Produced by Turgut Dincer, Les Galloway and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)






[Illustration: PLAN OF VIENNA, WITH THE TURKISH APPROACHES.]




                                  THE

                           SIEGES OF VIENNA

                                  BY

                              THE TURKS.

          TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN OF KARL AUGUST SCHIMMER
                          AND OTHER SOURCES,

                       BY THE EARL OF ELLESMERE.


  Think with what passionate delight
    The tale was told in Christian halls,
  How Sobieski turned to flight
    The Muslim from Vienna’s walls.
  How, when his horse triumphant trod
    The Burghers’ richest robes upon,
  The ancient words rose loud—From God
    A man was sent, whose name was John.

  _Palm Leaves, by Richard Monckton Miles._


                            _NEW EDITION._


                                LONDON:
                    JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
                                 1879.




                                LONDON:
                  PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
                  STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.




PREFACE.


The narrative specified in the Title from which the following pages
are in general borrowed, and in great part translated, is the work
of a gentleman resident in Vienna, and enjoying as such access to
the numerous and valuable sources of information extant in the
archives of that city. The other sources to which I have adverted in
the title-page, and which I have used for purposes of addition and
verification, are principally the well-known Turkish ‘History of Von
Hammer;’ ‘The Life of Sobieski, by the French Abbé Coyer;’ the ‘History
of Poland, by Monsieur de Salvandy;’ and the invaluable volume of ‘John
Sobieski’s Letters, translated from the Polish by the Count Plater.’ I
may add that, as many of the rarer printed tracts of the time, cited
by Mr. Schimmer, are to be found in the British Museum, I have not
failed to avail myself of the assistance of my friend Mr. Panizzi for
their examination. Towards the close of my labour, and in fact through
the narrative of the second siege, I have been less faithful as a
translator than in the earlier portion. The introduction of such a
character as Sobieski on the scene will be my apology to Mr. Schimmer
for this divergence, and for the insertion of such matter as I have
ventured to embroider on the ground of his narrative. Of the letters
of John Sobieski I have spoken my opinion in the text. The style of the
Abbé Coyer seems to me such as might entitle his biography of Sobieski
to take rank with Voltaire’s Charles XII. and other standard works
as a class book for students of the French language. I am indebted
to Monsieur de Salvandy for some details of the great battle for the
relief of Vienna which have escaped the notice of Ulric and the other
German narrators.




TWO SIEGES OF VIENNA,

BY

THE TURKS.




CHAPTER I.


The fall of Constantinople in 1453 was followed by a rapid extension
of the arms and power of the conqueror, Mahomet II. Within a short
period he subjected Persia, the whole of Greece and the Morea, most
of the islands of the Archipelago, and Trebisond on the coast of Asia
Minor, the seat of the Greek empire of the Comnenes. The last of that
dynasty, Daniel Comnenus, he took prisoner, and shortly after caused
him with his family to be executed for the alleged offence, probably a
mere pretext, of an understanding with the Persians. In 1467 Mahomet
took from the Venetians, in addition to several possessions in the
Morea, the island of Eubœa, and, in 1474, Caffa from the Genoese.
The hostilities in which he was soon afterwards involved with Persia
hindered him from further pursuing his conquests against the Christian
powers, who on their side were prevented by their unhappy dissensions
and divisions from attempting to retrieve their losses. In general
their campaigns against the Turks were confined to purely defensive
operations, and it was not till a much later period that common need
and danger produced a more general system of aggressive action. In
1480 Mahomet II. attacked the island of Rhodes, the conquest of which
he had it much at heart to accomplish; he was, however, repulsed with
great loss by its defenders, the Knights of St. John. Upon this repulse
he directed his arms against Italy, took Otranto, and would probably
have pushed his conquests further in that country, if death had not
overtaken him, on an expedition to Persia, in 1481. He had overthrown
two empires and ten other sovereignties, and captured more than 200
cities. He directed as an inscription for his tomb the following
sentence, simple, but significant to his successors:—“I wished to take
Rhodes and subdue Italy.” His two immediate successors, Bajazet II.,
who reigned from 1481 to 1512, and Selim I. (1512 to 1520), prosecuted
schemes of conquest in various directions. The latter was in particular
the founder of an extensive naval power, before which those of Venice
and Genoa, so considerable at that time, were compelled to quail. He
conquered also Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, and reduced to
subjection the powerful Sheikh of Mecca. In wisdom, however, in power,
and in glory, this Soliman was surpassed by his son, the second of that
name, the greatest of the Ottoman sovereigns, under whom the Turkish
empire attained a pitch of splendour which has not been equalled before
or since. In acquirements he was far beyond his age and country: in
addition to the Turkish language, he was master of Persian and Arabic;
he also understood Italian; and in that kind of metrical compositions
which are called, in Turkish, Misen, the critics of that country
pronounced him to exceed all others. In military achievements he was
equally distinguished among the sovereigns of his race, and ranks with
Mahomet II. as a conqueror. In the first year of his reign, he acquired
in Belgrade the key of the Danube, and opened the way for his further
advance into Hungary. In the following year, 1522, he carried into
execution the unaccomplished wish and dying injunction of Mahomet II.
in the subjection of Rhodes, and on Christmas-night held his triumphant
entry into the conquered city. Soon afterwards he directed his forces
again upon Hungary, in which country internal dissensions afforded him
a favourable opportunity for the furtherance of his plans of conquest.

King Louis II. of Hungary, the feeble successor of his illustrious
father, Ladislaus II., had ascended the throne in 1516, under the
guardianship of the Emperor Maximilian I., and of Sigismund, King
of Poland, his uncle. At the very commencement of his reign, an
insurrection of his nobles threatened to deprive him of the throne.
He had, moreover, mortally offended the ambitious John Zapolya,
Count of Zips, who held as wayvode the government of Transylvania,
and excited him to the most destructive projects by passing him over
on the occasion of the election to the office of Palatine.[1] This
man, whose name, like that of Tekeli, is so intimately connected with
the misfortunes of his country, was born in 1487, the son of Stephen
Zapolya, one of the best officers of the great king and warrior Mathias
Corvinus. Inheriting the rewards of his father’s valour in the shape
of vast possessions and important governments, he was distinguished
through life by restless ambition, great talents for intrigue, and
on some occasions by acts of inventive cruelty which exceed in
extravagance of horror all that Suetonius has related of the Roman
emperors. By a reckless acceptance of Turkish aid, and by treachery as
reckless to his engagements with that power, he partially succeeded
in the great object of his adventurous life—his establishment on the
throne of Hungary. He died a natural death in 1540, leaving an infant
son, who succeeded him in the government of Transylvania, but who
struggled in vain to establish himself in that of Hungary. With his
death in 1570 this race of able and dangerous men fortunately became
extinct.

Soliman found little resistance to his invasion of Hungary.
Peterwaradin and the Bannat fell quickly into his hands; and on the
20th August, 1526, occurred that disastrous battle which in Hungary
still bears the name of the Destruction of Mohacs. Zapolya remained
with his forces motionless at Szegedin, careless of the fate of
kingdom or king; while the latter, with scarcely 20,000 men and little
artillery, stood opposed to a tenfold superior force of the Turks. The
wiser heads of the army advised the waiting for reinforcements, but
they were overruled by Paul Timoreus, Archbishop of Koloeza, a man who
seems to have united every quality which could unfit him for either
the sacred functions he had abandoned or those which he had assumed of
military command. The arrival, still hoped for, of Zapolya, with the
excellent cavalry of Transylvania, might have saved Hungary, but it
would have deprived the prelate of the chief command; and the latter
preferred to risk his own life, that of the sovereign, and the fortunes
of Hungary, in premature and unequal battle. In less than two hours
Soliman had gained a complete victory; the prelate paid the penalty
of his presumption with his life, and with him perished the flower of
the Hungarian nobility, many of his episcopal brethren, and lastly the
unfortunate King Louis himself, suffocated beneath his floundering
horse, and borne down by the weight of his armour, in a swamp through
which he was urging his flight. The jewels in which the plume of his
helmet was set led ultimately to the discovery and identification of
the body. Scarcely 4000 men, led by the Palatine Bathory, escaped
under the cover of night from this disastrous battle. Soliman pushed
forward his troops, intoxicated with success, as far as the Platten
and Neusiedler lakes, laid waste the country, and burnt Fünfkirchen
and Pesth. On the news, however, of disturbances in Asia, he suddenly
retired, dragging with him 200,000 persons into captivity, but soon to
re-appear in terrible power at the gates of Vienna itself.

The circumstances of the succession to the throne of Hungary were
well calculated to invite and facilitate that return. Upon the death
of Louis without issue, in virtue of his double connexion by marriage
with the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria (afterwards Emperor), and of
a treaty concluded between his father Ladislaus and the House of
Austria, the right to the throne devolved upon the latter, of which
the Archduke was the representative. The royal widow, Mary, sister to
Ferdinand, convoked, for the purpose of ratifying this arrangement, a
diet at Presburgh, whither she had been compelled to fly when Pesth
surrendered. Her intention, however, was frustrated by the counter
measures of John Zapolya, who, after solemnizing the obsequies of Louis
at Stuhlweissenburg, had, with the assent of many of the magnates,
proclaimed himself king, and had caused himself to be crowned on the
11th November, 1526. He appealed to an ancient law by which no one
but a born Hungarian could occupy the throne, although it had never
been universally acknowledged, and had been set aside by the recent
arrangements. Ferdinand now sent against him an army under the command
of a brave man, Nicholas, Count of Salm, who defeated him near Tokay.
By the exertions of the faithful Palatine Bathory, a considerable party
was created in favour of Ferdinand, and his coronation was celebrated
at Pesth on the 21st August, 1527. After two successive defeats at
Erlau and Szinye, Zapolya was compelled to abandon Transylvania and to
take refuge in Poland. The magnates of Hungary now came over in great
numbers to the party of Ferdinand, and he rejoiced in the prospect of
an undisturbed possession of his newly acquired sovereignty. Zapolya,
however, though on all sides deserted, and destitute of troops and
money, persevered in his designs, and made every exertion to gain over
to his cause the nobility of Poland and their king, Sigismund, his
brother-in-law by marriage with his sister Barbara. These attempts
were in most instances fruitless; but he succeeded with Jerome Laski,
Wayvode of Siradia, a man of resource and enterprise, who showed
hospitality to the fugitive, and promised him every possible support.
Laski, however, conscious of the inadequacy of his own means to effect
his friend’s restoration in opposition to the House of Austria, gave
him the deplorable advice to betake himself to the Sultan. We are
assured by several contemporary writers that Zapolya long hesitated
to follow this fatal counsel; and it is not incredible that he felt
some compunction in throwing himself into the arms of the arch enemy
of Christianity, and in possibly exposing half Europe to Mahometan
invasion. The condition, however, of his affairs, and his ambition,
urged him to the desperate step, which was somewhat reconciled to his
conscience by the knowledge that Ferdinand himself had despatched an
embassy to Constantinople to conciliate the good will of the Sultan.
Zapolya overlooked the distinction that Ferdinand’s object was to
establish peace, while his own was to kindle a desolating war of race
and religion. So soon as his resolution was adopted, Laski undertook
in person a journey to Constantinople, accompanied by a renegade
Venetian, Ludovico Gritti, who served him as interpreter. He found
ready audience from the Sultan, who asked for nothing better than
pretext and opportunity to lead his hitherto unconquered forces into
the heart of Christendom. The Sultan had also been highly irritated
by the injudicious behaviour of Ferdinand’s envoy, a Hungarian named
Hobordansky, who had chosen this unpropitious juncture to demand not
merely the unconditional recognition of Ferdinand as king of Hungary,
but also to insist with violence on the restoration of Belgrade and
Jaicza. Demands such as these, addressed in peremptory language to a
sovereign flushed with recent conquest, produced their immediate and
natural consequences in facilitating the designs of Zapolya. A treaty
was without delay concluded, by which Soliman undertook to effect his
restoration to the throne of Hungary. Zapolya, by secret articles of
this compact, engaged in return not merely to pay an annual tribute in
money, but to place every ten years at the disposal of the Sultan a
tenth part of the population of Hungary, of both sexes, and to afford
for ever free passage through the kingdom to the Ottoman forces. At the
same time Soliman dismissed the envoys of Ferdinand with the menace
“that he would soon come to drive the latter out of a kingdom which
he had unjustly acquired; that he would look for him on the field of
Mohacs, or even in Pesth; and should Ferdinand shrink from meeting him
at either, he would offer him battle under the walls of Vienna itself.”
It was thus that through treason in one quarter, ill-timed audacity in
another, and the restless spirit of conquest and progression which the
Turks derived from their Tartar origin, the crisis arrived so pregnant
with evil consequences to an important portion of Christian Europe.


FOOTNOTES:

[1] It is difficult to illustrate the very peculiar institutions of
Hungary by reference to those of any other state, as I know of none
which presents any near analogy to the office of Palatine. He is chosen
by the king out of four magnates presented for election by the states
of the kingdom. He represents the king, and is the constitutional
mediator between him and his subjects in all matters at issue between
them. As President of the highest court of appeal, he resembles our
Lord Chancellor, and, like him, takes precedence of all subjects except
the primate, the Archbishop of Gran. From 1765 to Joseph II.’s death in
1790 the office remained vacant. It has since been usually filled by an
Austrian Archduke.—E.




CHAPTER II.

From 1527 to September 11, 1529.


The Turkish preparations were pushed forward with great vigour, and
in a short time an immense army was assembled in the great plain of
Philippopolis. Although the Sultan had originally formed the intention
of marching with it in person, he nevertheless appointed to its command
his famous Grand Vizier and favourite Ibrahim. This man was by birth a
Greek, of moderate stature, dark complexion, and had been in infancy
sold as a slave to Soliman. He soon by his intelligence, his musical
talents, his aspiring and enterprising spirit, won the favour of his
master, and after Soliman’s accession to the throne participated
with him in the exercise of the highest powers of the state, in the
character of Vizier, brother-in-law, friend, and favourite, and enjoyed
such distinctions as neither Turkish favourite nor minister has ever
before or since attained. He not only often interchanged letters with
his master, but frequently his clothes, slept in the same chamber,
had his own seraglio in the Hippodrome, and his own colour, sky-blue,
for the livery of his pages and for his standard. He insisted in his
communications with Ferdinand on the title of brother and cousin. In a
Latin verse which he addressed to the Venetian ambassador, he signified
that while his master had the attributes of Jupiter, he himself was the
Cæsar of the world. Yet all this exaltation was destined to the usual
termination of the career of an Oriental favourite. He was murdered in
1536 by command of Soliman, on suspicion of a design to place himself
on the throne.

Soliman had intended to put his army in motion in 1528, but his stores
were destroyed, and his arrangements paralysed by rains of such
extraordinary violence, that the troops, and even his own person, were
endangered. A year’s respite was thus afforded to the Austrians,—the
more valuable to them because, as all accounts concur in stating, they
had in the first instance placed little reliance on the accounts of the
Turkish preparations for war, and had entertained a very unreasonable
disbelief in any serious intention on the part of Soliman to carry his
menaces into execution. The threats and vaunting of Oriental despots
may generally be received with much allowance for grandiloquence; but
in this instance Ferdinand should have remembered that the sovereign
who uttered them had already once overrun Hungary to the frontiers
of Austria, and had good reason, from past experience, to anticipate
success in a renewed invasion. On the 10th of April, 1529, the Sultan
left Constantinople at the head of an army of at least 200,000 men.
Zapolya, on his part, was not idle. He applied to nearly all the powers
of Europe, not excepting even the Pope, Clement VII., whom he knew to
be at this period on bad terms with the Emperor, urging them to support
what he termed his just cause. These applications were unavailing;
the Pope replied by excommunicating him, by exhorting the magnates of
Hungary to the support of Ferdinand, and by urging the latter to draw
the sword without delay in defence of Christendom.

Zapolya, supported by the money of some Polish nobles, and by some
bands of Turkish freebooters, pushed forward early in April into
Hungary at the head of about 2000 men, summoning on all sides the
inhabitants to his support. Near Kaschan, however, he was attacked
and completely routed by the Austrian commander Da Rewa. Meanwhile
the Turkish army advanced without other hindrance than heavy rains
and the natural difficulties of the passes of the Balkan, and by the
end of June had effected the passage of the rivers of Servia, and
had crossed the Hungarian frontier. Before the main body marched
a terrible advanced guard of 30,000 men, spreading desolation in
every direction. Their leader was a man worthy of such command of
bloodthirsty barbarians, the terrible Mihal Oglou, whose ancestor, Kose
Mihal, or Michael of the Pointed Beard, derived his origin from the
imperial race of the Palæologi, and on the female side was related to
the royal houses of France and Savoy. His descendants were hereditary
leaders of those wild and terrible bands of horsemen called by the
Turks “Akindschi,” _i. e._ “hither streaming,” or “overflowing;” by
the Italians, “Guastadori,” the spoilers; by the French, “Faucheurs”
and “Ecorcheurs,” mowers and flayers; but by the Germans universally
“Sackman,” possibly because they filled their own sacks with plunder,
or emptied those of other people. Whether this explanation be correct
or not, it is certain that the name long retained its terrors in
Austria, and that down to the beginning of the eighteenth century
mothers used it to frighten their unruly children.

Meanwhile Zapolya, encouraged by the progress of the Turk, had ventured
his own person in an advance upon Hungary; many of his old adherents
joined his standard, and he collected an army of some 6000 men, with
which he came on to join the Sultan. The meeting took place in the
field of Mohacs. Zapolya was received with acclamation by the Turks,
and with presents and other marks of honour by the Sultan, whose hand
he kissed in homage for the sovereignty of Hungary. The Sultan assured
him of his future protection, and awarded him among other royal honours
a body-guard of Janissaries. After the army had refreshed itself it
proceeded slowly, occupying the fortified places to the right and left;
and in thirteen days after its departure from Mohacs the Sultan’s
tents were pitched in the vineyards of Pesth, the inhabitants of which
had for the most part fled either to Vienna or Poland. The garrison
consisted of only about a thousand German and Hungarian soldiers, under
Thomas Nadasky, who in the first instance showed the best disposition
towards a manful defence. The Turks, however, after continuing a
well-sustained fire from the neighbouring heights for four days, were
proceeding—although no breach had been effected—to storm the defences,
when the courage of the garrison failed them. The latter, with the few
remaining inhabitants, retired into the citadel, and the Turks occupied
the town. Nadasky was firmly resolved to hold out to the last, with
the view of delaying as long as possible the advance of the enemy; but
the soldiers had lost all courage, and preferred to obey two of their
German officers, who entered into a capitulation with the Turks, and
answered Nadasky’s remonstrances by putting him into confinement. The
Vizier rejoiced at the prospect of removing an obstacle which might
have materially affected the ulterior plan of his campaign at so
advanced a period of the season, and eagerly accepted the conditions,
promising them life and liberty; and thus by mutiny and treason was
the fortress surrendered on the 7th September. The traitors soon found
reason to repent their crime. The event was one which, in justice to
the Sultan, demands a close investigation, for the naked circumstances
were such as to fix a stigma of bad faith on that sovereign, who,
however open to the charge of cruelty, was usually distinguished by a
rigid and even magnanimous adherence to his word. In many accounts,
contemporary and later, he is accused in this instance of a reckless
violation of his promises. It is certain that the garrison was
massacred, but there is reason to believe that this occurred neither
with the sanction of the Sultan nor without provocation on the part of
the victims. The Janissaries were in a temper bordering on mutiny on
being disappointed of a general plunder of the fortress. Stones were
flying at their officers, and the second in their command had been
wounded. Through the ranks of these men the garrison had to defile
amid expressions of contempt for their cowardice. A German soldier,
irritated at this treatment, exclaimed that if he had been in command
no surrender would have exposed them to it. This information being
received, as might be expected, with redoubled insult, the stout German
lost patience, and with his sword he struck a Janissary to the ground.
The general massacre which naturally ensued was certainly not by the
order, and probably against the will, of the Sultan, as indeed the
writer, Cantemir, a bitter enemy of the Turk, acknowledges. Not more
than sixty men escaped this sweeping execution, part of whom escaped
by flight and part were made prisoners. A proof, however, of Soliman’s
appreciation of honour and courage is to be found in the fact that he
not only eulogized the fidelity and firmness of Nadasky, but dismissed
him on his parole not to serve against the Turks during the war. This
generosity is the more to be praised as it was exercised in the teeth
of the resistance not only of the embittered Janissaries, but of the
Hungarian traitors in the suite of Zapolya. The fortress was placed
in the hands of that leader, who remained behind with a sufficient
garrison in charge of it, while the Turkish army pursued its triumphant
progress over the Austrian frontier. On the 14th September Zapolya
was solemnly installed on the Hungarian throne, the ceremony being
attended, however, on the part of Soliman only by the Segbanbaschi, or
second in command of the Janissaries, and by Soliman’s commissioner in
Hungary, the Venetian Gritti, whose name has been already mentioned. A
Turkish commandant was left in the place, and the Pacha of Semendria,
Mohammed Bey, was sent on in advance towards Vienna to obtain
intelligence and clear the roads.




CHAPTER III.


Before Soliman quitted Pesth he had issued a proclamation to the effect
that “Whosoever in Hungary should withhold obedience and subjection
from the Count John of Zips, Wayvode of Transylvania, whom the Sultan
had named king, had replaced in the sovereignty, and had engaged
himself to uphold, should be punished and extirpated with fire and
sword; but that those who should submit themselves should be stoutly
protected, and maintained in the possession of their property and
privileges.” On the 21st of September, Soliman with his main army
crossed the Raab at Altenburg in Hungary, and on the same day his
advanced corps of plunderers and destroyers under Michael Oglou, after
spreading terror far and wide around them, reached the neighbourhood of
Vienna. It may be questioned whether the main objects of the campaign
were promoted by the employment of this force. As a scourge to the
defenceless portion of an enemy’s country, none could be so effective;
but though terror may paralyze the resistance of the scattered and
the weak, cruelty serves to excite the indignation and organize the
resistance of those beyond its immediate reach; and in the case of
the Sackman cruelty was combined with a reckless treachery, which was
laid to the account and affixed to the reputation of the general body
of the invaders and their great leader, in some instances hardly with
justice. Contemporary writers have exhausted their powers of language
in describing the atrocities perpetrated by these marauders. We find,
for example, in a rare pamphlet of the time,[2] the following: “At
which time did the Sackman spread himself on every side, going before
the Turkish army, destroying and burning everything, and carrying off
into captivity much people, men and women, and even the children,
of whom many they grievously maimed, and, as Turkish prisoners have
declared, over 30,000 persons were by them carried off, and as has
since been told, such as could not march were cruelly put to death.
Thus have they wasted, destroyed, burnt, and plundered all in the
land of Austria below Ens, and nearly to the water of Ens, but on the
hither side of the Danube for the most part the land has escaped, for
by reason of the river the Turk could do there but little harm; the
towns also round about Vienna beyond Brück on the Leitha, have remained
unconquered and unwasted by the Turk, but the open country wasted and
burnt.” The irresistible pressure forward of the main army, the threats
of the Sultan, and the merciless fury of the Sackman, produced their
consequences in the prompt surrender of most of the places which were
unprovided with garrisons and adequate defences. In this manner fell
Fünfkirchen, Stahlweissenburg, and Pesth, without a blow, into the
hands of the enemy. In Gran the inhabitants even refused to admit the
garrison sent by Ferdinand for its occupation, and the Archbishop Paul
Tomori so far forgot his honour and duty as to procure the surrender
both of town and citadel to the Sultan, to whose camp the prelate also
betook himself. Komorn was abandoned by its garrison. Raab also fell,
but not till it had been set on fire by the fugitives. Altenburg in
Hungary was betrayed into the hands of the enemy. Brück on the Leitha,
on the contrary, defended itself stoutly; and the Sultan, pleased with
the constancy and courage of its defenders, willingly accorded them
terms in virtue of which they were pledged to do him homage only after
the fall of Vienna. Content with this compact, he ceased his attack
on the city, marched past under its walls, and strictly forbade all
injury to the district in its dependence. Wiener Neustadt also defended
itself with spirit, and in one day repelled five attempts to storm
its defences in the most heroic manner. Several other places, among
them Closterneuburg, and Perchtoldsdorf, and some castles held out
with success.[3] Such occasional opposition was scarcely distasteful
to Soliman, for whom invariable and cheap success had not its usual
attraction. His far-reaching ambition looked to a sovereignty of the
West corresponding to that which his ancestors had asserted over the
East, and he remarked with complacency the valour of men whom he
destined for his future subjects. For the same reason he detested
cowardice in the ranks of his opponents, and punished it with the same
severity as if it had exhibited itself in his own. In contemplation
also of the immensity of his force, the rapidity of his progress, and
the unprepared condition of Austria, he held success for certain,
and isolated instances of resistance could, as he conceived, only
afford useful practice to his troops without affecting the general
and inevitable result. In fact, the aspect of the time for Austria
was one of gloom and danger. The main force of the enemy was hard
upon the frontier, which had already been crossed at several points
by the terrible bands of Michael Oglou; and from the walls of Vienna
the horizon was seen reddened with the flames of burning villages,
while within the city little or nothing had yet been done for its
fortification and defence. It is true that, on the near approach of
the danger, Ferdinand had called meetings of the States, as well in
Austria as in the other provinces of his hereditary dominions; and had
for this object proceeded in person through Styria, Carinthia, Tyrol,
and Bohemia. The cause was everywhere taken up with much alacrity. In
Austria the tenth man was called out for service; the other provinces
undertook to furnish considerable forces; and Bohemia promised, in
case of the actual invasion of Austria, to send to her aid every man
capable of bearing arms. The King, however, saw but too well that
with all this aid he would be no match in the field for the Sultan’s
force; and he turned his thoughts to the Empire, in which the religious
disputes of the time presented serious difficulties in the way of the
assistance he required. The danger, however, was pressing enough to
allay for the moment even the heats engendered by the Reformation. At
the Diet of Spire, which was attended by most of the Electoral and
other Princes of the Empire, Ferdinand addressed to them an urgent
appeal, in which he made a prominent allusion to the fact that Soliman
had declared his determination never to lay down his arms till he had
erected a monument to his victories on the bank of the Rhine. The
voice of party was indeed silenced by this appeal to a common interest;
but the succour, voted after protracted discussion, was nevertheless
scanty, not exceeding 12,000 foot and 4000 horse, as the contingent
for the Germanic body. Then followed interminable debates as to the
selection of a commander; and the Turks were over the Save and in
possession of Pesth before the Germanic contingent was mustered. There
were not wanting men hard of belief, pedants of the true German stamp,
who maintained that mere apprehension had exaggerated the danger; and
finally it was agreed at Ratisbon, to which city the assembly had
transferred itself, to send a deputation of two persons to Hungary
to investigate the state of affairs on the spot.[4] They went; and,
having the good fortune to escape the hands of the Turks, returned with
evidence sufficient to satisfy the doubts of their sagacious employers.

On the day on which Soliman crossed the Hungarian frontier, a
detachment of Imperial cavalry under Paul Bakics encountered a body of
the Turkish light troops in the immediate neighbourhood of Vienna, and
took a few prisoners. The conquerors showed themselves apt disciples
in cruelty of the Turks, and even exceeded their teachers, who with
the sabre usually made short work with their captives, whereas the
men now taken were racked or tortured before they were bound together
with ropes and flung into the Danube. Meanwhile the near approach
of the Turks and the delay of all succour raised consternation in
Vienna to the highest pitch. The news of the fall of Pesth, which
reached it on the 17th September, suggested flight to all who had the
means of escape. In defiance of an urgent summons on the part of the
authorities, addressed to all capable of bearing arms, many burghers
left the city on pretence of bearing their women and children to places
of safety, and few of these returned. These delinquents were called
afterwards to severe account, though much excuse was to be found for
such conduct on the part of individuals in the shameful neglect of
their rulers, who had postponed measures of defence till resistance
appeared hopeless. The countless hosts of the invader had crossed the
frontier before any force had been collected which could even impede
its advance. The royal troops encamped at Altenburg hardly amounted
to 5000 men, who on the first appearance of the enemy effected a rapid
retreat in order not to be cut off from Vienna. The succours promised
by the Empire were not forthcoming, though messenger after messenger
was sent to hurry their advance. Even the Bohemian troops approached
but by slow marches, under their leader John of Bernstein, and required
every exhortation to greater diligence. At length Duke Frederick
of the Palatinate, the prince elected as leader of the army of the
Empire, arrived on the 24th of September at Lintz with the scanty
levies, amounting to a few thousands, which had as yet been collected.
At Lintz he held conference with Ferdinand as to the measures to be
pursued, and then hastened forward to effect his entrance into Vienna
before the arrival of the Turks. On the 26th, however, he received at
Grein the intelligence that the Turks had appeared in force in the
neighbourhood of the city. He was at first resolutely determined to
cut his way at all hazards, but when he learned that both the bridges
over the Danube were in possession of the enemy, being satisfied that
by the attempt he could only involve his feeble forces in certain and
useless destruction, he determined to halt at Crems for reinforcements.
His cousin, however, the brave Pfalzgraf Philip, succeeded in throwing
himself into the city, with a small number of Spanish and German
troops, three days before it was surrounded by the Turks.

In Vienna the necessary preparations had now been made with almost
superhuman exertion, but in such haste and with so little material,
that they could only be considered as very inadequate to the emergency.
The city itself occupied then the same ground as at present, the
defences were old and in great part ruinous, the walls scarcely six
feet thick, and the outer palisade so frail and insufficient that
the name _Stadtzaun_, or city hedge, which it bears in the municipal
records of the time, was literally as well as figuratively appropriate.
The citadel was merely the old building which now exists under the
name of Schweizer Hof. All the houses which lay too near the wall
were levelled to the ground; where the wall was specially weak or out
of repair, a new entrenched line of earthen defence was constructed
and well palisaded; within the city itself, from the Stuben to the
Kärnthner or Carinthian gate, an entirely new wall twenty feet high
was constructed with a ditch interior to the old. The bank of the
Danube was also entrenched and palisaded, and from the drawbridge to
the Salz gate protected with a rampart capable of resisting artillery.
As a precaution against fire the shingles with which the houses were
generally roofed were throughout the city removed. The pavement of the
streets was taken up to deaden the effect of the enemy’s shot, and
watchposts established to guard against conflagration. Parties were
detached to scour the neighbouring country in search of provisions,
and to bring in cattle and forage. Finally, to provide against the
possibility of a protracted siege, useless consumers, women, children,
old men, and ecclesiastics were, as far as possible, forced to withdraw
from the city. Though this latter measure was successful for its
special purpose, and prevented any failure of subsistence during the
investment of the city, it had the melancholy consequence that many
of the fugitives met with massacre or captivity at the hands of the
Turkish light troops. In the neighbourhood of Traismauer, for instance,
in the very beginning of September, a body of no less than 5000 were
unsparingly massacred by the Sackman. To meet the financial exigency of
the time, an extraordinary contribution was levied throughout Austria.
A bishop was taxed 5 florins, a mitred prelate 4, an unmitred 3, a
count 4, the rest of the noblesse, as also the secular clergy, and all
citizens who were accounted to possess 100 florins, 1 florin each;
peasants, servants, and others of the poorer classes a kreutzer in
the dollar; day labourers 10 pennies, and every communicant 9 pennies
(see “Chronicon Mellicense,” part vii. p. 572). Should these sums
appear small, the value of money must be considered at a period when a
considerable country-house might be purchased for 50 florins, and when
200 florins were reckoned a competence.

In respect of the active defence, the Pfalzgraf Philip had taken the
command in the city. Associated with him was the veteran hero Nicholas,
Count of Salm, who had crossed the March field from Upper Hungary
with a chosen band of light troops, and on whose proved fidelity and
valour Ferdinand principally relied for the defence of the bulwark
of Christendom. These qualities had been tried through fifty-six
years of service in the field, and recently in the victory of Pavia
(1522), in which he had borne a distinguished share, having crossed
swords and exchanged wounds with the French king, Francis I. At the
age of seventy, he now undertook a heavier responsibility than any he
had yet incurred; for though the Pfalzgraf’s rank gave him a nominal
precedence, the confidence both of the soldiery and the citizens rested
chiefly on the veteran leader.

The other commanders were William, Baron of Roggendorf, general of the
cavalry, who had distinguished himself in the Italian wars; Marcus
Beck, of Leopoldsdorf, commissary general; Ulrich Leyser, master of
the ordnance; John Katzianer; Leonhard, Baron of Vels; Hector Eck,
of Reischach; and Maximilian Leyser. Of Austrian states-deputies and
councillors, the following were in the city:—George von Puechhaim,
governor of Lower Austria; Nicholaus Rabenhaupt, chancellor; Rudolph
von Hohenfeld, Felician von Pottschach, privy councillors; John von
Greissenegg, commandant of Vienna, and of the foot militia of the
city; Melchior von Lamberg; Trajan von Auersberg; Bernardin Ritschen;
Helfreich von Meggun; Erasmus von Obritschen; Raimund von Dornberg;
Otto von Achterdingen; John Apfalterer; Siegfried von Kollonitsch;
Reinbrecht von Ebersdorf; and Hans von Eibenswald. The Styrian troops
were commanded by the gallant Abel von Holleneck; the Bohemian, by
Ernst von Brandenstein. The contingent of the Empire consisted of two
regiments, under Kuntz Gotzman and James von Bernan. Luis de Avallos,
Melchior de Villanel, Juan de Salinas, and Juan de Aquilera, commanded
the Spaniards. The magistrates remaining in the city were Wolfgang
Troy, burgomaster; Paul Bernfuss, judge; and the councillors Sebastian
Eiseler, Sebastian Schmutz, and Wolfgang Mangold. The limits of this
work do not admit a list of subordinate officers. It would include
names connected with the first houses of the German and Austrian
nobility. Among these were several who had joined the garrison as
volunteers. In the camp of the Imperialists at Crems were two young
nobles, Rupert, Count of Manderscheid, and Wolf, Count of Oettingen,
so zealous in the cause, that after the city had been invested they
swam the Danube, and were drawn up over the wall near the Werder gate.
The garrison altogether amounted to 20,000 infantry and 2000 horse;
the armed burghers to about 1000. The distribution of the troops was
as follows:—The Pfalzgraf Philip occupied, with 100 cuirassiers and
14 companies of the troops of the Empire, the Stuben quarter from the
Rothenthurm to the middle of the curtain towards the Kärnthner gate.
Thence the line of defence was taken up to the Augustine Convent by
Eck von Reischach, with 3000 infantry. Thence to the Burggarten were
posted the Styrian troops under Abel von Holleneck. The citadel was
held by Leonard von Vels, with 3000 chosen troops. Thence to the
Scottish gate Maximilian Leyser was in command. In the four principal
squares of the city were posted cavalry, under William von Roggendorf,
ready to advance in any direction. From the Scottish gate to the Werder
gate were posted 2000 Austrians and 700 Spaniards, under Rupert von
Ebersdorf. The tower in the spot called Elend, was strengthened with
a rampart, and mounted with heavy guns to annoy the Turkish flotilla,
which covered the Danube as far as Nussdorf. Finally, from the Werder
gate to the Rothenthurm, including the Salz gate, were posted 2000
Bohemians under Ernst von Brandenstein and William von Wartenberg, with
a detachment of cavalry under John, Count of Hardegg. The artillery
mounted on the defences appears to have consisted of between sixty and
seventy pieces, of the very various calibres and denominations in use
at this period. A small armament according to our present ideas, if
the circuit of the defences and the lightness of some of the pieces
be considered, but respectable perhaps for the time, and more than
a match for the light pieces of the Turks. The city would probably
have been still less provided with this arm of defence, but for the
Emperor Maximilian, with whom the fabrication and use of artillery had
been a favourite study and pursuit, of which his heirs and country
now reaped the benefit.[5] The care of this artillery was committed
to seventy-four gunners under the master of the ordnance, Ulrich
Leyser. After all these preparations the defences were very weak,
even according to the engineering science of the time. There were no
bastions on which the guns could be properly disposed. It is mentioned
that several of the pieces which had been adjusted to embrasures or
loopholes opened in the wall were found useless in that position,
and were removed to the roofs of neighbouring buildings; the ditches
were dry, and it was left to the defenders to supply by gallantry and
endurance the deficiencies of art and the precautions of prudence.
The hour of trial was at hand; on the 20th September, Altenburg
surrendered, after a gallant defence, and its garrison, 300 strong,
were made prisoners. These men were interrogated by the Sultan as to
the condition of Vienna, the strength of its garrison, &c., and having,
as would appear, answered in terms which agreed with his ideas of the
truth, were well treated by him, but forced to accompany him on his
march. Soon afterwards Brück on the Leitha and Trautmannsdorf fell into
his hands by capitulation; and, freed from these petty obstacles, he
advanced with his collected might, and with every prospect of achieving
the ruin of the empire in the subjection of its capital.


FOOTNOTES:

[2] “The Besieging of the City of Vienna in Austria by the cruel Tyrant
and Destroyer of Christendom, the Turkish Emperor, as it lately befell,
in the Month of September, 1529.”

[3] These instances illustrate the fact that Soliman was ill provided
with siege artillery. The Turks at this period, as will be seen in the
case of Vienna, relied principally on their skill in mining for the
capture of strong places, a method very effective in their hands, but
slow.—E.

[4] These commissioners were civilians. One of them was a lawyer,
answering probably to our barrister of six years’ standing.—E.

[5] See Ränke, “Deutsche Geschichte,” vol. iii. p. 202.




CHAPTER IV.

From September 16 to September 26, 1529.


In Vienna it was resolved by a council of war, as it was not possible
to face the overwhelming numbers of the enemy in the open field,
to neutralize, at least as far as possible, the advantages of any
positions in the neighbourhood by the sacrifice of the suburbs, and
of all buildings within range of fire from the walls. A more timely
adoption of this indispensable measure would have obviated much of
the violence and misery which attended its hurried execution. The
necessity was one which from the end of August, and after the fall
of Pesth, had been obviously inevitable. By the 16th of November the
whole neighbourhood was swarming with the bands of Michael Oglou, who
spared neither age nor sex; children, old people, and pregnant women
were murdered with every circumstance of cruelty, and those who were
spared from the sabre were swept into slavery. A contemporary writer,
Peter Stern von Labach, describes these horrors in the following
terms: “After the taking of Brück on the Leitha and the castle of
Trautmannsdorf, the Sackman and those who went before him, people who
have no regular pay, but live by plunder and spoil, to the number of
40,000, spread themselves far and wide over the country, as far as the
Ens and into Styria, burning and slaying. Many thousands of people were
murdered, or maltreated and dragged into slavery. Children were cut
out of their mothers’ wombs and stuck on pikes; young women abused to
death, and their corpses left on the highway. God rest their souls,
and grant vengeance on the bloodhounds who committed this evil.” The
peasantry fled either to the depths of the forests, or to the city,
and increased by their narratives the consternation there prevailing.
By the 20th September every road which led from east and south towards
the city was crowded with fugitives endeavouring to save themselves and
their moveables. As however the Eastern horsemen were familiar with
all difficulties of ground, and overcame all impediments of morass,
or forest, or mountain, few of the fugitives escaped. A few fortified
towns and castles only held out. A chronicle of the time asserts that
scarcely a third part of the inhabitants of Upper Austria survived the
invasion. It was only on the 22nd September, when the enemy was at the
gates of Vienna, that the resolution we have mentioned was finally
adopted, to sacrifice to the general security the entire suburbs and
the many sumptuous buildings which they included. The most valuable
of the moveable property was first conveyed into the city, and the
work of destruction commenced. It was soon, however, found that it
had commenced too late for its orderly and deliberate execution. It
was left to the proprietors to save hastily what they could; the rest
was given up for the soldiery to glean, and the torch was applied to
all the buildings. Disorders and excesses such as might be expected
were the result, and the inhabitants were little better treated by
the foreign soldiery than they would have been by the Turk. That many
wine-casks should have been broken in the cellars, the owners of which
at this period cultivated the vine to a great extent, and much store
of provisions and other valuables burnt, and that even the churches
should have been desecrated and plundered, can scarcely be matter
of censure, except so far as it may be conjectured that with better
discipline on the part of the soldiery, the articles destroyed might
in part have been removed; but the wretched people who were conveying
the sole remnants of their property to the city were remorselessly
plundered, misused, and even murdered on any attempt at resistance. The
example of this unrestrained licence spread its effects even to within
the walls. Several houses in the city were broken open and plundered,
and even the citadel itself was entered by a band of marauders. A
proclamation was speedily issued against these disorders, and put in
force by the erection and employment of a gallows at the so-called
Lugeck. Eight hundred houses had within four days been burnt. Among
the most important of these were—the great City Hospital, dedicated
to the Holy Ghost, which stood between the city and the Wien river,
the situation of which, till about twenty years ago, was marked by an
ancient pillar, bearing an inscription, with the date 1332 (from this
building, which also had a fine church, the sick and helpless inmates
were transferred first to the convent at the Himmel’s Pforte, and next
to the desecrated church of the nunnery of St. Clara)—the Franciscan
Convent at St. Theobald’s, the present corn-market—the churches of
St. Anthony and St. Coloman, between the city and the Wien river—the
great nunnery of St. Nicholas, before the Stuben gate, and that of St.
Magdalen, near the Scottish gate—the Closterneuburgerhof, also near the
Scottish gate. Finally, in order to deprive the Turks of the advantage
of a stronghold, on an eminence near the city, it was unfortunately
necessary to destroy the castle on the Kahlenberg (Leopoldsberg),
formerly the residence of the Margrave Leopold, who died in the odour
of sanctity. The last measure adopted was that of walling up and
fortifying all the gates, except the Salz gate, which was left open as
a sally-port.

On the 23rd September, while the suburbs were in full conflagration,
a strong body of Turks pressed forward as far as St. Mark’s, cut to
pieces a number of invalids who had scandalously been left there
to their fate, and ventured still further on the high road. This
occasioned the first sally from the city of five hundred cuirassiers
under Count Hardegg. These having pressed too far forward, the Turks
took advantage of the ruins of some of the burnt houses to attack them
in flank while the front was also engaged with superior numbers. The
cuirassiers fell back in disorder without waiting for a support which
was detached to their assistance. They must have had good horses and
sharp spurs, for only three were killed, but six, with a cornet, Cornet
Christopher von Zedlitz, were taken. The Turks immediately placed
the heads of the three killed on the points of lances, and to make
the number of the dead equal to that of the prisoners, they beheaded
four of the invalids of St. Mark’s, and compelled the prisoners to
bear the seven heads to the presence of the Sultan, then on his march
from Brück on the Leitha, in order to gladden him as soon as possible
with the sight of these grisly trophies of his first success over the
defenders of Vienna. He interrogated the prisoners as to the strength
of the garrison and the present position of Ferdinand, on both which
points they gave him true replies. Upon this Soliman released four of
the prisoners, presented each with three ducats, and sent them back
to Vienna with the following message:—“If the city would surrender on
terms, the conditions should be arranged with its commanders without
the walls, none of his people should be allowed to enter the city, and
the property and persons of the inhabitants should be secured. It was
Soliman’s sole desire to follow the King till he should find him, and
then to retire to his own dominions. Should the city, however, venture
to resist, he would not retreat till he had reduced it, and then he
would spare neither old nor young, not the child in the mother’s womb,
and would so utterly destroy the city that men should not know where
it stood. He would not rest his head till Vienna and the whole of
Christendom were under his subjection, and it was his settled purpose
within three days, namely on the feast of St. Michael, to break his
fast in Vienna.” The other three prisoners with the cornet he retained
about his person. To the latter he showed great favour, caused him to
be sumptuously attired in silk and gold, and kept him constantly in
his suite. At the close of this narrative will be found the curious
and lively account of the prisoner, preserved in the collection of the
Baron von Enenkel in the archives of Vienna.

At length, September 29th, the Grand Vizier with the main army appeared
before the city. On the 25th, nevertheless, two companies of imperial
troops, raised from Nuremberg, effected their entrance through the Salz
gate with drums beating and colours flying. They related that between
Tuln and Traismauer they had fallen in with a body of 5000 fugitives
on foot and 3000 in boats, mostly women, children, and regular clergy,
who on the following day had been overtaken and destroyed by the bands
of Michael Oglou. On the 26th September, Soliman sent into the city a
Bohemian, one of the garrison which had surrendered in Altenburg, with
the contemptuous offer that he would send the other Bohemians there
taken to strengthen the garrison of Vienna. The man was sent back
accompanied by two Turkish prisoners, each of whom was presented with
two ducats, with the reply that they had more garrison than enough in
Vienna, and that Soliman might keep his Bohemian prisoners. Soon after
the arrival of the main army a discharge of arrows, which literally
darkened the air, was followed by a first summons to surrender,
succeeded by a second and a third. These remaining unanswered,
Soliman sent in four prisoners richly dressed, and liberally supplied
with presents, with a repetition both of his offer of a favourable
capitulation, and of his threats in case of resistance. Officers should
be put to death with torture, the site of the city sown with salt and
ashes, &c. The stern commanders, however, merely despatched in return a
like number of Turkish prisoners, as richly provided with presents and
apparel, but without an answer either to his threats or promises.




CHAPTER V.

From September 26 to October 2, 1529.


The Turkish army had scarcely arrived in the neighbourhood of the city,
when a forest of tents rose from the ground, presenting so striking
a spectacle, that even Austrian contemporary writers are excited to
exchange their usual phlegmatic style in describing it for something of
the Oriental.

The country within sight of the walls as far as Schwechat and
Trautmannsdorf was covered with tents, the number of which was
calculated at 30,000, nor could the sharpest vision from St. Stephen’s
tower overlook the limit of the circle so occupied. The flower of the
Turkish force, the Janissaries, took possession of the ruins of the
suburbs, which afforded them an excellent cover from the fire of the
besieged. They also cut loopholes in the walls yet standing, from
which they directed a fire of small ordnance and musketry on the walls
of the city. The tent of Soliman rose in superior splendour over all
others at Simmering, on the spot and to the extent now occupied by
the building called the Neugebäude. Hangings of the richest tissue
separated its numerous compartments from each other. Costly carpets,
and cushions and divans studded with jewels, formed the furniture. Its
numerous pinnacles were terminated by knobs of massive gold. The colour
of the chief compartment was green striped with gold. Five hundred
archers of the Royal guard kept watch there night and day. Around it
rose in great though inferior splendour, the tents of ministers and
favourites; and 12,000 Janissaries, the terror of their enemies, and
not unfrequently of their masters, were encamped in a circle round
this central sanctuary. The Pacha of Roumelia was posted opposite the
Stuben gate, and thence down to the Danube, securing the baggage and
its attendant train of horses, mules, and camels: the latter, some
20,000 in number, were at pasture in the meadows. The camp of the
Vizier Ibrahim extended from Simmering over the Wienerberg as far
as Spinnerin, and thence down the declivities as far as Wieden and
the high road opposite the Stuben and Kärnthner gates. The Pacha of
Bosnia occupied the line of the Wien river, from St. Ulrich and St.
Theobald to Penzing. The Pacha of Roumelia communicated with his right
by a body of the renegades who had joined the Turkish forces. From
St. Veit to near Döbling the second line was formed by the Pachas of
Scutari and Semendria; the camp of the Pacha Nastertsky with many
Christian prisoners was formed at Sporkenbühel. The corps of the
Pacha of Belgrade, which extended itself from Schönbrunn to beyond
Laxenburg, secured the rear of the besieging force. The guard of the
Royal tent was intrusted to the Pacha of Anatolia. The meadows and
islands of the Lobau as far as Nussdorf were occupied by the crews of
the Turkish flotilla, which had arrived on the 25th of September, with
charge to watch the banks and prevent the passage of succours. These
mariners, a well-trained and efficient body, were called Nasser or
Nassadists, and Martolos, a Turkish corruption of the German Matros.
The number of their vessels amounted to 400. Amid the ruins of the
suburbs the Janissaries and the asapes (a species of sappers) dug
trenches, from which they plied their arrows and musketry with such
assiduity, that no one without extreme danger could show himself on
the walls. Their archers’ aim was so accurate that they often sent
their missiles through the embrasures and loopholes of the defences.
It happened, however, fortunately for the weak garrison, that the
greater part of the Turkish heavy artillery had been left behind in
Hungary, its further transport having been rendered impossible by
heavy rains. For this reason the besiegers were reduced to limit
their operations to mining, and to a discharge of arrows so heavy and
incessant, that through the town generally, and especially in the
Kärnthner street, no one could walk abroad in safety. The line of
actual attack extended from the rampart near the Augustine Convent to
the tower situated between the Stuben and Rothenthurm gates, where Eck
von Reischach commanded. In face of this line of defence they excavated
a labyrinth of deep entrenchments, strengthened with earth and timber,
the Kärnthner tower being their principal point of assault. Their
artillery fire, probably from its inefficiency for breaching purposes,
was principally directed against the higher buildings of the city,
especially St. Stephen’s tower; but the arrows flew in all directions.
Some of the latter, probably discharged by persons of distinction, were
of costly fabric, painted, and even set with pearls, and were kept long
afterwards as curiosities. The total force of the besiegers is stated
by Peter von Labach and Meldemann at nearly 300,000, of whom, however,
only 100,000 were fully armed. The remainder was employed with the
baggage, ill equipped, untrained to arms, and rather a burthen than an
assistance to the more regular force. The artillery amounted to about
300 pieces, of which not more than thirty were of respectable calibre.
The investment of the city was completed, and the passage of the Danube
effectually closed by the Nassadists on the 27th September; and soon
afterwards three companies of German and Spanish horse made a sally
from the Burg gate. A skirmish ensued, in which some two hundred Turks
and several of their officers were killed. The Spaniards at the Werder
gate also opposed with success the landing of a cargo of arms, which
had arrived by the Danube from Kahlenberg. From this time forth, to
prevent unauthorized alarms, all the bells in the city were silenced,
and even the striking of the hour was forbidden, the only exception
being in favour of the prime bell of St. Stephen’s, which was allowed
to strike the quarters. On the 29th—that St. Michael’s day on which
Soliman had declared his purpose of breakfasting in Vienna—the Vizier
Ibrahim rode the circuit of the walls with a numerous suite. He had
wisely laid aside the usual costume of his high office, and exchanged
its turban of white and gold and flowing robe for a coloured shawl and
a simpler soldier’s attire. He adopted also the further precaution of
keeping pretty well out of gunshot. This ride was perhaps meant as a
substitute for that celebration of the saint’s day which the Sultan
had announced, but failed to observe. The Viennese, who were possessed
in the sixteenth century by the jocular propensity which they still
retain, did not fail to indulge it at the Sultan’s expense. Prisoners
were released with a message to him that his breakfast had waited for
him till the meat was cold, and he must be fain to content himself
with such poor entertainment as they could send him from the guns on
the wall. To this, however, about midday, they added a vigorous sally,
conducted by the brave Eck von Reischach, from the Kärnthner gate;
through which also the Spaniard Luis d’Avallos led a company of his
people, and killed many of the Turks, who had been attracted by the
grapes of the neighbouring vineyards. The Spaniards only retired at
last before superior numbers, with the loss of their cornet, Antonio
Comargo. On the same day, for the first time, a spy ventured out of
the city, who twice swam the Danube and returned in safety, but on
a third venture was no more heard of. Measures were now adopted for
taking an exact account of all provisions in the city, the duration of
the siege being uncertain. The troops were then divided into messes of
four men; and to each mess a ration was allotted of eight pounds of
bread and fifteen measures of wine. It was found necessary to diminish
this quantity to some of the foreign lanzknechts, who, unaccustomed to
the strong Austrian wines, found it sufficient to incapacitate them
for duty. Five-eighths of their wine and two pounds of their bread
were struck off. From St. Michael’s day, continued rains, and frosts,
unusual for the season, at night, caused much suffering to the Turks
in their light tents, unused as they were to the climate. The cold
continued after the rain abated, and was aggravated by severe storms.
The 30th September passed with no other incident than an assault by the
Turks on the guard at the drawbridge, which was driven into the city
with some loss. On this day a Christian boy and a girl escaped from
the Turkish camp into the city. The girl had been appropriated by a
rich pacha, who had lavished upon her adornment ornaments and apparel.
Upon a nocturnal alarm in the camp, which caused a general movement
towards the walls, they had left their tent and succeeded, under cover
of the darkness, in reaching the city. Much information was obtained
from both. On the 1st October, Friday, the principal day of the week
with the Turks, the Vizier with all the Agas paid their respects to the
Sultan, who, in consequence of the inclement weather, had taken up his
quarters in Ebersdorf.

Three hundred lanzknechts made a sally on this day from the Scottish
gate, and a conflict ensued without material advantage to either
side. Towards noon a man made his appearance near the drawbridge
attired as a Turk, who prayed earnestly for admission, saying that
he had been brought up in Turkey, but had come of Christian parents,
and was determined to revert to their faith. This man was questioned
both by ordinary interrogation and by torture, and gave much valuable
information as to the strength of the enemy. Of their artillery, he
said that he had seen ten of the largest guns, called wall-breakers,
each three fathoms long, in a boat on the Danube; that the number of
the Nassad boats was 400, manned with 5000 soldiers. He gave also the
first accurate information of the mines to the right and left of the
Kärnthner gate, a point of intense interest to the defenders of that
post, respecting which nothing had previously been ascertained. The
besieged, having now ascertained that one principal mine was directed
against the Karnther tower, and the other against the convent of St.
Clara, betook themselves with the utmost zeal to the excavation of
counter-mines at these two points, propping, at the same time, the
walls with posts and beams, so that upon any springing of the enemy’s
mines, the ruins might fall outwards and impede the access to the
breach. The General Roggendorf ensured to the informant a subsistence
for life in return for his intelligence; we may suppose, also, with
some consideration of the manner in which it had been extracted. On
the same evening a heavy fire was kept up on both sides, which led to
the expectation of an assault, but none ensued. On the 2nd of October,
the enemy’s mine under the Kärnthner tower was detected and destroyed.
A large body of Turks, however, about the same time, pressed forward
nearly to the Scottish gate, and retired, after a lively skirmish, with
ten prisoners and thirty heads of the slain. To meet the danger of the
enemy’s mines, guards were placed in all the cellars near the walls,
trenches dug near the fort of the rampart, and drums with peas strewed
on their parchment, or tubs filled with water, placed at the suspected
spots, to indicate by their vibration the neighbourhood of the Turkish
labourers, and guide thereby the operations of the counterminers. By
these precautions, many of the enemy’s galleries were discovered, and
either ruined by counter-mines, or penetrated and robbed of their
powder. It is here expedient to contradict the tale, current to our own
time, that the continual efforts of the Turks had pushed a mine as far
as the house on the so-called Freiung, which bears still the name of
Heidenschuss, where it is said that a baker’s apprentice discovered it
and occasioned its destruction.[6]

This incident is in itself highly improbable, I may almost assert
impossible. Not to take into account that it is mentioned in none
of the narratives of the time, of which I have fourteen before me,
the distance alone would make it next to impossible that so long an
operation could have been carried on without detection. It appears
also, from the archives of the Scottish foundation in Vienna, that the
house in question bore the name Heidenschuss long before the Turkish
siege, namely, from the year 1292, when the Tartars overran Austria.
Others aver that it belonged to a family of the name of Hayden, which
bore in its arms a Tartar discharging an arrow. This is, indeed,
disputed; but the antiquity of the name Heidenschuss is certain, and
it is equally so that no Turkish mine ever was carried so far as to
the spot in question. It is just to mention that the fraternity of
bakers, as well as many other corporations, rendered great services
in this season of common danger, and it is likely enough that one of
that body may have performed the particular service in question in some
other locality. The services of the bakers’ guild were acknowledged,
after the raising of the siege, by the present of a silver cup, and
the privilege of carrying the same in procession round the city every
Easter Tuesday. This practice was observed till the year 1811, when
the disorders incident to the concourse of people it collected, and
the loss of some days’ labour which it was apt to occasion, led to its
suppression by the authorities of the bakers’ corporation.


FOOTNOTES:

[6] The distance of this spot from the wall would be about one-third
of the extreme breadth of the city.—T.




CHAPTER VI.

From October 3 to October 13, 1529.


On the 3rd October, the enemy’s fire was much increased, and protracted
even far into the night. An assault was therefore confidently expected.
The garrison remained under arms night and day. Nothing, however,
ensued except considerable damage to the Kärnthner tower and the
adjacent bastion, in return for which the kitchen of the Beglerbeg of
Roumelia was almost entirely disorganized by a heavy shot from the
city. On the following day orders were issued in the Turkish camp for
the most active prosecution of the mines. Michael Oglou’s people were
ordered to convey ladders and bundles of straw to the trenches, and
every preparation was made for a general assault. On this day Simon
Athinai, surnamed the Learned, a friend and dependant of Zapolya,
made his appearance in the camp, to pay his respects to Soliman, who
received him with the honours which he was accustomed to show to men
of letters. In the evening a council of war was held in the city, and
a strong sally was resolved upon for the following day, principally
with the object of discovering and destroying the mines last commenced;
and also of driving the Janissaries out of the ruins of the suburbs,
from which their incessant fire greatly annoyed the garrison. Eight
thousand men of all arms and nations were appointed to this service,
and the operation was commenced at six in the morning. Its success
was by no means such as was expected; though at first it promised
the happiest results. The batteries of the enemy were in the first
instance carried and left behind; the soldiers, well led by their
officers, flung themselves on the enemy with the deadly weapons used in
hand-to-hand conflict at this period, such as the morning-star and the
battle-axe, and with murderous effect, but as day broke the alarm ran
through the Turkish camp and brought heavy numbers to the rescue. A
sudden apprehension of being cut off from the city, suggested by a few
voices, degenerated into a panic, and the troops fell into confusion,
which ended in a general flight. The voices of their officers, the
encouragement from the garrison on the walls, and the example of a
brave commander, Wolf Hagen, were unavailing to check the torrent.
Hagen himself, with a few brave men who remained about him, was
surrounded and beheaded. His body was rescued and brought into the
city for honourable burial. There fell also in this disastrous action
a German officer of noble blood, George Steinpeiss, and a Spaniard,
Garcia Gusman: the brave Hector von Reischach was severely wounded.
Five hundred heads and several prisoners remained in the camp of the
Turks, who, however, on their part, suffered considerable loss. The
retreat was conducted with such confusion, that many were forced over
the parapet of the bridge, and, maimed by the fall, remained at the
mercy of the Turks, who pursued so closely up to the walls, that they
were only driven back from them at push of pike. At noon there was a
fresh alarm that camels were conveying fascines of wood, straw, and
vine-sticks to fill up the ditch. The expected assault, however, did
not take place. The fire of the Turks recommenced at 5 P. M. and was
maintained without cessation, which caused the soldiers to remain
at their posts through the night. On the 7th, at 9 A. M., the Turks
assaulted two bastions, and sprung a mine at the Kärnthner gate, by
which the wall opposite the nunnery of St. Clara was destroyed for a
space of thirteen fathoms. The following night the camp was illuminated
with several thousand torches, and a general shouting and alarm took
place without further result. It was probably the celebration of some
festival. The garrison having been assembled at their posts, Count Salm
announced to them that by a trusty messenger, who had swum the Danube
at midnight, he had received consolatory tidings from King Ferdinand
and the Duke Frederick, who promised to come to their relief within a
week. The garrison hailed this intelligence with noisy acclamation,
which probably excited as much notice and surprise in the Turkish camp
as their illuminations and shoutings had excited in Vienna. Though this
cheering assurance raised the hopes of all, yet the difficulties of the
defence became every day more urgent, and a proclamation was issued,
forbidding, on pain of death, all self-indulgence and neglect of duty.
To illustrate and enforce this edict, two lanzknechts, who, over their
cups, remained absent from their posts after the alarm had been given,
were hanged at the Lugeek as traitors. On the 8th the whole artillery
of the Turks played upon the city. The timber bulwark in front of
the Kärnthner gate was set on fire, and the walls, deprived of their
breastwork, threatened to fall inwards. To avoid this, possibly fatal,
catastrophe, trunks of trees and huge beams were brought to their
support, and a new breastwork was thrown up with incredible celerity.
A similar work was thrown up before the Scottish gate, and mounted
with two guns, which did much mischief in the Turkish camp towards
Sporkenbühel. On the 9th October an alarm took place at daybreak,
and preparations for a storm were evident in the Turkish camp. At 3
P. M. mines were sprung to the right and left of the Kärnthner gate.
The one on the left opened a breach in the wall, wide enough for
twenty-four men to advance in order. The assault was nevertheless
gallantly repulsed by Salm and Katzianer in three successive instances.
Several Spaniards and Germans had been buried or blown into the air by
the explosion; others were hurled back into the city without serious
injury. The explosions would have been more effective if the besieged
had not succeeded in reaching some of the chambers of the mines by
countermining, and in carrying off eight tuns of the charge. During the
repeated assaults the heaviest artillery of the city was discharged
incessantly upon the Turkish cavalry, and with such good aim, that,
to use the words of Peter Stern von Labach, man and horse flew into
the air. Upon every retreat of the storming-parties, trumpets from
St. Stephen’s tower, and warlike music on the place of St. Clara,
celebrated the triumph of the besieged. The Sultan, dispirited at these
repeated failures, adopted a precaution which indicated apprehension
on his own part of a sally from the city, for he directed trenches to
be dug round the tents of the Janissaries and other picked troops. In
the city, when quiet was restored, the old wall was rapidly repaired, a
new one constructed, the houses which interfered with it levelled, and
their materials employed to fill up the wooden breastwork.

On the 10th all was quiet, and the work of repair proceeded. Two mines
were discovered and destroyed, and in a small sally of some eighty men
five camels were captured.

On the 11th, towards 9 A. M., a mine was sprung between the Kärnthner
and Stuben gates, which made an enormous breach, equivalent to an open
gateway in the wall. Heavy bodies of men rushed on to the assault:
a second mine was sprung at the Stuben gate, and, according to some
accounts, the city was positively entered at this quarter by some of
the enemy. This, however, is doubtful; but it is certain that a Turkish
standard-bearer had mounted the wall, when he was struck down by a
musquet shot into the ditch. The assault and defence were continued
with equal determination for three hours. Twelve hundred bodies were
heaped up in the breach, and though new assailants seemed to spring
from the earth, their efforts failed before the unshaken courage of the
defenders. The conflict ceased at midday. The loss of the garrison was
far less than that of the Turks; yet, at a general muster of the armed
citizens which took place in the evening, 625 were missing from the
numbers mustered at the beginning of the siege. The wrath of the Sultan
was kindled to the highest pitch. He stormed, entreated, promised,
and threatened; and on the following day the assault was renewed.
Again two mines exploded in the same quarter as before, and again the
ruin of the wall was extensive. The Turks were in the breach sooner
almost than their approach could be detected, as they thought, but the
wall was scarcely down before its ruins were occupied by a company
of Spaniards, with their colours flying and courage undepressed. The
storm was fierce, but short; the repulse was again complete, and
depression and exhaustion prevailed in the Turkish ranks. From the
towers of the city their officers were seen urging them forward with
blows. In several places explosions were observed which did no injury
to the walls. Although the attacks were several times repeated, and to
a late hour in the evening, as the courage of the defenders rose that
of the enemy quailed, and the latter efforts were more and more easily
repelled. The loss of the assailants could not be ascertained, as the
Turks, according to their custom, carried off their dead. Late in the
night, however, a council of war was held in their camp, in which
the former tone of confidence was remarkably lowered. The lateness
of the season and the difficulty of subsistence were the topics of
discussion. The latter difficulty was not indeed a fictitious one, for,
under the expectation of a speedy surrender of the city, supplies had
been collected on a scale quite inadequate to the present exigency.
It was also remembered that three main assaults had been executed,
and that three times on each occasion the troops had advanced to the
charge. This magic number had fulfilled the law of Islam, by which,
whether in the field or against defences, no more than three attacks
are required of the faithful. Notwithstanding these good reasons and
fair excuses for immediate withdrawal, the temptation of plunder was
so strong, that it was agreed to attempt on the following day, the
14th, one more assault with all their force; but, should this fail, to
raise the siege. The Janissaries, who were loudest in their complaints,
were pacified by a payment of the ordinary assault money, namely,
a thousand aspers, or twenty ducats, to each man. The 13th October
passed therefore without attack, but the preparations for one were in
active progress. Numerous criers perambulated the camp, proclaiming
the great assault for the following day, and announcing the following
rewards:—To the first man who should mount the wall, promotion from
his respective military rank to the next above it, and a sum of 30,000
aspers (600 ducats).[7] The Sultan inspected in person and on horseback
the preparations, and expressed his satisfaction. Nor were they idle
in the city. While the soldiers stood to their arms, the citizens of
both sexes, and of all classes, ages, and professions, spiritual as
well as lay, were at work without cessation, removing rubbish, digging
new intrenchments, throwing up works, strengthening the ramparts, and
filling up the breaches. Many so engaged were wounded by the enemy’s
various missiles. Their attention was also carefully directed to
the enemy’s mines, and they succeeded on this day in detecting and
carrying off six tuns of powder from one intended for the destruction
of the Kärnthner tower. Thus prepared and thus determined, they waited
for the dawn of the day which was to decide the fate of the Christian
stronghold, so long and so gallantly maintained.


FOOTNOTES:

[7] The vast pecuniary resources of the Turkish empire at this period,
and the profusion with which they were dispensed abroad, offers a
striking contrast to the poverty and niggardliness of the House of
Austria and the Germanic body. While Soliman was marching upon Pesth
the operations of the Austrian flotilla on the Danube were paralyzed
for want of 40,000 florins to pay the arrears of the crews. With great
difficulty 800 florins were raised for the purpose.—See Ränke, “Fursten
und Volker,” vol. iii. p. 191.—E.




CHAPTER VII.

October 14 to November 20, 1529.


At daybreak of the 14th October the flower of the Turkish army was
arrayed in three powerful bodies for the assault, and towards nine
o’clock they advanced, led on by officers of the highest rank. On this
occasion, however, the desperate courage and cheerful contempt of death
which had usually been conspicuous among the Turkish soldiery were no
longer distinguishable. It was to no purpose that their officers, the
Vizier in person at their head, urged them forward with stick and whip
and sabre-edge, they refused obedience, saying they preferred to die by
the hands of their own officers rather than to face the long muskets
of the Spaniards and the German spits, as they called the long swords
of the lanzknechts. Towards noon two mines were sprung to the right
and left of the Kärnthner gate, but a third, which had been carried
under the Burg, was fortunately detected, and its entire charge of
twenty barrels of powder fell into the hands of the counterminers. A
breach, nevertheless, twenty-four fathoms wide, was the result of the
mines which succeeded, and through this, supported by the fire of all
their batteries, repeated attempts were made to storm, but in every
instance repulsed as before. These attacks were the last expiring
efforts of exhausted men. Two incidents connected with them have
been considered worthy of record. The first is the adventure of two
officers, a Portuguese and a German, who had quarrelled over night,
and were proceeding to settle their difference with the sword in the
morning, having selected the breach or its immediate neighbourhood for
their place of meeting. Being interrupted by the Turkish assault, they
naturally enough, instead of proceeding with their own foolish and
useless purpose, agreed to turn their arms against the Turks. The point
of the story seems to be, that after one had lost his left arm and
the other the use of his right, they stood by one another, making a
perfect soldier between them, till both were killed. The other incident
is one of more historical importance. It is that of the severe and
ultimately fatal wound of the brave Count Salm, who, after escaping all
the previous dangers of the siege, was hit on the hip towards 2 P. M.
by the splintered fragments of a stone, and carried from the breach,
which till then he had never quitted. He survived till the spring of
the following year, when he died of the effects of this injury at his
residence of Salm Hoff, near Marchegg in Lower Austria. King Ferdinand
caused a sumptuous monument to be erected to this deserving soldier in
the church, then existing, of St. Dorothea, in which was the family
vault of the Salms. This church was pulled down in 1783, when the
Salm family took possession of the monument, and removed it to their
residence at Raitz in Moravia.

On the failure of these last attacks, Soliman abandoned all hope of
gaining possession of the city, and the troops received accordingly
a general order of retreat. Its execution was attended by an act of
atrocity which throws a shadow over the character of the sovereign by
whose servants it was perpetrated,—a shadow not the less deep because
contrasted with many recorded indications of a noble and generous
nature. It may, indeed, possibly be considered as another specimen
of unavoidable condescension to the passions of an ill-disciplined
soldiery, such as the massacre of the garrison of Pesth, and rather as
an exhibition of the weakness than the misuse of despotic rule. The
Janissaries broke up from their encampment an hour before midnight,
and set on fire their huts, forage, and every combustible article
which they could not or would not carry with them. Under this latter
head they included the greater portion of the vast swarm of prisoners
of all ages and both sexes collected in their quarters. Of these the
younger portion alone, boys and girls, were dragged along with their
retiring columns, tied together by ropes, and destined to slavery. The
old of both sexes and the children were for the most part flung alive
into the flames of the burning camp, and the remainder cut to pieces
or impaled. The glare of the conflagration and the shrieks of the
sufferers disturbed through the night the rest so dearly earned by the
brave defenders of the city, and though their approaching deliverance
might be read in the one, it was probably easy to conjecture from the
other the horrors by which that deliverance was accompanied. When this
act of cowardly vengeance was accomplished, a parting salvo from all
their fire-arms was discharged at the walls; and after all remaining
buildings in the suburbs and adjacent villages had been set on fire,
the army commenced its retreat.

With the first light of morning came assurance of the city’s safety,
which was hailed by a general discharge of artillery from the walls,
and by warlike music in the public squares, and from St. Stephen’s
tower. The bells, too, were released from the silence to which they
had been condemned since the 29th of September, and a solemn _Te Deum_
and high mass were celebrated in St. Stephen’s in honour of the Holy
Trinity. The Sultan questioned his prisoner the Cornet Zedlitz as to
the cause of the sounds which reached his ear. The cornet avowed at
once his belief that the clamour was that of joy and triumph over the
deliverance of the city. The Sultan evinced his satisfaction at the
frankness of his favourite’s reply by dismissing him in safety to the
city, bearing on his person the marks of Oriental favour in the shape
of silken and gold-embroidered apparel, and accompanied by two of his
fellow-prisoners, who thus shared the advantage of the good-will which
the soldier had earned by his manly bearing. Soon after this creditable
act, the Sultan commenced his march in the direction of Brück on the
Leitha. Early the following day the flotilla began to drop down the
river, not, however, unmolested by the artillery from the city, which
sunk several of the vessels. The Grand Vizier remained for some time
with some 60,000 cavalry in the neighbourhood of the Wienerberg,
partly to cover the retreat, partly to rally the light troops
dispersed on plundering expeditions. It is stated by some writers,
further to account for this delay, that he waited for the issue of the
machinations of certain of his agents in the city, who had undertaken
to set it on fire, and that he hoped even at this late hour by such
means to effect his entrance. This supposition is not very consistent
with the haughty and elevated character of the man. It is however
certain that three suspected individuals were arrested, who gave
themselves out for escaped prisoners. They had been at first admitted
as such without suspicion; but when it was observed that their purses
were well filled with Turkish money, this was thought a sufficient
reason for putting them to the torture, by which a confession was
extorted that they had been hired for the purpose above described. They
were quartered, and their limbs affixed _in terrorem_ on the walls.
At the distance of a mile the Sultan again halted, and held a divan
to receive the felicitations of his great officers on the _fortunate
termination_ of the campaign. After these functionaries had kissed his
hand, he distributed among them rich rewards. The Vizier received a
jewelled sabre, four costly pelisses, and five purses.[8] The Pachas
received each two pelisses and a sum of money. The money distributed
as reward to the storming-parties had amounted to 240,000 ducats, so
that the closing act of the siege cost the Sultan at least 250,000
ducats. The most curious feature of the transaction is the tone of the
bulletins in which the retreat was described. The great Orientalist
and historian Von Hammer has given us translations of several. The
concluding passage of one of them is to this effect:—“An unbeliever
came out from the fortress and brought intelligence of the submission
of the princes and of the people, on whose behalf he prayed for grace
and pardon. The Padischah received his prayer with favour, and granted
them pardon. Inasmuch as the German lands were unconnected with the
Ottoman realm, that hence it was hard to occupy the frontier places and
conduct their affairs, the faithful would not trouble themselves to
clear out the fortress, or purify, improve, and put it into repair; but
a reward of 1000 aspers was dealt out to each of the Janissaries; and
security being established, the horses’ heads were turned towards the
throne of Solomon.”

Before the Vizier joined the column of retreat, a messenger was
despatched to him with proposals for an exchange of prisoners. The
Vizier presented the messenger with a rich caftan of blue silk, and
returned the following answer written in bad Italian:—“Ibrahim Pacha,
by the grace of God, first Vizier, Secretary and chief Councillor of
the most glorious, great, and invincible Emperor, Sultan Soliman; head
and minister of his whole dominions, of his slaves and sandschaks,
Generalissimo of his armies. Well-born, magnanimous officers and
commanders, receiving your writing, sent by your messenger, we have
digested its contents. Know that we are not come to take your city into
our possession, but only to seek out your Archduke Ferdinand, whom
however we have not found, and hence have waited here so many days, he
not appearing. Yesterday moreover we set free three of our prisoners,
for which reason you should be fain to do likewise by those in your
possession, as we have desired your messenger to explain to you by word
of mouth. You may therefore send hither one of your people to seek
out your countrymen, and without fear or anxiety for our good faith,
for what happened to those of Pesth was not our fault but their own.
Given before Vienna in the middle of October.” The above was written
on smooth Italian paper, the signature alone and the signet impression
in Turkish characters. The authorities in Vienna presented the bearer
of this missive with an upper garment of red damask, and sent him
back with the verbal answer that they were the more anxious to deal
strictly according to the usages of war, because they looked forward
to much future matter for intercourse. If rightly reported, it must
be confessed that both reply and rejoinder in this negotiation appear
to have somewhat lost sight of the point at issue. The contemporary
writer, Labach, asserts that Soliman, _after his withdrawal_, sent a
message to the city containing an offer to withdraw on payment to him
of 200,000 florins, to which the authorities made answer that the keys
of their treasury were missing.

On the 17th of October the Vizier really commenced his retreat under
a heavy snow-storm which lasted from early morning till late into the
night. The day’s march extended as far as Brück on the Leitha, and
was one of great difficulty and attended with much loss of baggage.
The garrison exerted itself to take advantage of these circumstances.
A sally took place on the same day, under command of John Katzianer,
Paul Bakics, and Sigismund von Weichselburg, with eight squadrons
of cavalry and four companies of foot, in which many prisoners were
made, many Christians rescued, and a rich booty captured in tents and
camp furniture, together with some camels. On the 19th another sally
was attended with still happier results. Near the village of Laa on
the Wienerberg upwards of 200 Turks were slain, a Pacha captured,
and many children rescued from captivity. The Turkish rear-guard was
thus annoyed, till, on the 20th of October, it crossed the Hungarian
frontier. The invaders, however, left fearful traces of their incursion
over a vast extent of country, and on their line of retreat wreaked
to the last their vengeance for the failure of their main purpose on
every object animate and inanimate within their reach. To their usual
practices of massacre, plunder, and incendiarism, they superadded the
destruction of fruit-trees, vineyards, and gardens; and the wretched
inhabitants who had saved their lives by flight or concealment,
returned to scenes of desolation which required years to repair.

The loss of the invaders during the siege has been very variously
stated, at numbers indeed varying from 80,000 to 30,000. The Hungarian
historian, Utvanffy, reduces this to 20,000, and Ortelius to 14,000.
The truth probably approaches the lower calculation, as, in the absence
of all general encounter in the field, the loss in action fell heavily
only on the storming-parties. The return of 1500 killed on the side of
the city, though adopted in all the narratives, is manifestly below the
truth, for we have seen that as early as the 11th October 636 of the
armed citizens were missing. On the 25th October, the tenth day from
the raising of the siege, Soliman entered Pesth, where he was received
with all honours by Zapolya. On the 28th, in full divan, Zapolya
renewed his homage, and was presented with ten caftans and three
horses, with bits and chains of gold. His minister, Ludovico Gritti,
received 20,000 ducats. On the 30th, Soliman recommenced his march,
and pursued it through Peterwaradin to Belgrade, which he reached
only on the 20th November, having been much delayed by inundations.
Much baggage remained behind in the swamps, and many men and horses
perished of starvation. These incidents did not prevent Soliman from
writing in a victorious strain to the Venetian Doge, Andreas Gritti.
This letter, dated from Belgrade, was written in Italian, and began
with a pompous list of titles of sovereignty, comprising Asia and
Europe generally; and descending to particulars, Persia, Arabia, Syria,
Mecca and Jerusalem, the whole territory of Egypt, and the shores of
the Mediterranean. The letter further related how the Sultan had
“taken from Ferdinand the kingdom of Hungary and invested with the
same the Wayvode of Transylvania; how with his Vizier Ibrahim, his
Agas and Pachas, he had marched over Syria to Pesth, and there placed
the crown of Hungary on the head of the Wayvode, and had looked for
King Ferdinand in Vienna: but inasmuch as the latter had fled towards
Prague, and it was impossible even to ascertain whether he were alive
or dead, had again, at the end of twenty days, turned round towards
Pesth and there received the homage of his vassal.” The whole is a
curious specimen of the perfection which this mode of describing
occurrences had attained three centuries before our time. The tone is
the same of most of the Turkish narratives of the day, all of which
extol to the skies the magnanimity and moderation of the Sultan. One
only, that of Ferdi, describes with some fidelity the devastation
effected by the army. The national animosities of this writer are so
violent that he calls Ferdinand by no other name than the “accursed.”
The conclusion of his narrative runs as follows:—“As it came to the
ear of His Majesty that a portion of the Christian army had shut
itself up in the city, and from this it was to be conjectured that the
accursed Ferdinand was among them; the victorious army besieged the
said fortress for fifteen days, and overthrew the walls in five places
by mines, so that the unbelievers prayed for mercy from the faithful.
As some of the garrison were taken prisoners, and from these it was
ascertained that the accursed was not in the fortress, the Imperial
mercy forgave their offence, and listened to their entreaties; but
His Majesty, who governs the world, to gain the merits of this holy
war, and to ruin the aforesaid accursed, had sent out the Akindschis,
the runners and burners, in all directions into Germany, so that the
whole country was trodden down by the hoofs of the horses, and even
the lands north of the Danube wasted with fire by the crews of the
vessels. Cities and hamlets, market-towns and villages, blazed up in
the fire of vengeance and destruction. The beautiful land, the treasury
of spring and abode of joy, was trodden down by the horsemen and filled
with smoke. Houses and palaces were left in ashes. The victorious army
dragged away captive the inhabitants, great and small, high and low,
men and women, strong and weak. In the bazaars were sold many fair ones
with jasmine foreheads, eyebrows arched and thick, and countenances
like Peris; and the booty was incalculable. Property, moveable and
immoveable, men and cattle, the speaking and the dumb, the rational and
the senseless, were destroyed and slaughtered at the edge of the sabre.
Thus on the page of time was written the fulfilment of the prophecy of
the Koran, ‘Thus deal we with the wicked.’”

On the 28th November, the Sultan reached Constantinople, and made his
triumphal entry with the portion of his army which had least suffered
by the march. The greater part of the exhausted troops remained at
Belgrade, Nissa, and Adrianople to recruit their strength and numbers;
for the Sultan was passionately intent upon retrieving his failure, and
prosecuting with new resources his plans for the establishment of an
Empire of the West. Years, however, were required to place his forces
on a footing for another expedition, the results of which will be
hereafter disclosed.


FOOTNOTES:

[8] The purse held 500 piastres, or 60,000 aspers, which, at 50 aspers
to the ducat, makes 6000 ducats.




CHAPTER VIII.

From November 20 to the end of the year 1529.


Although for the moment Vienna was relieved from dread of the Turk,
other causes of distress and apprehension survived the removal of the
main danger, and required equally the application of violent remedies.
Not to mention that the open country was long infested with roving
parties of Turkish marauders who were little interfered with by a
soldiery who had forgotten their own discipline in the excitement of
success, in Vienna itself this spirit displayed itself in a fearful
insurrection of the troops of the Empire, which threatened the citizens
with greater calamities than even those of the siege itself. On
the ground that they had repulsed five main attacks, they demanded
fivefold pay; and as it was impossible at once to concede this demand,
they indicated, not obscurely, an intention to pay themselves by a
general plunder of the city. The authorities attempted in the first
instance to appease them with fair words and moral reflections. These
only led to increased demands, and at length to distinct threats of
a total rejection of military obedience, and of a general assault on
persons and property. The invitation of one of their ensigns, Paul
Gumpenberger, for every man to rally round his colours who would be
content with double pay, had, it is true, the desired effect, so far
that several reasonable men broke off from the mass and rescued for
the moment the superior officers from their turbulent comrades. On
the following day, however, the clamour and the menaces were revived
with increased violence. The Pfalzgraf Frederick, who had meanwhile
arrived in Vienna, promised them now threefold pay, with which the
greater number were satisfied, but it was not till the ringleaders
had been executed that tranquillity was entirely restored. The troops
were finally divided and marched off, some to Pressburg, others to
Altenburg in Hungary, and with their departure confidence revived
and the citizens were enabled to commence the work of restoration and
repair both of their defences and of the houses which had suffered by
the enemy’s fire. The whole of the extensive space occupied by the
fortifications now existing, as well as the glacis, both of which at
this period were covered with buildings, were now cleared of such,
and the repeated and obstinate attempts of the former proprietors to
rebuild their dwellings as obstinately resisted. By the same operation
the booths, so called, of the suburb vanished for ever, and when, some
three years later, the alarm of invasion was revived, the extensive
remains still standing of the Burgher hospital, and of many other
large buildings and churches between the river Wien and the city,
were levelled to the ground. In exchange for the vast and richly
endowed Burgher hospital, the ruins of which had afforded the Turks so
excellent a position in front of the Kärnthner gate, the city obtained
in 1580 the nunnery of St. Clara, the nuns of which, reduced in numbers
by the Reformation, had fled to another establishment of their order at
Villach in Carinthia. Those who returned to Vienna after the siege were
received in the Pilgrim-house near St. Anne, where they gradually died
out, and their former buildings were formally made over to the city,
out of which has since grown the great hospital now existing.


 _Original Narrative of the Adventures of the Cornet Christopher von
 Zedlitz in the Turkish Camp. From the Collection of the Baron von
 Enenkel in the State Archives at Vienna._

Among such praiseworthy Christian Knights, may also justly be
celebrated the honourable and noble Knight and Master, Christopher von
Czetliz, who in his honourable knightly deeds against the hereditary
enemy of Christendom, the Turk, has learned and known the use and
profit of diligent prayer, and how to acquit oneself with the Psalter
or Prayer-Book of the good Knight and King, David, much better than
other careless, idle, godless people, who take no account of psalm or
paternoster; for when in years past the Turkish tyrant, Soliman, with
a terrible power came from Constantinople upon Hungary, and having
marched 280 German miles, without reckoning the bendings of roads and
by-ways, sat down before Vienna, as it were at the door of the old and
famous German people, so that all Germany behoved to be stirring, then
did this noble Knight, Christopher, essay himself often and manfully
against the enemy.

Firstly, before Komorn; secondly, at the coronation at
Stuhlweissenburg, where he distinguished himself among all the other
knights there present, and exhibited himself before the king in
knightly fashion, in tilting-feats, which no one could repeat after
him, and which the chivalry present and his Majesty himself had much
content to witness; and the latter soon after ordered him a cornetcy
under the Count von Hardegg, when Pesth was recovered from the Turk.
When Soliman in 1529 retook Pesth, and marched upon Vienna, Cornet
Christopher was in the latter city, attached to the principal in
command, when and where he gained much honour in skirmishing, and
was moreover made prisoner, as will be related. In 1530, having been
meanwhile knighted by his Majesty, he marched again to Pesth, under
Count Hardegg, for the recovery of that city, where he joined himself
with one Von Reussenstein, agreeing together to mount to the assault,
as they did, and got as far as the breach, where, inasmuch as the
others did not follow like men, but remained in the ditch, Cornet
Christopher was hardly entreated, a Nimptsch (one of the family of
Nimptsch) shot by his side, and he thrown back into the ditch; and
this siege passed without success. In 1532, when the Turk was minded
again to march on Vienna, but who for the good fortune of the Emperor
Charles, who joined King Ferdinand in person at Vienna, had turned
off to Güns, against which he failed in several assaults, Cornet
Christopher was at the head of some knights from the principalities
of Schweidnitz and Jauer; and when some on our side skirmished with
the Turk at Neustadt, he advanced in front of all, and assailed and
dismounted a Turk of consideration;—not to mention that he was somewhat
ailing, and enfeebled by his march, so that so soon as he had found his
way back to Breslau, he departed in God, helped surely by a Turkish
syrup which he had taken, and which worked the stronger with time. For
when, in the year before mentioned (1529), the Turk assailed Vienna,
this noble knight had fallen upon him, and well conducted himself, and
in a skirmish had fallen from and parted company with his horse, which
had not trusted itself to come back to him, and a cry being raised to
save the standard, which was performed by a Fleming, Cornet Christopher
had taken post on a small round hillock, where three Turks perceived
and assaulted him, but he with his sword stood at bay, and stuck one
of their horses in the head, and would have got clear off, but that
twelve other Turks assailed him before and behind, and by numbers
struck him to the ground; and when he had wounded one of these through
the arm, they wrung his sword from him, and endeavoured to loose his
armour, but as he was armed with a whole cuirass, no one could strip
him, else, without doubt, in their fury they would have sabred and cut
him to pieces. As it was they made him prisoner, and carried him off
among them, by the side of their horses, a good quarter of a mile,
and then set him in his cuirass on a baggage-mule, and carried him
on through the night as far as Brück on the Leitha, the head quarter
of the Turkish emperor. When they entered the camp there was much
concourse to see a figure in full harness, cuirass, and head-piece, all
screwed up, so that there was nothing but sheer iron to be seen; then
one of the bystanders spoke to him in the Croat tongue, and asked him
what he could do and compass, having such a load of iron on him; and
he answered: “Had I a horse, and were I loose and free, thou wouldst
then quickly see what I could do.” Being further asked whether he, Von
Zedlitz, could touch the ground with his fist, he quickly bent himself
down thereto: meanwhile the girth of the baggage-saddle burst, and he
fell with a crash to the ground; and when the Turks began to laugh,
he (Von Zedlitz) rose nimbly up, and, without a run, jumped in his
heavy armour on the tall mule, so that the Turks admired and forbore
to laugh. In this expedition there was about the Emperor Ibrahim (in
German Emerich) Pacha, an eminent and notable man, the next to Solyman
in that day, ruler and minister of everything in the Turkish realm,
and who in this war counselled and directed everything. Before him
when Von Zedlitz was brought, he gave order that they should take
him out of his armour; but among the Turks was no man familiar with
knightly equipment, who could deal with the manner of fastening of such
a cuirass, then no longer much used and quite unknown to the Turks,
and he remained armed till questioned by Solyman himself. To him Count
Christopher made answer, that if assured of his life he would undo
himself. When Ibrahim Pacha had given him such assurance, he showed
the interpreter two little screws at the side, which being loosed, the
cuirass came to its pieces, to the great wonder of the Turks. When he
had laid aside his harness, the Turks, observing a gold chain about
him, fell upon him violently to tear it off; but he, seizing it with
both hands, tore it in pieces and flung it among them. They also took
from him his seal and ring, and on account of the gold, concluded
him to be of great means and condition; but he held himself out for
a gentleman of small means, who had won these things in war. As the
account of these things spread itself through the camp, much was said
of the feats of this man-at-arms, and of his singular dexterity under
his strange attire, and every one was curious to see him, being,
moreover, among the first who had been taken prisoners out of the city
itself of Vienna. He was, therefore, ordered to exhibit himself in
full cuirass, armed at all points for fight, and to prove whether in
this fashion he could, without vantage, lift himself from the ground.
On the following day, mules and several kicking horses being produced,
Count Christopher laid himself on the ground with his cuirass screwed,
and rising nimbly, without any vantage, sprung on a horse, and this he
repeated several times; and then, with running and vaulting, afforded
those hellhounds a princely spectacle of knightly exercises, to their
great admiration, and specially that of Ibrahim Pacha, who soon after
took him to himself, and kept him safe in his own custody. Meanwhile,
there came to him certain officers to frighten or to prove him, telling
him to hold himself in readiness, for that the Pacha would do him
right that same day. To these he answered, that as a Christian he was
in truth not afraid of death; as one who, in honour of his Redeemer,
in obedience to his sovereign, and in defence of his country, had
prepared himself by prayer for death at any hour or instant, and hoped
and believed most certainly to enjoy eternal joy and happiness through
Christ; but, nevertheless, could not credit that such was the order of
the Pacha, for he knew for certain that what the Pacha had promised he
would perform like an honourable soldier. When this reached the Pacha,
the longer he considered the more he admired, not only the knightly
feats, but the noble spirit of this hero. When, also, Soliman himself
asked him whether, if he (Soliman) should release him, he would still
make war upon him, Count Christopher answered, undismayed, that if God
and his Redeemer should grant him deliverance, he would while life
lasted fight against the Turks more hotly than ever. Thereupon the
Sultan replied, “Thou shalt be free, my man, and make war on me as thou
wilt for the rest of thy life.” Soliman knew perhaps well that he would
not live long, for it has been conjectured that the Turks had given
him a potion, which in a few years attacked his life and carried him
off. The Pacha, however, kept him in good case while the siege lasted,
namely, about a month; and in place of his cuirass, gave him a dress of
red velvet Tyrian stuff, which he wore and lay in night and day, and
sent him from his own table meats and mixed drinks (probably sherbet),
as daily prepared for himself, and even in course of time offered and
gave him wine.[9] The Count, for special reasons, gave himself out
for a Bohemian, being conversant in the Slav language, which is much
in use with the Turks. When it came to the time appointed for the
great assault, the Pacha said to him at table, “This evening will the
great Sultan take possession of Vienna, and it will fare ill with your
people,” and then asked him further, how strong the garrison was; and
the Count answered, “All that he could tell was, that the garrison
within were of that stamp that they would one and all be killed before
they would surrender the city.” When the assault took place, the Count
was left in the Pacha’s tent without any special guard, but loose and
free of his person, and able to look about him in the camp; but when,
by help of God, the Turks being repulsed broke up their camp, the Pacha
took the Count with him the first day’s march, but in the morning after
put another Turkish robe of velvet on him over the former, which is
still preserved by his brothers, Francis and Hans von Zedlitz; and
added a present of a hundred aspers, and also a cavalry prisoner whom
the Count knew and had begged for, and caused them to be honourably
attended and passed safe, so that on the following day they reached
Vienna, where the Count was honourably received by the princes, counts,
gentlemen, and officers there present.


_Notice of the Devastation effected by the Turks, from Original
Sources._

The general character of the operations of the Sackman has been
sufficiently described. From the foot of the Kahlenberg, from
Heiligenstadt and Döbling to the shore of the Leitha, his presence was
proclaimed by the smoke of burning villages, and his march was tracked
by wasted fields and vineyards. In the first days of the investment of
Vienna the vineyards of Heiligenstadt had been destroyed by the Bosnian
light troops; and on the day of the last assault its failure was
avenged by the indiscriminate massacre of the inhabitants. At Döbling
the pastor, Peter Heindl, was flung on a burning pile of the registers
and archives of the district. Hütteldorf, St. Veit, Brunn, and
Enzersdorf were burnt. In Perchtoldsdorf the inhabitants indeed held
out in the castle, but every thing beyond its walls was destroyed. From
the fortress of Lichtenstein the eldest son of its possessor of that
day was dragged into slavery. In Closter-Neuburg the upper town and the
ecclesiastical buildings held out, but the lower was destroyed. Baden
shared its fate. The destroyers penetrated even into Upper Austria,
and thence into Styria, where, however, they on several occasions met
with their match, for the people rose upon their scattered bands, and
burned alive those whom they overpowered. A detachment also crossed
the Danube in thirty vessels, and made an incursion on the left bank.
After having set fire to the village and castle of Schmida, they were
surprised and in great part destroyed by a body of 200 cavalry under
Count Hardegg. A number of fugitives were pursued to the shore, and
perished in an over-crowded vessel, which went to the bottom. Another
body, which, disturbed in its occupation of plunder, had taken refuge
in a tower near Korneuburg, were surrounded and cut to pieces by
the land-bailiff George von Leuchtenberg, and the Bavarian colonel
of cavalry Wolfgang von Weichs. In spite of these isolated acts of
vengeance and resistance, upwards of 20,000 Christians were slaughtered
or dragged into slavery; and but few of the latter, most of them young
persons of either sex and priests, ever returned. It is a remarkable
fact, proved from all the original accounts, that the Turks preferred
making slaves of the clergy to the putting them to death; possibly, for
the pleasure of tormenting them at leisure. According to a contemporary
narrative, upwards of 14,000 of the Akindschis perished in these
desultory conflicts. Taking their whole force at the number, usually
admitted, of 40,000, the proportion is not improbable.


FOOTNOTES:

[9] This specimen of favouritism, won, not by mean arts, but by
soldierlike and simple bearing, does honour to both parties. No one in
these days would, like the Chronicler, give credit to the tale of slow
poison with which his credulity impairs the merit justly due to the
Turk. Even were it more consistent than it is with the character of
Soliman or his minister, it is obviously irreconcilable with the other
facts recorded.—E.




BOOK II.

FROM THE END OF THE FIRST SIEGE OF VIENNA TO THAT OF THE SECOND. 1530
to 1684.




CHAPTER I.

1530 to 1538.


The close of the year 1529 had been made memorable in the annals of
Christendom by the retreat of Soliman. He had retired not without loss
and a degree of exhaustion which promised an interval at least of
repose to the countries he had so cruelly ravaged. He was, however,
neither satiated with blood nor discouraged by that signal failure of
the main object of his expedition which the Turkish historiographers
strove in vain to conceal beneath the flowers of Oriental eloquence.
So early as in the spring of 1532, he poured down upon Hungary and
Styria a force even more numerous than that which had invested Vienna.
Some have computed it at 600,000 men, probably an exaggeration; but
Ortelius, a writer generally to be depended upon, speaks of 500,000,
and of these 300,000 horsemen. The first serious resistance which this
immense accumulation of numerical force had to encounter, was opposed
to it by the inconsiderable and scarcely fortified town, Güns. The
defence of this place ranks high among the instances in which patience
and resolution, arrayed behind very feeble defences, have baffled all
the efforts of numbers stimulated by the hope of plunder and a strong
sense of the disgrace of failure. Nicholas Jurechich, a Croatian
nobleman, was the leader to whom the credit of this defence is due. In
the character of ambassador extraordinary from Ferdinand to the Sultan,
he had very recently displayed firmness, temper, and sagacity; and
now, behind walls which had been mined in thirteen different places,
and which presented a practicable breach eight fathoms wide, with
a body of troops originally of insignificant numbers and reduced by
eleven assaults, he met with unshaken resolution a twelfth desperate
attempt of the enemy. It was all but fatal. The troops were nearly
driven from the walls, upon which eight Turkish standards were already
planted, when a shout of despair raised by the women and unarmed
inhabitants of the place was mistaken by the assailants for the cheer
of a reinforcement. The garrison profited by a moment of hesitation,
and again succeeded in their noble effort. For twenty-five days they
had occupied the whole force of the Turkish Empire in a fruitless
attempt,—a period fully sufficient to exhaust the patience of the brave
and impetuous but ill-disciplined armies of the faithful. The Sultan,
unwilling to waste a further portion of the best season and of his
best troops before a place so unimportant in itself, adopted his usual
expedient in such cases, magnanimity. He invited the commanders under a
safe conduct to his presence, complimented them on their conduct, and
making them a present of the town and citadel, a donation founded on a
right of property on which they had no inclination to raise a verbal
dispute, for the utter exhaustion of their resources of all kinds would
have rendered further resistance impossible, withdrew his forces; not
however, as was expected, in the direction of Neustadt and Vienna. He
marched, on the contrary, up the course of the Mur, by roads of the
most difficult and harassing description; and, establishing himself in
Styria, sat down before Gratz, which, after a tedious siege, he took
and ransacked, but failed to reduce the citadel. Some writers are of
opinion that this diversion of his force, in fact a circuitous retreat,
was the work of the Vizier Ibrahim, who had been bribed by Charles V.
Nothing has been discovered in the Austrian archives which contain
the state secrets of the time, and no passage has been detected by
such inquirers as Von Hammer in the pages of Turkish history to favour
this supposition. The bribe also must have been a large one which
could have influenced the conduct of a man who had the treasure of the
seven towers at his disposal. A far more natural cause may be assigned
for the movements of the Sultan. The relative position of the two
parties was very different from that of 1529. It is true the frontier
provinces were, as then, exposed to the first onset of the invader;
but the preparations of the House of Austria for defence were further
advanced, better organized, and on a more respectable scale than before.

The Emperor Charles in person had put himself at the head of the
troops of the Empire, and had well employed the interval of security
which the delay of the Sultan before the town of Güns had afforded
him. With an army rated at 260,000 men, of which however only 126,000
were combatants, namely, 96,000 infantry and 30,000 cavalry, he lay
encamped at no great distance from Vienna. In his former campaign
Soliman had sought in vain for the accursed Ferdinand, and had made
much of his disappointment in the bulletins from his camp and in the
pages of his servile historiographers. He was probably not equally
desirous of falling in with such an antagonist as Charles, at the
head of an untouched force of this magnitude. The sudden direction of
his army upon provinces bare of troops, but which contained plunder
to be gathered, and villages to be burned, and helpless people
to be slaughtered, was a safe and a tempting, though inglorious
proceeding. These were the motives, as far as inquiry can now detect
them, which postponed to a subsequent century the great spectacle
of actual collision in the field between the main armies of Turkey
and the Empire. Austria meanwhile derived from the postponement of
so tremendous an issue no immunity from a repetition of the horrors
of the last invasion. While the main Turkish army occupied Styria,
the bands of Michael Oglou were again let loose upon her plains,
re-enacting, up to the walls of Lintz and Vienna, every former
atrocity. If, however, they were allowed for a period thus to extend
and pursue their ravages, they came at last within reach, not merely
of the partial resistance by which the more adventurous of their
parties had before been occasionally cut off, but of the heavy blows
of a disciplined enemy. Vienna itself was in a state of defence which
fully secured it against any attack from the irregular troops of the
Turks; and it is not probable that Soliman at any time had contemplated
a renewal of his attempt upon that city with his main army, for he
had again left his heavy artillery behind; and all his preparations
tended to a pitched battle in the open field. The Pfalzgraf Frederick
was able, therefore, with a strong detachment, to address himself to
the deliverance of the open country from the marauders, and took
up a position at Enzesfeld, which threatened the communications of
Michael Oglou with Styria. The latter commenced a hasty retreat in the
direction of Neustadt and Pottenstein; but the principal passes of the
mountains beyond were already occupied by the Pfalzgraf; and a strong
force of arquebuziers under a skilful officer, Sebastian Scheitl, moved
upon his rear by Kaumberg. On the 18th of September, his main column,
encumbered with plunder and with 4000 prisoners, was suddenly attacked
by this detachment, and driven through Pottenstein towards the defiles
in front, which were strongly occupied by the Pfalzgraf. The savage
leader, thus caught in the toils, kept up his character for courage
and cruelty to the last. He directed an instant and indiscriminate
massacre of his prisoners, setting the example with his own hand; and,
dividing his forces into two bodies, scattered one into the pathless
forests to the south, and headed the other and main body in a desperate
attempt to cut its way to the front by the valley of Stahremberg. He
fell among the foremost. His jewelled helmet, appropriately adorned
with vultures’ wings, was conveyed to Ferdinand, and may still be seen
in the Ambros Museum at Vienna. On his fall, the command was assumed
by his lieutenant, Osman, who struggled through the defiles only to
fall in opener ground upon the troops of the Empire commanded by the
Count Lodovic and the Margrave Joachim of Brandenburg. Tired horses and
despairing riders fell an easy prey, not only to the troops, but to the
peasantry. Attacked by the latter in the neighbourhood of Siebenstein,
many were forced over a picturesque precipice, which still bears the
name of the “Turkish Fall.” Osman himself fell by the hand of Paul
Bakics, who bore him from the saddle with his lance, and finished
him with his own jewelled dagger, which hung at his saddle-bow. Of
this division of the robber force, nearly 18,000 strong, it is said
that not one escaped. Those who were detached through the forests had
better fortune. Part, at least of them, effected their junction with
Soliman in Styria. In Austria the Sackman was seen no more. In Hungary,
indeed, and Styria, their excesses continued for some years, but the
frontier of Austria proper was henceforth secure. In the battle of
Guirgewo against the Poles in 1596, the last remnant of the Akindschis
was destroyed, and the name appears no more in the Turkish annals. On
the 2nd of October the Emperor Charles V. and his brother Ferdinand
descended the river from Lintz, and were formally received at Vienna
on the 3rd. A great review was held, at which Charles, to conciliate
the Hungarians, appeared in the costume of that country. Soliman,
on receiving intelligence of the fate of Michael Oglou, pursued his
retreat with so much precipitancy and confusion, that if Charles had
followed him with activity, the fate of Hungary must have been decided.
The affairs of religion, however, were nearer to the heart of Charles
than those of Hungary, and the approaching convocation of the Council
of Trent attracting him to Italy, the golden opportunity was lost.
Zapolya retained possession of his throne, under the protection of
60,000 Turks encamped on the bank of the Drave. In 1538 the peace of
Grosswaradin was concluded, in which Ferdinand recognised the usurper
as King of Hungary in the portion of that country occupied by him, and
as Wayvode of Transylvania, in return for the reversion of that kingdom
on Zapolya’s death, whose son, should he leave one, was to enjoy only
the hereditary succession of his house, the Countship of Zips.




CHAPTER II.

1539 to 1566.


In 1539, Zapolya, advanced in age, but anxious to bequeath his powers
of mischief to a lineal descendant, contracted a marriage with Isabella
of Poland. His wishes were gratified in the following year by the
birth of a son; an event which he himself survived only twenty-four
days. The ambitious mother, setting at defiance the terms of the
treaty of Grosswaradin, asserted the claim of her child to the throne
of Hungary, and invoked the protection of the Sultan. The secrecy
with which the treaty of Grosswaradin had been concluded between
Ferdinand and Zapolya had excited the deep indignation of the Sultan;
and though, as might be supposed, fully determined to prevent its
fulfilment in favour of Ferdinand, he was little inclined to allow
the widow and race of Zapolya to profit by its infraction. In June,
1541, he for the ninth time took the field in person; and in August
he appeared before Pesth, from which a besieging army of Ferdinand
had lately been repulsed with loss. On the 29th August, the fifteenth
anniversary of the battle of Mohacs, the infant Zapolya was brought
into his camp, and Pesth admitted a Turkish garrison. Much negotiation
passed with the widowed queen; presents and civil speeches abounded
on both sides; and finally she received, and counted probably at its
real value, the solemn assurance of the Sultan that the capital should
be restored to her son on the attainment of his majority. Meanwhile
the young Zapolya was acknowledged as Wayvode of Transylvania; but a
purely Turkish administration was organised and placed in authority
over the whole extent of that portion of the kingdom of Hungary which
had been under the real or nominal sovereignty of Zapolya. In a small
part of it the House of Austria had all along maintained itself; nor
did that power submit to the summary appropriation of the remainder
by the enemy of Christendom. For many a year, and through many a
reign, Hungary continued the field of a struggle of race and religion,
which the temporary exhaustion of either or both parties could but
occasionally interrupt, and in which, during the lifetime of Ferdinand,
the Turks had generally the advantage. In 1547, an armistice of five
years was purchased by humiliating concessions on the part of Austria.
_Punctually_ at the expiration of the period hostilities were resumed,
and continued without cessation or decisive result to the death of
Ferdinand in 1564, and into the reign of his successor Maximilian
II. In the prosecution of the struggle, this wise sovereign reaped
advantage from the system of toleration which he extended to the
powerful Protestant party in Hungary.

The Hungarian campaign of 1566 was distinguished by the famous
siege of the small fortress of Szigeth, and the self-immolation of
its defender, the Hungarian Leonidas, Nicholas, Count of Zriny. In
early life he had distinguished himself at the siege of Vienna; and
having pursued a successful career in arms, held under the present
Emperor the chief command on the right bank of the Danube. Soliman
had undertaken the siege of Erlau; and the Pacha of Bosnia was on
the march with reinforcements, when he was attacked near Siklos by
Zriny, completely defeated, and slain. The Sultan, furious at this
disaster, raised the siege of Erlau and marched with 100,000 men upon
Zriny, who, with scarcely 2500, flung himself into Szigeth, with the
resolution never to surrender it; a resolution to which his followers
cheerfully bound themselves by an oath. To the utmost exertion of his
vast military means of attack, Soliman added not only the seduction
of brilliant promises, but the more cogent threat of putting to death
the son of Zriny, who had fallen into his hands. All was in vain.
The Sultan’s letter was used by Zriny as wadding for his own musket;
and for seventeen days the town held out against repeated assaults.
The enfeebled garrison were then driven to the lower castle, and at
last to the upper one. No hope remained of repelling another general
assault, for which the Turkish preparations were carried forward with
the utmost vigour under the eye of the Sultan, who, however, was not
destined to witness their issue. On the 6th of September he was found
dead in his tent, having thus closed, at the age of seventy-six, by
a tranquil and natural death, a reign of forty-five years, which for
activity and variety of military enterprise, for expenditure of human
life, and for the diffusion of the miseries of warfare, unmitigated by
the conventional usages and inventions of later times, could scarcely
find its parallel. His decease afforded no respite to the besieged.
The event was kept a rigid secret from the soldiery by the Vizier
Ibrahim, who adopted the Oriental precaution of putting to death the
physicians in attendance. Zriny did not wait for the final assault. On
the 8th September the Turks were pressing forward along a narrow bridge
to the castle, when the gate was suddenly flung open, a large mortar
loaded with broken iron was discharged into their ranks, according to
their own historians killing 600 of them, and close upon its discharge
Zriny and his faithful band sallied forth to die. His resolution was
evinced by some characteristic preparations. From four swords he chose
a favourite weapon which he had worn in the first campaigns of his
youth, and, determined not to fall alive into the hands of his enemies,
he wore no defensive armour. He fastened to his person the keys of the
castle and a purse of a hundred ducats, carefully counted and selected,
of the coinage of Hungary. “The man who lays me out,” he said, “shall
not complain that he found nothing upon me. When I am dead, let him
who may take the keys and the ducats. No Turk shall point at me while
alive with his finger.” The banner of the Empire was borne before him
by Laurence Juranitsch. In this guise, followed by his 600 remaining
comrades, he rushed upon the enemy, and by two musket-shots through
the body and an arrow in the head obtained the release he sought. With
some of his followers the instinct of self-preservation prevailed so
far that they retired from the massacre which followed into the castle,
where some few were captured alive. It is said also that some were
spared in the conflict by the Janissaries, who, admiring their courage,
placed their own caps on their heads for the purpose of saving them.
Three Pachas, 7000 Janissaries, and the scarcely credible number of
28,000 other soldiers, are said to have perished before this place.
The Vizier Ibrahim’s life was saved by one of Zriny’s household, who
was taken in the castle, which the Vizier had entered with his troops.
This man, to the Vizier’s inquiry after treasure, replied that it
had been long expended, but that 3000 lbs. of powder were then under
their feet, to which a slow match had been attached. The Vizier and
his mounted officers had just time to escape, but 3000 Turks perished
in the explosion which shortly followed. Zriny’s head was sent to the
Emperor; his body was honourably buried, as some accounts state, by the
hands of a Turk who had been his prisoner, and well treated by him.
Szigeth never recovered from its destruction, and some inconsiderable
ruins alone mark the scene of Zriny’s glory.




CHAPTER III.

1566 to 1664.


Soliman was succeeded on the throne by Selim II., son of a favourite
slave, Roxalana. The male issue of the other inmates of the royal
harem, whether wives or concubines, had been remorselessly sacrificed
to secure the undisputed succession of one who proved the first of
his race to set an example of degeneracy from the qualities which had
made his predecessors the terror of Christendom. Under the rule of
Soliman the power and reputation of the Porte had reached a point of
elevation from which it rapidly declined under his sensual and inactive
successor, and to which it has never re-ascended. The structure,
indeed, raised by the warrior founders of the Ottoman dynasty,
survived, without suffering material injury or diminution, too long for
the peace and safety of Europe; but this permanence was due less to its
own solidity than to the jealousies and dissensions of the Christian
powers, political and religious, but more especially the latter.
Within two years of Selim’s accession, in 1568, he concluded with
the Emperor Maximilian an armistice on the basis of their respective
occupation of territory, by which the Turk remained in possession
of Lower Hungary. In 1575 this compact was renewed for eight years.
The younger Zapolya had previously agreed that after his decease the
government of Transylvania should devolve by election upon a Wayvode,
a subject of the crown of Hungary; and on his death, in 1571, Steven
von Bathory had been accordingly elected. This prince subsequently
attained the crown of Poland, and in 1589 his cousin, Sigismund, made
over Transylvania to Hungary. In 1590, in the reign of Rodolph II., son
and successor to Maximilian, war again broke out between Austria and
Turkey, and was prosecuted with much bitterness, but with alternations
of success which led to no important results. In 1595 the Turks,
after two years of discomfiture, recovered themselves so far as to
approach the Austrian frontier in force, and seriously to threaten
Vienna. The landsturm of that city was called out, and the defences
were strengthened in all haste; but the force of Turkish invasion spent
itself upon Upper Hungary. Several strong places in that district
having been surrendered, as was alleged, by treason and cowardice,
Vienna became during several years the scene of bloody executions.
Thus, in 1595, Ferdinand Count Hardegg, and several of his officers,
expiated on the scaffold the surrender of Raab. In the same year an
engineer, Francis Diano, was executed on a charge of having undertaken
to blow up the Rothenthurm bastion on the appearance of a Turkish
force. Raab, after three years and a half possession by the Turks, was
retaken by the Austrian commanders, Rodolph Schwarzenberg and Nicholas
Palfy, an important service which the Emperor Rodolph acknowledged by
the erection of columnar monuments, and by the addition of a raven to
the escutcheon of the Schwarzenbergs. One of the columns remains to
this day in the neighbourhood of Mödling. In 1600 a mutinous project
for the surrender of the fortress Papa was detected and suppressed
by summary execution, and fifteen of the leaders were reserved for a
more terrible example at Vienna, twelve of whom were quartered and
three impaled. It would be tedious and disgusting to pursue the list
of similar atrocities perpetrated both at Vienna and in the frontier
fortresses. The Austrian authorities would appear to have considered
that the devices of Oriental cruelty were the only remedies or
preventives for treason and cowardice, and to have overlooked the fact
that many of the misdemeanours so savagely punished were attributable
to their own maladministration, to the inactivity of the Emperor,
and to the maltreatment and non-payment of the soldiery. In 1609
the Archduke Mathias assumed the practical exercise of sovereignty,
and on his formal succession to the imperial throne on the death of
Rodolph in 1612, he transferred the imperial residence from Prague to
Vienna. Under his administration better measures were applied to the
existing evils than those which had, by their use and their failure,
disgraced the reign of Rodolph. Mathias found himself shortly after
his coronation compelled to prepare for a renewal of hostilities with
the Turks, who were now in possession of the whole of Hungary and
Transylvania, in addition to Moldavia and Wallachia. When, however,
he made application to the states of the empire, the Protestants, by
far the majority, excused themselves on the allegation that no powers
had been delegated to them to furnish aid to a Turkish war, and they
recommended forbearance and delay in dealing with the hereditary enemy
of Christendom. Mathias had no resource but to conclude an armistice
for twenty years, which the Turks, on their part, exhausted by the long
previous struggle, and no longer led by such a ruler as Soliman, were
not reluctant to accept. They retained, however, their conquests. This
truce was observed with scrupulous and unshaken fidelity by the Turks
under five feeble successors of Selim II., (Murad III., Mohammed III.,
Achmet I., Mustapha I., Osman II.) By this honourable forbearance,
practised under strong temptation of advantage from its infraction
and in resistance to the allurements of Christian powers, especially
of France, Austria during the thirty years’ war enjoyed immunity from
attack on the most assailable portion of her frontier. Even Amurath
IV., who ascended the throne in 1623, and was the first of Soliman’s
successors who showed symptoms of a warlike spirit, concluded a fresh
truce with Austria, and thus the Turks remained tranquil through the
first half of the seventeenth century. In fact, the moral energy of
their race had declined while civilization and attendant power had
progressed in Christian Europe, and no exertion could have raised
them to their former elevation. Amurath’s son and successor Ibrahim,
notorious for his vices and cruel actions, was strangled in 1648.
He was succeeded by Mohammed IV., a boy seven years of age, during
whose minority confusion reigned supreme. His grandmother and mother
contended for power, and Janissaries and Spahis fought over the
dead bodies of viziers, murdered in rapid succession for the spoil,
till they met, A. D. 1656, with a master in the energetic Mohammed
Kinperli. Under his administration internal licence was repressed by
measures of salutary severity, and when foreign war again broke out
it was conducted by him in a manner which revived the terror of the
Turkish name. This war had its origin in the troubles of Hungary and
Transylvania. The Transylvanians, on the death of their sovereign
George Rakoczy, second of that name, elected as his successor a
distinguished leader of his army, John Kemeni, who entered into an
alliance with the Emperor Leopold I. At the instigation, however,
of the Turkish Vizier, a faction of Hungarian nobles set up a rival
candidate, Michael Apafi. Kemeni was defeated and slain in the battle
of Nagy Szollos, fought against a Turkish force in 1662. Apafi seized
on the government, cancelled all the measures adopted by Kemeni, and
in an assembly of the States outlawed the adherents of Austria. He
failed, however, in all his attempts upon the places occupied by German
garrisons, and the presence of a so-called auxiliary Turkish force
was a scourge rather than a protection to the exhausted country. In
1663 Apafi was compelled to lead his forces in the train of the Vizier
Achmed Kinperli, son of Mohammed, who was marching upon Hungary with
the intention and expectation of annihilating the power of Austria.
The advance of the Turks was so rapid and unimpeded that Vienna once
more trembled at the prospect of a siege. The measures for defence,
of destruction, and repair were, as usual in the moment of danger,
commenced in haste, and prosecuted with more confusion than real
despatch.

The progress of the Turks was favoured by disputes between the civil
and military authorities of Austria, and the Vizier was thus allowed,
without opposition, to secure the open country of Transylvania, and
to reduce the important fortress of Neuhaüsel. After these successes
he marched with his main army on Raab, with the project of exciting
alarm for the safety of Styria, and then of suddenly flinging himself
upon Vienna. It was, however, the good fortune of the Emperor Leopold
to possess at this period the services of the only great commander of
the moment, Raymond, Count of Montecuculi, as general of his forces in
Hungary. On the 1st of August, 1669, this leader overthrew the Turks,
in numbers fourfold greater than his own, with the loss of 17,000 men
and all their artillery, in the memorable battle of St. Gothard. The
armistice of Basvar followed close upon this victory. Twenty years were
specified for its duration, but the civil and religious troubles of
Hungary, and the severities by which Leopold sought to suppress them,
led to its earlier infraction.




CHAPTER IV.


Montecuculi had derived but little assistance in his campaigns from
the good will or aid of the Hungarians. Their disaffection led to the
adoption by the Austrian Government of a course of measures at variance
with the laws of the realm, and as impolitic as they were illegal,
their main objects being to Germanize the nation, and to extirpate
the Protestant heresy. The excesses of the German troops were such as
to make the Hungarians, especially the Protestants, feel that they
would rather gain than lose by the restoration of Mahometan rule. The
proselytizing activity of the Jesuits was specially irritating to the
non-Catholics, but the discontent was so general, that when the natural
consequences broke out in the shape of an extensive and dangerous
conspiracy, nearly all its leaders were dignitaries of the realm,
and zealous Roman Catholics. The Emperor, whose natural disposition
was mild and humane, was goaded to severity by the falsehoods and
exaggerations of his advisers. The Hungarians, for instance, were
accused of having poisoned the well of the citadel of Vienna. It was
found, on examination, to have been tainted by the dead bodies of dogs
and cats. The French ambassador, Grantonville, was exciting the Emperor
to measures for the extirpation of heresy, and the destruction of
the Hungarian constitution and nationality, while, at the same time,
he was holding secret communication with the heads of the Hungarian
nobility—Counts Nadasky, Zriny, and Rakoczy, and encouraging their
reunion. At the head of the malcontents were the brave Palatine Francis
Wesseleny, and Nicholas Zriny, a great grandson of the defender of
Szygeth. At a meeting at Neusohl it was agreed to apply for Turkish
assistance. The designs, however, of this formidable league were
thwarted by the untimely deaths of the two above-mentioned leaders.
Zriny perished by a wound from the tusk of a wild boar, and Wesseleny
was carried off in the prime of life by a sudden fever.

The ranks of the conspirators could furnish no man worthy, from talent
and influence, to replace the loss so unexpectedly incurred at this
critical juncture; and the enterprise, falling into inferior hands,
was commenced without plan and prosecuted without energy. The young
Prince Rakoczy, and Peter Zriny, brother to the deceased, were the
inefficient substitutes elected for its guidance. The latter had gained
over to the cause his brother-in-law Francis Frangipani, a young and
ardent man, incited by motives of revenge for an injury received from
a German officer. The governor also of Styria, Count Tettenbach, a
man related by marriage with the Hungarian leaders of the conspiracy,
joined its ranks. He undertook to arm his peasants and foresters to
the number of some thousands, to impart all official intelligence
which should reach him, as governor, to the party, and to put them
in possession of the town and citadel of Gratz. Frangipani undertook
to provide a naval force in the Adriatic, and to gain over the Uskok
and Greek population of Croatia. The chief meetings of the parties
took place at the castle of Pottendorf, on the Hungarian frontier, a
residence of the Count Nadasky, in a summer-house, the roof of which
was adorned with a rose in stucco, from which the common expression
“sub rosâ” derives its origin. The moment of execution for the designs
of the conspirators was near at hand, when the danger, of incalculable
magnitude to the Austrian government, was averted by an accidental
disclosure. Tettenbach, too confident of success, had thrown into
prison for some petty theft a servant initiated into the plot. This
man, in the accidental absence of the Count, was submitted, in the
usual course of law, to the torture, and to save his life confessed
all he knew. The officers who administered the province in the absence
of Tettenbach lost no time in forwarding the weighty intelligence to
Vienna. Tettenbach on his return to Gratz was arrested. His papers
contained ample evidence of his designs, which was confirmed by the
discovery of arms for 6000 men in the cellars of his residence. The
imperial minister, Prince Lobkowitz, offered a generous forgiveness
to Zriny, but sent a force to occupy his residence of Czakathurn.
Zriny betrayed a fatal vacillation of purpose, observing in the first
instance and afterwards violating the conditions of his pardon. He
was finally, together with Frangipani, arrested, and confined at
Czakathurn. Effecting their escape, they conceived the project of
presenting themselves and offering their submission at Vienna. Their
project was betrayed to the Emperor by a friend named Keri, with whom
they had taken refuge. He was instructed to encourage them to persevere
in their design, but should they depart from it, and proceed to join
Rakoczy, to arrest them. Keri preferred, for the purpose of magnifying
his own services, to act at once on the latter part of the instruction.
He arrested and conveyed them to Neustadt. Rakoczy, who had taken as
yet no open measures, fled to his mother, who by her influence with
the Jesuits procured his pardon. Charles Duke of Lorraine besieged the
fortress Murany, occupied by the widow of Wesseleny, Maria Szetsi.
She surrendered it without resistance, and died some years after, a
prisoner at Vienna. The papers found at Murany compromised many leading
men, and especially Nadasky, the Judex Curiæ of Hungary, who bore the
name of the Hungarian Crœsus, coin to the amount of five millions
being found in his treasury at Pottendorf. He also was conveyed a
prisoner to Vienna. Of the remaining conspirators Stephen Tekeli was
the most formidable. He died during the siege of his fortress of Arva
by the imperialists. His daughters were dragged to prison at Vienna;
but his son Emerich, afterwards so famous, escaped to Transylvania,
and, joining the Turks, became an active adviser and promoter of
every design of that power hostile to Austria. An extraordinary
commission was instituted at Vienna for the trial of the accused.
Its acts were submitted to the Imperial Chamber at Spire, and to the
universities of Ingoldstadt, Tubingen, and Leipzick, and these learned
and merciless bodies unanimously condemned the prisoners to suffer
all the refinements of cruelty which the practice of the age assigned
to the crime of treason in the highest degree. The Imperial Privy
Council advised the loss of the right hand and beheading, which the
Emperor mitigated to simple beheading, accompanied by degradation from
the rank of noble and confiscation of property. The ceremony of the
degradation of Nadasky took place with the accustomed form of words,
“No longer Count Nadasky, but—_thou_ traitor.” He was then brought to
the town-house by the Captain of the city guard in a close carriage.
The Pope, Clement X., had interceded for his life and that of Zriny,
but in vain. On the 30th of April, 1674, at an early hour, the gates
of the city were closed; the Burgher guard under arms; chains drawn
across the streets; the principal public places occupied by regular
troops, foot and horse. In the Burgher hall, near the Register office,
the scaffolding hung with red was prepared, and the executioner, John
Moser, in attendance, the black staff in his right hand, the sword in
his left. The spectators sat round, all dressed in black. A Turkish
Chiaus or officer of the Sultan’s guard was present in a private
tribune. Nadasky’s head fell at one blow. The body was laid on a bier
and exhibited till evening in the court of the town-house. It was then
conveyed to the Augustines, and subsequently to the convent founded by
the victim at Lockenhaus, in Hungary, where it is said to remain to
this day uncorrupted. The sword and chair used in the execution are now
in the Burgher arsenal. On the same day Frangipani and Zriny were also
executed. Tettenbach’s fate was deferred till December, when he also
was beheaded at Gratz.




CHAPTER V.

1672 to 1680.


The suppression of the dangerous conspiracy above described—however
on many grounds we may sympathise with its authors—can hardly be
considered in itself other than as an event favourable to the
interests of Christian Europe. Unfortunately, however, the Austrian
Government, not satisfied with the severity exercised on the leading
conspirators, wreaked its impolitic and unjustifiable revenge upon the
kingdom of Hungary at large. It was treated as a conquered country.
The Protestant churches were closed; the preachers who declined to
subscribe to conditions incompatible with the exercise of their
functions were arrested, banished, and in some instances condemned
to the galleys. Resistance and civil war ensued, more fertile in
atrocities even than war with the Turk. The adherents of either party,
as usual in cases of intestine strife, adopted popular designations
long remembered for the misfortunes with which they were associated.
The national partisans were called Kuruzzen, probably a corruption
of Kreuzer, or cross-bearer; and the German lanzknecht was modified
into the term Labanz. Each impaled, or flayed, or roasted the other on
every opportunity. The Kuruzzen not unfrequently passed the Austrian
frontier, reviving, wherever they appeared, recollections of the
atrocities of the Sackman. The name to this day is coupled with that
of the Turks in Lower Austria. Then, as at subsequent periods, the
insurgents received aid and encouragement from France, and in 1679
they were even joined by a force levied in Poland, and officered by
Frenchmen. The young Tekeli also came forward to wreak his vengeance
upon Austria. He defeated the Imperialists in several encounters, and
even led his forces, joined by hordes of Tartar cavalry, to the walls
of Neustadt, over the March field, and far into Moravia. A pestilence
which broke out in this year could hardly persuade man to resign to
the powers of nature the task of decimating his species; and it was
not till the mortality of disease had reached an awful pitch that
the spirit of mutual destruction came to a pause. In 1681 a diet was
convened at Œdenburg with views of reconciliation, and attended by
the Emperor in person. A palatine was elected, old privileges and
institutions, the power of the Ban, and the frontier militia were
revived, the licence of arbitrary taxation restrained, a general
amnesty conceded, and the laws of the empire re-established, under
which religious freedom was to be enjoyed by the professors of the
Helvetic or Augsburg forms of Protestantism. The disruption, however,
had gone too far to allow of a speedy and solid reunion of parties.
The spirit of ambition and revenge in the bosom of Tekeli was not to
be appeased even by the concession of his marriage with the widow
of Rakoczy, which conveyed into his hands the important fortress
of Munkacs. The deputies of the Austrian Government also betrayed
unfortunate and unreasonable indications of a lurking tendency to
revengeful measures. The Hungarians, on the other hand, considered
merely as their due the concessions obtained from the Emperor. At last
the parties agreed so far as to determine upon sending an embassy to
Constantinople, with the purpose of obtaining a prolongation of the
twenty years’ truce, which was about to expire. Count Albert Caprara
was the envoy selected. He left Vienna in February, 1682, with a large
suite and rich presents, and instructions to spare no pains for the
avoidance of a Turkish war. The utter fruitlessness of his mission
was apparent to him from the date of his arrival at Constantinople.
He found the war party in that city, with the Vizier Kara Mustapha at
its head, eager to avail themselves of the distractions of Hungary,
which Tekeli’s emissaries could hardly exaggerate in their reports.
Troops were sent before his face to the assistance of the rebels,
and the conditions of peace demanded by the Porte were such as to
extinguish all hope of an accommodation. An annual tribute of 50,000
dollars was demanded in the first instance, the surrender of the
territory between the Theiss and the Waag to the Turks, and of several
places of strength to Tekeli. The latter was also to be recognized
as Prince of Upper Hungary, and of equal rank with the Prince of
Transylvania. Finally, the restitution of all the confiscated estates
of the conspirators was insisted upon. Troops poured in from Asia and
Egypt to support these pretensions, and swell the European forces
collecting under the eye of the ambassador; and the demands of the
Turks rose with the tidings they now received of the progress of the
arms of Tekeli, till at last they claimed the fortresses of Raab,
Komorn, and Szathmar, and an indemnification for their war expenses
of six million dollars. The ambassador saw the futility of further
attempts at negotiation. His firm but temperate reply to the Vizier
Kara Mustapha procured him the treatment of a prisoner of state. His
couriers were detained, and he was reduced to despatch the tidings of
Turkish insolence and preparation by secret messengers, and by the way
of Venice to Vienna. He himself was compelled to accompany the Turkish
army of invasion on its march. There was but too much ground for the
Turkish confidence. The undefended condition of the Austrian frontier,
the general inadequacy of the military preparations of that power,
were known and appreciated at Constantinople; but it also happened
that three Arabian astrologers had predicted the reduction of Vienna,
the fall of the West Romish Empire, and moreover the further advance
of the armies of the faithful to Rome and to the Rhine. Even without
respect to such prophecies as these, the moment was propitious for
reducing to entire subjection the long disputed kingdom of Hungary;
and the influence of Kara Mustapha, eager for war, prevailed against
the serious opposition of the Ulema, of the mother Sultana, Validè,
and even against the inclination of the unwarlike Sultan Mohammed
himself. The Vizier, while he dazzled the latter with splendid visions
of ulterior conquest, was influenced in secret by ambition on his
own account. He destined for himself the plunder of Vienna, and he
considered his own advancement to the throne of Hungary, at least
as a tributary to the Porte, a reasonable and attainable reward for
his anticipated success as leader of the army of the faithful. His
influence with the Sultan, exerted to the utmost, gained the ascendancy
over that of the Sultana. He contrived to win over the chief of his
spiritual opponents. The soldiery, including that formidable body
the Janissaries, were naturally of the faction which promised them
plunder and blood. The strong party which appealed by various methods
against the injustice of the war was silenced by harsh measures; and
by the autumn of 1682 the army was in motion under the immediate
command of the Vizier, and accompanied by the Mufti and the principal
dignitaries of the empire. It was halted, and encamped for the winter,
at Adrianople, to refresh the contingents which had marched from
the more distant Asiatic provinces, and to prepare for effective
operations in the spring. Here also it was joined by the Sultan, the
pomp and expenditure of whose progress, and especially the hundred
carriages devoted to the female portion of his retinue, moved the
soldiery to rough comparisons with the practice of Murad IV., who took
the field with one wife and two pages. The army had to contend with
those autumnal rains which more than once had impeded under Soliman
the progress of similar expeditions. The superstition of the people
interpreted these incidents of climate into omens of failure; but the
Vizier, though his own tent was swept away by an inundation which, on
the first night after the troops were halted, ravaged the camp, was
unshaken in his purpose, and the horse-tails continued planted before
the royal residence in the direction of Hungary. The tedium of winter
quarters was relieved by a royal chase, for which 30,000 peasants were
collected to drive the game. The result, if the beaters themselves are
not reckoned, was small—one wild boar, six roes, and thirty hares—but a
much larger number of the beaters perished from exhaustion. Where the
Sultan met with their corpses he observed that they had probably spoken
ill of him, and had met with their reward—a safe and satisfactory
assumption. In the following spring, while the army was mustered in
presence of the Sultan, a still more violent storm occurred, which
among other exploits of its fury carried off the turban from the head
of the sovereign. Undeterred by this omen, the Sultan accompanied the
march of his army as far as Belgrade, where on the 12th May he received
the ambassadors of Tekeli. Here, however, he also received intelligence
of an event which, could his Arabian soothsayers have predicted its
results, might still have made him pause in the prosecution of his
purpose. This was no less than the signature of an alliance between
the Emperor and John Sobieski, king of Poland. On the following day
he committed the green standard of the Prophet, and with it the chief
command, to the Vizier, who undertook the further conduct of the
campaign uncontrolled by the presence of a master who had not the taste
of his earlier ancestors for the fatigues of the march or the dangers
of the field. The strength of the regular force with which he took the
field is known with accuracy from the muster-roll which was found in
his tent in the lines at Vienna. We thus find the total strength of the
regular troops amounting to 275,000 men. The attendants on baggage,
commissariat, camels, horses, &c., were never numbered, and would be
difficult to calculate. If we add the force which afterwards joined the
Turks under Tekeli, including 12,000 Tartars, 13,000 Janissaries, and
2000 Spahis, and amounting in all to 60,000 fighting men, we cannot
estimate the numbers which poured into Hungary at less than 400,000.
The approach of the Turkish army, following upon his own successes,
excited the pride of Tekeli to the utmost. He assumed the title of Duke
of Hungary, and threatened with banishment and even with death all
who should fail to appear at a Diet which he summoned to assemble at
Kaschau. He struck coins, now become rare, with his own likeness, and
the legend, “Emericus Comes Tekly in Kaesmarki, Dux Ungariæ,” and on
the obverse a naked sword with the words “Pro Deo et Patriâ.” Several
French officers and engineers served in his forces, in pursuance of
the unworthy policy of Louis XIV., whose jealousy of the House of
Hapsburg rejected no means, however disgraceful, and no ally, however
discreditable; and overlooked all the evil consequences to Christendom
of the success of the schemes he thus supported. The last proposals
for peace conveyed from the Austrian court to Tekeli, by the Baron
Sapomara, were haughtily rejected. At Essek, where he was received with
royal honours by the Vizier, he accepted at the hands of the latter his
investiture as Prince of the kingdom of Hungary, which he acknowledged
subject to the Porte. With all his pomp, and after all his exploits, he
was but what J. Zapolya had been before him, a scourge in the hands of
Providence to a miserable country, a tool and catspaw to the Sultan and
the Sultan’s slaves.




CHAPTER VI.

1682 to 1683.


On the 8th December, 1682, the servants of Count Caprara had reached
Vienna with tidings of the enormous preparations of the Turks. The
reports from Hungary were also unfavourable, and the necessity for
immediate measures of defence was palpable as it was urgent. The first
requisite, money, was sought for in an impost of a hundredth part
of the means of the higher and lower nobility, and of the clergy,
usually exempt from such burthens, but considered liable in the case
of invasion by the enemy of Christendom. It was, however, to Poland
that Austria now looked with the deepest anxiety, though it must have
been with profound reluctance, and at first with little expectation of
success, that the Emperor could turn to that quarter for assistance.
The fate of Hungary at the least, and of the Austrian capital, hung,
however, on the success of Austrian diplomacy with the great soldier,
John Sobieski, who now filled the throne of Poland. His neutrality
alone would have left both to a certain fate, and even that neutrality
was hardly to be depended upon; for at a recent period French officers
in the service of Tekeli had been allowed to commence the levy of a
force in Poland for the support of that dangerous ally of the Turks.
Mohacs had been lost by the defection of Zapolya. John Sobieski as a
leader was as much superior to Zapolya as the 20,000 Sarmatian horse
which he and he alone could bring into the field were superior to
Zapolya’s Transylvanian cavalry. A long course of slights received
and interests thwarted had alienated him from the throne of Austria,
and cemented the connexion which his education, his marriage, and
his political interests had hitherto maintained with France. To
remove these obstacles it was necessary in the first instance for
the hereditary sovereign of the House of Hapsburg to concede to the
Elective King of Poland the title of Majesty. This was an act of
derogation which nothing but hard necessity could have wrung from
a sovereign so faithful to the traditions of Austrian etiquette as
Leopold. It was easier to hold out hopes, which he never intended to
realise, of more substantial advantages, of a marriage between Prince
James, the heir of Sobieski, and an Austrian Archduchess, and of the
establishment of themselves and their descendants on an hereditary
throne. The devices, however, of diplomacy would probably have been
unavailing to overthrow the influence of France, which was unceasingly
exerted against that of Vienna, but for an accident of the time.

                            “Porta salutis
    Quâ minimè reris Graiâ pandetur ab urbe.”

The intrigues of the French court were defeated by those of a
Frenchwoman. Sobieski had espoused, in 1665, ten years before his
accession to the throne, Marie Casimire de la Grange, daughter of Henri
de la Grange, Marquis d’Arquien. She had early acquired an influence
over her husband, which she exerted in a manner almost uniformly
detrimental to his peace, his interests, and those of his kingdom;
and the wife of 41 continued now to exercise over the consort of 53
the dangerous fascination of a mistress. It pleased that Providence,
which so frequently works out its greatest designs by contemptible
instruments, to disappoint this woman in an intrigue which she had
set on foot at Versailles for the elevation of her father to a French
dukedom. On her announcement of an intended journey to France, question
had been raised in this quarter also as to that title of Majesty
which has been mentioned as affecting her husband’s relations with
Austria. These, and such as these, were the influences which are said
at this critical moment to have caused the scale to descend in favour
of Austria, to have outweighed the uxorious Sobieski’s recollections
of his education in France, to have saved Vienna and rescued Hungary
from Mahometan rule. That other and sounder considerations had not
their influence upon Sobieski’s decision, it would be preposterous to
suppose. Sincere and earnest to the verge of bigotry in his attachment
to the Romish form of Christianity, he could not look with indifference
to the probable success of the Turkish arms in Hungary and Austria.
He had received, however, assurances from Turkey that in the event
of his continued neutrality the Polish frontier should be kept free
from invasion. To that neutrality he was in strictness bound by the
fidelity with which the Ottoman Porte had observed the engagements
of her last pacification with Poland—a fidelity which all historians
agree has usually characterized the proceedings of the Porte, and
which stands out in strong and frequent contrast with the practice
of Christian States. Relying on the faith of treaties, Mohammed IV.
had left the important fortress of Kaminiec and the frontier of
Podolia unguarded; and if Sobieski had sought for an excuse to avoid
alliance with Austria, he might have found it in the obligations of
the Treaty of Zurawno, which had been so faithfully observed by the
Turks. Rome, however, was at hand to dispense with these obligations
towards the infidel. Advisers meanwhile were not wanting to suggest
that by continuing awhile a spectator of a struggle which must produce
exhaustion on either side, and by striking in at the proper time and
in the proper quarter, Sobieski might best find occasion to recover
from the Turk the much coveted fortress of Kaminiec. It was under such
circumstances that the good genius of Christendom stepped in in the
disguise of an intriguing Frenchwoman. Influenced for once in a right
and sound direction by his wife, and inspired by the memories of former
victories, among others of that great battle of Choczim, in which he
had seen the turbans floating thick as autumnal leaves on the Dniester,
he flung his powerful frame into the saddle and his great soul into the
cause, and gladly forgot, in the congenial occupation of collecting and
recruiting his reduced and scattered army, the perpetual intrigues of
his court and household. By the treaty now concluded the two sovereigns
contracted a mutual obligation to assist each other against the Turk,
bringing into the field respectively 60,000 and 40,000 men. The Emperor
conceded a questionable claim to the salt-mines of Wieliezka, and the
more important point of a pretension to the eventual succession to the
crown of Poland in favour of his son. He was well advised to exact
that the treaty should be ratified by the solemn sanction of an oath
administered by a Cardinal Legate. There is no doubt that the sense
entertained by Sobieski of the obligation of this oath had a serious
influence on his subsequent conduct. By a precaution to which Pascal,
had he been alive, might have referred as illustrative of the practices
which spring from the school of Loyola, the two parties to this oath
bound themselves not to resort to the Pope for any dispensation from
its observance. How far it was logical and consistent thus to limit
the Pope’s power, and confine its valid operation to one dispensation,
it is not for Protestants to decide. The Abbé Coyer quotes this as a
secret article. Possibly at the moment the parties were ashamed of
it; but it is extant in the copy of the treaty printed in Dumont’s
_Corps Universel Diplomatique_, 1731. It was agreed that, should
either sovereign take the field in person, the chief command should
be vested in him. This article was doubtless intended to effect the
purpose, which it accomplished, of turning to practical account the
acknowledged military talents of Sobieski, and the terror which his
name excited among the Turks. No provision is made in the treaty for
the contingency of the appearance of both sovereigns in the field.
Leopold was no soldier; and though he at one time threatened a visit to
the army, from which he was judiciously dissuaded by his confessor, it
is not probable that he ever contemplated an appearance on the field of
battle. An anecdote however is current that, after the great success
before Vienna, he reproached his minister, Sinzendorf, for having
advised his absence from the field, with so much bitterness, that the
latter died of the infliction. If this had been believed at the time,
it is not probable that Sobieski would have failed to report so piquant
an anecdote in his correspondence with his wife.

In Poland as well as in Austria time was required to bring into the
field the forces promised on all hands; and in the mean time the
Austrian frontier was uncovered, for the Imperial army under command
of the brave and experienced Duke Charles of Lorraine, stationed
in the neighbourhood of Presburg, scarcely amounted to 33,000 men.
From this scanty force garrisons were to be drawn for Raab, Komorn,
Leopoldstadt, and Presburg—two flying corps to be furnished against
the first advance of the enemy on the Raab and the Mur, and with the
overplus the Austrian monarchy was to be upheld till the promised
succours should appear. Austria was fortunate in the leader upon whom
these difficult and complicated duties devolved. Trained to arms
against the Turks under Montecuculi, and against Condé under William
of Nassau, Charles Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, had matured his military
talents, in independent command, against the armies of France, through
several scientific campaigns on the Rhine and in Flanders. He was now
in a situation which required him to call forth all the resources
acquired in such schools as these, and which demanded a cautious and
patient application of strategical and tactical lore to retrieve the
disadvantages of vast disparity of numbers and great local difficulties
of position. To make any serious stand against the first rush of the
invaders with the small force at his command was impossible, and his
first duty was to save from destruction an army outflanked and nearly
surrounded, upon the extrication of which the ultimate preservation
of the capital depended. It was manifest, under these circumstances,
that Vienna must again bide the brunt of the storm. The shape of the
city was nearly what it had been in 1529, and what it still continues,
but the defences had been improved under Ferdinand III. and Leopold I.
The entire population of the neighbouring country were now summoned
by Imperial edict to labour on the outworks, and to fell trees for
palisades. On the fortifications themselves 3000 labourers were daily
employed, and the families in the suburbs were called upon to furnish a
man from each house for two months for the same object. Elevated spots
within range of the walls, and the nearer houses, as in 1529, were
levelled, and upwards of 30,000 palisades of solid oak prepared and
disposed. On the 20th March the labourers mustered from all sides, and
the work of fortification went on from that date with regularity, but
slowly, from the insufficient supply of tools and materials. By another
edict every citizen was summoned under heavy penalties to furnish
himself with provisions, for a year’s consumption, within the space of
a month. Those clearly unable to do so were directed to quit the city.

While these measures were in progress hostilities had commenced in
Upper Hungary. The Pacha of Neuhaüsel received orders under pain of the
bowstring to make himself master of the Schütt island of the Danube. He
attempted in the middle of February to pass the river for this purpose
on the ice, but it broke, and he was compelled to retire with a loss
of 90 men. On the 8th of March he repeated the attempt with 2000 men,
but after a partial success, was driven back into the fortress with
loss by the Imperialist, Colonel Castelli. Other places, however, of
small note fell into the hands of the Turks, and the tide of war rolled
steadily on towards Vienna. On the 6th of May the Emperor reviewed the
army near Kitsee, but it had as yet received no material accession to
its strength. Hungary, although at a Diet held in Oedenburg it had
promised a levy en masse, had as yet scarcely furnished 3000 men,
under the Palatine Esterhazy, a number insufficient to protect the
shores of the Raab and the Danube from the predatory excursions of the
Turkish garrison of Pesth. The Emperor, accompanied by such of the
princes of the empire as were present, inspected the army, distributed
500,000 florins among the troops, and caused the Pope’s indulgence to
be read to them by the Primate of Hungary, the Archbishop of Gran. In
a council of war, in which it is probable the Lorraine was overruled
by the influence of the court, it was determined to adopt the course,
difficult if not impossible, of taking the initiative of hostilities
in Hungary, on the reliance that the main army of the Turks could
not be in presence before July, and in the hope of encouraging the
troops by some preliminary success. It was first proposed to lay siege
to Gran; but as it was found impossible to close the passage of its
supplies by the Danube, and 20,000 men were moving from Pesth to its
relief, this enterprise was abandoned, and the army encamped on the
3rd of June before Neuhaüsel. The Pacha made answer to a summons that
the Imperialists should learn to what kind of men the Sultan confided
his fortresses, and he was as good as his word. The Imperialists had
carried the suburbs and attacked the body of the place when they were
driven back by a successful sally with the loss of two young volunteers
of distinction, the Counts Taxis and Kazianer. The report also reached
them of the approach of the Turkish main army, and of the wide-spread
irruption of its forerunners, the Tartar cavalry, which threatened
their line of retreat. On the 10th June this siege without an object
was raised, and the army withdrew along the Danube, but not without
loss from sallies of the enemy. Garrisons were hastily flung into Raab,
Komorn, and Leopoldstadt, sufficient for their defence should the enemy
leave them in his rear. The army, reduced by this draft on its numbers
to about 12,000 foot and 11,000 horse, took up the best position it
could find between the Raab and Raduitz, and there awaited the approach
of the enemy.




CHAPTER VII.

From June 30 to July 13, 1683.


The Vizier during the above transactions had led the main army by way
of Belgrade as far as Essek, where, as before related, his meeting
with Tekeli took place. In the discussions of a council of war held at
this place, several Pachas and Tekeli himself declared their opinions
strongly against undertaking a siege of Vienna, at least in the current
year. They recommended, not without substantial military grounds, the
previous reduction of the strong places in Hungary still held by the
Imperialists, and the establishment of a base for further operations in
the complete subjugation of that kingdom. The Vizier, obstinate in his
own view, and irritated by the strength of the opposition, concealed
his determination, and, appearing to acquiesce in the advice of Tekeli,
gave orders for an advance upon Raab, which was invested and summoned
on the 30th of June. The Governor returned a reply to the summons by
which, whether by collusion or accident, he played into the hands of
the Vizier. It stated the impossibility of a present surrender: the
Vizier would do well to pursue his march on Vienna: after the fall of
that city Raab should be surrendered without resistance. In a council
of war the aged Ibrahim Pacha, Governor of Pesth, strongly advocated
the reduction of Raab and the other fortresses of Hungary. A king, he
said, once placed a heap of gold on the middle of a carpet, and offered
it to any one who could take it up without treading on the carpet.
A wise man rolled up the carpet from the corner, and thus obtained
possession of the gold. Hungary was the carpet, and if rolled up in
like manner the gold might be reached in the autumn, or at latest
in the following spring. This apologue only drew down the insolent
wrath of the Vizier upon the venerable councillor, and Raab was left
unmolested in the rear of the advancing army, which the Tartar hordes
preceded in all directions. With the exception of a few places, which,
surrendering themselves to Tekeli, were spared from destruction, the
old system of havoc was everywhere pursued. The works of man were
everywhere destroyed, and the population slaughtered, or dragged into
captivity. The Imperial army soon beheld the flames of burning villages
rising in the rear of its position. Not a moment was to be lost in
effecting its retreat: the infantry had scarcely time to fling itself
into the Schütt island, and thence, gaining the left bank, to pursue
its retreat over the March field to Vienna. The cavalry, under the
immediate command of the Duke of Lorraine, retired by Altenburg and
Kitsee. Its advanced guard was, on the 7th of July, surprised near
Petronel by an attack of 15,000 Tartars, and the whole body was thrown
into a confusion which, but for the presence and exertions of its
commander, might have been fatal. He was ably seconded by the Margrave
Louis of Baden, the Duke of Sachsen Lauenberg, and others, and, order
once restored, the enemy was repulsed without difficulty. About 200
men fell on the side of the Turks; the Austrians lost only sixty, but
among them were a young prince of Aremberg and Louis of Savoy, elder
brother of the future conqueror of the Turks, Eugene. The first fell
by the Turkish sabre; the latter was crushed beneath his horse. The
baggage of the Dukes of Sachsen Lauenberg and Croy, and of General
Caprara, containing their plate, with which it was the fashion of the
day for generals to encumber themselves, fell into the hands of the
Tartars. The tidings of this action produced their immediate effects on
either party. The Vizier, on the day after receiving them, crossed the
Raab. He took care to disseminate through his ranks exaggerated reports
of the discomfiture and confusion of the Imperialists, and of the
unprovided condition of Vienna; and while he stimulated the Janissaries
by the prospect of an easy triumph and boundless plunder, he silenced
the opposition of the timid and the wise by the promulgation of the
Sultan’s Hatti Scheriff, which invested him with sole and unlimited
power of command. Some time, however, had been lost in deliberation,
and in going through the formality of the investment of Raab, and these
moments were precious to the defenders of Vienna. The usual tendency to
exaggerate evil tidings had strongly displayed itself in that city.
The skirmish of Petronel had been magnified into the total defeat and
hasty flight of the Imperial army. Those who had been the first to
leave the field, and therefore knew least of the actual result, were
the authors of this intelligence; and it derived dismal probability
from the flames which reddened the nightly horizon in many directions
and at no great distance. The villages, for instance, of Schwechat and
Fischamend gave this evidence of the presence of the Turkish horse.
The Emperor Leopold was not one of those rare instances of military
talent on the throne which appear once perhaps in a century in the
shape of Gustavus Adolphus, John Sobieski, or Charles XII. Such men by
their presence would have made a capital impregnable. Leopold would
have been but an incumbrance during a siege; and he adopted the wiser
course of removing himself and his court to a sufficient distance from
the scene of danger. Before, however, he had decided on this step,
events had left him little time to lose; and it had become matter of
serious deliberation which road he should take to avoid the risk of
falling into the hands of the Tartar cavalry. The direct road to Lintz
was adjudged by his council no longer free from this danger, and it
was determined that he should make his way thither by the left bank
of the Danube. On the evening of the 7th, therefore, the long file of
the Imperial carriages issuing from the Rothenthurm gate crossed the
Leopoldstadt island and the Tabor bridge, and reached that evening the
village of Chor Neuburg, some fifteen miles from Vienna, which had been
previously occupied by a small detachment of musketeers under an Irish
officer, whose name, probably O’Haggerty, has been Germanized into Von
Haffti. Thence he pursued his journey to Lintz, but not without serious
risk. It is said that but for the prompt and able interference of the
French envoy, the Marquis de Sepville, who caused a part of the bridge
at Crems to be removed, the Emperor and his entire suite would have
fallen into the hands of the Tartars. It would be a curious matter of
inquiry how far this important service was approved of at Versailles.
It is evident that the first route proposed would have consigned the
head of the empire, his consort, far advanced in pregnancy, and the
Empress mother, to the hands of the Tartars. Even Lintz was considered
insecure; and the Royal party continued its discreditable flight
till it found refuge beyond the frontier of its own dominion in
the Bavarian fortress of Passau. From nine in the evening till two
of the following morning the carriages of the wealthier fugitives,
who followed the example of the court, filed over the Tabor bridge,
lighted on their route by the flames of the Carmelite convent on the
Kahlenberg. They left the city in a state of well-grounded alarm and
discontent bordering upon revolt. The public feeling was strongly
evinced against the Jesuits, who were not unjustly accused of having
instigated the naturally mild disposition of the Emperor to courses
which had alienated the affections of the Protestants, and driven them
into the arms of an infidel enemy. The city also, thus left to itself,
was at this moment nearly without a garrison. Besides the usual burgher
guard, a mere police force, the regiment of Kaiserstein, about 1000
strong, were the only troops within the walls. The palisades were not
fixed, the bastions were unprovided with artillery or gabions. The
number of those who left the city on the 6th and 7th of July amounted
to 60,000, of whom a large proportion, whose means of conveyance failed
them on the way, and all those who took the road of Styria, fell into
the hands of the enemy. The Turks are said to have used bloodhounds to
hunt down those who fled to the woods. So large an emigration reduced
to a fearful extent the number of citizens capable of bearing arms.
The courage, however, of this remnant was somewhat restored on the
8th by the appearance of the cavalry, who filed through the city with
much military clangour and display, and encamped in the meadows near
the Tabor. This substantial contradiction of the rumour previously
circulated of the total destruction of the imperial army was well
calculated to produce a reaction on the public mind; but a still
happier impression was made by the arrival on the same day of Ernest
Rudiger, Count Stahremberg, another pupil of the Montecuculi school,
to whom, on the score of his successful defence of Moravia against the
incursions of Tekeli in 1681, the Emperor now confided the command
and defence of the city. He lost no time in setting all hands to work
on the fortifications; but at first little more could be done than to
complete the fixing of the palisades, for the scarcely credible fact
is on record that the necessary works for the main defence of the city
could not be prosecuted for want of the common and essential tools.
The annals of the city are silent as to the parties responsible for
this monstrous neglect; but it is certain that if the Turks had not
lingered before Raab, or if by greater expedition on the march they had
arrived before Vienna a few hours sooner than they did, that city must
have fallen without a blow, and with all its treasures, into the hands
of the destroyer. It was not till the following day after Stahremberg’s
arrival that, by the unwearied exertions of the Imperial Chancellor
Benedict Geizer, the contents of the secret archives and the treasury
were conveyed away by the Danube under circumstances of imminent peril.
The population of all classes, the richest citizens, and even women
and ecclesiastics, now laboured unremittingly at the fortifications.
The burgomaster, Von Liebenberg, set the example, doing active service
with a wheelbarrow. The wood stored for building or fuel without the
walls was conveyed into the town; every householder was enjoined to
have water ready on his roof, and all persons whose usual employment
would be in abeyance during the siege were armed and taken into the
regular service of the state. They formed a body of 1200. The most
important works were conducted between the 7th and the 12th July, and
towards the end of that period almost under the eye of the enemy, who
on the 10th had crossed the Austrian frontier at Hungarian Altenburg,
destroying everything as he advanced. At Klosterneuburg a number of
boats were collected for the construction of a floating bridge there in
case of necessity, and the arsenals were well stored with ammunition
brought by water from Crems. On the 12th the nearer vicinity of the
enemy was evinced by the contracting circle of blazing villages.
From the Hungarian frontier to the neighbourhood of the Kahlenberg
every unfortified place bore lurid token of Turkish occupation—Baden,
Mödling, Ebenfurt, Inzersdorf, Pellendorf, Laxenburg, Laa. Neustadt
alone held out by the strength of its walls and the gallantry of its
inmates. Perchtolsdorf emulated this example in the first instance, but
its ulterior fate demands separate and particular narration.

The Tartar bands in the course of this day ventured as far as St.
Marks, and to the present Theresianum. All that man can do to blast the
results of human labour and defeat the powers of production inherent
in a fruitful soil was performed by this tribe of human locusts. One
spot alone was held sacred by them: this was the imperial villa at
Sommering, occupying and nearly co-extensive with the site of Soliman’s
tent at the former siege. From respect to his memory this building was
spared and converted into a magazine. These scenes of desolation were
not confined to Lower Austria. The marauders followed the course of
the Danube into the Upper Province, and even in Bavaria and Suabia the
terror of their rumoured approach was such that many of the inhabitants
fled with their moveable effects to Switzerland and over the Rhine. On
the 13th July, towards 8 A. M., several bodies of Turkish horse showed
themselves on the Wienerberg, whence they spread themselves towards
Schönbrunn, Hietzing, Ottakrin, Hernals, and Währing as far as Döbling
and Nussdorf. Towards 2 P. M. another numerous body showed itself from
St. Marks, which took possession of the whole ground from the so-called
Gatterholzel to the Hundsthurm. The first fire from the city was opened
on these troops, which caused them to retire behind the enclosures
of the numerous vineyards of this neighbourhood. At this, the last
available moment, the commandant gave the order, which an hour’s delay
would have made impossible of execution, to set fire to the suburbs,
the inhabitants of which had on the previous day removed their property
into the city. The conflagration was general and effective for its
purpose: many costly buildings, public as well as private, were its
victims, and many valuable contents still remaining in them shared
their fate. A high wind sprung up at the same time, and as much timber
was still accumulated near the palisades and up to the walls of the
city, it required all the exertions of the commandant and the city
authorities to prevent the city itself from sharing the disaster which
was intended for its preservation.

Stahremberg has been by some blamed for postponing so long the
destruction of the suburbs. Others would have been found to blame him
if, while a hope or a possibility remained of an abandonment of their
undertaking by the Turks, he had given so many costly public edifices,
so many abodes of luxury and comfort, so much wealth, to the flames.
To the last moment that hope was probably entertained—that possibility
might reasonably be held to exist. The disputes in the Turkish council
were no secret, and perhaps were exaggerated in the imperfect reports
which reached Vienna. The movement on Vienna might be an empty menace;
even if serious, it might be frustrated by a counter-advance of the
forces of the Empire. If these or other possible contingencies had
occurred, what complaints of ruined proprietors would have assailed
him—what a stigma of useless barbarity would chroniclers have attached
to the name since become so famous! The circumstances were very
different in 1529. The suburban buildings of that day were of far less
extent and value, but approached much nearer to the city; and the
necessity of their demolition was much more palpable, inasmuch as after
the fall of Pesth the advance of such a leader as Soliman was a matter
of far greater certainty than that of the Vizier in this instance; the
more so because in the former case there was no regular force whatever
to oppose the invasion—in the present, an army of some strength, well
disciplined, and ably commanded, was in the path of the invader. The
ultimate event certainly justified the wary advice of the old Pacha
of Pesth, but it was rather in the execution of his plan than in its
conception that the Vizier can now be held to have failed. If Vienna
had fallen, we should have heard little of the rashness of the rapid
and daring march by which so great a blow had been struck, and the
operation would have been possibly considered as an anticipation of
the system of Napoleon by a semi-barbarian but kindred genius. As such
indeed it is now considered by some military critics.




CHAPTER VIII.

From the 13th to the 19th July.


In the evening of the 13th, the infantry of the Imperial army destined
for the garrison of Vienna marched into the city; and now all the
gates, even including that of the Rothenthurm, by which these troops
had entered, were built up and barricaded. On the same day two
summonses in the Latin language were thrown over the counterscarp. They
remained unanswered. The following were the military arrangements for
the defence:—Stahremberg’s principal subordinates in command were the
Generals Daun and Serini; the Brigadiers Souches and Scheffenberg; the
Marquis of Obizzi, commander of the city guard; Colonels the Duke of
Wirtemberg, the Baron von Beck; Counts Dupigny and Heister—all men of
experience and proved courage.[10] The affairs of the city were managed
by a separate and secret college of Imperial Councillors of State,
of which the President was Count Cappliers. The other members were
Count Molart, Marshal of Austria; the Baron von Belchamin; Hartmann
von Hüttendorf, and the Secretaries Haekl and Fux. Among those who
volunteered their services in any capacity, the worthy Bishop of
Neustadt, Leopold Count von Kollonitsch, demands special mention. The
Bishop of Vienna, Emerich Sinellius, had accompanied the Emperor to
Passau, and had thus left the affairs of his see to be administered by
one who by his discharge of spiritual functions, by his expenditure on
works of charity, and by his attendance on the sick and wounded, earned
a reputation as sound and as honourable as could be obtained by others
in the battery or the breach. Nor was his ministry confined to these
sacred functions. He had served as a Knight of Malta in his youth
against the Turks, and his military experience now became scarcely of
less value than his spiritual labours. He was among the most active
at the side of Stahremberg; was his companion daily at the posts of
greatest danger, encouraging the combatants by his example, tending
the wounded, and administering the rites of religion to the dying. The
systematic arrangements for the extinction of fires, for the collection
and distribution of provisions, and for the prevention of extortion
during the siege, were all due to this remarkable man. In the crowded
hospital, where the mien of death is most hideous, he was to be found
dispensing hopes of heaven to those who had no longer hope on earth.
Women, children, and old men, usually the burthens of a besieged place,
were by him organized and disciplined for services which would have
otherwise drawn off defenders from the walls. Through his exertions
also a subscription was set on foot, which, backed by his own liberal
contributions, and those of other leading men, such as Prince Ferdinand
of Schwarzenberg, who contributed 50,000 florins and 3000 eimers
of wine, reached the sum of 600,000 florins. The example of this
prelate was emulated by Maximilian, Count of Trautmansdorf; Charles,
Count of Fünfkirchen; Godfrey, Count of Salzburg; Count Vignoncourt;
Matthew, Count of Colalto; Frederick, Baron of Kielmansegg, who
besides his services in action assisted the defence by the invention
of a powder-mill, and of a hand-grenade. To the above names are to be
added those of Zetteritz, Rünnlingen and Rosstauscher. The garrison
consisted of 13,000 regular troops from the regiments of Stahremberg
(now of the Archduke Louis, No. 8); Mansfield (now Duke of Lucca, No.
24); Souches (now Archduke Rainer, No. 11); Bock (now Grand Duke of
Baden, No. 59); Scherfenberg; of the half regiments Pfalz Newburg (now
Hohenegg, No. 20); Thungen (now Wellington, No. 42); Heister, and nine
companies of Dupigny’s horse; finally of the usual city-guard, 1200
strong. In addition to these, all men capable of bearing arms were
called out and divided into companies. These amounted to 2382, and were
commanded first by the burgomaster, John Andrew von Liebenberg, and
after his death by fever, by his successor, Daniel Focky. Ambros Frank,
a member of the inferior town-council, formed a free corps 255 strong,
principally composed of tavern-keepers. In the University, 700 students
armed themselves and were distributed into three companies under the
command of the Rector Magnifiens, Laurence Grüner. The merchants and
wholesale dealers formed a company of 250 men. The officials and
servants of the Imperial household formed a corps of nearly 1000 men,
commanded by Maximilian, Count of Trautmansdorf. Finally, many guilds
and corporations formed themselves into companies either separate
or conjoined. Thus, for example, the butchers with the brewers,
294 strong. The bakers, 150. The shoemakers, 288. The remaining
handicraftsmen, 300 in number, were distributed into two companies;
some others were employed in the arsenals. The guilds furnished in all
1293 men. The number under arms altogether amounted to about 20,000.
The remaining population was not less than 60,000 souls.

At sunrise of the 14th July the main force of the enemy showed
itself on the heights of the Wienerberg. It was difficult for the
most practised eye to distinguish particular objects from amidst
the multitudinous crowd of men, horses, camels, and carriages. The
mass extended itself from the Lauer wood to near the Hundsthurm, by
Gumpendorf, Penzing, Ottakring, Hernals, Währing and Döbling, towards
Nussdorf and the Danube, in a circuit of some 25,000 paces. The camp
was marked out in the form of a half-moon. In a few hours 25,000 tents
had risen from the ground. That of the Vizier was pitched on the high
ground in the present suburb of St. Ulric, behind the walls of the
houses which had been burned. It rivalled in beauty and splendour of
decoration Soliman’s famous pavilion of 1529, being of green silk
worked with gold and silver, and adorned within with pearls, precious
stones, and carpets, and contained in a central sanctuary the sacred
standard of the Prophet. Within its precincts were baths, fountains,
and flower-gardens, and even a menagerie. In respect of its numerous
alleys and compartments, it was likened to a town of canvas. The value
of it with its contents was estimated at a million dollars. Under St.
Ulric, towards the Burg gate, the Aga of the Janissaries had arrayed
his forces: the precincts of St. Ulric itself were occupied by the
Tartars under Kara Mehemed. The other Pachas were stationed opposite
the Kärnthner and Stuben gates, and the city was threatened from five
distinct quarters, though it was soon easy to perceive that the main
attack would be directed against the Burg and the Löbelbastion. The
first care of the Turks was to plunder and destroy the few buildings
which had escaped destruction in the suburbs.

The church of the Servites in the Rossau was the only edifice that
escaped, and this exception was due to a singular incident. Its
distance from the town had preserved it from the general conflagration.
The Turks are said to have taken the Patriarchs depicted on the
ceiling, with their long beards and Oriental costume, for followers
of Mahomet, and under this misapprehension to have spared the church.
Such is the solution of the fact to be found in all the accounts of
the time, but it is probable that there was no misapprehension in the
case. The Mussulman holds the Jewish Patriarchs in as much respect as
does the Christian, and has even adopted their names, for Ibrahim is
nothing but Abraham, Musa Moses, &c. &c. It is not therefore necessary
to suppose that the Turks entertained the absurd notion imputed to them
that a Christian temple could have been decorated with portraits of
Mahometan saints.


FOOTNOTES:

[10] Sigbert Count von Heister, one of the best soldiers of his day. At
the beginning of the siege his hat was shot through by a Turkish arrow.
Arrow and hat are preserved in the Ambros collection at Vienna.




CHAPTER IX.

From the 9th to the 17th July.


The fate of the inhabitants of the small town of Perchtoldsdorf
forms a sad episode in the annals of the Turkish invasion. So early
as the 9th July the Tartar horse had appeared in its neighbourhood.
The inhabitants, after the example of their forefathers of 1529,
converted the church tower and the churchyard with its surrounding
wall into a fortress, and repulsed without difficulty the first attack
of the marauders. The attack was repeated on the following day, but
with the same result; the garrison was increased in numbers by many
fugitives from other places, and the inhabitants, after some days
of repose, began to believe that, as in 1529, the crisis would pass
over without serious consequences. The bailiff of the market was one
Adam Streninger; the other authorities were the parish priest and his
coadjutor. On the 14th, when the investment of Vienna had been brought
to bear by the main army of the Turks, their next care was to secure
the strong places within a certain distance of the city. With this
view a strong detachment was directed at sunrise of the 14th upon
Perchtoldsdorf, which began to throw incendiary missiles into the
place, and speedily set fire to it in various quarters. Some citizens
ventured upon a daring sally, but the small body, not more than thirty
in number, were cut down to a man. The overwhelming superiority of the
enemy’s numbers and the failure of their own ammunition compelled the
inhabitants entirely to abandon the town and to betake themselves to
their fortified church and its precincts. The town was given to the
flames, which raged from 2 P. M. through the following night, which
was passed by the little garrison in the contemplation of this dismal
scene, and in the expectation of an attack at sunrise, which they had
no hope of being able to repel. The Turks, however, preferred craft
and perfidy to force, and contented themselves with a blockade of
the stronghold, which was moreover rendered scarcely tenable by the
heat and smoke of the burning houses adjacent. This state of things
lasted till the afternoon, when a horseman rode up the main street,
dressed in the doublet of a German Reiter, but otherwise in Turkish
attire, and bearing a flag of truce, which he waved towards the church,
and in the Hungarian language summoned the citizens to surrender,
distinctly promising them security of life and property on condition
of an immediate submission. Such terms, under the circumstances, were
far too favourable to be refused. A man and a woman who spoke Hungarian
made known their acceptance to the envoy, and a white flag was hung
out from the tower in token of surrender. On the morning of the 17th
a Pacha with a strong attendance arrived from the camp, and seating
himself on a red carpet near the house of the bailiff, opposite the
church, announced through an interpreter the following conditions to
the besieged. First, two citizens were to come out to the Turks, and
two of the latter to be admitted into the fortress; secondly, as a
symbol that the place had not before been yielded to an enemy, the
keys were to be delivered to the Pacha by a maiden with loosened hair
and a garland on her head; thirdly, a contribution of 6000 florins
was to be levied on the inhabitants. This latter demand appears to
have protracted the negotiation for some hours, but finally half the
sum demanded was paid into the Pacha’s hands, and the remainder was
promised for the 29th August, the day of St. John the Baptist. These
terms arranged, the citizens left their stronghold, the daughter of the
bailiff, a girl of seventeen years, at their head, arrayed according
to the fanciful conditions above stated. She bore the keys of the
place on a cushion, and presented them trembling to the Pacha, who now
required that the whole body of men capable of bearing arms should be
drawn up in the market-place, for the purpose, as he pretended, of
judging what number of troops might be required for the preservation of
order in the town. This requisition excited some misgiving among the
townsmen, but there was no retreat, and they prepared to carry it into
effect. As they issued from their stronghold bodies of Turkish troops
closed about them and took from them their weapons, observing that men
who had surrendered had no longer use for such. Some who hesitated
to deliver them were deprived of them by force, and others who, from
apprehension, paused in the gateway, were dragged out by the hair. The
Turks loaded some carriages in attendance with the arms, and conveyed
them away. The men, some 2000 in number, were drawn up in ranks in
the place opposite the priest’s house, and surrounded with cavalry.
At a signal from the Pacha, a troop of the latter dismounted and
commenced a diligent search of the persons of the prisoners for money
or concealed weapons. The entrance gate was at the same time strongly
guarded. Some of the townsmen taking alarm at these proceedings, with
the bailiff at their head, endeavoured to regain the church. The Turks
pursued them with drawn sabres, and the bailiff was cut down on the
threshold. The Pacha now rose, flung down the table before him, and
gave the signal for a general massacre, setting the example with his
own hand by cutting down the trembling girl at his side. The slaughter
raged for two hours without intermission: 3500 persons were put to the
sword in the strictest sense of the word, and in a space so confined
that the expression, “torrents of blood,” so often a figure of speech,
was fully applicable to this case. The women and children, who still
remained in the asylum of the church, together with the priest and his
coadjutor, were dragged into slavery and never heard of more. A local
tradition avers that one solitary individual returned after a lapse
of fifteen years, but as from maltreatment he had lost speech and
hearing, he was unable to communicate the story of his escape. Another
prevalent report, that two townsmen escaped by concealment in the roof
of the church, is less probable, because the Turks immediately set
fire to that building. It is certain, however, that three persons did
escape, but in a different manner. One of them, Hans Schimmer by name,
a tailor’s apprentice and an ancestor of the writer of this narrative,
wisely fled before the catastrophe to Maria Zell; another, Jacob
Holzer, is supposed to have escaped in the first confusion; the third,
Balthasar Frank, it is said, hid himself till nightfall in the well of
the tower, and then found means to abscond. This last story, however,
is less well authenticated than the two former. From the number of the
slaughtered, it is evident that many of the inhabitants of the places
adjacent had taken refuge in this devoted town, for the ordinary male
population never reached that number, and those who were carried off
as slaves are also to be counted. It is probable that among the victims
were people of condition, for in the course of some excavations which
lately took place in the mound of their sepulture, some rings of value,
enamelled, and even set with precious stones, were discovered.




CHAPTER X.

From July 15 to July 30.


The 15th July, the day from which may be dated the commencement of the
active siege of Vienna, was distinguished by an accident which might
well have brought that operation to a close by the destruction of the
city. At two o’clock P. M., some time after the Turkish batteries
had opened, a fire broke out in the Scottish Convent, which, after
destroying that establishment, rapidly spread to the Renngasse and
the neighbourhood of the Imperial arsenal, which contained some 1800
barrels of powder. Two windows of this building were actually at one
moment on fire. The exertions, however, of the Commandant and the
citizens were proportionate to the emergency, the windows were built
up with great haste, and under a heat which made the operation very
difficult. This immediate danger averted, a propitious change of wind
assisted the final extinction, but several palaces and other extensive
buildings had been destroyed, and for three days the smouldering ruins
threatened danger and demanded attention. Nothing certain was ever
known of the origin of the fire. At a period of so much alarm and
excitement, it was scarcely possible that under this uncertainty the
public would be satisfied to ascribe it to any of the many accidents
which may give rise to a conflagration in a besieged town. Popular
suspicion fell upon the Hungarian malecontents, and many acts of
cruelty were the result of this surmise. Men wearing the Hungarian
dress were massacred in the streets, but others also fell victims
to the spirit of frantic and undiscriminating cruelty which panic
generally engenders. A poor half-witted man, whose eccentricities had
often afforded amusement at the tables of the wealthy Viennese, chose
in his folly to discharge a pistol in the direction of the fire: he was
seized by the populace and torn to pieces. Even an Imperial officer,
in whose residence some rocket sticks were discovered, was flung into
prison after terrible maltreatment. It required great exertion on the
part of the authorities to repress this phrenzy, and to bring back the
population to that regular discharge of duties on which rested the sole
chance of salvation to the entire community. On this same day, the
15th, the trenches were opened against the Burg and Löbel bastions, and
many Christian prisoners were compelled to labour in them. On the part
of the town the palisades were completed along the counterscarp, the
ditches were furnished with traverses, and with the necessary passages
of communication, and on the bastions arrangements effected for placing
in battery about 300 pieces of cannon. Countermines were now also
commenced, in conducting which the Venetian Bartholomeo Camuccini and
a Captain Hafner specially distinguished themselves, being the only
persons in the city skilled in this branch of engineering.

On the 16th the Commandant Stahremberg, who with unwearied activity
visited every quarter of the defences, was wounded in the head by the
explosion of a shell. His exertions were scarcely interrupted by this
accident, for before he was sufficiently recovered to walk, he caused
himself to be carried in a chair to every quarter which required his
presence. The stone seat is shown to this day, high up in the spire
of St. Stephen’s, from which for many an anxious hour he overlooked
the camp of the Turks, and watched the movements of their corps and
the progress of their engineers. The fire of the Turks was henceforth
sustained with scarcely any interruption, and it has been calculated
that during the siege upwards of 100,000 shells were thrown into the
city. If this calculation approach the truth, it is difficult to
account for the smallness of the amount of damage they are known to
have produced. The buildings indeed of Vienna were then, as now, of
very solid construction, and all the usual precautions against vertical
fire, the placing of beams, earth, &c., on the roofs and upper stories,
had been resorted to. The chronicles of the transaction have however
recorded several instances of the inefficiency of the Turkish missiles.
It is said that one of the first shells which fell in the city, near
St. Michael’s, was extinguished by a child of three years old before
it could burst; another which fell into a full congregation at St.
Stephen’s, did no injury beyond carrying off the foot of an old woman;
a third fell upon an open barrel of powder, and did no mischief. The
fragments of these missiles were occasionally collected, and after
being, according to a custom of the day, blessed by a priest, were
redischarged at the enemy. The various contrivances of the besiegers
for incendiary purposes,—arrows wrapped with combustible materials,
fireballs, &c.,—proved equally ineffective. To meet indeed this
particular danger, the wooden shingles with which the houses were
generally roofed were removed; a theatre, magnificent and costly, but
constructed with wood, which then stood on the Burg Place, was pulled
down; and, to deaden the rebound of shot or shell, the pavement was
every where taken up. The vaults of the great churches were in general
found to supply the best and safest magazines for powder: windows, and
superfluous entrances of the churches so used were walled up. All wells
were placed under strict superintendence, and every precaution taken
for a due supply of water for extinction of fire.

Up to this moment the insular suburb, Leopoldstadt, had remained the
only quarter of the suburbs still uninjured and free from the presence
of the enemy. General Schulz occupied it with a detachment of cavalry,
and was directed to hold it as long as possible. As early, however, as
the 16th July, the Princes of Wallachia and Moldavia had thrown two
bridges over the arms of the Danube on either side of this suburb, and
the Imperialists, from want of artillery, had been unable to interrupt
this operation. Early on the 27th the Turks crossed the stream in
great numbers, favoured by the lowness of the water at this season;
and after a conflict of several hours, General Schulz was compelled
to yield to numbers, and to withdraw his troops to the left bank of
the Danube. The great bridge of the Danube was now broken up, and
Leopoldstadt fully abandoned to the enemy. The city was now invested
on all sides; every communication and every channel of supply cut off.
The lot of Leopoldstadt was a severe one. The authorities had given the
inhabitants a premature and inconsiderate assurance that the island
would be permanently held and defended by the Imperial troops; and,
relying on this prospect, they had forborne to remove their property to
any place of safety. It thus happened that not only the buildings, but
nearly every object they contained, formed part of the funeral pile
which, wherever the Turkish force set foot, was lighted to give token
of their occupation. Among the more sumptuous of the edifices destroyed
was the Imperial villa called the Old Favorita (now the Augarten).
The Turks opened trenches immediately on the island, and established
batteries both on the Danube bank and near the church of the Brothers
of Mercy, from which they much annoyed the lower part of the city, and
especially the Convent of St. Lawrence. Every possible measure was
adopted for the defence of this quarter of the city; the Rothenthurm
gate was closed and barricaded, flanking works were constructed, and
the windows of adjacent buildings built up, loopholes only for musketry
being left. On the 2nd August the Turks made all their preparations for
an assault on this side. They sent from Closterneuburg and Nussdorf
all their boats down the small arm of the Danube, which, being caught
in their descent by the piers of the bridge which had been removed,
so clustered together as to form in themselves a sort of bridge. In
the course of the night, however, the boatmen of the city contrived
to set the vessels again afloat. This important service was performed
under a heavy fire from the island, and cost a good many lives in
its execution. On the side of the Burg, meanwhile, the works of the
besiegers above and below ground, the battery and the mine, were
rapidly pushed forward. The approaches, when inspected after the siege,
excited the admiration of the German engineers, for the skill and
labour which had been bestowed on them. The trenches were twice the
height of a man in depth, and near the city were roofed with timber and
sods. Apartments were excavated for the principal officers, and those
for the Vizier and pachas sumptuously carpeted and cushioned.

To check this dangerous progress a sally took place from the town
on the 19th of July, the first of the siege, under command of Guido
Count von Stahremberg, nephew and aide-de-camp to the Commandant, and
Samson von Stambach, by which some of the trenches were filled up,
and several of the enemy killed or taken. The latter were immediately
exchanged, on which occasion the Grand Vizier presented the drummer
who attended the flag of truce with three ducats. These sallies were
often repeated, and gave occasion to the students particularly to
distinguish themselves by their gallantry and intelligence. Many herds
of cattle were captured in some of them, and driven into the city,
affording, under the circumstances of blockade and hourly increasing
scarcity, a most welcome aid to its resources. The principal object
of the Turkish fire was the Burg, which was riddled with shot-holes:
next to this, St. Stephen’s tower, and the houses from the Carinthian
to the Mölk bastion. The further ravelin of the Löbel bastion was so
smashed with shot that no one could show himself upon it and live, and
the besieged were advised to withdraw its armament, and distribute the
pieces elsewhere.

On the 23rd of July took place the first assault. Two mines which had
been carried under the counterscarp of the Burg and the Löbel bastion
were exploded at the same instant, burying 15 of the garrison in the
ruins, and tearing up twenty palisades. The Turks rushed over the
ruins to the assault, but were quickly and completely repulsed. The
second assault, July 25, was directed against the face of the Burg
ravelin. It followed as usual the explosion of a mine, and was led by
the Janissaries, who, after three successive repulses, retired with
a loss of 200 men. The besieged, however, had to lament the loss of
some valuable officers, among them of their chief engineer, Rimpler,
who died within two days of wounds received in this affair. He is
said to have been one of the greatest engineers of his day: he had
distinguished himself at the siege of Philipsburg, under the Margrave
Herman of Baden, and had written works on subjects of his profession
which still retain their value. On the 27th, an assault took place, in
the course of which some of the Janissaries surmounted the palisades,
but only to perish in the ditch. The Turks lost 300 men. On the side of
the besieged, the Major, Baron von Gallenfeld, perished by a poisoned
arrow. On the 20th there came in a Turkish flag of truce, bearing a
request on the part of the Vizier for an armistice for the purpose of
burying his dead, and also a summons fraught with the usual threats
of vengeance and extermination. Stahremberg replied, that in the city
they were enjoying excellent health, and having no dead to bury could
not listen to the proposal for an armistice; as to surrender, they had
made up their minds on that head, and were prepared to defend the city
while they lived. A proclamation was now issued offering a reward
of 100 ducats to any one who would swim the Danube with letters for
the Duke of Lorraine: for the moment, however, no candidate presented
himself. July 20th a mine was exploded under the Löbel bastion, 20 of
the garrison perished, but no assault ensued, and the besieged had
leisure to repair the damage. On the 29th the palisades of the Burg
gate ravelin were shattered by a mine. By this time the underground
operations of the Turks had so far advanced as to give them access
to the ditch. Although every attempt of the Turks to pass the ditch
was repulsed in hand-to-hand fight, yet the known progress of their
engineering operations gave reason for expecting an early and general
assault of a more formidable nature than the former, and the watchful
Stahremberg neglected no preparation to meet it. The arsenals furnished
forth at his order quantities of the devices for laming an advancing
enemy, known by various names in various services; in our military
language, caltrops; these were distributed at the expected points of
attack, and additional lines of palisades were fixed in the inner
defences. The sound of bells from church or convent was forbidden,
with the single exception of the great bell of St. Stephen, reserved
for signal of assault upon the walls, at which the forces, regular
and irregular, of the garrison were instructed to hasten to their
respective posts. From early in the month of August the Turks scarcely
allowed a day to pass without the explosion of one or more mines. On
the 3rd, after several severe checks, they succeeded in effecting
a lodgment on the crown of the counterscarp of the Löbel bastion,
from which, though several Janissaries perished by the springing of
a countermine, it was found impossible to expel them. They followed
up this advantage by measures for filling up the ditch, which were,
however, continually foiled by the diligence of the garrison in
removing the materials. On the 6th a Turkish mine blew up a Colonel
Leslie and his pages. On the 8th, a sally commanded by General Souches
did much mischief to the approaches of the besiegers. On the 9th and
10th similar operations were conducted with still greater effect, and
the enemy was dislodged from the counterscarp. On the last occasion
three soldiers of the garrison were blown into the air and descended in
safety to the earth complaining of nothing but severe thirst. At midday
of the 12th, the salient angle of the Burg ravelin was blown up with
an explosion which shook half the city. An assault followed, which,
after two hours’ desperate fighting, ended in the retreat of the Turks
with a loss of 2500 men. The damage was quickly made good. On the 16th,
the Turks, after three repulses, succeeded in effecting and maintaining
a lodgment in the ditch facing the Löbel bastion, which enabled them to
establish near and destructive batteries on the counterscarp against
the Burg and the Löbel bastion.

The two commanders, Stahremberg and the Vizier, were alike
indefatigable in their personal superintendence of their respective
operations. The latter was carried every third day in a litter, made
shot proof by plates of iron, into the approaches, inspecting the
works, punishing the idle, and menacing the timid with his drawn sabre.
He had also in the trenches his own peculiar posts sunk deep in the
ground, and made bomb proof with planks and sand-bags. His favourite
position, however, for general observation and direction was the
tower of the church of St. Ulric, from which he overlooked the city,
as Stahremberg did the camp from his memorable stone chair in the
sculptured spire of St. Stephen.

Towards the middle of August an envoy from the Sultan reached the camp,
charged ostensibly with the conveyance of rich presents of honour to
the Vizier, furs and jewelled aigrettes, but secretly commissioned
to ascertain and report upon the progress of the siege. He remained
a fortnight, and returned with a most unfavourable report. On the
15th August the Imperial Ambassador, Caprara, arrived in the Turkish
camp after a long compulsory detention at Pesth. He was escorted by a
Tschauch, or officer of the body guard, and 300 men. He fell in on his
dismal march with many of his unhappy countrymen, a few only of whom
he was able, at an exorbitant price, to ransom from hopeless slavery.
Among these was a girl ten years of age, of noble birth and singular
beauty, whose name however has not reached us. On his arrival in the
camp, the Vizier, by special order of the Sultan, released him at Tuln,
into the hands of the Imperialists. It has been said that he brought a
proposal from the Vizier to abandon the siege of Vienna, and negotiate
a peace on the sole condition of the surrender of the fortress of
Raab. If this report be founded, as Wagner in his Historia Leopoldi
Magni supposes, it would show how far the projects of the Vizier had
been checked by the noble resistance of the garrison. If this or any
proposal was intrusted to Caprara, it remained unanswered.




CHAPTER XI.

From August 1 to August 22.


As far as feats of arms were concerned, the garrison had as yet
maintained its own with undaunted resolution and with a success
unimpaired by any material discomfiture; but by the middle of August
the inevitable consequences of so close an investment of a large town
began to show themselves in the shapes of sickness and scarcity. The
use of dried and salted meat produced a dysentery, which was often
mortal both among the soldiery and the townspeople. Other forms of
disease were attributable to the use of beer ill-brewed and hastily
consumed, and to the accumulation of impurities in the streets. Among
the victims were the Burgomaster Liebenberg, the Bishop’s Vicar of
Vienna, the Provost of St. Stephen’s, the Rector of the University,
and many other officials and ecclesiastics. The Commandant himself was
attacked by the epidemic, but, for the good fortune of Christendom,
recovered. The disease yielded at length, a result due in great
measure to the exertions of the admirable Kollonitsch, who visited the
hospitals daily; and to the sanatory regulations of the authorities,
who carried a stricter supervision into the proceedings of the bakers
and the brewers, particularly into the brewery which supplied the
Burg Hospital. The provisions specially productive of the dysentery,
such as herrings, which were much sought after by the soldiers, were
confiscated. The sick townspeople were carefully separated from the
healthy, and conveyed into temporary hospitals. The sick and wounded of
the soldiers were distributed among the convents, and the city provided
for their use 500 measures of wine and 4500 ells of linen. Cesspools
were dug to supply the place of the ordinary outlets and transport of
the filth of the city; the kennels were irrigated, and proper officers
appointed under the direction of Kollonitsch to carry these systematic
measures into effect, and made responsible for their execution. The
Vizier, whose confidence, possibly somewhat abated by the course of
military events, had been revived by the reports of the condition of
the garrison, is said to have vowed vengeance against the prelate who
had thus assumed the noble attitude of the Prophet between the people
and the plague; and to have destined his head as a present to the
Sultan. He did not foresee from whose shoulders such a peace-offering
would ultimately be culled. Coupled with these sanatory regulations,
others were put in force to prevent premature exhaustion of the means
of subsistence in the city, which fortunately were so ample as only to
require good economy to make them sufficient. Twenty hand-mills and
five horse-mills were established under regulation of the authorities
for the supply of flour. Lists of prices of the principal articles of
subsistence are given in the records of the time, which, in themselves,
would convey little information to readers not familiar with the
measures in use, and with the current prices of the day, but which
indicate considerable abundance as still existing at this period of
the siege, and which also show that prices were quadrupled before
the siege was raised. The price of wine, in particular, appears to
have been low even in comparison with the ordinary prices of the time
and locality. The great cellars of the city were reported to contain
169,000 eimers, of which 32,000 belonged to the three colleges of the
Jesuits, and other ecclesiastical establishments possessed a large
portion of the remainder. The stock of the numerous private traders,
and the wine-growers of the neighbourhood was not, it would appear,
included in this return. The military measures of defence, meanwhile,
were carried on, as was well needed, with unabated vigour. The Captain,
Elias Kühn, a Silesian gentleman, gained great credit by his services
as an engineer. The citizens showed the greatest alacrity. While 1300
of their body were required for daily service at various posts, they
furnished, in addition, from thirty to forty waggons for the daily
transport of every necessary article to the works, and many of their
horses were sacrificed in this service. In contemplation of the last
extremity, chains were furnished from the arsenals to be drawn across
the streets. The rings for these are still to be seen in the walls
in various parts of the city. To watch the motions of the enemy,
two Jesuits were constantly stationed on the tower of Saint Stephen
provided with telescopes, who furnished written reports of their
observations to the Commandant. The latter took up his residence in
the outer court of the Burg, in the immediate neighbourhood of the
principal point of attack, and on his own punctual and conspicuous
performance of his duties, established his claim to exact the same from
others, and to punish or rebuke every instance of neglect or failure.
A lieutenant in command of the watch at the most dangerous part of the
Löbel bastion neglected to prevent the enemy from forming by night a
timber defence against sallies. A court-martial sentenced him to death.
The Commandant pardoned him on condition that he would conduct a sally
with 29 men and destroy the defences so thrown up. He succeeded, but
perished in the execution. Two soldiers, who, upon some dispute as
to their pay, rose upon and maltreated an officer, were compelled to
throw dice for the life of one, and the loser underwent the penalty.
A population so numerous could not but comprise some faint hearts.
An order was issued that any one who, from cowardice, should absent
himself from his appointed duty should be hanged from his own window. A
commission was appointed to undertake a search for delinquents through
the four quarters of the city. We hear of no executions in consequence,
but the menace is said to have produced a considerable and welcome
accession of able-bodied defenders to the walls, who were encouraged
to their duty by a bounty of three rix-dollars and ample rations of
bread and wine. During the entire siege, indeed, the fighting men
were liberally provided for, and clergy as well as laity opened their
cellars for their refreshment. The besiegers meanwhile pushed forward
their works with unwearied activity. It is, however, unaccountable
that their leaders, who usually showed so much eagerness to possess
themselves of every commanding position in the neighbourhood of a
besieged fortress, should have neglected to establish themselves on
the adjacent heights of the Kahlenberg. These acclivities presented
not only a cover to the motions of an army advancing to raise the
siege, but a post of the utmost importance if once occupied, and the
assemblage of the army of the Empire at Crems could be no secret to the
Turks. The latter nevertheless contented themselves with the useless
destruction of the Camalduline Convent and the desecration of the tomb
of the Margrave in its chapel, and then abandoned the position without
leaving either garrison or corps of observation, an error which was
certainly the main cause of the ultimate catastrophe.

For several days the offer had been promulgated of a considerable
reward to the man who would brave the adventure of endeavouring to
make his way with dispatches to the camp of the Duke of Lorraine,
when on the 6th of August a trooper of Count Gotz’s regiment made his
appearance in the city, having swum the various arms of the Danube, and
bearing a letter well secured in wax. The hearts of the besieged were
thus gladdened with the tidings of the assemblage and daily increase of
the Christian army, and with the assurance of early relief. The safe
arrival of this messenger was announced to the yet distant army by a
discharge of rockets. The messenger was less fortunate in his attempt
to return. He was taken by the Turks and brought before the Vizier.
The dispatch with which he was intrusted being written in cypher, he
was closely interrogated as to its contents and as to the condition of
the city. He cunningly invented a tale of despair, and described the
defenders of the place as depressed in spirits, exhausted in resources,
and on the verge of surrender. The invention saved his life. The Vizier
proclaimed these tidings through the camp, and caused the cypher
dispatch to be shot back into the city attached to an arrow, with an
appendix to the purport that it was needless to write in cypher, for
the wretched condition of those who had sent it was well known to
the world, and was but the just punishment of men who had awakened
the wrath of the Sultan. Soon after this transaction Christopher von
Kunitz, a servant of Caprara, who had been detained in the Turkish
camp, found means to escape into the city. He brought an account
that the Vizier fully expected to have Vienna in his power within a
few days, and that many of the Magnates of Hungary, considering the
cause of Austria as desperate, had come into the camp to do homage to
the Vizier. He gave also a dismal confirmation of the ravage of the
surrounding country, of which the Viennese had partial evidence in
their own observation. On the 9th of August, Michael Gregorowitz, a
Greek by birth, once a Lieutenant in the Heister regiment, leaving the
city in a Turkish disguise, crossed the Danube with dispatches for
the Duke of Lorraine. A fire signal from the crest of the Bisamberg
conveyed the intelligence of the safe accomplishment of his enterprise,
and he was rewarded with promotion to the rank of Captain. He did not,
however, succeed in effecting his return. The condition of affairs in
the city began to be serious: the enemy made daily progress in his
approaches, and no more volunteers came forward for the dangerous task
of conveying intelligence to the army of the increasing pressure. At
last George Francis Kolschitzki, a partisan officer whose name deserves
honourable record for the importance of his services, and the courage
and dexterity with which they were executed, stepped forward. A Pole
by birth, and previously an interpreter in the service of the Oriental
merchants’ company, he had become a citizen of the Leopoldstadt, and
had served since the siege began in a free corps. Intimately conversant
with the Turkish language and customs, he willingly offered himself
for the dangerous office of passing through the very camp of the
Turks to convey intelligence to the Imperial army. On the 13th of
August, accompanied by a servant of similar qualifications, he was
let out through a sally-port in the Rothenthurm, and escorted by an
aide-de-camp of the Commandant as far as the palisades. He had scarcely
advanced a hundred yards, when he became aware of a considerable body
of horse which advanced at a rapid pace towards the place of his exit.
Being as yet too near the city to escape suspicion, he hastily turned
to the left and concealed himself in the cellar of a ruined house of
the suburb near Altlerchenfeld, where he kept close till the tramp
of the passing cavalry had died away. He then pursued his course,
and, singing a Turkish song, traversed at an idle pace and with an
unembarrassed air the streets of Turkish tents. His cheerful mien and
his familiar strain took the fancy of an Aga, who invited him into his
tent, treated him with coffee, listened to more songs and to his tale
of having followed the army as a volunteer, and cautioned him against
wandering too far and falling into Christian hands. Kolschitzki thanked
him for the advice, passed on in safety through the camp to beyond
its verge, and then as unconcernedly made for the Kahlenberg and the
Danube. Upon one of its islands he saw a body of people, who, misled
by his Turkish attire, fired upon him and his companion. These were
some inhabitants of Nussdorf, headed by the bailiff of that place,
who had made this island their temporary refuge and home. Kolschitzki
explained to them in German the circumstances of his mission, and
entreated them to afford him an immediate passage over the river. This
being obtained, he reached without further difficulty the bivouac of
the Imperial army, then on its march between Angern and Stillfried.
After delivering and receiving dispatches, the adventurous pair set out
on their return, and after some hairbreadth escapes from the Turkish
sentries, passed the palisades and re-entered the city by the Scottish
gate, bearing a letter from the Duke to the following purport:—“He had
received with deep emotion the intelligence of the loss of so many
brave officers and soldiers, and of the sad condition of the city
consequent both on this loss in action and on the epidemic. He retained
his hopes that the defenders of a place so important would never relax
in their noble efforts for its preservation. A considerable army was
already collected for its relief. Reinforcements were daily arriving
from Bavaria, Franconia, and Saxony, and the Duke was only waiting the
arrival of the numerous forces of Poland, commanded by their king in
person, which was to be expected by the end of August at the latest,
to put the united mass in motion for the raising of the siege.” As an
appendix to these assurances was added the consolatory intelligence of
the surrender of Presburgh to the Imperialists, and of the defeat of
Tekeli in two actions. The safe return of the bearer of this dispatch
was announced as usual by rockets as night signals, and in the day by a
column of smoke from St. Stephen’s spire. On the 21st August the daring
Kolschitzki was on the point of repeating his adventurous undertaking,
when a deserter, who had been recaptured, and was standing under the
gallows with the halter adjusted, confessed that he had furnished to
the Turks an accurate description of Kolschitzki’s person. He was
himself deterred by this warning, but his gallant companion, George
Michailowich, found means twice to repeat the exploit, with the same
safety and success as in the first instance. On his second return he
displayed a remarkable presence of mind and vigour of arm. Having all
but reached the palisades, he was joined by a Turkish horseman, who
entered into familiar conversation with him. As it was, however,
impossible for him to follow further his path towards the city, in such
company, by a sudden blow he struck his unwelcome companion’s head
from his shoulders, and springing on the riderless horse, made his
way to the gate. He did not, however, after this success, tempt his
fortune again. He brought on this occasion an autograph letter from
the Emperor, full of compliments and promises, which was publicly read
in the Rathhaus.[11] In contrast to so many examples of patriotism and
self-exposure, there were not wanting instances of treason. A youth of
sixteen, who had twice ventured into the Turkish camp and brought back
intelligence which proved to be unfounded, was arrested and put to the
question. He had been apprentice to a distiller, or vender of strong
liquors (in the vulgar tongue of Vienna, called a water-burner). In his
confession, extorted by torture, he stated that the severity of his
master had driven him from his employment, and, having no other refuge,
he had found means to escape to the camp. Promises of reward had
induced him to undertake to procure for the Turks accurate information
of the weak points of the defences, the strength of the garrison, the
state of its supplies, &c. He at the same time accused a man of the
cavalry stables as having instigated him to these courses. Being,
however, confronted with this man, he totally failed in maintaining
the charge. He was executed with the sword. The audacity of a younger
traitor, a boy ten years of age, was still more extraordinary. He
was arrested on the 10th August, while entering the city at a slow
pace. When questioned as to the cause of his having ventured into the
Turkish camp, he alleged that his parents, having been inhabitants
of the suburb, had been detained by the Turks; that his father was
compelled to work in the trenches, and his mother to sew sand-bags for
the sappers. While they were conducting him for his subsistence and
safe custody to the Burger Hospital, the unfortunate urchin was met
by his mother, who flew at him with reproaches for his long absence,
and from her it was soon ascertained that she had never been in the
Turkish camp, and that the boy’s father was dead. After this unlucky
meeting the boy, taken before the authorities, confessed that he had
carried to the enemy intelligence that several guns on the defences had
been rendered unserviceable; that the wheaten loaves were no longer
so white nor so heavy as they had been, that the commissariat bread
was become black and scarcely eatable; that many soldiers had died of
such victual, and that the garrison had lost all courage for fighting.
After endeavouring, with cunning beyond his years, but in vain, to fix
on others the guilt of having instigated his treason, this precocious
criminal, for whom whipping would have answered every legitimate
purpose of punishment, was beheaded. Two soldiers, taken in the act
of deserting, suffered with him. The practice of straying beyond the
lines for the real, or alleged, purpose of seeking for plunder, in the
ruins of the suburb, had become frequent, and it was thought necessary
to check proceedings so favourable to desertion and treason by this
example, and by severe edicts.


FOOTNOTES:

[11] Kolschitzki’s services would appear to have made a deep impression
on the public mind. Several narratives of his adventures were published
at the time; and his portrait, in his Turkish costume, figures in the
frontispiece of most of them.—E.




CHAPTER XII.

23rd August to 8th September.


On the 23rd of August, the enemy, after repeated assaults, had all
but gained possession of the Burg ravelin, and had set on fire the
palisades in face of the portion of that work still held by the
garrison. This the soldiers, carrying water to it in their steel caps,
succeeded in extinguishing, and the further advance of the Turks was
checked. An assault ensued, in which the combatants mingled hand to
hand. The Ottoman sabre, as on other similar occasions, failed in close
conflict with the ponderous weapons wielded by the German arm—the
halberd, the scythe,[12] the morning star, and the battle-axe, aided
by the pitch and water cauldron; and the Turks retired with a loss
of 200 men. In various of the adjacent open spaces of the city great
fires were kept up to supply the last-mentioned ingredients, which
were cooked in huge cauldrons, and transported in smaller vessels,
principally by women and children, to the walls. Many Turks were
greeted with the contents as they mounted the breach, and finished
by a second application as they lay scalded and blinded in the ditch
below. Six hundred and sixty-nine cwt. of pitch were used during the
siege; but a large part of this was doubtless applied for the purpose
of lighting up the ditch, and discovering the nightly operations of the
Turkish sappers immediately below the rampart. On this day the Turks
were seen from the walls to transport a considerable force of cavalry
to the left bank of the Danube, the men in boats, the horses swimming
beside them. This strong detachment was sent to reinforce the Pacha of
Peterwaradin, who had crossed the river near Presburg to attack the
Duke of Lorraine, who was keeping the field near the Bisamberg with
his cavalry. Few of this united Turkish force returned to tell the
tale of the thorough defeat they received at the hands of Lorraine,
who drove them into the Danube with a loss of twenty-five standards. A
Polish contingent, under Prince Lubomirski, assisted at this victory,
and much distinguished itself. Its services on this occasion were the
first fruits of the Polish alliance. Lubomirski’s junction with the
Imperialists was an independent movement, and in the first instance
excited some jealousy in the mind of Sobieski. Aug. 25, a gallant sally
took place for the purpose of checking the operations of the Turkish
miners against the Löbel bastion, and driving them from the ditch. The
young Duke of Wirtemberg, who was overlooking this operation from the
wall, seeing his troops hard pressed, in spite of all remonstrance,
descended at the head of a reinforcement in person to the fray, and
drove the Turks as far as their first battery. With equal courage
he conducted the retreat. The sally was brilliant and successful,
but cost the besieged 200 men and several officers. The Duke himself
was wounded in the calf of the leg by an arrow, and thereby disabled
for the rest of the siege. For several successive days the Burg
ravelin continued to be the scene of murderous assault and successful
resistance, of which it would be tedious to narrate particulars. Both
parties, meanwhile, began to feel sensibly the effects of the long
endurance of the siege. In the Mahometan ranks, and especially among
the Janissaries, a prejudice of the nature of a superstition assigned
forty days as the limit to which an operation of this nature could be
extended. They considered it, at least, as a prerogative of their body
to mutiny against an extension of that period. In the city, on the
other hand, the condition of affairs had assumed a gloomy complexion.
The casualties of war and disease had materially thinned the ranks of
the garrison, and the mine and the battery, especially the former, had
made gaps of ruin in the defences which no exertion of the besieged
could fully repair, and which it became daily more difficult to
maintain against the rush of numbers. Many of their guns had been
rendered unserviceable; but the want of skilled artillery officers and
men, with whom the city from the first had been ill provided, was still
more severely felt. The engineer, Rimpler, had fallen; the colonel
Werner, who commanded the ordnance, and who had effected his entrance
into the city on the 17th July, lay wounded and disabled; and before
the close of the siege, but two regular artillery officers remained fit
for service. The outworks from the Burg, almost to the Scottish gate,
were nothing but a mass of rubbish. The Löbel bastion in particular,
and the adjacent houses in the street of that name, had specially
suffered; but still more so the dwelling which still bears the name of
the Turks’ House. Scarcity also was making rapid strides; and if the
casualties of war diminished the number of consumers, falling as they
did principally on the fighting men they also made it impossible to
repeat the sallies which in the early part of the siege had sometimes
swept into the city the cattle of the Turkish commissariat. The Turks,
while their large force enabled them to close hermetically every
channel of supply to the city, guarded their own communications with
the utmost vigilance. Forage for the live cattle and sheep still in
the city had also failed, and the supplies of the public shambles at
the Lichtensteg and the Rothenthurm, were as lean and dry as they were
dear and scanty. The small store of dried provision which remained was
reserved for the soldiery, and the citizens at large were exposed to
severe privation. The streets leading to the shambles were crowded with
females, who often had to return home with empty baskets. The price of
a pound of beef had risen in the proportion of 1 to 9, and sometimes
12. Articles of daily subsistence to families of middle rank had now
become the luxuries of the rich. An egg cost half a dollar, pork eight
silver groschen the pound; veal and poultry no longer existed. Under
these circumstances, cats no longer enjoyed the immunity due, in times
of peace and plenty, to their domestic virtues, and the chase of this
animal in cellars and over roofs became not merely a pastime of the
young and mischievous, but the occupation of serious and hungry men.
The Viennese love for a jest is discernible in the appellation of
_dachshase_, or roof hare, bestowed on this new object of the chase.

The perilous condition of the city was announced to its yet distant
friends by discharges of rockets through the nights of the 24th,
28th, and 30th. They were answered by fire-signals from the crest
of the Bisamberg; but it was not from the left bank of the Danube
that succour was to be expected, and no cheering sign yet broke the
darkness in the direction of the Kahlenberg. The besieged looked
forward with deep anxiety to the 29th August, the anniversary of the
decapitation of St. John, one held peculiarly sacred and fortunate by
the Turks. In Soliman’s reign it was the day of the fall of Rhodes,
of Belgrade, of Pesth, and of that fight of Mohacs of which three
centuries have not effaced the recollection. A general assault was
reasonably to be expected on this awful anniversary; but it passed
over with no other occurrence than the ordinary explosion of some
mines, and a cannonade principally directed at St. Stephen’s. The
scanty portion of the Burg ravelin yet held by the besieged had now
become untenable. Its communication with the curtain behind was all but
cut off, and a reluctant order was at length, on the 3rd September,
issued to the officer in command to withdraw his men, which was as
reluctantly obeyed, the artillery having been previously removed, and
the palisades burnt. It had been actively assailed for twenty-nine
days, had withstood fifteen main assaults and the explosion of ten
powerful mines, and had been the grave of many thousands of the Turks.
Its defence, which was closed in the last moment of withdrawal by the
death of the officer in command of the day, a Captain Müller, has been
considered by military writers as one of the finest on record. The
Grand Vizier gave it a name which implied that the arts of hell and
magic had been applied to its defence. During the French occupation
of 1809, this outwork, worthy of being preserved as a monument, was
blown up, and altogether levelled by order of Napoleon. The Turks took
immediate advantage of their acquisition to plant on it two guns and
two mortars, from which they opened a heavy fire on the main defences.
The danger was now become most imminent, and called for the application
of every resource, and the exertion of every faculty, to meet it. Every
gate except the Stuben, still reserved as a sally-port, was barricaded
afresh with masonry and timber; the chains were drawn across the
streets, especially those which led to the Löbel; new batteries were
erected; and internal defences so accumulated one behind the other,
that, at every ten paces, there rose a breastwork thronged with men
and bristling with palisades. In the interior even of the city, at the
entrance of the Ballplatz, and near the hotel then occupied by the
Spanish ambassador (now the Chancery), were bulwarks, strengthened
with beams, and fenced by ditches; and orders were issued to break
away the iron gratings of the windows, in order, if necessary, to
apply these also to the defence of the streets. In every cellar of
the neighbouring houses were placed vessels of water, and drums with
pease strewn on their parchment, to give warning, by their vibratory
motion, of the approach of the Turkish miners. The subterranean warfare
was carried on with much effect by the Austrian counterminers, who
frequently succeeded in burying or suffocating the Turkish labourers,
and carried off many hundredweights of powder from their chambers. The
tenacity of the Turks in prosecuting this mode of attack is shown by
the loss they experienced: 16,000 of their miners perished during the
siege. On one occasion a fourier or quartermaster of the Beck regiment
having detected the end of a mine, sprung like Curtius into the abyss,
and encountering five Turks, killed three, and drove the other two to
flight. The neighbourhood of the Burg bastion was the scene of the
principal of these exploits, and under that fortification occurred
also the discovery, more interesting to antiquarians than soldiers,
of an ancient stair of sixty-six steps. As the excavations in this
quarter soon descended into water, the operations of the enemy were
the less to be dreaded, and the vigilance of the besieged was relaxed,
but the cellars near the Burg were nevertheless still garrisoned by
night, and it was thought necessary to extend this precaution shortly
to other parts of the city. The armed force of the city, both regular
and irregular, was now so reduced in numbers by repeated assaults
and sallies, that the remnant began to pine for the long promised
relief. The Burg ravelin being now in the hands of the enemy, the Burg
itself, as well as the Löbel bastion, were hourly threatened with
the same fate, the more so that the curtain which connected them was
so ruined as scarcely to afford a shelter to the troops which manned
it. Almost every house in the city was thronged with invalids; and
while the energies of the besieged sunk under such pressure, it was
to be expected that the courage and hopes of the assailants would
rise in proportion. This was not, however, the case. While through
the livelong night whole clusters of rockets were discharged together
at frequent intervals as signals of increasing distress and danger,
and as invocations for succour, there was trouble also in the camp.
On the 24th August a mutinous spirit had displayed itself among the
Janissaries. The term of 40 days, to which, for love of the Sultan and
the Vizier, they had added three, was expired, and they demanded to
be released from further duty in the trenches. The exhortations and
prophecies of the Vani Effendi, a popular preacher, had persuaded them
to await the famous anniversary of St. John, and the effect of the
extensive mines which had been pushed under the works of the citadel.
These mines, however, had failed; it became difficult to keep the
secret of that failure from the troops, and the day of St. John had
passed, as we have seen, without any signal occurrence. The troops,
too, under command of the Pacha of Aleppo had even left the trenches,
and it required the influence of the Grand Vizier in person to bring
them back to their duty by promises and fearful threats. He was driven
at this crisis to the temporary expedient of promulgating a report of
the sudden death of the Emperor Leopold. The Vizier went so far as to
order a general discharge of cannon and musketry throughout the camp,
a proceeding which puzzled for a while but did not succeed in alarming
the garrison, for the alleged cause of rejoicing did not obtain a
moment’s credence in the city. The adoption of such expedients by the
Vizier, and his general mode of conducting the military operations at
this period, are explained, in the opinion of many, on the theory of
his desire to obtain possession of the city by capitulation and not
by storm. At a period when the result of a simultaneous attack, from
the ruined state of the defences, could no longer have been doubtful,
he preferred, it is said, to send his troops against the breach in
isolated detachments, unequal to cope with the resistance which the
garrison, however weakened, was still able to oppose to them. Having
destined the valuables of the imperial residence for his own treasury,
he was unwilling to expose them to the indiscriminate plunder of
a final assault. He was anxious also to preserve from destruction
the city itself as the future seat of government for a dynasty of
the West, of which he intended to be himself the founder. Writers
contemporary and subsequent have concurred in assigning these motives
and this policy to Kara Mustapha, and in looking upon him as a Moslem
Wallenstein, prepared, in reliance on the devotion of the army, to
brave the displeasure of his sovereign, and possibly to throw off his
allegiance. It was only towards the end of the siege and under the
prospect of failure that these views underwent alteration, and that he
became disposed to force an entrance at any sacrifice. By this time,
however, the spirit of his troops was so depressed that, as we learn
from Demetrius Kantemir’s history of the Ottoman Empire, they often
exclaimed, as if addressing the armies of Lorraine and Sobieski, “O ye
unfaithful, if you will not come yourselves, let us see at least the
crests of your caps over the hills; for these once seen, the siege will
be over and we shall be released.” The demonstration of such a spirit
as this left the Vizier no longer a choice as to his measures. Though
he was still incredulous as to the junction of the Polish forces,
and still more so as to the appearance of their terrible commander
in the field, the gathering strength of the Imperialists and their
preparations for a forward movement could be no secret even to one
so negligent in procuring intelligence from that important quarter,
and he determined upon a conclusive effort. On the 4th September an
explosion took place towards the eastern end of the Burg bastion, the
more violent because of the solidity of that work’s construction: 4000
Turks, directed by the Vizier in person, rushed forward to the assault.
From every alarm-post the besieged hastened to the point of attack,
and among the foremost was Stahremberg, accompanied by his whole
staff, prepared and probably expecting to die in the breach, which to
a breadth of more than five fathoms had been opened by the explosion.
The rubbish had fallen outwards, filling the ditch and facilitating the
advance of the Turks, who, armed with sabre and target, and bearing
baskets of earth on their backs, were thronging up the ascent. The
shout of Allah was heard nearer and nearer, and some bold hands had
already planted the horse-tails on the crest of the rampart, when the
fire of the besieged filled the ditch with the bodies of the bravest.
The fight raged for two hours, and the Turks once more retired with a
loss of 500 men. The garrison, however, could ill spare a loss of 117
men and two captains. The fighting had no sooner ceased than every
available material was used to repair the breach. Besides the usual
appliances of timber, sand-bags, and ox-hides, mattresses and reed mats
were pressed into this service. The heavy wooden wine-presses were
broken up and the rafters taken from the roofs for the same purpose,
and ramparts of planks, in engineering phraseology mantelets, fitted
with wheels, were prepared and brought down to the scene of danger. The
other portions of the defences were intersected with fresh traverses,
and armed with additional guns. A corps 400 strong was raised from
parties who had been hitherto exempted from military duty, clerks
and artisans in the most indispensable departments of industry. The
nightly discharges of rockets from St. Stephen’s were thicker and more
frequent than before. The city was in its last agonies. On the 6th, an
explosion brought down a length of five fathoms of the wall, 24 feet
thick, of the Löbel bastion, making a breach less defensible than that
in the Burg bastion, because the parapets of the wall which remained
had been previously destroyed. The fury of the assault which followed,
and the tenacity of the resistance, may be measured by the Turkish loss
of 1500 men. Two standards were at one moment planted on the rampart.
A house in the Löbelstrasse opposite the spot where this took place
is still called the Turks’ house, and bears a date and a painting
of a Turk’s head commemorative of the occurrence. On the evening of
this day, five rockets were observed to rise from the Kahlenberg.[13]
That short-lived apparition was sufficient to scatter the clouds
of despondency which had so long been gathering over the city. The
lighthouse which identifies the promontory, or the star which marks
the Pole, never sparkled on the eye of the anxious mariner with more
of comfort and assurance than that fiery sign conveyed to the watchman
on the rampart, or the Jesuit on the spire. It indicated not only that
the Imperial army had crossed the river, but that its outposts had
crowned the heights and occupied the passes which commanded its only
access to the relief of the city, heights and passes which nothing
but judicial blindness could have prevented the Turks from occupying
in force. Still the salvation of the city hung on a thread. As the
imperial army approached, the incentive to attack rose in intensity in
the same proportion with the motive to resistance, and it was to be
expected that the struggle would be waged to the last with increased
energy. Every device of war was exhausted by Stahremberg to provide
that no inch of advance should be gained by the enemy unpurchased by
streams of his blood. All the ominous preparations for a street fight
were redoubled. The houses nearest the breach were converted into
batteries; every avenue to it from the interior thronged with soldiers.
The city force was mustered at its alarm-posts, waiting for the bell
of St. Stephen’s to proclaim the moment of the assault. It never came.
The Turks, though they continued to mine under the city, pushing one
of their galleries as far as the church of the Minorites, never again
showed themselves above ground beyond the mouths of their parallels. On
the 8th September there was strange movement in their camp. Camels were
loaded, horses were saddled. More rockets rose from the Kahlenberg.


FOOTNOTES:

[12] Count Daun is said to have first suggested the use of the scythe
affixed to a long staff for the defence of the breaches at this siege.
Under the name of the Lochaber axe it had long been used by the Scots.
In the recent wars of liberty in Poland it has acquired much celebrity,
and many stories are told of its terrible effects in the hands of the
peasantry. Of the weapon called the morning star, a species of club
with spikes, 600 were furnished from the arsenal.—E.

[13] I give this incident as I find it in the work from which these
pages are borrowed, and in other accounts, but I am at a loss to
account for the alleged date of its occurrence. The army of the
Christian allies had not completed its passage of the river, and
was mustering in the camp of Tuln, and I can find no account of any
reconnaissance being pushed forward at this date. The statements,
however, of the fact are numerous and positive.—E.




CHAPTER XIII.


To preserve the narrative of the siege unbroken down to the critical
period at which it has now arrived, it has been necessary to withhold
our attention from the proceedings of the Duke of Lorraine and the army
of the Empire. We left them in the early part of July unable to cope
with the tenfold numbers of the Turkish host, and compelled to await at
safe distance, and scarcely in a threatening attitude, the accession
of German levies and of the promised succour of the Poles. The former
mustered with somewhat of the slowness and circumspection which have
in all ages characterized the motions of the Germanic body. Distance
retarded the junction of the Poles, whose contingents had in many
instances to march from the Ukraine. The first care then of Lorraine,
was to bring together the troops of the Empire, and Crems, with its
bridge over the Danube, was the main position chosen for that purpose.
In the first instance, indeed, the Duke had proposed to make a stand in
the Leopoldstadt, and by means of têtes-du-pont at the several bridges
of the arms of the river, to keep up a direct communication with the
city, virtually, in fact, to make his force a part of the garrison.
The danger of such an expedient, however, became instantly palpable.
The summer was a dry one, and the small arm of the river nearest the
city was fordable in several places. To place 10,000 cavalry in a
position so acceptable to the attack of the whole Turkish army, and
which also from its relative level was commanded from the whole extent
of the opposite banks, would have been certain destruction. The army of
Tekeli, also, coming over the March field, threatened the rear of the
Imperialists, and gave them much anxiety. The Duke therefore selected
a series of positions the best calculated to prevent the enemy from
occupying the left bank of the Danube, and shifted his head-quarters
as circumstances indicated, between Jedlesee and Stockerau, till he
finally fixed them at Crems. His next care was to arm and garrison
as extensively as possible the fortified and tenable places of Lower
Austria. He confided Crems to the care of the generals Dunnewald and
Leslie, Tuln to the Baron d’Orlique; and even Closterneuburg, scarcely
five English miles from Vienna, which had beaten off an attack of
the Turks, under its commandant, Marcel Ortner, was supplied with a
garrison. Count Herberstein covered with a corps the avenues to Styria,
already threatened by the enemy. Neustadt was sufficiently garrisoned;
and in several instances from these strongholds successful sallies
were directed against the marauding bands of the enemy. Measures, late
indeed, but energetic, were also adopted for the internal defence of
the Austrian provinces. Otho, Count of Traun, in Lower, and Wolf,
Count of Weissenthurn, in Upper Austria, directed these with much
judgment and activity. The forest passes were guarded with abattis;
the fords, especially those of Ybbs and Ens, with palisaded works; and
the peasantry summoned and organised for the defence of the castles
and convents. Many more instances of courage and conduct occurred in
the defence of places than it would be possible here to particularize.
The inhabitants of Closterneuburg, commanded by the Sacristan of their
convent, Marcellin Ortner, on three occasions beat off the assault
of many thousand Turks. Gregory Müller, Abbot of Mölk, exchanged the
crosier for the sword, and at the head of the armed burghers, by the
skilful use of this irregular force, kept the Turks at a distance,
though they had encamped on the Steinfeld between St. Polten and
Wilhelmsburg, and had burnt the suburbs of St. Polten. 2000, however,
of the vassals of that rich abbey were dragged into captivity, 120
houses on its estates were burnt, and 5000 head of cattle carried off.
After the retreat of the Turks from before Vienna, the people of St.
Polten found a number of deserted children, of whom they kindly took
and kept charge, without ever discovering their parents. The defence
of the abbey of Lilienfeld forms a brilliant episode in the history of
the time. Many of the inhabitants of the adjacent districts, and among
them a large portion of the gentry, had taken refuge from the Tartar
cavalry in this place. On the nearer approach, however, of the dreaded
marauders, the greater part of these fugitives continued their retreat,
and sought a more assured refuge in Salzburg or the Tyrol. Not so the
brave abbot, Matthew Kolbries. He rallied round him his clergy and
vassals, fortified his convent, and prepared to defend it to the last.
He did a great deal more than this; for though deserted by all but a
small body of devoted adherents, after repelling several assaults,
instead of leaving his enemy to rally at leisure, he fell upon him
in a series of well-planned sallies and ambuscades, which by their
success elevated the courage of his adherents to the highest pitch of
daring. Following up these first successes, he fell by surprise on
a column of the Tartars near Mariazell, destroyed them almost to a
man, and brought back in triumph 200 rescued Christians, a mule load
of money, and forty heads of Tartars, whose bodies he had left for
example exposed on the roads. Three Turkish prisoners of distinction
were ransomed at from 2000 to 3000 ducats each. The casual accession
of a Bavarian officer and five troopers to his small force enabled him
to introduce into it something of military science and discipline.
Military genius was evidently not wanting to the man who, at the age of
sixty-three, could perform such exploits. Some Polish troops, who also
joined him, gave him more trouble by their indiscipline than assistance
by their military experience. With this motley band, however, he
struck some more severe blows on the parties of the enemy; and by
holding Lilienfeld till the Vizier was compelled to withdraw his light
troops from the country, and thus guarding the main pass into Styria,
he saved that province from all the horrors of Tartar invasion. The
value of that exemption may be gathered from the calculations made by
contemporary writers of authority, of the number of those who were
carried off into slavery from Austria, which amounts to 6000 men,
11,000 women, 19,000 girls, and 56,000 children. Among the girls were
200 of noble extraction. The example of the Abbot of Lilienfeld, though
eminently conspicuous, is not the only one which shows how much might
have been done to check the brave and rapacious, but undisciplined,
horsemen of the East, if the Austrian gentry had not, in a moment of
general consternation and depression, emigrated so largely to the
Tyrol and other places of safety. Many tales are related of troops of
marauders put to flight by the firm countenance of individual men, and
even women. No one of these stories can, perhaps, be so strictly relied
upon as to justify its insertion in the page of serious history; and
it is certain that in other instances the Tartar cavalry, by their
skill in horsemanship and individual daring, were found formidable
antagonists. Troops, however, whose occupation is plunder, and engaged
in a difficult country, are never safe from such a man as the Abbot
of Lilienfeld, and a few more such would at least have caused them to
concentrate their numbers, and to include a far less extent of country
within their ranges. On the 13th August, the Bavarian forces, 13,000 in
number, were ferried over the Danube near Mölk. They were received with
salvos of artillery and military music from the fortified abbey. The
Margrave of Bareuth crossed the river on the following day with 6000
men. The presence of this respectable force on the right bank of the
Danube freed the upper provinces from that of the invaders.




CHAPTER XIV.

From the end of July to September 11.


The corps of Tekeli had meanwhile prosecuted its operations in Upper
Hungary. As he was approaching Tyrnau, the Duke of Lorraine reinforced
the citadel of Presburg with some regiments of cavalry, and put the
remainder of his army in motion across the March field. Learning
that the town of Presburg was already occupied, and the citadel
threatened by the adherents of Tekeli, and also that 20,000 Turks and
20,000 Hungarians were encamped in the neighbourhood, he pushed on
towards the city. He succeeded in flinging an additional force into
the fortress, and, after some resistance, drove the enemy out of the
suburbs and town. The citizens, excusing their defection on the ground
of compulsion, renewed their fealty to the Emperor. The advanced guard
of the Polish army, under Prince Lubomirski, had meanwhile arrived, and
with their assistance the Duke on the following day gained a victory
which cleared the left bank of the Danube, and re-established the
communication with Komorn and Raab. The hostile camp fell entirely into
the victors’ hands. The Turks and Tekeli threw mutual blame upon each
other. To whichever it was due, their united forces, after ravaging the
March field, were overtaken by Lorraine near Stammersdorf, and again
completely defeated. The Pacha of Erlau with 1200 men were left dead
on the field, many more perished in attempting to swim the Danube, 22
standards were taken, and a body of 600 Hungarians deserted to the
enemy. Meanwhile the troops of the Empire were flocking in from all
quarters. The Bavarians have been already mentioned. The Elector of
Saxony, John George III., marched out of Dresden on the 22nd July with
12,000 men and 18 guns, and reached Crems on the 28th August. Sobieski
writes to his wife in great admiration of the Saxon troops, as well
dressed, complete in numbers, and well disciplined. “We may say of the
Germans what has been said of the horse, they do not know their own
strength.” The King of Poland left Cracow early in August. The Emperor
had undergone the humiliation of imploring the personal presence of
a sovereign whose policy and interests he had always thwarted, even
should he arrive without his army. This homage to his military talents
was doubtless grateful, but John Sobieski needed no stimulus when the
Turk was in the field. While the French ambassador was exerting all
his influence to detain him, and writing to Louis XIV. that he was
too corpulent for active service, he took leave of his wife, and,
after making his will, set out, accompanied by his son, a boy sixteen
years of age, in advance of his army. His march lay through a country
exposed to the incursions of Tartars and Hungarians, but he performed
it on horseback with an escort of some 2000 cavalry, and reached the
head-quarters of Lorraine in safety. He found them at Tuln, on the
right bank of the river, the force weak in numbers, and still employed
in the construction of the bridge which the Emperor in his letters
had announced as finished. Many of the German troops had not yet
arrived. Lorraine spake with anxiety of the condition of affairs. “Be
of good cheer,” replied Sobieski; “which of us at the head of 200,000
men would have allowed this bridge to be constructed within five
leagues of his camp? The Vizier is a man of no capacity.” The Polish
army, under Field Marshal Jablonowski, reached the bank of the Danube
opposite Tuln early in September. It amounted to about 26,000 men of
all arms, but with a very small proportion of infantry. After passing
them in review, the leaders held a council of war, in which Lorraine
suggested that the march for the relief of the city should be directed
over the Kahlenberg. The King gave an immediate assent, observing,
that he had left his royal dignity at Warsaw, and was prepared to act
with the Duke as with a friend and brother. On the other hand, no
jealousies would seem to have interfered to prevent an immediate and
frank acknowledgment of the authority of Sobieski as Commander-in-chief
of the assembled forces. It is not to be forgotten that the Duke of
Lorraine had been competitor with Sobieski for the crown of Poland.
Sobieski’s letters contain some graphic details of their first meeting,
which seems to have passed off at table with more joviality than was
consistent with the ordinary habits of Lorraine, who was free from
the German vice of drinking, but who on this occasion, beginning with
the lighter vintage of Moselle, passed on to the stronger wines of
Hungary. Sobieski describes him as modest and taciturn, strongly marked
with the small-pox, _le nez trez aquilin, et presque en peroquet_;
stooping, plain, and negligent in his attire. _Avec tout ça, il n’a
pas la mine d’un marchand mais d’un homme comme il faut, et même
d’un homme de distinction. C’est un homme avec qui je m’accorderais
facilement._ It was further decided that the Poles should cross the
river at Tuln and the Germans at Crems, so as to effect their junction
at the former place on the 5th September. The junction did not however
take place till the 7th. Three thousand Poles were detached towards the
March field to keep the Hungarians in check. The Christian army now
consisted of 85,000 men, Austrians, Poles, Bavarians, Saxons, Swabians,
and Franconians, with 186 pieces of artillery. Of this number, some
7000 were detached for the occupation of various posts, leaving about
77,000 effectives for field operations against the Turks. This force,
small in numbers if we consider the greatness of the stake at issue,
counted among its leaders four sovereigns and twenty-two other princes
of sovereign houses. The electoral houses of Germany were worthily
represented by Saxony and Bavaria. John George III., Elector of Saxony,
had seen much service in the cause of Austria, and had been the first
of the German princes to give a frank adhesion to her cause. Sobieski
describes him as speaking neither Latin nor French, and little German;
not addicted to harangues or compliments, _étourdi_, drunken, simple,
and good-natured. The man thus satirically painted was however a
sturdy specimen of the German race, and could deal hard blows in the
field. Maximilian Emanuel, of Bavaria, conspicuous in after years for
the misfortunes entailed upon him by his alliance with France against
Austria, and the principal victim of Marlborough’s success at Blenheim,
came forward now at the age of twenty-one, to save from destruction the
sovereign who, after rewarding him with the hand of a daughter, lived
to expel him for awhile from his dominions. He had the good sense now
to consign the conduct of his troops to experienced hands, and served
himself as a volunteer. Among the others were the Dukes of Sachsen
Lauenburg, Eisenach, and Weissenfels, of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Wirtemberg
and Holstein, Pfalzneuburg and Croy, the Margrave of Baireuth and Louis
of Baden afterwards so famous; the Landgrave of Hesse, the Princes of
Waldeck, Hohenzollern, Anhalt, and Salm; last and youngest, Eugene of
Savoy. The Prince of Waldeck commanded the troops of the Circles.

The literature of modern Europe, rich as it is in the correspondence
of eminent persons of both sexes, perhaps contains no collection
of letters of such engrossing interest as those written at this
period by John Sobieski to his wife, which have lately found an
eminent translator and commentator in the Count Plater. The familiar
correspondence of such a man as Sobieski, even if devoted to ordinary
occurrences and insignificant events, would derive an interest from
the character and fame of the writer which few such collections could
claim. In the case of these, however, the circumstances of the time
combine with the character of the man to enhance that interest to the
highest degree. They are the letters of an absent lover, pledged to
punctual and familiar correspondence, and consequently rich in minute
details. They are the military dispatches of one of the greatest
soldiers who ever lived, penned in moments snatched from hard-earned
repose, often when the night-lamp of his tent was growing pale before
the twilight of morning, and dealing with the hourly progress of one of
the greatest military transactions in history. Some passages of these
documents escaped at the time, and have been quoted by all writers on
the subjects concerned, from Voltaire and Madame de Sévigné to the
gazette writers of the day; but these passages, principally relating
to the great and notorious result, are not of greater interest, and
are of less historical value, than the remainder more lately rescued
from the obscurity of the Polish language which was the medium of his
most familiar intercourse with his absent wife. It is a singular trait
of ability in this mischievous woman, especially when we consider
the habitual distaste of her countrymen and countrywomen for the
acquisition of foreign languages, that she should have so completely
mastered the difficulties of a Sclavonic dialect as to speak and write
it with fluency and correctness. It is embarrassing to quote from these
letters, because there is scarcely a passage in them which does not
present the temptation. The series commences from the 29th August, the
first evening after taking leave of his wife at Cracow. This and the
five following letters carry him through the fatigues of the march, the
tedious ceremonies of his reception at Olmutz and other halting-places;
and the seventh, of the 9th September, is written from Tuln, the great
rendezvous, and one of the points of passage for the collected forces
of Poland and Germany. At every step the interest thickens; fresh
intelligence is announced of the desperate condition of the city; the
figures of men then, or afterwards, famous in history, are briefly
and graphically introduced to our notice; observations on the busy
present, and speculations on the doubtful future, are interwoven with
lively sketches of character and costume. At Tuln commenced the main
difficulties of the great operation on which the eyes of Europe were
concentered, difficulties which nothing but the gross negligence of the
Turks could have enabled the allies to surmount. The Tartar cavalry,
properly directed, might alone have rendered impossible the three days’
march, by forest paths, through a country destitute of provisions,
and scarcely practicable for artillery or carriages, which intervened
between the banks of the river and the heights of the Kahlenberg.
Baggage and commissariat were of necessity left behind, in the
neighbourhood of Tuln. It was necessary to weaken the fighting strength
of the army by a strong guard to protect these depôts from the Tartars,
and by heavy escorts for the transport of provisions from this base of
operation.

It was hardly to be expected that the heights of the Kahlenberg
themselves would be found unguarded; and to explore the condition of
this crowning post, the key to the main operation, was in itself a
task of the utmost hazard and delicacy. It was performed on the night
of the 10th by the king and the other principal commanders in person,
and this service separated him so far and so long from his army then
struggling up the precipices and through the forests behind, that the
greatest alarm was excited for his safety. The crest of the Kahlenberg,
with its castle and chapel, were found unoccupied; but the Turks, too
late aware of its importance, were moving towards it in the course
of the 11th, when, by great exertion, the first troops which came to
hand, five Saxon battalions of the left wing, with three guns, were
brought up to the summit. The Turks, finding themselves anticipated,
retired without a serious struggle, and the Saxon guns opening upon
their rear, gave signal to the city of its approaching salvation. The
king and the other commanders rejoined their several corps about midday
of the 11th, and the principal difficulties of the march having been
now overcome, the army was enabled to arrange itself in nearly the
order which was preserved through the following day of battle.[14] This
operation was conducted without disturbance from the enemy, except on
the extreme left, where General Leslie experienced some opposition
in the establishment of a battery. The report of this skirmish
roused Sobieski, not from slumber, which, as he states, was rendered
unattainable by the thunder of the Turkish batteries against the city,
but from the occupation of writing a long and detailed letter to his
wife. Disturbed in this enjoyment, the indefatigable man, described by
the French ambassador as too corpulent to ride, was again in the saddle
at three A. M. He appears to have ridden along the whole position, from
his tent on the extreme right to the Leopoldsberg on the left. This
exertion had the advantage of bringing him once more into personal
communication with Lorraine before that final issue which took place
on the following day, contrary indeed to the expectation or intention
of either, for neither contemplated at this moment the possibility of
bringing so vast an operation as the relief of the city within the
compass of a single day.

Nothing seems to have given Sobieski so much annoyance at this period
as the non-appearance of some Cossack levies, which his agents had
been despatched to raise. He writes of them in their absence in a
strain which might have been used by a Russian commander of our own
day, and which shows that the admirable qualities of the real Cossack
for the duty of light troops, especially against the Turk, had fully
displayed themselves in the seventeenth century. It is certain that
down to the latest period, the Vizier had no belief, or even suspicion,
that Sobieski had taken the field in person, or that any strong Polish
force had joined the army. The reported appearance of Polish troops was
accounted for by the known arrival of Lubomirski’s partisan corps.

The muster-roll of the Turkish army found in the tent of the Vizier
gives in round numbers a total of 160,000 men, and historians have
been ready enough to adopt a cypher, which would give a difference of
80,000 men as against the victorious party. As this document, however,
includes all detachments and garrisons, and also many commanders and
men who were certainly no longer in existence, the Pacha of Erlau,
for instance, who, with most of his troops, had perished, as has been
related, in the affair of Stammersdorf, it is as needless to dwell upon
the fallacy of such an assumption of numbers, as it would be difficult
to arrive at anything like accuracy with any other. If we accept the
statement of Kantemir, that, on the night before the battle, nearly a
fourth of the Turkish army disbanded itself, we can hardly calculate
the force remaining in the camp at more than 100,000, for whom,
exhausted and dispirited as they were, 80,000 untouched regular troops
were more than an equal match.

When the advance of the Christian army became no longer doubtful, the
Vizier called his Pachas about him to deliberate upon the mode in
which to meet the impending attack. The aged Pacha of Pesth, who has
been mentioned as adverse from the first to the march upon Vienna,
advised the Vizier to raise the siege without delay, to collect the
whole army, and, cutting down the neighbouring forests, to palisade
and entrench themselves and abide the attack. On the repulse of the
first onset, to launch the cavalry on both flanks of the enemy, and
thus decide his defeat. The majority of the council was in favour of
this proposal. The Vizier was obstinate in rejecting it, alleging, not
unjustly, that if the siege were once raised, the city would instantly
avail itself of the opportunity to repair its defences, and put itself
into condition to defy a renewed attempt. It would be difficult, if
the Janissaries were once withdrawn from the trenches, to persuade
them to return to their toil, even after the achievement of a victory
in the field. His opinion then was that a sufficient force should
be left in the approaches to carry on the siege operations without
interruption, and that the remainder should advance against the enemy,
whose inferior numbers would be easily crushed. The Pachas made some
further remonstrances, but were forced to give way to the unlimited
authority of their chief. On the 11th September all the Turkish troops
in the Leopoldstadt were withdrawn, and the greater part of the cavalry
were moved forward towards the Kahlenberg, near the base of which,
and on the Wienerberg, they threw up entrenchments; and, disposing
themselves in the shape of a crescent, they awaited the appearance
of the Imperialists. Between Weinhaus and Gerstorf are still to be
seen the traces of a considerable work, which bears the name of the
Turkenschanz, the site of one of their principal batteries. So long
previous as the 9th September, the Vizier, in his first alarm at
the approach of the enemy, had determined to collect his force on
the Wienerberg, and a field-tent had been pitched for him near the
so-called Spinnerkreuz. On the following day, however, he changed his
intention and plan, and moving the main portion of his force towards
the Kahlenberg, drew it up upon the heights between Grinzing and
Heiligenstadt. On the evening of the same day, the 10th, the advanced
guard of the Christian army arrived on the Kahlenberg, and the first
sound of its guns, as above described, was heard in Vienna, as they
opened from the heights on the columns of the Turks. The effect was one
of mingled joy and anxiety. The issue of the struggle was evidently
at hand, but that issue was still uncertain, and the night was one of
agonising suspense. The population not immediately employed in military
duty, was divided through the day between the churches and the roofs of
towers and houses; the first engaged in earnest supplication to Heaven,
the latter in surveying the movements of the Turkish camp, and watching
for the first gleam of the Christian weapons as they issued from the
wooded heights. The commandant, as evening closed in, despatched a
messenger, who swam the Danube with a letter for the Duke of Lorraine.
Its words were few. “No time to be lost!—no time indeed to be lost!”
This message was acknowledged by a cluster of rockets from Hermansdorf.
Orders were now issued by Count Stahremberg to all the troops, regular
and irregular, to hold themselves in readiness for a sally during the
expected battle of the morrow, or for joining the Christian army, and
driving the Turks out of the approaches. The night of the 11th of
September closed in upon this troubled scene. The man whose doom is
sealed will often sleep till morning calls him to the scaffold. Such
heavy sleep as his, the offspring of nervous excitement and exhaustion,
perhaps, was granted to the citizen of Vienna; but even this may be
doubted, for the criminal is assured of his fate. The doom of Vienna
was yet uncertain.


FOOTNOTES:

[14] See Appendix.




CHAPTER XV.

September 12.


At sunrise of the 12th September, the crest of the Kahlenberg was
concealed by one of those autumnal mists which give promise of a
genial, perhaps a sultry day, and which, clinging to the wooded flanks
of the acclivity, grew denser as it descended, till it rested heavily
on the shores and the stream itself of the river below. From that
summit the usual fiery signals of distress had been watched through
the night by many an eye as they rose incessantly from the tower of
St. Stephen, and now the fretted spire of that edifice, so long the
target of the ineffectual fire of the Turkish artillerists, was faintly
distinguished rising from a sea of mist. As the hour wore on, and the
exhalation dispersed, a scene was disclosed which must have made those
who witnessed it from the Kahlenberg tighten their saddle-girths or
look to their priming. A practised eye glancing over the fortifications
of the city could discern from the Burg to the Scottish gate an
interruption of their continuity, a shapeless interval of rubbish and
of ruin, which seemed as if a battalion might enter it abreast. In face
of this desolation a labyrinth of lines extended itself, differing in
design from the rectilinear zigzag of a modern approach, and formed
of short curves overlapping each other, to use a comparison of some
writers of the time, like the scales of a fish. In these, the Turkish
lines, the miner yet crawled to his task, and the storming parties
were still arrayed by order of the Vizier, ready for a renewal of the
assault so often repeated in vain. The camp behind had been evacuated
by the fighting men; the horse-tails had been plucked from before
the tents of the Pachas, but their harems still tenanted the canvass
city; masses of Christian captives awaited there their doom in chains;
camels and drivers and camp followers still peopled the long streets of
tents in all the confusion of fear and suspense. Nearer to the base
of the hilly range of the Kahlenberg and the Leopoldsberg, the still
imposing numbers of the Turkish army were drawn up in battle array
ready to dispute the egress of the Christian columns from the passes,
and prevent their deployment on the plain. To the westward, on the
reverse flank of the range, the Christian troops might be seen toiling
up the ascent. As they drew up on the crest of the Leopoldsberg they
formed a half circle round the chapel of the Margrave, and when the
bell for matins tolled, the clang of arms and the noises of the march
were silenced. On a space kept clear round the chapel a standard with
a white cross on a red ground was unfurled, as if to bid defiance to
the blood red flag planted in front of the tent of Kara Mustapha. One
shout of acclamation and defiance broke out from the modern crusaders
as this emblem of a holy war was displayed, and all again was hushed
as the gates of the castle were flung open, and a procession of the
Princes of the Empire and the other leaders of the Christian host moved
forward to the chapel. It was headed by one whose tonsured crown and
venerable beard betokened the monastic profession. The soldiers crossed
themselves as he passed, and knelt to receive the blessing which
he gave them with outstretched hands. This was the famous Capuchin
Marco Aviano, friend and confessor to the Emperor, whose acknowledged
piety and exemplary life had earned for him the general reputation
of prophetic inspiration. He had been the inseparable companion of
the Christian army in its hours of difficulty and danger, and was now
here to assist at the consummation of his prayers for its success.
Among the stately warriors who composed his train, three principally
attracted the gaze of the curious. The first in rank and station was
a man somewhat past the prime of life, strong limbed and of imposing
stature, but quick and lively in speech and gesture, his head partly
shaved in the fashion of his semi-Eastern country, his hair, eyes,
and beard, dark-coloured. His majestic bearing bespoke the soldier
king, the scourge and dread of the Moslem, the conqueror of Choczim,
John Sobieski. His own attire is said to have been plain, but we
gather from his letters that in his retinue he displayed a Sclavonic
taste for magnificence which strongly contrasted with the economical
arrangements of Lorraine, and even of the two Electors. Painters, and
others studious of accuracy, may be glad to know that on this occasion
the colour of his dress was sky blue, and that he rode a bay horse. An
attendant bearing a shield, with his arms emblazoned, always preceded
him, and his place in battle was marked by another who carried a plume
on his lance point, a signal more conspicuous, though less inseparable,
than the famous white plume of Henry IV. On his left was his youthful
son Prince James, armed with a breastplate and helmet, and, in addition
to an ordinary sword, with a short and broad-bladed sabre, a national
weapon of former ages; on his right was the illustrious and heroic
ancestor of the present reigning house of Austria, Charles of Lorraine.
Behind these moved many of the principal members of those sovereign
houses of Germany whose names and titles have been already specified.
At the side of Louis of Baden walked a youth of slender frame and
moderate stature, but with that intelligence in his eye which pierced
in after years the cloud of many a doubtful field, and swayed the
fortunes of empires. This was the young Eugene of Savoy, who drew his
maiden sword in the quarrel in which his brother had lately perished.
The service of high mass was performed in the chapel by Aviano, the
King assisting at the altar, while the distant thunder of the Turkish
batteries formed strange accompaniment to the Christian choir. The
Princes then received the sacrament, and the religious ceremony was
closed by a general benediction of the troops by Aviano. The King then
stepped forward and conferred knighthood on his son, with the usual
ceremonies, commending to him as an example for his future course the
great commander then present, the Duke of Lorraine. He then addressed
his troops in their own language to the following effect:—“Warriors
and friends! Yonder in the plain are our enemies, in numbers greater
indeed than at Choczim, where we trod them under foot. We have to fight
them on a foreign soil, but we fight for our own country, and under the
walls of Vienna we are defending those of Warsaw and Cracow. We have to
save to-day, not a single city, but the whole of Christendom, of which
that city of Vienna is the bulwark. The war is a holy one. There is a
blessing on our arms, and a crown of glory for him who falls. You fight
not for your earthly sovereign, but for the King of kings. His power
has led you unopposed up the difficult access to these heights, and
has thus placed half the victory in your hands. The infidels see you
now above their heads; and with hopes blasted and courage depressed,
are creeping among valleys destined for their graves. I have but one
command to give,—follow me. The time is come for the young to win
their spurs.” Military music and the shouts of thousands greeted this
pertinent harangue, and as it closed, five cannon shots gave the signal
for the general advance. A sharp fire of musketry from the small hamlet
of Kahlenberg near Nussdorf soon announced that the left wing, under
the immediate command of the Duke of Lorraine, had felt the enemy,
and it increased as his attack developed itself towards Heiligenstadt
and Döbling. The centre, commanded by the Elector of Bavaria and the
Prince of Waldeck, moved upon Währing and Weinhaus. The right wing,
under the King of Poland, issued from the woods near Dornbach. There
is no doubt that the general disposal of the confederated forces was
entirely arranged by the King. His rank alone would have entitled
him to a nominal precedency, which, even in the case of an ordinary
sovereign, it would have been convenient to admit; for, previously to
his arrival in the camp, disputes had already arisen between Saxony
and Bavaria, and Vienna might have been taken twice over before such
disputes between German sovereigns could have been settled. The respect
however in which John Sobieski’s military talents were held, his vast
experience of the Turkish manner of fighting, and the dread which his
presence was known to inspire amongst that people, were such as to
obtain a ready and real acquiescence in his slightest suggestions, so
long as the difficulty lasted and the danger was imminent. His order
of battle was a deep one. To avoid so great an extension of front as
would have compelled him to throw his right flank beyond the little
river Wien instead of keeping that stream on his right, he adopted a
formation in three lines, the third acting as a reserve. The troops
were strictly directed to preserve their ranks on the approach of
the enemy, and halt to receive his fire and return their own; then
to advance steadily, and make good the ground so gained—the infantry
gradually developing itself to the right and left, and allowing the
cavalry to fill up the intervals, and take its full share in the
further advance, charging as opportunity should offer.

The first operation of Kara Mustapha was worthy of one in whom the
cruelty was united with the ignorance of the savage—it was the
slaughter of the defenceless captives of all ages and either sex, with
whom, to the number it is said of 30,000, his camp was crowded. It was
obeyed to the letter; and even the inmates of the soldiers’ harems,
women far different in morals from the courtezans of the Christian
camp, are said to have perished. The command of the right wing, which
occupied strong and broken ground opposite the Duke of Lorraine, was
intrusted to the Pacha of Mesopotamia. The Vizier himself commanded
in the centre opposite Währing, and the left wing opposite Hernals
was commanded by the old Pacha of Pesth. The cavalry were in advance
towards the base of the Kahlenberg. The hollow ways between Nussdorf
and Heiligenstadt were strongly entrenched and fiercely defended.
It was, as has been noticed, the original intention of the king to
content himself on this day with the descent of the acclivity and
the establishment of the army in favourable order and position for
a general action on the morrow, and he had agreed upon this course
with Lorraine, but the fierceness of the struggle on the left of the
allies drew his forces gradually to its support, and brought on a
more immediate decision. To descend the wooded acclivities without
deranging the scientific order of battle devised and adopted was an
operation only less tedious and difficult than the ascent of the
preceding days, and it was to be performed in the presence of an
enemy for courage and numbers not to be despised. The left wing was
engaged for some hours before the Bavarians in the centre or the Poles
on the right could deploy. The defence of the broken ground near
Nussdorf and Heiligenstadt on the part of the Turks was obstinate,
but having occupied in haste and too late their present position at
the foot of the heights, they had not brought up their artillery,
and their dismounted cavalry, of which the troops here engaged were
principally composed, were not a match for the Imperialists, who drove
the enemy steadily before them from ravine to ravine, and carried the
two villages. It is probable that Lorraine, adhering to the original
scheme of action, might have contented himself with this success for
the day, and it is not certain at what period of the action a contrary
and bolder determination first suggested itself to either the King or
himself. The Duke is said to have consulted at a critical period the
Saxon Field-Marshal Geltz, who, observing the progress of the Bavarians
and Poles towards the centre and right, gave it for his opinion that
the Duke might sleep that night if he would in Vienna. Eugene of Savoy
was employed during the action in conveying a message from Lorraine
to the King. We may indulge ourselves with the conjecture that he was
charged with this decision, one worthy of such a messenger. Accounts
differ as to the hour at which the action became general by the
deployment of the Bavarians and Poles. Some put it as late as two P. M.
It is said, however, that towards eleven o’clock the Imperialists on
the left were slackening their advance to make good the ground they
had gained, and to wait for the appearance of their friends, when the
gilded cuirasses of the Polish cavalry flashed out from the defiles of
the Wenersberg, and the shout of “Live Sobieski” ran along the lines.
The heat was oppressive, and the King halted and dismounted his people
for a hasty repast. This concluded, the whole line advanced, and the
battle soon raged in every part of an amphitheatre admirably adapted
by nature for such a transaction. The Turks had profited by the lull
to bring up heavy reinforcements, and the Vizier flung himself on the
Poles in very superior numbers. In an early part of the encounter, a
body of Polish Hulans compromised itself by a rash advance, and was
for a time surrounded. It was extricated by the prompt and judicious
assistance of Waldeck and his Bavarians, but lost many officers of
distinction, and among them, a Potocki, the treasurer Modrjewski, and
the Colonel Ahasuerus. The second line was brought up by Sobieski, and
the Turks were driven before their desperate valour through ravines and
villages, and the fortified position of Hernals, back upon the glacis
of their camp. The city of tents with all its treasures was almost
within their grasp; but it is said that even with such a spectacle
before him, Sobieski’s caution all but induced him to pause till the
morrow. The approach to the camp was protected by a ravine, the ground
in front was undulating and strengthened with works, and occupied by
a strong force and a powerful artillery. The King was in face of the
centre of this position; his right covered by Jablanowski against the
attacks of the Tartar cavalry. It was five o’clock; his infantry was
not yet at hand; the only artillery which had kept pace with the speed
of his advance consisted of two or three light pieces which the veteran
commander of his artillery, Konski, had brought up by force of arm
and levers. Sobieski pointed these at the field tent of crimson silk,
from which the Vizier was giving his orders. The ammunition carriages
were, however, far behind, and a few charges carried by hand were soon
exhausted. A French officer, it is said, rammed home the last cartridge
with his gloves, his wig, and a packet of French newspapers.

At this moment of hesitation the infantry came up. They were led by
the Count Maligni, the King’s brother-in-law, against a height which
commanded the quarters of the Vizier. The attack was successful,
and the King determined on the instant to pursue his fortune. As he
led his troops in a direct line for the Vizier’s tent, his terrible
presence was recognized by the infidel. “By Allah the King is really
among us,” exclaimed the Khan of the Crimea, Selim Gieray. The mass
retreated in confusion. Those who awaited the attack went down before
those lances of the Polish cavalry of which it was said by a Polish
noble to one of their kings, that if the heavens were to fall they
would sustain them on their points. The Pachas of Aleppo and Silistria
perished in the fray. The panic became universal and the rout complete.
The Vizier, hurried along with the stream, weeping and cursing by
turns—had neither time to deliberate nor power to command. By six
o’clock his gorgeous tent was in possession of Sobieski. His charger,
too heavily caparisoned for rapid flight, was still held by a slave
at the entrance. One of the golden stirrups was instantly sent off by
the conqueror to the Queen as a token of the defeat and flight of its
late owner. On the left, meanwhile, the progress of Lorraine, though
less rapid from the difficulties of the ground and the tenacity of the
resistance, had been equally victorious. The great Turkish redoubt, of
which the traces yet remain, held out against repeated assaults till
near five o’clock, when Louis of Baden, at the head of a regiment of
Saxon dragoons, dismounted for the purpose, and two Austrian regiments
of infantry, carried the work. The Turks now gave way at every point,
and poured into their camp in the wildest confusion. The Margrave
Louis, at the head of a squadron of dragoons, was the first to open
a communication with the city from the counterscarp of the Scottish
gate. Stahremberg ordered an immediate sally against the approaches
of the enemy, from which they had maintained through the day as heavy
a fire as on any previous day of the siege, though no assault had
been attempted by the strong body of Janissaries left in them for
that purpose. These men, abandoned now without orders to their fate,
endeavoured to turn the guns of the batteries upon the Imperialists.
The attempt, however, in the general confusion which ensued, was vain,
and the main body of the Janissaries, unable or unwilling to retreat,
was cut to pieces in the course of the night. The camp meanwhile fell
into the undisputed possession of the Poles.

Previous precaution, or a few moments’ halt at St. Ulric, enabled
the Vizier to save the sacred standard of the Prophet. One of the
many standards captured was sent by Sobieski to the Pope under the
supposition that it was the famous Palladium in question, but this
proved to be a mistake. It is probable also that the mass of the
treasure, which is supposed to have been very great in the Vizier’s
exchequer, had been removed; and we learn from the King of Poland’s
letters that considerable sums of coin were hastily divided among the
Vizier’s attendants at the last moment, and carried off. No great
amount of coin or bullion was found in the tents. Every other item in
the long catalogue of the treasures and luxuries which the Vizier had
accumulated round his person fell into the hands of the Poles. The
Turks continued their flight without intermission in the direction of
Raab, where the force still employed in the blockade of that fortress
afforded them a rallying point. It was, however, impossible for the
Christian leaders to assure themselves at so late an hour of the full
extent of the enemy’s discomfiture, or even to consider themselves
secure against a night attack. Great exertions were therefore made both
by the King and the Duke to keep their troops well in hand through the
night. The King, whose advance had led him to the very centre of the
camp, found it necessary to resort to threats of summary and capital
punishment to prevent his whole army from dispersing itself at once
to gather the rich harvest of the Turkish tents. These threats were,
as may be imagined, only partially effectual. Tents guarded in front
were cut open from behind, and discipline as usual gave way before the
attraction of spoil. The Germans had no such immediate opportunities
for plunder. Two regiments only of Austrian dragoons were despatched
in pursuit as far as the Fischa stream. The slaughter of this great
battle was not great in proportion to the numbers engaged and the
results obtained. The loss of the Turks has been computed at 25,000
men. Among these was that body of Janissaries, who were forgotten, and
left without orders in the trenches, and were cut to pieces during the
night. The King describes the Turks as defending themselves desperately
even in full flight. In this point of view, he says, they made the
finest retreat in the world. That of the Christians has been stated
at 1000 killed and 3000 wounded, which is probably far less than the
truth, for the Poles alone lost 100 officers, among them some of their
first nobles. In the centre the loss of the Bavarians was probably
trifling, but on the left the struggle was long and severe. A Prince
of Croy fell here in the early part of the action. In the Vizier’s
encampment was found the Polish envoy Proski, who, from the period of
his sovereign’s junction with Austria, had been kept in fetters, under
constant menace of the sabre or the bowstring, and now owed his life
and liberation to the confusion of the moment. Kunitz also, an agent
in Caprara’s suite, who had been detained in the Turkish camp, and had
found means to send occasional intelligence to Stahremberg, escaped
in a Turkish disguise during the action. A Polish writer, Rubinkoski,
gives a rough list of the artillery and its appurtenances abandoned in
the lines:—60 guns of 48 lbs., 60 of 24 lbs., 150 of various lesser
calibre, 40 mortars, 9000 ammunition waggons, 100,000 oxen, 25,000
tents, 1,000,000 lbs. of powder. To this may be added 10,000 camels,
5000 oxen, mules, sheep, &c., and immense stores of other provision.
Among those accidental results of events which the political economist
and the philosopher loves to notice, is the fact that the popular
use of coffee in Germany is to be dated from this period, and is due
to the plunder of the Turkish camp. Stahremberg’s brave and faithful
messenger, Kolschitzki, was rewarded by permission to set up the first
coffee-house in Vienna. The head of the corporation of coffee providers
is bound to this day to have in his house a portrait of this patriarch
of his profession.[15] Another inventory of the siege-stores actually
brought into the arsenal of Vienna shows a considerable amount, as well
as variety of articles, but can give but an imperfect notion of the
vast provision accumulated, as the army authorities could but glean
after the plunderers of the three first days. The King writes to his
wife that the quantity of ammunition saved was at most a third of the
whole, and says that the continual explosions in the camp were like
the last judgment. His letters give some very amusing details of that
portion of the spoils of the Vizier’s tent which he contrived to rescue
for his own share from the fangs of his officers. They illustrate also
the character of the man whose penetralia were thus rudely exposed
to investigation, and show that Kara Mustapha had superadded every
description of refinement to the simpler sensuality of the East.
Tissues and carpets and furs are natural appendages of Oriental rank
and wealth, and jewelled arms and quivers, studded with rubies and
pearls, were equally consistent with his functions as commander of
the armies of the faithful. Baths, fountains, a rabbit warren, and a
menagerie, were found within the encampment. A parrot took wing and
foiled the pursuit of the soldiers. An ostrich had been beheaded by
the Vizier’s own hand, as if it had been a woman of the harem, to
prevent its falling into Christian hands. This rarity had been taken
from the Imperial Menagerie at the Favorita, where the King mentions
having found a famished lioness and a small body of Janissaries, who
had been left behind at that post, and still held out some days after
the action. The Janissaries surrendered to the personal summons of the
King. Their lives were spared, and the lioness fed by order of the
good-natured conqueror. “The Vizier,” writes the King, “is a _galant
homme_, and has made us fine presents: everything in particular which
came near his person is of the most _mignon_ and refined description.
Father Louis will have reason to rejoice, for I have in my possession
the medicine chest of the Vizier. Among its contents are oils, and
gums, and balms, which Pecovini[16] is never tired of admiring. Among
other things we have found some rare fishes called Eperlans de mer.
_Informez-vous-en, mon cœur, chez le Père Louis; ce doit être une chose
précieuse pour rechauffer les entrailles._” Among the treasures of the
Vizier, diamonds were found in great profusion; many, set in girdles
and otherwise, fell into the hands of the King, and many more carried
off by the officers and soldiers. The King remarks that they were not
used for ornament by the Turks of his day, and conjectures that they
were destined to adorn the ladies of Vienna when transferred to the
harems of the Vizier and his Pachas.

Among other trophies of interest, Roman Catholic historians have
particularized an oaken cross six ells in height, remarkable from
the fact that in the camp of the infidel it was set up for the daily
celebration of mass by one of their Christian allies, Servanus
Kantacuzenos, Prince of Wallachia. A chapel was built for it in the
so-called Gatterholz, near Schönbrunn, on the spot where it had thus
braved the scoffs of the Moslem. It was stolen thence in 1785.

As far as a considerable lapse of intervening years permits us to
decide, this great action appears to have been planned with surpassing
judgment, and conducted with that steady valour and perseverance on the
part both of officers and men, to give scope and effect to which all
rules of war were invented, and without which these rules are useless.
History presents few instances in which an extensive operation has
been conducted with such cordial concert between bodies of different
nations commanded in several cases by their respective sovereigns,
and in which jealousies of precedence and professional rivalries
appear to have been so completely laid aside during the action. The
only instance of any apparent deficiency in this respect is that of
a refusal of the Prince of Waldeck to support an attack directed by
the Duke of Lorraine; but even in this case there is every reason to
suppose that he considered it to involve a departure from the earnest
injunctions of the chief in command, the King, who had directed him to
keep his troops in hand for the support of the right wing. When the
discomfiture of the Polish cavalry had compromised the safety of that
wing, and with it the fate of the battle, we find the German troops,
probably the Bavarians, prompt and efficient to the rescue; and on
the left, Saxons, intermingled with Austrians, fought together, as if
under one common banner. The stout elector himself was in the thickest
of the fray. He is said to have been splashed with Turkish blood so as
scarcely to be recognised. With the exception of the first somewhat
rash attack of the Poles, there is no appearance of any indulgence of
that untempered enthusiasm which the occasion might have excused. Order
and steadiness seem to have pervaded the whole area of the Christian
operations. Attacks were everywhere duly supported, failures retrieved,
and obstacles of ground successively overcome, in a manner which showed
a grave consciousness of the magnitude of the stake at issue.


FOOTNOTES:

[15] The first coffee-house in Europe was established in Constantinople
in 1551. A century later, in 1652, a Greek established one in London.
The first in France was at Marseilles in 1671, in Paris the following
year. In Germany that of Kolschitzki was the first, the second was
opened at Leipzic in 1694. In 1700 Vienna counted four, in 1737 eleven.
In the city and suburbs there are now one hundred.

[16] The King’s Italian physician.




CHAPTER XVI.

September 13.


At sunrise of the 13th the Viennese rushed forth in crowds to taste the
first sweets of their liberation from a two months’ imprisonment. The
only gate yet open, the Stuben, was soon clogged with the multitude,
and the greater number clambered over the rubbish of the breaches,
eager to gratify in the Turkish camp their curiosity, or their
rapacity, or both. With respect to the more transportable articles of
value, the Pole had been before them; but in the article of provisions
there was yet much for hungry men to glean. Prices rapidly fell, and
superfluity succeeded to starvation.

Among those who sought the camp with other purposes than plunder
or curiosity, was the good Bishop Kollonitsch. His inexhaustible
benevolence found employment there in collecting and saving some 500
infants, whose mothers, many of them, as is supposed, Turkish women,
had perished by the swords of their ruthless masters. The King mentions
one instance of a beautiful child whom he saw lying with its skull
cloven; but in general even Turkish inhumanity had shrunk from the
task of child-murder. These, with many half-murdered mothers and some
Christian adult survivors of the massacre, the Bishop transported to
the city in carriages, at his own cost, and took measures for the
future support and education of the infants thus rescued. Popes may
spare themselves the trouble of the forms, the ceremonies, and the
intrigues necessary for adding such names as that of Kollonitsch to the
list of saints in the Romish calendar: the recital of these actions
puts the Devil’s advocate out of court, and the simple record, though
traced by a Protestant pen, is their best canonization. Another worthy
member of the church, the Father Aviano, had recently performed a
service for which the Duke of Lorraine and the army had doubtless
reason to thank him. As confessor to the Emperor he had used his
influence to prevent the latter from embarrassing the army with his
presence at Crems, and distracting men and officers from their duty by
the etiquettes and ceremonies which that presence would have inflicted,
and the intrigues which it would have fostered. On the news, however,
of the victory, the Emperor had dropped down the river as far as
Durrenstein, and thither the Duke of Lorraine despatched the Count
Auersperg with the details of the late occurrences. At ten A. M. of
the 13th, the Commandant Stahremberg issued forth from the walls he
had so stoutly defended to visit the camp and exchange congratulations
with the leaders of the liberating army. On this morning, too, the Duke
of Lorraine and the Elector of Saxony met with the King of Poland for
the first time since the mass of the Kahlenberg. The meeting between
all these worthies had every appearance, in the first instance, of
cordiality. They perambulated the camp and the approaches together amid
the acclamations of the troops; but when they entered the town, the
King had the shrewdness soon to perceive that, though the gratitude of
the people was as warm as the cordial and kindly nature of the Viennese
could make it, its full expression was checked by authority. In two
churches which he entered the people pressed to kiss his hand; but when
a few voices uttered the _vivat_, which had evidently been forbidden by
the police, he recognised at once in the clouded mien of the Austrian
authorities that jealousy and ingratitude which proved afterwards the
only guerdon of his vast services. At an angle of the wall between the
Burg and Scottish gates, the King, wearied by the heat of the day,
rested for awhile; a stone, with his name inscribed, marked the spot
till the year 1809, when the French engineers blew up the rampart.
In one of the above-mentioned churches, that of the Augustines, a
grand _Te Deum_ was sung. The Abbé Coyer remarks that the magistracy
were absent from this ceremony, which perhaps explains a passage in
a letter of the King, in which he says:—“I perceive that Stahremberg
is not on a good understanding with the magistrates of the city.” The
sermon was preached from the famous text—“There was a man sent from
God, and his name was John”—a happy plagiarism from the quotation of
Scripture by Pope Pius V. on the occasion of the victory of Lepanto.
The service concluded, 300 cannon shots from the ramparts spread wide
the intelligence of the relief of the city—no superfluous announcement;
for in Wiener Neustadt and other places the trembling inhabitants had
drawn a contrary conclusion from the sudden cessation of the firing,
and thought the city lost. The King, after dining with the commandant,
only delayed his departure to hold a long discourse with a man of much
accomplishment, the court interpreter, Meninski, whose conversation had
probably more charms for him than that of the dull notabilities by whom
he was surrounded. He was himself a good linguist, and a proficient in
the Turkish language. This over, he hastened to quit the scene of cold
civilities for the camp. He was escorted to the gates by the populace.
It may be mentioned that during the dinner an alarm was raised that the
Turks had rallied, and were advancing. The King desired his officers
present to leave the feast and mount, and was doubtless preparing to
follow, when they returned with assurance of the falsehood of the
report. This circumstance is mentioned in a very simple and detailed
diary of the siege by the Doctor of Laws, Nicholas Hocke, one of the
most curious of the many contemporary publications. The electors of
Saxony and Bavaria appear to have been exempt from any share of the
feeling of jealousy manifested by Austria. Both in the first hour of
enthusiasm offered to accompany the King to the end of the world. The
former indeed soon found his appetite for a Hungarian campaign subside,
and shortly withdrew with his army to his electoral dominions. The
younger Bavarian thought fit to pass a longer apprenticeship under
so great a master in the art of war. The Duke of Lorraine had little
exercise of his own discretion; he knew too well by what tenure the
command of the army of Austria was held to do otherwise than reflect
the livid colour of the spirit in which the hereditary sovereign of the
House of Hapsburg contemplated the elective King of Poland. The King’s
letters are full of complaints of the unworthy treatment which he daily
received from the Duke and his subordinates; but we may charitably
ascribe such mean conduct on the part of so great a commander to
influence from above. In an early letter the King describes him by
report as speaking little, and timidly, from the constant dread of
infringing on the instructions of the court. Some jealous feeling was
doubtless excited, and might be excused by the fact that the chances
of battle had given the Polish sovereign and his army prior and
exclusive possession of the spoils.

The King, immediately on his return to his quarters, directed a removal
of them in advance. Some of his cavalry indeed were already on the
track of the enemy, killing and taking prisoners in great numbers.
There were cogent reasons, both political as well as military, for his
removing himself as soon as possible from the immediate neighbourhood
of Vienna. The heat of the autumnal season had made the camp and
its environs one vast charnel, swarming with flies and vermin. This
circumstance had caused the Duke of Lorraine to transfer his quarters
from Ebersdorf to Mansdorf, and would alone have induced the King
to follow such example. He was however also aware that his presence
at Vienna was an obstacle to the expected entrance of the Emperor,
who shrunk from any public acknowledgment of the services which had
saved his crown from danger and his capital from destruction, at
the expense of the most trifling infringement of etiquette, or the
momentary concession of a point of which he was peculiarly tenacious.
The practice, as regarded the reception of crowned heads in general,
offered no difficulty. It was not derogatory to the Imperial dignity in
French phraseology to give them the right; but the claim of an elective
monarch to this distinction had always been disputed by Austria. “Je
suis fort aise,” writes the King, “d’éviter toutes ces cérémonies.”
He moved to the neighbourhood of Schwechat in the first instance.
He writes on the 17th from Schonau, some fifteen miles from Vienna,
on the road to Presburg, describing the interview which, after the
removal of difficulties, did take place with the Emperor. The latter,
having ascertained the departure of the King, landed at Nussdorf on
the 19th, where he was received by the princes and other commanders
of the German troops. After inspecting the camp and defences, he
attended a solemn thanksgiving in the cathedral, at which the bishop
Kollonitsch presided, and reviewed and thanked the burgher guard and
free companies, &c. who lined the streets. On the 15th he reviewed the
Bavarian forces near St. Marx, and afterwards took heart of grace and
accomplished the dreaded interview with the King at Schwechat. That
it ever took place at all was due, however, to the straightforward
proceeding of the King, who, finding himself put off with excuses of
the clumsiest manufacture, asked the courtier Schafgotsch the plain
question whether the ceremonial of the right hand was or was not the
cause of the delay. He extorted for once the plain answer, Yes, and
gravely proposed an expedient for obviating the difficulty, which was,
that the two sovereigns should meet face to face on horseback, and
remain in that position, at the head the one of his army, the other of
his suite; the one attended by his son, the other, as the head of the
Empire, by the Electors. This happy expedient was accepted, and the
interview took place.

The King’s own account of this singular interview is doubtless more
to be depended upon than the numerous Austrian relations, which extol
the condescension and cordiality of the Emperor. “Of the Electors,
the Emperor was only accompanied by the Bavarian. Saxony had already
quitted him. He had in his suite some fifty horsemen, employés, and
ministers of his court. He was preceded by trumpets, and followed by
body guards and ten foot attendants. I will not draw you a portrait
of the Emperor, for he is well known. He was mounted on a Spanish bay
horse. He wore an embroidered _juste au corps_, a French hat, with an
agrafe and red and white plumes; a belt mounted with sapphires and
diamonds; a sword the same. I made him my compliments in Latin, and in
few words.[17] He answered in prepared phrases in the same language.
Being thus facing each other, I presented to him my son, who advanced
and saluted him. The Emperor did not even put his hand to his hat.
I remained like one terrified. He used the same behaviour towards
the senators and Hetmans, and even towards his connexion the prince
palatine of Belz.[18] To avoid scandal and public remarks, I addressed
a few more words to the Emperor, after which I turned my horse round;
we saluted, and I retook the route for my camp. The Palatine of
Russia[19] showed my army to the Emperor, at his desire; but our people
have been much provoked, and complain loudly that the Emperor did
not deign to thank them, even with his hat, for all their pains and
privations. Since this separation, every thing has suddenly changed;
it is as if they knew us no longer. They give us neither forage nor
provisions. The Pope had sent money for these to the Abbé Buonvisi, but
he is stopped at Lintz.”

The King does not mention the words of his reply to the Emperor’s
harangue, “I am glad, Sire, to have rendered you this small service.”
The Emperor is said two days afterwards to have sent, with a present of
a sword for Prince James, a clumsy apology for the silence and coldness
of his demeanour.

We cannot certainly judge of passages like these by the standard
of our present modes of European thought and action. There may be
circumstances under which these apparent air-bubbles become ponderable
realities. In dealing, for instance, with the Emperor of China, the
slightest abandonment of a point of etiquette might involve the most
serious consequences, and the concession of a diplomatist could perhaps
only be retrieved by the guns of an admiral. At the worst we might
smile at the pedantic tenacity of the courts of Vienna or Versailles
of the seventeenth century on points of ceremonial and precedence, but
no such considerations can temper the indignation which the perusal
of Sobieski’s letters excites, at the practical and substantial
ingratitude and neglect he experienced at the hands of Austria from the
moment that his services ceased to be indispensable. That some quarrels
and jealousies should arise from the juxtaposition of the Sclavonic
and Teutonic elements was perhaps inevitable. To be cheated, starved,
and neglected, is usually the lot of armies serving in the territory
of an ally whom they cannot openly coerce and pillage; but the Polish
sovereign had to endure more than this. His sick were denied boats to
remove them down the river from the pestilential atmosphere of the
camp; his dead, even the officers, were denied burial in the public
cemeteries. The starving soldier who approached the town in search
of provisions was threatened to be fired upon. The baggage, including
that of the King, was pillaged—the horses of stragglers on their road
to rejoin the army carried off by force—men on guard over the guns they
had taken, robbed of their effects; and every complaint treated with
cold neglect and every requisition dismissed almost without an answer.
The royal tents, which before the battle, though, as the King observes,
spacious enough, could not contain the throng of distinguished
visitors, were now deserted, and the demeanour of the Duke of Lorraine
himself and every other Austrian authority, showed that this treatment
was deliberate and systematic. It may have been some satisfaction to
Sobieski, it almost becomes one to his admirers now, to find that the
Austrian government was impartial in its ingratitude, and exercised
on others, besides the Poles, its singular talent for disgusting and
offending those who had done it service. The Elector of Saxony, as we
have seen, lost no time in withdrawing his person and his troops. The
father Aviano departed for Italy, disgusted with the intrigues of the
court and the licence of the camp. The Duke of Saxe Lauenburg retired,
offended by the only instance in which the Emperor appears to have
shown a creditable sense of his obligations. The hero of the defence,
Count Stahremberg, was justly rewarded with 100,000 crowns, the golden
fleece, and the rank of field-marshal. The Duke of Saxe Lauenburg, who
had held high command in the late action, considered himself ill-used
by this promotion over his head of an officer inferior to himself, as
also to Caprara and to Leslie, in length of service. Lastly, the Duke
of Lorraine himself had as little reason as any one to be satisfied.
The King writes of him later, more in pity than in anger, “the poor
devil has neither any of the spoils of war, nor any gratification
from the Emperor.” We have indeed met with no instance but that of
Stahremberg in which any signal mark of favour or munificence was
bestowed on any party conspicuous in the late transactions. Gold
medals and nominations to the dignity of state counsellor were indeed
awarded to many of the city officials. The young volunteer, Eugene,
was attached to the service for which he had quitted that of France by
his nomination to the Colonelcy of a regiment of dragoons which still
bears his name; but this promotion only took place in December, and was
rather a retaining fee to a young man of high rank and promise than a
reward for positive service. Kollonitsch received a cardinal’s hat from
the Pope; and Daun, Sereni, and other distinguished officers, obtained
from the liberality of the city rewards in plate and money, more
commensurate with the exhausted state of the municipal exchequer than
with the value of their services; the sums varying from 400 rix-dollars
to 100 florins.

The state of affairs above described affords some reason for surprise,
that the King should have persevered any further in his co-operation
with the Imperial troops. He was as free to depart as the Emperor of
Saxony. The Abbé Coyer supposes that he still entertained hopes of
procuring a bride for his son in the person of an Austrian Archduchess,
and, as a consequence of such a connexion, the establishment of his
descendants on an hereditary throne in Poland. The treatment, however,
which he experienced at the hands of Austria could have left him little
reliance on such expectations, and his letters to the Queen indicate a
higher motive for his perseverance, in a sense of the obligation of the
oath by which he had bound himself to the assistance of the Emperor.
This, and his appetite for military success, are sufficient to account
for his endurance. The Emperor, on the other hand, if we may trust the
Abbé, would have heard of his departure for Warsaw with pleasure, being
advised of some Hungarian intrigues for raising up a rival to Tekeli
in the person of the young Prince James, and placing him on the throne
of Hungary. There is no evidence to show that Sobieski was influenced
by any ambition but that of serving the common cause of Christianity,
and adding to the military laurels which, in his case, almost hid
the crown. One satisfaction Sobieski allowed himself in writing an
autograph letter to the King of France, to whom, as the writer well
knew, the tidings it contained would be gall and wormwood. The King
also made over to the Elector of Bavaria some choice articles of the
Turkish plunder, in the hope that, through him, they might find their
way to the Dauphiness of France, and to the Tuileries. The following
Pasquinade of the time is neat and bitter enough to deserve insertion
here:—

                  TRIA MIRANDA!
    Omnes Christiani arma sumunt contra Turcam,
                      Præter Christianissimum.
    Omnes filii Ecclesiæ bellum contra Turcam parant,
                      Præter Primogenitum.
    Omnia animalia laudant Deum ob partam de Turcis victoriam,
                      Præter Gallum.

The endeavours which Louis XIV. had made to detach, at all risks
to Christendom, the King of Poland from the Austrian alliance, and
the satisfaction with which he had viewed the critical position of
the Austrian capital, were no secret. It is true that, to preserve
appearances, he had raised the siege of Luxemburg and forborne an
invasion of the Spanish Netherlands on pretence of setting free
the King of Spain to assist his Austrian relations. These devices,
however, deceived no one, and it was generally believed that it was
his intention, after the humiliation of Austria should have been
accomplished, to come forward at the head of the large force he was
collecting on the Rhine as the saviour of Christendom.

A sovereign more deeply concerned in the issue than Louis, the
Sultan, was perhaps the better prepared of the two for the reception
of the unwelcome tidings of the relief of Vienna. The report of the
confidential emissary despatched by him to the camp had been so
unfavourable as to dissipate at once the expectation of success which
no one down to that period had dared to represent as doubtful. Every
preparation indeed had been made at Constantinople for a general
illumination, and effigies of the Pope and of the principal Christian
sovereigns had been prepared as materials for a bonfire. The report in
question raised the Sultan to such a pitch of fury, that it required
the influence of the Mufti to restrain him from directing a general
massacre of all the Christians in his dominions. It had, however, the
further effect of preparing him for the news of failure, and before it
reached Constantinople, his rage had subsided into a deep melancholy.
No sudden order for the destitution or death of Kara Mustapha betrayed
his indignation, and the Vizier continued for a while to exercise and
to abuse the powers with which he had been intrusted.


FOOTNOTES:

[17] The King was practised in this language, which he always used
in his addresses to the Polish diets. When the young Charles XII. of
Sweden opposed the usual resistance of boyhood to his Latin preceptor,
he was informed of this fact; and the example of the great soldier
proved an efficient substitute for flogging. Sobieski learned Spanish
at the age of fifty.

[18] Constantine Wisnowiecki, allied to the Imperial family by the
marriage of the king Michael with the Archduchess Eleanor.

[19] The appellation of Russia was at this period applied to the
province of Gallicia. The territories of the Tzar, which have since
assumed it, came under the general designation of Muscovy.




CHAPTER XVII.

From the end of September to the end of December, 1683.


The Emperor’s stay in his rescued capital was brief. He quitted it
for Lintz on the 16th, leaving to the local authorities a heavy task
to be performed of repair, and reconstruction, and purification.
The Christian prisoners had been compelled to labour in the Turkish
trenches, and in like manner Turkish captives were now compelled to
repair the damage they had contributed to effect. The events of the
siege had shown the danger occasioned by the near vicinity of suburban
buildings in possession of an enemy, and an order was now issued for
preventing the establishment either of buildings or gardens within a
distance of 600 paces from the city rampart, to which edict the present
glacis owes its origin. In this, the metropolitan seat of wealth and
power, the work of restoration proceeded with speed and regularity;
the affairs of mankind soon fell into their accustomed order, and
material objects resumed their former aspect. It was far different in
the country, where, through whole districts, human hands were wanting
to build upon the sites of ruined villages, to replant the vineyard and
orchard, and to restore to cultivation the fields which the Tartar had
converted into a wilderness. It was necessary in many instances for the
Government to colonize before it could cultivate, and it required years
of peace and security to repair the ravages of a few hours of Turkish
occupation.

The failure of so vast a scheme of invasion produced in the minds of
the Viennese a reasonable sense of security against any reappearance
of the horse-tails before their walls. It might be long, indeed,
before the aggressive power of the Porte should be restrained within
the limits of a well-defined frontier, and awed into quiescence by
experience of its inability to cope with Christian Europe. The Turk was
still in possession of fortresses, such as Neuhaüsel, within a few
hours’ march of the capital, but another investment of Vienna was an
event not within the scope of reasonable calculation. It was therefore
now determined to remove from public gaze a conspicuous and not very
creditable memorial of the former liability of the city to the insult
which it had twice experienced: namely, the crescent, which, since
the siege of 1529, had surmounted the spire of the Christian Temple
of St. Stephen. It was generally held to have been placed there on an
understanding with Soliman, that, like the black flag, which in modern
warfare frequently protects an hospital, it should exempt the building
beneath from the fire of an attack. Some writers, jealous of their
country’s honour, have indeed disputed this version of its origin. Be
this as it may, the talisman had lost its virtue, for the malignity
of Kara Mustapha had selected the cathedral as a principal object for
his batteries, though the Turkish gunners had only succeeded in two
or three instances in disturbing the celebration of its services,
and the return of killed and wounded in its congregations exhibited
only one old woman whose leg had been carried off by a shell. At the
suggestion, according to some authors, of Sobieski, but more probably
of Kollonitsch, the crescent was now removed to the arsenal, where
it is still preserved, and replaced in the first instance by an iron
cross, which being fixed was shortly carried away by a storm. In 1587,
a rotatory double eagle of brass was placed on the pinnacle, which it
still adorns.




CHAPTER XVIII.


Though the main interest of the drama ceases with the liberation of
the city, the fate of a principal actor, Kara Mustapha, remains to be
noticed; and some further events of the campaign will be found neither
deficient in historical importance nor destitute of instruction to the
soldier.

The situation of the Polish army, and the general prospect of affairs
some days after the battle, can hardly be better indicated than by
the following extract from Sobieski’s letter to the Queen of the 17th
September. After giving a long list of the grievances and sufferings of
his people, whose condition on the banks of the Danube he compares to
that of the Israelites by the waters of Babylon, he proceeds:—“You will
extract from this letter a gazette article, with the understanding,
however, that all my topics of grievance are to be kept out of sight.
We must not forget the old adage of Kochanouski, ‘the man who knows not
how to conceal his disgust makes his enemy to laugh.’ Say only that
the commissaries of the Emperor have deceived our army with respect to
the provisions and forage which they promised us, and for which the
Pope has destined considerable sums; that the bridge is not finished;
that the army suffers much; that the Imperial troops are still under
the walls of Vienna; that the Saxons have retired; that the King is
in advance; that his light cavalry is pressing the enemy; that if it
were not for the horrible devastation of the country not a Turk would
have escaped; that the King is constantly sending to the Emperor to
press him to enter the enemy’s territory and to invest at the least two
fortresses; that Tekeli has sent emissaries to me submitting everything
to my decision; and so on.”

Of the Hungarian fortresses at this time in the hands of the Turks,
Neuhaüsel and Gran were the two which the Imperial commanders were most
desirous to reduce. Neuhaüsel derived importance from its proximity
to Presburg and Vienna, and from its situation in face of that vast
Schütt island of the Danube of which the fortress of Komorn fortunately
gave the Imperialists the command. Gran, often mentioned by authors
by its Latin name Strigonium, was situated lower down the river on
the right bank of the Danube. Its bridge, protected on the northern
shore by the fortress of Barkan, gave the Turks the power of operating
on both sides of the river; and a strong body of Turkish cavalry
had thrown itself into the tête-du-pont, under the command of Kara
Mehemet, a young Pacha, worthy, by his courage, of the charge of a
post of so much military importance. Some difference of opinion seems
to have arisen in the first instance between the King and the Imperial
generals, the former inclining to postpone operations against Neuhaüsel
and to move at once upon Gran, with the view of ulterior operations
against the still more important city of Pesth, to which the Vizier
had transferred his head quarters. The King, however, acquiesced in
the views of the Imperialists, which were influenced by the proximity
of Neuhaüsel to the capital; but the decision of both was overruled
by events. In any case it became necessary to throw a bridge over the
river in the neighbourhood of Komorn, and the King complains in his
letters of the delay in this operation. He was anxious to cross the
river, both for the purpose of further encounter with the enemy and
from the exhausted state of the country on the left bank. The passage
of the river was effected on the 4th or 5th October. The troops, during
their occupation of the rich island of the Schütt, had been better
supplied with forage and provisions, but had suffered dreadfully from
the various forms of contagious and deadly disease for which the
autumnal climate of Hungary is notorious. Sobieski remarks that the
Germans, generally more delicate than the Poles, suffered less by the
prevalent fever which decimated officers and men in his own army.
He describes his own people as dissatisfied with the rich wines of
Hungary, and pining for their beer and smoky cottages. Drunkenness,
it would appear, was a preservative against the prevalent fever,
and possibly the Poles were less addicted than the Germans to this
prophylactic. Many Polish officers of distinction were swept off.

The Turks, meanwhile, were little in condition to take advantage of
Austrian delays, or Polish sickness, for the purpose of stemming the
tide of victory and pursuit. Detractors from the reputation of Sobieski
have not been wanting to censure the laxity of the pursuit, and to
ascribe it to the attractions of the Vizier’s tents. That he was fond
of money his admirers have not denied. His apologists have alleged
in his defence, on this head, the temptation to which the holder of
a life interest in a crown is exposed to accumulate wealth for those
descendants who on his decease may sink into a private station. Perhaps
a law of celibacy would be no unreasonable condition of elective
sovereignty. No female reader of his letters will, however, blame the
complacency with which he describes the treasures destined for the
boudoir of the wife whom he styles “his incomparable,” but who appears,
by her taste for dress and intrigue, to have been very comparable
indeed to many of her countrywomen. It is unnecessary to detail the
many circumstances which must have made an active and immediate pursuit
of the flying foe a military impossibility. It is sufficient to point
to the forest defiles through which the allied force had toiled for
three weary days from the Danube to the heights of the Kahlenberg,
during which time the horses had fed on nothing but the leaves of the
trees which impeded their progress. The Vizier’s first halt was under
the walls of Raab; his first reassertion of his authority, which, in
the confusion of defeat and flight, had been in abeyance, was to select
a man he hated as an expiatory victim. The veteran Pacha of Pesth,
whose original counsels, if followed, would have probably led to less
fatal results, was ready to his hand. This old and distinguished man,
with two other Pachas and the Aga of the Janissaries, were beheaded
on a charge of cowardice, and some fifty other officers of less note
strangled. After a halt of three days, employed in such proceedings as
these, and in rallying and collecting the troops, he pursued his march
towards Pesth, not unmolested by the garrison of Raab, but throwing
reinforcements into Neuhaüsel and Gran as he passed.

The Polish army had, as has been stated, crossed the Danube near Komorn
on the 4th and 5th, and the Imperial cavalry had followed; but the
mass of the infantry was still behind. The King took the advance with
a small body of his own cavalry, in the hopes of an easy conquest of
the Turks, whom he knew to have hastily occupied the _tête-du-pont_
of Barkan. Forgetting, in his contempt for a beaten enemy, and in
his anxiety to seize the Turkish bridge of boats near Barkan, the
first rules of military science, and pressing forward without support
or reserve, and without due security for co-operation from the more
cautious Lorraine, he sacrificed some of his best troops, and narrowly
escaped, in his own person and that of his son, the last penalty a
soldier can pay for imprudence. The affair began with the advanced
guard, which, according to the King’s rather exculpatory but graphic
report to his wife, committed itself prematurely, and contrary to
his orders, in a skirmish with the Turks near Barkan. Some accounts
state that the latter were crafty enough to lure them on, by causing
a herd of oxen to retire slowly before them. The Palatine of Russia,
proceeding to the front, found it necessary to send in all haste
for assistance, and the King in person brought up to the rescue his
whole disposable force, making his numbers in the field some 5000
men, without infantry or artillery. He would have done more wisely to
have left his advanced guard to their fate. He found it routed and
disorganized, and himself with his small force, not yet deployed,
within some hundred paces of an enemy flushed with success, and
immensely superior in numbers. The Palatine of Russia, who saw the
danger, implored him to leave the field. He replied to this invitation
by charging at the head of his best available squadron. The charge
succeeded, but at the same moment the centre and left wing, though not
yet engaged with the enemy, gave way, and the conflict degenerated
into a race for life and death. The young Prince, who in this affair,
as in the battle of Vienna, had followed his father like his shadow,
received from him a positive command to fly. The King himself lingered
till every effort he could make to rally his people had utterly failed,
and he was left with six companions. To two of these, Czerkass, a
Lithuanian gentleman, and a nameless soldier of heavy cavalry, he
himself mainly attributed his salvation. The latter, who shot down
with his carbine one of two horsemen who had come up with the King,
and wounded the other, perished; the former lived to enjoy a pension
of 500 crowns paid to him by the Queen on every anniversary of this
disastrous skirmish. For some two miles and more the furious race
continued: the Palatine of Pomerelia fell, horse and man, and was cut
to pieces. The ground was heavy, and intersected with deep furrows: the
King, though not so inactive as the French ambassador had described
him, was both tall and corpulent; and when at length he pulled up
and rallied his people on the cavalry and guns of the German troops,
which at the instance of the Austrian General Dunnewald, attached in
this affair to the staff of the King, were coming up to his support,
breathless, and covered with bruises from rough contact with the
companions of his flight, he lay for a while exhausted on a heap of
straw. The Abbé Coyer has a story of the King’s witnessing the escape
of his son, as he left his cloak in the hand of a Turkish horseman.
The King expressly states that Fanfan, as he always calls his son, was
_bien en avant_ with the grand _écuyer_ Mateinski, to whom the Abbé
and others also have attributed the preservation of the King. Most of
the King’s personal attendants, pages, &c., perished; he mentions a
negro boy, a young Hungarian, master of several languages, but dwells
with most interest on the fate of a little Calmuck, a famous rider in
the King’s hare-coursing pastimes.[20] In spite of his horsemanship he
was captured, but by some strange accident spared by the Turks. After
their subsequent defeat he was found in their camp and recognised by
the Poles, but an unlucky German cut him down. There are many instances
in which the greatest commanders have had to ride for their lives.
In our own times the list would comprise names no less than those
of Napoleon, Murat, and Blücher; but the Cossack hourra of Brenne,
and the skirmish near Leipzick, were accidents of warfare which no
prudence could avert, and the gallant charge of Ligny few would be
found to censure. The race of Barkan is historically valuable for the
lesson it conveys of caution in the hour of success. An adherence to
the simplest rules of military science would have saved two thousand
lives. Sobieski’s character shines out conspicuously in the manner in
which he took this severe check. Like the old Prussian of 1815, though
bruised and stiffened, and scarcely able to sit his horse, he was up
and ready on the following day, pressing the Duke of Lorraine to move
against the Turks. In his religious convictions he was earnest, perhaps
to the verge of bigotry, and in his letters to his wife in tracing the
disaster to the judgment of Providence on the licence and crimes of the
army, he passes over rather lightly the share which his own incaution
had in producing it.

It required all the magic of Sobieski’s influence to repair the moral
consequences of this discomfiture in his own ranks, in which at first
an ominous inclination displayed itself to concede the post of honour,
the right of the line, to the German troops. We can hardly believe, on
the sole authority of Rycaut, that the King himself was disposed to
yield to this suggestion. His letter, written on the field, breathes
nothing but an impatience for the arrival of the imperial infantry.
Lorraine, on his part, seems to have needed no pressing, and it was
determined to attack the enemy on the 9th. The young Pacha, who had
struck so serious a blow at the veteran conqueror of Choczim and
Vienna, now himself fell into the error of abiding the chances of
unequal battle; for though he had been strongly reinforced from Gran,
he had but 25,000 men to oppose to some 50,000. Tekeli, too wise to
believe the Vizier’s message announcing the total destruction of the
Christian army, and engaged in tortuous negotiations with Sobieski, was
hovering almost within sight, but kept aloof from action. The Pacha
fell into the still graver error of meeting the enemy with a chain of
hills on his right, the river of Gran in his rear, and no retreat but
by the bridge over the Danube. The consequence of this arrangement was
a defeat, rendered bloody and complete by the failure of the bridge,
which gave way under the fugitives. Barkan itself was carried by storm.
Kara Mohammed himself escaped, but the Pacha of Karamania was killed,
and the Pacha of Silistria taken. The amount of the Turkish loss is
variously stated. The Poles, eager for vengeance, and excited by the
sight of the heads of their countrymen stuck on the palisades of the
fort, gave little quarter, and artillery was brought to bear upon the
crowds who attempted to swim the river. This success was purchased
at the loss of 400 Poles and 70 of the imperial troops. Sobieski, in
the moment of victory, writes of it as a victory greater than that of
Vienna—an exaggeration only to be excused by the excitement of the
moment. Its importance, however, was manifested by the speedy fall
of Gran, the seat of the Hungarian primacy, containing the tomb of
Stephen, the first Christian King of Hungary, but which from the year
1605 had been desecrated by Turkish occupation. The Turkish bridge
having been demolished during the battle, the Imperialists brought
down their own bridge of boats from Komorn, which was ready for the
passage of the troops a league above the city on the 13th. The town was
carried by storm. The garrison, some 4000 strong, which had retired
into the citadel, surrendered on the 27th, on condition of their safe
conveyance to Buda, with their women and children, and retaining
their small arms. The Vizier, on receiving at Buda intelligence of
the fall of Gran, departed in haste for Belgrade, but left with Kara
Mehemet an order for the execution of the officers who had signed
the surrender. His own bloody rule was meanwhile drawing to a close.
His first reports and excuses for his failure before Vienna had been
received at the court of Adrianople with simulated favour, and his
messenger had returned with the usual tokens of royal approbation, a
sword and a pelisse. Influence, however, both male and female, was
busy for his destruction; the friends of the murdered Pacha of Pesth,
and all those who had originally opposed the expedition, were powerful
and zealous. Tekeli, and the dying Sultana mother, Validè, threw their
influence into the scale. At length the vacillation of the Sultan was
overcome, and a chamberlain of the court rode out from Adrianople
with the simple order to return as soon as might be with the head of
Kara Mustapha. The officer, on approaching Belgrade, communicated his
mission to the Aga of the Janissaries, who gave his prompt acquiescence
and ready assistance to the objects of the mission. The transaction was
conducted, on the part of the servants of the crown, with that decent
privacy and convenient expedition which usually attend the execution of
Turkish justice, and submitted to by the patient with the quiet dignity
with which the predestinarian doctrine of Islam arms its votaries
against all accidents. The insignia of authority were politely demanded
and quietly resigned. The carpet was spread, the short prayer uttered,
the bowstring adjusted. In a few moments the late dispenser of life and
death, the uncontrolled commander of 200,000 men, was a corpse, and his
head on the road to Adrianople. It met with some subsequent adventures;
for, having been returned to Belgrade by the Sultan, and deposited
in a mosque, it was discovered after the surrender of that city to
the Christians, and forwarded by them to the Bishop Kollonitsch. The
prelate made over the grisly memorial of the man, who had threatened to
send his own head on a lance’s point to the Sultan, to the arsenal of
Vienna, where it still keeps its place among the other trophies of a
long struggle of race and religion.

With the catastrophe of so leading a personage this work may properly
reach the termination which its limits now demand. For the winter
march by which Sobieski withdrew his forces to his own frontier, and
the fortresses which he picked up by the way, his negotiations with
Tekeli, and his passing successes over the Turks, the reader who wishes
to pursue the subject will do well to consult his correspondence so
often quoted, and the ample work of M. de Salvandy. From the above
pages, concerned as they have been with a principal passage in the
public career of one of the greatest characters in modern history, some
faint idea may be derived of his qualities as a soldier. As a king,
a statesman, an orator, and a man of letters, he must be estimated
from other and fuller sources. After learning what he was in all these
respects, we shall be prone to conjecture what he might have been. As
a husband and a father, if he had not married a bad and mischievous
woman, _daturam progeniem vitiosiorem_—as a commander, if, instead of
leading ill-disciplined levies to transient victories by the example
and personal exposure of a partisan, he had brandished the staff of
a Marlborough or an Eugene at the head of a permanent and organized
force—as a king and a statesman, if his better fortune had placed him
at the head, not of a horde of turbulent, intriguing, and ungovernable
slave-owners, but of a civilized, free, and united people—it is
scarcely too much to suppose that he might have realized the greater
projects which it is known entered into his large conception, that the
Turk would have been rolled back upon Asia, and that Greece might have
dated her emancipation from the seventeenth century.


FOOTNOTES:

[20] In the intervals of war and business the King had always been
devoted to the chase. One of his objects of pursuit was the aurochs,
now confined to a single forest of Lithuania, where alone it continues
its species under imperial protection. One of the most eminent of
living geologists, Sir R. I. Murchison, has broached a theory, founded
at least on a profound investigation of the features of the district,
that the species is a sole survivor of one of those great geological
changes which have obliterated other forms of animal life. Sobieski’s
Queen wore a girdle of the skin of this animal. Down to a recent period
it was an object of royal chase in Poland. Sir C. Hanbury Williams, in
a letter from Brodi, describes a royal battue in which many of them
were surrounded and driven over a steep bank into the river.




APPENDIX.


No. 1.

The number of pieces of artillery furnished from the imperial arsenal
of Vienna for the defence in 1683 was 262. The thirty years’ war had
led to many improvements in the construction and use of artillery.
Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein had both effected important
alterations, and in 1650 a Jesuit of Warsaw had invented the elevating
screw as a substitute for the quoin. Whatever improvement, however,
had taken place in the system as applied to field movements, it would
appear that for purposes of stationary defence it was still one of much
complexity and confusion. The 262 pieces used at Vienna were of no less
than 26 denominations and calibres, the capacity of the latter ranging
from 1 lb. to 48, and in the case of some large pieces called böller
or pöller, used as mortars for vertical fire and discharging stone
shot, from 60 to 200 lbs. There were of these four of 200, two of 150,
five of 100, and ten of 60. Fifty other pieces furnished from the city
arsenal were planted, not on the defences, but at various points in
the city, and worked by 100 men of the burgher force. Of these hundred
volunteer artillerists 16 were killed and 5 of the pieces ruined: 72
pieces in all had been rendered unserviceable at the close of the siege.

Thirty-seven officers were killed, which, considering the frequency of
assaults and sallies, operations which require great personal exposure
on the part of the leaders, would appear rather a small proportion to
that of 5000 rank and file among the regular troops. The loss in action
among the citizens is scarcely possible to arrive at. The only two
officers of much distinction who fell were the Col. Count Dupigny and
the engineer, Rimpler.

The Turkish loss is stated at 48,544. It appears to have fallen
heaviest on the miners, of whom 16,000 perished, and 6000 of their
artillerists. The formidable corps of the Janissaries was reduced by a
loss of 10,000: 544 officers, including 3 pachas, were also killed. As
this list is taken from a return found in the tent of the Vizier, it
does not include the loss of the Turks in the battle. These statements
are naturally liable to much allowance for inaccuracy from many causes.
A comparison of the various sources of information leads to a rough
conclusion that the Vizier sat down before the place with about 220,000
men. Of these it is supposed not more than 50,000 regained the Turkish
frontier.


 No. 2.—_Order of battle of the Christian army before Vienna on the
 13th September._

The left wing was commanded by the Duke of Lorraine; the centre by the
Elector of Saxony and the Prince Christian Louis von Waldeck (it is
idle to adjoin to these the Bavarian Elector, who was present, but had
the good sense to consign the direction of his troops to Waldeck); the
right wing by the Polish Field-Marshal Jablonowski; the whole by the
King of Poland. The army was drawn up in three lines.

FIRST LINE.

_Right wing._—19 divisions and 4 battalions of Poles; 8560 cavalry,
3120 infantry.

_Centre._—9 divisions, Austrians; 7 divisions, Bavarians; 4 divisions,
troops of the Circles; 5 battalions, Bavarians; 3 battalions, Circles;
5 battalions, Saxons; 5768 cavalry, 8600 infantry: commanders, the
Elector of Saxony and the Prince of Waldeck.

_Left wing._—10 divisions, Austrians; 5 divisions, Saxons; 6
battalions, Austrians; 5660 cavalry, 4242 infantry; commanded by the
Duke of Baden.

Total of first line, 19,788 cavalry, 15,962 infantry.


SECOND LINE.

_Right wing._—6 divisions, Poles; 8 divisions, Austrians; 4 battalions,
Poles; 5568 cavalry, 3120 infantry: commanders, Generals Siniousky and
Rabatta.

_Centre._—5 divisions, Bavarians; 3 divisions, Circles; 4 battalions,
Bavarians; 5 battalions, Circles; 3 battalions, Saxons; 6 battalions,
Austrians; 1725 cavalry, 11,442 infantry: commanders, Field-Marshal
Golz and Field-Marshal the Prince of Baireuth.

_Left wing._—4 divisions, Saxons; 8 divisions, Austrians; 4528 cavalry:
commanders, Field-Marshal Leslie and Prince Lubomirski.

Total of second line, 11,819 cavalry, 12,562 infantry.


THIRD LINE OR RESERVE.

_Right wing._—9 divisions, Poles; 6 divisions, Austrians; 3 divisions,
Bavarians; 3 battalions, Poles; 1 battalion, Bavarians; 6855 cavalry,
2940 infantry: commanders, great standard-bearer Lesno Lescynski and
Field-Marshal Dunnewald.

_Centre._—3 battalions, Bavarians; 2 battalions, Saxons; 2 battalions,
Austrians; 4014 infantry: commander, Field-Marshal Leika.

_Left wing._—3 divisions, Saxons; 7 divisions, Austrians; 3762 cavalry:
commander, Field-Marshal Margrave Louis of Baden.

Total of third line, 10,617 cavalry, 6954 infantry.

Total force in the battle—

  Cavalry    42,224
  Infantry   35,478
             ——————
             77,702

Total of the army, including detachments—

  Cavalry, 127 divisions    46,100
  Infantry, 57 battalions   38,700
                            ——————
                            84,800

Artillery, 168 pieces, of all calibres, of which the Austrians counted
70, the Saxons 30, the Bavarians 26, the Franconians 12, and the Poles,
30. It is impossible, considering the difficulties of the march from
Tuln, that all these pieces should have been brought into action: they
were distributed along all parts of the line of battle.

To the above may be added Croats and other irregulars, and volunteers
about 10,000. This detail of the force is extracted from the Military
Conversations Lexicon, art. ‘Wien.’


 No. 3.—_Anecdotes of the Siege, from a Tract by the Advocate Christian
 W. Huhn, an eye-witness._

In the night of August 2nd some troopers of Dupigny’s regiment with
divers foot soldiers of the garrison, made a sally by the covered way
at the Scottish gate, and returned with forty-seven head of oxen and a
captured Turk. The cattle were allotted partly to the wounded and sick
soldiers, and partly to the captors, who made their gain from them,
inasmuch as meat, which when the siege began had fetched one grosch the
lb., rose afterwards to nine and more, and a fresh egg did not wait for
a customer at half a dollar. Whosoever also fancied Italian cookery
might purchase of one of the women who sat in the high market a roof
hare (cat), roast and larded, for one florin, to be washed down with
a cup of muscat wine at the Italian vintners; and truth to say, this
animal, when the sweetness of the flesh was tempered with the salted
lard, was an unusual, indeed, but not an unacceptable morsel. The 9th
August was a fine clear day, on which a young and spirited Turk chose
to disport himself for bravado on a caparisoned horse, performing
strange antics with a lance in his right hand. While he was caracoling
at a distance of full 300 paces from the counterscarp, Henry Count von
Kielmansegge, who happened to be with his foresters on the Kärnthner
bastion, took such good aim at him with a fowling-piece that he jumped
up with a spring from the saddle and fell dead amid shouts and laughter
from the besieged. A lucky shot of the same kind was executed by a
student of the university, who sent a bullet through the head of a
Turk near the counterscarp palisade, and dragged the body to him with
a halberd. Having learned from experience of others that the Turks,
_either to strengthen the stomach_, or when mortally wounded, to rob
the Christians of their booty, were accustomed to roll up their ducats
together and swallow them, without further ceremony he ripped up the
corpse and found six ducats so rolled up within it. The head he cut off
and bore it round the city upon a lance-point as a spectacle of his
ovation. In the assault of the 17th August a common soldier, having
mastered and beheaded a Turk, and finding 100 ducats upon him sewed
up in a dirty cloth, as one who had never seen so much money together
before, went about the city like one distracted, clapping his hands and
showing his booty to all he met, encouraging them by his example to win
the like, as though it rained money from Heaven.

On the 13th September, the day following the relief of the city, the
Poles being masters of the Turkish camp, many soldiers, citizens, and
inhabitants, while as yet no gate was opened, clambered down over the
breaches and by the secret sallyports to pick up what they might of
provisions, ammunition, or other articles of small value. The King
of Poland and his people having fallen on the military chest and the
Vizier’s tent, had carried off many millions in money, and the Vizier’s
war-horse, his quivers, bows, and arrows, all of countless value,
together with the great standard of their Prophet, inscribed with
Turkish characters, and two horsetail standards. I, with many others
who had been enrolled in a volunteer body during the siege, thought to
pick up our share of the spoil. I, therefore, gained the counterscarp
by the Stuben gate, passing between the ruined palisades on horseback
to the Turkish camp. I did not, however, dare to dismount, by reason
of the innumerable quantity of flies and vermin, which, although at so
advanced a time of the month of September, swarmed up from the bodies
of more than 20,000 dead horses and mules, so as to darken the air, and
so covering my horse, that not the space of a needle point remained
free from them, the which was so insufferable to him, that he began to
plunge and kick in front and rear, so that I was fain to get me clear
of the press and make my way back to the city, but not till I had
persuaded a passer-by to reach to me the bow and arrows of one who lay
there, and also the cap of a Janissary, and some books which lay about,
and which had been plundered in the country, and secured them in my
saddle-bags. After the which I re-entered the city, not as one _ovans_
on foot, but _triumphans_ on horseback with my _spolia_. I had no want
of predecessors before or followers behind, for every one who had legs
to carry him had betaken himself to the camp to plunder it. Although
I had gained the counterscarp and the inner defences, I passed a good
hour making my way through the pass, and my unruly horse was compelled
to move step by step for such time before I could extricate him and
regain my quarters.


 No. 4.—_Specification of the Christians carried off into Turkish
 slavery out of Hungary, Austria, and the adjacent districts in 1683.
 From a contemporary MS._

  Old men                         6,000
  Women                          11,215
  Unmarried women, 26
    years of age at the
    oldest, of whom 204
    were noble                   14,922
  Children, boys and girls,
    the oldest between 4
    and 5 years of age           26,093
                                 ——————
            Total                57,220

  Villages and hamlets
    burnt in the Viennese
    territory                     4,092
  In that of Presburg               871
                                  ————-
                                  4,963


THE END.


London: Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES and SONS, Stamford-street.


       *       *       *       *       *


Transcriber's Notes

Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. Variations
in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other
spelling and punctuation remains unchanged.

March field and Marchfield has been standardised on March field.

Komorn and Comorn has been standardised on Komorn.

The following changes have been made:

Book 1 Chapter VIII being conversant in the Slave language, changed to
Slav.

Book 2 Chapter VIII Godfrey, Count of Salaburg, changed to Salzburg.

Chapter XVIII have hastily occupied the _tête-du-pont_ of Barham,
changed to Barkan.

Italics are represented thus _italic_.