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                 Vol. I.      JULY, 1892        No. 1.

                    THE KANSAS UNIVERSITY QUARTERLY


                        COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION
              E. H. S. BAILEY              F. W. BLACKMAR
               W. H. CARRUTH                C. G. DUNLAP
              E. MILLER                    S. W. WILLISTON
                    V. L. KELLOGG, _Managing Editor_


                                CONTENTS

    KANSAS PTERODACTYLS, PART I.                  _S. W. Williston_
    KANSAS MOSASAURS, PART I.      _S. W. Williston and E. C. Case_
    NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SYRPHIDAE,               _W. A. Snow_
    NOTES ON MELITERA DENTATA GROTE,                _V. L. Kellogg_
    DIPTERA BRASILIANA, PART II.                  _S. W. Williston_


                      PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY

                            LAWRENCE, KANSAS

                    _Price of this number, 50 cents_

     Entered at the Post-office in Lawrence as Second-class matter

                       JOURNAL PUBLISHING HOUSE,
                           LAWRENCE, KANSAS.
                                 1892.




KANSAS PTERODACTYLS.


BY S. W. WILLISTON.

PART I, WITH PLATE I.

The first American species of the singular group of extinct Mesozoic
reptiles variously know as Ornithosaurs, Pterosaurs or Pterodactyls was
described by Marsh from a fragmentary specimen obtained in 1870, by the
Yale College Expedition in Wallace County, Kansas. About a dozen other
specimens were obtained by a similar expedition the following year in
charge of Professor Marsh, or by Professor Cope, and were described by
these authors shortly afterward. By far the largest number of known
specimens, however, other than those in the Kansas University Museum,
were obtained during the years 1874, ’75, ’76 and ’77 by parties of
which Professor Mudge, Dr. H. A. Brous, E. W. Guild, George Cooper and
myself were the members, and it was from these specimens that most
of the published characters were derived. Many of these specimens
are necessarily fragmentary ones, still the material now in the Yale
College Museum is ample to elucidate everything of interest concerning
these animals.

During the past few years, the Museum of Kansas University has been
enriched by a series of excellent specimens of these animals, obtained
from the same regions, specimens that permit the solution of most of
the doubtful characters and throw not a little light on the affinities
of the Kansas forms.

The species hitherto named are as follows:


PTERANODON.

     _Pteranodon_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p. 508,
        June 1876; and xii, p. 479, Dec. 1876; xxiii, p. 253,
        April, 1882; xxvii, p. 423, May, 1881; Williston,
        Amer. Naturalist, xxv, p. 1174, Dec. 1891

=Pteranodon occidentalis.=

     _Pterodactylus Oweni_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i, p.
        472, June 1871, Sep. p. 16 (nom. preoc).

     _Pterodactylus occidentalis_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci.
        iii, p. 242, April 1872, Sep. p. 1; Cope, Cretac.
        Vert. p. 68, pl. vii, ff. 5, 6.

     _Ornithocheirus harpyia_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
        1872, p. 471 (Cope).

This species was originally based upon the distal end of two
wing-metacarpals, and teeth. In the following year, a fuller
description was given of additional remains referred to the same
species and renamed _P. occidentalis_.

=Pteranodon ingens.=

     _Pterodactylus ingens_ Marsh, Amer. Journ Sci. iii, p.
        246, April 1872, Sep. p. 6.

     _Pteranodon ingens_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p.
        508, June 1876.

This species is based upon various bones of the wing-finger of several
individuals, and three teeth.

=Pteranodon umbrosus.=

     _Ornithocheirus umbrosus_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.
        1872, p. 471.

     _Pterodactylus umbrosus_ Cope, Cret. Vert. p. 65, pl.
        vii, ff. 1-4.

Marsh (Amer. Journ. Sci. xii, p. 480, Dec. 1876) says this name is a
synonym of _P. ingens_, published two days earlier. As this synonymy is
not certain, and as Cope’s species has been figured, I am not ready to
accept his views.

=Pteranodon velox.=

     _Pterodactylus velox_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, p.
        247, April 1872, Sep. p. 8.

Based upon the distal end of the right metacarpal of the wing-finger,
and the proximal extremity of the adjoining first phalanx, two
uncharacteristic parts of the skeleton, Marsh to the contrary
notwithstanding. It is doubtful whether the direct comparison of the
types will suffice to determine the species with certainty. “Both of
the bones are somewhat distorted by pressure.”

=Pteranodon longiceps.=

     _Pteranodon longiceps_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi,
        p. 508, June 1875; xxvii, p. 424, pl. xv, May 1884.

Based upon a somewhat defective skull, without other bones.
There is no evidence whatever that the species is distinct from the
preceding.

=Pteranodon comptus.=

     _Pteranodon comptus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p.
        509, June 1876.

Based upon wing-bones of three individuals. The description is meagre.

=Pteranodon nanus.=

     _Pteranodon nanus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xxi, p.
        343, April 1881.

Based upon various remains of one individual; the humerus, alone, is
recognizably described.


NYCTODACTYLUS.

_Nyctosaurus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xii, p. 480, Dec. 1876. (nomen
preoc.[1]).

_Nyctodactylus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xxi, p. 343, April 1881: ibid.
xxvii, p. 423, May 1884.

[1] This preoccupation rests, so far as I am aware, upon Marsh’s
statement. I can find no evidence of the name having been previously
used.

=Nyctodactylus gracilis.=

     _Pteranodon gracilis_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xi, p.
        508, June 1876.

     _Nyctosaurus gracilis_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xii,
        p. 480, Dec. 1876.

     _Nyctodactylus gracilis_ Marsh, Amer. Jour. Sci. xxi,
        p. 343, April 1881.


PTERANODON.


=Skull.=

Fragmentary portions of the skull of Pteranodon are not at all rare
in the Kansas chalk; but it is exceedingly seldom that a complete,
or even approximately complete specimen is found. Their great length
and slenderness, together with the extensive pneumaticity of the
bones, render their preservation, as a whole, a thing of great rarity.
Probably the most nearly perfect one yet known is now in the Museum
of Kansas University. It was discovered the past summer by Mr. E. C.
Case, a member of the University Geological Expedition. The specimen
was carefully cleaned on its upper surface, as it lay in the chalk, and
then imbedded in plaster before removal. The surface now exposed was
the under one, which surface is, almost invariably, better preserved
and less distorted than the upper one in these animals. A figure of
this specimen is given in Plate I. The only portion restored is that
indicated by the line in the lower jaw; it is possible that this part
of the symphysis may not be exactly as it is drawn. Other, incomplete,
specimens in the Museum confirm the outlines, except in the occipital
crest, which is not present. As stated by me in the American Naturalist
(_l. c._), the type specimen of _Pteranodon_, also collected by myself,
was incomplete, and the figures of it, as given by Marsh, are faulty.

The elements of the skull are all so firmly united that they can
not be distinguished. There are no indications whatever of a horny
sheath enclosing the jaw, and it is improbable that the covering of
these parts was essentially different from that in the slender jawed
_Pterodactylidae_. In texture, the maxillaries are fine-grained, and
wholly without the vascular foramina found in the corresponding bones
of birds. The bones are composed of two thin and firm plates, separated
by cavities which are bounded by irregular walls of bony tissue. In the
compression from which all the Pterodactyl bones have suffered more or
less, the greater resistance of these walls has caused irregularities
upon both the outer and the inner surfaces. At the borders of the
bones, where the thickness has been greater, the roughening is not
observed.

Seen from above, the skull is narrow, as stated by Marsh; but, contrary
to his statement, there is not a sharp ridge extending along the
upper border. This border is obtuse and rounded, and in the frontal
region, flattened. The sagittal crest is large, but not nearly so
large as it is figured by Marsh, the restored outline of whose figure
is undoubtedly wrong. The texture of the bone forming the crest is
materially different from that of the remaining bones of the skull.
The bone is more roughened, and less firm. There is a well-developed
ring of sclerotic ossifications. In the specimen figured, the separate
plates measure from six to eight millimeters in diameter. They were
not imbricated, as in the Pythonomorpha, but have a similar dense
texture. There is a superior temporal arch, bridging over a small
opening leading downward to the inferior temporal fossa. The following
measurements will give the principal dimensions of this specimen.

  Length from tip of premaxillary to occipital condyle    680 millim.
  Extreme length of skull                                 780
  Extent of crest beyond orbit                            145
  Greatest diameter of orbit                               65
  Antero-posterior diameter of nasal opening              135
  Length of quadrate                                      120
  Width of lower jaw at articulation                       22


=Pubis.=

In a previous paper on the anatomy of _Pteranodon_,[2] I stated that
I had never seen the so-called “prepubic bones.” Since that time,
however, an excellent specimen of them has been discovered among
our material. The specimen of which they are a part consists of the
larger portion of the skeleton, and is perhaps conspecific with the
one to which the described pelvis belongs. The figure given herewith
will convey a good idea of their shape. The bones of the two sides
are firmly co-ossified, and have been pressed nearly flat; the figure
represents them as they are spread out in one plane. The bone is
very thin throughout, with a slight thickening at the ischial (_a_)
attachment only. Lying contiguous with the anterior projection, is a
slender ventral rib (_b_). It is possible that the curvature of this
bone may be inward, rather than outward.

[Illustration: FIG. 1.]

[2] Amer. Naturalist, Dec. 1891, p. 1124. In this article the
description of the foot-phalanges should read: “All are slender, except
the second one in the third toe, and the second and third in the fourth
toe, where they are scarcely longer than wide.”

This peculiar structure of the pubis (I believe it represents the
pubis, and not the prepubis), seems to be quite similar to that
which obtains in the genus _Rhamphorhynchus_, and, perhaps also, in
_Pterodactylus suevicus_ (_Cycnorhamphus_ Seeley), and very different
from that found in other species of _Pterodactylus_.

The principal measurements of the above described specimen are as
follows:

  Antero-posterior expansion                    40 millim.
  Length of symphysis                           14
  Expanse of the united bones, as flattened     90
  Width of ischial process                      11


NYCTODACTYLUS.

The type species of this genus was described as follows by its author
(loc. cit. supra):

     “One of the smallest American species yet found is
     represented in the Yale Museum by several bones of the
     wing, a number of vertebrae and the nearly complete
     pelvis. The wing-bones preserved are elongated and very
     slender. The pelvis is unusually small, and there are five
     vertebrae in the sacrum. The last of the series indicates
     that the tail was short. The following are the principal
     measurements of this specimen:

  Length of ulna                                             187 millim.
  Length of metacarpal of wing-finger                        300
  Antero-posterior diameter of outer condyle at distal end    15
  Transverse diameter of shaft, above condyles                13
  Length of first phalanx of wing-finger                     347
  Extent of five vertebrae of sacrum                          57

This species, which may be called _Pteranodon gracilis_, was about
two-thirds the size of _P. velox_ Marsh. It probably measured about ten
feet between the tips of the expanded wings.”

In the December number of the same volume of the American Journal of
Science, he described the genus as follows:

     “A second genus of American Pterodactyls is represented
     in the Yale Museum by several well preserved specimens.
     This genus is nearly related to _Pteranodon_, but may be
     readily distinguished from it by the scapular arch, in
     which the coracoid is not co-ossified with the scapula. The
     latter bone, moreover, has no articulation at its distal
     end, which is comparatively thin and expanded. The type of
     this species is _Pteranodon gracilis_ Marsh, which may now
     be called _Nyctosaurus gracilis_. It was a Pterodactyl of
     medium size, measuring about eight to ten feet between the
     tips of the expanded wings.”

The specific description of this species rests solely upon the
measurements; the other characters given are not only vague, but are
also common to all the known species. The generic description, as it is
seen, is based upon the structure of the coraco-scapula. It will also
be observed that the characters are not drawn from the type specimen,
as that did not include this part of the skeleton, according to the
author’s statement. Of these two characters, the non-ossification
of the coracoid and scapula is a somewhat doubtful one, as the same
character may or may not occur in allied species, as, for example, in
the species of _Rhamphorhyncus_ (_R. Muensteri_ Goldf.) described by
the author himself. So incomplete and unsatisfactory are the characters
thus given that Zittel, in his Handbuch, dismisses the genus with the
brief remark, “noch unbeschrieben.”

Nevertheless, from the peculiar form of the scapula, and from my
recollection of the specimens upon which the genus was based, I
believe I have determined with certainty an excellent specimen in the
Snow Museum of Kansas University as a member of it, and here give a
sufficiently complete description to place the genus on a more secure
foundation.

This specimen was collected by Professor E. E. Slosson, of Wyoming
University, while a member of my party in western Kansas the past
season. It was partly exposed upon a gently sloping surface of firm
yellow chalk on the Smoky Hill river, in the vicinity of Monument
Rocks. Originally, the nearly complete skeleton must have been
preserved, but a number of the bones had been either wholly or
partially washed away, in some cases leaving their imprint in the
chalk. The bones uncovered, and now lying upon the chalk slab nearly
in their natural relations, are a humerus, both radii and ulnae, a
pteroid, the two carpals of one wrist, both wing metacarpals, a first
and a last wing phalanx, both coraco-scapulae, the posterior part of
the lower jaws, ilium, femur, sternum, numerous ribs and vertebrae. The
two coraco-scapulae lie with their scapular ends nearly touching, and
their coracoid ends separated by a space equivalent to the width of the
sternal articulation. The two elements appear to have been imperfectly
united and were probably not co-ossified. The inferior border of the
coracoid, near the humeral articulation, has a greater expansion than
is found in _Pteranodon_; its shaft is more rounded and less rugose,
lacking especially the strong muscular markings upon the external
surface. The articular surface does not appear to differ materially
from that in _Pteranodon_. The scapula is of nearly the same length
as the coracoid, but is much less stout. It is a thin, spatulate
bone, slightly expanded at the distal extremity, where the margin is
rounded, and without the characteristic oblique articular facet. It
has no supra-glenoid expansion or process on the posterior proximal
border, but has its margin nearly straight or gently concave from the
articulation to its extremity. The space included between the bones
of the two sides as they lie is a nearly regular, oval one, measuring
ninety-five millimeters in its greater, forty-five in its lesser
diameter.

The sternum lies at a little distance from the coraco-scapulae. It is
an extremely thin bone, with a stout anterior, styliform projection,
at the base of which, on either side, looking upward and outward,
is the articular, trochlea-like surface for the sternal end of the
coracoid. The width between these articular surfaces measures fifteen
millimeters; the length of the process in front of the articulations
is twenty-five millimeters. Immediately posterior to the articular
surfaces, the bone expands nearly at right angles to the longitudinal
axis to a width of about sixty millimeters. The thin lateral margins
are nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis, and show three shallow
emarginations between the four costal articular projections. The
hind angles are nearly rectangular. The bone, as preserved, is only
shallowly concave, and shows no true keel, though a more pronounced
median convexity towards the front doubtless subserved the function of
a carina in part.

The left humerus lies in position, and is especially characterized by
its enormous deltoid crest (radial crest of Marsh), though otherwise
slender. This crest is further removed from the head of the bone
than is the case in species of _Pteranodon_. It is directed somewhat
downward, and has its distal, gently convex, border about twenty-five
millimeters in extent, while the width of the process midway between
the extremity and the base measures but sixteen millimeters. The
bicipital crest is also prominent. The bone is relatively shorter than
in _Pteranodon_.

The humerus, as will be seen from the above description, and from
the measurements given below, is remarkably like the same bone in
_Pteranodon nanus_, as described by Marsh (_l. c. supra_), and but
a little larger. In _P. nanus_, however, the coracoid and scapula
are said to be firmly co-ossified, and the scapula has of course a
different structure.

The skull has been, unfortunately, almost wholly washed away, a
fragment of the cranial wall and the posterior part of the lower jaws
alone remaining. It is impossible, hence, to say much concerning this
part of the anatomy. The lower jaws show a different structure from
that in _Pteranodon_. As they lie in their natural position, the width
at the condyles is about twenty-four millimeters. The angular is less
produced posterior to the articulation than in _Pteranodon_, indicating
a less elongated and less powerful mandibular portion, an indication
further borne out by the slenderness of the rami. The impression in
the chalk shows the symphysis to begin ninety millimeters from the
articulation. The width at this place could not have exceeded sixteen
millimeters; and the entire length of the lower jaws could hardly
have been more than one hundred and twenty-five millimeters. In the
parts preserved, measuring seventy-five millimeters, there are no
indications of teeth; yet it is not impossible that there may have been
teeth in the anterior portion of the dentary, as in some species of
_Pterodactylus_. I hardly think it probable, however.

There are seven cervical vertebrae preserved, apparently the full
complement, as in _Pteranodon_ and other members of the order. They
differ in no especial respect from the corresponding vertebrae of
_Pteranodon_, and, apparently, of _Pterodactylus_. The imperfectly
anchylosed, possibly free, atlas shows three pieces, the odontoid
process and the two slender lateral pieces. The lateral pieces are
entirely free, with a thickened base and a slender, curved upper
portion. The odontoid is gently concave in front, and seems to be
imperfectly ossified with the axis; it occupies the lower part of the
articulation, corresponding to the hypapophysis of the Pythonomorpha.
The axis is the shortest of the remaining vertebrae, and has a well
developed spine. The centrum is strongly convex behind, as are the
remaining centra of the series. The following five vertebrae decrease
gradually in length. The anterior ones have only a thin ridge or plate
for the neural spine; the seventh, however, has a neurapophysis of
some length. They are all, as is usually the case, somewhat distorted
from pressure. The under side is flattened, apparently gently concave
longitudinally, and with a lateral ridge terminating in an obtuse
hypapophysis at each inferior hind angle.

In his discussion of the Pterosauria, Zittel says concerning the
vertebrae: “zwischen oberen Bogen und Centrum ist keine Sutur zu
bemerken.” Handbuch, iii, p. 776. In this he is in error, so far as
the American forms are concerned. It is usually the case in the Kansas
specimens of both genera that the neural arch of the post-cervical
vertebrae is wholly or in part detached from the centrum, showing a
sutural, and not anchylosed union in life. The centra of twelve
vertebrae are preserved, in the present specimen, from the region back
of the neck; in only five of them are the neural arches in any way
attached. Three of these are evidently anterior thoracic, judging from
their structure and the position in which they lie. The shortest of
them, to which was attached a very large rib, and which was lying in
front of the scapulae, may represent the first thoracic vertebra (_a_).
Its centrum is fully as wide as long, is flat on the under surface,
and has a large, stout, horizontal parapophysis near the anterior end.
Just above this process for the attachment of the head of the rib,
and separated by a deep notch, is a much more elongated, horizontal
diapophysis for the tuberculum. The cup of the centrum is shallowly
concave; the transverse, shallowly U-shaped ball is only a little
convex.

Two other vertebrae (_b_), found close by the one just described, and
possibly one or the other contiguous with it, differ remarkably in
having no, or a rudimentary, parapophysial process, and in having the
diapophyses much shorter. It is not impossible that a slight expansion
at the lateral margins of the ball may represent small parapophyses.
In _Pteranodon_ there are at least four vertebrae with dia- and
parapophyses. In the other vertebrae from this region the diapophyses
are yet shorter and the neural spine stouter and broader. The other
centra preserved are all shaped somewhat like the half of a cylinder,
and are a little longer than broad. They have no distinct cup or ball.
In two of them there is a very long, recurved parapophysial process,
as though formed by an anchylosed rib, on each side; they are probably
lumbar vertebrae.

Most of the ribs are very slender; a few are moderately thickened; one
only is very stout; its measurements are given below.

  Length of lateral pieces of the atlas                       7  millim.
  Diameter of lateral pieces at the base                      3½
  Width of odontoid                                           4½
  Height of odontoid                                          3
  Length of axis                                              8
  Height of axis                                              15
  Length of third cervical vertebra                           21
  Length of fourth cervical vertebra                          20
  Length of fifth cervical vertebra                           19
  Length of sixth cervical vertebra                           18
  Length of seventh cervical vertebra                         17
  Height of seventh cervical (about)                          15
  Length of centrum, anterior thoracic vertebra (_a_)          6
  Width of ball (_a_)                                          8
  Expanse of parapophyses (_a_)                               14
  Expanse of diapophyses (_a_)                                26
  Width of neural canal (_a_)                                  3
  Length of centrum, anterior thoracic vertebra (_b_)          8
  Width of ball (_b_)                                         10
  Expanse of diapophyses (_b_)                                17
  Height of neural spine (_b_)                                20
  Width of neural spine (_b_)                                  5
  Length of rib (_c_)                                         45
  Width of shaft (_c_)                                         5
  Distance from center of capitulum to center
       of tubercle (_c_)                                      10
  Length of coracoid                                          50
  Antero-posterior diameter, sternal extremity                 9
  Length of scapula                                           45
  Width of scapula at distal end                              15
  Length of humerus                                           80
  Width through deltoid crest                                 24
  Least diameter of shaft of humerus                          13
  Length of ulna                                             133
  Width of ulna at distal extremity                           22
  Length of radius                                           130
  Width of radius distally                                    15
  Length of wing-finger metacarpal                           220
  Width of same metacarpal at proximal end                    20
  Diameter through condyles                                   15
  Transverse diameter of shaft above condyles                 10
  Length of first phalanx, wing-finger                       263
  Width of same phalanx at proximal end                       24
  Width of same phalanx at distal end                         15
  Width of sternum                                            67
  Length of rib borders                                       25
  Length of femur                                             75
  Diameter of head of femur                                    5
  Diameter of femur through condyles                          12
  Length of pteroid bone                                      88

The principal dimensions of this species can be got at with
considerable certainty. Although two of the wing-phalanges and the
bones of the foot are wanting, yet the relative proportions of those
present agree so closely with those of the corresponding bones in
_Pteranodon_, that there can be but little possibility of error in
assuming the same proportions for the missing ones. The position of the
ilium and femur, as also the ribs, show that they hold their natural
relations to the pectoral arch. The tail, alone, can not be got at.

  Extreme expanse of wing-bones              2400 mm.   7 ft. 10 in.
  Expanse of wings in life, approximated     2000       6      6
  Length of head, estimated                   150              6
  Length of neck                              128              5½
  Length of trunk                             165              6½
  Length of leg and foot, outstretched        275             11

But one species has been described from the American Cretaceous smaller
than the present one, _Pteranodon nanus_ Marsh, in which the expanse of
wings is given as not more than three or four feet. In this estimate
the author is certainly in error. The size of the humerus, as given,
is rather more than three-fourths that of the present species, and the
expanse, hence, must be nearly five feet in life, or six feet as the
bones lie outstretched.

As regards the specific determination of the present specimen, there
must necessarily be some doubt until the species already named have
been recognizably described. But three of the existing species can be
taken into account, _N. gracilis_, _P. comptus_ and _P. nanus_. That it
can not be the last, has already been shown. In size, it agrees well
with _P. comptus_, but the other characters throw no light upon the
identity.

The measurements given of the type specimen of _N. gracilis_ show the
size to be materially greater,—a character, however, of subordinate
value—greater slenderness, and a relatively shorter first wing-phalanx.

The relative lengths of wing-metacarpals, wing-phalanx and ulna in _N.
gracilis_ and the present specimen may be expressed as follows:

  Length of wing-metacarpal          100      100
  Length of first wing-phalanx       115.6    119.5
  Length of ulna                      62.3    60.4

It will be seen that not a single character has yet been given to
distinguish the genus from _Pterodactylus_, and it is not at all
impossible that it may prove to be the same; its location among the
_Pteranodontidae_ rests solely on the assumed absence of teeth, and
that is a character yet wholly unknown.

The material now in the museum permits a fuller discussion of the
relations and characters of this group of reptiles than has been
hitherto attempted. Originally, they were described as constituting a
new order, a view still held by its author and no one else. Lydekker,
in his Paleontology and Catalogue gives them a subordinal value; Zittel
only a family value, though expressing doubt as to their subordinal
rank.

It seems very probable that the genus _Nyctodactylus_ has no teeth
in the jaws; it agrees in _every other respect_ with the genus
_Pterodactylus_, so far as known. If the genus has teeth it must be
united with _Pterodactylus_. Now, in not a few species of this genus,
the teeth are confined to the anterior end of the jaws, and their
entire absence, unaccompanied by other structural differences, will
hardly constitute an order, or even family.

But, leaving aside _Nyctodactylus_, it is very much of a question
whether the differences between _Pterodactylus_ and _Pteranodon_ are
sufficient to locate them in different families, let alone different
suborders.

The two genera have the following in common: Tail short. Skull with
more or less elongated, pointed jaws, and very small upper and lower
temporal fossae. Narial opening large, confluent with the pre-orbital
foramen. Cervical vertebrae elongated, with rudimentary spinous
processes. Fore and hind extremities, quite alike.

_Pteranodon_ differs from _Pterodactylus_, so far as that genus is
known, in the united coracoscapulae and pubes, both of which characters
are found in _Rhamphorhynchus_.

The sole family characters remaining then, for _Pteranodon_, are,
absence of teeth, a supra-occipital crest, and the articulation of
the upper end of the scapula. Now it seems evident that to place
the pteranodonts in a group equivalent to all the other pterosaurs
is unwarranted, and any classification that will not show the more
pronounced relationships with _Pterodactylus_ is faulty. I would,
therefore, propose the following:

Order Pterosauria.

     Family Pterodactylidae, subfamilies Pteranodontinae,
        Pterodactylinae.
     Family Rhamphorhynchidae.
     Family Ornithocheiridae.

As regards the geographical distribution of the Pteranodonts, they
have hitherto been recognized only from Kansas, but I am firmly of the
opinion that they occur in Europe, and, if so, it is very probable that
the name _Pteranodon_ must be eventually given up. In fact, a toothless
form of Pterodactyl was described by Seeley as long ago as 1871,
under the name of _Ornithostoma_. I cannot refer to his description
at present, and can, therefore, give no opinion as to their identity.
It seems certain that the peculiar form of the scapulae and their
vertebral articulation[3] occur among some of the European forms, which
would strengthen the belief that _Pteranodon_ is also an European genus.

[3] The specimens in which I have seen the vertebral articulation show
no co-ossification of the vertebrae: the facet for articulation being
placed above the spines, and apparently formed by ossified ligaments.

In view of the above, the practice of the American text-books in
Geology in introducing generic names of characteristic fossils as names
of the geological horizons whence they come, is very reprehensible, in
my opinion. Even the late edition of Leconte’s Elements contains a long
list of such names, the greater portion of which have been relegated to
the limbo of synonymy by paleontologists. It is greatly to be desired
that the name “Pteranodon Beds” shall not become established, so long
as there is the least doubt of the validity of the name itself.




KANSAS MOSASAURS.


BY S. W. WILLISTON AND E. C. CASE.

PART I, CLIDASTES, WITH PLATES II-VI.

The group of extinct Cretaceous reptiles known as the Mosasaurs or
Pythonomorpha was defined by Cope, “to whom Science is so largely
indebted for its present knowledge of this interesting order of
reptiles” (Marsh), in 1869.[4] Although some of the characters assigned
by him to the order have since been shown to be inapplicable, and
the group to have less value, yet his name, Pythonomorpha, has been
generally retained. Lydekker and Zittel have assigned to the group a
subordinal value, as has also Marsh, though under a different name.
Owen rejected it entirely, and Baur, more recently,[5] has united it
with the Varanidae to form a super-family, as follows:

  Suborder Platynota.
    Super-family Varanoidea.
      Families Mosasauridae, Varanidae.
    Super-family Helodermatoidea.
      Family Helodermatidae.

The group, whatever may be its rank or position, includes, so far, the
following genera: _Mosasaurus_ Conyb., _Liodon_ Owen, _Platecarpus_
Cope, _Clidastes_ Cope, _Baptosaurus_ Marsh, _Sironectes_ Cope,
_Plioplatecarpus_ Dollo and _Hainosaurus_ Dollo. _Pterycollasaurus_
Dollo, founded upon _Mosasaurus maximilianus_ Goldf., is omitted
as doubtful. All of these genera, save _Plioplatecarpus_ and
_Hainosaurus_, have been recorded from North America, _Clidastes_,
_Baptosaurus_ and _Sironectes_ being peculiar to this country. Of these
latter three genera, however, _Clidastes_ alone is well known; but this
genus is suspected by Lydekker of being the same as the imperfectly
known European _Geosaurus_ Cuvier. Thus it seems that the genera, or
at least the most of them, have a wide distribution; _Platecarpus_, in
fact, is said to occur in New Zealand.

[4] Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 253.

[5] Science, xvi, p. 262, Nov. 7, 1890.

In America, members of the group have been discovered in the Cretaceous
deposits of New Jersey, Alabama, North Carolina, the upper Missouri
region, Nebraska, Kansas and New Mexico. Probably nineteen-twentieths
of all the known specimens, however, have been obtained in western
Kansas. The material now in the University Museum, all from Kansas,
comprises several hundred specimens of these animals, including,
probably, the best ones known. It is upon this material that the
following preliminary studies are chiefly based.

The genus _Clidastes_, as first described by Cope, was based upon
two dorsal vertebrae of _C. iguanavus_, the type species, from New
Jersey. Shortly afterward, however, he gave a full and careful generic
description, as derived from an unusually good specimen of an allied
species, _C. propython_, from Alabama. Only a little later, Marsh
described a genus, which he called _Edestosaurus_, from Kansas, but
without giving any real, distinctive differences from _Clidastes_,
following the very reprehensible practice of naming supposed new forms
in the hopes that future distinctive characters might be found. The
genus _Edestosaurus_ has been rejected by nearly all save the authors
of the American text-books in Geology. It seems hardly necessary to
point out the identity. The only distinctive character the author
gave for his genus was the insertion of the pterygoid teeth, and even
this character he modified later—“Palatine (sic) teeth more or less
pleurodont.”[6]

[6] Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, June 1872.

This character, even were it real, is of very slight value; indeed it
cannot be used to distinguish the species even.

_Clidastes_ is, without doubt, one of the most highly specialized
genera in the group, and, what is very interesting, is one of the
latest. It occurs in Kansas in the uppermost part of the Niobrara beds,
in the horizon so markedly characterized by the toothed birds. Both
_Platecarpus_ and _Liodon_ occur, though in diminished numbers, almost
to the very lowest portion, but _Clidastes_ has never been found except
towards the top. From measurements made the past season, the thickness
of the beds in which these saurians occur cannot be less than six
hundred feet.

The following species have been found in Kansas: none of them are known
to occur elsewhere.


MOSASAURIDAE.

     _Mosasauridae_ Conybeare, in Cuvier, Ossem. Foss., 2nd ed.,
        p. 338, 1824.

     _Clidastidae_ Cope, Extinct Batr. Rept. and Aves of N.
        Amer., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. xiv, p. 50, 1870.

     _Edestosauridae_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. xxi, p. 59, July
        1878.


CLIDASTES.

     ? _Geosaurus_ Cuvier, Ossem. Foss. 2nd ed., 328, 1824,
        (_fide_ Lydekker.)

     _Clidastes_ Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 1868, p. 233;
        Ext. Batr. etc., p. 21, 1870.

     _Edestosaurus_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i, p. 417, June,
        1871.

=C. cineriarum.=

     _Clidastes cineriarum_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1870,
        p. 583; Cret. Vert. etc. pp. 137, 266, pl. xxi, ff.
        14-17; Bullet. U. S. Geol. Surv. Hayden, iii, p. 583.

=C. dispar.=

     _Edestosaurus dispar_ Marsh, op. cit. i, p. 447, June 1871;
        iii, pl. xi., June, 1872.

=C. velox.=

     _Edestosaurus velox_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i.
        p. 450, June, 1871.

     _Edestosaurus pumilus_ Marsh, ibid. p. 452.

     ? _Clidastes affinis_ Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1870,
        p. 4; Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., Hayden, vol. i, p.
        283, 1873.

     ? _Edestosaurus dispar_ Marsh, op. cit. xix, pl. i, f. 1,
        Jan., 1880.

=C. Wymani.=

     _Clidastes Wymani_ Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. i, p. 451,
        June, 1871; iii, p. 202, April, 1872.

     _Edestosaurus Wymani_ Marsh, op. cit. iii, p. 464, June,
        1872.

=C. tortor.=

     _Edestosaurus tortor_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Dec.,
        1871; Marsh, op. cit. iii, p. 464, June, 1872.

     _Clidastes tortor_ Cope, Cret. Vert. Rep. U. S. Geol.
        Surv., Hayden, vol. ii, pp. 48, 131, 265, pls. iv, f.
        i; xiv, f. i; xvi, ff. 2, 3; xvii, f. 1; xix, ff. 1-10;
        xxxvi, f. 3; xxxvii, f. 2; Bullet. U. S. Geol. Surv.
        Hayden, vol. iii, p. 583.

=C. stenops.=

     _Edestosaurus stenops_ Cope, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. p. 330,
        1871: Marsh, Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, p. 464, June, 1872.

     _Clidastes stenops_ Cope, Cret. Vert. etc. pp. 133, 266,
        pls. xiv, ff. 4, 5; xvii, f. 7, 8; xviii, ff. 1-5;
        xxxvi, f. 4; xxxvii, f. 3; xxxviii, f. 3.

=C. rex.=

_Edestosaurus rex_ Marsh, op. cit. iii, p. 462, pl. xxii, f. 1, June,
1872.

=C. planifrons.=

     _Clidastes planifrons_ Cope, Bullet. U. S. Geol. Surv. No.
        2, p. 31, 1874; Cret. Vert. etc. pp. 135, 265, pls.
        xxii, xxiii.

=C. Westii.=

_C. Westii_ Williston, n. sp. infra.


CLIDASTES VELOX.

A remarkably complete specimen, referred with considerable certainty
to this species, was obtained by ourselves in western Kansas, (Butte
Creek) in the summer of 1891. A brief preliminary description of the
specimen was given by the senior author in Science, December 8, 1891.
A more complete description is here given, which, it is believed, will
be of service. The specimen is an unusually perfect one, being very
nearly complete, and, as now mounted, shows the bones nearly all in the
position in which they were found. The vertebral column is continuous,
except in one place, where the tail had been bent up over the back; and
complete, save at the very tip of the tail. The skull is complete, or
very nearly complete, and has been restored nearly to the condition in
life. Figures have been made of this portion of the skeleton, and will
be given in a future communication. At present, it may be mentioned
that the lacrymals are small, roughly irregular bones, and pointed at
either extremity. There are no indications of transverse bones, as
there are none in any other skull in the collection.


Cervical vertebrae.

ATLAS. The intercentrum is a small bone with three sides of
nearly equal extent. The two upper, articular surfaces are gently
concave, and meet in a rounded margin; the inferior surface is convex,
both antero-posteriorly and transversely, with a roughened prominence
in the middle. The lateral pieces have indistinctly separated facets
for articulation with the odontoid, the intercentrum and the occipital
condyle. The rather short, flattened lamina extends upward, backward
and inward, approaching, but not reaching its fellow of the opposite
side; it is somewhat dilated distally. Directed outwards and forwards,
there is a stout styliform process.

AXIS. The neural spine of the axis is elongated
antero-posteriorly. It is thin on the anterior portion, but stouter
and longer at the posterior part. The large, stout odontoid process is
united suturally, as is also the well-developed atlantar hypapophysis,
which forms the anterior, inferior portion of the bone. The diapophyses
are the smallest of the costiferous series, with only a small articular
facet for the rib. The ball is strongly and evenly convex, with its
greater diameter transversely. The hypapophysis is the largest of the
series; it is suturally united with the stout, exogenous process of the
centrum, and projects downward and backward; its distal extremity is
roughened for ligamentous attachments.

The third cervical vertebra shows a well-developed zygosphenal
articulation, and stout articular processes. The transverse process is
small, only a little larger than that of the axis, though, unlike that,
it is strengthened by a ridge continued from the anterior zygapophyses.
The hypapophysis is smaller than that of the axis, but, like that,
is directed downward and backward. The spine may be distinguished
from that of any other vertebra by its stout, trihedral shape; it is
directed rather more obliquely backward than in the following vertebrae.

The fourth cervical vertebra differs from the third in having stouter
transverse processes; in the hypapophysis being directed more nearly
downward, and in its smaller size; and in the spine being flattened
antero-posteriorly toward the base.

The fifth cervical vertebra differs from the fourth in the broader
spine, in the stouter transverse processes, and the smaller
hypapophysis.

In the sixth cervical vertebra, the hypapophysis is reduced to a small
ossification, scarcely longer than broad, directed downward. The spine
has reached nearly the full width of those of the following vertebrae,
though somewhat stouter above. The transverse processes are yet stouter.

In the seventh, or last, cervical vertebra the hypapophysis is
wanting, or very rudimentary. The under part of the centrum shows a
rounded ridge or carina, with a slight projection corresponding to the
hypapophysis.

MEASUREMENTS OF THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE.

  1. Antero-posterior diameter of intercentrum of atlas  14 millim.
     Transverse diameter of intercentrum                 25
     Antero-posterior diameter of lateral piece          20
     Vertical extent of articular surface                17
     Extent of lateral piece                             35
     Width of lamina above                               16
  2. Length of axis                                      43
     Transverse diameter of ball                         18
     Vertical diameter of ball                           17
     Expanse of transverse processes                     28
     Elevation of spine above floor of neural canal      34
     Antero-posterior extent of spine                    50
  3. Length of third cervical vertebra                   37
     Height of spine above floor of neural canal         36
     Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal   34
  4. Length of fourth cervical vertebra                  37
     Height of spine above floor of neural canal         39
     Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal   35
  5. Length of fifth cervical vertebra                   37
     Height of spine above floor of neural canal         42
     Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal   33
     Transverse diameter of ball                         17
     Vertical diameter of ball                           18
  6. Length of sixth cervical vertebra                   37
     Height of spine above floor of neural canal         42
     Depth of hypapophysis below floor of neural canal   30
     Width of spinous process                            26
  7. Length of seventh cervical vertebra                 37
     Height of spine above floor of neural canal         46
     Transverse diameter of ball                         19
     Vertical diameter of ball                           20
     Width of spinous process                            27


Dorsal vertebrae.

There are thirty-five vertebrae between the cervicals and the first
non-rib-bearing vertebra, to which the pelvis was, evidently, attached.
The distinction between the cervicals and thoracics cannot be made from
any characters they possess, as the seventh vertebra does not bear a
distinct hypapophysis. Neither can it be said with certainty from this
specimen which is the first thoracic vertebra, as the cervical ribs
had, unfortunately, been displaced in the collection and preparation
of the specimen. In another specimen, referred to _C. pumilus_, and
which, as will be seen later, cannot be specifically distinguished
from the present species, short cervical ribs were found attached to
six vertebrae posterior to the atlas. That the eighth vertebra is a
thoracic one is shown by the relation of the ribs in this specimen.
Posteriorly there is no distinction, also, between the true thoracic
vertebrae and those of the lumbar region. All the vertebrae anterior to
the pelvis bear ribs, and will all be considered as dorsal vertebrae,
the true thoracic vertebrae being restricted to those of which the ribs
are elongated, and, probably, connected with the sternum.

In the anterior vertebrae of the series, the centra are subcarinate
below, the obtuse, rounded ridge becoming less and less apparent
until no indications of the keel can be seen, before the middle
of the series. The transverse processes are stoutest, with a more
elongated, sigmoid articular surface, with little or no constriction,
and projecting only slightly beyond the stout articulating processes,
in the anterior vertebrae. In the tenth or eleventh, the articular
surface has become markedly smaller, more vertical, and less sigmoid in
outline. Thence to the last, the articular surface for the ribs remains
nearly the same. The process itself, however, becomes gradually more
prominent and constricted, as the zygapophyses becomes smaller. The
spinous processes increase slightly in length and breadth, and are only
slightly oblique throughout. In length, the centra increase gradually.
The vertical diameter of the ball increases gradually, while the
transverse diameter remains more nearly the same.

MEASUREMENTS OF THE DORSAL VERTEBRAE.

   1. Length of centrum to rim of ball                    38 millim.
      Transverse diameter of ball                         20
      Vertical diameter of ball                           19
      Height of spine above floor of neural canal         48
      Extent of articular surface of transverse process   30
      Width of spine                                      28
   4. Length of centrum to rim of ball                    41
      Transverse diameter of ball                         20
      Vertical diameter of ball                           20
      Height of spine above floor of neural canal         48
  11. Length of centrum to rim of ball                    41
      Vertical diameter of ball                           22
      Extent of articular surface of transverse process   16
      Width of spine                                      32
  15. Length of centrum to rim of ball                    41
      Transverse diameter of ball                         21
      Vertical diameter of ball                           24
  20. Length of centrum to rim of ball                    42
      Vertical diameter of ball                           25
      Height of spine above floor of neural canal         58
  24. Length to rim of ball                               41
      Transverse diameter of ball                         22
      Vertical diameter of ball                           23
      Height of spine                                     49
  28. Length to rim of ball                               40
      Vertical diameter of ball                           24
      Transverse diameter of ball                         23
      Height of spine                                     54
  32. Length to rim of ball                               38
      Vertical diameter of ball                           25
      Transverse diameter of ball                         24
  35. Length to rim of ball                               37


Caudal vertebrae.

Immediately following the thirty-fifth rib-bearing vertebra there is
an abrupt change, the tubercular process for the rib giving place to
an elongated transverse process. From the position of the pelvis, it
is evident that the ilia were attached to the first pair of these.
Precisely this relation of pelvis to the vertebrae is found in such
lizards as the Monitor and Iguana, and it is probable that such is the
relation in all the Pythonomorpha. It will thus be seen that there
are no distinctively lumbar vertebrae, if by such are meant free,
non-costiferous, pre-sacral vertebrae. The vertebrae of these animals
that have been so designated by writers are in reality basal caudal.
A distinctive term for them—those with transverse, non-costiferous
processes and without chevrons—is needed, and we propose,
provisionally, the term _pygial_. There are seven in the present
series, all characterized by elongated transverse processes, and not
differing much from each other. The vertebrae lie in the matrix with
the ventral aspect uppermost, concealing the spine and upper parts.
The under surface is somewhat flattened, and, as in the preceding
vertebrae, is gently concave antero-posteriorly. The transverse
processes are elongate, stout towards the base, apparently all of
nearly equal length, and directed gently backwards and downwards. In
the anterior vertebrae the processes spring from near the front part:
as the centra become shorter they arise from near the middle. In the
last one of the series there are minute indications of chevrons.

MEASUREMENTS OF THE PYGIAL CAUDAL VERTEBRAE.

  1. Length to rim of ball                    36 millim.
     Width of ball                            25
     Expanse of transverse processes         130
     Width of transverse process near base    17
  2. Length to rim of ball                    33
  3. Length to rim of ball                    31
  4. Length to rim of ball                    29
  5. Length to rim of ball                    28
  6. Length to rim of ball                    27
     Expanse of transverse processes         130
     Width of ball                            24
  7. Length to rim of ball                    27

The centra of those caudal vertebrae which have chevrons do not differ
much in shape. They become less constricted, and, back of the middle of
the series, are smoothly cylindrical in shape. The transverse processes
decrease gradually in length, disappearing entirely in the twenty-fifth
or twenty-sixth. The spinous processes are more or less incompletely
preserved in the anterior vertebrae. They increase only gradually in
length for the first twenty of the series, and are markedly oblique,
with the posterior border stout, and the anterior border alate. With
the twenty-sixth they begin to increase more rapidly in length, and
have become more nearly vertical in position, and are thinner at each
margin. In the thirty-fifth or thirty-sixth they attain their greatest
length, and are here directed slightly forwards. Thence to the end of
the tail, the length decreases gradually, and, in position, they are
directed more and more obliquely backward. The chevrons are strongly
oblique throughout the series and are firmly co-ossified with the
centrum.

The tail, it is thus seen, has a broad, vertical, fin-like extremity,
which, doubtless, aided much in the propulsion of the animal through
the water.

There are sixty-seven vertebrae with chevrons present in the specimen,
all continuous, except in one place. The last one is less than
one-fourth of an inch in diameter, and shows that there had been yet
another, possibly several more. Toward the base of the series the tail
has been bent forwards over the back, and it is possible that, where
the break occurs, there has been a vertebra lost. The measurements,
however, do not seem to indicate any loss. The entire series of
vertebrae was not less than sixty-eight, and probably not more than
seventy, making for the entire vertebral series one hundred and
seventeen to twenty.

MEASUREMENTS OF THE CHEVRON-BEARING CAUDAL VERTEBRAE.

   1. Length to rim of ball                         26 millim.
   5. Length to rim of ball                         24
      Vertical diameter of ball                     21
      Transverse diameter of ball                   24
  10. Length to rim of ball                         24
  15. Length to rim of ball                         24
      Height of spine above floor of neural canal   40
      Length of chevron                             45
  20. Length to rim of ball                         23
      Vertical diameter of ball                     21
      Transverse diameter of ball                   22
  25. Length to rim of ball                         20
      Height of spine                               44
      Width of spine at base                        19
      Width of spine at distal end                  10
      Length of chevron                             85
      Altitude of tail                             112
  30. Length to rim of ball                         18
      Vertical diameter of ball                     17
      Height of spine                               57
      Width of spine at base                        19
      Width of spine at distal end                   9
      Length of chevron                             99
      Altitude of tail                              20
  35. Length to rim of ball                         16
      Vertical diameter of ball                     16
      Height of spine                               61
      Length of chevron                             97
      Altitude of tail                             122
  40. Length to rim of ball                         15
      Vertical diameter of ball                     15
      Height of spine                               54
      Length of chevron                             70
      Altitude of tail                             110
  45. Length to rim of ball                         14
      Vertical diameter of ball                     14
      Height of spine                               40
      Length of spine                               50
      Length of chevron                             58
      Altitude of tail                              93
  50. Length to rim of ball                         13
      Length of spine                               43
      Length of chevron                             55
      Altitude of tail                              73
  55. Length to rim of ball                         12
      Length of spine                               38
      Length of chevron                             42
      Altitude of tail                              63
  60. Length to rim of ball                          9
      Length of spine                               46
      Length of chevron                             25
      Altitude of tail                              50
  66. Length to rim of ball                          7
      Length of chevron                             10
      Altitude of tail                              20
  67. Length                                         6


Ribs.

As has already been stated, the cervical ribs were displaced in the
present specimen, and measurements of them cannot be given. In a
smaller specimen, specifically indistinguishable from the present one,
the entire cervical series is preserved with the ribs attached. The
first, that articulating with the axis, is very short. The following
ones are stouter, but increase only moderately in length, that of the
sixth measuring only thirty-five millimeters, while that of the seventh
is but a little longer. In the specimen of _C. velox_ described,
there is a detached cervical rib sixty-five millimeters in length; it
probably belongs with the seventh.

The thoracic ribs are simple, somewhat flattened rods, moderately
expanded at the proximal end. The greatest convexity is shown about the
middle of the series, where the versedsine of the curvature is forty
millimeters, the chord being one hundred and sixty. Posteriorly, the
short ribs are only gently curved.

Lying by the side of the vertebral column, and between the ribs,
as they have been pressed down, are a number of flattened, soft,
punctulate bones, which are evidently the costal cartilages.
Posteriorly four rows of them are seen, lying closely side by side,
some of them eight or ten inches in length. The sternum, composed
of the same material, has been so crushed and crumpled that its
shape cannot be made out. The whole structure here, whether of ribs,
cartilages or sternum, reminds one very strongly of such lizards as the
Iguana or Monitor. There is no indication, however, in any specimen, of
an episternum.

MEASUREMENTS OF RIBS.

  Length, first thoracic rib,    (chord)    200 millim.
  Length, eleventh thoracic rib, (chord)    145
  Length, thirteenth dorsal rib              68
  Length, eighteenth dorsal rib              64
  Length, thirty-fourth dorsal rib           52

The lengths of the different regions, as they lie in their natural
relations, are as follows:

  Skull          0.420 meters.
  Neck           0.225
  Trunk          1.360
  Tail           1.460
        Total    3.465       11 ft. 7 in.

The measurements of an excellent specimen of _C. tortor_ are as follows:

  Skull                                        0.630 meters.
  Neck                                         0.360
  Trunk, (thirty-three vertebrae preserved)    2.370

A very complete specimen of a _Liodon_ in the Museum, in which the
_complete_ vertebral column is present, numbering one hundred and
seventeen vertebrae, gives the following measurements. The skull is
complete, save the most anterior portion.

  Skull (approximated within narrow limits)    0.700 meters.
  Neck                                         0.430
  Trunk                                        1.760
  Tail                                         3.420
           Total                               6.310  20 ft. 8 in.

The vertebral series in this specimen is composed of seven cervicals,
twenty-three dorsals, seven pygials, and eighty chevron-caudals.

The relative proportions of the different regions in the two genera,
as shown by the two specimens of _Clidastes_ and _Liodon_, may be
represented as follows. The first column is for _Clidastes_.

  Skull          12.1        11.1
  Neck            6.5         6.8
  Trunk          39.2        28.0
  Tail           42.3        54.1


Limbs.

The figures in plates II and III will give a sufficiently good idea
of the limbs in this specimen. They are figured as they were lying,
showing the outer sides of the coracoid, scapula and pelvic bones, and
the palmar or plantar surface of the remaining bones.


Coracoid.

It will be observed in plates II and IV that there are two very
different types of coracoid, one with a deep emargination, the other
without the slightest indication of such. The same non-emarginate
form occurs in _C. tortor_, as specimens in our Museum show, in _C.
propython_ Cope (Ext. Batr. etc. pl. xii, f. 16,) and in _C. dispar_,
as figured by Marsh[7], and as stated by him in the same paper
(“There is certainly no emargination in the coracoid of _Clidastes_,
_Edestosaurus_ and _Baptosaurus_, as specimens in the Yale Museum
conclusively prove.”) It is true that Marsh in a later paper[8] figured
a specimen with emarginate coracoid under the name of _Edestosaurus
dispar_, but it is certain that his identification of his own species
was wrong, as will be seen by comparing his figures. From the senior
author’s memory of the specimen with the emarginate coracoid figured,
and from the figure itself he feels confident that the second specimen
is _C. velox_.

[7] Amer. Journ. Sci. iii, pl. xi, f. 1, June, 1872.

[8] Amer. Journ. Sci. xix, pl. i, fig. 1, Jan., 1880.

That the emargination was overlooked by the author seems strange, as
in the same paper in which this figure is given occurs the description
of _Holosaurus, founded upon that very character_. If the emargination
is sufficiently important to base a genus in the one case, then it
should be in the other, and the character could not be applied to
_Edestosaurus_, based upon characters which it hardly seems possible
that the author himself could seriously consider, for _E. dispar_ was
the type of _Edestosaurus_.

It will be observed, further, that the figured coracoids differ very
materially in size, those with the emargination pertaining to a small
species, while _C. dispar_ is one of the largest. In our Museum there
are three specimens with the emarginate coracoid, all of them small or
very small, the described specimen of _C. velox_ being the largest.

The point of chief interest in this relation is the value that can be
given to this character. Is it individual, specific or generic? Marsh
has called it generic, but we think an examination of the two very
complete specimens of _C. tortor_ and _C. velox_ in our Museum will
convince any unprejudiced student that he is in error.

A comparison of the figures herewith given of the paddles will show
their great resemblance, and these two forms of paddles have been
figured because the species are the most unlike of any that we know in
the genus. As all the small specimens seem to possess this character,
and as they cannot be called immature specimens, we believe the
character is a specific one. As Marsh says, typically both _Clidastes_
and _Edestosaurus_ have a non-emarginate coracoid, so that neither name
could apply to the emarginate form, were it generically distinct.

Our Museum also contains both forms of the coracoid pertaining to the
genus _Platecarpus_, of which _Holosaurus_ is a synonym.

While studying the specimen above described, a striking similarity was
observed to several other specimens already determined with confidence
as _C. pumilus_ Marsh. A more careful comparison failed to bring out
any real differences beyond size, and even this was shown to be very
inconstant.

The following comparison of the descriptions given by Marsh will be of
interest.

 _C. pumilus._

     TEETH. Nearly round at base somewhat curved
     and with smooth enamel.

     QUADRATE. The rugose knob near the distal
     end of the quadrate is similar to that in _C.
     Wymani_ (just below the posterior superior process
     is a prominent rugose knob with a deep pit under
     it), but has no articular pit under it. The hook
     is comparatively short and has a free compressed
     extremity. The articular margin is not deflected
     toward the meatus.

     CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. Articular face nearly
     vertical, and having a broad transverse outline with
     faint superior emargination. The hypapophysis stout
     and transversely triangular.

 _C. velox._

     Premaxillary and maxillary teeth smooth and
     subcompressed.

     The great ala less curved than in _E. dispar_, concave
     transversely on both surfaces. The alar process has
     its articular process very narrow in its extension
     over the great ala. No notch in posterior margin of
     external angle. On the ridge below the angle and
     nearly opposite the meatal pit is a strong rugosity
     which is rudimentary or wanting in _C. dispar_. The
     posterior margin of the hook is only a narrow tongue
     projecting towards the meatal pit, instead of a broad
     articular surface.

     Articular face transverse.

The description, otherwise, shows no discrepancies of importance. The
chief difference given by the author is the size, and this character
we think our specimens show to be of little specific value. “It
is a question of some importance how far difference in size among
the Mosasauroids may be a test of difference in species. Among the
numerous remains of these animals which have been discovered I have
never yet observed any which presented any evidence relative to age.
* * * In this view of the case, some of the many described species of
Mosasauroids may have been founded on different sizes of the same.”[9]

[9] Leidy, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Hayden, vol. i, p. 284.

The length of the cervical vertebrae in the specimen above described
is thirty-seven or thirty-eight millimeters. The cervical vertebrae in
two specimens referred to _C. pumilus_ have lengths respectively of
twenty-two and thirty millimeters. In the type specimen of _C. velox_
they must have had a length of at least forty-two millimeters.

It thus appears that, between the smallest specimen, which, in life,
could have hardly exceeded eight feet in length, our specimens,
indistinguishable anatomically, represent forms of ten and twelve feet,
while the type itself was about fifteen feet in length.

Of the material originally referred to _C. pumilus_, there are in the
collection five or more specimens, which, altogether, furnish nearly
every part of the skeleton. They present no tangible differences from
the skeleton of _C. velox_ described above. There can be, hence, little
or no doubt but that the name _C. pumilus_ is a synonym.

It is hardly possible to say with certainty that _C. affinis_ Leidy
is or is not the same as _C. velox_, but, so far as the description
goes, we can find few differences. The type is of about the same size
as the type of _C. velox_, and the figures agree well with the bones
of the skeleton described. Although the description was not published
till 1873, the author makes no mention of the species of Marsh’s. Leidy
describes the back teeth as having the enamel strongly striated, with
the surface presenting evidences of subdivision into narrow planes. In
this respect, only, it disagrees with the specimen.

_Plioplatecarpus_ Dollo is described by its author as having a sacrum
of two conjoined vertebrae,[10] by reason of which it is placed in
a separate family from the rest of the _Pythonomorpha_. It may be
presumptuous to express a doubt of the genuineness of the sacrum, and
yet, save from the fact that the author found two specimens quite
alike, one might doubt it strongly. It is not very rare that two, or
even three vertebrae are found united from injury in these animals,
and such would readily account for the consolidation as figured and
described by Dollo, except for the coincidence of the second specimen.
A stronger reason for doubt is the statement that the consolidated
vertebrae belong to the posterior “lumbar” region, and that the last
vertebrae had small tubercles indicative of chevrons. In the reptiles
which we have examined, the chevrons do not begin immediately behind
the pelvis, but are separated by a longer or shorter region in which
the vertebrae bear elongated diapophyses alone. If the conjoined
vertebrae figured by Dollo are in reality sacral, it would appear
that the animal is an exception to _Clidastes_ and such lizards as we
have examined. Furthermore, the pelvis must have been of a different
structure from that in the Kansas genera of the Pythonomorpha, for, in
these, it is evident that the ilium had an oblique position, and could
have been attached to but a single diapophysis.

[10] Bull. Su. Mus. Roy. S. Hist. Nat. d. Belg. i, p. 8, 1882.


CLIDASTES WESTII, N. SP.

A specimen of much interest in the University collection differs so
markedly from the other forms represented by specimens, as also from
the descriptions of the known species, that we are constrained to
regard it as new. It was collected by Mr. C. H. Sternberg from the
uppermost of the Niobrara beds, in the vicinity of the old town of
Sheridan. The character of the associated invertebrate fossils seems
to indicate a different geological horizon, either the Fox Hills
group, or transition beds to that group. The specimen consists of a
complete lower jaw, quadrate, portions of the skull, the larger part
of the vertebral column, and the incomplete hind and fore paddles. The
vertebrae preserved are in two series, the one, numbering thirty-three,
continuous with the skull; the other, sixty-three in number, all
chevron caudals. The terminal caudals preserved indicate that there
were several more in life, perhaps five or ten; the first of the series
was evidently among the first of those which bore chevrons. Altogether
the tail may have had seventy-five chevron caudals. The lengths of
the two series are respectively seventy-one and seventy-two inches.
Assuming that there was the same number of precaudal vertebrae as in
_C. velox_, the entire vertebral column would have measured in life
fifteen feet and four inches. The lower jaw shows the skull to have
been very nearly twenty-four inches in length, making, for the animal
when alive, a length of seventeen and one-half feet. This is one of
the largest species, and it is interesting to observe that the real
size here, as usually elsewhere among fossil vertebrates, is less than
supposed. It is doubtful whether there is a _Clidastes_ known that
exceeded twenty feet in length.

While the skeleton was only about one half longer than the specimen
of _C. velox_ described in the foregoing pages, or of about the same
length as a very complete specimen of _C. tortor_ in the museum, the
proportions of the animal were very much stouter. The figures given in
plate VI of the twenty-fifth, or eighteenth dorsal, vertebra will show
the relations between length and breadth: it is upon these remarkably
stout proportions, and the shape of the articular faces, as indicated
by the figures and by the measurements appended, that the species is
chiefly based. The articular surfaces of the basal caudal vertebrae are
remarkably triangular in shape, with the angles rounded, and the sides
of nearly equal length. This triangular shape is persistent for the
first twenty of the series as they are preserved. The paddles, as shown
in plates IV and V, show much stouter proportions than in either _C.
velox_ or _C. tortor_.

The species comes nearest to _C. stenops_ Cope, but it seems hardly the
same. It is, also, evidently allied to _C. dispar_ Marsh. From these
and other described species, the following, extracted from the original
descriptions, will serve to show the differences, in comparison with
the specimen of _C. Westii_.

=C. dispar.=

The articular faces in the cervicals are a broad transverse oval,
faintly emarginated above for the neural canal. In the dorsals and
lumbars the cup continues transverse, and the emargination is deeper,
but in the anterior caudals the outline becomes a vertical oval. There
appears to have been thirteen mandibular teeth.

  Length of axis with odontoid process          32 lines    100
  Width between diapophyses                     26.8        103
  Length from edge of cup to end of ball in
      eleventh vertebra                         25          100
  Width of ball                                 14           56
  Depth of ball                                 12           43

=C. Wymani.=

In the cervical vertebrae, the outline of the articular faces is
transversely cordate. The centra of the anterior dorsals are elongate,
and much constricted behind the diapophyses. In the anterior caudals,
the articular faces are a broad vertical oval.

  Length of axis with odontoid process        19 lines     100
  Width between diapophyses                   17            89.4
  Width of ball                                8            42.1
  Depth of ball                                7            36.7
  Length of sixth cervical, without ball      13           100
  Width of cup                                 9            69.1

=C. rex.=

The cervical vertebrae have very broad, transversely oval faces, with
indications of emargination. The dorsals are elongated, with transverse
faces, and a distinct superior excavation for neural canal. The
articular ends of the anterior caudals are vertically oval.

  Length of posterior cervical vertebrae      44 mm    100
  Vertical diameter of ball                   24        54.5
  Transverse diameter                         29.5      67
  Length of a dorsal vertebra                 52

=C. stenops.=

The anterior caudals possess wide diapophyses. Their articular faces
are a vertical oval, a little contracted above, sometimes a straight
outline. They present a peculiarly elongate form.

  Length of axis (alone)            60 mm    100
  Vertical diameter of ball         27        45
  Transverse diameter of ball       27        45
  Length of the mandible           720       100
  Depth at coronoid process        150        20.9

MEASUREMENTS OF CLIDASTES WESTII.

      Length of dentary                                   400 millim.
      Depth opposite the first tooth                       20
      Depth opposite last tooth                            62
      Entire extent of mandible                           630
      Greatest depth at coronoid process                   95
   2. Length of axis with odontoid process                 80
      Length of axis without odontoid process              70
      Vertical diameter of ball                            24
      Transverse diameter of ball                          33
   4. Length of fourth cervical vertebra to rim of ball    49
      Expanse of diapophyses                               82
   5. Length of fifth cervical to rim of ball              49
      Transverse diameter of ball                          35
      Vertical diameter of ball                            28
      Expanse of diapophyses                               90
   8. Length of eighth vertebra to rim of ball             53
      Expanse of diapophyses                               90
  14. Length to rim of ball                                54
      Transverse diameter of ball                          40
      Vertical diameter of ball                            33
      Expanse of diapophyses                              100
  18. Length to rim of ball                                50
      Transverse diameter of ball                          40
      Vertical diameter of ball                            36
      Expanse of diapophyses                              100
  23. Length to rim of ball                                50
      Transverse diameter of ball                          41
      Expanse of diapophyses                              100
  25. Length to rim of ball                                52
      Transverse diameter of ball                          43
      Vertical diameter of ball                            43
      Expanse of diapophyses                              100
  30. Length to rim of ball                                54
      Transverse diameter of ball                          46

This species is named in memory of Judge E. P. West, lately deceased,
to whom our Museum owes so much for his long, diligent and faithful
labors in the collection and preparation of the geological material.

       *       *       *       *       *

ERRATUM: P. 17, line 15, for “_Edestosaurus_,” read
_Clidastes_, and in next line, strike out “Proc. Acad.” etc.




Notes and Descriptions of Syrphidae.


BY W. A. SNOW.

WITH PLATE VII.

Among the insects obtained by Prof. F. H. Snow in a recent trip to
Colorado, is an excellent representative collection of the Diptera.
The material for the following notes on Syrphidae is chiefly drawn
from this collection. That such a collection affords so many points of
interest in this, one of the best studied families of North American
Diptera, is an evidence of the rich field that is presented by this
important and little-studied order of insects.


CALLICERA.

_Callicera_ Panzer, Fauna Germanica, 1806.

_Callicera_ is a small genus hitherto supposed to be peculiar to
Europe. The species are found in the high mountains, where the males
are often taken while hovering in the air. The present collection
includes numerous specimens of a species taken near the summit of Mt.
Deception, in Manitou Park, Colorado, at an altitude of nine thousand
feet.

The occurrence of members of this genus in the western part of the
United States is a fact of especial interest and further substantiates
the rule that American forms common to Europe are more apt to occur
in the western regions. _Arctophila flagrans_ Osten Sacken, is a case
precisely similar to the present one, belonging as it does to a small
European genus of mountain flies, and described from Colorado.

As the genus is a new one to our fauna, I here give an amended
transcription of the generic characters from Schiner’s Fauna Austriaca,
to include the new species, which differs only in unimportant details.

=Callicera.=

Rather large, stout, green or black species with metallic lustre and
abundant, long pile. Head hemispherical, somewhat broader than the
thorax. Antennae porrect, longer than the head, somewhat remote at
their base, inserted upon a protuberance of the front; first joint
sometimes elongate; second joint shorter than, or as long as, the first
joint; third joint one to three times the length of the first two
joints taken together, with a short, terminal style. Face broad, under
the antennae concave in profile; an obtuse tubercle below the middle;
on the sides thickly covered with pile. Proboscis rather prominent,
with broad labella. Eyes hairy, holoptic in the male. Abdomen
elliptical, as long or longer than the thorax. Legs moderately strong.
Third longitudinal vein straight, first posterior cell distally short
petiolate; marginal cell open; cross-vein situated near the middle of
the discal cell, oblique.

=Callicera montensis, n. sp.=, Plate vii, f. 4.

MALE. Black, densely golden red pilose. Frontal triangle, face
and cheeks deep black, shining, covered thickly with black pile, save
a median facial stripe. Antennae black, basal third of third joint on
the under side red; first joint short; second joint not more than half
as long as the first; third joint three times as long as the first and
second joints taken together; gradually broadened for a third of its
length, and then attenuated; style white. Eyes thickly clothed with
golden pile. Thorax and abdomen covered everywhere with long golden
red pile. Legs black; tarsal joints below and at their articulations
reddish. Wings nearly hyaline, brownish on the anterior basal portion;
stigma yellow.

Length 11 millimeters. Three specimens, Colorado.

The genus may be distinguished from _Pelecocera_, in Williston’s
dichotomic table of the genera of North American Syrphidae, by the
pilose eyes.

=Microdon megalogaster, n. sp.=, Plate vii, f. 1.

MALE. Large, yellowish pilose species, in shape globose.
Antennae reddish black, the first joint about as long as the following
two together; second joint not one-third as long as the third. Face
dark metallic green, shining, thickly covered with golden yellow
pile. Front black, with similar pile, narrowed in the middle. Eyes
bare. Thorax and scutellum deep metallic green, with long, thick,
golden pile; scutellum gently emarginate, the small obtuse tubercles
approximate. Abdomen short and broad, black, moderately shining; first
two segments and the hypopygium somewhat green; pile at base yellow,
elsewhere short, black. Legs black, with black pile; front tibiae
and their metatarsi, on the inner side, with short golden pile; hind
metatarsi incrassate and longer than the three following joints taken
together. Wings uniformly subinfuscate; veins at the outer part of the
first posterior and discal cells sinuous and rounded.

Length 12 millimeters. One specimen.

=Chrysotoxum derivatum= Walker.

Eight specimens from Colorado, which vary not a little from each
other and from Williston’s description. They seem to belong here,
however, better than elsewhere. In one specimen, the second joint of
the antennae is shorter than the first, and only one-fourth the length
of the third. In five examples the second abdominal cross-band is
not interrupted; in the others it is distinctly parted. In two, the
third band does not reach the yellow of the broad hind margin; in two
others it barely touches it; in five, the two bands broadly coalesce.
The yellow of the fifth segment, in four specimens, incloses a black,
inverted V; in two others an inverted Y.

=Paragus bicolor= Fabr.

Three specimens, Colorado. These may be located under Schiner’s variety
_taeniatus_.

=Melanostoma stegnum= Say.

      _Syrphus stegnus_ Say, Journ. Acad. Phil. vi, p. 163.
      _Melanostoma tigrina_ Osten Sacken, Western Diptera, p. 323.
      _Melanostoma stegnum_ Williston, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Diptera,
         iii, p. 10.

Eleven specimens, Colorado, which answer well to the descriptions. The
metallic band of the fourth abdominal segment is sometimes interrupted,
and there is usually a triangular opaque black spot near the anterior
border of the fifth segment. “The female, hitherto unknown, has the
front broad above, pollinose, except on the upper part, and with black
pile; the thorax more shining metallic blue; the tibiae yellow, and
on the third and fourth abdominal segments there is a narrow shining
stripe, bisecting the black, as in the fourth segment of the male.
The male has some long black hairs on the outer side of the front and
middle tibiae, which are inconspicuous in the female. It is evident,
from the lighter color of the tibiae, that Say’s specimens were
females.” Williston, l. c.

=Melanostoma mellinum= Linne.

A single female specimen from Manitou Park.

=Melanostoma, n. sp.=?

MALE. Face and front dark metallic blue, shining, thinly
covered with light-colored pollen; tubercle and epistoma black,
shining, the former small. Antennae black, third joint yellowish red
below, oblong. Pile of frontal and vertical triangles dusky. Thorax
bronze-black, shining, sometimes bluish black, the pubescence white.
Halteres yellowish. Abdomen long and narrow, with almost parallel
sides; first segment metallic blue, shining; second segment opaque,
or subopaque, black, with a light metallescent scallop on the sides,
reaching to the distal third of the segment; third and fourth segments
similar, marked anteriorly by a wide, interrupted, or subinterrupted
blue fascia, deeply and widely emarginated, or concave behind; hind
border of the third, and sometimes of the second segment, narrowly
brown; fifth segment and the hypopygium metallic bluish green; sides
of the abdomen with silvery white pile, longest and thickest at the
base; the blue marking are whitish pruinose. Femora, except the tip,
a broad ring on the tibiae, and the four posterior tarsi, black;
elsewhere brownish or yellowish. Wings hyaline, stigma yellowish.

Length 7-8 millimeters.

=Eupeodes volucris=, Osten Sacken.

Numerous specimens, Colorado.

=Syrphus arcuatus= Fallen.

Four specimens, Colorado. These specimens vary not a little from each
other, and somewhat from the descriptions. One female is very small,
not over seven millimeters in length, and with the spots on the third
and fourth abdominal segments hardly oblique. One male has the hind
femora black as far as the tip, while in three females the black does
not extend beyond the middle.

=Syrphus disjectus= Williston.

A single female specimen, from Colorado, agrees well with the
description drawn from males. The pile of the thorax is more whitish
than orange-yellow, and there are light colored lateral margins on the
anterior part of the thorax.

=Syrphus ruficauda, n. sp.=, Plate vii, f. 3.

MALE. Eyes bare. Face greenish yellow on the sides, yellow in
the middle; a rather broad black line marks the border of the mouth
and is lost in the black of the cheeks. Frontal triangle yellow, with
long black pile. Antennae dark brown, more or less reddish below.
Pile of occiput light yellow. Dorsum of thorax deep metallic green,
the scutellum olivaceous yellow; both with light yellow pile. First
segment of the abdomen shining black; second segment opaque black,
with the lateral margins and hind border shining, and with a broad,
yellow, interrupted band, not reaching the lateral margins; third
segment similar, but with the yellow band somewhat wider, interrupted
or subinterrupted and slightly bilaterally oblique; fourth and fifth
segments orange-red, the sides narrowly black; the fourth segment shows
indistinctly a broad interrupted band of a somewhat lighter color,
corresponding to the yellow bands of the preceding segments. Legs light
brown; basal third of the front and middle femora and basal half of the
hind femora black. Wings hyaline, stigma yellowish.

FEMALE. Head wanting. Thorax purplish brown. The yellow band
on the second abdominal segment narrower, the second band straight,
narrower and interrupted. Legs light brown, except the proximal end of
the femora, which is black.

Length 9 millimeters. Three males and one female, Colorado.

=Syrphus pauxillus= Williston.

Two specimens from Colorado undoubtedly come here. The species was
described from a single male specimen. A female specimen offers the
following differences or additions: Length nine millimeters, mesonotum
more greenish black or bronze, the pile obscure whitish; fifth
abdominal segment without yellow spots on the anterior angles; legs
yellow, with the basal half of the front and middle femora, the hind
femora except the tip, a broad band on the hind tibiae, and the hind
tarsi, black.

=Syrphus ribesii= Linne.

Five specimens, Colorado.

=Syrphus americanus= Wiedemann.

Numerous specimens, Colorado.

=Syrphus umbellatarum= Schiner.

Five female specimens, Colorado. The only western locality heretofore
given is Arizona (Williston).

=Allograpta obliqua= Say.

Five specimens, Colorado.

=Mesogramma marginatum= Say.

Numerous specimens from Colorado, showing very great variation.

=Sphaerophoria cylindrica= Say.

Twenty specimens, Colorado. I think the specimens belong here,
though a positive identification is hardly possible at present.

=Rhingia nasica= Say.

One specimen, Colorado. This is the first time that this species
has been recorded from beyond the Mississippi.

=Copestylum marginatum= Say.

Two specimens, Colorado, representing the extremes of variation in the
species. The male corresponds to _C. lentum_ Williston. Specimens of
this species were bred from _Opuntia missouriensis_, in company with
others of _Volucella fasciata_ Macq.

=Sericomyia militaris= Walker.

Sixteen specimens from Minnesota and Colorado vary in the markings of
the second abdominal segment, and in the color of the legs. Some have
no spots at all on the second segment; in others the two yellow dots
are conspicuous, approaching, in size and shape, the markings of the
third segment. The tibiae vary from light yellow to reddish brown.

=Brachyopa cynops, n. sp.=, plate vii, f. 2.

Head light yellowish brown, largely concealed beneath light glistening
pollen; the shining ground color shows just above the antennae and in
a stripe on the cheeks, extending from the eye to the mouth opening.
Antennae wanting. Dorsum of thorax brown, covered with grayish pollen;
anteriorly with two approximated, linear, blackish stripes; laterally
with a broad, interrupted stripe. Scutellum light brown, with yellowish
pollen. Abdomen but little longer than broad; yellowish gray pollinose;
second segment with a circular brown spot in the anterior corners; the
two following segments are marked with corresponding elliptical spots,
and, in the middle of the anterior border with a triangular spot; on
the fifth segment are two small round spots. Legs uniformly reddish
brown, with light colored pollen and short whitish pile. Wing hyaline,
distinctly clouded at anterior cross-vein, on the veins at the anterior
outer corner of the discal cell and on the ultimate section of the
fourth vein; posterior cross-vein about as long as the penultimate
section of the fourth vein, the included angle obtuse.

Length 5 millimeters. One specimen, Colorado.

=Eristalis latifrons= Loew.

Numerous specimens, Colorado. The commonest Syrphid of the mountain
meadows. Some specimens have very indistinct brownish spots on the
second abdominal segment, and, when this is the case, the middle of the
wing generally shows a brown spot, and brown clouds along the anterior
veins between the spot and the base of the wing.

=Eristalis brousi= Williston.

One male specimen, Colorado.

=Helophilus latifrons= Loew.

Numerous specimens, Colorado.

=Xylota flavitibia= Bigot.

Eight specimens, Colorado. The glistening pile of the face and front
varies from white to a golden yellow. On the dorsum of the thorax
purplish stripes are distinctly visible. The fourth segment of the male
abdomen is often red, as in the female abdomen.

=Syritta pipiens= Linne.

Eight specimens, Colorado.

=Criorrhina umbratilis= Williston.

A single, male specimen, collected by Mr. W. J. Coleman, at Lawrence,
and agreeing exactly with the description. The only other known
specimen of this species is the type, at Washington, from Connecticut.

=Spilomyia quadrifasciata= Say.

Seven specimens, Lawrence, Kansas, (F. H. Snow and E. S. Tucker). The
species has not hitherto been recorded west of New York.




Notes on Melitera Dentata Grote.


BY VERNON L. KELLOGG.

WITH PLATE VIII.

At the meeting of the Entomological Club of the A. A. A. S., held in
August, 1891, at Washington, Dr. Riley called attention to the habits
of _Melitera prodenialis_ Walker. The larvae burrow into and feed upon
the fleshy leaves of the prickly pear, _Opuntia_. Dr. Riley’s specimens
came from Florida. Prof. J. B. Smith has recently bred the moth from
the prickly pear in New Jersey. His notes were presented at the same
meeting of the Club, and the brief references to the interesting
notes of Doctors Riley and Smith, made in the Canadian Entomologist
(v. xxiii, num. 11, pp. 242 and 256), suggest the presentation of the
following notes on _Melitera dentata_ Grote, the western species of
this Phycitid genus.

Chancellor F. H. Snow, of this University, while investigating a
grasshopper “outbreak” (_Dissosteira longipennis_) in eastern Colorado
in July, 1891, noted the withered and dying condition of many leaves
of the common prickly pear cactus (_Opuntia missouriensis_), and
on examining the leaves found in them certain large, naked, bluish
larvae. The larvae were imbedded in the fleshy leaves, eating away the
soft inner tissue. The hollowed-out spaces were nearly filled with
irregularly spherical, yellowish, translucent casts. The attacked
leaves were withered and brown without. Prof. Snow took a few leaves
and larvae on July 16, near Arriba, Colorado, and brought them to the
laboratory.

The larvae were put into breeding-cage on July 18. On July 28 one
larva had spun up and pupated in a corner of the cage behind a small
porcelain dish. Another had made a cocoon in a broken, empty pupa-case
of _Eacles imperialis_, but died before pupating. On August —— the
adults appeared, and have been determined by Prof. J. B. Smith as _M.
dentata_, Grote. As I am aware of no description of the earlier stages
of this species, I record the following notes of description:

EGG. About 1-1.2 millimeters in diameter, surface with broad,
meridian-like furrows from one pole for about one-third of the distance
to the other pole. Color, creamy white.

LARVA. Food plant, _Opuntia missouriensis_, prickly pear
cactus, burrowing into the fleshy leaves and eating the soft,
succulent, inner tissues. Length, 40 millimeters. Five pairs of
prolegs. Color, one specimen, ultramarine blue; skin, semi-transparent
and shining anteriorly, dead blue on dorsum; second specimen, buffy
with a bluish suffusion, blue between segments, prolegs bluish, and
last abdominal segment blue, especially below; skin more opaque than
in first specimen. No pronounced markings of skin; spiracles shining
black and present on first thoracic and first to tenth abdominal
segments. Head flattened, slightly narrower than first thoracic
segment, umber. Prothoracic shield well marked, brownish black; anal
shield, smoky brownish. Clothing, limited to tubercled hairs sparsely
distributed as follows: a subdorsal line of small tubercles, two
tubercles to a segment, each tubercle bearing three short, fine hairs;
a supra-stigmatic line, one tubercle to each segment, each tubercle
bearing three to four fine hairs; a similar infra-stigmatic line; a
sub-ventral line of tubercles, bearing usually four fine hairs, the
tubercles of the three thoracic segments in this line situated at base
of legs outside, and similarly as to the prolegs on the third to sixth
abdominal segments. The tubercles in all the lines are faintly smoky.
The larva is rather heavy, and rotund in form, tapering toward both
head and posterior segment. It moves with a lumbering gait, but rather
rapidly.

CHRYSALIS. Length, 20 millimeters; in cocoon of silk, loosely
covered with small dirt-masses. As made in the breeding cage the
cocoons were above ground, but concealed under or in available objects.

ADULT. The adults obtained from the breeding cage, (there
are no others in our collection), are easily distinguished from
_prodenialis_ Wlk., by the much stronger dentations of the outer line
of the primaries. Prof. Smith kindly sent a specimen of _prodenialis_
taken at Ocean Grove, New Jersey, for comparison. The row of marginal
black spots on the primaries which Hulst (Tran. Am. Ent. Soc., v.
xvii, p. 172) mentions as distinctive of dentata is as pronounced in
Prof. Smith’s specimen of _prodenialis_ as in our _dentata_. The much
lighter color of the primaries, head and thorax in dentata as mentioned
by Hulst is characteristic. An interesting feature in the venation of
the hind wings in our bred specimens of _dentata_ is the considerable
coalescence of the sub-costal and costal veins. Vein five is wanting,
as mentioned by Hulst. In addition, there is further departure from
a normal venation, in that vein seven after rising with six from its
stem, (Hulst says: “Six short stemmed with seven”), coalesces for a
short distance with eight and then runs free to the margin. Behind the
forking of seven and six the stem (remnant of sub-costal) unites with
the costal, and its basal portion is wholly merged with the forward
vein. This partial disappearance of the sub-costal seems to be shared
by _prodenialis_ and is probably characteristic of the genus.

Prof. Smith, as recorded in the Canadian Naturalist, v. viii, p. 242,
(1891), bred several specimens of _Volucella fasciata_, a Syrphid fly,
from the same prickly pear leaves in which the _Melitera_ larvae were
living. It is interesting to note that pupariae and later, adults of
_Volucella fasciata_ and _Copestylum marginatum_, a closely allied
Syrphid, were noted in the Opuntia leaves from which _M. dentata_ was
bred. (See note by Dr. Williston, Entomological News, v. ii, p. 165,
1891).




Diptera Brasiliana.


BY S. W. WILLISTON.

PART II.[11]

[11] See Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. xv, p. 243, for Part I.


CONOPS.

  1. First basal cell hyaline                                        2
     First basal cell clouded throughout                             6

  2. Third joint of the antennae as long as the first two together;
      small species                                    _parvus_, n. sp.

  Third joint of the antennae but little if any longer than the
      second joint                                                   3

  3. First posterior cell hyaline                                    4
     First posterior cell more or less clouded                       5

  4. Cheeks yellow                               _angustifrons_, n. sp.
     Cheeks black                                     _ornatus_, n. sp.

  5. Face black in ground-color                 _argentifacies_, n. sp.
     Face yellow, large species                       _grandis_, n. sp.

  6. Red species; front red                             _rufus_, n. sp.
     Black species; front black                                      7

  7. Face and cheeks black in ground-color             _magnus_, n. sp.
     Face and cheeks yellow                         _inornatus_, n. sp.

1. =Conops magnus, n. sp.=

FEMALE. Front black, shining, the vertical callosity somewhat
reddish. Face and cheeks yellowish brown, the orbits silvery pollinose.
Antennae brownish black; second and third joints subequal, first
joint about two-thirds the length of the second; third joint of the
style with a long bristly extremity. Thorax shining black; pleurae
lightly whitish pollinose. Abdomen deep black, opaque; lightly whitish
pollinose posteriorly; ventral process of the fifth segment large.
Wings deep brown in front, extending through the two basal cells, and
the basal part of the discal cell; outer part of the first posterior
cell subhyaline, as also behind the streak corresponding to the
spurious vein of the Syrphidae. Legs black; base of the femora, of the
tibiae, and of the tarsi, somewhat yellowish.

Length 21-24 millimeters. Six specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith.

2. =Conops grandis, n. sp.=

FEMALE. Front black, the lower margin of the vertical
callosity reddish; just below the callosity opaque, elsewhere shining.
Antennae black; the second and third joints of nearly equal length; the
first joint about two-thirds the length of the second joint; style with
a long bristly extremity. Face and cheeks light yellow, the orbital
margins of the former silvery or light golden pollinose. Thorax black,
the mesonotum shining, the pleurae lightly whitish pollinose. Abdomen
deep black; posteriorly lightly pollinose. Wings brown in front;
first posterior cell and the space behind the streak corresponding to
the spurious vein of the Syrphidae in the first posterior cell, pure
hyaline; outer part of the first posterior cell subhyaline; a brown
streak in front of the fifth vein. Legs black; the tibiae and basal
joints of the tarsi in large part reddish or yellowish; pulvilli light
yellow; ventral process of the fifth segment extraordinarily large;
seventh segment as long as the three preceding together.

MALE. Abdomen in ground-color black, either wholly so, or more
or less, or rarely entirely, red; the ground color, save at the base,
however, is almost wholly obscured by reddish brown pollen.

Length 19-23 millimeters. Six specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith.

3. =Conops rufus, n. sp.=

MALE, FEMALE. Head red; face in the depression yellow, on the
sides with a silvery sheen. Antennae black; first joint red, more than
half of the length of the second joint; second joint sometimes reddish
at the base; third joint about as long as the second joint, stout;
third joint of the style suddenly attenuated into a moderately long
bristly extremity. Thorax red; mesonotum with a median black stripe,
and an oval, more or less distinct spot on either side; a golden
pollinose spot on the inner side of each humerus. Abdomen red, lightly
pollinose, the median segments more or less black; ventral process in
the female large; the sixth segment in the same sex about as long as
the two preceding together. Legs red, the tarsi a little darker, the
pulvilli and the ungues, save their black tip, yellow. Wings brown in
front, the brown extending to the fifth vein in the basal part of the
discal cell; the space behind the spurious vein in the first posterior
cell hyaline; the outer part of the same cell subhyaline.

Length 16-17 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith.

4. =Conops angustifrons, n. sp.=

MALE. Front much longer than wide; black, shining at the
vertex and below; an opaque band below the vertical callosity. Antennae
black, the third joint somewhat reddish below towards the base; the
first joint about half of the length of the third joint; third joint
distinctly shorter than the second, rather broad at the base; style
small, attenuate. Face, cheeks and the lower part of the occiput
wholly light yellow. Thorax opaque black; a whitish pollinose spot
on the inner side of each humerus; vertical pleural pollinose spot
not distinctly limited above; a row of dorso-pleural, at least two
prescutellar, and four scutellar, well-developed bristles. Abdomen
subopaque black; second segment yellow at the base; sixth segment
opaque golden yellow pollinose. Wings brownish before the third
longitudinal vein, the first basal and the first posterior cells wholly
hyaline; a streak before the fifth vein. Legs deep brown; the base of
all the tibiae, the large pulvilli, and the claws (except their tips)
yellow.

Length 12 millimeters. One specimen, Chapada, H. H. Smith. This species
is peculiar in its narrow front, bristles of the thorax, and hyaline
first posterior cell.

5. =Conops nobilis, n. sp.=

FEMALE. Head black; front, below the vertical callosity,
except a crescentic space above the base of the antennae, opaque;
face, on the sides and in the depression, with a conspicuous, light
yellowish silvery reflection; in an oblique light from above the
ground-color wholly concealed. Antennae black; the reddish first joint
about two-thirds the length of the third joint; the third joint about
two-thirds of the length of the slender second joint; third joint
of the style with a short bristly extremity. Thorax black, lightly
pollinose, opaque; on the front margin, and near the humeri, velvety;
in the middle in front distinctly whitish when seen from behind.
Abdomen black, subshining; second segment deep opaque black, save on
the anterior part, where it is whitish pollinose; ventral process of
the fifth segment small. Legs black; the tarsi and claws (save their
extreme tips) light yellow; pulvilli very large, yellow; the tarsi
dilated. Wings unequally brown in front, scarcely extending beyond the
third vein, save in the first posterior cell; the costal cell and the
outer part of the wing in front of the third vein of a lighter color.

Length 12 millimeters. One specimen, Chapada, H. H. Smith.

6. =Conops inornatus, n. sp.=

MALE. Front black, shining, the vertical callosity reddish.
Face yellow, with golden pollen on the sides extending up on the
lower part of the front. Cheeks wholly yellow. Thorax black, shining,
lightly pollinose; margins of the thorax and of the scutellum with
moderately large bristles. Abdomen slender, black, shining; the narrow
hind margins of the third and fourth segments, the fifth on the sides
and behind, and the sixth nearly wholly, light golden pollinose. Legs
brown; base of tibiae yellow; basal joints of the tarsi yellowish.
Wings subhyaline, without distinct picture, though the color is more
intense in front; yellow in the costal cell.

FEMALE. Wings distinctly brown before the third vein and
in the basal cells and proximal portion of the discal cell. Abdomen
diffusely whitish pollinose behind; the second segment largely reddish;
ventral process of the fifth segment small.

Length 10 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith.

7. =Conops ornatus, n. sp.=

MALE. Vertical callosity reddish; below it an opaque black
band, connected in the middle with a V-shaped spot about the base of
the antennae; the front elsewhere, and the face for the greater part,
light yellow, the sides of the latter with a broad silvery sheen.
Cheeks black. Antennae red; the first joint a little shorter than the
third joint; second joint about twice the length of the first; style
short, thick. Thorax black, opaque; near the humeri and behind, as
also on the scutellum, thickly golden pollinose; pleurae diffusely
pollinose. Abdomen opaque black; the hind margin of the first three
segments, and the remainder of the abdomen, save spots on the sides of
the fourth and fifth segments, thickly light golden pollinose. Legs
reddish brown, the base of the tibiae and the basal joints of the tarsi
yellowish. The brown of the wings extends to the third vein and through
the middle of the first posterior cell; costal and subcostal cells
lighter colored.

Length 11 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith.

8. =Conops parvus, n. sp.=

FEMALE. Closely allied to _C. sylvosus_ Williston, but differs
in the lighter colored antennae and their more elongated third joint,
which is as long as the first two joints together; in the wings being
wholly grayish hyaline, save a quadrate brown spot in front a little
beyond the middle; and in the lighter colored legs and abdomen. The
proboscis is as long as the antennae; the legs are brown or brownish
yellow.

Length 8 millimeters. Two specimens, Chapada, H. H. Smith.


Explanation of Plates.

     PLATE I. Skull of _Pteranodon_ sp., one-fifth
        natural size.

     PLATE II. Left front paddle of _Clidastes velox_
        Marsh, two-thirds natural size. _C_, coracoid; _S_,
        scapula; _H_, humerus; _I_, first digit; _V_, fifth
        digit.

     PLATE III. Left hind paddle of _Clidastes velox_
        Marsh, two-thirds natural size. _Il_, ilium; _P_, pubis;
        _Is_, ischium; _F_, femur; _T_, tibia; _Fb_, fibula;
        _I_, first metatarsal.

     PLATE IV. Right front paddle of _Clidastes Westii_
        Williston, one-third natural size. _S_, scapula; _C_,
        coracoid; _H_, humerus; _R_, radius; _U_, ulna; _I_,
        _IV_, first, fourth digits.

     PLATE V. Right hind paddle of _Clidastes Westii_
        Williston, one-half natural size.

     PLATE VI. Eighteenth dorsal vertebra of _Clidastes
        Westii_ Williston, natural size. Fig. 1, centrum from
        behind; fig. 2, from below.

     PLATE VII. Fig. 1, _Microdon megalogaster_ Snow;
        fig. 2, _Brachyopa cynops_ Snow; fig. 3, _Syrphus
        ruficauda_ Snow; fig. 4, _Callicera montensis_ Snow;
        fig. 5, _Tropidomyia bimaculata_ Williston; fig. 6,
        _Rhingiopsis rostrata_ Roeder; fig. 7, _Ancanthina
        hieroglyphica_ Wiedemann.

     PLATE VIII. _Melitera dentata._ Adult, silken
        cocoon and outer layer of dirt-masses held together by
        silken threads; larva (shaded); larva in outline showing
        position and number of tubercled hairs; hind wing of
        adult showing venation.

PLATE I.

Skull of _Pteranodon_ sp., one-fifth natural size.

[Illustration: KAN. UNIV. QUART. VOL. I. PLATE I.

S. W. Williston.]

PLATE II.

Left front paddle of _Clidastes velox_ Marsh, two-thirds natural size.
_C_, coracoid; _S_, scapula; _H_, humerus; _I_, first digit; _V_, fifth
digit.

[Illustration: PLATE II.

S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.]

PLATE III.

Left hind paddle of _Clidastes velox_ Marsh, two-thirds natural size.
_Il_, ilium; _P_, pubis; _Is_, ischium; _F_, femur; _T_, tibia; _Fb_,
fibula; _I_, first metatarsal.

[Illustration: PLATE III.

S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.]

PLATE IV.

Right front paddle of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, one-third natural
size. _S_, scapula; _C_, coracoid; _H_, humerus; _R_, radius; _U_,
ulna; _I_, _IV_, first, fourth digits.

[Illustration: PLATE IV.

S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.]

PLATE V.

Right hind paddle of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, one-half natural
size.

[Illustration: PLATE V.

S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.]

PLATE VI.

Eighteenth dorsal vertebra of _Clidastes Westii_ Williston, natural
size. Fig. 1, centrum from behind; fig. 2, from below.

[Illustration: PLATE VI.

FIG. 1.

FIG. 2.

S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.]

PLATE VII.

  Fig. 1, _Microdon megalogaster_ Snow.
  Fig. 2, _Brachyopa cynops_ Snow.
  Fig. 3, _Syrphus ruficauda_ Snow.
  Fig. 4, _Callicera montensis_ Snow.
  Fig. 5, _Tropidomyia bimaculata_ Williston.
  Fig. 6, _Promerisana nasuta_ Macq.
  Fig. 7, _Ancanthina hieroglyphica_ Wiedemann.

[Illustration: PLATE VII.

Mary Wellman and S. W. Williston, ad nat. del.]

PLATE VIII.

_Melitera dentata_ Grote; adult, silken cocoon and outer layer of
dirt-masses held together by silken threads; larva (shaded); larva in
outline showing position and number of tubercled hairs; hind wing of
adult showing venation.

[Illustration: PLATE VIII.

Mary Wellman, ad nat. del.]




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