith in the
Records of the American Catholic Historical Society.

[15] In order to preserve the continuity of the narrative as much as
possible the most important work done by Sister Anthony and other Mother
Seton Sisters has been outlined in Chapter VII.

[16] Annals of the Sisters of Mercy.

[17] Many of the facts in the foregoing chapter have been gleaned from
the annals of the Sisters of Mercy, which have been ably edited by
Mother Mary Carroll.

[18] The author desires to express his thanks to General James R.
O’Beirne, of New York city, who aided him very materially in obtaining
the material in question.

[19] From the Congressional Globe containing the debates and proceedings
of the second session of the Thirty-seventh Congress, page 158. Vol. 1.

[20] In an address delivered in Pittsburg about 1890.

[21] The fiftieth anniversary of the foundation in Philadelphia of the
Sisters of St. Joseph was celebrated May 5, 1897, at the Mount St.
Joseph’s Novitiate, in Chestnut Hill. About ninety priests from
Philadelphia and adjacent dioceses were present, and the venerable
Monsignor Cantwell, who, with Bishop O’Hara, of Scranton, was the only
one then living who extended the hand of welcome to the three Sisters
who came from St. Louis fifty years previous, was among the guests.
There were present also about two hundred visiting Sisters from the
various Catholic institutions in the city and several from Rochester, N.
Y., and Flushing. L. I. Archbishop Ryan made a brief address of
congratulation to the pupils and the community. He said that forty-five
years ago he knew the Sisters of the St. Louis Community, and that he
had watched their astounding growth with much interest. He paid a
glowing tribute to the beneficence and charity of the community, and
prayed that God would cause them to prosper in the future as He had done
in the past.

[22] Father Lambert is one of the most notable priests in the United
States. His ancestors on his mother’s side came over with William Penn
and eventually settled in Mt. Holly, N. J. Father Lambert had some very
interesting experiences as an army chaplain. He is a writer of some note
and has been a worker in Catholic journalism for many years. His best
known work is probably his “Notes on Ingersoll,” which had a tremendous
sale.

[23] From Father Corby’s “Memoirs of Chaplain Life.”

[24] A “Story of Courage,” by Rose Hawthorne and George Parsons Lathrop.

[25] A “Woman’s Story of the War.”

[26] This interesting narrative was originally published in “The
Philadelphia Times” and afterwards in Father Corby’s “Memoirs of
Chaplain life.”


[Transcriber’s Note:

Obvious printer errors corrected silently.

Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]





End of Project Gutenberg's Angels of the Battlefield, by George Barton