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Transcriber’s Note: In this text version, the illustrations from the
original book (which may be found in the HTML version) have been
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                           FOSTER’S COMPLETE
                                 HOYLE

                       AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GAMES

                        Revised and Enlarged to
                             October, 1914

            INCLUDING ALL INDOOR GAMES PLAYED TO-DAY. WITH
             SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY, ILLUSTRATIVE HANDS
                                  AND
                       ALL OFFICIAL LAWS TO DATE

                                  BY
                              R.F. FOSTER

            _Author of “Royal Auction Bridge with Nullos,”
                    “Cooncan,” and many other books
                            on card games_

                  ILLUSTRATED WITH NUMEROUS DIAGRAMS
                            AND ENGRAVINGS

                               NEW YORK
                      FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY
                              PUBLISHERS

                          Copyright, 1914, by
                      FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY

                          Copyright, 1909, by
                      FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY

                          Copyright, 1897, by
                      FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY

                         _All Rights Reserved_

                         FASC _October, 1914_




PUBLISHERS’ NOTE.


_=This book is entirely original.=_ It is the work of a single author,
who has made the subject of games a life-long study, who keeps in touch
with all new games, and with changes in old games. He has written the
description of each game expressly for this book.

The treatment is systematic and uniform. The description of each game
begins with the apparatus and the players, and then follows the natural
course of play, step by step, until the end. Each part of the game is
described in a separate paragraph, and every paragraph is preceded by
catch-words in heavy-faced type, so that the entire work is in the
nature of a dictionary, in which any part of any game can be found
immediately.

All technical terms are accompanied by a full definition of their
meaning, and are printed in full-face type.

All disputed points have been settled in an entirely original manner.
Instead of taking any one person as an authority, the history of each
game has been traced from its source to its present condition, and its
rules have been carefully compared with those of other members of the
same family. The times and the reasons for the various changes have
been ascertained, and the rules given are not only in strict accord
with the true spirit of the game, but are based upon common sense and
equity. When official laws for any game exist they are given in full.

The list of technical terms is the most complete ever published.




CONTENTS.


                   page

  A list of terms, 674

  Ace in the Pot, _dice_, 617

  All Fours Family, 324
    All Fives, 329
    Auction Pitch, 330
    Blind All Fours, 325
    California Jack, 330
    Cinch, 334
    Commercial Pitch, 330
    Dom Pedro, 334
    Double Pedro, 334
    High Five, 334
    Old Sledge, 325
    Pedro, 333
    Pedro Sancho, 333
    Sell-out, 330
    Seven-up, 325
    Shasta Sam, 330
    Smudge, 333
    Snoozer, 334

  Ambigu, 259

  American Billiard Laws, 627

  American Laws of Bridge, 48

  American Pyramid Pool, 631

  American Skat, 434

  Auction Binocle, 407

  Auction Bridge, xxv
    Cards Played in Error, xxxi
    Declarer’s Play, 22
    Discarding, 21
    Ducking, 25
    Dummy, xxx
    Eleven Rule, 13
    Encouraging Discards, 22
    Exposed Cards, xxxi
    Finessing, 24
    Fourth-hand Play, 21
    Illustrative Auction Hands, 27
    Irregularities in Declaring, xxix
    Irregularities in the Deal, xxvii
    Leading High Cards, 6
    Leading Out of Turn, xxxi
    Leading Second Round, 9
    Leading Short Suits, 8
    Leading Small Cards, 9
    Leading Trumps, 11
    Making the Trump, xxvii
    No-trump Leads, 11
    Nullo, 26
      Scoring, 26
      Suggestions for Bidding, 26
      Suggestions for the Play, 26
    Opening Leads, 5
    Penalties, 1
    Playing against Dummy, 14
    Playing to the Score, 21
    Pone’s Lead, 11
    Rank of the Bids, xxviii
    Returning Suits, 14
    Revoke, xxx
    Scoring, xxxii
    Second-hand Play, 17
    Selecting the Suit to Lead, 6
    Suggestions for Good Play, 3
    Third-hand Play, 12, 19

  Auction Cinch, 340

  Auction Euchre, 279

  Auction Hearts, 354

  Auction Pitch, 330

  Authors, 500

  Baccara, 521
    Baccara Chemin de Fer, 526

  Backgammon, 590
    Opening Throws, 595
    English Game, 598
    American Game, 599
    The Laws, 601
    Russian Backgammon, 602

  Banking Games, 516

  Bank-shot Billiards, 626

  Base-ball with dice, 617

  Baulk-line Billiards, 625

  Bergen Game, _dominoes_, 609

  Bézique Family, 374
    Bézique, 375
    Chinese Bézique, 394
    Chouette Bézique, 394
    Penchant, 384
    Rubicon Bézique, 386
    Cinq-Cents, 383
    Four-handed, 382
    Polish Bézique, 382
    Three-handed, 382

  Bid Euchre, 287

  Bid Whist, 687

  Bierspiel, 319

  Billiards and Pool, 620
    American Game, 624
    Amer. Pyramid Pool, 631
    Baulk-line Billiards, 625
    Black Pool, 642
    Books on Billiards, 650
    Bottle Pool, 649
    Chicago Pool, 633
    Colour-ball Pool, 639
    Continuous Pool, 632
    Cow-boy Pool, 634
    Cushion Caroms, 626
    English Billiards, 643
    English Pool, 639
    English Pyramid Pool, 632
    English Billiard Laws, 644
    Fifteen-ball Pool, 629
    Forty-one Pool, 633
    High-low-jack Game, 633
    Laws of Billiards, American, 627
    Little Corporal, 648
    Pin Pool, 647
    Shell Out Pool, 632
    Snooker Pool, 636
    Spanish Game of Billiards, 649

  Binochle, 395
    Melds, 398
    Auction Binochle, 407
    Gaigel, 406
    Three-handed, 405
    Four-handed, 407

  Black Jack or Lady, 356

  Black Pool, English, 642

  Blind All Fours, 325

  Blind Cinch, 340

  Blind Euchre, 278

  Blind Hookey, 527

  Block Game, _dominoes_, 606

  Bluff, _poker_, 245

  Boodle, 507

  Books on Billiards, 650

  Boston, 165
    Payments, 171
    French Boston, 179
    Russian Boston, 183

  Boston de Fontainebleau, 174

  Bottle Pool, 649

  Bouillotte, 254

  Bowling Alley Laws, 662

  Brag, _poker_, 250

  Brelan, 254

  Bridge, xxv, 28

  Bridge Laws, 41

  Bridge Tactics, 28
    Doubling, 32
    Illustrative Hand, 34
    Making the Trump, 28, 31
    Opening Leads, 33
    Text Books, 59

  Bridge, Varieties of, 35
    Auction Bridge, xxv
    Bridge for Three, 36
    Bridge for Two, 36
    Double Dummy Bridge, 39
    Draw Bridge, 40
    Duplicate Auction, 35
    Duplicate Bridge, 38
    King’s Bridge, 40
    Misery Bridge, 37
    Pivot Bridge, 37
    Progressive Bridge, 38
    Reversi Bridge, 40
    Short Bridge, 40
    Six-hand Bridge, 39
    Three-hand Auction, 35

  Calabrasella, 489

  California Jack, 330

  Call-ace Euchre, 287

  Canfield, 693

  Cartomancie, 513

  Cassino, 478
    Spade Cassino, 485
    21 Point Cassino, 484
    Royal Cassino, 485
    Draw Cassino, 485

  Catch the Ten, 159

  Cayenne, 138

  Centennial, _dice_, 618

  Chance, and its Laws, 651
    Concurrent Events, 654
    Conflicting Events, 654
    Dice Probabilities, 655
    Distribution of Suits, 656
    Distribution of Trumps, 656
    Doubling up Bets, 657
    Luck, 651
    Martingales, 657
    Maturity of the Chances, 652
    Playing Progression, 658
    Poker Probabilities, 655
    Successive Event, 652
    Whist Probabilities, 656

  Checkers, 577
    The Openings, 580
    The Four Positions, 582
    Theory of the Move, 584
    Illustrative Games, 586
    Devil and Tailors, 587
    Checker Laws, 588
    Losing Game, 587
    Polish Draughts, 587

  Chemin de fer, 526

  Chess, 546
    The Openings, 557
    The Endings, 567
    Games at Odds, 565
    Knights’ Tour, 570
    American Laws, 571

  Chicago Pool, 633

  Chinese Bézique, 394

  Chinese Fan Tan, 528

  Chinese Whist, 184

  Chouette Bézique, 394

  Chuck Luck, 540

  Cinch, 334
    Auction Cinch, 340
    Blind Cinch, 340
    Progressive Cinch, 340
    Sixty-three, 340
    Widow Cinch, 341
    Illustrative Hands, 342
    Cinch Laws, 344
    Razzle-Dazzle, 340

  Cinq-Cents, 383

  Colour-ball Pool, 639

  Commerce, 252

  Commercial Pitch, 330

  Commit, 503

  Compass Whist, 113

  Continuous Pool, 632

  Conquian, 486

  Cow-boy Pool, 634

  Cushion Carroms, 626

  Craps, _dice_, 614

  Cribbage, 442
    Five-card Cribbage, 460
    Six-card Cribbage, 444
    Seven-card Cribbage, 462
    Solitaire Cribbage, 700
    Three-hand Cribbage, 461
    Four-hand Cribbage, 461

  Cut-throat Euchre, 277

  Dice Games, 611
    Ace in the Pot, 617
    Base-Ball, 616
    Centennial, 618
    Chuck-Luck, 540
    Crap Shooting, 614
    Going to Boston, 617
    Help Your Neighbour, 619
    Law of Chances, 613
    Multiplication, 618
    Passe Dix, 619
    Poker Dice, 615
    Probabilities, 655
    Raffles, 613
    Round the Spot, 618
    Sweat, 540
    Ten Pins, 616
    Throwing Dice, 612
    Under and Over Seven, 543
    Vingt-et-un, 618

  Discard Hearts, 356

  Distribution of Suits, Whist, 657

  Distribution of Trumps, Whist, 657

  Division Loo, 319

  Doctrine of Chances, 651

  Domino Hearts, 357

  Dominoes, 605
    All Fives, 609
    All Threes, 610
    Bergen Game, 609
    Block Game, 606
    Draw Game, 608
    Domino Pool, 609
    Matadore, 608
    Muggins, 609
    Sebastopol, 609

  Dom Pedro, 334

  Double Dummy Bridge, 39

  Double Dummy Whist, 130

  Double Pedro, 334

  Doubling-up Bets, 657

  Draughts, 577

  Draw Bridge, 47

  Draw Cassino, 485

  Draw Game, _dominoes_, 608

  Draw Poker, 208

  Drive Whist, 687

  Dummy, 127

  Duplicate Bridge, 45

  Duplicate Whist, 100
    Apparatus Necessary, 102
    Club against Club, 103
    Compass Whist, 113
    Foster’s Pair System, 115
    Gilman’s Team System, 109
    Howell Pair System, 114
    Individual against Individual, 114
    Laws of Duplicate Whist, 119
    Married Couples System, 118
    Memory Duplicate, 110
    Pair against Pair, 110
    Safford’s Systems, 116
    Team against Team, 105

  Dutch Bank, 527

  Earl of Coventry, 502

  Ecarté, 293
    Jeu de règle, 299
    Pool Ecarté, 306

  Enflé, 370

  English Billiards, 643

  English Billiard Laws, 644

  English Following Pool, 639

  English Pyramid Pool, 632

  English Whist Laws, 196

  Euchre Family of Games, 263

  Euchre, 264
    Auction Euchre, 279
    Bid Euchre, or 500, 287
    Blind Euchre, 278
    Call-ace Euchre, 287
    Cut-Throat, 277
    Five-handed, 286
    French Euchre, 279
    Jambone, 283
    Jamboree, 283
    Laps, 283
    Laws of Euchre, 288
    Military Euchre, 281
    Penalty Euchre, 279
    Progressive Euchre, 280
    Railroad Euchre, 282
    Set-Back Euchre, 278
    Seven-handed Euchre, 284
    Slams, 283

  Fan Tan, 528

  Fan Tan with Cards, 509

  Farmer, or Ferme, 520

  Faro, 529

  Favourite Whist, 99

  Fifteen-ball Pool, 629

  Five-card Cribbage, 460

  Five-card Loo, 323

  Five-handed Euchre, 286

  Five Hundred, 287

  Five and Ten, 316

  Five or Nine, 509

  Flat Poker, 229

  Following Pool, 639

  Fortune Telling, 513

  Forty-five, 316

  Forty-one Pool, 633

  Four-ball Billiards, 626

  Four-handed Cribbage, 461

    ”    ”   Bézique, 382

    ”    ”   Binocle, 407

    ”    ”   Sixty-six, 413

  Four Jacks, 369

  Freeze-out, _poker_, 228

  French Boston, 179

  French Carrom Game, 624

  French Dummy, 133

  French Euchre, 279

  French Games:--
    Ambigu, 259
    Baccara, 521
    Bouillotte, 254
    Cinq-Cents, 383
    Ferme, 520
    Humbug Whist, 132
    Impérial, 476
    Macao, 520
    Mort, 133
    Nain Jaune, 505
    Rouge et Noir, 534
    Roulette, 536
    Trente et Quarante, 534
    Vingt-et-un, 517

  Frog, 441

  Gaigel, 406

  General Laws, Card Games, 671

  German Games:--
    Binocle, 395
    Kreutz Mariage, 413
    Schwellen, 370
    Sixty-six, 408
    Skat, 415
    Solo, 493

  Go-bang, 604

  Going to Boston, _dice_, 617

  Halma, 604

  Hazard, _dice_, 540, 614

  Hearts:--, 349
    Auction Hearts, 354
    Black Jack, 356
    Black Lady, 356
    Discard Hearts, 356
    Domino Hearts, 357
    Heartsette, 357
    Howell’s Hearts, 352
    Illustrative Hands, 366
    Joker Hearts, 355
    Laws of Hearts, 371
    Progressive Hearts, 356
    Spot Hearts, 355
    Sweepstake Hearts, 352
    Three-handed Hearts, 354
    Two-handed, 354

  Heart Solo, 498

  Heartsette, 357

  Help Your Neighbour, _dice_, 619

  High Five, 334

  High-low-jack, 325

    ”   ”    ”  Pool, 633

  Howell Pairs, Whist, 114

  Howell’s Hearts, 352

  Humbug Whist, 132

  I Doubt It, 695

  Impérial, 476

  Irish Loo, 323

  Jack Pots, _poker_, 223

  Jambone, _euchre_, 283

  Jamboree, _euchre_, 283

  Jass, 696
    Two-hand Jass, 697

  Jeu de Règle, _écarté_, 299

  Jink Game, _spoil five_, 315

  Joker Hearts, 355

  Keno, or Lotto, 539

  King’s Bridge, 40

  Klondike, 512

  Kreutz Mariage, 413

  Lansquenet, 543

  Laps, _euchre_, 283

  Law of Chances, 651

  Laws of all Games, 671

  Laws, Official Codes for:--
    Backgammon, 601
    Billiards, American, 627
    Billiards, English, 644
    Bowling, or Ten Pins, 662
    Bridge, 41
    Chess, 571
    Checkers, 588
    Cinch, 344
    Euchre, 288
    Hearts, 371
    Poker, 238
    Skat, 435
    Ten Pins, or Bowling, 662
    Whist, American, 186
    Whist, Duplicate, 119
    Whist, English, 196

  Laws of Probabilities, 651

  Lift Smoke, 502

  Little Corporal, 648

  Loo, or Division Loo, 319
    Five-card Loo, 323
    Irish Loo, 323

  Losing Game, _draughts_, 587

  Lotto, 539

  Luck, 651

  Macao, 520

  Man-of-war Billiards, 644

  Martingales, 657

  Matadore, _dominoes_, 608

  Matrimony, 504

  Maturity of the Chances, 652

  Memory Duplicate, 110

  Military Euchre, 281

  Misery Bridge, 37

  Mistigris, _poker_, 216

  Monte Bank, 542

  Monte Carlo Betting Limit, 658

  Morelles, 604

  Mort, 133

  Muggins, _dominoes_, 609

  Multiplication, _dice_, 618

  My Bird Sings, 253

  My Ship Sails, 253

  Nain Jaune, 505

  Napoleon, 307

  National Games:--, 414
    America, Cassino, 478
    England, Cribbage, 442
    Germany, Skat, 415
    France, Piquet, 463
    Italy, Calabrasella, 489
    Mexico, Conquian, 486

  Newmarket, 507

  Nine Men’s Morris, 604

  Norwegian Whist, 688

  Odd Games, 497

  Old Maid, 501

  Old Sledge, 325

  Patience Games, 510

  Patience Poker, 698

  Pedro, 333

  Peep Nap, 312

  Penalty Euchre, 279

  Penchant, 384

  Pinochle, 395

  Pin Pool, 632

  Piquet, 463
    Piquet Normand, 473
    Piquet Voleur, 473
    Piquet a Ecrire, 474
    Rubicon Piquet, 475

  Pitch, 325

  Pivot Bridge, 37

  Playing Progression, 658

  Pochen, 508

  Poker Family of Games, 207

  Poker, 207
    Bluff, 245
    Bluffing, 237
    Cheating, 229
    Draw Poker, 208
    Eccentric Hands, 215
    Flat Poker, 229
    Freeze Out, 228
    Going In, 232
    Good Play, 231
    How to Win, 236
    Jack Pots, 223
    Joker Poker, 216
    Mistigris, 216
    Odds against Hands, 216
    Patience Poker, 698
    Poker Gin, 692
    Poker Rum, 691
    Poker Laws, 238
    Probabilities, 217, 233, 655
    Progressive Poker, 248
    Rank of Hands, 213
    Schnautz, 248
    Show-down Poker, 229
    Straight Poker, 245
    Stud Poker, 246
    Table Stakes, 227
    Text-books, 262
    Thirty-one, 248
    Whiskey Poker, 247

  Poker Dice, 615

  Polignac, 369

  Polish Bézique, 382

  Polish Draughts, 587

  Pool Games:--
    Amer. Pyramid Pool, 631
    Black Pool, English, 642
    Bottle Pool, 649
    Chicago Pool, 633
    Colour-ball Pool, 639
    Continuous Pool, 632
    Cow-boy Pool, 634
    English Pyramid Pool, 632
    Eng. Following Pool, 639
    Fifteen-ball Pool, 629
    Following Pool, 639
    Forty-one Pool, 633
    High-low-jack Pool, 633
    Little Corporal, 648
    Pin Pool, 647
    Shell Out, 632
    Spanish Pool, 649

  Pool with Dominoes, 609

  Pool Ecarté, 306

  Pope Joan, 505

  Preference, 496

  Probabilities, 651

  Progressive Bridge, 38

  Progressive Cinch, 340

  Progressive Euchre, 280

  Progressive Hearts, 356

  Progressive Poker, 248

  Progressive Whist, 119

  Prussian Whist, 98

  Purchase Nap, 311

  Pyramid Pool, 631

  Quatre Valets, 369

  Quinze, 521

  Raffles, _dice_, 613

  Railroad Euchre, 282

  Rams, 317

  Ranter Go Round, 508

  Razzle-Dazzle, 340

  Reversi, 603

  Reversi Bridge, 40

  Rondeau, 541

  Rouge et Noir, 534

  Roulette, 536

  Rounce, 319

  Round the Spot, _dice_, 618

  Royal Cassino, 485

  Rubicon Bézique, 386

  Rubicon Piquet, 475

  Rum, 689
    Double-pack Rum, 692
    Single-pack Rum, 689
    Poker Gin, 692
    Poker Rum, 691

  Russian Backgammon, 602

  Russian Boston, 183

  Sancho Pedro, 333

  Saratoga, 507

  Scat, see Skat, 415

  Schnautz, 248

  Schwellen, 370

  Scotch Whist, 159

  Sebastopol, _dominoes_, 609

  Sell Out, 330

  Set-back Euchre, 278

  Seven-handed Euchre, 284

  Seven-card Cribbage, 462

  Seven-up, 325

  Shasta Sam, 330

  Shell-out Pool, 632

  Shooting Craps, 614

  Short Bridge, 47

  Show-down Poker, 229

  Shuffle Board, 619

  Six-card Cribbage, 444

  Six-hand Bridge, 39

  Sixty-four Card Binocle, 375

  Sixty-three, _cinch_, 340

  Sixty-six, 408
    Four-handed, 413
    Kreutz Mariage, 413
    Three-handed, 413

  Skat, 415, 434
    Game Values, 421
    Scoring, 427
    Illustrative Hands, 432
    Skat Laws, 435

  Slams, _euchre_, 283

  Slobberhannes, 368

  Smudge, 333

  Snip-snap-snorem, 502

  Snooker Pool, 649

  Snoozer, 334

  Solitaires, 510, 693, 698, 700

  Solo, 498
    Three-handed Solo, 499

  Solo Whist, 144

  Spade Cassino, 485

  Spanish Monte, 542

  Spanish Pool, 649

  Speculation, 501

  Spin, 507

  Spoil Five, 312

  Spot Hearts, 355

  Stops, 507

  Straight Poker, 245

  Stud Poker, 246

  Sweat, _dice_, 540

  Sweepstake Hearts, 352

  Table Games, 544

  Table Stakes, _poker_, 227

  Technical Terms, 674

  Telling Fortunes, 513

  Ten Pins, or Bowling, 660
    American Ten Pins, 662
    Battle Game, 665
    Cocked Hat, 664
    Cocked Hat & Feather, 665
    “Don’ts” for Players, 669
    Duck Pin Game, 669
    Five Back, 668
    Four Back, 667
    Head Pin; four back, 666
    Head Pin Out, 667
    Kinsley Candle Pin, 669
    Newport Game, 668
    Nine Up and Nine Down, 666

  Ten Pins with Dice, 616

  Three-card Monte, 542

  Thirty-one, _poker_, 248

  Three-cushion Carroms, 626

  Three-handed Auction, 35

    ”     ”    Bézique, 382

    ”     ”    Bridge, 36

    ”     ”    Cribbage, 461

    ”     ”    Hearts, 354

    ”     ”    Binocle, 405

    ”     ”    Sixty-six, 413

  Throwing Dice, 612

  Trente et Quarante, 534

  Tric-trac, 590

  Twenty-one Point Cassino, 484

  Two-handed Bridge, 36

   ”    ”    Hearts, 354

  Under and over Seven, 543

  Varieties of Bridge, 42

  Vingt-et-un, 517

  Vingt-et-un with Dice, 518

  Vint, 493

  Whiskey Poker, 247

  Whist Family of Games, xvii

  Whist, 60
    American Laws, 186
    Auction Bridge, xxv
    Bridge, xxv, 28
    Bid Whist, 687
    Cayenne Whist, 138
    Chinese Whist, 184
    Double Dummy, 130
    Dummy, 127
    Dummy Laws, 206
    Drive Whist, 687
    Duplicate Whist, 100
    English Laws, 196
    Favourite Whist, 99
    French Whist, 164
    German Whist, 183
    Humbug Whist, 131
    Memory Duplicate, 110
    Mort, 133
    Norwegian Whist, 688
    Probabilities, 656
    Progressive Whist, 119
    Prussian Whist, 98
    Scotch Whist, 159
    Solo Whist, 144
    Text Books, 99
    Thirteen and the Odd, 132
    Whist Family Laws, 186

  Whist Tactics, 70
    Albany Lead, 86
    American Game, 94
    American Laws, 186
    American Leads, 88
    Conventional Plays, 70
    Deschapelles Coups, 91
    Discarding, 80
    Discard Signals, 90
    Echo in Plain Suits, 90
    Echo in Trumps, 86
    Eleven Rule, 79
    False Cards, 92
    Finessing, 92
    Forcing, 80
    Four-signal, 86
    Fourth-hand Play, 84
    General Directions, 60
    General Principles, 68
    High-card Leads, 72
    How to Study, 70
    Illustrative Hands, 97
    Inferences, 93
    Inviting a Ruff, 88
    Leader’s Partner, 78
    Leading Plain Suits, 72
    Leading Short Suits, 91
    Leading Trumps, 71
    Low Card Leads, 74
    Low’s Signal, 90
    Methods of Cheating, 67
    Method of Playing, 61
    Minneapolis Lead, 89
    Partner’s Duties, 78
    Placing the Lead, 92
    Plain-suit Echo, 90
    Playing to the Score, 92
    Returning Partner’s Suits, 80
    Scoring, 64
    Second-hand Play, 81
    Short-suit Game, 91-94
    Short-suit Leads, 74-61
    Signal Game, 85
    Stacking Tricks, 63
    Suggestions for Good Play, 67
    Tenace Positions, 91
    Third Hand Play, 78
    Trump Signals, 85
    Unblocking, 90
    Underplay, 91
    Using the Markers, 66
    Works on Whist, 99

  Widow Binocle, 408

  Widow Cinch, 341

  Yerlash, _see_ Vint, 493




INTRODUCTION.


The word “Hoyle” has gradually come to stand as an abbreviation for
an “Encyclopedia of Indoor Games.” The common expression, “played
according to Hoyle,” usually means “correctly played,” or “played
according to the standard authorities.” The original Edmund Hoyle wrote
on very few games, but his work was the first attempt to put together
the rules for the most popular indoor games in one volume. Although
Hoyle died more than a hundred years ago, his work has been constantly
added to as new games came into vogue, which has led many to believe
that he is the authority for games that he never heard of, such as
pinochle and poker.

Persons who have never given the subject much attention may be
surprised to learn how little authority there is for the rules
governing the majority of our popular games. If we except the table
games, such as chess, checkers, billiards, backgammon and ten pins, and
such card games as whist, bridge, auction, and skat, all of which are
regulated by well-defined codes of laws, agreed upon by associations
of prominent clubs, to govern championship contests, etc., we have
very few games left which are not played in different ways in various
localities.

This is undoubtedly because such games are learnt at the card table and
not from books. A person who is shown a new game cannot remember all
its details, some of which may not have been explained to him even. If
he tries to teach it to others while his knowledge is in this imperfect
state, he will naturally invent rules of his own to cover the points he
has forgotten, or has never learnt, usually borrowing ideas from games
with which he is more familiar.

The pupils of such a teacher pass on to others the game thus
imperfectly learnt, and in a short time we have a number of corruptions
creeping in, and the astonishing part of it is the insistence with
which some persons will maintain that they alone have the right idea of
the rules, just because so-and-so showed them the game, or because they
and their immediate friends have “always played it that way.”

This does not alter the fact that the fundamental principles of every
game are known and can be readily found if one knows where to look for
them. The author is in possession of several hundred works in various
languages--English, French, German and Italian--on nothing but indoor
games, comprising probably everything ever printed on the subject that
is worth preserving.

By tracing the history of a game and its development through the
various books in which it is described, the game will always be found
to belong to some distinct family, which has certain well-defined
traits which must be preserved, no matter how much they may be altered
in minor details. All games follow certain general principles, and the
surest mark of error in the local rules of any game is inconsistency.

Pinochle is a striking example of this. In many places the players will
not allow the same cards to be counted twice in the trump sequence,
so as to meld 190; but they will count them twice in four kings and
queens. They insist on the rule of at least one fresh card from the
hand for each additional meld in one case, but totally disregard it in
another, as when they meld 240 for the round trip, instead of only 220.

These local errors have crept into many of the Hoyles now upon the
market, the works having probably been compiled from the individual
knowledge of the author, limited by his experience in a certain
locality. Many of these works devote much space to a certain game,
which is evidently the compiler’s pet, and which is accurately
described; while other and equally important games are full of errors
and omissions, betraying a lamentable want of care in consulting the
literature of the subject.

While the author of this work does not believe it possible to compile a
work that shall be universally accepted as the authority on all games,
as a dictionary would be on spelling, he deems it at least possible to
select what seems the most common usage, or the best rule, preserving
the true spirit of the game, and to describe it accurately and bring
the whole up to date.




THE WHIST FAMILY.


The most popular card games of the present day undoubtedly belong to
the whist family, which embraces all those played with a full pack of
fifty-two cards, ranking from the ace to the deuce, one suit being
trumps, and the score being counted by tricks and honours, or by tricks
alone.

The oldest and most important of the group is whist itself. The game
appears to be of English origin, its immediate parent being “ruff and
honours.” This was an old English game in which twelve cards only were
dealt to each player, the uppermost of the remaining four being turned
up for the trump suit. Whoever held the ace of trumps could “ruff”
or take in these four cards, discarding in their place any four he
chose. As the game developed into whisk, or whist, this ruffing feature
disappeared. There was no stock, the four deuces being discarded from
the pack instead. Twelve cards were dealt to each player, and the last
was turned up for the trump.

About 1680 a variation of the game known as “swabbers” came into vogue.
The swabbers were the heart ace, club jack, and the ace and deuce of
trumps. The players to whom these cards were dealt were entitled to a
certain share of the stakes or payments, independent of the play for
tricks and honours. This variety of the game did not long remain in
favor, but gave way to make room for one of the most important changes,
the restoration of the deuces to the pack, which introduced the feature
of the odd trick. This took place early in the last century, and seems
to have so much improved the game that attention was soon drawn to its
possibilities for scientific treatment.

About this time whist was taken up by a set of gentlemen who met at the
Crown Coffee House in Bedford Row, London; chief among whom was Sir
Jacob de Bouverie, Viscount Folkestone. After considerable experiment
and practice this little whist school laid down the principles of the
game as being: “to play from the strong suit; to study the partner’s
hand; never to force partner unnecessarily, and to attend to the
score.” It is generally believed that Edmond Hoyle was familiar with
the proceedings of this set, and on their experiences based his
celebrated “Short Treatise on the Game of Whist,” which was entered at
Stationers’ Hall in London Nov. 17, 1742.

The only works previous to Hoyle touching upon whist were the “Compleat
Gamester” of Cotton, which first appeared in 1674, and the “Court
Gamester,” of Richard Seymour, 1719. One of Hoyle’s great points was
his calculation of the probabilities at various stages of the rubber.
This seems to have been looked upon as most important in guiding
persons in their play, for we find that Abraham de Moivre, a famous
mathematician, used to frequent the coffee houses, and for a small fee
give decisions on questions of the odds at whist.

Bath seems to have been the great rallying-point for the whist-players
of the last century; but the passion for the game soon spread all over
Europe. In 1767 Benjamin Franklin went to Paris, and it is generally
believed that he introduced the American variety of the game known
as Boston, which became the rage in Paris some time after the war of
independence.

So popular did whist become in Italy that we find the boxes at the
opera in Florence provided with card tables in 1790. The music of the
opera was considered of value chiefly as, “increasing the joy of good
fortune, and soothing the affliction of bad.”

A code of laws was drawn up about 1760 by the frequenters of White’s
and Saunders’ in London. These seem to have remained the standard until
“Cælebs” published, in 1851, the code in use at the Portland Club. In
1863 John Loraine Baldwin got together a committee at the Arlington,
now the Turf Club, and they drew up the code which is still in use all
over the world for English whist. In the United States, laws better
suited to the American style of play were drawn up by the American
Whist League in 1891, and after several revisions were finally adopted,
in 1893, as the official code for League clubs.

The literature of whist saw its palmiest days at the beginning of this
century. 7,000 copies of Bob Short’s “Short Rules for Whist” were sold
in less than a year. Mathews’, or Matthews’, “Advice to the Young
Whist-Player,” went through eighteen editions between 1804 and 1828.
After these writers came Admiral Burney, who published his “Treatise”
in 1821; Major A. [Charles Barwell Coles,] gave us his “Short Whist”
in 1835. Deschapelles published his “Traité du Whiste” in 1839, but
it gave little but discussions on the laws. “Whist, its History and
Practice” by Amateur, appeared in 1843. General de Vautré’s “Génie du
Whiste,” in 1847. “Cælebs” [Edward Augustus Carlyon] wrote his “Laws
and Practice” in 1851. Then in rapid succession came “Cavendish” in
1863, James Clay in 1864, Pole and “Cam” in 1865. Campbell-Walker’s
“Correct Card” in 1876; Drayson’s “Art of Practical Whist,” with its
new theories of trumps; Fisher Ames, “Modern Whist,” in 1879; “Whist,
or Bumblepuppy?” by “Pembridge” [John Petch Hewby], in 1880; G.W.P.
[Pettes], in 1881; Proctor’s “How to Play Whist,” in 1885; and the
“Handbook of Whist,” by “Major Tenace,” 1885. Then began the long list
of American authors (Pettes has already been mentioned): “Foster’s
Whist Manual,” by R.F. Foster, appeared in 1890; “Practical Guide
to Whist,” by Fisher Ames, in 1891; Hamilton’s “Modern Scientific
Whist,” in 1894, and in the same year, Coffin’s “Gist of Whist,”
and “Foster’s Whist Strategy.” In 1895, Milton C. Work’s “Whist of
To-day,” and “Foster’s Whist Tactics,” giving the play in the first
match by correspondence; and in 1896, Val Starnes’ “Short-suit Whist,”
and Howell’s “Whist Openings.” In 1897, Mitchell’s “Duplicate Whist.”
In 1898, Foster’s “Common Sense in Whist,” and in 1900, Fisher Ames’
“Standard Whist.” Since then whist literature has given place to bridge.

In periodical literature we find whist taken up in the pages of the
“Sporting Magazine” in 1793. The London “Field” has had a card column
since December 6, 1862. Proctor’s work first appeared in “Knowledge.”
The “Westminster Papers” devoted a great deal of space to whist games
and “jottings” every month for eleven years, beginning in April, 1868.
“Whist,” a monthly journal devoted exclusively to the game, began
publication in Milwaukee in 1891; but gave it up when bridge supplanted
whist in popular favor.

Whist rapidly became a “newspaper game.” The New York Sunday Sun
devoted two columns every Sunday to the discussion and illustration
of moot points in whist tactics, and the analysis of hands played in
important matches. In a series of articles begun February 23, 1896,
this paper gave to the world the first systematic statement of the
theory and practice of the short suit game. In 1898 there were at least
forty whist columns published in the United States. Two magazines
devoted to whist and bridge are now published, one in Boston and the
other in New York.

While the parent game has been pursuing this prosperous course, many
variations have been introduced. One of the most radical changes in
the game itself has been cutting down the points from ten to five,
which occurred about 1810. Mathews mentions it in 1813 as having
occurred since the publication of his first edition in 1804, and
Lord Peterborough, the unlucky gambler, for whose benefit the change
was introduced, died in 1814. Another great change took place in
America, where they played for the tricks alone, the honours not being
counted at all. Turning the trump from the still pack was first tried
by a Welsh baronet, and is mentioned by Southey in his “Letters of
Espriella.” This custom was revived for a time by the Milwaukee Whist
Club, and is still sometimes seen in Europe under the name of “Prussian
Whist.”

Altogether we can trace nineteen games which are clearly derived from
whist. Duplicate, Drive, and Progressive whist are simply changes
in the arrangement of the players and in the methods of scoring.
Prussian whist introduces the cutting of the trump from the still
pack. Dummy and Double-dummy are simply whist with a limited number
of players, necessitating the exposure of one or more hands upon
the table. The French game of Mort is dummy with a better system of
scoring introduced. Favourite Whist simply changes the value of the
tricks in scoring, according to the trump suit. Cayenne and Bridge
introduce the first changes of importance. In Cayenne, the dealer and
his partner have the privilege of changing the trump from the suit
turned up; in Bridge they name the trump suit without any turn-up, and
play the hands as at dummy. In Boston, and Boston de Fontainebleau, in
addition to making the trump suit instead of turning it up, further
departures are introduced by naming the number of tricks to be played
for, allowing the player to take all or none without any trump suit,
and by ‘spreading’ certain hands, without allowing the adversaries to
call the exposed cards. French and Russian Boston are simply varieties
of Boston. Solo Whist is an attempt to simplify Boston by reducing the
number of proposals and the complications of payments, and eliminating
the feature of ‘spreads.’ Scotch Whist introduces a special object in
addition to winning tricks--catching the ten of trumps; that card and
the honours having particular values attached to them. This variety of
whist may be played by any number of persons from two to eight; and its
peculiarity is that when a small number play, each has several distinct
hands, which must be played in regular order, as if held by different
players. Humbug Whist is a variety of double-dummy, in which the
players may exchange their hands for those dealt to the dummies, and
the dealer may sometimes make the trump to suit himself. German Whist
is played by two persons, and introduces the element of replenishing
the hand after each trick by drawing cards from the remainder of the
pack until the stock is exhausted. Chinese Whist is double-dummy for
two, three, or four persons, only half of each player’s cards being
exposed, the others being turned up as the exposed cards are got rid of
in the course of play.

All these varieties have been entirely supplanted and overshadowed by
bridge. When they play whist at all, the English think there is nothing
better than the original whist, counting honours, and playing to the
score. The Americans think Duplicate superior to all other forms,
especially when two tables are engaged, and four players are opposed
by four others for a specified number of deals. We are inclined to
agree with Clay that the French game of Mort is “charming and highly
scientific.” He says English dummy is a “very slow game.”

Whether it is because the game has been found ‘slow,’ or because its
more attractive forms are little known, it is certainly true that
writers on whist pay little or no attention to dummy. The English
authors mention it only in connection with laws and decisions. No
American text-book makes any allusion to the game, and there is no
reference to it in the American Whist League’s code of laws.

In the first edition of this work, written in 1895, the author ventured
to prophesy that the day was not far distant when dummy would supersede
all other varieties of whist among the most expert players; either
in the form of the charming Mort or the fascinating Bridge. Very
few persons who have played either of these games sufficiently to
appreciate their beauties care to return to the platitudes of straight
whist.

At that time, bridge was unknown in America except to the members of
The Whist Club of New York and their friends. In the short space of ten
years it has become the card game of the world; but in spite of its
present popularity it has its defects, and it would not be surprising
to see its place usurped by another game, not a member of the whist
family, which has been steadily gaining ground among those who have the
intellectual capacity for card games of the highest class, and that is
skat.

The first text-book on bridge was a little leaflet printed in England
in 1886, which gave the rules for “Biritch, or Russian Whist.” “Boax”
came out with a little “Pocket Guide” in 1894, followed by “The Laws
of Bridge” in 1895. The Whist Club of N.Y. published the American laws
of bridge in 1897, and “Badsworth” came out with the English laws in
1898. In the following year, 1899, Archibald Dunn, Jr., gave us “Bridge
and How to Play It,” and John Doe published “Bridge Conventions,” A.G.
Hulme-Beaman’s “Bridge for Beginners” appearing in the same year.
In 1900, “Foster’s Bridge Manual” appeared in America, reprinted in
England under the title of “Foster on Bridge.”

In the years following, text-books on bridge came from the press by
the dozen, the most notable authors being Dalton and “Hellespont” in
1901; Elwell and Robertson in 1902; Street and Lister in 1903. Many of
the writers already mentioned published later and more complete works,
embodying the results of time and experience. Foster’s Self-playing
Bridge Cards were brought out in 1903. Elwell’s “Advanced Bridge”
appeared in 1904 and Foster’s “Complete Bridge” in 1905.

While bridge has never been such a popular “newspaper game” as whist
was in America, it has been much more so in England. Articles on
bridge, for beginners chiefly, were published in 1905 and 1906 by the
San Francisco Call, Pittsburgh Post Despatch, Cincinnati Commercial
Tribune, Chicago Journal, St. Paul Despatch, Milwaukee Journal,
Baltimore American, Houston Post, Indianapolis Star, and the N.Y.
Globe. These were all edited by R.F. Foster.

Bridge Tournaments, offering prizes for the best play of certain hands
were run by the N.Y. Evening Telegram, the N.Y. Globe, the N.Y. Evening
Mail, and the Chicago Journal. A number of the weekly magazines offer
similar competitions in England, but as a rule the problems in that
country are of very poor quality.

About 1910 it became the fashion not to play spades, it being
considered a waste of time to play a hand for such a small amount as
2 points a trick, so the dealer was allowed to score 2 for the odd
and 4 for honours, regardless of how the cards were distributed, the
hand being abandoned. The objection to this practice was that many
hands were worth much more than 2 points, and in some cases the spade
make would have gone game at the score. This led to the practice of
playing “royal spades,” which were played at 10 and then at 9 a trick,
sometimes with a penalty of 20 if the declarer failed to make the odd.

Shortly after this, later in 1910, there developed a decided rebellion
against the dealer’s monopoly of the make, and in order to allow any
player at the table who held good cards to get the benefit of them,
whether he was the dealer or not, bidding for the privilege of making
the trump came into vogue. This was the starting point of auction, its
chief difference from the older game being that only the side that
made the highest bid for the declaration could score toward game. The
full number of tricks bid had to be made, and if they were not made,
the adversaries scored in the honour column for penalties, the penalty
being always the same, regardless of the trump suit.

The great disparity in the values of the suits as then played
practically confined the bidding to the hearts and royal spades. This
soon brought about another change, which was to raise the values of all
the suits except spades and to cut down the no-trumper. This was done
in 1912, and made it possible for any suit to go game on the hand. All
the well known writers on whist and bridge came out with text-books on
auction, and the newspapers took up the subject in weekly articles.

Although to many the game now seemed perfect, there were those that
felt the helplessness of weak hands to offer any defence in the bidding
against a run of no-trumpers or hearts and royals. To remedy this,
F.C. Thwaites of the Milwaukee Whist Club suggested the introduction
of the nullo. This was a bid to lose tricks, at no trump only, and its
value was to be minus 10, that is, it was to be outranked only by a
no-trumper to win. At first, this bid was largely used simply as an
additional game-going declaration, and was strongly objected to by many
leading players. But as its true place as a defensive bid became better
understood it soon came into favour. In the nullo there are no honours,
and the declarer scores the tricks over the book made by his opponents,
which he forces them to take. Many interesting card problems have been
built upon the nullo.

Toward the end of 1913 still another change seems to have suggested
itself to some of the English players who were familiar with the
Russian game of vint, and that is to play auction just as it is played
up to the point of the lead to the first trick, but that no dummy is
exposed, the four players holding up their cards and following suit
just as they would at whist. Whether or not this game will ever become
as popular as the combination of dealer and dummy, it is difficult to
say, but appearances are against it.

There seems to be a growing tendency in America to adopt the English
rule of cutting out the spade suit at 2 a trick, and making it always
a royal spade, worth 9. The dealer is allowed to pass without making a
bid, the lowest call being one club. If all pass, the deal goes to the
left.


BRIDGE.

There are two principal varieties of this game; straight bridge, in
which the dealer or his partner must make the trump, their opponents
having nothing to say about it except to double the value of the
tricks. The dealer’s partner is always the dummy, and either side may
score toward game by making the odd trick or more. Auction bridge, in
which the privilege of making the trump is bid for, the highest bidder
playing the hand with his partner as dummy, regardless of the position
of the deal, and his side being the only one that can score toward
game, the adversaries scoring nothing but penalties in the honour
column if they defeat the contract.

As this is the more popular form of bridge at the present time, it will
be given first. Since the adoption of the higher value for the spade
suit under the name of royal spades, and the change in the value of the
suits, the game gradually came to be known as royal auction, but as
that change is now universal, the name has slipped back to its original
title.


AUCTION BRIDGE, OR AUCTION.

_=CARDS.=_ Auction is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards,
ranking A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2, the Ace being the highest in play,
but ranking below the deuce in cutting. Two packs should be used, the
one being shuffled while the other is dealt.

_=MARKERS=_ suitable for scoring the various points made at Bridge have
not yet been invented. Some persons use the bézique marker; but it is
not a success. The score is usually kept on a sheet of paper, and it
should be put down by each side, for purposes of verification.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Auction is played by four persons, and the table is
complete with that number. When there are more than four candidates for
play, the selection of the four is made by cutting. These cut again for
partners, and the choice of seats and cards.

_=CUTTING.=_ The usual method of cutting for partners, etc., at
auction, is to shuffle the cards thoroughly, and “spread” them face
downwards on the table; each candidate drawing a card, and turning it
face upwards in front of him. The four cutting the lowest cards playing
the first game, or rubber.

[Illustration: SPREADING THE PACK.]

The four having been selected, the cards are again shuffled and spread,
and partners are cut for; the two lowest pairing against the two
highest; the lowest of the four is the dealer, and has the choice of
cards and seats.

_=TIES.=_ As between cards of equal value in cutting, the heart is the
lowest, diamonds next, then clubs and then spades.

_=POSITION OF THE PLAYERS.=_ The four players at the bridge table are
indicated by letters; A and B are partners against Y and Z; Z always
represents the dealer, who always makes the first bid, A being the
second bidder, Y the third and B the fourth.

[Illustration:

  +-----+
  |  Y  |
  |A   B|
  |  Z  |
  +-----+
]

_=DEALING.=_ The cards having been properly shuffled the dealer, Z,
presents them to the pone, B, to be cut. At least four cards must be
left in each packet. Beginning at his left, the dealer distributes the
cards one at a time in rotation until the pack is exhausted. When two
packs are used, the dealer’s partner shuffles one while the other is
dealt, and the deal passes in regular rotation to the left until the
rubber is finished.

_=IRREGULARITIES IN THE DEAL.=_ If any card is found faced in the pack,
or if the pack is incorrect or imperfect, the dealer must deal again.
If any card is found faced in the pack, or is exposed in any manner;
or if more than thirteen cards are dealt to any player, or if the last
card does not come in its regular order to the dealer, or if the pack
has not been cut, there must be a new deal. Attention must be called to
a deal out of turn, or with the wrong cards, before the last card is
dealt, or the deal stands.

There are no misdeals in auction. That is to say, whatever happens the
same dealer deals again. Minor irregularities will be found provided
for in the laws.

The cards being dealt, each player sorts his hand to see that he has
the correct number, thirteen; and the player or players keeping the
score should announce it at the beginning of each hand.

_=STAKES.=_ In auction, the stake is a unit, so much a point. The
number of points won or lost on the rubber may be only two or three,
or they may run into the hundreds. The average value of a rubber at
auction is about 400 points. Any much larger figure shows bad bidding.
In straight bridge the average is about 180. In settling at the end of
the rubber, it is usual for each losing player to pay his right-hand
adversary.

_=MAKING THE TRUMP.=_ In auction, the dealer begins by naming any
one of the four suits, or no trumps, for any number of tricks he
pleases. Each player in turn to the left then has the privilege of
passing, bidding higher, or doubling. When three players pass a bid,
it is the highest made and is known as the _=Winning Declaration=_ or
_=Contract=_.

In order to understand the principles that govern the players in
their declarations, one should be thoroughly familiar with the values
attached to the tricks when certain suits are trumps. The first six
tricks taken by the side that has made the winning declaration do not
count. This is the “book,” but all over the book count toward making
good on the contract, according to the following table:

  When Spades       are trumps, each trick counts 2 points.
   ”   Clubs         ”    ”      ”     ”     ”    6   ”
   ”   Diamonds      ”    ”      ”     ”     ”    7   ”
   ”   Hearts        ”    ”      ”     ”     ”    8   ”
   ”   Royal Spades  ”    ”      ”     ”     ”    9   ”
   ”   there are no trumps,      ”     ”     ”   10   ”

The game is 30 points, which must be made by tricks alone, so that
three over the book, called three “by cards,” will go game from love
at no trump, or four by cards at hearts or royals. These are called
the _=Major=_ or _=Winning Suits=_. As it takes five by cards to go
game in clubs or diamonds, and on account of the difficulty of such an
undertaking, these are called the _=Minor=_ or _=Losing Suits=_. An
original bid of one spade can be made only by the dealer, and it simply
means, “I pass.” That is, the dealer has nothing to declare on the
first round of the bidding. [See note at foot of page 58.]

_=RANK OF THE BIDS.=_ In order to over-call a previous bid, whether
of the partner or the opponent, the bidder must undertake to win the
same number of tricks in a suit of higher value, or a greater number of
tricks having the same aggregate value as the preceding bid. Players
should restrict themselves to the same form of expression throughout,
and all bids, even passing, must be made orally and not by gesture.

Let us suppose this to be the bidding: The dealer, Z, begins with
“One spade,” second player, A, says, “I pass,” or simply, “No.”
Third bidder, Y, says, “One club,” fourth player, B, “No trump.” The
dealer, starting on the second round, says, “Two clubs,” supporting
his partner’s declaration. Next player, A, who passed the first time,
says, “Two royals.” Both Y and B pass, but the dealer, Z, says, “Three
clubs.” Observe that while three clubs is worth no more than two
royals, 18, the club bid offers to win more tricks than the royals and
therefore ranks as a higher bid. A doubles three clubs. Y passes and B
says, “Two no trumps.” As will be explained presently, doubling does
not affect the value of the declaration in bidding, so two no trumps,
worth 20, over-calls three clubs. Z, A and Y all pass, so two no trumps
becomes the winning declaration and B is the declarer, A being the
dummy, with Z to lead for the first trick.

In this example, had the bid been left at three clubs, doubled or not,
that would have been the winning declaration, and the partner who first
named that suit, Y, would be the declarer, Z being the dummy, although
Z actually made the highest bid. It is only when the two players that
have both named the winning suit are not partners that the higher
bidder becomes the declarer.

_=DOUBLING.=_ No player may double his partner, but he may redouble
an opponent who has doubled. All doubling must be strictly in turn,
like any other bid. Doubling does not affect the value of the bids,
but simply doubles the value of the tricks or penalties when they are
scored at the end of the hand. Suppose A bids two royals and Y doubles.
B can take A out with three clubs, because, so far as the bidding goes,
two royals are still worth only 18.

Any over-call annuls the double, or redouble. Suppose A says two
hearts, Y doubles, B redoubles, and Z says two royals. The doubling is
all knocked out, and if A were to go three hearts and get the contract,
hearts would be worth only 8 a trick in the scoring unless Y doubled
all over again. A double reopens the bidding, just the same as any
other declaration, allowing the player’s partner, or the player himself
in his turn, to take himself out of the double by bidding something
else.

_=IRREGULARITIES IN DECLARING.=_ If any player declares out of turn,
either in bidding a suit or in doubling, either opponent may demand
a new deal, or may allow the declaration so made to stand, in which
case the next player to the left must bid, just as if the declaration
had been in turn. If a player pass out of turn there is no penalty,
and the player whose turn it was must declare himself. The player who
has passed out of his proper turn may re-enter the bidding if the
declaration he passed has been over-called or doubled.

If a player makes an insufficient or impossible declaration, either
adversary may call attention to it. Suppose the last bid is three
royals, and the next player says four clubs. This is not enough, as
three royals is worth 27 and four clubs only 24. Unless the player in
error correct himself at once, and make it five clubs, either adversary
may demand that it be five clubs, and the partner of the corrected
player cannot bid unless this five-club bid is over-called or doubled.
A player correcting himself must stick to the suit named, not being
allowed to say four diamonds when he sees that four clubs is not enough.

If an insufficient declaration is passed or over-called by the player
on the left, it is too late to demand any penalty, and the insufficient
bid stands as regular. Suppose A bids three royals and Y says four
clubs, B and Z passing. A can repeat his bid of three royals if he
likes, as that is enough to over-call four clubs.

If a player makes an impossible declaration, such as calling six
diamonds over five no trumps, when it is clearly impossible to make any
diamond declaration worth 50, either adversary may demand a new deal,
or may insist that the last bid made by his own side, five no trumps,
shall be the winning declaration, or he may force the player in error
to declare a grand slam in diamonds and play it, his partner being
forbidden to take him out.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The winning declaration settled, whether doubled
or not, the player on the left of the declarer leads for the first
trick, and dummy’s cards go down, the declarer playing the combined
hands. The declarer gathers the tricks for his side, but either
adversary may gather for the other. The first six tricks taken by the
declarer make a book, and all over the book count toward his contract.
The adversaries have a book as soon as they reach the limit of the
tricks they may win without “setting” the contract. If the contract is
four hearts, the declarer must win ten tricks, so that his opponents
have a book when they get home three tricks. All tricks should be laid
so that they may be readily counted by any player at the table.

_=DUMMY.=_ Until a card is led by the proper player, the declarer’s
partner has all the rights of any other player, but as soon as the
player to the left of the declarer leads and dummy’s cards are laid on
the table, dummy’s duties and rights are restricted to the following:

He may call attention to few cards played to a trick; correct an
improper claim of either adversary; call attention to a trick taken by
the wrong side; ask his partner if he have none of a suit to which he
renounces; correct an erroneous score; consult with the declarer as to
which penalty to exact for a revoke; and, if he has not intentionally
overlooked the hand of another player, he may call his partner’s
attention to an established revoke made by the adversaries, or to a
card exposed by them or a lead out of turn made by them.

_=The Revoke.=_ Should a player fail to follow suit when able to do so,
it is a revoke, and the revoke is established when the trick in which
it occurs is turned down and quitted by the side that won it, or when
the revoking player, or his partner, in his right turn or otherwise,
has led or played to the following trick. If a player ask his partner
if he has none of the suit led, before the trick is turned down, the
revoke may be corrected, unless the player in error replies in the
negative, or has led or played to the next trick.

Dummy cannot revoke under any circumstances.

The penalty for the revoke depends on the side in error. If the
declarer revokes he cannot score anything but honours as actually held,
while the adversaries take 100 points penalty in the honour column, in
addition to any they may be entitled to for defeating the declaration.
If an adversary revokes, they score honours only, and the declarer may
either take the 100 points, or he may take three actual tricks and add
them to his own. If he takes the tricks, they may aid him in fulfilling
his contract, as the score is then made up as the tricks lie, but the
declarer will not be entitled to any bonus in case he was doubled.

Suppose Z is the declarer, and is playing three hearts doubled. He wins
the odd trick only, but detects a revoke, for which he takes three
tricks. This gives him four by cards, doubled, worth 64 points toward
game, but he does not get any bonus for making his contract after being
doubled, or for the extra tricks, because they were taken in penalty
and not in play.

_=Exposed Cards.=_ After the deal but before the winning declaration
is settled, if any player exposes a card his partner is barred from
bidding or doubling, and the card is subject to call. Should the
partner of the offending player prove to be the leader to the first
trick, the declarer may prohibit the initial lead of the exposed suit.

All cards exposed by the declarer’s adversaries after the original lead
are liable to be called and must be left on the table, face upward.
Exposed cards are those played two at a time, dropped on the table face
up, or so held that the partner might see them, or cards mentioned as
being in the hand of the player or his partner. The declarer is not
liable to any penalty for exposed cards.

_=Leading Out of Turn.=_ If either adversary leads out of turn, the
declarer may call the card exposed, or call a suit when it is the turn
of either adversary to lead. If the declarer leads out of turn, from
his own hand or dummy’s, there is no penalty, but he may not correct
the error unless directed to do so by an adversary. If the second hand
plays to the false lead, it must stand. If the declarer plays from his
own hand or from dummy to a false lead, the trick stands. In case the
dealer calls a suit and the player has none, the penalty is paid.

_=Cards Played in Error.=_ If any player but dummy omits to play to a
trick, and does not correct the error until he has played to the next
trick, the other side may claim a new deal. If the deal stands, the
surplus card at the end is supposed to belong to the short trick, but
is not a revoke.

_=OBJECT OF THE GAME.=_ The object in auction is for the declarer to
fulfil his contract, and for the adversaries to defeat it. The highest
card played to the trick, if of the suit led, wins the trick, and
trumps win all other suits. At the end of the hand the declarer counts
up the tricks he has won over the book and if he has made good on his
contract he scores the value of those tricks toward game. As soon as
either side reaches 30, it is a game, but the hands are played out, and
all the tricks counted.

_=RUBBERS.=_ Three games, 30 points or more each, make a rubber, but
if the first two are won by the same partners the third game is not
played. The side that first wins two games adds 250 rubber points to
its score.

_=SCORING.=_ Apart from the game score, which is made entirely by
tricks won on successful declarations, there are several additional
scores that have no influence in winning or losing the game, although
they may materially affect the ultimate value of the rubber. These are
all entered under the head of “honour scores,” or “above the line.”

_=Honours=_ are the five highest cards in the trump suit, A K Q J 10;
when there is no trump, they are the four Aces. The partners holding
three, four or five honours between them, or four honours in one hand,
or four in one hand and the fifth in the partner’s, or all five in one
hand, are entitled to claim and score them, according to the following
table. It will be seen that their value varies according to the trump
suit; and it must be remembered that this value cannot be increased by
doubling.


TABLE OF HONOUR VALUES.

Royal spades are indicated by “R.”

  -------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+-------
  Declaration                    | ♠ | ♣ | ♢ | ♡ | R |  No
                                 |   |   |   |   |   | trump
  -------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+-------
  Each Trick Above 6             | 2 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10
  -------------------------------+---+---+---+---+---+-------
  H { 3 Honours                  | 4 |12 |14 |16 |18 | 30
  O { 4 Honours                  | 8 |24 |28 |32 |36 | 40
  N { 4 Honours (All in 1 hand)  |16 |48 |56 |64 |72 |100
  O { 5 Honours                  |10 |30 |35 |40 |45 |
  U { 5 Honours (4 in 1 hand)    |18 |54 |63 |72 |81 |
  R { 5 Honours (All in 1 hand)  |20 |60 |70 |80 |90 |
  S {

  Rubber 250, Grand Slam 40, Little Slam 20.

When one side has nothing but the odd honour, three out of the five, it
is called _=simple honours=_. The value of simple honours is always the
same as two tricks.

_=Slams.=_ Little Slam is made by taking twelve of the thirteen tricks;
it counts 20 points. Grand Slam is made by taking the thirteen tricks,
and it counts 40. Either score must be exclusive of revoke penalties.

_=PENALTIES.=_ If the declarer succeeds in making his contract, he
scores below the line for tricks and above the line for honours
according to the table of values already given, and he scores for as
many tricks as he wins, regardless of the smaller number he may have
bid.

But if the declarer fails to make good on his contract he scores
nothing but honours as actually held, while his adversaries score
50 points penalty in the honour column for every trick by which the
declaration falls short, no matter what the declaration was, but they
never score anything toward game, no matter how many tricks they win,
because they are not the declarers. They may, however, score slams.

If we suppose the winning declaration to be three hearts, and the
declarer makes the odd trick only, holding simple honours, he scores 16
above the line, while the other side scores 100 points above the line
for defeating the contract by two tricks, worth 50 each.

If the dealer is left in with one spade, he cannot lose more than 100
points, even if he is doubled, provided neither he nor his partner
redouble. If the adversaries set the contract for one trick, the
declarer loses 50 only, and even if he is set for six tricks, he can
lose only the 100.

If any other declaration is doubled and fails, the adversaries score
100 points, instead of 50, for every trick by which they defeat the
contract. If it is redoubled, they score 200. But if the declarer
succeeds after being doubled, he not only scores double value for the
tricks toward game, but he gets 50 points for fulfilling a doubled
contract and 50 more for any tricks over his contract if he makes them.
These figures are 100 in each case if he redoubles.

Suppose the declaration is three no trumps, doubled, and the declarer
makes five by cards. He scores 5 times 20 toward game, aces as held,
and then 150 in penalties, 50 of which is for fulfilling his contract
and twice 50 for the two tricks over his contract.

_=KEEPING SCORE.=_ Two styles of score-pad are now in general use. In
one the tricks and honours are entered in the same vertical column,
one above the other, and are all added in one sum at the end. In the
other style of pad the tricks are in one column and the honours and
penalties in another, so that four additions are required to find the
value of the rubber, which is always the difference between the total
scores after giving the winners of two games 250 points. The following
illustration will show both styles of pad:

        WE ||THEY
           ||  36
           ||  30
        18 || 100
        16 ||
       ====++====
         8 ||
           ||  40
       ----++----
           ||  36
       ----++----
           || 250
       ----++----
        42 || 492
           ||  42
           |+----
           || 450

     WE    ||  THEY
    8 | 16 ||    |
      | 18 ||    | 100
      |    || 40 |  30
  ----+----++----+-----
      |    || 36 |  36
  ----+----++----+-----
    8 | 34 || 76 | 166
      |  8 ||    |  76
      +----+|    | 250
      | 42 ||    +-----
      |    ||    | 492
      |    ||    |  42
      |    ||    +-----
      |    ||    | 450

The scoring on which this rubber is won and lost was as follows: WE
started with a contract to win one heart and made it, with simple
honours, scoring 8 toward game and 16 above for honours. Then THEY set
a contract for two tricks, getting 100 in penalties, against simple
honours in royals, scored as 18 above for WE and 100 for THEY. Then
THEY made four odd at no trump and 30 aces, winning the first game,
under which a line is drawn.

On the next deal THEY made four odd in royals, with four honours, 36
each way, winning the second game and also the rubber, for which they
add 250 points. Both scores are now added up and the lower deducted
from the higher, showing that THEY win 450 points on the balance.

_=CUTTING OUT.=_ At the conclusion of the rubber, if there are more
than four candidates for play, the selection of the new table is made
by cutting; those who have just played having an equal chance with the
newcomers. The reason for this is that a Bridge table is complete with
four, and that a rubber is usually too long, with its preliminaries of
making the trump, and its finalities of settling the score, for players
to wait their turn. A rubber at Short Whist is often over in two hands;
but a carefully played rubber at Bridge sometimes occupies an hour.

_=CHEATING.=_ Most of the cheating done at the bridge table is of such
a character that it cannot be challenged without difficulty, although
there is enough of it to be most annoying.

Some players will place an ace about four cards from the top when
they shuffle the cards, so that when the pack is spread for the cut
they can draw it and get the first deal. Second dealing is a common
trick, especially on ocean steamers, marking the aces and slipping them
back if they would fall to an adversary dealing them to the partner
instead, who can go no trumps and score a hundred aces several times
in an evening. Women are great offenders in trifling matters, such as
asking the dealer if she passed it, when nothing has been said; looking
over the adversaries’ hands as dummy, and then pushing dummy’s cards
forward, as if arranging them, but in reality indicating which one to
play. A great deal of petty cheating is done in putting down the score,
and also in balancing it by cancellation. In large charity games, some
women are so eager to win a prize that they will stoop to all manner
of private signals, and some go so far as to make up a table and agree
to double everything, so that some one of the four shall have a big
score. Another common trick in so-called social games is to have a
stool pigeon to overlook the hand of another and signal it up to the
confederate who is playing.

There may be some remedy for this sort of thing, but so far no one
seems to have found it; or at least they lack the courage to put it in
practice and expose the offenders.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ The great secret of success in auction
lies in sound bidding, so that no bid shall have a double meaning and
the partner may be able to rely absolutely on the information which
the bid should convey. The complications of the situation are so
numerous, owing to the variations introduced by each succeeding bid
as the players over-call one another, that it would be impossible to
cover them in a work of this kind, and the student would do well to
consult some such work as “Whitehead’s Conventions,” which covers every
situation that could possibly arise in the bidding.

A few general hints may be of assistance in showing the principles that
govern the more common situations.

_=The Dealer’s Bids=_ may be divided into four parts; a spade, a losing
suit, a winning suit, and no trumps. The one-spade bid simply means, “I
pass,” but it does not signify that he will not be willing to bid on
the second round. It has nothing whatever to do with the spade suit.

The dealer should never call any suit on the first round of bids unless
he has two sure tricks in it. If it is a losing suit, he may have just
those two tricks and nothing else, and the shorter the suit the better,
but the tricks must be A K, or K Q J, or A Q J. If it is a winning
suit he must have at least five cards of it and a trick or two in some
other suit to back it up.

If the dealer bids two spades, he shows two sure tricks in a short
spade suit and a sure trick outside. If he bids three spades he shows
five or more spades and strength enough outside for royals, but denies
two sure tricks in the spade suit itself. The dealer should bid no
trumps when he has not length enough to bid hearts or royals, but has a
hand as good as three aces, well protected in three suits.

_=The Second Hand=_ should declare just as if he were the dealer when
the dealer starts with one spade. He may even go no trump on a lighter
hand. When the dealer bids a suit, second hand should over-call only
when he can make his contract or wishes to indicate a lead in case
third hand should go to no trumps. Second hand should never take the
dealer out of a losing suit with a winning suit unless he has seven
tricks in his own hand. If the dealer bids no trump, second hand should
pass, unless he is prepared to over-call any further bid for three
tricks.

_=Third Hand=_ is not obliged to take the dealer out of a spade, and
should not do so unless he is a trick or two stronger than he would
have to be to declare as dealer. But the dealer must never be left in
with a two or three spade bid. If third hand cannot do any better,
he should declare a royal. When the dealer bids no trump, third hand
should take him out with any weak five card suit and nothing else,
simply to warn him that there are no winning cards in the hand. Always
take him out with five cards in a winning suit, no matter how strong
the rest of the hand.

Take the dealer out of one suit with another suit only to deny his
suit. Take him out of a winning suit with no trump, only to deny his
suit and show strength in each of the three other suits. If the dealer
bids no trump and second hand calls a suit, double if you can stop the
suit twice, otherwise show any good suit of your own, but do not go
two no-trumps unless you can do it all yourself. Leave that to your
partner. Do not assist your partner’s suit bids with less than three
tricks if second hand over-calls.

_=Fourth Hand=_ bids on the bidding much more than on his cards. He
should never take the dealer out of a spade that both second and third
hand have passed unless he can go game. If the dealer bids a losing
suit, second and third hands passing, leave him in unless you can go
game and are not afraid of a shift. If the dealer bids a winning suit,
second and third hands passing, make any sound declaration. If the
dealer starts with no trumps, show any suit that might save the game
if led at once by your partner.

_=Subsequent Bids.=_ Any suit bid on the second round but not on the
first, shows length without the tops. When a winning suit is taken out
by the partner, a losing suit bid on the second round shows tops in it.
Any suit rebid on the second round, without waiting for the partner’s
assistance, shows six or seven sure tricks in hand.

Never bid a hand twice, unless its strength is greater than indicated
by the first bid. Having bid a club on ace king alone, that is the end
of it. If you have an outside ace, which the club bid did not show,
you can assist your partner once on that trick, but no more. Having
assisted your partner’s suit bid with three tricks, do not bid again
unless you have a fourth trick in hand, but if he rebids his suit
without waiting for you, you may assist on one trick, especially a high
honour in trumps.

Do not double unless you have a certainty and are not afraid of a
shift. Do not give up a fair chance for going game yourself just to
double an adversary, unless you are sure of 200 in penalties at least,
and do not give up the rubber game for less than 300. Always remember
that a double may enable an adversary to go game, and will often show
the declarer which hand to finesse against.

_=Free Doubles=_ are opportunities to double when the declarer will go
game anyhow if he makes his contract, but they should never be made if
there is any chance that he may shift.

_=Free Bids=_ are anything better than a spade by the dealer, or
anything that over-calls a previous bid, because no one is forced to
bid on the first round. A _=Shout=_ is a bid that is a trick more than
necessary to over-call the previous bid. It shows a solid suit, or five
or six sure tricks in hand. In a losing suit it is a loud call for the
partner to go no trumps if he can. A free bid in a losing suit shows
the high cards; in a winning suit it shows the tricks in hand.

_=A Forced Bid=_ is one that is necessary to over-call, such as two
diamonds over a heart. This does not mean that the caller would have
bid two diamonds originally. A player who must indicate a lead against
a no-trumper makes a forced bid.

_=The Original Lead.=_ The first card must be played before dummy’s
hand is exposed.

_=OPENING LEADS.=_ The position which we have first to consider is that
of the eldest hand, usually designated by the letter “A,” who sits on
the declarer’s left.

[Illustration:

          Pone
        +-------+
        |   B   |
  Dummy |Y     Z| Declarer
        |   A   |
        +-------+
         Leader
]

_=Selecting the Suit to Lead.=_ If your partner has declared a suit,
lead the best card you hold of it, regardless of number, unless you
have an ace-king suit of your own, in which case lead the king first
and have a look at dummy. If partner has not declared anything, lead
your own suit. With high cards not in sequence, such as ace-queen,
king-jack, or even queen-ten, in every suit but trumps, lead the trump.

There is a great difference between playing against a trump declaration
and against no-trumpers; because in the first case the leader is
opposed to unusual trump strength and his object must be to make what
he can of his winning cards, before the declarer gets into the lead
and discards his weak suits, so as to be ready to trump them. But in
the second case, there being no trumps, the leader’s object should
be to get a suit established against the dealer, if he can, and the
longer the suit is, the better. The dealer’s strength in a no-trumper
is usually scattered, and he may often be found with a weak or missing
suit, which is generally the suit in which the eldest hand or his
partner is long.

We shall first consider the leads against trump declarations, because
they are more common and are also the more useful. If a player makes
a trump-hand lead against a no-trump declaration, he will not do
nearly so much harm as if he make a no-trump-hand lead against a trump
declaration. For that reason, if a player cannot master both systems of
leading, it is better for him to learn the leads against trumps than
those against no-trumps.

_=Rules for Leading High Cards.=_ With such a suit as A K Q 2, no one
need be told not to begin with the deuce. Whenever a player holds two
or more of the best cards of a suit he should play one of them. If he
holds both second and third best, playing one of them will force the
best out of his way, leaving him with the commanding card.

The cards which are recognised by bridge players as high, are the A K Q
J 10, and if we separate the various combinations from which a player
should lead each of them, a study of the groups so formed will greatly
facilitate our recollection of them.

In the first group are those containing two or more of the best cards.
In this and all following notation, the exact size of any card below a
Ten is immaterial.

[Illustration:

  🂡 🂮 🂭 🂫 | 🂱 🂾 🂻 🂷
  🃁 🃎 🃍 🃆 | 🃑 🃞 🃔 🃓
]

So far as trick-taking is concerned, it is of no importance which of
the winning cards is first led; but good players lead the _=King=_ from
all these combinations in order that the partner may be informed, by
its winning, that the leader holds the Ace also.

In the second group are those containing both the second and third
best, but not the best.

[Illustration:

  🂮 🂭 🂫 🂪 | 🂾 🂽 🂺 🂸
  🃎 🃍 🃋 🃄 | 🃞 🃝 🃗 🃖
]

The _=King=_ is the proper lead from these combinations. If it wins,
the partner should have the Ace; if it loses, partner should know the
leader holds at least the Queen.

Both these groups, which contain all the King leads, may be easily
remembered by observing that the King is always led if accompanied
by the Ace or Queen, or both. Beginners should follow this rule for
leading the King, regardless of the number of small cards in the suit.

There is only one combination from which the _=Queen=_ is led,

[Illustration:

  🃝 🃛 🃗 🃖
]

when it is accompanied by the Jack, and there is no higher card of the
suit in the hand. Whether the ten follows the Jack or not, does not
matter. With any two high cards in sequence, the lead is a high card
when playing against a declared trump.

The _=Jack=_ is never led except as a supporting card. It is always the
top of the suit, and the suit is usually short. The object of making
such an opening is to avoid leading suits headed by two honours which
are not in sequence. These are good Jack leads:

[Illustration:

  🂻 🂺 🂹 🂴

  🂫 🂧
]

The _=Ten=_ is led from one combination only:--

[Illustration:

  🃎 🃋 🃊 🃆
]

The _=Ace=_ should not be led if it can be avoided; but it is better
to lead it from suits of more than four cards, so as to make it at
once. If the Ace is accompanied by the King, the King is the card to
lead, not the Ace. If the Ace is accompanied by other honours, such as
the Queen or Jack, it is better to avoid opening the suit, unless you
have five or more cards of it. But if you do lead a suit headed by the
Ace, _=without the King=_, be sure that you lead the Ace, when playing
against a trump declaration, or you may never make it.

All such combinations as the following should be avoided, if possible,
as more can be made out of them by letting them alone:--

[Illustration:

  🃑 🃝 🃚 🃔 | 🃞 🃛 🃘 🃔
  🂱 🂻 🂺 🂴 | 🂽 🂻 🂶 🂴
  🂮 🂨 🂧 🂤 | 🂫 🂪 🂩 🂤
  🃍 🃆 🃅 🃄 | 🃊 🃉 🃈 🃄
]

But with three honours, A Q J, the Ace should be led.

_=Rules for Leading Short Suits.=_ It will sometimes happen that the
only four-card suit in the leader’s hand will be trumps or a suit
headed by honours not in sequence, which it is not desirable to lead.
In such cases, if there is no high-card combination in any of the
short suits, it is usual to lead the highest card, unless it is an Ace
or King. Many good players will not lead the Queen from a three-card
suit, unless it is accompanied by the Jack. All such leads are called
_=forced=_, and are intended to assist the partner, by playing cards
which may strengthen him, although of no use to the leader. The best
card should be led from any such combinations as the following:--

[Illustration:

  🃝 🃛 🃖 | 🃊 🃉 🃄
  🃋 🃊 🃅 | 🃙 🃘 🃔
  🂫 🂥 🂣 | 🂷 🂶 🂴
]

_=Small-card Leads.=_ If the suit selected for the lead does not
contain any combination of high cards from which it would be right
to lead a high card, good players make it a rule to begin with the
fourth-best, counting from the top of the suit. This is called the
“card of uniformity,” because it indicates to the partner that there
are remaining in the leader’s hand exactly three cards higher than the
one led.

Should the player be forced to lead any of the undesirable combinations
shown on the last page, he would begin with the Ace if he held it;
otherwise he would lead the fourth-best. In each of the hands shown
this would be the four, and this card would be led, even if there were
five or six cards in the suit. From this hand, for instance, the five
is the proper lead:--

[Illustration:

  🃎 🃈 🃆 🃅 🃄 🃃 🃂
]

_=Rules for Leading Second Round.=_ If the leader wins the first trick,
having the best of the suit in his hand, he should follow with the
winning card; but if he has several cards which are equally winning
cards, he should lead the lowest of them. This is an indication to the
partner that the card led is as good as the best; therefore the leader
must hold the intermediate cards. When a King wins, your partner knows
you have the Ace, if he does not hold it. Then tell him what he does
not know, that you have the Queen also.

Suppose you have led the King from these combinations:--

[Illustration:

  🂱 🂾 🂽 🂻 | 🂡 🂮 🂭 🂢
]

Your partner knows you have the Ace, because your King wins. From the
first, go on with the Jack, which is just as good as the Ace, but tells
your partner you have not only the Ace but the Queen, still in your
hand. From the second, go on with the Queen, the card your partner does
not know, which tells him you still have the Ace, _=but not the Jack=_.
If you have not the Queen, you will have to go on with the Ace, and
your leading the Ace _=will deny the Queen=_.

If you have not the best, lead one of the second and third-best, if you
hold both:--

[Illustration:

  🃞 🃝 🃛 🃚 | 🂾 🂽 🂻 🂲
]

From the first of these, having led the King, if it wins, go on with
the ten, whether you have any smaller cards or not. From the second,
if the King wins, go on with the Jack, which denies the ten, but tells
your partner you still have the Queen. No mistake is more common
among beginners than leading a low card on the second round, on the
assumption that the partner must have the Ace. If you have led from
King and Queen only, you must go on with the fourth-best; because you
have not both the second and third-best. This fourth-best is the card
that was the fourth-best originally. Having led the King from this:--

[Illustration:

  🃎 🃍 🃈 🃆 🃅 🃃
]

the card to follow the King is the six, if the King wins the first
trick.

_=The Fourth-best.=_ From any combination of cards, if you have not the
best, or both the second and third-best, in your hand for the second
round, lead your original fourth-best. From all the following, the
proper lead on the second round would be the fourth-best, in each case
the four of the suit:

[Illustration:

  🂡 🂭 🂧 🂤 🂢 | 🂾 🂽 🂸 🂴
  🃁 🃋 🃉 🃄 🃃 | 🂮 🂭 🂧 🂤
  🃑 🃙 🃘 🃔 🃓 | 🃎 🃋 🃊 🃄
]

_=Leading Trumps.=_ A trump lead is sometimes adopted when all the
plain suits are bad ones to lead away from, such as A Q, or A J, or K
J in each and no length. If a player holds high cards which are not in
sequence, such as the major tenace, ace and queen, it is very probable
that the declarer holds the king. By refusing to lead such suits, and
waiting for them to come up to the tenace, the declarer’s high card may
be caught and a valuable trick saved. When a good player opens his hand
with a trump, right up to the declaration, his partner should lead his
best supporting cards boldly up to dummy’s weak suits.

_=The Pone’s Leads.=_ When the pone gets into the lead, if he does not
return his partner’s suit, he should open his own suits according to
the rules already given for all the high-card combinations. If he has
no high-card combination, it is usually better for him to lead some
card that will beat Dummy than to lead his fourth-best. Suppose he
wishes to lead a diamond, in which he holds Q 10 8 4 3; Dummy having
the 9 and 6 only. It is better to lead the ten of diamonds than the
fourth-best, because if the declarer does not follow with an honour,
your partner will not have to sacrifice an honour to keep Dummy from
winning the trick with the 9.

After the opening lead, when Dummy’s cards are exposed, the knowledge
of his cards may change the aspect of the game greatly; but the proper
cards to lead to and through Dummy will be better understood in
connection with the play against no-trumpers.

_=No-trump Leads.=_ The chief difference in the leads against
no-trumpers is, that there is no hurry to make your aces and kings, the
chief thing being to make some of the smaller cards good for tricks.
When you are long in a suit, if you lead out the winning cards first,
your partner may have none to lead you later on, and if you cannot make
every trick in the suit before you lose the lead, you may never make
anything but your one or two high cards.

The difference in the leads at no-trump is covered by a very simple
rule; if you have only two honours in sequence, do not lead either of
them, but begin with the fourth-best, even if your honours are the Ace
and King. But if you have three honours in the suit, two of them in
sequence, always lead an honour against a no-trumper.

The exception to this rule is, that when you are so long in the suit
that you may catch some high cards with your high cards, you lead them
first. With six or seven in suit to the A K, for instance, lead the
King, on the chance of dropping the Queen. With seven in suit headed
by the Ace, lead the Ace, but never with less than seven without the
King. With six in suit, you may lead the King from K Q, without either
Jack or 10; but with less than six in suit never lead the King from K Q
unless you have the 10 or the J also.

_=THIRD HAND PLAY.=_ The leader’s partner must do his best to inform
his partner as to the distribution of his suit. The method of doing
this is entirely different when there is a trump from that which is
adopted when there is no trump. In the first case, all your partner
wants to know is, who is going to trump his suit if he goes on with it.
In the second case, what he wants to know is his chance for getting his
suit cleared or established.

_=With a Trump.=_ When third hand makes no attempt to win the trick,
either because his partner’s or Dummy’s card is better than any he need
play, he plays the higher of two cards only, the lowest of three or
more. This is called playing _=down and out=_. Suppose third hand holds
7 and 2 only, and the lead is a King. The 7 is played. The leader goes
on with the Ace, denying the Queen, and the third hand plays the deuce.
If the Queen is not in the Dummy, the declarer must have it. In any
case, the leader knows that if he goes on, his partner, the third hand,
can trump that suit.

With three cards, the lowest falling to the first round, followed by a
higher card, will show the leader that the third hand still has another
of that suit.

It is not necessary to play down and out with an honour, because the
leader can read the situation without it. Suppose third hand holds the
J 5. He plays the 5 to the first round, because one of his two cards is
an honour. The leader goes on with the Ace, and the Jack falls. Now
the third hand must have the Queen or no more, and no matter which it
is he can win the third round, with the Queen or with a trump.

_=Against No-Trumpers.=_ When there is no trump, the third hand uses
what is called the _=Foster echo=_. This consists in playing always the
_=second-best=_ of the suit, when no attempt is made to win the trick.
Suppose the leader begins with the King. Third hand holds 10 8 7 4, and
plays the 8. This marks him with only one card higher than the 8, and
is a great exposer of false cards played by the declarer.

On the second round, the rule is, always to keep the lowest card of the
suit until the last. If third hand held four originally, 10 8 7 4, his
play to the second round is the 7, keeping the 4. If he held 10 8 7
only, his play to the second round would be the 10, keeping the 7. This
makes it clear to the leader how many and what he holds.

_=High Cards Third Hand.=_ When the third hand tries to win his
partner’s lead, he does so as cheaply as possible. That is, holding
both King and Queen, he plays the Queen, not the King. If his cards are
not in sequence, he should always play the best he has. With Ace and
Queen, for instance, he must play the Ace if the King is not in the
Dummy. To play the Queen would be to throw it away if the declarer has
the King. If the leader has the King, third hand gets out of his way by
giving up the Ace.

_=FOSTER’S ELEVEN RULE.=_ In trying to win tricks as cheaply as
possible, third hand may often be guided by the Eleven Rule, which can
be applied to any lead of a small card.

By deducting from eleven the number of pips on any low card led by his
partner, the pone may ascertain to a certainty how many cards there are
_=higher than the one led=_, which are not in the leader’s hand. This
rule, which was invented by R.F. Foster in 1881, in connection with the
game of whist, is now used by everyone with any pretensions to being a
bridge player. The rule itself is this:--

When the eldest hand leads any card which is not an honour, deduct the
spots on it from eleven. From the remainder thus found, deduct the
number of cards, _=higher than the one led=_, which are not in your own
hand nor in Dummy’s in that suit. This final remainder is the number
of cards which are in the declarer’s hand which are higher than the
card led. The principal thing to remember is, that it is only the cards
higher than the one led that you need trouble about. To illustrate:--

Suppose you are third hand, and your partner leads the seven of clubs,
Dummy lays down the Q 9 2, and you hold A J 3, thus:--

[Illustration:

         🃗
    Leader

         Dummy 🃝 🃙 🃒

  Third hand.
    🃑 🃛 🃓
]

Deducting seven from eleven, you find it leaves four. These four cards,
higher than the one lead, are all in sight, Q 9 in Dummy; A J in your
own hand, therefore the declarer cannot have any card higher than the
seven. If he has, your partner’s lead is not his fourth-best, as you
will see if you lay out the cards.

_=RETURNING SUITS.=_ When the third hand returns his partner’s suit, he
should lead the higher of two cards, and the lowest of three, unless
he has a card which will beat anything Dummy may hold in the suit, in
which case he should _=always beat Dummy=_.

_=PLAYING AGAINST DUMMY.=_ Some of the fine points in bridge arise in
situations which require a careful consideration of the Dummy’s cards.

There are three great principles in playing against Dummy:--

1st. Lead through the strong suits, and up to the weak.

2nd. Do not lead through a fourchette.

3rd. Do not lead up to a tenace.

These rules must not be blindly followed in every instance. They are
simply general principles, and some of the prettiest _=coups=_ arise
from the exceptional cases.

_=Leading Through Dummy.=_ The eldest hand, when he does not deem it
advisable to go on with his own suit, may be guided in his choice by
the strength or weakness of certain suits in Dummy’s hand. The play
against Dummy is especially important at no trumps.

Suits which it is good policy to lead through are A x x x, K x x x, or
any broken sequences of high cards.

Suits in which Dummy is long, or holds any of the regular high-card
combinations, should be avoided; winning or high sequences being
especially dangerous. To lead such suits through Dummy’s strength is an
invitation to partner to force you in the suit led.

It is not necessary for you to be strong in a suit which you lead
through Dummy; and if you are both weak, is often advantageous;
especially if it avoids leading one of his strong suits.

With A Q 10 x; Dummy having J x x x; play the 10. If partner has the
King you make every trick in the suit.

With A Q 10 x; Dummy having K x x; play the Q. If Dummy passes, you
make two tricks; if he covers, you have tenace over the Jack.

With A 10 9 x; Dummy having J x x x; play the 10. If partner has the K,
your A 9 is tenace over the Q.

With A J 10 x; Dummy having Q x x x; if the suit must be led, play the
Jack; but such positions should be avoided, except in the end game, or
when you play for every trick.

With A J 10 x; Dummy having no honour in the suit; if you must lead the
suit, play the 10.

In trumps, with K Q x x; Dummy having A J x x; play the Queen. If Dummy
wins with A, play a small card for the second round, and he may refuse
to put on the J. The declarer not having the 10, would make Dummy
cover; but nothing is lost if he does, and it marks the 10 with your
partner.

With King and others of a suit in which Dummy has not the Ace; avoid
leading the suit until the Ace has fallen.

With King alone, play it if Dummy has the Ace; keep it if he has not.

_=Trumps.=_ If a player in this position is strong in trumps, he should
keep quiet about it and let the maker of the trumps develop the suit.
False-carding is perfectly legitimate in trumps, and will deceive the
declarer more than your partner.

_=End Games.=_ There are cases in which it is necessary to play as if
partner was known to possess a certain card, for unless he has it the
game is lost. For instance: You want one trick, and have Q 10 x x,
Dummy having K x x, of an unplayed suit. The Queen is the best play;
for if partner has any honour you must get a trick; otherwise it is
impossible.

You have K x in one suit, a losing card in another, and a winning card.
You want all four tricks to save the game. Play the King, and then the
small card; for if your partner has not the Ace and another winning
card you must lose the game.

You have a losing trump, and Q x x of a suit in which Dummy has K 10
x. If you want one trick, play the losing trump, counting on partner
for an honour in the plain suit. If you must have two tricks, lead the
Queen, trusting your partner to hold Ace.

_=Leading up to Dummy.=_ The best thing for the third hand, or pone, to
do, when he does not return his partner’s suit, and has no very strong
suit of his own, is to lead up to Dummy’s weak suits, and to lead a
card that Dummy cannot beat, if possible.

The general principle of leading up to weakness suggests that we should
know what weakness is. Dummy may be considered weak in suits of which
he holds three or four small cards, none higher than an 8; Ace and one
or two small cards; or King and one or two small cards. In leading up
to such suits, your object should be to give your partner a finesse,
if possible; and in calculating the probabilities of success it must
be remembered that there are only two unknown hands, so that it is an
equal chance that he holds either of two unknown cards. It is 3 to 1
against his holding both, or against his holding neither. Of three
unknown cards, it is 7 to 1 against his holding all three, or none of
them; or about an equal chance that he holds two of the three; or one
only.

If Dummy holds any of the weak suits just given, you holding nothing
higher than the Ten, you should lead it. Suppose you have 10 9 6; Dummy
having A 3 2. The K Q J may be distributed in eight different ways, in
any of which your partner will pass your Ten if second hand does not
cover. In four cases, second hand would cover with the King, and in one
with the Queen and Jack. In the remaining three your partner’s hand
would be benefited.

If Dummy has King and one or two small cards, it is not so
disadvantageous to lead up to the King as would at first appear;
because it is forced out of his hand on the first round, unless
declarer plays Ace, and it is usually good policy to force out Dummy’s
cards of re-entry early in the hand.

In leading from high-card combinations, the usual bridge leads should
be followed; but exceptions must be made on the second round when
certain cards are in Dummy’s hand. For instance: With A K J and others,
it is usual to stop after the first round, and wait for the finesse
of the Jack. This is obviously useless if the Queen is not in Dummy’s
hand. So with K Q 10, unless Dummy has the Jack; or K Q 9, unless Dummy
has the 10. The lead from A Q J should be avoided if Dummy has the King.

With A Q 10 and others, J in Dummy’s hand, begin with the Queen.

With A J 9 and others, 10 in Dummy’s hand, lead the Jack.

With A J 10, Dummy having K Q x, play the Jack, and do not lead the
suit again.

In trumps, with K Q and others, if Dummy has the J singly guarded,
begin with the King as usual, but follow it with the Queen instead of
the smallest; for declarer may have passed in the hope of making a Bath
coup with both Ace and Jack. In plain suits this is a dangerous lead,
as declarer having Ace, and wishing to force Dummy, would hold his Ace
as a matter of course.

With short suits, such as K x, Q x; or even with King or Queen alone,
the honour is a good lead if Dummy has no court cards in the suit. The
Queen is rather a better lead than the King, the only danger being that
second hand holds fourchette.

With Q J x, or J 10 x, one of the high cards should be played. With Q
10 x, Dummy having Ace or King, the Queen should be led.

With K 10 x, Dummy having Jack, the suit should not be led.

With such combinations as K x x x, Dummy having Q x, the suit should
not be led.

When you have a suit which is both long and strong, such as A K x x
x, and Dummy has no honour in the suit, it is a common artifice to
underplay, by beginning with the smallest, if playing against no-trumps
and you have a card of re-entry. This should not be done unless you
have the general strength to justify such a finesse.

If you open a long suit, Dummy having only small cards, and your
partner wins with Q, J, or 10, and does not return it, he has evidently
a finesse in the suit and wants it led again.

_=End Games.=_ In the end game there are several variations which are
made possible by the fact that the cards on your right are exposed.

With A J x, Dummy having Q x x, the small card should be led.

With Q x, and an odd card, Dummy having K x x of the first suit; it is
better to play the odd card; but if for any reason this should not be
done, lead the Q, hoping to find A 10 with your partner.

The state of the score must be a constant guide in all end games. For
instance: You hold Q 10 x, Dummy having J 9 x. If you want only one
trick, play the Queen; but if you want two, play the small card.

_=SECOND HAND PLAY.=_ The easiest position to play as second hand, is,
of course, with the Dummy on your left, because Dummy’s cards will
show what is best to be done. If a small card is led, you having King,
put it on if Dummy has not the Ace; unless you want partner to get the
lead. If Dummy has only two cards of the suit, neither of them the Ace,
always play your King.

When the declarer leads a suit it is often important to count how many
he and your partner can possibly hold. For instance: You have four, K
x x x; Dummy has four, A J 10 x, and declarer leads the Queen. It is
useless to play your King; for either the Queen is a singleton, and
the declarer cannot continue the suit, which will compel Dummy to lead
it to you eventually; or, the third round will be trumped, perhaps by
your partner. If you have only two small cards with the King, put it on
the Queen. You cannot save it, but you may establish your partner’s 9.

In the last three tricks, if you find yourself with a doubtful card,
and the best and a small card of a suit which the declarer leads
through you, win the trick and lead the doubtful card, for if the
declarer held the best of that suit he would have led it first, to be
sure of a trick.

_=Dummy on the Right.=_ When Dummy leads through you, your skill in
avoiding any traps the declarer may be setting for you will depend on
your knowledge of how he manages his hand, and your ability to infer
what he holds.

As a general principle, it may be assumed that any high card led by
Dummy forms part of a combination, the unseen part of which is in the
declarer’s hand. If Dummy leads a Queen from Q x x, you holding A J x,
it is almost a certainty that the declarer holds the King. If you have
A K x, the dealer must have J 10 and several others. If you have K x x,
the declarer probably holds Ace, or a long suit headed by J 10.

When Dummy leads strengthening cards, they must be to give the declarer
a finesse. If he leads a small card from small cards, some high-card
combination must be in the declarer’s hand. In such cases it is useless
for you to finesse. If you have any sequence superior to the card
led, cover with the lowest. There should be no false-carding in this,
because your partner is the only one that can be deceived.

With A K and others, play the King, whatever Dummy leads.

With A Q and others, Dummy having nothing higher than the 9, play the
Ace.

With K Q 10, play the Queen on a small card led, unless Dummy has the
Jack.

With A J 10 x, play Ace if Dummy has no honour in the suit. But if
Dummy leads the 9, cover with the 10; if it loses, you lie tenace over
the declarer.

With A J x, play the Jack on a 9 led. This prevents the finesse of the
9, and retains command of the suit. If Dummy has both K and Q, play
your Ace. It is useless to play the Bath coup, for the declarer knows
your cards, and your partner only is deceived.

With K x x, if Dummy has not the Ace, do not play the King, no matter
what is led.

With Q x x, unless Dummy has both A and K, do not play the Queen. If
your partner has the Jack guarded, one of you must make a trick. If
Dummy has A J, and leads J, put on the Queen; it may make the 9 or 10
good in your partner’s hand.

With A x x, Dummy leading Jack, play the Ace.

With any fourchette, cover the card led.

If Dummy remains with one or two small cards of a suit that has been
led, and you have the best, play it on the second round. Dummy’s play
is evidently for the ruff, and if the declarer has not the second best,
your partner has.

If you have King, and only one or two small cards, Dummy leading Queen
from Q 10 x x, play your King. You cannot save yourself; but you may
make the 9 good in partner’s hand. If you have three or more small
cards, do not play the King, for either partner or the declarer must be
short in the suit. So if Dummy leads Jack from J 10 and others, play
the King with a short suit. If partner has Queen you establish it; if
not, you cannot make a trick in the suit.

With short suits it is usually best to cover an honour with an honour;
but with several small cards, such as K x x x, Dummy leading a
singleton Queen, you should pass.

With K 10 x, Dummy having J and others, play honour on honour; small
card on small card, whichever Dummy leads.

It is often important for the second hand to cover with what is called
an _=imperfect fourchette=_. A true fourchette is the card immediately
above and below the one led; such as K J over the Q, or Q 10 over the
J. An imperfect fourchette is the card above the one led, and another
next but one below it; such as K 10 over a Q led, or Q 9 over a J led.
Covering forces the opponents to play two honours to win one trick, and
will often make an intermediate card good in your partner’s hand.

_=THIRD HAND PLAY.=_ In addition to the methods of _=echoing=_ on the
partner’s leads of high cards in the suit first opened, third hand must
be ready to adapt himself and his play to any change of suit and will
require constant practice in putting himself in his partner’s place,
asking himself what the object is in leading certain cards through
Dummy’s hand. The inferences from the conventional leads should be
sufficiently familiar to need no further explanation; but even good
players occasionally overlook indications that partner holds certain
cards. For instance: A leads a small card; Y, Dummy, holds Q x x, and
plays Q. You play the King and win the trick. This marks not only the
Ace, but the _=Jack=_ in partner’s hand; because the declarer would not
play a twice guarded Queen from Dummy’s hand if he had the Jack guarded
himself.

False cards should be avoided by the third hand as much as possible.
The declarer will give your partner enough to puzzle over without your
adding to the confusion. There are some exceptions in trumps. For
instance: You have K Q x; Dummy has A J x x, and your partner leads.
Unless Dummy plays Ace, you should put on the King, and change the suit.

If you hold Ace and others in a plain suit, partner leading Jack, pass
it if Dummy has no honour. Perhaps by winning the second round you can
give the invited force. With any other honours than the Ace, pass a
partner’s Jack led.

If partner leads you a suit of which he knows, or should know, you have
not the best, he must have a good finesse in the suit which he does not
lead, and you should take the first opportunity to lead that suit to
him.

In returning partner’s suits, some modification may be suggested by the
condition of Dummy’s hand. For instance: With K x x; Dummy having A Q
J x; if you win, third hand, on Dummy’s finesse, you may be sure your
partner’s lead was a weak suit. If Dummy is weak in the two other plain
suits, your partner may have a good finesse in one or both of them.

When your partner wins the first round of an adverse suit, and
immediately returns it, he is inviting a force.

_=Dummy on the Left.=_ When the player is third hand with Dummy on his
left, his chief care will be to divine his partner’s object in leading
certain cards up to Dummy.

The general principles of inference are the same as in the preceding
case, and cards may often be inferred in the same manner from the
evident intention of partner. For instance: You hold K x x; partner
leads J, declarer covering with Queen. A glance at Dummy’s cards shows
him to have 10 x x; so your partner may be credited with A 9. You have
x x; your partner leading Q, covered by declarer with K, and Dummy
having J x x. You may credit your partner with A 10. You have x x; your
partner leads Q and declarer wins with Ace; Dummy holding 10 x x. Your
partner must have J 9 and others, and the declarer has the King.

There are several cases in which you should not allow Dummy to win the
trick. If you have only one card of a suit in which your partner leads
Ace then Queen, and Dummy has the King twice guarded, trump at once, if
you can to prevent Dummy from getting into the lead. Your partner leads
Queen; you holding A 10 x, and Dummy having K x x. Let the King make on
the first round.

If your partner leads a small card up to strength in Dummy’s hand, he
is either inviting a force, or trying to establish a long suit. Under
such circumstances, if you have the Ace, play it, and lead a second
round of the suit immediately, which will settle the question.

If you have Q J 10 of a suit in which partner leads King, play the
Jack, so that he will count you for Q or no more, and will not go on
with the Ace.

_=IN GENERAL.=_ Both the adversaries of Dummy should adopt the usual
tactics for unblocking, etc., especially in no-trumpers, and in some
cases Dummy’s exposed cards will make the matter more simple. For
instance: You hold A Q alone, of a suit which partner leads. If you are
the pone, and Dummy has not the King, play Ace and return the Queen.

_=FOURTH HAND.=_ There is only one difference from the usual methods
in playing fourth hand, and that is in indicating sequences by winning
with the best and returning the lowest to show the intermediate
cards. For instance: Fourth player, holding K Q J x, wins with King
and returns the Jack. Or with A K Q, wins with Ace and returns the
Queen. The reason for this is that the declarer gains nothing by the
information, for he knows from the first what cards are out against
him; but the information may be valuable to your partner, the second
hand. If it is not the intention to return the suit at once, the lowest
of the sequence should be played.

_=PLAYING TO THE SCORE.=_ This is a most important element, and
there is no surer indication of a careless or weak player than his
inattention to the score.

One cannot be too early impressed with the importance of saving the
game before trying to win it; although great risks may be taken to win
a game that cannot be lost that hand.

Never risk a sure contract in the hope of making more; unless the two
will win the game, and the odd trick will not win it. Never risk a
trick that will save the game in the hope of winning more, and always
set a contract while you can.

_=DISCARDING.=_ This is one of the still unsettled questions of bridge
tactics, some believing in discarding the weak suit always; others
the strong suit always, and others one or the other according to the
declaration. Against a trump declaration almost every one agrees that
it is best to discard the best suit, so that if your partner gets in
before you do, he may have something to guide him as to what your best
chance is for any more tricks.

Against no-trumpers, the majority of players hug every possible trick
in their long suit and discard their weak suits, on the ground that
it is folly to throw away cards that might win tricks. While this is
true, it is also true that in discarding their weak suit they too
often enable the declarer to win tricks that they might have stopped.
For this reason, many players _=discard the suit they are not afraid
of=_; that is, their best protected suit, and keep what protection they
have in the weak suits, even if it is nothing but three to a Jack or
ten. Unfortunately, no one has yet been able to advance any argument
sufficiently convincing for either system to demonstrate that it is
better than the other. Some of the best teachers of the game advocate
the discard from strength against no-trumps; others teach the weak
discard.

_=ENCOURAGING DISCARDS.=_ In order to distinguish between discards
from weakness and those from strength, many players use what is called
an encouraging card. This is anything higher than a six, if they have
protection in the suit, or want it led. A player with an established
suit, and A 8 2 of another suit, for instance, would discard the 8, to
encourage his partner to lead that suit and put him in. In case there
is no card higher than the six, the _=reverse discard=_ is used. With
A 4 2, the play would be the 4 and then the 2. Some use this reverse
or encouraging card to induce the partner to continue the suit he is
leading, but the practice is confusing.

_=THE DECLARER’S PLAY.=_ The chief difference between the play of the
Dummy and partner, and that of their adversaries, is that there is no
occasion for the former to play on the probability of partner’s holding
certain cards, because a glance will show whether he holds them or
not. There is no hoping that he may have certain cards of re-entry, or
strength in trumps, or that he will be able to stop an adverse suit,
or anything of that sort, for the facts are exposed from the first.
Instead of adapting his play to the slowly ascertained conditions of
partner’s hand, the declarer should have it mapped out and determined
upon before he plays a card. He may see two courses open to him; to
draw the trumps and make a long suit, or to secure such discards as
will give him a good cross-ruff. A rapid estimate of the probable
results of each line of play, a glance at the score, and his mind
should be made up. Several examples of this foresight will be found in
the example hands.

Another point of difference is, that the declarer should play false
cards whenever possible. He has not a partner who, if he plays the
King, might jump to the conclusion that he can trump a suit, or has
not the Queen. The more thoroughly the adversaries are confused, the
greater the advantage to the declarer, especially in the end game.

_=With a Trump.=_ When the winning declaration is a suit for trumps,
the declarer’s first consideration upon getting into the lead must be
whether or not to lead trumps. As a rule, the trumps should be led
at once, so as to exhaust the adversaries; but there are exceptional
cases, the principal ones being:--

Do not lead trumps from the strong trump hand if it would be to your
advantage to put the other hand in the lead with a plain suit, so as to
let the trump lead come from the weaker hand to the stronger, as when a
finesse in trumps is desirable.

Do not lead trumps if you have no good plain suit, and can make more
tricks by playing for a cross-ruff.

Do not lead trumps if the weaker hand can trump some of your losing
cards first. It often happens that a _=losing trump=_ can be used to
win a trick before trumps are led.

_=At No-trump.=_ The declarer’s first care in a no-trumper must be to
select the suit that he will play for. Four simple rules cover this
choice:--

1. Always lead from the weak hand to the strong if the suit is not
already established.

2. Play for the suit in which you have the greatest number of cards
between the two hands, because it will probably yield the greatest
number of tricks.

3. If two suits are equal in number, play for the one in which you have
the greatest number of cards massed in one hand. That is, if you have
two suits of eight cards each, select the one that has six of those
cards in one hand, in preference to the suit with four in each hand.

4. Everything else being equal, play for the suit which is shown in the
Dummy, so as to conceal from the adversaries as long as possible the
strength in your own hand.

A suit is said to be _=established=_ when you can win every remaining
trick in it, no matter who leads it. As it is very important that the
hand which is longer in the suit should be able to lead it without
interruption when it is established, good players make it a rule always
to _=play the high cards from the shorter hand=_ first, so as to get
out of the way. With Q 10 and three others in one hand, K J and one
other in the other hand, the play is the K and J from the short hand,
keeping the Q 10 in the long hand.

If there is any choice, that suit should be selected which contains the
longest sequence, or the sequence with the fewest breaks. It should be
noticed that the sequence need not be in one hand; for it is almost
as valuable if divided, and it is especially advantageous to have the
higher cards concealed in the declarer’s hand. Its continuity is the
chief point. For instance: Declarer and Dummy hold between them one
suit of K J 9 7 5 4 3, and another of Q J 10 9 8 7 5. The latter should
be selected, because two leads must establish it.

In establishing a long suit it is very important to note the fall
of the missing cards in the sequences. In the first of the two
combinations just given, the declarer should be as careful to watch for
the fall of the 8 and 6 as for the A Q and 10.

_=Leading.=_ It is quite unnecessary to follow any system of leads,
further than to distinguish between the combinations from which high
or low cards are led. But it is important to remember that although
a high-card combination may be divided, it should be played as if in
one hand. For instance: The declarer holds Q J x x x of a suit; Dummy
having A x x. By leading Q or J, Dummy is enabled to finesse, as if he
held A Q J. The declarer holds K J x x x; Dummy having Q x x. The play
is to force the Ace, as if the combination of K Q J x x were in one
hand.

Many opportunities arise for leading the Ace first from a short suit,
in order to secure a ruff on the second or third round.

_=Second Hand Play.=_ If any card is led by the adversaries which the
fourth hand cannot win, the second hand should cover it if possible;
for unless he does so, his weakness will be exposed, and the suit will
be continued. This is especially true of cases in which the second hand
holds single honours, such as Jack and others, or Queen and others.
Even the King should be played second hand in such cases, unless it is
so well guarded that the Ace must fall before the King can be forced
out.

If the fourth hand can win the card led, it is seldom necessary to
cover second hand. For instance: If the Jack of trumps is led, the
dealer holding Q 9 7 4, and Dummy having A 6 3 2; there is no need to
play the Queen. If the King is in third hand, such play would establish
the Ten. If the King is with the leader, it or the Ten must make. If
Dummy were second hand with the same cards, Jack being led, he should
not play the Ace, for third hand must play the King to shut out the
Queen.

With A Q 9, partner having K and others, it is best to play A on J led.

If the dealer has Ace and several others of a suit led, Dummy having
only two small cards, a force may be certainly secured by passing the
first round. If Dummy has the Ace, and passes second hand, the dealer
failing to win the trick, the adversaries will of course see that the
play is made in order to force the dealer on the third round.

If Dummy is weak in trumps, and has only one card of a suit in which
the dealer has Ace and others, the Ace should be played, and Dummy
forced, unless there is a better game.

It is a disadvantage to play in second hand from suits in which each
has a guarded honour. If the dealer has Q x x, and Dummy has J x, they
must make a trick in that suit if they play a small card second hand,
and avoid leading the suit. The same is true of the adversaries; but
they must play on the chance that the partner has the honour, whereas
the dealer knows it.

_=Finessing.=_ This is a very important part of the strategy of the
game for the dealer. The adversaries of the dealer never finesse in
bridge; but the dealer himself relies upon finessing for any extra
tricks he may want.

A finesse is any attempt to win a trick with a card which is not the
best you hold, nor in sequence with it. Suppose you have Ace and Queen
in the hand which is longer in the suit and lead from the shorter hand
a small card. If you play the Queen, that is a finesse, because you
hope to take a trick with it, although the King is against you.

It is usually bad play to finesse when there are nine cards of the suit
between the two hands, dealer’s and Dummy’s, because there is a good
chance that the card you wish to finesse against may fall.

When it will be necessary to take two finesses in the same suit, the
lead must come twice from the weaker hand. Suppose the dealer holds A
Q J and others. If the first finesse of the Jack wins, he should put
Dummy in again, so as to take a second finesse of the Queen. Suppose
the dealer holds A J 10, and finesses the ten the first time. If it
falls to the Queen, he should get Dummy in again, so as to take the
second finesse with the Jack. The idea is to take advantage of the
fact that the odds are against both King and Queen being in one hand.
If they are both on the right, one of them will be played on the small
card led from Dummy, and then the dealer can win it with the Ace and
force out the other high card with his Jack, which will have become one
of the second and third-best of the suit.

_=Re-entry Cards.=_ After a suit has been _=cleared=_, or established,
it will be necessary to get into the lead with it. For this purpose the
dealer must be careful to preserve a re-entry card in the hand which is
longer in the suit. Suppose that Dummy’s long suit is clubs, but that
the Ace is against him, and that his only winning card outside is the
Ace of diamonds. If diamonds are led, and the dealer has the Queen,
he must let the lead come up to his hand so as to keep Dummy’s Ace of
diamonds for a re-entry to bring the clubs into play after the Ace has
been forced out and the suit established. Many of the prettiest plays
in bridge are in the management of re-entry cards.

_=Underplay.=_ When the dealer is afraid of a suit which is opened
against him, and has only one winning card in it, such as the Ace, he
should hold up that card until the third hand has no more of the suit
to lead to his partner. The original leader will then have to get in
himself, because his partner cannot help him; but if the dealer gave up
the Ace on the first trick, it would not matter which partner got into
the lead, they would return to the suit first opened.

_=Ducking.=_ This is a method of play by which the dealer hopes to make
his own suit even when the hand that is longer in it has no re-entry
card. Suppose Dummy holds six clubs to the Ace King, and not another
trick in his hand. The dealer has two small clubs only to lead. If the
two winning clubs are led right out, it is impossible to catch the Q J
10, no matter how those cards lie, therefore the dealer leads a club,
but makes no attempt to win the first round. No matter what is played
by the adversaries he _=ducks=_ the first round, keeping his Ace and
King. Next time the dealer gets in, he leads another club, and now
he is able to win the second and third rounds of the suit, and will
probably catch all the adverse cards and establish it.

The dealer’s play always requires careful planning of the whole hand in
advance.

_=THE NULLO.=_ Although not yet in the official laws of the game, this
bid seems to be a popular one with many players. It is a contract to
lose tricks instead of winning them, and is primarily a defence against
overwhelmingly strong no-trumpers. A bid of three nullos means that the
declarer will force his opponents to win nine tricks, he winning four
only, so that each trick _=under=_ seven counts for the nullo player on
his side.

_=SCORING.=_ There is some difference of opinion as to the proper value
for the nullo, but the general verdict seems to be to put it just below
the no-trumper at 10 a trick, no honours. Two no-trumps will outbid two
nullos. If the adversaries of a nullo revoke, the declarer can give
them three of his tricks, or take 100 in honours as penalty. If he
revokes, they take 100 penalty as usual.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR BIDDING.=_ The dealer should never bid a nullo
originally, as it gives his partner no information as to the
distribution of the suits. When any player has one long suit good for
either no trumps or nullos, such as A K Q 6 4 2, he should “shout,”
bidding a trick more than necessary. Singletons and missing suits
are valuable parts of a nullo hand, as they afford opportunities for
discards. It is always dangerous to bid a nullo without the deuce of
the longest suit. If the dealer bids a spade, his partner may safely
bid one nullo, because the contract is seldom or never obtained for
less than two or three, but he should not persist in the nullo if
his partner does not assist it. The greater the opposition from a
no-trumper, the more probable that the nullo will succeed, but it is a
dangerous declaration in any case. The player with aces and kings is
sure to win tricks, regardless of his partner’s hand, but deuces and
treys are not sure to lose, as the partner may have all high cards,
although not the tops.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR THE PLAY.=_ The declarer should count up the tricks
he must win, and as a rule win them early, bunching his high cards as
much as possible. Suits with two small cards and two high ones must
win one trick, but should escape with that. The great point is to lead
losing cards from one hand and discard dangerous cards in other suits
from the other hand whenever possible.

The opponents of a nullo should lead their shortest suits, so as to
get discards later, keeping their eyes on the dummy and forcing it to
win tricks whenever possible, but never allowing it to get a discard.
The partner’s leads should be returned unless a singleton can be led
at once. It is usual to lead the top of two cards, the intermediate of
three or more, and to avoid leading suits that are safe, with small
cards at the bottom.


ILLUSTRATIVE AUCTION HANDS.

Z is the dealer in both instances, but Y makes the winning declaration,
so that B leads for the first trick. The first illustration is straight
auction; the second is a nullo. The underlined card wins the trick and
the card under it is the next one led.

  +------+-----+-----+----+    +------+-----+-----+-----+
  |   A  |  Y  |  B  |  Z |    |   A  |  Y  |  B  |  Z  |
  +------+-----+-----+----+    +------+-----+-----+-----+
  |  _Q♠_|  2♠ |  9♠ |♣2  |  1 |  _A♢_|  Q♢ |  J♢ |  9♢ |
  |  _A♠_|  6♠ |  8♠ |♡3  |  2 |  _K♢_|  6♢ |  8♢ |  5♢ |
  |  _K♠_| 10♠ |  4♠ |♡7  |  3 | _10♢_|  4♢ | ♡A  |  3♢ |
  |   5♠ | _J♠_|  3♠ |♡J  |  4 |   J♠ |  3♠ |  9♠ | _A♠_|
  |   2♢ | _Q♢_|  4♢ | 5♢ |  5 |   5♠ |  Q♠ | _K♠_|  6♠ |
  |  10♢ |  9♢ |  7♢ |_J♢_|  6 |  ♣Q  | ♣6  | ♣J  |_♣K_ |
  | ♡ 4  |  3♢ |  8♢ |_A♢_|  7 |   7♢ |_♡J_ | ♡5  |♡10  |
  |   7♠ | ♡5  |♡ 9  |_K♢_|  8 |  10♠ | ♡7  |_♡Q_ |♡ 9  |
  | ♡ 8  | ♣3  |♡ 2  |_6♢_|  9 |_♣ 5_ | ♣4  | ♣2  |♣ 3  |
  | ♣ 4  |_♣Q_ |♣10  |♣9  | 10 |  _7♠_|  2♠ |  4♠ |♡ K  |
  | ♣ 5  |_♣A_ |♡ 6  |♣7  | 11 | ♣10  | ♡4  |_♣A_ |♡ 8  |
  | ♣ 8  |_♣K_ |♡10  |♡Q  | 12 | ♣ 8  | ♡3  |_♣9_ |♡ 6  |
  |_♣ J_ | ♣6  |♡ A  |♡K  | 13 | ♣ 7  |  2♢ |  8♠ |♡ 2  |
  +------+-----+-----+----+    +------+-----+-----+-----+

In the first example the dealer, Z, bids a heart. A says one royal
and Y two clubs. This bid of Y’s denies any support for his partner’s
hearts, but shows a supporting minor suit, in case Z is strong enough
to go on with the hearts. B bids two royals as he can stop the hearts
twice and ruff the clubs. Z cannot pursue the hearts, but shows his
supporting minor suit, bidding three diamonds. This says to Y, “Go no
trumps if you can stop the spades.” When A passes, having bid his hand
on the first round, Y goes two no trumps and makes game. B leads the
top of his partner’s declared suit, and A leads a fourth round, hoping
to get in with the club jack. At tricks 8 and 9, B signals control in
hearts. A keeps the protection in clubs to the end and saves a trick by
it. Y keeps two clubs in dummy, so that if club is led, he will have
one to return after he has made his diamonds.

In the second example, they are playing nullos, Y declaring. The points
in the play are holding the spade queen, so as to lead a diamond or
a spade at trick 6. This B prevents, hoping to force two clubs on Y
and Z and set the contract. At trick 7, if the hearts are split, the
queen must win the ten. If not, Z must win one heart trick. Y makes his
contract, losing four odd.


BRIDGE.

The difference between straight bridge, as it is sometimes called,
and auction is in the method of selecting the trump, which must be
declared by the dealer or his partner, the opponents having nothing to
say except to double the declaration if they think it will not win the
odd trick. Another point is that either side can score toward game by
getting the odd trick or more, there being no penalties for failure to
make the odd except losing the value of the tricks because the dealer
never declares to make any given number of tricks on the hand.

There are some irregularities which are peculiar to straight bridge
that would not apply to auction. These are fully covered by the
following description of the game, all other matters, such as the
correct card to lead and the manner of combining the hands, have been
fully described in connection with auction.

_=MAKING THE TRUMP.=_ This is the chief peculiarity in bridge. The
trump is not turned up, but the suit is named by the dealer or his
partner, after they have examined their cards. In order properly to
understand the considerations which guide them in making the trump, one
should first be familiar with the values attached to the tricks when
certain suits are trumps. The first six tricks taken by one side do not
count; but each trick above that number counts toward game according to
the following table:--

  When Spades     are trumps, each trick counts 2 points.
   ”   Clubs       ”    ”      ”    ”      ”    4    ”
   ”   Diamonds    ”    ”      ”    ”      ”    6    ”
   ”   Hearts      ”    ”      ”    ”      ”    8    ”
   ”   there is no trump,      ”    ”      ”    12   ”

Better to understand the importance of this variation in value, it
should be noticed that the game is 30 points; so that if two partners
won 3 by cards with no trump, or 4 by cards with hearts for trumps,
they would win the game in one deal. On the other hand, if either of
the black suits were trumps, they could not lose the game, even if a
slam were made against them.

It will thus be evident that two considerations influence the player
whose privilege it is to make the trump: First, to win as much as
possible, if he has the cards to do it. Second, to save himself, if he
is weak; or the game, if it is in danger. As a general proposition,
it may be said that his decision will be indicated by the colour of
the trump he names. If it is red, he is strong, and plays to win; if
it is black, he is taking to the woods. A further element may enter
into his calculations, the state of the score. If he feels sure of the
few points necessary to win the game or the rubber with a black trump,
there is no necessity to risk making it red. This is a part of the
subject which we shall go into further when we come to the suggestions
for good play.

The dealer has the first say in making the trump. If he does not feel
himself strong enough to make it no trump, or red, although his hand
may be black enough to promise a good score in clubs or spades, he
should transfer to his partner the privilege of making the trump by
saying: “I leave it to you, partner.” Guided by this indication, his
partner must fix on some suit for the trump or go no-trumps, and must
announce it.

Either the dealer or his partner may elect to play without a trump, if
he has sufficient strength in all the suits to do so.

_=IRREGULARITIES IN DECLARING.=_ If the dealer’s partner makes a
declaration before being asked to do so, either adversary may demand
that the declaration shall stand, or that there shall be a new deal.
In England, only the eldest hand, A, may exact the penalty. If the
dealer’s partner passes the declaration to the dealer, either adversary
may claim a new deal or may insist that the player in error shall make
the declaration. In England, the eldest hand exacts this penalty.

Should an adversary of the dealer make a declaration, the dealer may,
after looking at his own hand, either have a new deal or proceed as if
nothing had been said.

_=SETTLING THE VALUE OF THE TRICKS.=_ The trump suit having been
announced, the first hand or leader, A, before he plays a card, has
the privilege of doubling the value of the tricks if he thinks the
opponents cannot win the odd trick with the trump named. To do this,
he simply says: “I double.” If he does not feel justified in doubling,
he transfers the opportunity to his partner, by asking him: “Shall I
play?” That is to say, “shall we play without doubling?” If his partner
will not double, he answers: “Yes.” Either A or B having doubled, it
becomes the privilege of the player who made the trump to double him
again; making the value of the trick four times greater than that given
in the table. If he does not do so, he says: “I pass”; and his partner
then has the privilege. If either the dealer or his partner doubles,
the adversary who first doubled may repeat it; or if he passes, his
partner may double. This doubling may be continued until the value of
each trick over the book is 100 points, when it must cease.

_=IRREGULARITIES IN DOUBLING.=_ If the pone doubles before his partner
has asked him “Shall I play?” the maker of the trump shall say whether
or not the double shall stand. If he allows it to stand it may be
redoubled. Should a player redouble out of turn, the one whom he
redoubles shall have the right to say whether or not the redouble shall
stand.

Any consultation between partners as to doubling or redoubling will
entitle their adversaries to insist on a new deal.

If the eldest hand leads without asking his partner’s permission to
play, the pone cannot double without the consent of the maker of the
trump. Should the pone ask the eldest hand, “Shall I play?” that does
not deprive the eldest hand of the right to double.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The trump suit and the value of the tricks
settled, the player on the dealer’s left begins by leading any card he
pleases. After he has played, the second player, Y, lays his hand face
up on the table, and takes no further part in the play beyond availing
himself of the privilege of asking his partner if he has none of a suit
to which he renounces. From the moment that Y’s cards are exposed the
game becomes Dummy, the dealer, Z, playing Y’s cards for him.

The dealer gathers the tricks for his side; either adversary may gather
for the other. The first six tricks taken by one side make a “book” and
all over six count toward game. The tricks should be so laid that they
can be readily counted by any player at the table.

_=The Revoke.=_ Should a player fail to follow suit when able to do
so, it is a revoke. Dummy cannot revoke under any circumstances; but
the penalty for any other player is the loss of three tricks for each
revoke made, which are taken from the side in error at the end of the
hand. In England, the penalty may be exacted in any of three ways;
three tricks, or the value of three tricks in points, or the addition
of a like amount to opponent’s score. A slam cannot be scored if the
tricks necessary to make it were taken for the revoke penalty. The
side making a revoke cannot win the game that hand, no matter what
they score; but they may play the hand out, and count all they make to
within two points of game, or 28. Players cannot score a slam in a hand
in which they have revoked.

_=Exposed Cards.=_ If the dealer or his partner exposes a card before
the declaration has been made, either adversary may claim a new deal.
If any player exposes a card before the first card is led, his partner
forfeits the right to double or redouble. If the pone exposes a card in
this manner, the dealer may call it an exposed card, or he may require
the eldest hand not to lead that suit.

If, during the play of the hand, either adversary of the dealer exposes
a card, by playing two cards at once, dropping one face up on the
table, or holding it so that his partner can see any portion of its
face, the card so exposed must be left face upward on the table, and is
liable to be called.

Exposed cards can be called by the dealer at any time, but he cannot
compel the play of a card which would constitute a revoke.

_=Leading Out of Turn.=_ If either of the dealer’s adversaries lead
out of turn, the dealer may either call the card exposed, or may call
a suit when it is the turn of either adversary to lead. If the dealer
leads out of turn, there is no penalty, but he cannot correct the error
if the second hand has played.

_=Cards Played in Error.=_ If any player but the Dummy omits to play
to a trick and does not correct the error until he has played to the
next trick, his adversaries may claim a new deal. If any one, excepting
Dummy, plays two cards to a trick and does not discover it, he is
responsible for any revokes that he may make in consequence of not
having the card in his hand.

_=OBJECT OF THE GAME.=_ As in all members of the whist family, the
object in Bridge is to win tricks, the highest card played of the suit
led winning, and trumps, if any, winning against all other suits. At
the end of each hand the side that has won any tricks in excess of the
book, scores them, after multiplying their number by the unit of value
settled upon by the doubling, if any took place. As soon as either side
reaches or passes 30, they win the game; but the hand must be played
out, and all tricks taken must be counted. The total is written on the
score-sheet; the score of the losers standing to their credit until the
final accounting at the end of the rubber.

_=RUBBERS.=_ Three games, of 30 points each, constitute a rubber; but
if the first two are won by the same players, the third is not played.
The side winning the majority of the games adds 100 (rubber) points to
its score.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ The points which the beginner may
profitably study in Bridge are chiefly in making the trump, and in the
methods by which the hands of the partners are combined, so as to work
together.

_=Making the Trump.=_ The bridge player’s first consideration should be
the state of the score, which will show how many points he needs to win
the game. Let us suppose this number to be 12, he having already scored
18. These 12 points can be made by winning six by cards with spades for
trumps; three by cards with clubs; or two by cards with diamonds or
hearts. But if the hand can be played without a trump, the odd trick
wins the game.

It is hardly necessary to say that a player would be very foolish to
engage himself to win six by cards if the odd trick would equally
answer his purpose; nor would he undertake to win three by cards with
clubs for trumps, if he had as good a chance of making two by cards
with diamonds or hearts. In other words, the player should not make the
trump which promises the greatest number of tricks, but should select
that which will yield the largest number of points.

It is for this reason that every good player first considers
the advisability of making it “no-trump,” and if he thinks that
injudicious, hearts or diamonds, leaving the black suits as a last
resort.

It is the custom invariably to make it no-trump with three Aces, unless
the hand is strong enough for a heart make, or holds great honour value
in red.

In estimating the probabilities of trick-taking, it is usual to count
the partner for three tricks on the average. Conservative players do
not depend on him for more than two. Generally speaking, the maker of
the trump should have four pretty certain tricks in his own hand.

The dealer should seldom announce a black trump unless he has a
certainty of the game in his own hand, without any assistance from
his partner, or unless he has such a poor hand that he must make it
a “defensive spade.” If he cannot safely make it no-trump or red, he
should pass, and allow his partner the chance. With such a hand as
seven clubs, including four honours, and absolutely worthless cards
otherwise, the dealer should make it clubs, except when the adversaries
have won the first game, and are about 20 points in the second. This
makes it not unlikely that they will win the rubber on the next hand
with their deal. Under such circumstances the dealer must invariably
leave it to his partner, in the hope that he can save the rubber by
making it no-trump.

The dealer’s partner should be aware that there cannot be any
reasonable hope of four tricks in red in the leader’s hand, or a red
trump would have been announced; and unless he has at least five
probable tricks in his own hand he should not make it red. With three
Aces he should make it no-trump. Four Aces is always a no-trumper,
no matter what the rest of the hand may be. If he is obliged to make
it black, and has three or four probable tricks, he should announce
whichever suit he is best in. Attention should be paid to the score;
for in many instances the suit must be selected so that the adversaries
cannot win the game with the odd trick, even if they double.

_=Doubling.=_ The dealer or his partner having announced the trump,
the adversary should carefully consider the score before doubling or
playing. Most players consider themselves justified in doubling when
they have six reasonably certain tricks in their own hands, trusting
partner for one only. Great caution should be used in doubling
no-trumpers, the position of the lead being carefully studied; because
the odd trick usually settles the fate of the game when a no-trumper is
doubled. While a player with the lead, and seven certain tricks in one
suit, should double a no-trumper, his partner would be very foolish to
do so, unless he had, in addition to his long suit, the heart ace; for
it is a conventionality of the game for A to lead hearts if B doubles a
no-trumper.

The original maker of the trump should be very strong to justify him in
redoubling the adversary. If he had four probable tricks originally, he
may count the adversary who doubles for five, and of the four doubtful
tricks remaining, the odds are against partner having the three which
would be necessary to win the odd trick.

_=Opening Leads.=_ The first lead must necessarily be made in the dark,
but the selection of the suit will often depend on the trump, and
whether it was named by the dealer or by his partner.

If the dealer has made it red, and A has the A K of any plain suit, he
should play the King, so as to retain the lead until Dummy’s hand is
exposed.

If the dealer passes it to his partner, he is probably weak in red. If
Y makes it hearts, A should lead a supporting diamond, unless he has
strength in another suit. If Y has made it diamonds, A should lead a
supporting heart. But in either case, if A has in his hand such cards
as A K, even of a black suit, he should play the King, and wait to see
the Dummy’s hand. If Y has made it black, A must be guided by his own
cards, but should give a red suit the preference for his opening lead.

Details as to the correct card to lead and the play after the opening
lead have been fully covered in connection with auction bridge, which
see.

The discard is usually coupled with the system of opening against a
doubled no-trumper. If your partner says he is “_=heart and strong=_”
he means that if you double a no-trumper and he is eldest hand, he will
lead you his best heart, and that he will discard his strong suit when
playing against a no-trumper. If he says he is “_=heart and weak=_,”
he will lead the top heart; but he will discard his weak suit. If he
says he is “_=weak and weak=_,” he means that he will lead the shortest
or weakest suit in his hand, if you double no-trumps, that being the
almost universal custom in England.

All the situations which have been covered in the play of the second,
third and fourth hands at auction can be studied with advantage by
the bridge player, as the manner of securing the best results from
certain distributions of the cards is the same in both games. The chief
difference lies in the value of the tricks, because at bridge the
opponents of the declaration can score toward game, and it is therefore
frequently advisable to take a finesse or make a play that would be
quite unjustifiable at auction, if there is any chance that such a play
may win a game that would be otherwise impossible.

Close attention to the score is an important factor in bridge which
does not operate in auction, because in that game any previous score
toward game is seldom of any use, eighteen out of every twenty deals
being game hands or nothing, and the dealer having no more advantage in
the selection of the trump than any other player. In bridge, one always
calculates that the dealer will go out if he is 18 or 20 up on the
score, as almost any suit will do. This prompts the side that has the
deal, or a chance to go game, to lose no opportunity to win at once,
before the other side gets a chance at it.


ILLUSTRATIVE BRIDGE HANDS.

The dealer is Z in both instances. In the first example, he makes it
no-trump. In the second, Dummy, Y, makes it no-trump. A leads in both
cases:--

  ------------------------------+  +------------------------------
     A       Y      B       Z   |  |   A       Y       B      Z
  +------+------+-------+-------+--+-------+-------+------+------+
  |  7♢  |   3♢ |   J♢  |  _K♢_ | 1|  ♡6   | _♡A_  |  ♡7  |  ♡3  |
  | ♣Q   |  ♣2  | _♣K_  |  ♣J   | 2|  ♣5   | _♣K_  |  ♣3  |  ♣2  |
  | _A♢_ |   8♢ |   6♢  |   2♢  | 3|  ♣8   |  ♣10  |  ♣7  | _♣J_ |
  |  4♢  |  _Q♢_|   2♠  |   5♢  | 4|   5♢  |   3♢  | _♣A_ |  ♣4  |
  | ♣4   |  ♣3  | _♣A_  |  ♣10  | 5| _♡K_  |  ♡2   |  ♡9  |  ♡J  |
  | ♡3   |  ♡5  |  ♡J   | _♡A_  | 6|  ♡5   |  ♡4   |   6♢ | _♡Q_ |
  |  8♠  | _♣9_ |  ♡2   |  ♣8   | 7|   5♠  |   3♠  |   6♠ | _♣Q_ |
  |  9♠  | _♣7_ |   3♠  |  ♡4   | 8|   7♢  |   4♠  |   8♠ | _♣9_ |
  | ♡6   | _♣6_ |   4♠  |  ♡Q   | 9|   9♢  |   4♢  |  10♠ | _♣6_ |
  | ♡9   | _♣5_ |  ♡8   |   7♠  |10|  _A♠_ |   9♠  |   J♠ |   7♠ |
  |  9♢  |  J♠  |   5♠  |  _Q♠_ |11| _♡10_ |   Q♠  |   8♢ |   2♠ |
  | 10♢  |  ♡7  |   6♠  |  _A♠_ |12| _♡8_  |   K♠  |  10♢ |   2♢ |
  | ♡K   |  ♡10 |  _K♠_ |  10♠  |13|   K♢  |  _A♢_ |   Q♢ |   J♢ |
  +------+------+-------+-------+--+-------+-------+------+------+


The first of these examples shows the importance of playing for the
suit which is longest between the two hands. Observe that the dealer
plays the high cards from the hand which is shorter in the suit, and
on the second round of clubs is careful to give up the higher of two
cards, so as to get out of Dummy’s way and clear, or establish, the
suit. B, hoping to get his partner into the lead again, leads a heart
up to Dummy’s weakness, and leads a heart which will beat Dummy’s best
heart. At the eleventh trick, unless the dealer can make two tricks in
spades by the finesse, he cannot win the game.

The second example shows the importance of preserving a re-entry card
in the hand which is longer in the suit the dealer intends playing for.
If the dealer lets the heart come up to him, it is true that he will
make win the first trick with the Jack; but he will never win a trick
with the Queen, and therefore he can never get in to make his clubs,
even if he establishes them. By putting up the Ace of hearts, and
keeping both Q and J in his own hand, he is certain of a re-entry in
hearts. On the second round of clubs, the adversary still holding up or
underplaying, the dealer must be careful to overtake Dummy’s ten with
his own Jack, so as to continue the suit without losing the lead.


VARIETIES OF BRIDGE.

_=THREE HAND AUCTION.=_ This is a game for three active players only,
but four may form a table. Each player is for himself, there being no
partnerships except the temporary combination against the declarer for
each deal. The player who cuts the lowest card chooses his seat and
cards and the player with the next lower cut sits on his left, the
other on his right.

The cards are dealt one at a time into four packets, of thirteen
each, just as in the ordinary game of auction, the odd hand remaining
untouched until the winning declaration is decided. The dealer
makes the first bid and then each bids in turn until two pass. The
penalty for bidding out of turn is 50 points added to the score of
each opponent, for doubling out of turn it is 100. If both pass the
irregularity there is no penalty, but if only one passes, the third may
call attention to it.

The highest bidder takes up the dummy hand, sorts it and lays it on the
table opposite him, face up, as soon as the eldest hand leads a card.
If there is a player sitting opposite the highest bidder, he moves to
the vacant seat.

The game is 30 points, and the winner of a game adds 125 points to his
score at once. The first player to win two games not only adds the 125
for the second game, but 250 more for winning the rubber. Honours are
scored by each player separately, every honour being worth as much as a
trick in that suit. Four or five in one hand count double. At no trump,
the aces count for 10 each to the holders, four in one hand 100. The
declarer scores his dummy’s honours.

At the end of the rubber, each wins from or loses to each of the
others. The score is usually made up in this way, the final amounts to
the credit of each being shown in the top line:

   A, 240    B, 980    C, 456
  ----------------------------
     -740      +740      +215
     -215      +524      -524
     ----      ----      ----
     -955     +1264      -309

_=DUPLICATE AUCTION.=_ This game may be played in any of the ways
described for the movement of trays and players under the head of
duplicate whist. Tricks and honours are scored as usual, but there are
no games or rubbers. Should the declarer make 30 or more points on a
single hand he gets 125 points bonus in the honour column. This game is
now covered by the official laws for auction, which see.

_=BRIDGE FOR THREE.=_ Sometimes called _=Dummy Bridge=_, or
_=Cut-Throat=_. The lowest cut deals the first hand and plays the
Dummy. If the dealer will not declare on his own cards, he passes,
and Dummy must declare according to a fixed schedule. With three or
four aces; no-trumps, no matter what the rest of the hand may be.
With less than three aces, Dummy cannot make it no-trumps under any
circumstances; but must name the longest suit. If two suits are equal,
the pips on each are counted, reckoning aces as 11 each, other honours
at 10 each, and the larger number of pips is the suit. If this is still
equal, the more valuable suit must be declared.

No one but the eldest hand may double, and no one but the dealer may
redouble. In order to make this fair for both sides, it is usual to let
the pone sort and declare on Dummy’s cards, so that the dealer shall
not see them until the first card is led.

No matter what points are made for tricks, the dealer only can score
them below the line, to count toward game. If the adversaries make the
odd trick, they score above the line, in the honour column, so that no
one can go out except on his own deal.

After the deal is finished and scored, the players move, so as to
bring about a change of partners. The one on the left of the vacant
place moves into it, and the player on his right deals. Three of these
movements bring about the original position.

Each player’s score is kept individually, and when one of the three has
won two games, the scores are added up and balanced, after giving the
winner 100 rubber points. Each then pays the difference to the others.
Suppose the winner to be A, with 320; B having 80 and C 64. A wins 240
from B and 256 from C; while B wins 16 from C.

_=BRIDGE FOR TWO.=_ Sometimes called “_=Chinese Bridge=_.” The dealer
gives his adversary four cards face down, and then deals four to
himself, also face down. He then distributes the remainder of the pack
by dealing to his adversary and himself alternately, one card at a
time, keeping them separate from the first four. Without lifting or
looking at any of these twenty-two cards, each player places eleven of
them in two rows, face down, and then the other eleven on the top of
the first, but face up. This gives each player eleven cards face up on
the table, covering eleven face down under them, and a separate hand of
four cards.

The dealer looks at his four cards, without showing them to his
adversary, and after due consideration of what he sees on the table,
declares. His adversary can double if he likes, or he can simply play a
card. Tricks and honours count as in the ordinary rubber.

The declaration made, the non-dealer leads any card he pleases, from
the four in his hand or from the eleven face up on the table, and
the dealer must follow suit if he can, either from his hand or from
the table. The moment a card is played from the table, the card under
it must be turned face up, and becomes playable; but no card which is
on the top of another card can be shifted, so that the card under it
cannot be turned up until its covering card is legitimately played away.

The second player having played to the trick, the original leader must
play to it in his turn, and then his adversary plays the fourth card,
completing the trick. The winner of the trick takes it in, turns it
down, and leads for the next trick, and so on until all thirteen tricks
have been played. The winner of the rubber scores 100 points extra.

_=MISERY BRIDGE.=_ This is a game for two players, who sit opposite
each other. Four hands of thirteen cards each are dealt, the dealer
beginning on his left. Before declaring, the dealer may discard any
number of cards from one to four, laying them on the table at his left,
but face up, where they so remain during the play of the hand.

In place of this discard, the dealer takes an equal number of cards
from the top of the hand on his left. These are not shown to the
adversary. Having discarded and drawn, the dealer declares. There is no
doubling; but the dealer himself may undertake to win at least eight of
the thirteen tricks, and if he announces “eight tricks,” he can score
them at double value if he succeeds. If he fails to get the full eight,
his adversary scores ten points penalty, the dealer scoring nothing at
all. No matter what the trump suit, the penalty of ten points remains
the same.

After discarding, drawing and declaring, the stock hand is laid aside,
still face down, and the non-dealer takes up and sorts the hand on his
left, turning it face up on the table, like a Dummy. This hand belongs
to the non-dealer, who leads first and plays both hands, so that the
dealer is practically opposed to two hands of thirteen cards each.

If the dealer does not want to discard and draw, he can play
_=misery=_, which is a no-trumper, but played to lose tricks, instead
of to win them. If the dealer takes more than one trick, his adversary
scores five points penalty for each so taken. But if the dealer
succeeds in taking only one trick, or none at all, he scores five
points for every trick his adversary has taken over the book of six.

_=PIVOT BRIDGE.=_ This is simply a movement of the players, very
popular in social games, which requires that the four originally
seated at a table shall remain at that table until the game is ended,
and shall not cut for partners after the first rubber, but change in
regular order. The usual way is for the first dealer to sit still all
the time, the three other players moving round her in a circle at the
end of each rubber. This will compel the player on her left to pass
behind her and take the seat on her right. At the end of three rubbers,
each will have had each of the others for a partner. When there are
a number of tables in play, it will be necessary to have a prize for
each, giving the first choice to the player who has the highest score
in the room.

When this method is adopted, it is not necessary to deduct the lower
score from the higher at the end of each rubber, so that each player
can keep what she gets, the comparative result being the same if the
players remain at the same table. This method is open to the objection
that if two strong players are opposed to weak ones all the time, it is
a great advantage. It is also liable to abuse, if four players agree to
double everything, so that some one at the table shall be high score.

_=PROGRESSIVE BRIDGE.=_ This is simply a movement of the players from
table to table, much as described under the heading of _=compass
whist=_. The players may either agree that all the N & S pairs shall
sit still, all the E & W pairs moving one table; or they may arrange
for the winners to move in a certain direction. In all progressive
games, sometimes called _=Drive Bridge=_, there are no rubbers or
games, as one table would keep all the others waiting. An even number
of deals, usually four, is the rule for each round before moving.

_=DUPLICATE BRIDGE.=_ This is bridge with the hands kept separate and
put into trays to be carried from table to table. The methods will be
found fully described under the titles for duplicate whist. In order
to prevent the players from giving too much attention to the honours
in declaring, it is sometimes the rule to add a certain number of
points to the trick scores, as a bonus. This is called _=Bridge to the
Score=_. Four deals is a round, before changing adversaries, and fifty
points are added to the score of the side having the greater trick
score. Another method is to add fifty points to the side winning a
game, if a game is won before moving, and then to add a definite number
of points for every trick point that one side may be ahead of the other
on unfinished games; or as many points as the higher score below the
line.

None of these methods have proved attractive enough to be popular,
however, although the first is the one commonly adopted for club
tournaments, adding fifty points bonus for the higher trick score,
regardless of any games or rubbers. All the additions of percentages
require special score cards and the services of some alleged expert to
run the game, and even then they are not attractive. The problem of
duplicate bridge remains as yet unsolved, so far as a popular game is
concerned.

_=SIX-HAND BRIDGE.=_ This is played by six persons, sitting with two
card tables pushed together so as to make one. Each dealer sits at the
long end of the table, the two dealers being partners. On each side of
one sits a pair of adversaries so that the initial arrangement, if pair
A had the deal, would be this:--

[Illustration:

       B     C
    +-----+-----+
    |  5  |  6  |
    |     |     |
  A |1    |    4| A
    |     |     |
    |  2  |   3 |
    +-----+-----+
       B     C
]

Numbers are placed on the tables to indicate the positions to which the
players shall move after each deal. The player at 6 goes to 5; 4 to 3;
3 to 2; 2 to 1, and 1 to 6. Each pair of partners, as they fall into
the end seats, have the deal.

If the dealer at either end will not declare on his own cards, he
passes it, and the Dummy hand opposite him must be handed to the dealer
that sits at the other end of the long table, who must declare for his
partner. The usual four hands are dealt and played at each table, and
scored as usual.

Three scores must be kept, because there are three separate rubbers
going on at once,--that between A and B; between A and C, and between
B and C. If one pair wins its rubber against one of the others, three
players will be idle at one end of the table for one deal, but then all
will come into play again, for the next deal. Some persons think this
is better than four playing a rubber while two look on.

_=DOUBLE DUMMY BRIDGE.=_ In this form of the game, the dealer always
deals for himself. His adversary sits next him on the left for the
first deal, and leads for the first trick before the Dummies are
exposed. There is no doubling. On the next deal, the adversary must
sort his Dummy’s hand and must lead from it, before looking at his own.
If the declaration is passed, Dummy must make it on the lines laid down
for passed makes in Bridge for Three, which has already been described.
There is no penalty for a revoke made by either Dummy; but otherwise
the laws of bridge govern.

_=DRAW BRIDGE.=_ This is double Dummy; but instead of laying Dummy’s
cards face up on the table, each player is provided with a holder in
which he places his partner’s cards in such a manner that his adversary
cannot see them. As it comes to Dummy’s turn to play to each trick,
a card is drawn from the holder. All four hands are responsible for
revokes.

_=KING’S BRIDGE.=_ This is sometimes called _=Four Hand Bridge=_, each
player being for himself. The movements of the players are the same as
those described in Pivot Bridge, one player sitting still all the time,
while each of the others in turn becomes his partner for four deals.

The dealer declares. If he passes, the player sitting opposite him must
make it according to the mechanical rules given in Bridge for Three.
There is no doubling. The score of each player is kept in a separate
column, and the trick and honour score is put down in one lump, plus or
minus, the new score being added to or deduced from the previous one.
It is simpler, however, to put down nothing but the plus scores, so
that when the declaration is defeated, the points are credited to each
of the three other players. Suppose the dealer wins 16 and 16. He is
put down as 32 plus. If he should lose 12 and 30, his score would not
be touched, but each of the others would be put down 42 plus.

There are no games or rubbers. At the end of four deals the players
change partners by the pivot system. At the end of twelve deals, each
has played four deals with each of the others. The scores are then
added up and balanced by the method described in connection with the
game of Skat.

_=REVERSI BRIDGE.=_ This is playing bridge to lose, and the object of
the declaration is to pick out the make which is likely to win the
least tricks. At the end of the hand, each side scores what the other
makes; so that if the dealer declares no-trumps, and loses two by
cards, and finds thirty aces against him, he scores 24 and 30 to his
own credit. The adversaries can double if they wish to, and all the
rules of regular bridge apply, except that if a revoke is made the
usual penalty is reversed, the player in error taking three tricks
instead of losing them.

_=SHORT BRIDGE.=_ This is bridge without any doubling or rubbers,
and is played for so much a game instead of for so much a point, the
winners being the side that has the higher score for tricks and honours
combined when either side reaches thirty points below the line. It is
a good game for occasions upon which the players may be interrupted at
any time, or have not time to finish a full rubber.


THE AMERICAN LAWS OF BRIDGE.

REVISED TO NOVEMBER, 1913.

_Reprinted and Copyrighted, 1913, by permission of The Whist Club of
New York._


THE RUBBER.

1. The partners first winning two games win the rubber. When the first
two games decide the rubber, a third is not played.


SCORING.

2. Each side has a trick score and a score for all other counts,
generally known as the honour score. In the trick score the only
entries made are points for tricks won (see Law 3), which count both
toward the game and in the total of the rubber.

All other points, including honours, penalties, slam, little slam, and
under-tricks, are recorded in the honour score, which counts only in
the total of the rubber.

3. When the declarer wins the number of tricks bid or more, each above
six counts on the trick score; two points when spades are trumps, six
when clubs are trumps, seven when diamonds are trumps, eight when
hearts are trumps, nine when royal spades are trumps, and ten when the
declaration is no trump.

4. A game consists of thirty points made by tricks alone. Every deal
is played out, whether or not during it the game be concluded, and any
points made (even if in excess of thirty) are counted.

5. The ace, king, queen, knave, and ten of the trump suit are the
honours; when no trump is declared, the aces are the honours.

6. Honours are credited to the original holders; they are valued as
follows:

_When a Trump is Declared._

  3[1] honours held between partners equal value of 2 tricks.
  4      ”     ”      ”        ”       ”     ”      4    ”
  5      ”     ”      ”        ”       ”     ”      5    ”
  4      ”     ”  in 1 hand            ”     ”      8    ”
  4      ”     ”   ” 1  ” { 5th in  }  ”     ”      9    ”
  5      ”     ”   ” 1  ” {partner’s}  ”     ”     10    ”

_When No Trump is Declared._

  3  aces held between partners count 30
  4   ”    ”      ”        ”      ”   40
  4   ”    ”      in one hand     ”  100

7. Slam is made when partners take thirteen tricks.[2] It counts 40
points in the honour score.

8. Little slam is made when partners take twelve tricks.[3] It counts
20 points in the honour score.

9. The value of honours, slam, or little slam, is not affected by
doubling or redoubling.

10. At the conclusion of a rubber the trick and honour scores of each
side are added and 250 additional points added to the score of the
winners of the rubber. The size of the rubber is the difference between
the completed scores. If the score of the losers of the rubber exceed
that of the winners, the losers win the amount of the excess.

11. When a rubber is started with the agreement that the play shall
terminate (_i.e._, no new deal shall commence) at a specified time,
and the rubber is unfinished at that hour, the score is made up as it
stands, 125 being added to the score of the winners of a game. A deal
if started must be finished.

12. A proved error in the honour score may be corrected at any time
before the score of the rubber has been made up and agreed upon.

13. A proved error in the trick score may be corrected at any time
before a declaration has been made in the following game, or, if it
occur in the final game of the rubber, before the score has been made
up and agreed upon.


CUTTING.

14. In cutting the ace is the lowest card; between cards of otherwise
equal value the heart is the lowest, the diamond next, the club next,
and spade the highest.

15. Every player must cut from the same pack.

16. Should a player expose more than one card, the highest is his cut.


FORMING TABLES.

17. Those first in the room have the prior right to play. Candidates of
equal standing decide their order by cutting; those who cut lowest play
first.

18. Six players constitute a complete table.

19. After the table has been formed, the players cut to decide upon
partners, the two lower play against the two higher. The lowest is
the dealer, who has choice of cards and seats, and, having made his
selection, must abide by it.[4]

20. The right to succeed players as they retire is acquired by
announcing the desire to do so, and such announcements, in the order
made, entitle candidates to fill vacancies as they occur.


CUTTING OUT.

21. If, at the end of a rubber, admission be claimed by one or two
candidates, the player or players who have played the greatest number
of consecutive rubbers withdraw; when all have played the same number,
they cut to decide upon the outgoers; the highest are out.[5]


RIGHT OF ENTRY.

22. At the end of a rubber a candidate is not entitled to enter a table
unless he declare his intention before any player cut, either for
partners, for a new rubber, or for cutting out.

23. In the formation of new tables candidates who have not played at an
existing table have the prior right of entry. Others decide their right
to admission by cutting.

24. When one or more players belonging to an existing table aid in
making up a new one, which cannot be formed without him, he or they
shall be the last to cut out.

25. A player belonging to one table who enters another, or announces a
desire to do so, forfeits his rights at his original table, unless the
new table cannot be formed without him in which case he may retain his
position at his original table by announcing his intention to return as
soon as his place at the new table can be filled.

26. Should a player leave a table during the progress of a rubber, he
may, with the consent of the three others, appoint a substitute to
play during his absence; but such appointment becomes void upon the
conclusion of the rubber, and does not in any way affect the rights of
the substitute.

27. If a player break up a table, the others have a prior right of
entry elsewhere.


SHUFFLING.

28. The pack must not be shuffled below the table nor so the face of
any card be seen.

29. The dealer’s partner must collect the cards from the preceding
deal and has the right to shuffle first. Each player has the right to
shuffle subsequently. The dealer has the right to shuffle last, but
should a card or cards be seen during his shuffling or while giving the
pack to be cut, he must reshuffle.

30. After shuffling, the cards, properly collected, must be placed
face downward to the left of the next dealer, where they must remain
untouched until the end of the current deal.


THE DEAL.

31. Players deal in turn; the order of dealing is to the left.

32. Immediately before the deal, the player on the dealer’s right cuts,
so that each packet contains at least four cards. If, in or after
cutting and prior to the beginning of the deal, a card be exposed,
or if any doubt exist as to the place of the cut, the dealer must
reshuffle and the same player must cut again.

33. After the pack has been properly cut, it should not be reshuffled
or recut except as provided in Law 32.

34. Should the dealer shuffle after the cut, his adversaries may also
shuffle and the pack must be cut again.

35. The fifty-two cards must be dealt face downward. The deal is
completed when the last card is dealt.

36. In the event of a misdeal, the same pack must be dealt again by the
same player.


A NEW DEAL.

37. There _must_ be a new deal:

    (_a_) If the cards be not dealt, beginning at the dealer’s left
    into four packets one at a time and in regular rotation.

    (_b_) If, during a deal, or during the play the pack be proved
    incorrect.

    (_c_) If, during a deal, any card be faced in the pack or
    exposed, on, above, or below the table.

    (_d_) If more than thirteen cards be dealt to any player.[6]

    (_e_) If the last card does not come in its regular order to
    the dealer.

    (_f_) If the dealer omit having the pack cut, deal out of turn
    or with the adversaries’ cards, and either adversary call
    attention to the fact before the end of the deal and before
    looking at any of his cards.

38. Should a correction of any offence mentioned in 37 _f_ not be made
in time, or should an adversary who has looked at any of his cards be
the first to call attention to the error, the deal stands, and the
game proceeds as if the deal had been correct, the player to the left
dealing the next. When the deal has been with the wrong cards, the
next dealer may take whichever pack he prefers.

39. If, prior to the cut for the following deal, a pack be proved
incorrect, the deal is void, but all prior scores stand.[7]

The pack is not incorrect when a missing card or cards are found in the
other pack, among the quitted tricks, below the table, or in any other
place which makes it possible that such card or cards were part of the
pack during the deal.

40. Should three players have their proper number of cards, the
fourth, less, the missing card or cards, if found, belong to him,
and he, unless dummy, is answerable for any established revoke or
revokes he may have made just as if the missing card or cards had been
continuously in his hand. When a card is missing, any player may search
the other pack, the quitted tricks, or elsewhere for it.

If before, during or at the conclusion of play, one player hold more
than the proper number of cards, and another less, the deal is void.

41. A player may not cut, shuffle, or deal for his partner if either
adversary object.


THE DECLARATION.

42. The dealer, having examined his hand, must declare to win at least
one odd trick,[8] either with a specified suit, or at no trump.

43. After the dealer has declared, each player in turn, beginning on
the dealer’s left, must pass, make a higher declaration, double the
last declaration, or redouble a declaration which has been doubled,
subject to the provisions of Law 54.

44. A declaration of a greater number of tricks in a suit of lower
value, which equals the last declaration in value of points, is a
higher declaration; _e.g._, a declaration of “three spades” is higher
than “one club.”

45. A player in his turn may overbid the previous adverse declaration
any number of times, and may also overbid his partner, but he cannot
overbid his own declaration which has been passed by the three others.

46. The player who makes the final declaration[9] must play the
combined hands, his partner becoming dummy, unless the suit or no trump
finally declared was bid by the partner before it was called by the
final declarer, in which case the partner, no matter what bids have
intervened, must play the combined hands.

47. When the player of the two hands (hereinafter termed “the
declarer”) wins at least as many tricks as he declared, he scores the
full value of the tricks won (see Law 3).[10]

47_a_. When the declarer fails to win as many tricks as he declares,
neither he nor his adversaries score anything toward the game, but his
adversaries score in their honour column 50 points for each under-trick
(_i.e._, each trick short of the number declared). If the declaration
be doubled, the adversaries score 100 points; if redoubled, 200 points
for each under-trick.

48. The loss on the dealer’s original declaration of “one spade” is
limited to 100 points, whether doubled or not, unless redoubled.
Honours are scored as held.

49. If a player make a declaration (other than passing) out of turn,
either adversary may demand a new deal, or may allow such declaration
to stand, in which case the bidding shall continue as if the
declaration had been in turn.

If a player pass out of turn, the order of the bidding is not affected,
_i.e._, it is still the turn of the player to the left of the last
declarer. The player who has passed out of turn may re-enter the
bidding in his proper turn if the declaration he has passed be overbid
or doubled.

50. If a player make an insufficient or impossible declaration,
either adversary may demand that it be penalized. The penalty for an
insufficient declaration is that the bid is made sufficient in the
declaration named and the partner of the declarer may not further
declare unless an adversary subsequently bid or double. The penalty for
an impossible declaration is that the bid is made seven in the suit
named and the partner of the declarer may not further declare unless
an adversary subsequently bid or double. Either adversary, instead of
penalizing an impossible declaration, may demand a new deal, or that
the last declaration made on behalf of his partnership become the final
declaration.

50_a_. If a player who has been debarred from bidding under Laws 50 or
65, during the period of such prohibition, make any declaration (other
than passing), either adversary may decide whether such declaration
stand, and neither the offending player nor his partner may further
participate in the bidding even if the adversaries double or declare.

50_b_. A penalty for a declaration out of turn (see Law 49), an
insufficient or impossible declaration (see Law 50), or a bid when
prohibited (see Law 50_a_) may not be enforced if either adversary
pass, double, or declare before the penalty be demanded.[11]

50_c_. Laws which give to either adversary the right to enforce a
penalty, do not permit unlimited consultation. Either adversary may
call attention to the offence and select the penalty, or may say,
“Partner, you determine the penalty,” or words to that effect. Any
other consultation is prohibited,[12] and if it take place, the right
to demand any penalty is lost. The first decision made by either
adversary is final and cannot be altered.

51. At any time during the declaration, a question asked by a player
concerning any previous bid must be answered, but, after the final
declaration has been accepted, if an adversary of the declarer inform
his partner regarding any previous declaration, the declarer may
call a lead from the adversary whose next turn it is to lead. If the
dummy give such information to the declarer, either adversary of the
declarer may call a lead. A player, however, at any time may ask what
declaration is being played and the question must be answered.

52. A declaration legitimately made cannot be changed after the next
player pass, declare, or double. Prior to such action a declaration
inadvertently made may be corrected. If, prior to such correction, an
adversary call attention to an insufficient or impossible declaration,
it may not thereafter be corrected nor may the penalty be avoided.


DOUBLING AND REDOUBLING.

53. Doubling and redoubling doubles and quadruples the value of each
trick over six, but it does not alter the value of a declaration;
_e.g._, a declaration of “three clubs” is higher than “two royal
spades” doubled or redoubled.

54. Any declaration may be doubled and redoubled once, but not more;
a player may not double his partner’s declaration nor redouble his
partner’s double, but he may redouble a declaration of his partner
which has been doubled by an adversary.

The penalty for redoubling more than once is 100 points in the adverse
honour score or a new deal; for doubling a partner’s declaration, or
redoubling a partner’s double it is 50 points in the adverse honour
score. Either adversary may demand any penalty enforceable under this
law.

55. Doubling or redoubling reopens the bidding. When a declaration has
been doubled or redoubled, any one of the three succeeding players,
including the player whose declaration has been doubled, may, in his
proper turn, make a further declaration of higher value.

56. When a player whose declaration has been doubled wins the declared
number of tricks, he scores a bonus of 50 points in his honour score,
and a further 50 points for each additional trick. When he or his
partner has redoubled, he scores 100 points for making the contract
and an additional 100 for each extra trick.

57. A double or redouble is a declaration, and a player who doubles or
redoubles out of turn is subject to the penalty provided by Law 49.

58. After the final declaration has been accepted, the play begins; the
player on the left of the declarer leads.


DUMMY.

59. As soon as the player on the left of the declarer leads, the
declarer’s partner places his cards face upward on the table, and the
declarer plays the cards from that hand.

60. The partner of the declarer has all the rights of a player
(including the right to call attention to a lead from the wrong hand),
until his cards are placed face upward on the table.[13] He then
becomes the dummy, and takes no part whatever in the play, except that
he has the right:

    (_a_) To call the declarer’s attention to the fact that too
    many or too few cards have been played to a trick;

    (_b_) to correct an improper claim of either adversary;

    (_c_) to call attention to a trick erroneously taken by either
    side;

    (_d_) to participate in the discussion of any disputed question
    of fact after it has arisen between the declarer and either
    adversary;

    (_e_) to correct any erroneous score;

    (_f_) to consult with and advise the declarer as to which
    penalty to exact for a revoke;

    (_g_) to ask the declarer whether he have any of a suit he has
    renounced.

The dummy, if he have not intentionally looked at any card in the hand
of a player, has also the following additional rights:

    (_h_) To call the attention of the declarer to an established
    adverse revoke;

    (_i_) to call the attention of the declarer to a card exposed
    by an adversary or to an adverse lead out of turn.

61. Should the dummy call attention to any other incident in the play
in consequence of which any penalty might have been exacted, the
declarer may not exact such penalty. Should the dummy avail himself
of rights (_h_) or (_i_), after intentionally looking at a card in
the hand of a player, the declarer may not exact any penalty for the
offence in question.

62. If the dummy, by touching a card or otherwise, suggest the play of
one of his cards, either adversary may require the declarer to play or
not to play such card.

62_a_. If the dummy call to the attention of the declarer that he is
about to lead from the wrong hand, either adversary may require that
the lead be made from that hand.

63. Dummy is not subject to the revoke penalty; if he revoke and the
error be not discovered until the trick be turned and quitted, whether
by the rightful winners or not, the trick must stand.

64. A card from the declarer’s hand is not played until actually
quitted, but should he name or touch a card in the dummy, such card
is played unless he say, “I arrange,” or words to that effect. If he
simultaneously touch two or more such cards, he may elect which to play.


CARDS EXPOSED BEFORE PLAY.

65. After the deal and before the declaration has been finally
determined, if any player lead or expose a card, his partner may not
thereafter bid or double during that declaration,[14] and the card is
subject to call.[15] When the partner of the offending player is the
original leader, the declarer may also prohibit the initial lead of the
suit of the exposed card.

66. After the final declaration has been accepted and before the lead,
if the partner of the proper leader expose or lead a card, the declarer
may treat it as exposed or may call a suit from the proper leader. A
card exposed by the leader, after the final declaration and before the
lead, is subject to call.


CARDS EXPOSED DURING PLAY.

67. After the original lead, all cards exposed by the declarer’s
adversaries are liable to be called and must be left face upward on the
table.

68. The following are exposed cards:

    (1) Two or more cards played simultaneously;

    (2) a card dropped face upward on the table, even though
    snatched up so quickly that it cannot be named;

    (3) a card so held by a player that his partner sees any
    portion of its face;

    (4) a card mentioned by either adversary as being held in his
    or his partner’s hand.

69. A card dropped on the floor or elsewhere below the table, or so
held that it is seen by an adversary but not by the partner, is not an
exposed card.

70. Two or more cards played simultaneously by either of the declarer’s
adversaries give the declarer the right to call any one of such cards
to the current trick and to treat the other card or cards as exposed.

70_a_. Should an adversary of the declarer expose his last card before
his partner play to the twelfth trick, the two cards in his partner’s
hand become exposed, must be laid face upward on the table, and are
subject to call.

71. If, without waiting for his partner to play, either of the
declarer’s adversaries play or lead a winning card, as against the
declarer and dummy and continue (without waiting for his partner to
play) to lead several such cards, the declarer may demand that the
partner of the player in fault win, if he can, the first or any other
of these tricks. The other cards thus improperly played are exposed.

72. If either or both of the declarer’s adversaries throw his or their
cards face upward on the table, such cards are exposed and liable to be
called; but if either adversary retain his hand, he cannot be forced to
abandon it. Cards exposed by the declarer are not liable to be called.
If the declarer say, “I have the rest,” or any words indicating the
remaining tricks or any number thereof are his, he may be required
to place his cards face upward on the table. He is not then allowed
to call any cards his adversaries may have exposed, nor to take any
finesse not previously proved a winner unless he announce it when
making his claim.

73. If a player who has rendered himself liable to have the highest or
lowest of a suit called (Laws 80, 86, and 92) fail to play as directed,
or if, when called on to lead one suit, he lead another, having in his
hand one or more cards of the suit demanded (Laws 66, 76, and 93), or
if, when called upon to win or lose a trick, he fail to do so when he
can (Laws 71, 80, and 92), or if, when called upon not to play a suit,
he fail to play as directed (Laws 65 and 66), he is liable to the
penalty for revoke (Law 84) unless such play be corrected before the
trick be turned and quitted.

74. A player cannot be compelled to play a card which would oblige him
to revoke.

75. The call of an exposed card may be repeated until it be played.


LEADS OUT OF TURN.

76. If either adversary of the declarer’s lead out of turn, the
declarer may either treat the card so led as exposed or may call a suit
as soon as it is the turn of either adversary to lead. Should they lead
simultaneously, the lead from the proper hand stands, and the other
card is exposed.

77. If the declarer lead out of turn, either from his own hand or
dummy, he incurs no penalty, but he may not rectify the error unless
directed to do so by an adversary.[16] If the second hand play, the
lead is accepted.

78. If an adversary of the declarer lead out of turn, and the declarer
follow either from his own hand or dummy, the trick stands. If the
declarer before playing refuse to accept the lead, the leader may be
penalized as provided in Law 76.

79. If a player called on to lead a suit have none of it, the penalty
is paid.


CARDS PLAYED IN ERROR.

80. Should the fourth hand, not being dummy or declarer, play before
the second, the latter may be required to play his highest or lowest
card of the suit led, or to win or lose the trick. In such case, if the
second hand be void of the suit led, the declarer in lieu of any other
penalty may call upon the second hand to play the highest card of any
designated suit. If he name a suit of which the second hand is void,
the penalty is paid.[17]

81. If any one, except dummy, omit playing to a trick, and such error
be not corrected until he has played to the next, the adversaries or
either of them may claim a new deal; should either decide that the deal
stand, the surplus card (at the end of the hand) is considered played
to the imperfect trick, but does not constitute a revoke therein.[18]

82. When any one, except dummy, plays two or more cards to the same
trick and the mistake is not corrected, he is answerable for any
consequent revokes he may make. When the error is detected during the
play, the tricks may be counted face downward, to see if any contain
more than four cards; should this be the case, the trick which contains
a surplus card or cards may be examined and such card or cards restored
to the original holder.[19]


THE REVOKE.[20]

83. A revoke occurs when a player, other than dummy, holding one or
more cards of the suit led, plays a card of a different suit. It
becomes an established revoke when the trick in which it occurs is
turned and quitted by the rightful winners (_i.e._, the hand removed
from the trick after it has been turned face downward on the table),
or when either the revoking player or his partner, whether in turn or
otherwise, leads or plays to the following trick.

84. The penalty for each established revoke is:

    (_a_) When the declarer revokes, he cannot score for tricks and
    his adversaries add 100 points to their score in the honour
    column, in addition to any penalty which he may have incurred
    for not making good his declaration.

    (_b_) When either of the adversaries revokes, the declarer
    may either add 100 points to his score in the honour column
    or take three tricks from his opponents and add them to his
    own.[21] Such tricks may assist the declarer to make good his
    declaration, but shall not entitle him to score any bonus in
    the honour column in case the declaration has been doubled
    or redoubled, nor to a slam or little slam not otherwise
    obtained.[22]

    (_c_) When, during the play of a deal, more than one revoke is
    made by the same side, the penalty for each revoke after the
    first is 100 points.

The value of their honours is the only score that can be made by a
revoking side.

85. A player may ask his partner if he have a card of the suit which he
has renounced; should the question be asked before the trick be turned
and quitted, subsequent turning and quitting does not establish a
revoke, and the error may be corrected unless the question be answered
in the negative, or unless the revoking player or his partner have led
or played to the following trick.

86. If a player correct his mistake in time to save a revoke, any
player or players who have followed him may withdraw his or their cards
and substitute others, and the cards so withdrawn are not exposed. If
the player in fault be one of the declarer’s adversaries, the card
played in error is exposed, and the declarer may call it whenever he
pleases, or he may require the offender to play his highest or lowest
card of the suit to the trick, but this penalty cannot be exacted from
the declarer.

87. At the end of the play the claimants of a revoke may search all the
tricks. If the cards have been mixed, the claim may be urged and proved
if possible; but no proof is necessary and the claim is established
if, after it is made, the accused player or his partner mix the cards
before they have been sufficiently examined by the adversaries.

88. A revoke cannot be claimed after the cards have been cut for the
following deal.

89. Should both sides revoke, the only score permitted is for honours.
In such case, if one side revoke more than once, the penalty of 100
points for each extra revoke is scored by the other side.


GENERAL RULES.

90. A trick turned and quitted may not be looked at (except under Law
82) until the end of the play. The penalty for the violation of this
law is 25 points in the adverse honour score.

91. Any player during the play of a trick or after the four cards are
played, and before the trick is turned and quitted, may demand that the
cards be placed before their respective players.

92. When an adversary of the declarer, before his partner plays, calls
attention to the trick, either by saying it is his, or, without being
requested to do so, by naming his card or drawing it toward him, the
declarer may require such partner to play his highest or lowest card of
the suit led, or to win or lose the trick.

93. An adversary of the declarer may call his partner’s attention to
the fact that he is about to play or lead out of turn; but if, during
the play, he make any unauthorized reference to any incident of the
play, the declarer may call a suit from the adversary whose next turn
it is to lead.

94. In all cases where a penalty has been incurred, the offender is
bound to give reasonable time for the decision of his adversaries.


NEW CARDS.

95. Unless a pack be imperfect, no player has the right to call for one
new pack. When fresh cards are demanded, two packs must be furnished.
When they are produced during a rubber, the adversaries of the player
demanding them have the choice of the new cards. If it be the beginning
of a new rubber, the dealer, whether he or one of his adversaries call
for the new cards, has the choice. New cards cannot be substituted
after the pack has been cut for a new deal.

96. A card or cards torn or marked must be replaced by agreement or new
cards furnished.


BYSTANDERS.

97. While a bystander, by agreement among the players, may decide any
question, he should not say anything unless appealed to; and if he make
any remark which calls attention to an oversight affecting the score,
or to the exaction of a penalty, he is liable to be called upon by the
players to pay the stakes (not extras) lost.


[1] Frequently called “simple honours.”

[2] Law 84 prohibits a revoking side from scoring slam, and provides
that tricks received by the declarer as penalty for a revoke shall not
entitle him to a slam not otherwise obtained.

[3] Law 84 prohibits a revoking side from scoring little slam, and
provides that tricks received by the declarer as penalty for a revoke
shall not entitle him to a little slam not otherwise obtained. If a
declarer bid 7 and take twelve tricks he counts 20 for little slam,
although his declaration fails.

[4] He may consult his partner before making his decision.

[5] See Law 14 as to value of cards in cutting.

[6] This error, whenever discovered, renders a new deal necessary.

[7] A correct pack contains exactly fifty-two cards, one of each
denomination.

[8] One trick more than six.

[9] A declaration becomes final when it has been passed by three
players.

[10] For amount scored by declarer, if doubled, see Laws 53 and 56.

[11] When the penalty for an insufficient declaration is not demanded,
the bid over which it was made may be repeated unless some higher bid
have intervened.

[12] The question, “Partner, will you select the penalty, or shall I?”
is a form of consultation which is not permitted.

[13] The penalty is determined by the declarer (see Law 66).

[14] See Law 50_a_.

[15] If more than one card be exposed, all may be called.

[16] The rule in Law 50_c_ as to consultations governs the right of
adversaries to consult as to whether such direction be given.

[17] Should the declarer play third hand before the second hand, the
fourth hand may without penalty play before his partner.

[18] As to the right of adversaries to consult, see Law 50_a_.

[19] Either adversary may decide which card shall be considered played
to the trick which contains more than four cards.

[20] See Law 73.

[21] The dummy may advise the declarer which penalty to exact.

[22] The value of the three tricks, doubled or redoubled, as the case
may be, is counted in the trick score.


ETIQUETTE OF AUCTION.

In the game of Auction slight intimations convey much information. The
code succinctly states laws which fix penalties for an offence. To
offend against etiquette is far more serious than to offend against a
law; for in the latter case the offender is subject to the prescribed
penalties; in the former his adversaries are without redress.

1. Declarations should be made in a simple manner, thus: “one heart,”
“one no trump,” “pass,” “double”; they should be made orally and not by
gesture.

2. Aside from his legitimate declaration, a player should not show by
word or gesture the nature of his hand, or his pleasure or displeasure
at a play, bid, or double.

3. If a player demand that the cards be placed, he should do so for his
own information and not to call his partner’s attention to any card or
play.

4. An opponent of the declarer should not lead until the preceding
trick has been turned and quitted; nor, after having led a winning
card, should he draw another from his hand before his partner has
played to the current trick.

5. A card should not be played with such emphasis as to draw attention
to it, nor should a player detach one card from his hand and
subsequently play another.

6. A player should not purposely incur a penalty because he is willing
to pay it, nor should he make a second revoke to conceal a first.

7. Conversation during the play should be avoided, as it may annoy
players at the table or at other tables in the room.

8. The dummy should not leave his seat to watch his partner play. He
should not call attention to the score nor to any card or cards that he
or the other players hold.

9. If a player say, “I have the rest,” or any words indicating that the
remaining tricks, or any number thereof, are his, and one or both of
the other players expose his or their cards, or request him to play out
the hand, he should not allow any information so obtained to influence
his play.

10. If a player concede, in error, one or more tricks, the concession
should stand.

11. A player having been cut out of one table should not seek admission
in another unless willing to cut for the privilege of entry.

12. A player should not look at any of his cards until the end of the
deal.


THE LAWS OF THREE HAND AUCTION.

The Laws of Auction govern the three-hand game except as follows:

(1) Three players take part in a game and four constitute a complete
table. Each plays for himself; there are no partners, except as
provided in Law 7.

(2) The player who cuts lowest selects his seat and the cards with
which he deals first. The player who cuts next lowest sits on the
dealer’s left.

(3) The cards are dealt in four packets, one for each of the three
players and one for the dummy.[23] The dummy hand is not touched until
after the final declaration has been made.

(4) The dealer declares, and the bidding continues as in Auction,
except that each player bids exclusively on his own account.

(5) The penalty for a declaration out of turn is that each of the
other players receives 50 points in his honour score. A declaration
out of turn does not affect the right of the player whose turn it is
to declare, unless both he and the other player, either by passing or
declaring, accept the improper declaration.

(6) If a player declare out of turn, and the succeeding player either
pass or declare, the third player may demand that the mistake be
corrected as is provided in Law 5. In such case the player who first
declared out of turn is the only one penalized.

(7) The player making the final declaration, _i.e._, a declaration that
has been passed by both of the others, plays his own hand and that of
the dummy against the two others, who then, and for that particular
hand, assume the relationship of partners.

(8) It is advisable that the game be played at a round table so that
the hand of the dummy can be placed in front of the declarer without
obliging any player to move; but, in the event of a square table being
used, the two players who become the adversaries of the declarer should
sit opposite each other, the dummy being opposite the declarer. At the
end of the play the original positions should be resumed.

(9) If, after the deal has been completed and before the conclusion
of the declaration, any player expose a card, each of his adversaries
counts 50 points in his honour score, and the declarer, if he be not
the offender, may call upon the player on his left to lead or not to
lead the suit of the exposed card. If a card be exposed by the declarer
after the final declaration, there is no penalty, but if exposed by
an adversary of the declarer, it is subject to the same penalty as in
Auction.

(10) If a player double out of turn, each of his adversaries counts
100 points in his respective honour score, and the player whose
declaration has been doubled may elect whether the double shall stand.
The bidding is then resumed, but if the double shall be disallowed, the
declaration may not be doubled by the other player.

(11) The rubber continues until two games have been won by the same
player; it may consist of two, three, or four games.

(12) When the declarer fulfils his contract, he scores as in Auction.
When he fails to do so, both of his adversaries score as in Auction.

(13) Honours are scored by each player separately, _i.e._, each player
who holds one honour scores the value of a trick; each player who holds
two honours scores twice the value of a trick; a player who holds three
honours scores three times the value of a trick; a player who holds
four honours scores eight times the value of a trick; and a player who
holds five honours scores ten times the value of a trick. In a no-trump
declaration, each ace counts ten, and four held by one player count
100. The declarer counts separately both his own honours and those held
by the dummy.

(14) A player scores 125 points for winning a game, a further 125
points for winning a second game, and 250 points for winning a rubber.

(15) At the end of the rubber, all scores of each player are added
and his total obtained. Each one wins from or loses to each other the
difference between their respective totals. A player may win from both
the others, lose to one and win from the other, or lose to both.

[23] This hand is generally dealt opposite to the dealer.


THE LAWS OF DUPLICATE AUCTION.

Duplicate Auction is governed by the Laws of Auction, except in so far
as they are modified by the following special laws:

A. _Scoring._ In Duplicate Auction there are neither games nor rubbers.
Each deal is scored just as in Auction, with the addition that whenever
a pair makes 30 or more for tricks as the score of one deal, it adds as
a premium 125 points in its honour column.

B. _Irregularities in the Hands._ If a player have either more or
less than his correct number of cards, the course to be pursued is
determined by the time of the discovery of the irregularity.

    (1) When the irregularity is discovered before or during the
    original play: There must be a new deal.

    (2) When the irregularity is discovered at the time the cards
    are taken up for overplay and before such overplay has begun:
    It must be sent back to the table from which it came, and the
    error be there rectified.

    (3) When the irregularity is not discovered until after the
    overplay has begun: In two-table duplicate there must be a new
    deal; but in a game in which the same deals are played at more
    than two tables, the hands must be rectified as is provided
    above and then passed to the next table without overplay at
    the table at which the error was discovered; in which case,
    if a player have less than thirteen cards and his adversary
    the corresponding surplus, each pair takes the average score
    for that deal; if, however, his partner have the corresponding
    surplus, his pair is given the lowest score and his opponents
    the highest score made at any table for that deal.

C. _Playing the cards._ Each player, when it is his turn to play, must
place his card, face upward, before him and toward the centre of the
table. He must allow it to remain upon the table in this position until
all have played to the trick, when he must turn it over and place it
face downward, nearer to himself; if he or his partner have won the
trick, the card should point toward his partner and himself; otherwise
it should point toward the adversaries.

The declarer may either play dummy’s cards or may call them by name
whenever it is dummy’s turn to play and have dummy play them for him.

A trick is turned and quitted when all four players have turned and
ceased to touch their respective cards.

The cards must be left in the order in which they were played until the
scores of the deal have been recorded.

D. _The Revoke._ A revoke may be claimed at any time before the last
trick of the deal in which it occurs has been turned and quitted and
the scores of that deal agreed upon and recorded, but not thereafter.

E. _Error in Score._ A proved error in the trick or honour score may
be corrected at any time before the final score of the contestants for
the deal or deals played before changing opponents has been made up and
agreed upon.

F. _A New Deal._ A new deal is not allowed for any reason, except
as provided in Laws of Auction 36 and 37. If there be an impossible
declaration some other penalty must be selected.[24] A declaration
(other than passing) out of turn must stand;[25] as a penalty, the
adversaries score 50 honour points in their honour column and the
partner of the offending player cannot thereafter participate in the
bidding of that deal.

The penalty for the offence mentioned in Law 81 is 50 points in the
adverse honour score.

G. _Team Matches._ A match consists of any agreed number of deals, each
of which is played once at each table.

The contesting teams must be of equal size, but each may consist of any
agreed number of pairs (not less than two). One half of each team, or
as near thereto as possible, sits north and south; the other half east
and west.

In case the teams are composed of an odd number of pairs, each team, in
making up its total score, adds, as though won by it, the average score
of all pairs seated in the positions opposite to its odd pair.

In making up averages, fractions are disregarded and the nearest whole
numbers taken, unless it be necessary to take the fraction into account
to avoid a tie, in which case the match is won “by the fraction of a
point.” The team making the higher score wins the match.

H. _Pair Contests._ The score of a pair is compared only with other
pairs who have played the same hands. A pair obtains a plus score for
the contest when its net total is more than the average; a minus score
for the contest when its net total is less than the average.

NOTE.--Some players in America are adopting the English rule, which
allows the dealer to pass, without making any declaration. The usual
expression is, “No bid.” Each player to the left may then pass in
turn, and if no bid is made the deal passes to the left. The lowest
declaration is one club, as spades have a constant value of nine and
are always “royals.”

The English rule is to score 50 for little slam and 100 for grand slam,
and some American players have adopted that rule.

[24] See Law 50. The same ruling applies to Law 54.

[25] This includes a double or redouble out of turn. See Law 57.


TEXT BOOKS.

  Bridge, and How to Play It, by A. Dunn, Jr., 1899.
  Foster’s Bridge Manual, by R.F. Foster, 1900.
  Foster on Bridge, by R.F. Foster, 1900.
  The Bridge Manual, by John Doe, 1900.
  Bridge Abridged, by W. Dalton, 1901.
  Elwell on Bridge, by J.B. Elwell, 1902.
  Foster’s Bridge Tactics, by R.F. Foster, 1903.
  Foster’s Self-playing Bridge Cards, 1903.
  The Bridge Book, by A. Dunn, Jr., 1903.
  Bridge Up to Date, by C.S. Street, 1903.
  Sixty Bridge Hands, by C.S. Street, 1903.
  Laws and Principles of Bridge, by “Badsworth,” 1903.
  Bridge Whist in Brief, by Fisher Ames, 1904.
  Bridge at a Glance, by W. Dalton, 1904.
  The Gist of Bridge, by R.F. Foster, 1904.
  Bridge Developments, by Robertson and Wallaston, 1904.
  Advanced Bridge, by J.B. Elwell, 1904.
  Auction Bridge, by John Doe, 1904.
  Bridge that Wins, by A. Metcalfe, 1905.
  Foster’s Complete Bridge, by R.F. Foster, 1905.
  Foster’s Bridge Maxims, by R.F. Foster, 1905.
  The Bridge Blue Book, by P.F. Mottelay, 1906.
  Good Bridge, by C.S. Street, 1907.
  Practical Bridge, by J.B. Elwell, 1908.
  Auction Bridge Up to Date, by W. Dalton, 1909.
  Principles of Auction Bridge, by “Badsworth,” 1910.
  Auction Bridge Up to Date, by R.F. Foster, 1910.
  Advanced Auction Bridge, by R.F. Foster, 1911.
  Auction Bridge, by “Bascule,” 1911.
  New Auction and Dummy Play, by J.B. Gleason, 1912.
  Fine Points of Bridge, by Florence Irwin, 1912.
  Auction Bridge, by J.B. Elwell, 1912.
  Royal Auction Bridge, by R.F. Foster, 1912.
  Scientific Auction Bridge, by E.V. Shepard, 1913.
  Auction of To-day, by Milton Work, 1913.
  Royal Auction and Nullos, by R.F. Foster, 1914.
  Auction Developments, by Milton Work, 1914.
  Whitehead’s Conventions of Auction Bridge, by Wilbur C. Whitehead, 1914.


WHIST.

_=CARDS.=_ Whist is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards, ranking
A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2; the Ace being the highest in play, but
ranking below the deuce in cutting. Two packs are generally used, the
one being shuffled while the other is dealt.

_=MARKERS=_ are necessary to keep the score. The most common are red
and white circular counters; the white being used for the points
in each game, and the red for the games themselves, or for rubber
points. It is better to have two sets, of different colours, each set
consisting of four circular and three oblong counters, the latter being
used for the rubber points, or for games.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Whist is played by four persons. When there are more than
four candidates for play, five or six may form a “table.” If more than
six offer for play, the selection of the table is made by cutting.

The table being formed, the four persons who shall play the first
rubber are determined by cutting, and they again cut for partners, and
the choice of seats and cards.

_=CUTTING.=_ The methods of cutting are the same as those described in
connection with Bridge, and ties are decided in the same manner.

_=PLAYERS’ POSITIONS.=_ The four players at a whist table are usually
distinguished by the letters A, B, Y, Z; the first two letters of the
alphabet being partners against the last two, and their positions at
the table being indicated as follows:--

[Illustration:

       Y
    +-----+
    |     |
  A |     | B
    |     |
    +-----+
       Z
]

Z is always the dealer; A the original leader, or first hand; Y the
second hand; B the third hand; and Z the fourth hand. After the first
trick, some other player may become the leader; the one on his left
being the second hand; his partner the third hand, and the player on
his right the fourth hand. B is the pone.

_=DEALING.=_ The cards having been properly shuffled, the dealer
presents them to the _=pone=_ to be cut. The American laws require that
after separating the pack, the pone shall place the cut part, which
he lifts off, nearer the dealer. Beginning at his left, the dealer
distributes the cards one at a time in rotation, until the pack is
exhausted. The last card is turned face up on the table, and the suit
to which it belongs is the trump for that hand.

When two packs are used, one is shuffled by the dealer’s partner while
the other is dealt, and the shuffled pack is placed on the left of the
player whose turn it will be to deal next. Each player deals in turn
until the conclusion of the game or rubber.

_=IRREGULARITIES IN THE DEAL.=_ The following rules regarding the deal
should be strictly observed:--

If any card is found faced in the pack, the dealer must deal again.
Should the dealer turn over any card but the trump, while dealing, the
adversaries may, if they please, demand a new deal. A player dealing
out of turn may be stopped before the trump card is turned; but after
that, the deal must stand, afterwards passing to the left in regular
order. On the completion of the deal, each player should take up and
count his cards to see that he has thirteen; if not, it is a misdeal,
and unless the pack is found to be imperfect, the deal passes to the
player on the misdealer’s left. The dealer loses the deal:--if he
neglects to have the pack cut; if he deals a card incorrectly, and
fails to remedy the error before dealing another; if he counts the
cards on the table, or those remaining in the pack; if he looks at the
trump card before the deal is complete; or if he places the trump card
face down, on his own or on any other player’s cards.

_=STAKES.=_ When stakes are played for, it should be distinctly
understood at the beginning whether the unit is for a game, for
a rubber, for rubber points, or for tricks. The English game is
invariably played for so much a rubber point; sometimes with an extra
stake upon the rubber itself. In America, it is usual to play for so
much a game; but in some cases the tricks are the unit, deducting
the loser’s score from seven, or playing the last hand out and then
deducting the loser’s score. A very popular method is to play for a
triple stake: so much a trick, playing each hand out; so much a game;
and so much a rubber. These three stakes are usually in the proportion
of 10, 25, and 50. In clubs it is customary to have a uniform stake
for whist, and to fix a limit for all betting on the game beyond the
“club stake.” Good usage demands that those at the table should have
the refusal of any bet made by a player, before it is offered to an
outsider.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The player on the dealer’s left begins by
leading any card he chooses, and the others must all follow suit if
they can. Failure to follow suit when able is called _=revoking=_; the
penalty for which, under the American laws, is the loss of two tricks;
under the English laws, three tricks or points. Any player having none
of the suit led may either trump it or throw away a card of another
suit, which is called _=discarding=_. When it is the dealer’s turn to
play to the first trick, he should take the trump card into his hand.
After it has been taken up it must not be named, and any player naming
it is subject to a penalty, (see Laws;) but a player may ask what the
trump _=suit=_ is. If all follow suit, the highest card played wins
the trick; trumps win against all other suits, and a higher trump wins
a lower. The winner of the trick may lead any card he pleases for the
next trick, and so on until all thirteen tricks have been played.

_=Cards Played in Error=_, or dropped face upward on the table, or
two or more played at once, are called _=exposed cards=_, and must be
left on the table. They can be _=called=_ by the adversaries; but the
fact of their being exposed does not prevent their being played when
the opportunity offers. Some persons imagine that the adversaries can
prevent an exposed card from being played; but such is not the case.

_=Leading out of Turn.=_ Should a player lead out of turn, the
adversaries may call a suit from the player in error, or from his
partner, when it is next the turn of either of them to lead. American
laws require the call to be made by the player on the right of the one
from whom the suit is called. The English laws give the adversaries
the option of calling the card played in error an exposed card. If
all have played to the trick before discovering the error, it cannot
be rectified; but if all have not played, those who have followed the
false lead must take back their cards, which are not, however, liable
to be called.

_=Revoking Players=_ cannot win the game that hand, no matter what they
score; but they may play the hand out, and score all points they make
to within one point of game.

Any player may ask the others to _=draw cards=_ in any trick, provided
he does so before they are touched for the purpose of gathering them.
In answer to this demand, each player should indicate which of the
cards on the table he played.

In the English game, any player may look at the last trick turned and
quitted; in the American he may not.

_=Taking Tricks.=_ As the tricks are taken, they should be neatly laid
one upon the other in such a manner that any player at the table can
count them at a glance. There are several methods of stacking tricks;
the first shown being probably the best.

[Illustration]

When six have been taken by one side they are usually gathered together
to form a _=book=_; any subsequently taken being laid apart, as they
are the only ones that count. It is customary for the partner of the
player winning the first trick on each side to gather the tricks for
that deal. In some places it is the custom for the partner of the
winner of each trick to gather it, so that at the end of the hand each
player has tricks in front of him. Although this method saves time,
the practice is not to be recommended, as it hinders the players in
counting the tricks already gained by each side.

Immediately upon the completion of the play of a hand, the score should
be claimed and marked. Any discussion of the play should be postponed
until this has been attended to. The adversaries must detect and claim
revokes before the cards are cut for the following deal.

The laws of whist should be carefully studied.

_=OBJECT OF THE GAME.=_ The object of all whist play is to take tricks,
of which there are thirteen in each hand or deal. The first six tricks
taken by one side are called a _=book=_, and do not count; but each
trick above that number counts one point towards game. The seventh
trick is called the _=odd=_; and two or more over the book are called
_=two=_, _=three=_, etc., _=by cards=_. At the conclusion of each hand,
the side that has won any tricks in excess of the book, scores them;
the opponents counting nothing. As soon as either side has scored the
number of points previously agreed upon as a game, which must be 5,
7, or 10, the cards are again shuffled and spread for the choice of
partners, etc., unless it has been agreed to play a rubber.

_=SCORING.=_ There are several methods of scoring at whist. The English
game is 5 points, rubbers being always played. Besides the points
scored for tricks, honours are counted; the games have a different
value, according to the score of the adversaries; and the side winning
the rubber adds two points to its score.

In scoring, the revoke penalty counts first, tricks next, and honours
last.

_=The Revoke.=_ Should the adversaries detect and claim a revoke before
the cards are cut for the following deal, they have the option of three
penalties: 1st. To take three tricks from the revoking player, adding
them to their own. 2nd. To deduct three points from his game score.
3rd. To add three points to their own game score. The penalty cannot be
divided. A revoke may be corrected by the player making it before the
trick in which it occurs has been turned and quitted. The card played
in error must be left face up on the table, and must be played when
demanded by the adversaries, unless it can be got rid of previously, in
the course of play. In America, the revoke penalty is two tricks.

_=The Honours=_ are the four highest trumps, A, K, Q, and J; and
_=after tricks have been scored=_, partners who held three honours
between them are entitled to count two points towards game; four
honours counting four points. If each side has two honours, neither can
count them. It is not enough to score them; after the last card has
been played, they must be claimed by word of mouth. If they are not
claimed before the trump is turned for the following deal, they cannot
be scored. Partners who, at the beginning of a deal, are at the score
of four, cannot count honours; they must get the odd trick to win the
game. Should one side be out by tricks, and the other by honours, the
tricks win the game, the honours counting nothing.

_=Rubber Points.=_ At the conclusion of each game, the rubber points
are scored, either with the oblong counters, or on the small keys of
the whist-marker. If the winners of a game are five points to their
adversaries’ nothing, they win a _=treble=_, and count three rubber
points. If the adversaries have scored, but have one or two points
only, the winners mark two points, for a _=double=_. If the adversaries
have reached three or four, the winners mark one, for a _=single=_. The
rubber points having been marked, all other scores are turned down. The
side winning the rubber adds two points to its score for so doing. The
value of the rubber is determined by deducting from the score of the
winners any rubber points that may have been made by their adversaries.
The smallest rubber possible to win is one point; the winners having
scored two singles and the rubber, equal to four; from which they
have to deduct a triple made by their adversaries. The largest rubber
possible is eight points, called a _=bumper=_, the winners having
scored two triples and the rubber, to their adversaries’ nothing.

It is sometimes important to observe the order of precedence in
scoring. For instance: if, at the beginning of a hand, A-B have three
points to Y-Z’s nothing, and A-B make two by honours, Y-Z winning three
by cards, Y-Z mark first; so that A-B win only a _=single=_, instead
of a _=treble=_. On the contrary, should A-B make two by cards, Y-Z
claiming four by honours, A-B win a treble; as their tricks put them
out before it is Y-Z’s turn to count.

In America, where rubbers are played without counting honours, it is
not usual to reckon rubber points; but simply to add some agreed value
to the score of those winning the odd game.

Where single games are played, whether 5, 7, or 10 points, some persons
consider the game as finished when the agreed number of points is
reached. Others play the last hand out, and count all the tricks made;
so that if two partners were at the score of 6 in a 7-point game, and
made five by cards, they would win a game of 11 points. When this is
done, it is usual to deduct the score of the losers from the total,
and to call the remainder the value of the game. In the American Whist
League, the rule is to stop at seven points, and to determine the value
of the game by deducting the loser’s score from seven.

When long sittings occur without change of partners or adversaries,
it is a common practice to count the tricks continuously, and on the
conclusion of the play, to deduct the lower score from the higher, the
winners being credited with the difference.

_=CUTTING OUT.=_ If rubbers are played, there is no change of partners,
or of rotation in the deal, until one side has won two games, which
ends the rubber. If the first two games are won by the same partners,
the third is not played. If more than four players belong to the table,
those who have just played cut to decide which shall give place to
those waiting; those cutting the highest cards going out. If six belong
to the table, there will be no further cutting out; as those who are
out for one rubber re-enter for the next, taking the places of those
who have played two consecutive rubbers. If five belong to the table,
the three who remained in for the second rubber must cut to allow the
fifth player to re-enter. At the end of the third rubber, the two cut
that have not yet been out; and at the end of the fourth rubber, the
one who has played every rubber goes out without cutting. After this,
it is usual to spread the cards, and to form the table anew. In all the
foregoing instances, partners and deal must be cut for, after the cut
has decided which are to play.

_=MARKING.=_ There are various methods of using the counters. At
the beginning of the game they may be placed at the left hand, and
transferred to the right as the points accrue. Another method is to
stack the four circular counters one upon the other at the beginning
of the game, and to count a point by placing one of them beside the
others; two points by placing another upon the first; three points by
placing a third beyond these two, and four points by placing them all
in line.

[Illustration: Nothing. One. Two. Three. Four.]

In the seven point game, the score is continued by placing one counter
above, and to the right or left of the other three, to indicate five
points; and above and between them to indicate six.

[Illustration: Five. Or this. Six.]

When counters are not used, one of the standard forms of whist-marker
is employed, the most legible and convenient being the “Foster Whist
Marker,” in which the counting keys are always level with the surface
and can be seen equally well from any position at the table.

[Illustration: The Foster Whist Marker.]

The four large keys on one side are used to count single points, the
single large key on the opposite side being reckoned as five. The three
small keys are used for counting rubber points, or games.

In ten point games, the scoring to four points is the same; but beyond
four, a single counter placed _=below=_ two or more others, is reckoned
as three; and _=above=_ two or more others, as five.

[Illustration: Five. Six. Seven. Eight. Nine.]

When proper markers are not obtainable, many persons cut eight slits in
a visiting card, and turn up the points.

[Illustration: Visiting-Card Marker.]

Whatever the apparatus employed, it should be such that every player
at the table can distinctly see the state of the score without drawing
attention to it.

_=METHODS OF CHEATING.=_ Whist offers very few opportunities to the
card-sharper. When honours are counted, he may be able to keep one on
the bottom of the pack until the completion of the deal by _=making
the pass=_ after the cards have been cut. A _=greek=_ who possessed
sufficient skill to do this without detection would be very foolish to
waste his talents at the whist table; for, however large the stakes,
the percentage in his favour would be very small.

When whist is played with only one pack, a very skillful shuffler may
gather the cards without disturbing the tricks, and, by giving them a
single _=intricate=_ shuffle, then drawing the middle of the pack from
between the ends and giving another single intricate shuffle, he may
occasionally succeed in dealing himself and his partner a very strong
hand in trumps, no matter how the cards are cut, so that they are not
shuffled again. A hand dealt in this manner is framed on the walls of
the Columbus, Ohio, Whist Club; eleven trumps having been dealt to
the partner, and the twelfth turned up. In this case the shuffling
dexterity was the result of fifteen years’ practice, and was employed
simply for amusement, the dealer never betting on any game, and making
no concealment of his methods.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ Although whist is a game of very simple
construction, the immense variety of combinations which it affords
renders it very complicated in actual practice; there being probably
no game in which there is so much diversity of opinion as to the best
play, even with the same cards, and under similar conditions. It has
been repeatedly remarked that in all the published hands at whist which
have been played in duplicate, or even four times over, with the same
cards, no two have been alike.

It would be useless to formulate rules intended to cover every case
that might arise, because the conditions are frequently too complicated
to allow the average human intellect to select the exact rule which
would apply. All that can be done to assist the beginner is to state
certain general principles which are well recognised as fundamental,
and to leave the rest to experience and practice at the whist table.

_=GENERAL PRINCIPLES.=_ Nothing obstructs the progress of the beginner
so much as his attempts to cover all the ground at once. The more
ambitious he is, the greater his necessity for keeping in view the
maxim; “One thing at a time: all things in succession.” One must master
the scales before he can produce the perfect melody.

The novice should first thoroughly understand the object, and the
fundamental principle of the game.

_=The Object=_ is to win tricks. Not to give information, or to count
the hands, or to remember every card played; but simply and only to win
tricks.

_=The Principle=_ is to secure for certain cards a trick-taking value
which does not naturally belong to them; either by getting higher cards
out of the way of lower, or by placing the holder of intermediate cards
at a disadvantage with regard to the lead.

If any person will take the trouble to deal out four hands, and after
turning them face up on the table, count how many tricks each side
will probably take with its high cards and trumps, he will find that
the total will hardly ever be exactly thirteen tricks. Let us suppose
the following to be one of the hands so dealt; Z turning up the ♡6 for
trumps:--

[Illustration:

                    ♡Q J 8
                    ♣6
                    ♢K J 6 5 3
                    ♠A 9 8 6
  ♡4 3 2          +-------+   ♡A K 10 5
  ♣A K Q 8 7 4 3  |   Y   |   ♣J 9
  ♢7              |A     B|   ♢A 8 4
  ♠Q 7            |   Z   |   ♠K 5 4 2
                   +-------+
                    ♡9 7 6
                    ♣10 5 2
                    ♢Q 10 9 2
                    ♠J 10 3
]

On looking over this hand it would appear that A could only make one
trick in Clubs, of which the second round would be trumped. His
partner can count on five tricks: the two best and the fourth trumps;
the ♢A, and the ♠K; a total of six tricks. On counting the adversaries’
probable tricks, Y should make one of his three trumps, and the ♠A.
Diamonds will not go round twice without being trumped, so we cannot
count on his ♢K. We cannot see any sure tricks for Z. Where are the
five other tricks necessary to bring our total up to thirteen? They
must be there, for there are thirteen tricks taken in every hand played.

If we play over the hand, we shall find that A-B may make six, seven,
nine, or ten tricks, according to their good management, and the good
or bad play of their adversaries. In _=Foster’s Whist Tactics=_,
Illustrative Hand No. 13, may be found the various ideas of sixteen of
the best players in the American Whist League with regard to the proper
management of this hand. They played it in four different ways, and
with very different results in the score.

This must show that the accidental distribution of the Aces, Kings,
and trumps is not everything in whist, and that there must be ways and
means of securing tricks which do not appear on the surface.

There are four ways of taking tricks at whist:

1st. By playing high cards, the suit of which the others must follow.
This A does, in the example, on the first round of the Club suit.

2nd. By playing low cards, after the higher ones have been exhausted,
and the adverse trumps are out of the way. This Y will do with his
Diamonds, or A with his Clubs, according to circumstances.

3rd. By trumping winning cards played by the adversaries. This Y will
do if Clubs are led a second time, or A will do if Diamonds are led
twice.

4th. By being able to take tricks with cards which are not the best
of the suit, the player who holds better cards having already played
smaller. This B will do with the ♡10 if A leads trumps, and Y does not
play either Q or J. If B leads trumps he will lose this advantage.

These four methods of winning tricks suggest four systems of play,
which are those in common use by experts at the present day:

1st. Playing high cards to the best advantage, so as to secure the best
results from such combinations as may be held. This is the basis of all
_=systems of leading=_.

2nd. Leading from the longest suit, in order that higher cards may
be forced out of the way of smaller ones, leaving the smaller ones
“established,” or good for tricks after the adverse trumps are
exhausted. This is called the _=long-suit game=_.

3rd. Trumping good cards played by the adversaries. This is called
_=ruffing=_. When two partners each trump a different suit, it is
called a _=cross-ruff=_, or _=saw=_.

4th. Taking advantage of the _=tenace=_ possibilities of the hand by
placing the lead with a certain player; or by avoiding the necessity of
leading away from tenace suits. For example: A player holds A Q 10 of
a suit, his right hand adversary holding K J 9. These are known as the
_=major=_ and _=minor=_ tenaces. Whichever leads makes only one trick;
but if the holder of the major tenace can get the suit led twice, he
makes all. This is called the _=short-suit game=_, or _=finesse and
tenace=_. Its resources may be added to by finessing against certain
cards. For example: Holding A Q 3 of a suit led by the partner, to play
Q is a finesse against fourth hand having the King.

Each of these systems has its advantages, and almost every hand will
offer opportunities for practice in all of them.

The most important thing to impress on the beginner is that whist
cannot be played by machinery. Some authorities would have us believe
that certain theories alone are sound; that certain systems of play
alone are good; and that if one will persevere in following certain
precepts, in such matters as leading, management of trumps, etc., that
the result will be more than average success at the whist table.

Nothing can be further from the truth. As in all other matters largely
controlled by chance, there is no system, as a system, which will win
at whist. One cannot succeed by slavish adherence to either the long or
the short-suit game; by the invariable giving of information, or the
continual playing of false cards. The true elements of success in whist
lie in the happy combination of all the resources of long and short
suits, of finesse and tenace, of candour and deception, continually
adjusted to varying circumstances, so as to result in the adversaries’
losing tricks.

_=HOW TO STUDY WHIST.=_ Any person, anxious to become an expert whist
player, may attain to considerable proficiency in a short time, if he
will content himself with mastering the following general principles
one at a time; putting each into practice at the whist table before
proceeding to the next.

The science of modern whist may be divided into two parts: 1st.
_=Tactics=_; or the purely conventional rules for leading, second and
third hand play, returning partner’s suits, etc., all of which may be
learnt from books, or gathered from more experienced players. 2nd.
_=Strategy=_; or the advantageous use of the information given by the
conventional plays. This is largely dependent on personal ability to
judge the situation correctly, and to select the methods of play best
adapted to it.

_=CONVENTIONAL PLAYS.=_ These may be divided into two parts: those used
by the partners who attack, either with their strong suits, or by
leading out trumps; and those employed by their adversaries, who are
defending themselves against such suits, or wishing to prevent their
trumps being drawn. We shall first consider the conventionalities used
in attack.

_=Leading.=_ The player with the original lead should have a double
object in view; to secure the best results for his own hand, and to
indicate to his partner where he is in need of assistance.

The first matter for his consideration will be whether to begin with a
trump or with a plain suit. There are two principal uses for trumps.
The most attractive to the beginner is that of ruffing the adversaries’
winning cards; and the most important to the expert is leading trumps
to prevent this. No matter how strong or well established a plain
suit may be, it is of uncertain value as long as the adversaries have
any trumps with which to stop it. A suit is established when you can
probably take every trick in it. If a player with a good established
suit is sufficiently strong to make it probable that he can, with
his partner’s assistance, exhaust the adverse trumps, he should do
so by leading trumps. If they are probably stronger than he, he must
_=force=_ them, by leading the established suit which they will be
compelled to trump, weakening their hands and gradually reducing their
trump strength until it is possible to exhaust what remains by leading.
It being to the advantage of the player with a good suit to exhaust
the trumps, it must be desirable to his adversaries to keep theirs, if
possible, for the purpose of ruffing this good suit.

Trumps are also useful as cards of re-entry, when a player has an
established suit, but has not the lead; their most important use,
however, is in defending or stopping established suits.

_=Rules for Leading Trumps.=_ With five or more trumps, the beginner
should always begin by leading them, regardless of the rest of his
hand. With three or less he should never lead them, unless he has very
strong cards in _=all=_ the plain suits. With four trumps exactly, he
should lead them if he has an established suit and a card of re-entry
in another suit. A card of re-entry in plain suits is one which is
pretty sure to win a trick, such as an Ace, or a guarded King. The
following are examples of hands from which trumps should be led
originally by a beginner;--

Hearts are trumps in every case.

  ♡ J 8 6 4 2; ♣ K 3 2; ♢ 10 9 2; ♠ 7 5.
  ♡ Q 10 2; ♣ A K 5; ♢ K Q 10 9; ♠ A Q 3.
  ♡ K J 8 3; ♣ A K Q 10 7 3; ♢ 3; ♠ A 7.

The following are examples of hands from which trumps should not be
led:--

  ♡ A K Q; ♣ J 8 7 5 3; ♢ Q 4; ♠ K 4 2.
  ♡ Q J 10 2; ♣ 5 2; ♢ A K Q 2; ♠ 6 4 3.
  ♡ A Q 5 4; ♣ K Q J 6 3; ♢ A 9 2; ♠ K.

If at any later stage of the hand, a player finds himself with an
established suit and a card of re-entry, he should lead trumps if he
has four. For instance: The player with the last example should lead
trumps if the first round of Clubs either forced the Ace out of his
way, or found it with his partner.

_=Rules for Leading Plain Suits.=_ It is safest for the beginner
to select his longest suit for the original lead; unless he has a
four-card suit which is much stronger. Length and high cards, the two
elements of strength, are often very nearly balanced. In the following
examples the player should begin with the longest suit:--

  ♡ A 4 3; ♣ J 10 9 8 3; ♢ A K Q; ♠ K 2.
  ♡ K 10 8 3; ♣ 4 2; ♢ K Q 10 8 2; ♠ A Q.

In the following the four-card suit should be selected:--

  ♡ J 3; ♣ 6 5 4 3 2; ♢ J 10 5 3; ♠ Q 8.
  ♡ Q 4 2; ♣ 7; ♢ 10 6 4 3 2; ♠ A K Q 10.

The principle which should guide in the selection of a plain suit for
the original lead is, that if there are a number of small cards in one
suit, and a few high cards in another, by leading the long suit first,
the higher cards in it are forced out of the way, and the high cards in
the shorter suit will then bring the holder of the established small
cards into the lead again. But if the high cards of the short suit are
first led, the long suit of small cards is dead.

Having determined whether to lead the trump or the plain suit, the next
point is to select the proper card of the suit to lead. At first the
beginner need not trouble himself about making any distinction between
trumps and plain suits; that will come later.

_=Rules for Leading High Cards.=_ Having a strong suit, but without
cards of re-entry or trump strength to support it, the best policy
is to make tricks while you can. With such a suit as A K Q 2, no one
need be told not to begin with the deuce. Whenever a player holds two
or more of the best cards of a suit he should play one of them. If he
holds both second and third best, playing one of them will force the
best out of his way, leaving him with the commanding card.

The cards which are recognised by whist players as high, are the A K Q
J 10, and if we separate the various combinations from which a player
should lead each of them, a study of the groups so formed will greatly
facilitate our recollection of them.

In the first group are those containing two or more of the best cards.
In this and all following notation, the exact size of any card below a
Ten is immaterial.

[Illustration:

  🂡 🂮 🂭 🂫 | 🂱 🂾 🂻 🂷
  🃁 🃎 🃍 🃆 | 🃑 🃞 🃔 🃓
]

So far as trick-taking is concerned, it is of no importance which of
the winning cards is first led; but for the past hundred years it has
been the custom for good whist players to lead the _=King=_ from all
these combinations, in order that the partner may be informed, by its
winning, that the leader holds the Ace also.

In the second group are those containing both the second and third
best, but not the best.

[Illustration:

  🂮 🂭 🂫 🂪 | 🂾 🂽 🂺 🂸
  🃎 🃍 🃋 🃄 | 🃞 🃝 🃗 🃖
]

The _=King=_ is the proper lead from these combinations. If it wins,
the partner should have the Ace; if it loses, partner should know the
leader holds at least the Queen.

Both these groups, which contain all the King leads, may be easily
remembered by observing that the King is always led if accompanied
by the Ace or Queen, or both. Beginners should follow this rule for
leading the King, regardless of the number of small cards in the suit,
unless they hold the sequence of K Q J, and at least two other cards.

[Illustration:

  🂮 🂭 🂫 🂪 🂤 | 🃎 🃍 🃋 🃄 🃃
]

From this combination the _=Jack=_ is the usual lead, in order to
invite partner to put on the Ace, if he has it, and get out of the
way, thus establishing the suit in the leader’s hand. This is the only
high-card combination from which the Jack is led.

There is only one combination from which the _=Queen=_ is led,
regardless of the number of the small cards.

[Illustration:

  🂭 🂫 🂪 🂦 🂥
]

This may be remembered by observing that there is no higher card in the
suit than the one led, and that it contains a sequence of three cards,
Q J 10. This lead is an indication to the partner that the leader holds
neither Ace nor King.

There is only one combination from which the _=Ten=_ is led, regardless
of the number of small cards.

[Illustration:

  🂾 🂻 🂺 🂵
]

The Ten led is an indication to partner that both Ace and Queen are
against the leader.

Combinations from which the _=Ace=_ is led contain at least five cards
in suit, or both Queen and Jack.

[Illustration:

  🂱 🂷 🂶 🂴 🂲 | 🃑 🃝 🃛 🃖
]

This lead is an indication to partner that the leader has not the King,
and that the suit is either long, or contains three honours.

_=Rules for Leading Low Cards.=_ If the suit selected for the lead
contains none of the combinations from which a high card should be led,
it is customary with good players to begin with the 4th-best, counting
from the top of the suit. This is called the card of uniformity;
because it indicates to the partner that there are remaining in the
leader’s hand exactly three cards higher than the one led. From any of
the following combinations the proper lead would be the Four:--

[Illustration:

  🃞 🃛 🃘 🃔 🃓 | 🃑 🃝 🃚 🃔
  🂽 🂻 🂶 🂴 🂲 | 🂱 🂻 🂺 🂴
]

[Illustration:

  🂫 🂪 🂩 🂤 🂢 | 🂮 🂨 🂧 🂤
  🃊 🃉 🃈 🃄 🃃 | 🃍 🃆 🃅 🃄
]

_=Rules for Leading Short Suits.=_ It will sometimes happen that the
only four-card suit in the leader’s hand will be trumps, which it
is not desirable to lead. In such cases, if there is no high-card
combination in any of the short suits, it is usual to lead the highest
card, unless it is an Ace or King. Many good players will not lead the
Queen from a three card suit, unless it is accompanied by the Jack.
All such leads are called _=forced=_, and are intended to assist the
partner, by playing cards which may strengthen him, although of no use
to the leader. The best card should be led from any such combinations
as the following:--

[Illustration:

  🃝 🃛 🃖 | 🃊 🃉 🃄
  🃋 🃊 🃅 | 🃙 🃘 🃔
  🂫 🂥 🂣 | 🂷 🂶 🂴
]

All these rules for leading apply equally to any position at the table
when a player opens his own suit for the first time.

_=Rules for Leading Second Round.=_ On the second round of any suit,
the player holding the best card should play it; or having several
equally the best, one of them. If he is Fourth Hand, he may be able to
win the trick more cheaply.

If the original leader has several cards, equally the best, such as
A Q J remaining after having led the King, he should continue with
the lowest card that will win the trick. This should be an indication
to his partner that the card led is as good as the best, and that
therefore the leader must have the intermediate cards.

_=Following King=_, which has been led from these combinations:--

[Illustration:

  🂡 🂮 🂭 🂫 | 🂱 🂾 🂻 🂷
  🃁 🃎 🃍 🃆 | 🃑 🃞 🃔 🃓
]

Leading the Jack on the second round would show both Ace and Queen
remaining. Leading Queen would show Ace, but not the Jack. Leading Ace
would show that the leader had not the Queen.

In combinations which do not contain the best card, the lead may be
varied in some cases to show the number remaining in the leader’s hand,
or to indicate cards not shown by the first lead.

_=Following King=_, which has been led from these combinations:--

[Illustration:

  🃎 🃍 🃋 🃊 | 🃞 🃝 🃛 🃖
]

Leading the Ten on the second round would show both Queen and Jack
remaining. Leading the Jack would show the Queen; but not the ten.

_=Following the Jack=_, led from this combination:--

[Illustration:

  🂾 🂽 🂻 🂷 🂶
]

Leading King on the second round would show five cards in the suit
originally. Leading the Queen would show more than five.

_=Following the Queen=_, led from this combination:--

[Illustration:

  🃍 🃋 🃊 🃄 🃃
]

Leading Jack on the second round shows the suit to have originally
contained only four cards; the Ten would show more than four.

_=Following the Ace=_, led from these combinations:--

[Illustration:

  🃑 🃝 🃛 🃖 | 🂡 🂭 🂫 🂦 🂥
]

Leading the Queen shows the suit was short. Leading the Jack shows that
it contained at least five cards.

When a player holds both the second and third-best of a suit on the
second round, he should always play one of them, whether he is First,
Second, or Third Hand. This protects him, by forcing the command of
the suit, if it does not win the trick. Having led the Ten from K J 10
x, if the Ace or Queen wins the first trick, the K should be next led.
Having led the Four from Q J 6 4 2, if Ace or King falls to the first
trick, the Queen should be led. If the Jack, Queen, and Ace fall to the
first trick, a player holding both Ten and Nine should lead the Ten.

After leading high cards from some combinations, and winning the trick,
they may no longer contain either the best or the second and third
best. Such are the following:--

[Illustration:

  🂡 🂭 🂧 🂤 🂢 | 🂾 🂽 🂺 🂴
  🃁 🃋 🃉 🃄 🃃 | 🂮 🂭 🂧 🂤
  🃑 🃙 🃘 🃔 🃓 | 🃎 🃋 🃊 🃄
]

The rule in all such cases is to follow with the card of uniformity,
the original fourth-best.

If the combinations are those from which the fourth-best had been led
originally, and the leader has neither the best, nor both second and
third best to go on with, he should continue with the lowest card in
his hand, unless he had six or more in suit; in which case he may go on
with the remaining fourth-best.

_=AVOID CHANGING SUITS.=_ A player having once begun with a suit,
either for the purpose of establishing it, or of taking tricks in
it, should not change it until he is forced to do so. Running off to
untried suits is one of the beginner’s worst faults. There are five
good reasons for changing suits, and unless one of them can be applied,
the suit should be continued:

1st. In order to lead trumps to defend it.

2nd. In order to avoid forcing partner.

3rd. In order to avoid forcing both adversaries.

4th. Because it is hopeless, and there is some chance in another.

5th. To prevent a cross ruff, by leading trumps.

_=Simple Inferences=_ from the fall of the cards usually supply the
best guide in the matter of changing suits.

If the Jack is led from K Q J x x, and wins the trick, partner may be
credited with the Ace; and if the original leader has four trumps,
and a card of re-entry, he should quit his established suit, and lead
trumps to defend it.

If the King and Ace have been led from A K x x, partner dropping
the Queen on the second round, the suit should be changed, unless
the original leader is strong enough to risk weakening his partner
by forcing him to trump the third round. Four trumps are generally
considered to be sufficiently strong to justify a force in this
position. Some players will force, even with a weak hand, if the two
cards played by the partner are small, and he has not availed himself
of an artifice known as _=calling for trumps=_, which we shall consider
presently.

If the King and Ten have been led from K Q J 10, and on the second
round one adversary has dropped the Eight, the other the Nine; the
suit should be changed, as partner must have the Ace, and neither of
the adversaries have any more. To lead such a suit again is called
_=forcing both adversaries=_; as it allows one to make a small trump
and the other to get rid of a losing card.

If the Four has been led from J 8 6 4, and the adversaries have won the
first trick with the Nine or Ten, A K Q must be against the leader and
his partner, and the suit should be abandoned as hopeless, unless it is
feasible to force the partner.

If at any time there is a strong indication that the adversaries will
have a cross-ruff, it is usually best to stop leading plain suits, and
attempt to get out the trumps.

_=THE LEADER’S PARTNER=_, or the Third Hand, has several conventional
plays to remember; the most important of which are the following:

_=When Partner Leads High Cards=_, the Third Hand has usually little to
do but to play his lowest of the suit. The exceptions are:

If he holds A J alone, on a King led, the Ace should be played.

If he holds A Q alone on a Ten led, the Ace should be played. With
A Q x, the Ten should be passed. With Ace and small cards, the Ace
should be played on the Ten. With Queen and small cards the Ten should
be passed. When Third Hand plays Queen on a Ten led, it should be a
certainty that he has no more of the suit.

If he holds A K and only one small card, the King should be played on a
Queen led.

If he holds Ace and only one small card, the Ace should be played on
the Jack led. If Third Hand has four trumps and a card of re-entry, the
Ace should be played on Jack led, regardless of number, in older to
lead trumps at once, to defend the suit.

_=When Partner Leads Low Cards=_, the Third Hand should do his best
to secure the trick. If he has several cards of equal trick-taking
value, such as A K Q, or K Q J, he should win the trick as cheaply
as possible. The only _=finesse=_ permitted to the Third Hand in his
partner’s suit, is the play of the Queen, when he holds A Q and others;
the odds being against Fourth Hand having the King.

_=Foster’s Eleven Rule.=_ By deducting from eleven the number of pips
on any low card led, the Third Hand may ascertain how far his partner’s
suit is from being established. For instance: if the card led is the
Seven, Second Hand playing the Eight, and Third Hand holding A J 6 3,
from which he plays Ace, Fourth Hand playing the Five; the only card
against the leader must be the King or Queen; he cannot have both, or
he would have led one. If the Second Hand has not the missing card, he
has no more of the suit. The number of inferences which may be made in
this manner by observant players is astonishing. A great many examples
and exercises in them are given in _=Foster’s Whist Manual=_.

_=Third Hand having None of the Suit=_, should trump anything but an
Ace or a King on the first round. On the second round, if there is only
one card against the leader, his partner should pass with four trumps,
and allow the suit to be established. For instance: If the leads have
been Ace, then Jack, Third Hand holding only one of the suit; he should
pass if the Second Hand does not play King.

_=Third Hand on Strengthening Cards.=_ Unless Third Hand has both Ace
and King of the suit, he should pass any forced or strengthening lead
which is not covered by the Second Hand. This obliges the Fourth Hand
to open another suit, or to continue at a disadvantage.

Third Hand winning first round has the choice of four lines of play:

1st. To lead trumps, if he is strong enough.

2nd. To return the best card of his partner’s suit if he has it. This
is imperative before opening any other suit but trumps.

3rd. To lead his own suit, if he can do anything with it. It is
considered better play for the Third Hand to return the original
leader’s suit than to open a long weak suit of his own such as one
headed by a single honour.

4th. To return his partner’s suit even with a losing card, in
preference to changing.

When the original lead is a trump, it should be returned in every case,
either immediately, or as soon as the player can obtain the lead.

The same reasons for changing suits as those given for the original
leader will apply to the Third Hand.

_=RULES FOR RETURNING PARTNER’S SUITS.=_ When the original leader’s
suit is returned by his partner, either immediately or upon his
regaining the lead, it is usual to show, if possible, how many cards
remain in the Third Hand, so that by adding them to his own, the leader
may estimate the number held by his adversaries. This consideration is
secondary to the return of the best, or one of the second and third
best; but in the absence of such cards, the Third Hand should always
return the higher of only two remaining, and the lowest of three or
more, regardless of their value.

In addition to the foregoing conventionalities, which are proper to
the leader of a suit and his partner, there are two usages which apply
equally to any player at the table. These are discarding and forcing.

_=Discarding.=_ When a player cannot follow suit, and does not wish to
trump, his safest play is to discard whatever seems of least use to
him. It is not considered good play to unguard a King or to leave an
Ace alone; but this may be done if the partner is leading trumps, and
there is a good established suit to keep. Beginners should be careful
to preserve cards of re-entry, even if they have to discard from their
good suit in order to do so.

When the adversaries have shown strength in trumps, or are leading
them, there is little use in keeping a long suit together. It is much
better to keep guard on the suits in which they are probably strong,
letting your own and your partner’s go.

A player having full command of a suit, may show it to his partner
by discarding the best card of it. Discarding the second-best is an
indication that the player has not the best; and in general, the
discard of any small card shows weakness in that suit.

_=Forcing.=_ We have already observed that a player who is weak himself
should not force his partner. An exception may be made in cases where
he has shown weakness, or has had a chance to lead trumps and has not
done so. On the contrary, an adversary should not be forced unless he
has shown strength, or the player forcing him is weak. The hope of a
player with a good suit is to defend it by leading and exhausting the
trumps. His adversary tries to keep his trumps in order to stop that
suit; at the same time forcing the strong hand, by leading cards which
he must trump, hoping that such a force may so weaken him that he will
be unable to continue the trump lead.

It is usually very difficult to convince the beginner that the weaker
he is himself, the more reason he has for forcing the adversaries
to trump his good cards. He is constantly falling into the error of
changing from a good suit, which the adversaries cannot stop without
trumping, to a weak suit, which allows them to get into the lead
without any waste of trump strength. If an adversary refuses to trump
a suit, it is imperative to keep on with it until he does; for it is
always good play to force an adversary to do what he does not wish to
do.

Any person may convince himself of the soundness of this theory of
forcing, by giving himself the six highest cards in any suit, three
small cards in the others, and four trumps; giving another player the
four best trumps, and nine of the highest cards in two suits. If the
first player forces the second with his good suit, and continues every
time he gets the lead, he must win six tricks; if he does not, the
second player makes a slam.

A deliberate force from a partner should always be accepted, if he is a
good player.

We may now turn our attention to the conventionalities used by players
who are opposed to the establishment of suits in the hands of the
leader and his partner. These are divided between the Second and the
Fourth Hand, the former being the more important. Generally speaking,
they are the tactics of defence.

_=SECOND HAND PLAY.=_ The player who is second to play on any trick
is called the Second Hand. It is his duty to protect himself and his
partner, as far as possible, in the adversaries’ strong suits. The
chief point for the beginner to observe in Second Hand play, is the
difference between the circumstances requiring him to play high cards,
and those in which he should play low ones.

_=High Cards Led.=_ When a card higher than a Ten is led on the first
round of a suit, the Second Hand has usually nothing to do but to play
his lowest card, and make what inference he can as to the probable
distribution of the suit. But if he holds the Ace, or cards in sequence
with it, such A K, he should cover any card higher than a Ten. If he
holds K Q he should cover a J, 10, or 9 led; but it is useless for him
to cover an honour with a single honour, unless it is the Ace.

_=Low Cards Led.=_ High cards are played by the Second Hand when he
has any combination from which he would have led a high one if he had
opened the suit. The fact that a player on his right has already laid
a small card of the suit on the table should not prevent the Second
Hand from making the best use of any combinations he may hold. The only
difference between leading from such combinations, and playing them
Second Hand, is that in the latter case no attempt is made to indicate
to the partner the exact nature of the combination held. The general
rule is to win the trick as cheaply as possible, by playing the lowest
of the high cards which form the combination from which a high card
would be led. Such are the following:--

[Illustration:

  🂡 🂮 🂭 🂫 | 🂾 🂽 🂻 🂸
  🂱 🂾 🂽 🂳 | 🃞 🃝 🃘 🃔
  🃑 🃞 🃕 🃒 | 🃎 🃋 🃊 🃅
  🃁 🃍 🃋 🃂 | 🂭 🂫 🂪 🂣
]

The beginner must be careful with these:--

[Illustration:

  🂡 🂮 🂫 🂢 | 🃎 🃍 🃊 🃆
]

The combination which makes the first of these a high-card lead is the
A K, and the King must be played Second Hand. The Jack has nothing
to do with it. In the second, the Ten does not form any part of the
combination, and the Queen is the card to play Second Hand. Some
players will not play a high card second hand with K Q x x unless weak
in trumps.

An exception is generally made with these combinations, from which the
proper lead is the Ace.

[Illustration:

  🃑 🃝 🃘 🃔 🃓 | 🂡 🂩 🂨 🂧 🂤
]

Many will not play Ace Second Hand in any case, and will play the Queen
with the first combination only when they are weak in trumps. The
reason for this exception is the importance of retaining command of the
adverse suit as long as possible.

_=On the Second Round=_, the Second Hand should follow the usual
rule for playing the best of the suit if he holds it; or one of the
second and third best, if he holds them. He should also be careful
to estimate, by the eleven rule, how many cards are out against the
leader, which will sometimes guide him to a good finesse. For instance:
first player leads Ace, then Eight. If the Second Hand holds K J 9 2,
instead of playing the best card to the second round, which would be
King, he should finesse the Nine.

_=With Short Suits.=_ When Second Hand holds such short-suit
combinations as:--

[Illustration:

  🂽 🂻 🂷 | 🂻 🂺 🂵
]

and a small card is led, his proper play is one of the high cards,
because he cannot save both of them.

_=On Strengthening Cards Led.=_ This is a difficult point for the
beginner, and his best plan is to follow the rules already given for
covering cards higher than the Ten. One of the most common errors is
to cover a Jack led with a Queen, when holding A Q and others. The Ace
should be put on invariably. To play the Queen in such a position is
called _=finessing against yourself=_.

_=Singly Guarded Honours.=_ Many players put on the King Second Hand,
if they hold only one small card with it, and a small card is led. This
will win the trick as often as it will lose it; but it betrays the hand
to the adversary, and enables him to finesse deeply if the suit is
returned. It may be done in order to get the lead, and in trumps the
practice is very common, and generally right. With Queen and only one
small card, it can be demonstrated that it is useless to play the Queen
Second Hand, except as an experiment, or to get the lead in desperate
cases.

With any combination weaker than J 10 x, it is useless to attempt to
win the trick Second Hand, and only makes it difficult for the partner
to place the cards correctly.

_=The Fourchette.=_ When the Second Hand has cards immediately above
and below the one led, he should cover. The beginner may have some
difficulty in recognising the fact that he holds fourchette if the suit
has been round once or twice, and the intermediate cards have been
played. Such cards as a Queen and a Seven may be fourchette over a
Nine, if Jack, Ten and Eight have been played.

_=Second Hand Having None=_ of the suit led, on either first or second
round, must decide whether or not to trump it. If the card led is the
best of the suit, he should certainly do so; but if it is not, and
there is any uncertainty as to who will win the trick, it is usual for
the Second Hand to pass when he has four trumps. With five trumps,
there should be some good reason for keeping the trumps together, as a
player with so many can usually afford to trump. If he does not trump,
his play comes under the rules for discarding.

_=FOURTH-HAND PLAY.=_ The Fourth Hand is the last player in any trick.
He is the partner of the Second Hand, but has not so many opportunities
for the exercise of judgment, his duties being simply to win tricks
if he can, and as cheaply as possible. If he cannot win the trick, he
should play his lowest card.

A bad habit of Fourth-Hand players is holding up the tenace A J when
a King or Queen is led originally. This is called the _=Bath Coup=_,
and the suit must go round three times for it to succeed in making two
tricks. The holder of the tenace should equally make two tricks by
playing the Ace at once, provided he does not lead the suit back.

_=The Turn-up Trump.=_ When trumps are led by the adversaries, it is
a common practice to play the turn-up as soon as possible, unless it
is a valuable card. On the contrary, it is usual to keep it as long as
possible when the partner leads trumps.

_=Changing Suits.=_ If the Second or Fourth Hand wins the first or
second round of the adversaries’ suit, it is seldom right to return
it, as that would probably be playing their game. The player should
open his own suit, as if he were the original leader. If he is strong
enough to lead trumps under ordinary circumstances, he may be deterred
from so doing if the adversaries have declared a strong suit against
him. The same consideration may prevent his leading trumps in the hope
of making a suit of his own, as the adversaries might reap the benefit
by bringing in their suit instead. On the contrary, when the Second or
Fourth Hand holds command of the adverse suit, they may often risk a
trump lead which would otherwise be injudicious. Having once started a
suit, it should not be changed, except for one of the reasons already
given for the guidance of the First Hand.

_=When the Adversaries Lead Trumps=_, and the Second Hand has a chance
either to establish a suit against them or to force his partner, he
should stop the trump lead if he can. If his partner has led trumps,
the Second Hand should generally play his winning cards on his right
hand opponent’s plain-suit leads, to stop them; and continue the trumps.

These are about all the conventionalities necessary for the beginner.
After at least a year’s practice with them, he will either discover
that he has no aptitude for the game, or will be ready to go into
further details. A beginner who attempts to handle the weapons of the
expert simply plays with edged tools, which will probably cut no one
but himself and his partner.

       *       *       *       *       *

_=THE SIGNAL GAME.=_ Having become thoroughly familiar with the
elementary conventionalities of the game, so that they can be used
without the slightest hesitation at the whist table, the player may
proceed to acquaint himself with the details of what is commonly
known as the Signal Game, which comprises all the various methods of
signalling up hands between partners, according to certain arbitrary
and pre-arranged systems of play. Many players object to these methods
as unfair; but they are now too deeply rooted to yield to protest; and
the best thing for a player to do is to familiarise himself with his
adversaries’ weapons.

_=The Trump Signal.=_ A player anxious to have trumps led, but who has
no immediate prospect of the lead, may call on his partner to lead
trumps at the first opportunity, by playing any two cards of a suit
led, the higher before the lower. Let us suppose him to hold five good
trumps, with the Six and Two of a suit of which his partner leads King,
then Jack. By playing first the Six, and then the Two, he calls upon
his partner to quit the suit, and lead a trump.

Among some players, the lead of a strengthening card when an honour is
turned, is a call for trumps to be led through that honour at the first
opportunity, but it is not good play.

Passing a certain winning card is regarded by most players as an
imperative call for trumps.

The discard of any card higher than a Seven is known as a
single-card-call. Even if it was not so intended, it is assumed that a
trump lead cannot injure a player with nothing smaller than a Nine in
his hand.

_=Answering Trump Signals.=_ In response to partner’s call, a player
should lead the best trump if he holds it; one of the second and third
best if he holds them; the highest of three or less; the lowest of
four; and the fourth-best of more than four. Holding any of the regular
high-card combinations in trumps, he should lead them in the regular
way in answer to a call.

_=After a Force.=_ If the player is forced before he can answer the
call, he may indicate the number of trumps originally held by playing
them in this manner:--

With 3 or less; trumping with the lowest; leading the highest.

With 4 exactly; trumping with the 3rd-best; leading the highest.

With 5 or more; trumping with the 3rd-best; leading the 4th-best.

These methods of taking the force must not be carried to extremes.
For instance: A player holding K J 10 2, would hardly be justified in
trumping with the 10 to show number. Some experts, holding the best
trump with at least four others, will not lead it; preferring to show
number first, by leading the fourth-best. Others, holding four, lead
the lowest after trumping with the third-best.

_=The Echo in Trumps.=_ When the partner leads high trumps, the Third
Hand should echo with four or more, by signalling in the trump suit.
The universal form of the echo is to play first the third-best, then
the fourth-best. When a player has called, and his partner leads, it
is unnecessary for the caller to echo. Players seldom echo on adverse
trump leads, even with five trumps.

_=The Four-Signal.=_ There are several ways of showing four or more
trumps without asking partner to lead them. Among some players the
original lead of a strengthening card is an evidence of four trumps,
and is called an _=Albany Lead=_. A player holding three cards of any
plain suit, such as the 3, 4, 5, may show the number of his trumps by
playing these small cards as follows:--

  No of trumps.   1st trick.   2nd trick.   3rd trick.
    3 or less            3           4           5
    4 exactly            4           5           3
    5   ”                4           3           5
    6   ”                5           3           4
    7 or more            5           4           3

The second of these is the four-signal; the last three are trump
signals. They are used only in following suit.

The four-signal is sometimes used in the trump suit as a _=Sub-echo=_,
to show three trumps exactly.

Apart from signalling, trump strength may often be inferred, especially
from player’s passing doubtful tricks, forcing their partners, etc.

_=Trump Suit Leads.=_ When trumps are not led for the purpose of
exhausting them immediately, but simply as the longest suit, the
fourth-best may be led from the following:--

[Illustration:

  🂱 🂾 🂷 🂶 🂴 | 🃎 🃍 🃆 🃅
  🂡 🂨 🂧 🂤 🂢 | 🃞 🃛 🃚 🃖
]

If the Ten accompanies the King and Queen, in the third combination, it
is best to adhere to the usual lead of the King.

In leading trumps from combinations containing a winning sequence, such
as the following:--

[Illustration:

  🂱 🂾 🂽 🂻 🂷 | 🃁 🃎 🃍 🃄 🃃
]

many players begin with the lowest of the winning cards, continuing
with the next above it.

_=Speculative Trump Leads.=_ The whist player will often find himself
with a single good suit, a card of re-entry, and few trumps. Certain
conditions of the score may prompt him to make a speculative trump
lead from such a hand. If his trumps are high, such as A K x, he may
safely begin by leading them; but if they are weak, and he is depending
largely on his partner’s possible strength, he should show his suit
first by leading it once.

_=Over-trumping=_ is generally regarded as bad policy when a player has
a good suit, and sufficient trump strength to justify him in hoping
to do something with it. The refusal to over-trump, unless the trump
played is a high one, should be regarded by the partner as a call.

It is sometimes necessary to over-trump partner in order to get the
lead. For instance: A player holds the two best trumps, and all winning
cards of a plain suit, while the player on his right has a losing
trump. In such a position the player with the two best trumps should
trump any winning card his partner leads, or over trump him if he
trumps, so as to prevent the adversary from making that losing trump.

_=Under-trumping, or the Grand Coup=_, is playing a low trump on a
trick that partner has already trumped with a higher, in order to avoid
the lead. For instance: A player holds major tenace in trumps with a
small one, and knows that the minor tenace is on his right. Four cards
remain in each hand. The player on the left leads; Second Hand trumps;
Third Hand follows suit. If the Fourth Hand keeps his three trumps, he
must win the next trick, and lose the advantage of his tenace.

A player will sometimes have the best card in two suits, and a small
trump, and will know that the two best trumps and an unknown card are
on his right. If the missing suit is led, and the player on the right
trumps, his unknown card must be one of the two other suits, and the
player with the command of them should keep both, and throw away his
small trump. The discards on the next trick may enable him to determine
the suit of the losing card on his right.

_=The Last Trump.=_ If two players have an equal number of trumps, each
of them having an established suit, it will be the object of both to
remain with the last trump, which must bring in the suit. The tactics
of each will be to win the third round of trumps; and then, if the best
trump is against him, to force it out with the established suit, coming
into the lead again with the last trump. So often is it important
to win the third round of trumps that few good players will win the
second round, unless they can win the third also. With an established
suit, a card of re-entry, and four trumps King high, a player should
lead trumps; but if his partner wins the first round and returns a
small trump, the King should not be put on, no matter what Second Hand
plays, unless the card next below the King is fourchette. Some of the
most brilliant endings in whist are skirmishes for the possession of
the last trump; the player who is at a disadvantage often persistently
refuses the fatal force, hoping the leader will be compelled to change
his suit, or will lose the lead.

_=Drawing the Losing Trump.=_ It is usually best to draw losing trumps
from the adversaries, unless a player can foresee that he may want the
best to stop a strong adverse suit.

_=A Thirteenth Card=_, played by the partner, is usually considered an
invitation to put on the best trump. The Second Hand should not trump a
thirteenth card unless he is weak in trumps.

_=AMERICAN LEADS.=_ Advanced players, who have had so much practice
that they can infer the probable position of the cards without devoting
their entire attention to it, have adopted a new system of leading from
the four combinations following, in order to show the number of small
cards in the suit:--

[Illustration:

  🃑 🃞 🃝 🃛 🃖 | 🂱 🂾 🂶 🂴 🂲
  🃁 🃎 🃍 🃆 🃅 | 🂮 🂭 🂧 🂤 🂢
]

From these the King is never led if there are more than four cards in
the suit. Having more than four, the lowest of the sequence of high
cards is led. From the first this would be the Jack; from the second
the Queen; from the third the Ace, (because the King is barred;) and
from the fourth the Queen. The Ten is not ranked among the high cards
in American Leads.

On the second round, with the first two combinations, the difference
between a suit of five or one of six cards may be indicated by
following with the Ace if five were held originally; the King, if more
than five. Seven cards may be shown with the first combination, by
leading the Queen on the second round.

The chief difference these leads make in the play of the Third Hand is
that he should not trump any court card led, even if weak in trumps.
The misunderstanding as to the meaning of the first lead, especially if
it is a Queen, often occasions confusion and loss; but this is claimed
to be offset by the value of the information given. Some lead 10 from Q
J 10; 4th-best from K J 10.

To the adversaries these leads are often of value, as they are
frequently enabled to place the cards very accurately from the
information given by the lead itself, regardless of the fall of the
cards from the other hands. For instance: Second Hand holds A J of a
suit in which King is led; Third Hand plays the Four; Fourth Hand plays
the Nine. The leader remains with Q 3 2; Third Hand still has 8 7 6 5;
and if he has also the 10, Fourth Hand has no more. Again: The leader
shows a suit of six; Second Hand holding two only. If the suit is led
a third time it is a doubtful trick, and with four trumps the Second
Hand should pass. If the leader shows the exact number of the suit
originally led, and then changes to a four-card suit, the adversaries
know at least nine of his cards.

So obvious is this that it is an almost invariable rule for a player,
on quitting his suit, to conceal the length of the second suit led by
leading the highest card of a short suit.

If it were allowable to exercise some judgment in using these leads,
they might not be open to so many objections; but they are worse than
useless unless the partner can depend on their being uniformly adopted.

_=The Minneapolis Lead.=_ This is another variation in the leads, which
is confined to one combination; that of Ace and any four other cards,
not including the King. With strength in trumps the fourth-best is led
instead of the Ace, the theory being that the Ace is more likely to be
valuable on the second or third round of such a suit than on the first,
and that the trump strength justifies the finesse of the original lead.
With weak trumps the Ace is led. Some players extend this principle to
the Second Hand, and play Ace on a small card led, when holding A x x
x x with weak trumps. This is open to the objection that it gives up
command of the adverse suit too early in the hand; but it saves many a
trick.

_=The Plain-suit Echo.=_ This is another device for giving information
as to number. When the original leader begins with a high card, the
Third Hand should play his third-best if he holds four or more; and
on the second round his second best, always retaining his fourth-best
and any below it. The value of this echo is much disputed, and the
adversaries can usually render it ineffective by holding up small
cards; a practice very much in vogue with advanced players.

_=Low’s Signal.=_ This is the latest system of indicating to the leader
the number of cards in his suit held by the Third Hand. With four or
more of the suit, the third-best is played to the lead of a high card,
or when no attempt is made to win the trick. In retaining the suit, the
second-best is led if three or more remain, and on the third round, or
in a discard, the highest is played, always retaining the fourth-best
and those below it. For instance: With the 8 7 5 2 of a suit which
partner leads, the 5 is played to the first round. If the suit is
returned, the 7 is played; and next time the 8. Holding only three
originally, the lowest is played to the first round, and the higher of
two returned, in the usual way. The chief value of this signal is that
the return of the lowest of a suit shows absolutely no more, instead of
leaving the original leader in doubt as to whether it is the only one,
or the lowest of three remaining. It is also a great exposer of false
cards.

_=Discard Signalling=_ is another method of indicating plain suits.
When a player is known to have no trumps, and therefore cannot be
calling for them, he may use the trump signal in any plain suit which
he wishes led to him. As a general rule, a player should not use this
signal unless he has a certain trick in the suit in which he signals.
Some players use what is called the reverse discard; a signal in one
suit meaning weakness in it, and an invitation to lead another. This
avoids the necessity for using the good suit for signalling purposes.

_=Unblocking.=_ When the original leader shows a suit of five cards,
and the Third Hand has four exactly, the latter should keep his lowest
card, not for the purpose of echoing, but in order to retain a small
card which will not block the holder of the longer suit. If the Third
Hand has three cards of the suit led, and among them a card which
may block his partner, he should give it up on the second round. For
instance: Holding K 4 3, and partner showing a five-card suit by
leading Ace then Jack, Third Hand should give up the King on the second
round. Again: Holding Q 9 3, partner leading Ace then Eight; Second
Hand playing King second round, Third Hand should give up the Queen.
Again: Holding K Q, partner leading the 8 originally, won by Fourth
Hand with Ace; the King should be discarded or otherwise got rid of at
the first opportunity.

_=Short-suit Leads.=_ Many players will not lead a long weak suit
unless they have sufficient strength to justify them in hoping to
establish, defend, and bring it in, with _=reasonable=_ support from
the partner. With a long suit, headed by a single honour, weak trumps,
and no cards of re-entry, they prefer selecting a strengthening card
for the original lead, hoping it may be of some assistance to partner
by affording a successful finesse. It is claimed that it is better for
a person, especially with a strong hand, to play with the knowledge
that his partner is weak, than under the impression that he may be
strong. Such an opening lead should warn the Third Hand to finesse
deeply, to hold any tenaces he may have, and to let nothing pass him
which might be too much for his weak partner to attend to. This is a
very difficult game to play well, and is seldom resorted to except by
the most expert.

_=Deschapelles Coups.=_ It often happens that after the adverse trumps
are exhausted, a player will find himself with the lead, but unable
to give his partner a card of his established suit. In such cases the
best course is to sacrifice the King or Queen of any suit of which he
has not the Ace, in the hope that it may force the best of the suit,
and leave partner with a card of re-entry. For instance: The leader
has established the Club suit; his partner has exhausted the trumps,
Hearts; and having no Clubs, leads the King of Spades from K x x x. If
the holder of the Club suit has Spade Queen, and the King forces the
Ace, the Club suit will be brought in. If he has not the Queen, the
Clubs are probably hopeless. The _=coup=_ risks a trick to gain several.

Players should be careful not to fall into this trap in the end-game;
and it is generally right to hold up the Ace if the circumstances are
at all suspicious.

_=Tenace Positions.=_ Many expert players will not lead away from a
suit in which they hold tenace. Having two suits, one containing a
tenace, and the other without it, they will select the latter, although
it may be much weaker. It is noteworthy that players who disregard the
value of holding a tenace in the opening lead, are well aware of its
importance toward the end of the hand. When one player holds tenace
over another, the end game often becomes a struggle to place the lead;
and players frequently refuse to win tricks in order to avoid leading
away from tenaces, or to compel another player to lead up to them.

_=Underplay=_ is often resorted to by the Fourth Hand in suits in which
the Third Hand has shown weakness. For instance: A small card is led;
Third Hand playing the Ten, and Fourth Hand holding A Q J x. It is
a common artifice to win with the Queen, and return the small card.
When the original leader is underplayed in his own suit, he should
invariably put up his best card.

_=Finessing.=_ The expert may finesse much more freely than the
beginner. Having led from such a suit as K J x x and partner having
won with Ace and returned a small card, the Jack may be finessed with
strong trumps. If the adversaries lead trumps, and the Ace wins the
first round, a player holding the King second hand on the return, may
finesse by holding it up, trusting his partner for the trick.

In all cases that mark the best of the suit against a player, and on
his left, he may finesse against the third best being there also. For
instance: A player leads from K 10 x x x. Third Hand plays Queen and
returns a small card. The Ten should be finessed, regardless of trump
strength, as the Ace must be on the left, and the finesse is against
the Jack being there also. Many varieties of this finesse occur.

_=Placing the Lead.=_ This is usually a feature of the end-game A
player may have an established suit, his adversary being the only
person with any small cards of it. If the lead can be placed in the
hand of this adversary, he must eventually lead the losing cards.

A player begins with a weak suit of four cards, on the first round
of which it is evident that his partner has no more, the adversaries
having all the high cards. The suit is not played again, and for the
last six tricks the original leader finds himself with three cards of
it, and the Q x x of another suit. If the adversaries play King and Ace
of the latter suit, the Queen should be given up, trusting partner for
the Jack, for the Queen will force the holder of the three losing cards
into the lead. It is sometimes necessary to throw away an Ace in order
to avoid the lead at critical stages of the end-game.

_=False Cards.=_ It requires more than ordinary skill to judge when a
false card will do less harm to the partner than to the adversaries.
There are some occasions for false-card play about which there is
little question. Having a sequence in the adverse suit, the Second or
Fourth Hand may win with the highest card, especially if the intention
is to lead trumps. Holding K Q only, Second Hand may play the King,
especially in trumps. Holding A K x, the Fourth Hand should play Ace
on a Queen led by an American leader. With such a suit as K J 10 x,
after trumps have been exhausted, the Ten is not a safe lead; Jack or
fourth-best is better. Holding up the small cards of adverse suits
is a common stratagem; and it is legitimate to use any system of
false-carding in trumps if it will prevent the adversaries who have led
them from counting them accurately.

_=Playing to the Score.=_ The play must often be varied on account of
the state of the score, either to save or win the game in the hand. If
the adversaries appear to be very strong, and likely to go out on the
deal, all conventionalities should be disregarded until the game is
saved; finesses should be refused, and winning cards played Second Hand
on the first round. If the adversaries are exhausting the trumps, it
will often be judicious for a player to make what winning cards he has,
regardless of all rules for leading, especially if they are sufficient
to save the game.

It often happens that the same cards must be played in different ways
according to the state of the score, and the number of tricks in front
of the player. A simple example will best explain this. Hearts are
trumps; you hold two small ones, two better being out against you, but
whether in one hand or not you cannot tell. You have also two winning
Spades, one smaller being still out. The game is seven-point whist. The
importance of playing to the score will be evident if you consider your
play in each of the following instances, your score being given first:

  Score 6 to 6; you have 5 tricks in front of you.
  Score 6 to 6; you have 4 tricks in front of you.
  Score 6 to 5; you have 4 tricks in front of you.
  Score 5 to 4; you have 5 tricks in front of you.

_=INFERENCES.=_ The great strength of the expert lies in his ability to
draw correct inferences from the fall of the cards, and to adapt his
play to the circumstances.

Inferences from the various systems of leads and returns are too
obvious to require further notice; but attention may be called to some
that are often overlooked, even by advanced players:

If a suit led is won by Third Hand with King or Ace; and the original
leader wins the second round with King or Ace, the adversaries must
have the Queen.

If the Third Hand plays Ace first round, he has neither King nor Queen.
If he plays Queen on a Ten led, he has no more. If he plays Ace on a
King led, he has the Jack alone, or no more.

If the Second Hand plays King first round on a small card led, he has
Ace also, or no more. If he plays Ace under the same conditions, he has
no more. [See Minneapolis Lead.]

If a suit is led, and neither Third nor Fourth Hand has a card in it
above a Nine, the original leader must have A Q 10, and the second
player K J. When neither Third nor Fourth Hand holds a card above the
Ten, the major and minor tenaces are divided between the leader and the
Second Hand. If it can be inferred that the leader held five cards in
the suit originally, he holds the minor tenace.

When a player, not an American leader, begins with a Jack and wins the
trick, the adversaries may conclude that his partner had two small
cards with the Ace, and had not four trumps and another winning card.

When a good player changes his suit, he knows that it will not go
round again, or that the command is against him. This is often a
valuable hint to the adversaries. When he quits his original suit and
leads trumps, without his partner having called, the adversaries may
conclude that the suit has been established.

When a player puts Ace on his partner’s Jack led, and does not lead
trumps, the adversaries may count on him for only one small card of the
suit led.

When an adversary finesses freely, he may be credited with some
strength in trumps.

When a player changes his suit, the adversaries should note carefully
the fall of the cards in the new suit. As already observed, the leader
almost invariably opens the new suit with the best he has. Suppose a
player to lead two winning cards in one suit, and then the Eight of
another, which the Second Hand wins with the Ten; The four honours in
the second suit must be between the Second and Fourth Hands.

Having won the first or second round of the adverse suit, and having no
good suit of his own, the Second or Fourth Hand may be able to infer a
good suit with his partner, by the play. For instance: A player opens
Clubs, showing five, his partner wins second round, and opens the
Diamond suit with the Jack, on which Second Hand plays Ace, his partner
dropping the 9. Having now the lead, and no good suit, it is evident
that the play should be continued on the assumption that partner is all
Spades and trumps.

       *       *       *       *       *

_=THE AMERICAN GAME.=_ Since the revolt against the invariable opening
from the longest suit, which was the style of game advocated by the old
school of Pole and “Cavendish,” many systems have been tried out by
the various clubs that meet at our national tournaments. E.C. Howell
was the first to attempt to set the short-suit game in order, but his
methods have long since been superseded by more elastic tactics.

The fundamental principle of the short-suit game, as first explained to
the world by the New York _Sun_, is to use the original or opening lead
to indicate the general character of the hand rather than any details
of the individual suit. In the long-suit game the original leader is
always assuming that his partner may have something or other, and
playing on that supposition. The short-suit player indicates the system
of play best adapted to his own hand, without the slightest regard to
the possibilities of his partner. It is the duty of the partner to
indicate his hand in turn, and to shape the policy of the play on the
combined indications of the two.

This does not mean that the player shall always lead a short suit,
but that he should combine the best features of both systems, without
slavish adherence to either. This idea has been brought to perfection
in practice by the famous American Whist Club of Boston, and under the
able leadership of its captain, Harry H. Ward, it has demonstrated that
he can take any kind of a team and beat any of the old style long-suit
players, no matter how skilful they may be. The following is a brief
outline of the American game, as given by Captain Ward in _Whist_ for
May, 1906:--

_=Five-trump Hands.=_ With five trumps, and the suits split, 3, 3, 2,
we always open a trump, unless we have a tenace over the turn-up card.
From five trumps and a five-card plain suit, we open the suit if it is
one that will require some help to establish; otherwise the trump. From
five trumps with a four-card plain suit, we open the trump with hands
of moderate strength; otherwise the plain suit.

_=Four-trump Hands.=_ From four-trump hands we invariably open a suit
of five cards or more, but prefer to avoid a four-card suit headed by
a single honor. These are the suits in which the best chance for a
single trick usually occurs when the suit is led by some one else. For
example: Hearts trumps:--

  ♡ 8 7 6 3      ♣ 9 8      ♢ K 8 3 2      ♠ K 4 2

The best opening from such a hand is the club nine.

When forced to open single-honor suits, the lead of the lowest card
shows an honor as good as the Queen, while the lead of an intermediate
card denies such an honor, as in the following examples: hearts
trumps:--

  ♡ 10 8 3 2      ♣ K 6      ♢ Q 7 6 4      ♠ Q 5 4

From this we should lead the four of diamonds; but holding

  ♡ 10 8 3 2      ♣ K 6      ♢ J 8 7 4      ♠ Q 5 4

we should lead the seven of diamonds.

From hands containing four trumps and three three-card suits, we use
our own judgment, sometimes leading the trump, and sometimes a plain
suit. We prefer the plain suit if it is a desirable one to open, such
as hearts trumps:--

  ♡ K 8 3 2      ♣ J 10 4      ♢ A 10 3      ♠ 8 4 3

From this we would open the Jack of clubs; but from

  ♡ K 8 3 2      ♣ J 3 2      ♢ A 10 3      ♠ Q 6 3

we should lead the deuce of trumps. If in this hand the club suit were
Q J 3, the Queen of clubs would be the best opening.

It may seem paradoxical that a weaker hand should call for a trump
lead; but the opening is not an attack. It is a move to await
developments.

_=Three-trump Hands.=_ From hands containing three trumps or less, our
opening leads vary from the ordinary player’s game more than in any
other particular. We always open a long suit from three-trump hands
if the suit is a good one, such as A K and others, K Q and others, or
even Q J and others. But without such strength in the long suit, we let
it severely alone, and develop the hand with a short-suit or “gambit”
opening.

With three trumps and a five-card suit containing two honors not in
sequence, we still open the long suit if we have a sure re-entry in
another suit. This, for example, hearts trumps:--

  ♡ K 6 2      ♣ 8 6 2      ♢ A Q 6 4 3      ♠ A 10

The trey of diamonds is the best opening. If there were no re-entry,
such as only 10 2 of spades instead of A 10, we should open the 10 of
spades.

Although we open a great many short suits, we avoid weak three-card
suits except in rare instances.

While our system, like all others, entails losses at times, it seems to
avoid many of the pitfalls that confront the player who always opens
his long suit, regardless of the possibilities of ever bringing it
in. In many instances we find he places himself in the worst possible
position for any chance to make even one trick in the suit he opens.

We admit that if a team adopts straight American leads, it is much
easier for them to count the partner’s hand accurately; but it seems
to me that this advantage is more than overcome by the fact that in
our openings we have a clear idea as to the general character of the
partner’s hand while there is still time to take advantage of the
knowledge. In the long-suit game this element is entirely wanting.

_=IN CONCLUSION.=_ The first-class whist-player is usually developed
gradually. If he possess the faculty of paying close attention to the
game while he is playing, nothing should prevent his rapid progress.
At first he may care little or nothing for “book” whist, but after
some experience with book players, he is rather in danger of running
to the other extreme, and putting more book into his game than it
will carry. Having passed that stage, his next step is usually to
invent some system of his own, and to experiment with every hand he
plays. By degrees he finds that all special systems of play have
some serious defects which over-balance their advantages, and this
discovery gradually brings him back to first principles. If he gets
so far safely, his game for all future time will probably be sound,
common-sense whist, without any American leads, plain-suit echoes, or
four-signals, and free from any attempts to take fourteen tricks with
thirteen cards.

When a whist-player reaches that point, he is probably as near the
first class as the natural limitations of his mental abilities will
ever permit him to go.

_=THE LAWS=_ will be found at the end of the Whist Family of Games.


ILLUSTRATIVE WHIST HANDS.

A and B are partners against Y and Z. A is always the original leader,
and Z is the dealer. The underlined card wins the trick, and the card
under it is the next one led.

      _=No. 1. Long Suits=_;      | T|     _=No. 3. Short Suits=_;
           ♡5 turned.             | R|           ♡Q turned.
                                  | I|
  --------------------------------+ C+--------------------------------
      A       Y       B      Z    | K|   A       Y       B       Z
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+--+-------+-------+-------+-------+
  | _♣K_  |  ♣5   |  ♣7   | ♣3    | 1|   Q♢  |   K♢  |  _A♢_ |   2♢  |
  |  ♡10  |  ♡J   | _♡Q_  | ♡5    | 2|   2♠  |  _A♠_ |   J♠  |   5♠  |
  | _♣Q_  |  ♣J   |  ♣2   | ♣10   | 3|   4♢  |  10♢  |   3♢  |  _J♢_ |
  |   ♡7  |  ♡3   | _♡9_  | ♡8    | 4|  ♡2   |  ♡5   |  ♡3   |  ♡Q   |
  |  _J♠_ |   9♠  |   2♠  |  5♠   | 5|  ♡6   | _♡A_  |  ♡4   |  ♡J   |
  |  ♣A   |  ♡4   | _♡6_  |  5♢   | 6|  ♣8   |  ♣2   |  ♣3   |  ♣K   |
  |   4♠  | _♡K_  |   A♠  |  6♠   | 7| _♡7_  |   8♢  |   5♢  |   7♢  |
  |   J♢  |   7♢  |   2♢  | _K♢_  | 8| _♡K_  |   4♠  |   6♢  |  ♡9   |
  | _♡2_  |   3♢  |   4♢  |  A♢   | 9|  _K♠_ |   7♠  |   6♠  |   8♠  |
  | _♣9_  |   6♢  |   3♠  |  8♢   |10|  _Q♠_ |  ♣4   |  ♣5   |  10♠  |
  | _♣8_  |   9♢  |   7♠  |  8♠   |11|   9♠  |  ♣Q   |  ♣6   |  ♡10  |
  | _♣6_  |  10♢  |   K♠  | 10♠   |12| _♡8_  |   9♢  |  ♣7   |  ♣J   |
  | _♣4_  |   Q♢  | _♡A_  |  Q♠   |13|  _3♠_ |  ♣A   |  ♣10  |  ♣9   |
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+--+-------+-------+-------+-------+
  --------------------------------+  +--------------------------------
    _=No. 2. American Game=_;     | T|   _=No. 4. Play to Score=_;
           ♡8 turned.             | R|         ♡J turned.
                                  | I|
  --------------------------------+ C+--------------------------------
      A       Y       B       Z   | K|   A       Y       B       Z
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+--+-------+-------+-------+-------+
  |   6♢  |   J♢  |  _A♢_ |   9♢  | 1|   K♠  |   4♠  |   3♠  |  _A♠_ |
  | _♡3_  |   3♢  |   2♢  |  10♢  | 2|  ♡3   |  ♡9   | _♡Q_  |  ♡2   |
  |  ♣9   |  ♣K   | _♣A_  |  ♣3   | 3|   2♠  |   7♠  |   5♠  | _♡4_  |
  | _♡6_  |   4♢  |   5♢  |  ♣4   | 4|  ♣2   | _♣K_  |  ♣6   |  ♣3   |
  | _♣Q_  |  ♣8   |   ♣2  |  ♣7   | 5|  ♡5   |   ♡7  |  ♡8   | _♡J_  |
  |  ♣6   |  ♡4   | _♡9_  |  ♣10  | 6|  ♡10  |   ♣5  |  ♡K   | _♡A_  |
  | _♡10_ |   7♢  |   8♢  |  ♣J   | 7|  ♣8   | _♣J_  |   3♢  |  ♣4   |
  |  ♣5   |  ♡K   | _♡A_  |   7♠  | 8|   5♢  |   J♢  |  _A♢_ |   2♢  |
  |   4♠  |   Q♢  | _♡Q_  |  ♡5   | 9|  10♠  |   9♠  |   8♠  | _♡6_  |
  |   2♠  |   5♠  | _♡J_  |  ♡7   |10|  ♣Q   |  ♣7   |   4♢  | _♣A_  |
  |  _A♠_ |   6♠  |   Q♠  |   K♠  |11|   Q♠  |   J♠  |   6♠  | _♣10_ |
  |  _J♠_ |   9♠  |   3♠  |  10♠  |12|  10♢  |   7♢  |   6♢  | _♣9_  |
  |  _8♠_ |   K♢  |  ♡2   | _♡8_  |13|   Q♢  |   8♢  |   9♢  |   K♢  |
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+--+-------+-------+-------+-------+

_=No. 1.=_ This is a fine example of the _=Long-suit Game=_. The leader
begins with one of the high cards of his long suit. Missing the 2, he
knows some one is signalling for trumps, and as it is very unlikely
that the adversaries would signal while he was in the lead, he assumes
it is his partner, and leads his best trump. His partner does not
return the trump, because he holds major tenace over the king, which
must be in Y’s hand. At trick 5 B still holds major tenace in trumps,
and leads a small card of his long suit to try to get A into the lead
again. If A leads trumps again, his only possible card of re-entry for
his club suit is gone. At trick 7, if B draws Y’s king, he kills A’s
card of re-entry at the same time.

_=No. 2.=_ This is an excellent example of the _=American Game=_. A has
a three-trump hand, but his long suit is not headed by two honors in
sequence, and the Queen of clubs cannot be considered as a re-entry,
so A makes the gambit opening of the singleton diamond. His partner,
having nothing in plain suits, immediately returns the diamond. A now
leads an intermediate club, and B forces him again. At trick 6, A
avoids changing suits. If the long spade suit is opened, and Z returns
the diamond 10, A-B will make four tricks less on this hand.

_=No. 3.=_ This example of the _=Short-suit Game=_ is from Val Starnes’
Short-Suit Whist. This is sometimes called the Gambit opening. The
leader, having no reason to lead trumps, even with five, and not having
three honours in his long suit, prefers the gambit opening of the
singly guarded queen. Y holds what is called a potential or imperfect
fourchette, and covers, in order to make A-B play two honours to get
one trick. B also makes a gambit opening by returning a supporting
spade. Three tricks are gained by the two leads of the supporting
cards, and five would have been made but for Y’s covering on the first
trick.

_=No. 4.=_ This is an example of _=Playing to the Score=_. The game is
English Whist, 5 points, counting honours. The first lead of trumps
shows Z that honours are divided, and that he must make 11 tricks to
win the game. At trick 3, he must trump; to discard clubs would be
inconsistent with refusing to trump in order to bring them in. At trick
4, if Y cannot win a trick in clubs and give Z a finesse in trumps, Z
cannot win the game. At trick 7, both black queens are against Z, and
he must take the best chance to win if the diamond ace is also against
him. The adversaries cannot place the club ace, and so Z underplays in
clubs as his only chance for the game.

       *       *       *       *       *

_=PRUSSIAN WHIST.=_ This is the ordinary 5, 7 or 10 point whist, with
or without honours, except that instead of turning up the last card for
trump, the player to the left of the dealer cuts a trump from the still
pack, which is shuffled and presented to him by the dealer’s partner.

_=FAVOURITE WHIST.=_ This is the regular 5, 7 or 10 point whist, with
or without honours, except that whichever suit is cut for the trump on
the first deal of the rubber is called _=the favourite=_. Whenever the
suit turns up for trump, after the first deal, tricks and honours count
double towards game. There must be a new favourite at the beginning of
each rubber, unless the same suit happens to be cut again.

A variation is to attach a progressive value to the four suits; tricks
being worth 1 point when Spades are trumps; when Clubs 2; when Diamonds
3; and when Hearts 4. Honours do not count, and the game is 10 points,
made by tricks alone. The hands are played out; the winners score all
tricks taken, and the winners of the rubber add 10 points for bonus.
The value of the rubber is the difference between the scores of the
winners and that of the losers. For instance: If the rubber is in A-B’s
favour with the score shown in the margin A-B win a rubber of 8 points.

  1st game;   10 to  6
  2nd game;    4 to 16
  3rd game;   14 to  8
  Rubber;     10
              --------
  Totals      38 to 30

This is a good game for superstitious people, who believe that certain
trump suits are favourable to them.


TEXT-BOOKS.

The following list of works on _=whist=_, alphabetically arranged,
contains the principal standard text-books on the game. Those marked *
are especially for the beginner. Those marked x are chiefly devoted to
the Short-suit game.

    Art of Practical Whist, by Major Gen. Drayson.
  * Foster’s Whist Manual, by R.F. Foster.
  * Foster’s Whist Tactics, by R.F. Foster.
  x Foster’s Common Sense in Whist, by R.F. Foster.
  * Foster’s Self-Playing Cards, by R.F. Foster.
  x Foster’s Duplicate Whist, by R.F. Foster.
    Foster’s American Leads, by R.F. Foster.
  * Foster’s Whist at a Glance, by R.F. Foster.
  * Gist of Whist, by C.E. Coffin.
  x Howell’s Whist Openings, by E.C. Howell.
    Laws and Principles of Whist, by “Cavendish.”
    Modern Scientific Whist, by C.D.P. Hamilton.
    Philosophy of Whist, by Dr. W. Pole.
  * Practical Guide to Whist, by Fisher Ames.
  x Short-Suit Whist, by Val. W. Starnes.
  * Short Whist, by James Clay.
  * Theory of Whist, by Dr. W. Pole.
  * Whist, or Bumblepuppy, by “Pembridge.”
    Whist Developments, by “Cavendish.”
  * Whist of To-day, by Milton C. Work.
  * _Whist à Trois_, by Ch. Lahure. [Dummy.]
  x Whist, and its Masters, by R.F. Foster.
  * Whist, A monthly journal; pub. Milwaukee, Wis., U.S.A.


DUPLICATE WHIST.

Duplicate whist is not a distinct game, but is simply the name given to
that manner of playing whist in which a number of hands are played over
again with the same cards, but by different persons.

_=CARDS.=_ The cards have the same rank as at whist; they are dealt in
the same manner, and the same rules apply to all irregularities in the
deal, except that a misdealer must deal again. The objects of the game
are the same, and so are all the suggestions for good play. The only
differences that require attention are the positions of the players,
the manner of counting the tricks, and the methods of keeping and
comparing the scores.

_=THEORY.=_ It may briefly be stated that duplicate proceeds upon the
principle that if two partners have made a certain number of tricks
with certain cards, under certain conditions with respect to the lead,
distribution of the other cards in the adversaries’ hands, etc., the
only way to decide whether or not two other players could have done
better, or cannot do so well, is to let them try it, by giving them the
same cards, under exactly similar conditions.

This comparison may be carried out in various ways; but in every
instance it depends entirely upon the number and arrangement of the
players engaged. The most common forms are: club against club; team
against team; pair against pair; or man against man. The reason for
the arrangement of the players will be better understood if we first
describe the method.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ There is no cutting for partners, and choice of
seats and cards as at whist, because the players take their places and
deal according to a pre-arranged schedule.

The player to the left of the dealer begins by placing the card he
leads face up on the table, and in front of him. The second player
follows by placing his card in front of him in the same manner; and so
the third, and so the fourth. The four cards are then turned face down,
and the dealer takes up the trump. The partners winning the trick place
their cards lengthwise, pointing towards each other; the adversaries
place theirs across. At the end of the hand, the number of tricks taken
by each side can be seen by glancing at any player’s cards. If there is
any discrepancy, a comparison of the turned cards will show in which
trick it occurs, and the cards can be readily faced and examined.

[Illustration:

             +--------+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
             |        | | | | | | | | | | | | |
             |        | | | | | | | | | | | | |
             +-------++-+-+-+ +-+ | | +-+-+ | |
                     |        |   | | |     | |
                     +--------+---+-+ +-----+-+

                              N
  +-------+                                   +----------+
  |       |                                   |          |
  +-------+                                   |          |
  |       |                                   |          |
  +-------+--+                                +----------+
  |          |                                |          |
  +----------+                                +----------+
  |          |                                |          |
  +-------+  |                                +----------+
  |       |  |                                |          |
  +-------+  |                                +--+-------+
  |       |  |                                |  |       |
  +-------+  |                                |  +-------+
  |       |  |                                |          |
  +-------+--+ W                            E +--+-------+
  |          |                                |  |       |
  +-------+  |                                |  +-------+
  |       |  |                                |  |       |
  +-------+--+                                |  +-------+
  |          |                                |X         |
  +----------+                                +----------+
  |          |                                |          |
  +----------+                                +----------+
  |          |                                |          |
  +----------+                                +--+-------+
  |          |                                   |       |
  |          |                                   +-------+
  |          |                                   |       |
  +----------+                                   +-------+
                              S

             +-+-----+-+-+---+--------+
             | |     | | |   |        |
             | | +-+-+ | | +-+ +-+-+-++-------+
             | | | | | | | | | | | | |        |
             | | | | | | | | | | | | |        |
             +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+--------+
]

N & S 6; E & W 7. East has made a mistake in turning the fifth trick.

_=COUNTERS.=_ In some places 13 counters are placed on the table,
the winner of each trick taking down one. This system often leads to
disputes, as there can be no check upon it, and there is nothing to
show in which trick the error occurred.

_=COUNTING TRICKS.=_ At the end of each hand, the players sitting North
and South score the _=total=_ number of tricks they have taken; instead
of the number in excess of a book. Their adversaries, sitting East and
West, do the same. Each player then slightly shuffles his 13 cards;
so as to conceal the order in which they were played, and the four
separate hands of 13 cards each are then left on the table, face down;
the trump being turned at the dealer’s place.

_=TRAYS.=_ When any apparatus is used for holding the cards, such
as trays, boxes, or envelopes, each player puts his 13 cards in the
compartment provided for them. Each tray has a mark upon it, usually
an arrow, showing which end of the tray should point toward a given
direction, usually the North. The pocket into which the dealer’s cards
go is marked “dealer,” and it is usual to provide a trump slip for
each tray. When the hand is first dealt, the trump is recorded on this
slip, which travels round the room with the tray. After the dealer has
turned up the designated trump, he places the trump slip in the tray,
face down. When the play of the hand is finished and the cards replaced
in the tray, the dealer puts his trump slip on the top of his cards.
The four hands can then be conveniently carried or handed to any other
table to be overplayed.

[Illustration: VARIOUS APPARATUS FOR DUPLICATE.]

_=SCORING.=_ There should be two score-cards at each table. The various
methods of putting down and comparing the scores can best be described
in connection with the variety of competition to which they belong. It
is a common practice to note the trump card on the score sheets.

_=POSITION OF THE PLAYERS.=_ The four players at each table are
distinguished by the letters N S E W; North and South being partners
against East and West. West should always be the dealer in the first
hand, North having the original lead. In all published illustrative
hands, North is the leader, unless otherwise specified.

The deal passes in rotation to the left, and the number of hands played
should always be some multiple of four, so that each player may have
the original lead an equal number of times. 24 hands at each table
is the usual number, and is the rule at all League tournaments. The
partners and adversaries should be changed after each eight hands.
Three changes in 24 hands will bring each member of a set of four into
partnership with every other member for an equal number of hands.

[Illustration:

               N leads
            +---------+
            |         |
  Dealer, W |         | E
            |         |
            +---------+
                 S
]

If two teams of four on a side, A B C D, and W X Y Z, play against
each other, the arrangement in a League tournament would be as
follows:--that A B C D should represent the players of the visiting
club, or challengers, and W X Y Z the home club, or holders; and that
the positions of the players should be changed after every four hands.
It is usual to play 24 hands in the afternoon, and 24 more at night.

    A   |   A   |   A   |   A   |   A   |   A   |
  W   X | Y   Z | W   Y | X   Z | X   Y | W   Z |
    B   |   B   |   C   |   C   |   D   |   D   |
        |       |       |       |       |       |
   1st. |  2nd. |  3rd. |  4th. |  5th. |  6th. |
        |       |       |       |       |       |
    Y   |   W   |   X   |   W   |   W   |   X   |
  C   D | C   D | B   D | B   D | B   C | B   C |
    Z   |   X   |   Z   |   Y   |   Z   |   Y   |

If more than four players are engaged on each side, this arrangement
must be repeated with every additional four; the tables being always in
sets of two each, but in such cases, and in fact in anything but League
matches, it is usual to play only the 1st, 3rd and 5th sets.

_=CLUB AGAINST CLUB.=_ The smaller club should put into the field as
many multiples of four as it can; the larger club presenting an equal
number to play against them. The opposing sides are then so arranged
that half the members of each club sit North and South, the other half
East and West. If we distinguish the clubs by the marks O and X, and
suppose 16 to be engaged on each side, they would be arranged at 8
tables, thus:--

     O    |    O    |    O    |    O
   X 1 X  |  X 3 X  |  X 5 X  |  X 7 X
     O    |    O    |    O    |    O
          |         |         |
  1st set | 2nd set | 3rd set | 4th set
          |         |         |
     X    |    X    |    X    |    X
   O 2 O  |  O 4 O  |  O 6 O  |  O 8 O
     X    |    X    |    X    |    X

If apparatus is used, the players may sit still for four hands, putting
the trays aside, and then exchanging them for the four trays played at
the other table in their set. If not, the cards are left on the table,
as already described, and the fours change places; those at table No. 1
going to table No. 2, while those at No. 2 go to No. 1, the other sets
changing in the same manner. This brings them into this position:--

    X   |   X   |   X   |   X
  O 1 O | O 3 O | O 5 O | O 7 O
    X   |   X   |   X   |   X
        |       |       |
    O   |   O   |   O   |   O
  X 2 X | X 4 X | X 6 X | X 8 X
    O   |   O   |   O   |   O

The two O’s that have just played the N & S hands at table No. 1,
proceed to play at table No. 2, the N & S hands which have just been
played by two X’s; while the two O’s that played the E & W hands at
table No. 2, overplay at table No. 1, the E & W hands just held by the
two X’s.

It is now evident that the four O’s have held between them all the 52
cards dealt at each table; for the first pair have held all the N & S
hands dealt at both tables, and the second pair have held all the E &
W hands. The same is true of the four X players; and if there is any
difference in the number of tricks taken by the opposing fours, it is
supposed to be due to a difference in skill, other matters having been
equalised as far as the limitations of the game will permit.

The overplay finished, the cards are gathered, shuffled, cut, and dealt
afresh, East now having the original lead. It must be remembered that
the deal can never be lost, and that no matter what happens, the player
whose proper turn it is to deal must do so.

_=NUMBERING HANDS.=_ The hands simultaneously played are scored under
the same number, but distinguished by the number of the table at which
they are first dealt. Each pair of partners in a team play two No. 1
hands, in one of which they are N & S; in the other E & W.

_=SCORING.=_ The result of the hand is entered upon the score sheets,
which the opposing players at each table should then compare, and turn
them face down, leaving them on the table when they change places.

Let us suppose the N & S partners of the O team to make 7 tricks at
table No. 1; the E & W partners of the X team making 6. Each pair
enters on its own score-card the number it makes. The E & W partners
of the O team now come to table No. 1, and play the 26 cards which the
other members of their team did not hold. They are not permitted to
look at the score-card until the hand has been overplayed. Then they
enter the result, which should be 6 tricks. If the total of the tricks
taken by the same team on the N & S and the E & W hands is not 13, it
must be a loss or a gain. At the end of the 24 hands, the result of the
match can be immediately ascertained by laying side by side the score
cards of the East and West hands played at the same table. The North
and South scores are not compared, because the laws say they may be
incorrect, but the East and West must be, officially, right.

We give on the two preceding pages an illustration of the full score of
a match. The check marks in the 6th column show that the N & S players
compared the score with the E & W before turning down their cards.
The figures in the 2nd column are the gains on the various hands. The
figures in the 7th column show which of the four players whose names
appear at the top of the score-card were partners for that series of
hands. The result shows that the O team had a majority of one trick at
table No. 1, while the X team had a majority of three tricks at table
No. 2, leaving them the winners of the match by two tricks.

If sixteen players were engaged, it would be necessary to institute
a similar comparison between each set of tables, and there would be
sixteen score-cards to compare, two at a time, instead of four.

_=TEAM AGAINST TEAM.=_ The methods just described for a match of
club against club are identical with those which are used in a
contest between two teams of four; the only difference being that of
proportion. In the latter case there will be only one set, of two
tables, and only four score-cards to compare.

The change of partners should be exhaustive in team matches; which will
require six sets.

_=TEAMS AGAINST TEAMS.=_ When several quartette teams compete with one
another, Howell’s system of arrangement will be found the best. There
are two methods; for odd and for even numbers of teams.

_=Odd Numbers of Teams.=_ This is the simplest form of contest. Let us
suppose five teams to offer for play, which we shall distinguish by the
letters, _=a=_, _=b=_, _=c=_, _=d=_, _=e=_, arranging each at its own
table thus:--

    N       a       b       c       d       e
  W + E   a 1 a   b 2 b   c 3 c   d 4 d   e 5 e
    S       a       b       c       d       e

[Illustration:

  +---------------------------------+ +---------------------------------+
  |  MANHATTAN WHIST CLUB           | |  MANHATTAN WHIST CLUB           |
  |Table No 1         May 6 1895    | |Table No 1         May 6 1895    |
  |           O Team                | |           X Team                |
  | 1 Chinery        3 Bullock      | | 1 D. Jones       3 M. Boyce     |
  | 2 Lewis          4 Izard        | | 2 E. Wilson      4 H. Jones     |
  +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+ +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+
  |E-W|Gain|Trump|HAND|N-S|Check|   | |E-W|Gain|Trump|HAND|N-S|Check|   |
  +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+ +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+
  | 6 |    | DK  |  1 | 7 |  ✓  |   | | 6 |    | DK  |  1 | 7 |  ✓  |   |
  | 8 |    | H7  |  2 | 4 |  ✓  |1&2| | 9 |  1 | H7  |  2 | 5 |  ✓  |3&4|
  | 2 |    | HJ  |  3 | 9 |  ✓  |   | | 4 |  2 | HJ  |  3 |11 |  ✓  |   |
  | 6 |  1 | S4  |  4 | 8 |  ✓  |---| | 5 |    | S4  |  4 | 7 |  ✓  |---|
  | 3 |    | S9  |  5 |10 |  ✓  |   | | 3 |    | S9  |  5 |10 |  ✓  |   |
  | 8 |  1 | D3  |  6 | 6 |  ✓  |1&3| | 7 |    | D3  |  6 | 5 |  ✓  |2&4|
  |10 |  1 | C5  |  7 | 4 |  ✓  |   | | 9 |    | C5  |  7 | 3 |  ✓  |   |
  | 8 |    | HQ  |  8 | 4 |  ✓  |---| | 9 |  1 | HQ  |  8 | 5 |  ✓  |---|
  | 5 |  1 | DK  |  9 | 9 |  ✓  |   | | 4 |    | DK  |  9 | 8 |  ✓  |   |
  | 4 |  1 | SA  | 10 |10 |  ✓  |1&4| | 3 |    | SA  | 10 | 9 |  ✓  |1&4|
  | 7 |    | S3  | 11 | 5 |  ✓  |   | | 8 |  1 | S3  | 11 | 6 |  ✓  |   |
  |11 |  1 | C2  | 12 | 3 |  ✓  |---| |10 |    | C2  | 12 | 2 |  ✓  |---|
  |   |--- |     | 13 |   |     |   | |   |--- |     | 13 |   |     |   |
  |   | +6 |     | 14 |   |     |   | |   | +5 |     | 14 |   |     |   |
  |   |    |     | &c |   |     |   | |   |    |     | &c |   |     |   |
  +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+ +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+
]

[Illustration:

  +---------------------------------+ +---------------------------------+
  |  MANHATTAN WHIST CLUB           | |  MANHATTAN WHIST CLUB           |
  |Table No 2         May 6 1895    | |Table No 2         May 6 1895    |
  |           O Team                | |           X Team                |
  | 1 Chinery        3 Bullock      | | 1 D. Jones        3 M. Boyce    |
  | 2 Lewis          4 Izard        | | 2 E. Wilson       4 H. Jones    |
  +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+ +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+
  |E-W|Gain|Trump|HAND|N-S|Check|   | |E-W|Gain|Trump|HAND|N-S|Check|   |
  +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+ +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+
  | 5 |  1 | CJ  |  1 | 9 |  ✓  |   | | 4 |    | CJ  |  1 | 8 |  ✓  |   |
  | 8 |    | S3  |  2 | 5 |  ✓  |1&2| | 8 |    | S3  |  2 | 5 |  ✓  |3&4|
  | 5 |  2 | CA  |  3 |10 |  ✓  |   | | 3 |    | CA  |  3 | 8 |  ✓  |   |
  | 7 |    | HQ  |  4 | 6 |  ✓  |---| | 7 |    | HQ  |  4 | 6 |  ✓  |---|
  |10 |  3 | D4  |  5 | 6 |  ✓  |   | | 7 |    | D4  |  5 | 3 |  ✓  |   |
  |10 |    | D7  |  6 | 2 |  ✓  |1&3| |11 |  1 | D7  |  6 | 3 |  ✓  |2&4|
  | 4 |    | C6  |  7 | 7 |  ✓  |   | | 6 |  2 | C6  |  7 | 9 |  ✓  |   |
  | 5 |    | S4  |  8 | 7 |  ✓  |---| | 6 |  1 | S4  |  8 | 8 |  ✓  |---|
  | 1 |    | C7  |  9 |11 |  ✓  |   | | 2 |  1 | C7  |  9 |12 |  ✓  |   |
  | 8 |    | S4  | 10 | 2 |  ✓  |1&4| |11 |  3 | S4  | 10 | 5 |  ✓  |1&4|
  | 9 |    | D3  | 11 | 4 |  ✓  |   | | 9 |    | D3  | 11 | 4 |  ✓  |   |
  | 4 |    | DQ  | 12 | 8 |  ✓  |---| | 5 |  1 | D2  | 12 | 9 |  ✓  |---|
  |   |--- |     | 13 |   |     |   | |   |--- |     | 13 |   |     |   |
  |   | +6 |     | 14 |   |     |   | |   | +9 |     | 14 |   |     |   |
  |   |    |     | &c |   |     |   | |   |    |     | &c |   |     |   |
  +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+ +---+----+-----+----+---+-----+---+
]

The names of the N & S and the E & W members of each team should first
be entered on the score-cards; then all the N & S players move to the
next table East; those at table 5 going to table 1; and each table
dealing and playing four hands, afterwards putting them away in trays.

            e     |    a     |    b     |    c     |    d
          a 1 a   |  b 2 b   |  c 3 c   |  d 4 d   |  e 5 e
            e     |    a     |    b     |    c     |    d
                  |          |          |          |
  Hands:--1 to 4  |  5 to 8  | 9 to 12  | 13 to 16 | 17 to 20

The peculiarity of this system is in the movement of the trays; those
at the middle table always going to the extreme West of the line, the
others moving up as many tables at a time as may be necessary to follow
them. In this instance the trays at table 3 go to 1, all others moving
up two tables. At the same time the N & S players all move one table
further East, bringing about this position:--

  2nd set.   d    |    e     |    a     |    b     |    c
           a 1 a  |  b 2 b   |  c 3 c   |  d 4 d   | e 5 e
             d    |    e     |    a     |    b     |    c
                  |          |          |          |
  Hands:--9 to 12 | 13 to 16 | 17 to 20 |  1 to 4  | 5 to 8

This movement of the trays and players is continued for two more sets,
which completes the round:--

  3rd set.   c    |    d     |     e    |     a    |    b
           a 1 a  |  b 2 b   |   c 3 c  |   d 4 d  |  e 5 e
             c    |    d     |     e    |     a    |    b
                  |          |          |          |
  Hands:--17 to 20|  1 to 4  |  5 to 8  |  9 to 12 | 13 to 16

  4th set.   b    |     c    |     d    |     e    |    a
           a 1 a  |   b 2 b  |   c 3 c  |   d 4 d  |  e 5 e
             b    |     c    |     d    |     e    |    a
                  |          |          |          |
  Hands:--5 to 8  |  9 to 12 | 13 to 16 | 17 to 20 | 1 to 4

If we now take any two of the teams engaged, _=a=_ and _=d=_ for
instance, we shall find that the E & W _=a=_ and the N & S _=d=_ pairs
of those teams have played hands 9 to 12 at table 1, in the 2nd set;
and that N & S _=a=_ and E & W _=d=_ pairs have overplayed the same
hands at table 4, in the 3rd set; so that we have really been carrying
out a number of matches simultaneously, between five teams of four
players each.

If there are 5, 7, 9 or 11 tables in play, the movement of the trays
must be 2, 3, 4 or 5 tables at a time; but the movement of the players
remains the same; one table at a time, in the direction opposite to the
trays.

_=Gilman’s System.=_ Another method, recommended by Charles F. Gilman,
of Boston, which prevents any possibility of players giving hints to
their friends as they pass the trays, is to have each team play at its
own table first, so as to get an individual score. The E & W players
then move to the next table but one, in either direction, going from 11
to 9; from 9 to 7, etc., the N & S players sitting still. This movement
is continued until the E & W players have gone _twice_ round. The trays
move in the _same direction as the players_, but only one table at a
time; going from 11 to 10, 9 to 8, etc. This brings about the same
result as the Howell’s system.

_=Even Numbers of Teams.=_ The present method of arranging even numbers
of teams is also Gilman’s; but it requires considerable care in the
movement of the trays, because half of them lie idle during each round,
which is the same as skipping a table in other methods.

Suppose we have ten tables, arranged in two rows thus, with a team of
four players at each:

  1   2   3   4   5
  6   7   8   9  10

Taking 30 deals as the number to be played, we place trays No. 1, 2,
3, to be played and overplayed by tables 1 and 6, which are opposite
each other in the rows. Trays 4, 5, 6, we lay aside. Trays 7, 8, 9,
are to be played and overplayed by tables 2 and 7; while 10, 11, 12,
are laid aside, and so on until we get to tables 5 and 10, which play
and overplay trays 25, 26, 27. The easiest way to manage this is to
give tray No. 2 to table 6, while tray 1 is at table 1, and then to let
table 1 take tray 2, while table 6 plays tray 3. Then table 1 will get
tray 3, while table 6 overplays tray 1. This will make all the trays
come in numerical order to table 1, and will act as a check.

The play of the first round, three deals, finished, the E & W players
all move one table, 2 going to 1, 3 to 2, etc. The umpire now brings
into play the trays that were idle, giving trays 4, 5, 6, to tables 1
and 6; trays 10, 11, 12, to tables 2 and 7, and so on down the line,
all the trays that were used in the first round lying idle.

Again the players move, and now table 1 gets the 7, 8, 9, set of trays
to overplay with table 6, and so on; so that all the sets move up a
table after each intervening round, and table 1 will get all the trays
from 1 to 30 in order.

_=SCORING.=_ In both the foregoing systems, each pair should have its
own score-card, and should mark the name of the team it plays against
for each series of four hands. These score-cards are more for private
reference than anything else in tournaments; because there is always
a professional scorer, for whose use small slips are filled out and
collected from the tables at the end of each round. The winner is
the team that wins the most matches; not the one that gains the most
tricks. In case of ties, the number of tricks won must decide. If the
number of tricks taken by each side is a tie in any match, the score
is marked zero, and each team counts half a match won. We give an
illustration of the final score in a match between five teams. The
_=c=_ and _=d=_ teams are tied for a second place in the number of
matches; but the _=c=_ team takes third place, because it has lost one
more trick than the _=d=_ team. The _=b=_ and _=c=_ teams score a half
match; so do the _=c=_ and _=e=_ teams.

[Illustration:

  +-----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+
  |Teams|  a |  b |  c |  d |  e ||Matches|Tricks|
  +-----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+
  |  a  |  \ | +5 | -1 | +1 | +4 ||   3   |  +9  |
  +-----+----+----+----+----|----++-------+------+
  |  b  | -5 |  \ |  0 | -1 | +2 ||   1½  |  -4  |
  +-----+----+----+----+----|----++-------+------+
  |  c  | +1 |  0 |  \ | -2 |  0 ||   2   |  -1  |
  +-----+----+----+----+----|----++-------+------+
  |  d  | -1 | +1 | +2 |  \ | -2 ||   2   |   0  |
  +-----+----+----+----+----|----++-------+------+
  |  e  | -4 | -2 |  0 | +2 |  \ ||   1½  |  -4  |
  +-----+----+----+----+----+----++-------+------+
]

_=PAIR AGAINST PAIR.=_ This is the most interesting form of
competition, especially for domestic parties, as the arrangement of the
players will allow of great latitude in the number engaged, table after
table being added as long as players offer to fill them.

_=Two Pairs.=_ When only four players are engaged at a single table,
the game is called Memory Duplicate; which is forbidden in all
first-class clubs. The players retain their seats until they have
played an agreed number of hands, which are laid aside one by one in
trays. No trump is turned in Memory Duplicate; one suit being declared
trumps for the entire sitting.

Instead of the players changing positions for the overplay, the trays
are reversed. If the indicators pointed N & S on the original deals,
they must lie E & W for the overplay.

[Illustration:

        A                                 A
   +---------+                       +---------+
   |    ^    |                       |         |
   |    |    |                       |         |
  B|    |    |B                     B| DE ---> |B
   |         |                       | AL      |
   |   DEALER|                       | ER      |
   +---------+                       +---------+
        A                                 A

  ORIGINAL POSITION OF TRAYS.   POSITION FOR OVERPLAY.
]

_=Scoring.=_ The E & W hands only are scored, the card being laid aside
after the original play is completed, and a new card used for the
overplay. The difference in the totals of these two sets of score-cards
will show which pair gained the most tricks.

_=Four Pairs.=_ These should be arranged at two tables, changing
adversaries after every 8 hands. The third set will exhaust the
combinations, and it will then be found that each pair has played and
overplayed an equal number of hands against every other pair.

         1st set | 2nd set | 3rd set
                 |         |
           b     |    c    |    d
          a a    |   a a   |   a a
           b     |    c    |    d
                 |         |
  Hands:--1 to 8 | 9 to 16 | 17 to 24
                 |         |
           d     |    b    |    c
          c c    |   d d   |   b b
           d     |    b    |    c

Four hands are dealt at each table in each set, and then exchanged. The
trump card is turned for every original deal.

_=Scoring.=_ Each pair carries its own score-card with it from table to
table, until the 24 hands have been played. The 7th column is used to
designate the pair played against. The pairs at the second table should
begin scoring with hands Nos. 5, 13 and 21 respectively; as they will
presently receive from the first table the series beginning 1, 9 and
17 respectively. Eight hands complete a match, and the result must be
tabulated in the same manner as for teams of four, ties being decided
by the majority of tricks won. We give an example.

[Illustration:

  +-------+----+----+----+----++---------+--------+
  | Pairs |  a |  b |  c |  d || Matches | Tricks |
  +-------+----+----+----+----++---------+--------+
  |   a   |  \ | +3 | -2 | +5 ||    2    |  +6    |
  |       |----+----+----+----++---------+--------+
  |   b   | -3 |  \ | +4 | -1 ||    1    |   0    |
  |       |----+----+----+----++---------+--------+
  |   c   | +2 | -4 |  \ | -2 ||    1    |  -4    |
  |       |----+----+----+----++---------+--------+
  |   d   | -5 | +1 | +2 |  \ ||    2    |  -2    |
  +-------+----+----+----+----++---------+--------+
]

The _=a=_ pair wins the tie with _=d=_, being 6 tricks plus.

_=Six Pairs.=_ This is a very awkward number to handle, and should
be avoided if possible. The whole could be played at three tables
simultaneously; but such a course would necessitate their changing
places ten times, following a very complicated schedule in so doing.
The simplest way to handle six pairs is to arrange them at three
tables, two of which are constantly in play, the third only half the
time. This is the first position:--

    b                   d                  f
  a 1 a               c 2 c              e 3 e
    b                   d                  f

Tables 1 and 2 deal and play two hands each, and then exchange trays
with each other. At table 3, two hands are dealt and played, both being
left in the trays.

The players at tables 1 and 2 then change adversaries; dealing, playing
and exchanging two fresh hands. The players at the third table remain
idle, or look on.

          c                   d         |         f
        a 1 a               b 2 b       |       e 3 e
          c                   d         |         f
                                        |
  Hands 5 and 6 played and exchanged.   |   None.

The _=b=_ and _=c=_ pairs now give way to _=e=_ and _=f=_:--

          e                   d         |         b
        a 1 a               f 2 f       |       c 3 c
          e                   d         |         b
                                        |
  Hands 7 and 8 played and exchanged.   |    3 and 4.

While tables 1 and 2 are playing two fresh hands, the trays containing
hands Nos. 3 and 4 which were left at table 3 are overplayed by the
_=b=_ and _=c=_ pairs, which makes a match between them and the _=e=_
and _=f=_ pairs.

Again the pairs at the first two tables change adversaries; dealing,
playing and exchanging two more hands; the third table remaining idle.

          f                  d          |     b
        a 1 a              e 2 e        |   c 3 c
          f                  d          |     b
                                        |
  Hands 9 and 10 played and exchanged.  |   None.

The pairs _=a=_ and _=d=_ now give way to _=b=_ and _c_, and the _=b=_
_=c=_ _=e=_ _=f=_ pairs play two hands and exchange them; then change
adversaries for two more hands; _=a=_ and _=d=_ remaining idle all the
time. All the pairs have now been matched but _=a=_ and _=d=_, and they
take seats E & W at two tables, the N & S positions being filled up by
any of the other players in the match.

    any                     any
  a  1  a                 d  2  d
    any                     any

No notice is taken of the scores made by the N & S hands in the last
set; as it is simply a match between the a and _d_ pairs.

_=Scoring.=_ Each pair against each is considered a match, and the
winner of the most matches wins, tricks deciding ties.

_=Compass Whist.=_ When we come to handle large numbers, the changes of
position become too complicated, and the simplest plan is to arrange
them at as many tables as they will fill, and to place on each table an
equal number of trays. At the Knickerbocker Whist Club, New York, which
is still famous for its compass games, they play a minimum of 24 trays,
or get as near that number as possible. If there are 14 tables, they
play two deals at each. If there are only 10 tables, they play 30 trays.

All the N & S players sit still, and at the end of each round, two
or three deals as the case may be, all the E & W players move up one
table, 2 going to 1, 3 to 2, etc. Each pair keeps its own score card,
on which is put down the number of the tray, the number of the pair
played against, which is always the number of the table at which they
started; one of the pairs remaining there being No. 3 N & S, the other
moving away, being No. 3 E & W.

Each pair adds up its score card at the end, and puts down the total
number of tricks they have won. The names of the players having been
previously written on the blackboard, their scores are put down
opposite their names, each side, N & S and E & W, is then added up in
order to find the average, and all scores above average are plus, while
all below average are minus.

The following is an example of the averaging of a game in which five
tables took part, playing 30 deals:--

        N & S                               E & W

  a      201   -6                     f      189   +6
  b      204   -3                     g      186   +3
  c      211   +4                     h      179   -4
  d      207    =                     j      183    =
  e      212   +5                     k      178   -5
  ---------------                     ---------------
  5    |1035                          5     |915
       +----                                +---
  Aver.  207, N & S.                  Aver.  183, E & W.

The _=e=_ and _=f=_ pairs make the best scores N & S and E & W
respectively; the _=f=_ pair, having won the greatest number of tricks
above the average of the hands, would be the winners.

_=Howell Pair System.=_ A very popular system of managing pairs in club
games, and also in the national tournaments for the Minneapolis trophy,
is called the Howell Pairs. Indicator cards are placed on the tables,
which show each player the number of the table and the position at that
table to which he should move next. Sometimes he will sit N, sometimes
S, and sometimes E or W, but he always finds his partner opposite him,
and at the end of the game he will have had every other pair in the
game for an adversary once, and will have played all the hands dealt.

A different set of indicator cards is required for every different
number of tables in the game. They are the invention of the late E.C.
Howell of Washington, D.C., and have been arranged for any number of
pairs from four to thirty-four.

_=INDIVIDUALS.=_ When four play memory duplicate, one of the four,
usually S, retains his seat and keeps the score, the others changing
places right and left alternately, each playing with S as a partner for
8 hands. These changes successively bring about the three following
positions:--

             c      |     b      |     a
          a     b   |  a     c   |  c     b
             S      |     S      |     S
                    |            |
  Hands:--1 to 4    |  5 to 8    |  9 to 12

For the overplay, the trays are reversed, the hands originally dealt
N & S being placed E & W; but the players continue to change right
and left alternately. This brings the same partners together, but on
different sides of the table.

             c     |     b     |     a
          b     a  |  c     a  |  c     b
             S     |     S     |     S
                   |           |
  Hands:--1 to 4   |  5 to 8   |  9 to 12

_=Scoring.=_ The names of the four players should be written at the
head of each score-card, and as there is no trump turned in memory
duplicate, the third and seventh columns can both be used for the
numbers of the players that are partners, and the sixth column for the
N & S gains.

When the match is finished, a tabulation of the tricks lost or won by
each player will readily show which is the winner. In the illustration
which we give, No. 3 finishes plus 6; No. 4 plus 2; No. 1 minus 4; and
No. 2 minus 4.

[Illustration:

  MANHATTAN WHIST CLUB

  Table No.          31 May 1896

  1. Chinery         3. Bullock
  2. Lewis           4. Izard

  +-----+------+--------+------+-----+------+--------+
  | E-W | Gain | Part’s | HAND | N-S | Gain | Part’s |
  +-----+------+--------+------+-----+------+--------+
  |   8 |      |        |   1  |  10 |   2  |        |
  +-----+------+--------+      +-----+------+--------+
  |   4 |      | 1 & 2  |   2  |   5 |   1  | 3 & 4  |
  +-----+------+--------+      +-----+------+--------+
  |   6 |   1  |    -4  |   3  |   5 |      |    +4  |
  +-----+------+--------+      +-----+------+--------+
  |   3 |      |        |   4  |   5 |   2  |        |
  +-----+======+========+      +-----+======+========+
  |   7 |      |        |   5  |   8 |   1  |        |
  +-----+------+--------+      +-----+------+--------+
  |   6 |   2  | 1 & 3  |   6  |   4 |      | 2 & 4  |
  +-----+------+--------+      +-----+------+--------+
  |   3 |      |    +1  |   7  |   4 |   1  |    -1  |
  +-----+------+--------+      +-----+------+--------+
  |  10 |   1  |        |   8  |   9 |      |        |
  +-----+======+========+      +-----+======+========+
  |   5 |      |        |   9  |   6 |   1  |        |
  +-----+------+--------+      +-----+------+--------+
  |   9 |      | 1 & 4  |  10  |  10 |   1  | 2 & 3  |
  +-----+------+--------+      +-----+------+--------+
  |  10 |   2  |    -1  |  11  |   8 |      |    +1  |
  +-----+------+--------+      +-----+------+--------+
  |   2 |      |        |  12  |   3 |   1  |        |
  +----------+----------+---------+----------+-------+
  | Summary  | 1 to 4   | 5 to 8  | 9 to 12  | Total |
  +----------+----------+---------+----------+-------+
  |   No 1   |     -4   | +1      |      -1  |    -4 |
  |          +----------+---------+----------+-------+
  |      2   |     -4   |     -1  | +1       |    -4 |
  |          +----------+---------+----------+-------+
  |      3   | +4       | +1      | +1       | +6    |
  |          +----------+---------+----------+-------+
  |      4   | +4       |     -1  |      -1  | +2    |
  +----------+----------+---------+----------+-------+
]

It must be remembered that the hands which are here scored N & S, in
the 5th column, were E & W when originally dealt; so that the 1st and
5th columns are really the same hands. The score-card should be folded
down the middle during the overplay, so that the original scores cannot
be seen. It is even better to use a new card.

_=Foster’s System=_ of playing two pairs at one table, which was used
at all the matches for the Utica Trophy, in which one pair from a club
challenged the pair that held the trophy for another club, consisted
in having an umpire to transpose the suits between the original and
the overplay of the deals. The trays containing the hands were sent in
to the umpire’s room, and he had an extra pack of cards, from which
he duplicated each hand of thirteen cards as he took it out of the
pocket to which it belonged, but changed the suits, making clubs trumps
instead of hearts, etc. This system was found to do away with the
memory part of the game, it being very difficult to recognize a hand
unless it had some startling feature.

Coupled with the present practice of throwing out all hands in which
there is found to be a suit of more than six cards, and dealing it over
again, Foster’s system for two pairs is the best so far suggested.

_=Eight Individuals.=_ This form of contest is seldom used, because
players dislike the continual changing of position, and the delay in
arriving at the results of the score. It would require seven sets to
exhaust the combinations; and at each table two hands should be dealt,
played, and exchanged with the other table in the set, before the
players change positions. This would require 28 hands to complete the
match.

_=Safford’s System=_ for arranging the players is to have indicator
cards on the tables:--

[Illustration:

        N                   N
   +---------+         +---------+
   |    4    |         |    3    |
  W|8       7|E       W|1       5|E
   |    6    |         |    2    |
   +---------+         +---------+
        S                   S
]

The players take their seats in any order for the first set; after
which they go to the next higher number; 8 keeping his seat, and 7
going to 1.

_=Scoring.=_ Each individual must keep his own score, adding up the
total tricks taken in each set of four hands. These totals must then be
compared with those of the player occupying the same position, N, S, E,
or W, at the other table in the set; and it will save time in the end
if these are tabulated at once, on a sheet prepared for the purpose.
For instance: Let this be the arrangement of eight players in the first
set:--

    b                             f
  a 1 c      Hands 1 to 4.      e 2 g
    d                             h

If _=a=_ and _=c=_ take 34 tricks E & W; _=e=_ and _=g=_ taking only
30 with the same cards, either _=a=_ and _=c=_ must have gained them,
or _=e=_ and _=g=_ must have lost them. It is a waste of time to put
down both losses and gains, and all that is necessary is to call the
top score zero, and charge all players with the loss of as many tricks
as their total is short of the top score. In this case we charge _=e=_
and _=g=_ with a loss of 4 each. It must be obvious that _=f=_ and
_=h=_ have also made 4 more tricks than _=b=_ and _=d=_; and that the
latter must be charged with a loss of 4 on the same hands that _=e=_
and _=g=_ lose on.

We give as an illustration a sheet balanced in this way, showing the
losses of the various players. The totals at the end of the match show
that _c_ is the winner, losing less tricks than any other player.

[Illustration:

  +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |Players|  a |  b |  c |  d |  e |  f |  g |  h |
  |-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |Set 1  |  - |  4 |  - |  4 |  4 |  - |  4 |  - |
  |       +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |    2  |  - |  2 |  - |  2 |  - |  2 |  - |  2 |
  |       +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |    3  |  5 |  5 |  - |  - |  - |  - |  5 |  5 |
  |       +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |    4  |  1 |  - |  - |  1 |  1 |  - |  - |  1 |
  |       +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |    5  |  - |  - |  3 |  3 |  - |  - |  3 |  3 |
  |       +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |    6  |  - |  - |  - |  - |  3 |  3 |  3 |  3 |
  |       +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |    7  |  4 |  - |  - |  4 |  - |  4 |  4 |  - |
  +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |Totals | 10 | 11 |  3 | 14 |  8 |  9 | 19 | 14 |
  +-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
]

_=Large Numbers of Individuals.=_ Several ingenious methods have been
devised for handling large numbers of players, especially in domestic
parties; Safford and Mitchell having both distinguished themselves in
this line. The simplest form has been suggested by Mitchell, and is
especially adapted for social gatherings of ladies and gentlemen.

As many tables as possible are filled; all the ladies sitting N & E;
the gentlemen S and W.

[Illustration:

              LADY                        L
           +---------+               +---------+
           |    N    |               |    N    |
  GENTLEMAN|W       E|LADY          G|W       E|L
           |    S    |               |    S    |
           +---------+               +---------+
            GENTLEMAN                     G
]

The number of hands dealt at each table must be adjusted to the number
of tables filled, and the time to be devoted to play. The trays
containing the hands are passed to the West, and all the gentlemen move
one table to the East, the ladies sitting still. In all the changes
each gentleman keeps to his original point of the compass, South
or West. When he arrives at the table he started from, the round is
finished. If an odd number of tables are engaged in play, the changes
may take place in regular order to the end. If even, a dummy must be
put in; but as that is objectionable in a social gathering, it is
better to adopt one of the two systems following, unless half the
number of tables is an odd number, when the method already described
may be used.

_=1st Method.=_ Some table in the series, which must not be either the
first or the last, deals no original hands, but overplays all the hands
coming from the other tables to the East of it. The four players sit
still, taking no part in the progression; thus obliging those whose
turn it would be to play at their table to pass on to the next.

_=2nd Method.=_ Each gentleman should carefully note the number of the
hand originally dealt at the table from which he starts. He progresses
until he meets this hand again. The first to observe this should give
notice to the company by a bell tap, as all the gentlemen must meet
their original hands at the same time. Instead of stopping at the table
at which this tray is encountered, all the gentlemen move on to the
next, leaving the trays as they are. This skip enables each to finish
the round without playing any of the hands twice.

_=Scoring.=_ There must be four winners; the ladies with the best
scores for the N & E hands respectively, and the gentlemen with the
best S & W scores. If a choice is necessary, the lady and the gentleman
taking the greatest number of tricks above the average should be
selected as the winners.

_=MARRIED COUPLES.=_ Safford has an ingenious schedule for eight
married couples, so arranged in two sets that no husband and wife
are ever in the same set at the same time. When seven sets have been
played, every lady will have overplayed four hands against every other
lady and gentleman, including four held by her husband. The same will
be true of every man. Indicators are placed on the tables to show
players their successive positions. The numbers represent the husbands,
and the letters the wives, the couples being a-1, b-2, etc. The couple
a-1 always sit still; the ladies go to the next higher letter of the
alphabet, and the men to the next higher number; _=h=_ going to _=b=_,
as _=a=_ sits still; and 8 to 2.

[Illustration:

      N            N            N            N
   +-----+      +-----+      +-----+      +-----+
   |  6  |      |  3  |      |  f  |      |  c  |
  W|a 1 2|E    W|d 2 8|E    W|1 3 b|E    W|4 4 h|E
   |  g  |      |  e  |      |  6  |      |  5  |
   +-----+      +-----+      +-----+      +-----+
      S            S            S            S
]

One hand is dealt at each table, and overplayed at each of the others.
A different point of the compass should deal at each table, in order to
equalise the lead.

_=Scoring.=_ The score of each four hands should be added up by each
individual player, and the results tabulated at the end of every four
hands, in the manner described for eight individuals. The winner is the
player who loses the fewest tricks. This is the only known system for
deciding whether or not a man can play whist better than his wife.

_=PROGRESSIVE DUPLICATE WHIST=_ is the generic name by which those
systems of duplicate are known in which the purpose is to have as many
as possible of the players meet one another during the progress of the
match. Most of the systems we have been describing belong to this class.

       *       *       *       *       *

There are at present only two works on Duplicate Whist; but a number of
articles on the subject may be found in “_Whist_.”

Duplicate Whist; by John T. Mitchell, 1896.

Foster’s Duplicate Whist; 1894.

Whist; Jan., 1892; Jan., 1894; Aug., 1894; Oct., 1894; Jan., 1895:
Mar., 1895; May, 1895; July, 1895; Oct., 1895.


THE LAWS OF DUPLICATE WHIST.

_The Laws of Duplicate Whist as Amended and Adopted at the Whist
Congress, Niagara Falls, New York, July, 1900; as amended at the
Twelfth Congress, June, 1902; as amended at the Thirteenth Congress,
July, 1903; Fourteenth A.W.L. Congress, July, 1904; Fifteenth Congress,
July, 1905; Sixteenth Congress, July, 1906; Twentieth Congress, July
1910._


DEFINITIONS.

The words and phrases used in these laws shall be construed in
accordance with the following definitions unless such construction is
inconsistent with the context:

(a) The thirteen cards received by any one player are termed a “hand.”

(b) The four hands into which a pack is distributed for play are
termed a “deal;” the same term is also used to designate the act of
distributing the cards to the players.

(c) A “tray” is a device for retaining the hands of a deal and
indicating the order of playing them.

(d) The player who is entitled to the trump card is termed the
“dealer,” whether the cards have or have not been dealt by him.

(e) The first play of a deal is termed “the original play;” the second
or any subsequent play of such deal, the “overplay.”

(f) “Duplicate Whist” is that form of the game of whist in which each
deal is played only once by each player, and in which each deal is so
overplayed as to bring the play of teams, pairs of individuals into
comparison.

(g) A player “renounces” when he does not follow suit to the card led;
he “renounces in error” when, although holding one or more cards of
the suit led, he plays a card of a different suit; if such renounce in
error is not lawfully corrected it constitutes a “revoke.”

(h) A card is “played” whenever, in the course of play, it is placed or
dropped face upwards on the table.

(i) A trick is “turned and quitted” when all four players have turned
and quitted their respective cards.


LAW I.--SHUFFLING.

SEC. 1. Before the cards are dealt they must be shuffled in the
presence of an adversary or the umpire.

SEC. 2. The pack must not be so shuffled as to expose the face of any
card; if a card is so exposed the pack must be reshuffled.


LAW II.--CUTTING FOR THE TRUMP.

SEC. 1. The dealer must present the cards to his right hand adversary
to be cut; such adversary must take from the top of the pack at least
four cards and place them toward the dealer, leaving at least four
cards in the remaining packet; the dealer must reunite the packets by
placing the one not removed in cutting upon the other. If, in cutting
or in reuniting the separate packets, a card is exposed, the pack must
be reshuffled and cut again; if there is any confusion of the cards or
doubt as to the place where the pack was separated, there must be a new
cut.


LAW III.--DEALING.

SEC. 1. When the pack has been properly cut and reunited, the cards
must be dealt, one at a time, face down, from the top of the pack, the
first to the player at the left of the dealer, and each successive card
to the player at the left of the one to whom the last preceding card
has been dealt. The last, which is the trump card, must be turned and
placed face up on the tray, if one is used; otherwise, at the right of
the dealer.

SEC. 2. There must be a new deal--

(a) If any card except the last is faced or exposed in any way in
dealing;

(b) If the pack is proved incorrect or imperfect;

(c) If either more or less than thirteen cards are dealt to any player;

(d) If, after the first trick has been turned and quitted on the
original play of a deal, one or more cards are found to have been left
in the tray.


LAW IV.--THE TRUMP CARD.

SEC. 1. The trump card and the number of the deal must be recorded,
before the play begins, on a slip provided for that purpose, and must
not be elsewhere recorded. Such slip must be shown to an adversary,
then turned face down and placed in the tray, if one is used.

SEC. 2. The dealer must leave the trump card face up until it is his
turn to play to the first trick; he must take the trump card into his
hand and turn down the trump slip before the second trick is turned and
quitted.

SEC. 3. When a deal is taken up for overplay, the dealer must show the
trump slip to an adversary, and thereafter the trump slip and trump
card shall be treated as in the case of an original deal.

SEC. 4. After the trump card has been lawfully taken into the hand and
the trump slip turned face down, the trump card must not be named nor
the trump slip examined during the play of the deal; a player may,
however, ask what the trump suit is.

SEC. 5. If a player unlawfully looks at the trump slip, his highest
or lowest trump may be called; if a player unlawfully names the trump
card, or unlawfully shows the trump slip to his partner, his partner’s
highest or lowest trump may be called.

SEC. 6. These penalties can be inflicted by either adversary at any
time during the play of the deal in which they are incurred before the
player from whom the call can be made has played to the current trick;
the call may be repeated at each or any trick until the card is played,
but cannot be changed.

SEC. 7. When a deal has been played the cards of the respective
players, including the trump card, must be placed in the tray face down
and the trump slip placed face up on top of the dealer’s cards.

SEC. 8. If on the overplay of a deal, the dealer turns a trump card
other than the one recorded on the trump slip, and such error is
discovered and corrected before the play of the deal is commenced, the
card turned in error is liable to be called.

SEC. 9. If such error is not corrected until after the overplay has
begun and more than two tables are engaged in play, the players at
that table shall take the average score for the deal; if less than
three tables are in play there must be a new deal.

SEC. 10. Should a player record on the trump slip a different trump
from one turned in dealing and the error be discovered at the next
table, there must be a new deal. If the deal has been played at one or
more tables with the wrong trump, the recorded trump must be taken as
correct and the players at the original table take the average score
for the deal; if less than three tables are in play, there must be a
new deal.

SEC. 11. By the unanimous consent of the players in any match, a trump
suit may be declared and no trump turned.


LAW V.--IRREGULARITIES IN THE HAND.

SEC. 1. If, on the overplay, a player is found to have more than his
correct number of cards or the trump card is not in the dealer’s hand,
or any card except the trump card is so faced as to expose any of the
printing on its face, and less than three tables are engaged, there
must be a new deal. If more than two tables are in play, the hands must
be rectified and then passed to the next table; the table at which the
error was discovered must not overplay the deal but shall take the
average score.

SEC. 2. If after the first trick has been turned and quitted on the
overplay of a deal, a player is found to have less than his correct
number of cards, and the others have their correct number, such player
shall be answerable for the missing card or cards and for any revoke or
revokes which he has made by reason of its or their absence.


LAW VI.--PLAYING, TURNING AND QUITTING THE CARDS.

SEC. 1. Each player when it is his turn to play, must place his card
face up before him and towards the center of the table and allow it
to remain in this position until all have played to the trick, when
he must turn it over and place its face down and nearer to himself,
placing each successive card as he turns it, so that it overlaps the
last card played by him and with the ends towards the winners of the
trick. After he has played his card and also after he has turned it, he
must quit it by removing his hand.

SEC. 2. The cards must be left in the order in which they were played
and quitted until the scores for the deal are recorded.

SEC. 3. During the play of a deal a player must not pick up or turn
another player’s card.

SEC. 4. Before a trick is turned and quitted any player may require any
of the other players to show the face of the card played to that trick.

SEC. 5. If a player names a card of a trick which has been turned and
quitted or turns or raises any such card so that any portion of its
face can be seen by himself or his partner he is liable to the same
penalty as if he had led out of turn.


LAW VII.--CARDS LIABLE TO BE CALLED.

SEC. 1. The following cards are liable to be called:

(a) Every card so placed upon the table as to expose any of the
printing on its face, except such cards as these laws specifically
provide, shall not be so liable.

(b) Every card so held by a player as to expose any of the printing on
its face to his partner or to both of his adversaries at the same time.

(c) Every card, except the trump card, named by the player holding it.

SEC. 2. If a player says. “I can win the rest,” “The rest are ours,”
“It makes no difference how you play,” or words to that effect, or if
he plays or exposes his remaining cards before his partner has played
to the current trick, his partner’s cards must be laid face up on the
table and are liable to be called.

SEC. 3. All cards liable to be called must be placed face up on the
table and so left until played. A player must lead or play them when
lawfully called, provided he can do so without revoking; the call may
be repeated at each or any trick until the card is played. A player
cannot, however, be prevented from leading or playing a card liable to
be called; if he can get rid of it in the course of a play no penalty
remains.

SEC. 4. The holder of a card liable to be called can be required to
play it only by the adversary on his right. If such adversary plays
without calling it, the holder may play to that trick as he pleases.
If it is the holder’s turn to lead, the card must be called before the
preceding trick has been turned and quitted, or before the holder has
led a different card; otherwise he may lead as he pleases.


LAW VIII.--LEADING OUT OF TURN.

SEC. 1. If a player leads when it is the turn of an adversary to lead,
and the error is discovered before all have played to such lead, a suit
may be called from him or from his partner, as the case may be, the
first time thereafter it is the right of either of them to lead. The
penalty can be enforced only by the adversary on the right of the one
from whom a lead can lawfully be called, and the right thereto is lost
unless such adversary calls the suit he desires led before the first
trick won by the offender or his partner subsequent to the offence is
turned and quitted.

SEC. 2. If a player leads when it is his partner’s turn and the error
is discovered before all have played to such lead, a suit may at once
be called from the proper leader by his right-hand adversary. Until
the penalty has been exacted, waived or forfeited, the proper leader
must not lead; should he so lead, the card led by him is liable to be
called.

SEC. 3. If a player when called on to lead a suit has none of it, he
may lead as he pleases.

SEC. 4. If all have not played to a lead out of turn when the error is
discovered, the card erroneously led and all cards played to such lead
are not liable to be called, and must be taken into the hand.


LAW IX.--PLAYING OUT OF TURN.

SEC. 1. If the third hand plays before the second, the fourth hand may
also play before the second.

SEC. 2. If the third hand has not played and the fourth hand plays
before the second, the latter may be called upon by the third hand to
play his highest or lowest card of the suit led, and, if he has none
of that suit, to trump or not trump the trick; the penalty cannot be
inflicted after the third hand has played to the trick. If the player
liable to this penalty plays before it has been inflicted, waived or
lost, the card so played is liable to be called.


LAW X.--THE REVOKE.

SEC. 1. A renounce in error may be corrected by the player making it,
except in the following cases, in which a revoke is established and the
penalty therefore incurred:

(a) When the trick in which it occurs has been turned and quitted.

(b) When the renouncing player or his partner, whether in his right
turn or otherwise, has led or played to the following trick.

SEC. 2. At any time before the trick is turned and quitted a player may
ask an adversary if he has any of a suit, to which such adversary has
renounced in that trick, and can require the error to be corrected in
case such adversary is found to have any of such suit.

SEC. 3. If a player, who has renounced in error, lawfully corrects his
mistake, the card improperly played by him is liable to be called, and,
if he be the second or third hand player and his left hand adversary
has played to the trick before attention has been called to the
renounce, he may be required by such adversary to play his highest or
his lowest card to the trick in which he has renounced, and shall not
play to that trick until such adversary has inflicted or waived the
penalty. Any player who has played to the trick after the renouncing
player, may withdraw his card and substitute another; a card so
withdrawn is not liable to be called.

SEC. 4. The penalty for a revoke is the transfer of two tricks from
the revoking side to their adversaries. If more than one revoke during
the play of a deal is made by one side, the penalty for each revoke,
after the first, is the transfer of one trick only. The revoking
players cannot score more, nor their adversaries less than the average
on the deal in which the revoke occurs; except that in no case shall
the infliction of the revoke penalty deprive the revoking players of
any tricks won by them before their first revoke occurs.

In Pair Matches the score shall be recorded as made, independently
of the revoke penalty, which shall be separately indicated as plus
or minus revoke (“-R” for the revoking side, and “+R” for their
adversaries). In such matches, the penalty for a revoke shall not
increase the score of the opponents of the revoking players above the
maximum, as made at the other tables, on the deal in which the revoke
occurs; provided, however, that if the opponents win more tricks than
such maximum, independently of the revoke penalty, their score shall
stand as made. Nor shall the score of the revoking players be reduced,
by the infliction of the revoke penalty, below the minimum so made at
the other tables until the averages for the match and the relative
scores of the other players have been determined; the score of the
revoking players shall then, if necessary, be further reduced, so that
in all cases they shall suffer the full penalty as provided in the
first paragraph of this section.

SEC. 5. A revoke cannot be claimed if the claimant or his partner has
played to the following deal, or if both have left the table at which
the revoke occurred. If the revoke is discovered in season, the penalty
must be enforced and cannot be waived.

SEC. 6. At the end of the play of a deal the claimants of a revoke can
examine all of the cards; if any hand has been shuffled the claim may
be urged and proved if possible; but no proof is necessary and the
revoke is established if, after it has been claimed, the accused player
or his partner disturbs the order of the cards before they have been
examined to the satisfaction of the adversaries.


LAW XI.--MISCELLANEOUS.

SEC. 1. If any one calls attention in any manner to the trick before
his partner has played thereto, the adversary last to play to the trick
may require the offender’s partner to play his highest or lowest of the
suit led, and, if he has none of that suit, to trump or not to trump
the trick.

SEC 2. A player has the right to remind his partner that it is his
privilege to enforce a penalty and also to inform him of the penalty he
can enforce.

SEC. 3. A player has the right to prevent his partner from committing
any irregularity, and for that purpose, may ask his partner whether or
not he has a card of a suit to which he has renounced on a trick which
has not been turned and quitted.

SEC. 4. If either of the adversaries, whether with or without his
partner’s consent, demands a penalty to which they are entitled, such
decision is final; if the wrong adversary demands a penalty or a wrong
penalty is demanded, or either adversary waives a penalty, none can be
enforced except in case of a revoke.

SEC. 5. If a player is lawfully called upon to play the highest or
lowest of a suit, to trump or not to trump a trick, to lead a suit or
to win a trick, and unnecessarily fails to comply, he is liable to the
same penalty as if he had revoked.

SEC. 6. If any one leads or plays a card, and then, before his partner
has played to the trick, leads one or more other cards, or plays
two or more cards together, all of which are better than any of his
adversaries hold of the suit, his partner may be called upon by either
adversary to win the first or any subsequent trick to which any of said
cards are played, and the remaining cards so played are liable to be
called.

For the Rules of Etiquette of Duplicate Whist, see page 85.


SINGLE TABLE, OR MNEMONIC DUPLICATE.

The laws of Duplicate Whist govern where applicable, except as follows:

Each player plays each deal twice, the second time playing a hand
previously played by an adversary. Instead of turning the trump, a
single suit may be declared trumps for the game. On the overplay, the
cards may be gathered into tricks instead of playing them as required
by law (Law VIII, Sec. 1). In case of the discovery of an irregularity
in the hands, there must always be a new deal.


MNEMONIC DUPLICATE FOR MORE THAN ONE TABLE.

Except a contest played in comparison with a progressive match, the
replaying of the cards by the same players--“up and back,” as it
is sometimes called--is the only possible method of approximating
to Duplicate Whist for one table; but where eight or more players
participate, this form of the game is extremely undesirable, from the
element of memory entering into the replay and destroying the integrity
of the game and its value as a test of Whist skill. It has been well
described as “a mongrel game--partly Whist and partly Dummy, but
lacking in the best features of each.”

In the early days of Duplicate Whist, Mnemonic Duplicate was, to some
extent, played even when several tables of players were participating.
It still survives in a few circles, chiefly where Duplicate Whist has
never been tried. It can be played under any of the Duplicate Whist
schedules by playing them through twice--the second time with the North
and South hands given to the East and West players, and vice versa. As
each deal is played twice by each pair, double the time is required to
play the same number of deals, as at Duplicate Whist. Allowance must be
made for this in fixing the number of deals to be played.

The Snow System of movement, where practicable, is preferable. Where
the Howell pair system of movement is used, the scores do not require
“equating”, as they are equalised on the replay. Under other systems,
only the North and South scores need be kept, as the comparison can be
made quite as readily as by direct comparison of these scores.


DUMMY.

There are three forms of Dummy: The English game, for three players;
the French game, for three or four: and the game now generally known
as Bridge, or Bridge Whist. Dummy is not recognized in any form by the
American Whist League, and there are no American Laws governing it. We
shall describe each variety of the game in its turn; beginning with the
English.

_=Cards.=_ _=ENGLISH DUMMY=_, is played with a full pack of fifty-two
cards, ranking as at whist both for cutting and playing. Two packs are
generally used.

_=Markers=_ are necessary, and are of the same patterns as those used
in whist.

_=Players.=_ According to the English usage, Dummy is played by three
persons, and the table is complete with that number.

They cut for partners and for the deal; the player cutting the lowest
card takes dummy for the first rubber; the one cutting the next lowest
takes dummy for the second rubber; and the one cutting the highest
takes it for the last rubber. It is considered obligatory to play three
rubbers, in order that each may have whatever advantage or disadvantage
may be supposed to attach to the dummy. The three rubbers so played are
called a Tournée. It is sometimes agreed that one player shall take
dummy continuously, on condition that he concedes to his adversaries
one point in each rubber. When this is done, the largest rubber that
the dummy’s partner can win is one of seven; and he may win nothing;
whereas his adversaries may win a rubber of nine, and must win at least
two. This concession of a point is not made, as many imagine, because
it is an advantage to have the (dummy) partner’s hand exposed; but
because it is an advantage to have the player’s hand concealed. He
knows the collective contents of the adversaries’ hands; each of them
knows only the contents of dummy’s hand and his own.

_=Cutting.=_ The player cutting the lowest card has the choice of
seats and cards; but he must deal the first hand for his dummy; not
for himself. The methods of spreading, cutting, deciding ties, etc.,
described in connection with whist, are those employed in dummy.

_=Position of the Players.=_ The players are distinguished, as at
whist, by the two first and last letters of the alphabet, and their
positions at the table are indicated in the same manner. There is no
mark to distinguish the dummy hand; a defect which is remedied in the
French system.

_=Dealing.=_ At the beginning of a rubber, dummy’s partner presents the
pack to his _=left-hand=_ adversary to be cut, and deals from right to
left, beginning with the player on his right, and turning up the last
card for dummy’s trump. When two packs are used, there is no rule as to
which player shall collect and shuffle the still pack. On this point
the French rules are very explicit.

The general rules with regard to irregularities in the deal are the
same as at whist.

The cards having been dealt, it is usual for dummy’s partner to take up
and sort the dummy first. There are several ways of laying out dummy’s
hand; the most common being to run the suits down in rows, with the
turn-up across and to the right of the other trumps, if any.

[Illustration:

  🂡    🃊    🃞    🂽
   🂪    🃉    🃝    🂺
    🂥    🃄    🃖           🂸
             🃃               Trump.

  METHOD OF SPREADING DUMMY’S CARDS.
]

_=Stakes.=_ The remarks made on this subject in connection with whist
apply equally to dummy. Dummy’s partner must pay to, or receive from
each adversary the amount agreed.

_=Method of Playing.=_ The general method of playing is identical with
that of whist, with the following exceptions:--

When it is dummy’s turn to play, his partner selects the card.

_=The Revoke.=_ For this dummy is not liable to any penalty, as his
adversaries can see his cards. Even should the revoke be occasioned
by dummy’s cards being disarranged, or one of them covered up, the
adversaries should be as able to detect the error as the partner.
Should dummy’s hand revoke, it cannot be remedied after the trick in
which it occurs has been turned and quitted; and the game must proceed
as if no revoke had occurred. All the penalties for a revoke may be
enforced against dummy’s partner, should he renounce in error, and
not correct it in time. There being no American laws for dummy, the
English penalty of three tricks or three points may be enforced, and
the revoking player cannot win the game that hand.

_=Cards Played in Error.=_ Dummy’s partner is not liable to any penalty
for cards dropped face upwards on the table, or two or more played at
once, because it is obvious that Dummy cannot gain any advantage from
such exposed cards.

_=Leading out of Turn.=_ Should either dummy or his partner lead out
of turn, the adversaries may call a suit from the one that should have
led. It should be noticed that if it was not the turn of either to
lead, there is no penalty; for neither can have gained any advantage
from knowing what suit the other wished to lead, or from the exposed
card. Should all have played to the erroneous lead, the error cannot be
corrected, and no penalty remains.

The methods of _=Taking Tricks=_; _=Scoring=_; _=Claiming and Counting
Honours=_; _=Marking Rubber Points=_, etc., are the same as in whist,
and the counters are used in the same manner.

_=Cutting Out.=_ As already observed, there is no change of partners,
or of the rotation of the deal, until the completion of a rubber;
but at the beginning of each rubber, dummy must deal the first hand.
Should one side win the first two games in any rubber, the third is not
played. At the end of the tournée, should any player wish to retire,
and another offer to take his place, the cards must be shuffled and cut
as at the beginning; a player’s position in one tournée giving him no
rights in the next. There is nothing in the English game to recognize
that there may be more than three candidates for dummy; as it is
supposed that if four were present, they would prefer playing whist.

_=Suggestions for Good Play.=_ As these are equally proper to any form
of dummy, we shall postpone their consideration until we have described
the other varieties of the game; French dummy, and Bridge; giving them
all at the end of the chapter on “Bridge.”


DOUBLE DUMMY.

_=CARDS.=_ Double Dummy is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards,
ranking as at whist both for cutting and playing. Two packs are
generally used.

_=MARKERS=_ are necessary, and are of the same description as those
used in whist.

_=PLAYERS.=_ According to the English usage, double dummy is played by
two persons, and the table is complete with that number.

_=CUTTING.=_ The players cut for the deal; the player cutting the
lowest card deals for his dummy first, and has the choice of sitting
to the right or left of his opponent. It is usual to select the seat
on the right of the living player, because it is possible that one may
forget whether or not certain cards have been played, and under such
circumstances it is better to lead up to an exposed hand than to one
whose contents you are not sure of.

The methods of spreading, cutting, deciding ties, etc., are the same as
those employed at whist.

_=POSITION OF THE PLAYERS.=_ It is not usually considered necessary to
distinguish the players further than to indicate which hand had the
original lead. For this purpose the whist notation is used, A being the
leader, and Z the dealer.

[Illustration:

                      Y
                    +---+
  ORIGINAL LEADER, A|   |B
                    +---+
                      Z
]

_=DEALING.=_ When two packs are used, the still pack should be shuffled
by the non-dealer, and placed on the left of the player or dummy whose
turn it will be to deal next.

The general rules with regard to irregularities in the deal are the
same as in whist.

The cards being dealt, it is usual to sort the dummy hands first,
running the suits down in rows, with the turn-up trump across, and to
the right of the others.

_=STAKES.=_ The remarks already made on this subject in connection with
whist and dummy, apply equally to double dummy, except that there is
no double payment; but each player wins from or loses to his living
adversary the unit agreed upon.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ This so closely resembles dummy as to need no
further description. Neither dummy can revoke, and there are no such
things as exposed cards, or cards played in error. It is very common
for one player to claim that he will win a certain number of tricks,
and for his adversary to admit it, and allow him to score them, without
playing the hand out.

_=LEADING OUT OF TURN.=_ Should either of the dummies or the players
lead out of turn, the adversary may call a suit from the one that ought
to have led; but if it was the turn of neither, there is no penalty. If
all four have played to the trick, the error cannot be corrected, and
no penalty remains.

The methods of _=Taking Tricks=_; _=Scoring=_; _=Claiming and Counting
Honours=_; _=Marking Rubber Points=_, etc., are the same as in whist,
and the counters are used in the same manner.

_=RUBBERS.=_ If the first two games are won by the same player and
his dummy, the third is not played. Tournées are not played, and the
completion of the rubber breaks up the table.

_=CUTTING IN.=_ The table being complete with two, at the end of a
rubber a new table must be formed.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ The player should first carefully
examine the exposed hands, and by comparing them with his own, suit by
suit, should fix in his mind the cards held by his living adversary.
This takes time, and in many places it is the custom to expose the
four hands upon the table. Players who have better memories than their
opponents object to this, for the same reason that they prefer sitting
on the right of the living player. It is not at all uncommon for a
player to forget that certain cards have been played, to his very
serious loss.

The hands once fixed in the mind, some time should be given to a
careful consideration of the best course to pursue; after which the
play should proceed pretty rapidly until the last few tricks, when
another problem may present itself.

There is nothing in the game beyond the skilful use of the tenace
position, discarding, and establishing cross-ruffs. Analysis is the
mental power chiefly engaged. There are no such things as inferences,
false cards, finesse, underplay, speculative trump leads, or judgment
of human nature. The practice of the game is totally different from any
other form of whist, and much more closely resembles chess.

The laws of Dummy will be found at the end of the English Whist Laws.


HUMBUG WHIST.

This is a variation on double dummy, in which two players sit opposite
each other. The deal and seats are cut for in the usual manner; four
hands of thirteen cards each are dealt, and the last card is turned for
trump.

Each player examines the hand dealt to him, without touching those to
his right or left. If he is content with his hand, he announces it, if
not, he may exchange it for the one on his right. In case of exchange,
the discarded hand is placed on the table face down; and the other
taken up and played. If a player retains the hand originally dealt him,
he must not look at the others. If the dealer exchanges, he loses the
turn-up card, but the trump suit remains the same. Each player deals
for himself in turn, there being no deal for the dead hands. Whist laws
govern the deal and its errors.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The dealer’s adversary has the first lead; the
other must follow suit if he can, and the highest card of the suit led
wins the trick. Trumps win all other suits.

_=SCORING.=_ Each trick above six counts one point towards game. Of
the four honours, A K Q J of trumps, if each player holds two, neither
can count. But if one player has only one honour, or none, the other
counts 2 points for two honours, if he holds them; 3 points for three;
and 4 points for four. The honours count towards game as in whist. The
penalty for a revoke is three tricks, and it takes precedence of other
scores; tricks count next, honours last. Five points is game.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ It is considered best for a player not
finding four reasonably sure tricks in his hand to exchange; for there
is a certain advantage to be gained by knowing thirteen cards which
cannot be in the adversary’s hand. Before changing, the player should
fix in his memory the exact cards of each suit in the hand which he
is about to discard. By combining his knowledge of them with his own
cards, he may often be able to direct his play to advantage. Beyond
this there is little skill in the game.

A variation is sometimes made by the dealer announcing a trump suit
after he has examined his hand, instead of turning up the last card.
His adversary then has the right either to play his hand, or to
exchange it for the one on his right; but the dealer must play the hand
dealt to him.


THIRTEEN AND THE ODD.

This is Humbug Whist without the discard. The dealer gives thirteen
cards to his adversary and to himself, one at a time, and turns up
the next for the trump. The trump card belongs to neither player. The
winner of the odd trick scores a point. Five points is game.


MORT. WHIST À TROIS; OR FRENCH DUMMY.

_=MORT=_ means simply the dead hand; and is the equivalent of the
English word Dummy; the partner being known as _=Vivant=_, or the
living hand. In these words the English usually sound the _=t=_, as
they do in such words as _=piquet=_, and _=valet=_.

_=CARDS.=_ Mort is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards, ranking
as at whist for cutting and playing. Two packs are generally used.

_=MARKERS=_ are necessary to count the game points only. Four circular
counters for each side, preferably of different colours, are employed,
or the ordinary whist markers may be used. At the end of each game, the
score of the points won or lost by each player must be transferred to a
score-sheet, kept for that purpose.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Mort is played by three persons; but the table is usually
composed of four. If there are more than four candidates, the methods
described in connection with whist are adopted for deciding which four
shall play the first tournée.

The table being formed, the cards are again shuffled and spread to cut
for partners and deal.

_=TIES=_ are decided in the same manner as at whist.

_=CUTTING.=_ If there are three players, the one cutting the lowest
card takes dummy for the first game; he also has the choice of seats
and cards, and may deal the first hand for himself or for Mort, as he
pleases; but having once made his choice, he must abide by it. The
player cutting the intermediate card takes dummy for the second game;
and the player cutting the highest card takes it for the third game;
each in turn having the choice of seats and cards. These three games
finish the rubber or tournée, each having once had the advantage or
disadvantage of playing with Mort. It is obligatory to finish the
tournée, no player being allowed to withdraw and substitute another
without the consent of the other players. In Mort it is very unusual
for one person to take dummy continuously.

If there are four players, the one cutting the highest card of the four
sits out, and takes no part in the first game. It is customary for him
to take Mort’s seat, and to make himself useful in sorting dummy’s
cards for him. He plays in the three following games, taking Mort in
the fourth, or last. Four games complete the tournée for four players.

_=POSITION OF THE PLAYERS.=_ The players or hands are distinguished by
the letters, M, V, L, and R; which stand respectively for Mort, Vivant,
Left, and Right. The Mort is the dead hand, which is turned face up on
the table. The Vivant is his partner, who sits opposite him, and plays
his cards for him. The Left and Right are the adversaries who sit on
the left and right of _=Mort=_.

Special attention must be called to the use of the term _=adversaries=_
in any description of Mort. It is used exclusively to designate the
two partners opposed to the Mort and Vivant. In all other cases where
opposition is implied, the term _=opponents=_ must be used.

When necessary to distinguish the dealer from the first, second, or
third hand, it is usual to add the letters employed for that purpose in
whist; placing them inside the diagram of the table, thus:--

[Illustration:

         V
    +---------+
    |    z    |
  L | b     a | R
    |    y    |
    +---------+
         M
]

This diagram shows that Vivant dealt, and that the adversary on the
Right of Mort had the original lead.

_=With Three Players.=_ Vivant having selected his seat and cards,
the adversaries may select their seats. It is usual for the strongest
adversary to sit Right.

_=With Four Players=_, we can best describe the arrangement by
numbering them 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, the lowest number, 1,
having cut the lowest card, and the others having the right to play
Vivant in their numerical order. The initial arrangement would be as
follows:--

[Illustration:

         4                                   4
    +---------+                         +---------+
    |  Mort.  |                         |  Mort.  |
  2 |         | 3     or this:--      3 |         | 2
    | Vivant. |                         | Vivant. |
    +---------+                         +---------+
         1                                   1

]

For the three succeeding games the arrangement would be:--

[Illustration:

         1                      2                      3
    +---------+            +---------+            +---------+
    |  Mort.  |            |  Mort.  |            |  Mort.  |
  3 |         | 4        4 |         | 1        1 |         | 2
    | Vivant. |            | Vivant. |            | Vivant. |
    +---------+            +---------+            +---------+
         2                      3                      4
]

It will be seen that each player, immediately after being Vivant, sits
out, or takes Mort’s place, for the next game.

_=DEALING.=_ It is usual for Vivant to deal the first hand for
himself, as the disadvantage of exposing fourteen cards is more than
compensated for in compelling the adversary to open the game by leading
up to an unknown hand. If Vivant deals the first hand for Mort, he must
present the pack to the player on dummy’s right to be cut, and deal
the cards from right to left, turning up the trump at Mort’s place. If
he deals for himself, he presents the pack to the pone to be cut, and
proceeds as in whist.

When two packs are used, the French laws require that if the deal is
for Mort, the Right shall gather and shuffle the still pack; and that
if Vivant deals for himself, the pone shall gather and shuffle. I have
found this to be awkward, because the player who is gathering and
shuffling the cards of one pack is called upon to cut the other. For
this reason I recommend that whichever adversary is the pone for the
deal in hands should allow his partner to gather and shuffle the still
pack. When either adversary deals, his partner will, of course, gather
and shuffle the still pack.

The general rules with regard to irregularities in the deal are the
same as at whist, with the following exceptions:--

A misdeal does not lose the deal unless the opponents so elect; they
may prefer a new deal by the same dealer. The reason for this is that
the deal is a disadvantage, especially for Mort.

If Vivant or Mort offers the pack to one adversary to cut, and
then deals as if the other had cut, it is a misdeal; and it is not
admissible to shift the packets in order to remedy matters.

It might be imagined that a card exposed in dealing, if dealt to Mort,
would make no difference, as all his cards will presently be exposed.
But the laws give the opponents of the dealer the option of either
allowing the deal to stand, or having a new deal, or calling it a
misdeal.

According to the French laws, if there is any discussion in progress
with regard to the previous hand or play, the dealer may lay aside the
trump card, face down, until the discussion is finished. If this law
prevailed in America, I think the trump would very seldom be turned
immediately.

_=STAKES.=_ In Mort the stake is a unit, so much a point. It may assist
players in regulating the value of the stake to remember that six is
the smallest number of points that can be won or lost on a single game,
and that thirty-seven is probably the highest, although fifty, or even
a hundred is not impossible. The average is about twelve. The same
customs as at whist prevail with regard to outside betting.

The Vivant must pay or receive double, as he has to settle with each
adversary. If four play, the one sitting out has nothing to do with the
stakes; but he may make outside wagers on the result of the game.

_=THE METHOD OF PLAYING=_ is practically the same as at whist, with the
following exceptions:--

When it is the turn of Mort to play, Vivant selects the card for him.

_=The Revoke.=_ The rules governing this are the same as those already
given for English Dummy. Mort is not liable to penalty under any
circumstances. If any other player revokes, his opponents may take
three points from the score of his side; or add three points to their
score; or take three of his tricks. The penalty cannot be divided; but
if two or more revokes are made by the same side, the penalty for each
may be enforced in a different manner. For instance: If the score is
3 to 2 in favor of the adversaries, Vivant may take three points from
their score for one revoke, and add three to his own score for the
other. It is not permissible to reduce the revoking player’s _=tricks=_
to nothing. At least one must be left in order to prevent slams being
made through revoke penalties.

_=Cards Played in Error.=_ Vivant is not liable to any penalty for
dropping his cards face up on the table; but if he or Mort plays two
cards at once to a trick, the adversaries may select which they will
allow to be played. The adversaries are subject to the same penalties
as in whist for all cards played in error.

_=Leading Out of Turn.=_ If Vivant or Mort lead out of turn, the
adversaries may let the lead stand, or demand it be taken back. If it
was the turn of neither, no penalty can be enforced, and if all have
played to the trick, the error cannot be corrected.

_=Taking Tricks.=_ The methods of taking tricks, and placing them
so that they can be easily counted, have been fully described in
connection with whist.

_=OBJECT OF THE GAME.=_ As in whist, the object is to take tricks; the
highest card played of the suit led wins, and trumps win against all
other suits. The first six tricks taken by one side, and forming a
_=book=_, do not count; but all above that number count toward game.
At the end of each hand, the side that has taken any tricks in excess
of the book scores them, their opponents counting nothing. As soon as
either side reaches five points, they win the game, but the concluding
hand must be played out, and the winners are entitled to score all the
points over five that they can make on that hand. For instance: The
score is 4 to 3 in favor of Vivant and Mort. They win the first seven
tricks, which makes them game; but they do not cease playing. If they
succeed in gaining eleven tricks out of the thirteen, they win a game
of 9 points, instead of 5.

As already observed, Vivant loses or gains double the value of the
points in each hand. In the three-handed game this must be so; but in
my opinion it would be a great improvement in the four-handed game to
allow the player sitting out to share the fortunes of the Vivant, as in
Bridge, and in many German games of cards, notably Skat.

_=SLAMS.=_ The two great differences between French and English Dummy
are that honours are not counted in Mort, and that a special value is
attached to slams. A slam is made when one side takes the thirteen
tricks. These must be actually won, and cannot be partly made up of
tricks taken in penalty for revokes. Players cannot score a slam in a
hand in which they have revoked.

A slam counts 20 points to the side making it; but these 20 points
have nothing to do with the game score. For instance: The score is 4
all. Vivant and Mort make a slam. This does not win the game; but the
20 points are debited and credited on the score-sheet; the deal passes
to the left, and the game proceeds with the score still 4 all, as if
nothing had happened.

_=SCORING.=_ The number of points won on each game are put down on
the score-sheet, each side being credited with the number of points
appearing on their markers when the game is finished. To the winners’
score is added: 3 points, for a triple game, if their opponents have
not scored; 2 points, for a double game, if their opponents are not
half way, or 1 point, for a simple game, if their opponents are 3
or 4. In addition to this, the winners add 4 points, for bonus or
consolation, in every instance. From the total thus found must be
deducted whatever points have been scored by the losers, whether game
points, slams, or both. For instance: Vivant and Mort win a game with
the score 8 to 2 in their favor, which is a double. This is put down on
the score sheets thus:--

8 + 2 for the double, + 4 consolation, = 14, minus 2 scored by the
opponents; making 12 the net value of the game. Vivant therefore wins
24 points, and each of the adversaries, R and L, lose 12. Again:--

R and L win a simple with a score of 5 to 4, V and M having made a
slam. 5 + 1 for the simple, + 4 for consolation, = 10, minus 4 points
scored, and 20 for the slam = 24; showing that R and L lose 14 points
each, although they won the game. Again:--

V and M win a triple, with a score of 8 to 0; R and L having revoked.
8, + 3, + 4, + 3 for the revoke = 18, from which there is nothing to
deduct.

The greatest number of points that can be made on a game, exclusive of
slams and revokes, is 17; and the least number is 6.

_=MARKING.=_ The methods of using the counters in scoring the game
points have already been described in connection with whist.

_=CUTTING OUT.=_ If there are more than four candidates for play at the
conclusion of a tournée, the selection of the new table must be made as
if no tournée had been played; all having equal rights to cut in.

_=CHEATING.=_ Mort offers even less opportunity to the greek than
whist, as the deal is a disadvantage, and nothing is gained by turning
up an honour, beyond its possession.


CAYENNE, OR CAYENNE WHIST.

_=CARDS.=_ Cayenne is played with two full packs of fifty-two cards,
which rank as at Whist, both for cutting and playing.

_=MARKERS=_ are necessary, and must be suitable for counting to ten
points. A sheet of paper is used for scoring the results of the games.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Cayenne is played by four persons. When there are more
than four candidates for play the selection of the table must be made
as at Whist. Partners and deal are then cut for.

_=CUTTING.=_ One of the packs having been spread on the table, face
down, each of the four players draws a card; the two lowest pairing
against the two highest. The lowest of the four is the dealer, and has
the choice of seats and cards. Ties are decided in the same manner as
at Whist.

_=POSITION OF THE PLAYERS.=_ The partners sit opposite each other, and
the players are distinguished, as at Whist, by the letters A-B and Y-Z.
Z is the dealer, and A has the original lead.

_=DEALING.=_ One pack of cards is shuffled and cut as at Whist. The
dealer then gives four cards to each player, beginning on his left;
then four more, and finally five, no trump being turned. In many places
six cards are first dealt to each player, and then seven; but the 4-4-5
system is better, and is the rule in the very similar game of Boston.

The general rules with regard to irregularities in the deal are the
same as at Whist; except that a misdeal does not lose the deal. The
misdealer must deal again, and with the same pack.

_=CAYENNE.=_ After the cards are all dealt, the player to the left of
the dealer cuts the still pack, which is shuffled and presented to him
by the dealer’s partner, and the top card of the portion left on the
table is turned up for Cayenne. This card is not a trump, but is simply
to determine the rank of the suits.

_=STAKES.=_ In Cayenne the stake is a unit, so much a point. The
largest number of points possible to win on a rubber is 24, and the
smallest, 1. The result of the rubber may be a tie, which we consider
a defect in any game. In settling at the end of the rubber it is usual
for the losers to pay their right-hand adversaries.

_=MAKING THE TRUMP.=_ The trump suit must be named by the dealer or his
partner, after they have examined their cards. The dealer has the first
say, and he may either select cayenne or any of the other suits; or he
may announce _=grand=_, playing for the tricks without any trump suit;
or he may call _=nullo=_, playing to take as few tricks as possible,
without a trump suit. If the dealer makes the choice, his partner must
abide by it; but if he has not a hand to justify him in deciding, he
should leave the selection to his partner, who must decide one way or
the other.

The considerations which should guide players in their choice are the
scoring possibilities of their hands, in tricks and in honours. As in
Whist, the first six tricks taken by one side do not count; but each
trick above that number counts one, two, etc., _=by cards=_. There are
five honours in the trump suit in Cayenne; A K Q J 10; and the partners
holding the majority of them count 1 for each honour that they hold
in excess of their opponents, and 1 in addition, for _=honours=_. For
instance: If A-B have three honours dealt them, they must have one more
than their adversaries, and 1 for honours; entitling them to score 2.
If they have four, they have 3 in excess, and 1 for honours, a total of
4. If they have five, they count 6 by honours.

At the end of the hand the points made by cards and by honours are
multiplied by the value of the trump suit. This value varies according
to the suit which is cayenne, which is always first preference. If
cayenne is also the trump suit the points made by cards and honours are
multiplied by 4. If the trump suit is the same colour as cayenne, the
multiplier is 3. If it is a different colour the multiplier is 2 or 1,
according to the suit. The rank of the suits as multipliers will be
readily understood from the following table:--

  If Cayenne is   | ♡ | ♢ | ♣ | ♠ | If trumps, multiply by 4.
  Second color is | ♢ | ♡ | ♠ | ♣ | If trumps, multiply by 3.
  Third color is  | ♣ | ♣ | ♡ | ♡ | If trumps, multiply by 2.
  Fourth color is | ♠ | ♠ | ♢ | ♢ | If trumps, multiply by 1.

Better to understand the importance of considering this variation
in value when making the trump, it should be noticed that although
the game is 10 points, several games may be won in a single hand, as
everything made is counted, and any points over 10 go to the credit of
the second game. If more than 20 points are made, the excess goes on
the third game, and so on. Another important point is the great value
attached to honours, and the maker of the trump should never forget
that he can better afford to risk his adversaries winning 2 by cards
with a trump in which he has three honours, than he can to risk a trump
in which they may have three honours, and he can probably win only the
odd trick.

A further element may enter into his calculations, the state of the
score. Tricks count before honours, and if he feels certain of making,
by cards, the few points necessary to win the rubber, he may entirely
disregard the honours.

With such a hand it would be better to play without a trump, and to
announce a _=grand=_, in which there are neither trumps nor honours,
and every trick over the book is multiplied by 8. Two by cards at grand
is worth more than two by cards and two by honours with any trump but
cayenne.

There is still another resource, to announce _=nullo=_, in which
there is no trump, and the object of the players is to take as few
tricks as possible. In nullo, every trick over the book counts for the
adversaries, and is multiplied by 8. A peculiarity of nullo is that the
Ace of each suit ranks below the deuce, unless the player holding it
wishes to declare it higher than the King. In the latter case he must
announce it when he plays it, and before his left-hand adversary plays
to the trick.

If the dealer transfers the right of making the trump to his partner,
he must use the phrase, “You make it, partner.” If a player makes the
trump out of turn, his adversaries may consult as to the propriety of
demanding a new deal.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The trump suit, grand, or nullo having been
announced, the player on the dealer’s left begins by leading any card
he pleases, and the others must all follow suit if they can. The
penalty for a revoke is the loss of three tricks; or the value of three
tricks in points; or the addition of a like amount to the adversaries’
score. The side making a revoke cannot win the game that hand, no
matter what they score; but they may play the hand out, and count all
they make to within one point of game, or 9. Revoking players cannot
count points for slams.

The rules for cards played in error, leading out of turn, and all such
irregularities, are the same as in Whist. The last trick turned and
quitted may be seen.

The methods of gathering and stacking the tricks is the same as at
Whist.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ The chief object in Cayenne, either with a
trump or in a grand, is to take tricks; in a nullo it is not to take
them. In any case the highest card played of the suit led wins the
trick, and trumps, if any, win against all other suits. At the end of
each hand the side that wins any tricks in excess of the book scores
them, after multiplying their number by the unit of value settled upon
by the announcement. If a nullo is played the adversaries score them.
Honours are then claimed; but the game cannot be won by honours alone,
as at Whist; those holding honours must stop at the score of 9, unless
they also win the odd trick. As soon as either side reaches or passes
10 points, they win a game; but the hand must be played out, and all
tricks taken must be counted. If one side goes out by cards, the other
cannot score honours. Thirteen tricks taken by one side is called a
_=slam=_, and it counts 6 points. Twelve tricks is a _=little slam=_,
and it counts 4. Either of these must be made exclusive of revoke
penalties.

_=RUBBERS.=_ The rubber is won by the side that first wins four games
of ten points each; and the winning side adds 8 points to its score.

_=SCORING.=_ The game score should be kept on a whist marker, using the
four large keys on one side for single points, and the single large key
on the opposite side for five points. The three small keys are used to
show how many games of the rubber have been won by that side.

[Illustration: TWO GAMES WON, AND 2 POINTS SCORED ON THE THIRD.]

The method of using counters for scoring 10-point games has already
been described in connection with Whist.

In addition to either markers or counters, there must be a sheet of
paper to keep the final results of the games.

In scoring, the revoke penalty counts first, tricks next, and honours
last.

The side first reaching 10 points wins a _=quadruple=_, or game of 4,
if their adversaries have not scored; a _=triple=_, or game of 3, if
their adversaries have not reached 4; a _=double=_, or game of 2, if
the adversaries have not reached 7; and a _=single=_, or game of 1,
if their adversaries are 8 or 9 up. These game points are put down on
the score-sheet, and all the points on the _=adversaries’=_ marker are
then turned down. If the winners make any points in excess of 10, such
points are left to their credit on the marker, and count toward the
next game. For instance: The score is A-B, 6; and Y-Z, 8; shown on the
markers thus:--

[Illustration: A-B 6 POINTS. Y-Z 8 POINTS.]

Let us suppose that Z announces cayenne, and makes 2 by cards; A-B
claiming two by honours. Y-Z multiply by 4, making them 8, and bringing
their total score on the marker to 16; that is, a game, and 6 points
to their credit on the second game. This must now be put down on the
score-sheet. A-B’s honours not counting, as Y-Z went out by cards,
the game is a double; A-B not having reached 7 points. The score and
markers now stand:--

         A-B | 0 |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  Score:     |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
         Y-Z | 2 |   |   |   |   |   |   |

[Illustration: A-B’S, NOTHING. Y-Z’S, 1 GAME, 6 POINTS.]

Let us suppose A-B to announce grand on their deal, and to make four
by cards, which, multiplied by 8, gives them 32 points; that is,
three games, and 2 points to their credit on the marker. The first of
these games is a double, Y-Z having 6 points up. The two others are
quadruples, put down on the score-sheet thus:--

         A-B | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 |   |   |   |
  Score:     |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
         Y-Z | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |   |   |   |

[Illustration: A-B’S, 3 GAMES, 2 POINTS. Y-Z’S, 1 GAME, 0 POINTS.]

In the next hand let us suppose clubs to be cayenne. Y deals, and plays
in colour, spades. Y-Z win 6 by cards, and 4 by honours; 10 points
multiplied by 3, = 30. For this they score three games, the first
being a triple, and the others quadruples. These three games win the
rubber, for which they add 8 points, and 4 points for the little slam.
This is all put down on the score-sheet:--

         A-B | 0 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |     = 10
  Score:     |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
         Y-Z | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 8 4 = 25

Both scores being added up, the value of the rubber won by Y-Z is found
to be 15, after deducting the 10 points made by A-B.

_=CUTTING IN.=_ If there are more than four persons belonging to the
table, those waiting cut in, as at Whist.

_=METHODS OF CHEATING.=_ In all games in which the cards are dealt in
bulk, four or six at a time, there is more or less temptation for the
greek to gather desirable cards in the pack, leaving them undisturbed
in the shuffle. If he can pick up two tricks of the previous deal with
eight good cards of the same suit in them, by placing any two tricks
of other cards between them, and dealing six at a time, he can tell
exactly how many of the eight located cards are in his partner’s hand.
For this reason a player who does not thoroughly shuffle the cards
should be carefully watched; and an immediate protest should be made
against any disarrangement of the tricks as they are taken in during
the play, such as placing the last trick taken under the first. If
the player doing this is to be the next dealer, any one observing the
movement should insist upon his right to shuffle the cards thoroughly;
if not to leave the game.

We are strongly opposed to dealing the cards in bulk at Cayenne, and
see no reason why the methods that prevail in the very similar game of
Bridge should not be adopted.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ There is little to add to the rules
already given for Whist. The principles that should guide in the making
of the trump have been given in connection with the more important
game of Bridge; and the suggestions for playing nullo will be fully
discussed in the games in which it is a prominent characteristic: Solo
Whist, and Boston. Grand is practically Whist after the trumps are
exhausted.

For the Laws of Cayenne see Whist Family Laws.


SOLO WHIST, OR WHIST DE GAND.

_=CARDS.=_ Solo Whist is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards,
which rank as at Whist, both for cutting and playing. Two packs are
generally used, the one being shuffled while the other is dealt.

_=MARKERS=_ are not used in Solo Whist, every hand being a complete
game in itself, which is immediately settled for in counters
representing money. At the beginning of the game each player should be
provided with an equal number of these counters. They are usually white
and red, the red being worth five times as much as the white. Twenty
white and sixteen red is the usual allotment to each player when the
game begins. Some one player should be the banker, to sell and redeem
all counters.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Solo Whist is played by four persons. If there are five
candidates for play, they all sit at the same table, each taking his
turn to sit out for one hand while the four others play. The dealer is
usually selected to sit out. If there are only three players, one suit
must be deleted from the pack, or the 2, 3, and 4 of each suit must be
thrown out.

_=CUTTING.=_ The table being formed, the players draw from an outspread
for the deal, and choice of seats and cards. The player drawing the
lowest card deals the first hand, and it is usual for him to dictate
to the other players what seats they shall occupy with relation to
himself. Ties are decided in the same manner as at Whist.

_=POSITION OF THE PLAYERS.=_ The four players at Solo Whist are usually
distinguished by the letters A B Y Z.

[Illustration:

       Y
    +-----+
    |     |
  A |     | B
    |     |
    +-----+
       Z
]

Z is the dealer, and A is known as the _=eldest hand=_. The position
of the players does not imply any partnership; for, as we shall see
presently, any player may have any one of the others for a partner,
without any change taking place in their positions at the table.

The players having once taken their seats are not allowed to change
them without the consent of all the others at the table.

_=DEALING.=_ The cards having been properly shuffled, are presented to
the pone to be cut. Beginning on his left, the dealer distributes the
cards three at a time, until only four remain. These he deals one at a
time, turning up the last for the trump. When two packs are used, the
player sitting opposite the dealer shuffles the still pack while the
other is dealt. The deal passes in regular rotation to the left.

When three play with a pack of forty cards, the last card is turned up
for trumps, but it does not belong to the dealer, and is not used in
play.

The general rules with regard to irregularities in the deal are the
same as at Whist; except that a misdeal does not pass the deal. The
misdealer must deal again, and with the same pack.

The cards dealt, each player sorts and counts his hand to see that
he has the correct number of cards, thirteen. If not, he should
immediately claim a misdeal; for a player having more or less than his
right proportion of cards cannot win anything on that hand, but will
have to stand his proportion of all losses incurred by him or his side.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ There are seven distinct objects in the
Solo Whist, and before play begins each player has an opportunity of
declaring to which of these objects he proposes to attain. They are:--

1st. To win 8 of the 13 tricks, with the assistance of a partner. This
is called a _=Proposal=_; the partner’s share is an _=Acceptance=_.

2nd. To win 5 of the 13 tricks, against the three other players
combined. This is called a _=Solo=_.

3rd. To take no tricks, there being no trump suit, and the three other
players being opposed. This is called _=Misère=_, or Nullo.

4th. To win 9 of the 13 tricks against the three other players
combined; the single player to name the trump suit. This is called
_=Abundance=_.

5th. To win 9 of the 13 tricks against the three other players
combined, with the trump suit that is turned up. This is called
_=Abundance in Trumps=_.

6th. To take no tricks, there being no trump suit, and the three other
players being opposed; the single player’s cards being exposed face up
on the table after the first trick is complete. This is called Misère
sur table, or _=A Spread=_.

7th. To win all 13 tricks against the three other players combined; the
single player to name the trump suit, and to have the original lead
whether eldest hand or not. This is called Abundance Déclarée, or _=A
Slam=_.

While the object of the proposing player is to win or lose the declared
number of tricks, that of his adversaries is to prevent him from doing
so, if possible. There are no honours, and the only factor in the
count is the number of tricks actually taken. The highest card played
of the suit led wins the trick, and trumps, if any, win against all
other suits.

_=METHOD OF DECLARING.=_ The eldest hand has the first say, and after
examining his cards he may make any of the several propositions just
enumerated. The smallest proposal he can make is to take 8 tricks with
the assistance of a partner. To do this he should have four reasonably
sure tricks in his own hand. Some players say he should be strong in
trumps; while others claim that the eldest hand should propose only
on general strength. The former is the better plan. No other player
should propose on trumps alone. This announcement is made by saying
“_=I propose=_.” If a player thinks he can take five tricks against the
combined efforts of the three other players, he announces: “_=Solo=_.”
If he feels equal to a misère, he calls: “_=Misère=_;” and so on,
according to the strength of his hand. If he does not feel justified in
making a call, he says “_=I pass=_;” and the next player on his left
has the opportunity; and so on, until some player has proposed to do
something, or all have passed.

If any player has proposed for a partner, any of the others, in their
proper turn, may accept him by simply saying “_=I accept=_.” By so
doing, a player intimates that he has four probable tricks also, but
in the plain suits, and that he is willing to try for eight tricks
with the proposer for a partner. All the other calls are made by a
single player with the intention of playing against the three others.
Any player except the eldest hand having once said, “I pass,” cannot
afterwards make or accept any proposal. The eldest hand, after passing
once, can accept a proposal, but he cannot make one.

It is the custom in some places, when no one will make a proposal of
any sort, to turn down the trump, and play the hands without any trump
suit, each man for himself, the winner of the last trick losing to each
of the others the value of a solo. This is called a _=Grand=_.

_=RANK OF THE PROPOSALS.=_ The various calls outrank one another in the
order in which we have given them. If one player says, “I propose,” and
another calls “Solo,” the solo call shuts out the proposal, even though
it has been accepted by a second player. The call of a misère would
in turn shut out a solo; abundance would take precedence of misère;
and abundance in trumps would be a better call than simple abundance.
The slam of course outranks all other bids. This making of a better
proposition than one already made is known as “_=Over-calling=_.”

A player who has made a call of any kind, or has accepted a proposal,
may amend his proposition to a better one, only in case he is
over-called; or a player who can not get a partner to accept him may
amend his call to solo. For instance: A player may have a hand which
he feels sure is good for 8 tricks, perhaps 9. To be safe, he calls
solo, and hopes to make three or four over-tricks. If he is outbid by
some player over-calling him with a misère, he may be tempted to amend
his call to abundance.

No call is good until every player who has not already passed does so,
by saying distinctly, “I pass.”

_=STAKES.=_ The losses and gains of the players are in proportion to
the difficulties of the tasks they set themselves.

The most popular method of settling is to pay or take red counters for
the various calls, and white counters for the tricks under or over the
exact number proposed. If the callers succeed in their undertakings,
their adversaries pay them; if they fail, they pay their adversaries. A
red counter is worth five white ones.

  Proposal and Acceptance wins or loses      1 red counter.
  Solo wins or loses                         2 red counters.
  Misère, or Nullo, wins or loses            3 red counters.
  Abundance, of any kind, wins or loses      4 red counters.
  Open Misère, or Spread, wins or loses      6 red counters.
  Declared Abundance, or Slam, wins or loses 8 red counters.
  Each Over or Under-trick wins or loses     1 white counter.

In Proposal and Acceptance, each of the partners pays one of his
adversaries. In all cases in which a single player is opposed to the
three others, he wins or loses the amount shown in the foregoing table
with each of them individually; so that a single player calling a solo
would win or lose 6 red counters. If he lost it, making only four
tricks, he would also have to pay to each of his three adversaries a
white counter. If he won it, making seven tricks, each of them would
have to pay him two red and two white counters.

Misères, Spreads, and Slams pay no odd tricks. The moment a Misère
player takes a trick, or a Slam player loses one, the hands are
abandoned, and the stakes paid.

The usual value attached to the counters in America is 25 cents for the
red, and 5 cents for the white. In England the proportion is sixpence
and a penny.

_=POOL SOLO.=_ When players wish to enhance the gambling attractions
of the game, a pool is introduced. For this purpose a receptacle is
placed upon the table, in which each player puts a red counter at the
beginning of the game. Any person playing alone against the three
others, wins this pool if he is successful; if he fails, he must double
the amount it contains, besides paying each of his adversaries in
the regular way. In some places it is the custom for each player to
contribute a red counter when he deals. The proposals and acceptances
do not touch the pool.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ If a proposal is accepted, and no one over-calls
it, the proposer and acceptor are partners; but make no change in their
positions at the table. The eldest hand, sitting to the left of the
dealer, begins by leading any card he pleases, and the play proceeds
exactly as at Whist, the tricks being so stacked that they may be
readily counted at any time.

If a single player has called solo, misère, or abundance, the eldest
hand still has the original lead, and there is no change in the
positions of the players. The position of the lead is often a serious
consideration with a player calling a solo or a misère.

In all calls except misères and slams, the hands must be played out, in
order to give each side an opportunity to make all the over-tricks they
can. The moment a misère player takes a trick, or a slam player loses
one, the hands are thrown up, and the stakes paid.

When a spread is called, the trump is taken up, and the eldest hand
leads. As soon as all have played to the first trick, the caller
spreads his remaining twelve cards face upward on the table, so that
each of his adversaries may see them; but they have no control of
the order in which they shall be played. The adversaries play their
hands in the usual manner, with no further guidance than that possible
by inference from the play and the exposed hand. The caller plays
according to his best judgment.

When a slam is called, the player proposing it has the original lead;
but that does not alter the position of the deal for the next hand.

_=REVOKES.=_ A revoke is a serious matter in Solo Whist. The penalty
for it is the loss of three tricks, and the revoking players must pay
the _=red=_ counters involved in the call whether they win or lose;
but they may play the hand out to save over-tricks. For instance: A
proposer and acceptor make 11 tricks; their adversaries having claimed
a revoke. After deducting the revoke penalty, 3 tricks, the callers
still have 8 tricks left, enough to make good the call. They each lose
a red counter; but no white ones, having saved their over-tricks.
Had they taken only 8 tricks altogether, the penalty for the revoke
would have left them only 5, and they would each have had to pay one
red and three whites. If either adversary of the callers revokes, the
individual player in fault must pay for all the consequences of the
error. If the player in fault can show that the callers would have won
in spite of the revoke, his partners must pay their share; but the
revoking player must settle for the three tricks lost by the revoke.
For instance: Z calls solo; A revokes; Z makes 6 tricks, which it can
be shown he must have done in spite of the revoke. A, Y, and B each
pay Z 1 red and 1 white counter, and then A pays Z 9 white counters in
addition for the tricks taken as revoke penalty.

If the single player revokes, either on solo or abundance, he loses
the red counters involved, and must pay whatever white counters are due
after three of his tricks have been added to those of the adversaries
as penalty for the revoke. For instance: A calls solo, and revokes, but
wins 6 tricks in all. He pays two red counters to each adversary. They
then take three of his tricks, leaving him three only, and demand two
white counters each, for the two under-tricks. If a player revokes who
has called a misère or a slam, he immediately loses the stakes. If a
revoke is made by any adversary of a player who has called misère or
slam, the player in fault must individually pay all the stakes.

_=CARDS PLAYED IN ERROR.=_ In the simple proposal and acceptance, the
rules with regard to cards played in error, or led out of turn, are
the same as at Whist. In the case of a single player against three
adversaries, the caller is not liable to any penalty for cards played
in error, or led out of turn; but his adversaries are subject to the
usual whist penalties for all such irregularities, such as having the
cards laid on the table as exposed, or a suit called, or the highest or
lowest of a suit led demanded from an adversary who has followed suit
out of turn.

For the better protection of the single player, who is much more liable
to be injured by irregularities than partners would be, he is allowed
to prevent the use of an exposed trump for ruffing, and to demand or
_=to prevent=_ the play of any exposed card in plain suits. If a suit
is led of which an adversary has an exposed card on the table the
single player may call upon him to play his highest or lowest of that
suit.

If any adversary of a misère player leads out of turn, or exposes a
card, or plays before his proper turn in any trick, the caller may
immediately claim the stakes, and the individual player in fault must
pay for himself, and for his partners.

_=METHODS OF CHEATING.=_ While the practice of dealing three cards at a
time gives a little more opportunity to the greek than would occur if
they were dealt as at Whist, there is little to be feared if two packs
are used, unless two greeks are in partnership. When such partners sit
next each other, there is more or less danger, if only one pack is
used, that one may shuffle so that the other may cut understandingly;
or that a good shuffler may run up six cards for a dealer that is not
embarrassed by the cards being cut. A shrewd greek can often help a
silent partner who is playing under the disguise of a single caller,
especially in misère. Persons who play in the many public cafés of
Europe should be especially careful to avoid this style of partnership,
where it is very common.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ Apart from the general principles common
to all forms of Whist, such as the play of high or low cards, trumps
or plain suits, etc., there are several points peculiar to Solo Whist
which require attention.

_=Proposing.=_ It is better to propose on two or three sure tricks,
with strong probabilities of several more, than on a certainty of four
only. For instance: The two highest trumps and two suits containing
Aces, with no other trick probable, is not such a good hand for a
proposal as one containing four average trumps, with one plain suit
of K Q J x x, and another of K Q x x. It is not improbable that the
latter may be good for seven or eight tricks. Nothing but experience
will teach a player what combinations of cards are “probably” good for
tricks; but K x x, or Q J 10 x or K Q, may be counted on.

There should be some intelligible system of proposing, so that the
players may understand each other. The eldest hand should not propose
except on strong trumps, and this should be a warning to other players
not to accept him on trump strength alone.

Four trumps with two or three honours may be called strong; or five
trumps, even without an honour. Five trumps with two or more honours is
great strength.

Any player other than the eldest hand should propose on general
strength and the player accepting him should do so on trump strength.
Some such distinction should be clearly understood, in order that there
may be no such contretemps as two players proposing and accepting on
trumps alone and finding themselves without a trick in the plain suits
after the trumps are drawn.

If the eldest hand is strong in trumps, but has not four sure tricks,
he should pass, which will give him an excellent opportunity to accept
a player proposing on general strength in the plain suits. If the
proposal should be accepted before it comes to his turn, the eldest
hand should be in a good position to defeat it.

If any player, other than the eldest hand, has sufficient trump
strength to justify a proposal, he will usually find that he can risk
a solo; or by passing, defeat any proposal and acceptance that may be
made.

_=Accepting.=_ A proposal by the eldest hand should not be accepted
by a player with only one strong suit. The probability of tricks in
several suits is better than a certainty in one suit; but if one strong
suit is accompanied by a card of re-entry, or by four trumps, it should
prove very strong, particularly in partnership with the eldest hand.

When the partners will sit next each other, proposals may be accepted
on slightly weaker hands than would be considered safe otherwise.

_=Playing Proposals and Acceptances.=_ If the eldest hand has proposed,
and his partner sits next him on the left, the commanding trumps
should be first led, in order to secure as many rounds as possible. If
the eldest hand has no high-card combination in trumps, it is sometimes
better to lead a small card from a weak suit, hoping to put the partner
in. If successful, the partner will first show his suit, and then lead
trumps through the adversaries. If the acceptor sits on the right of
the proposing eldest hand, trumps should be led immediately, and the
highest of them first, no matter what they are. The Q or J at the head
of five trumps may be of great use to a partner with an honour. When
the eldest hand has proposed, and his partner sits opposite him, trumps
should be led at once, and all combinations played as at Whist.

The foregoing principles equally apply when the eldest hand has
accepted a proposal, if the player can be depended on to have proposed
on general strength.

When partners sit opposite each other, the general principles of
leading, establishing, defending, and bringing in suits, are the same
as at Whist, and the usual trump signals and echoes are made use of.
The game is practically Whist, with the additional knowledge that both
proposer and acceptor have strong hands.

When partners sit next each other, there are many opportunities for
leading strengthening cards through the adversaries, especially in the
partner’s known or inferred strong suit.

_=Finesse.=_ If neither proposer nor acceptor is the eldest hand, they
should make no finesses; but get into the lead as soon as possible,
and exhaust the trumps. The greatest danger of defeat for a proposal
and acceptance is that the adversaries, with the original lead, may
establish a cross-ruff, or get six tricks with their winning cards
before the calling players get a lead.

It is a common artifice for the proposer and acceptor, after they
have exhausted the adversaries’ trumps, each to show a strong suit by
leading it once, and then to lead the highest card of a weaker suit;
thus offering each other chances for successful finesse.

If a partner sitting on the right leads a suit, there should be
no finesse; and in general, finessing should be avoided until the
declaration is assured. It may then be used to secure probable
over-tricks.

_=Adversaries’ Play.=_ The players opposed to the call are always
designated as the adversaries.

Players opposed to a proposer and acceptor should make no finesses that
they are not certain will win more tricks if successful than they will
lose if they fail. If the adversaries sit together, and are the last
to play on any trick, the third hand should not trust anything to his
partner that he can attend to himself, unless he is very anxious to be
the last player on the next trick.

When the adversaries sit opposite each other, their play will
differ very little from that in Whist, except that they will make no
efforts to establish long suits, and will not lead small cards from
combinations containing an Ace. Every trick possible should be made
sure of at once, before the calling players get any chance to discard.
Weak suits should be protected, as they are in Whist when opposed to
strong hands.

If an adversary has the first lead, it is usually best for him to make
what winning cards he has at once, unless he is pretty sure that the
proposal will be defeated.

It is very seldom right for the adversaries to lead trumps. Some
exceptions will naturally present themselves, such as an eldest hand
leading to his partner’s turned-up King. In the middle or end game, it
may be advantageous to bring down the caller’s trumps together, or to
draw two for one.

If an adversary finds himself with a pretty strong hand, he should
utterly disregard his partner, and play as false as he can; for if the
callers have eight probable tricks between them, it is impossible for
the fourth player to have anything, unless there has been some mistake
in the call.

_=In General.=_ There are one or two exceptions to the methods of
playing sequences at Whist, dependent on the position of the players
holding them. For instance: If first or second hand holds any sequence
of high cards, he should play the highest if his partner sits next him
on the left, and the adversaries are to play after him; otherwise the
partner might think the higher cards of the sequence were against the
leader. If a caller should hold K Q x second hand, and play the Q as at
Whist, his partner following him, and holding Ace, would have to play
it, thinking the King might be beyond.

_=SOLO.=_ In speaking of the players in a solo, misère, or abundance,
it is usual to distinguish those opposed to the single player by
calling them respectively, Left, Right, and Opposite.

[Illustration:

       Opposite
      +--------+
      |        |
  Left|        |Right
      |        |
      +--------+
      The Caller
]

This arrangement does not affect the use of the letters A Y B Z,
and the terms first, second, third, and fourth hand; indicating the
position of the deal, and of the lead.

_=Calling.=_ Those solos are easiest which are declared by the eldest
hand, or by the dealer; the hardest being those called by second hand.
The safest solos are those called on trump strength; but average
trumps and winning cards in the plain suits are more advantageous if
the caller is not eldest hand. To call a solo on plain suits alone,
with only one or two trumps, is extremely dangerous; and a solo called
on a single suit must have at least five or six good trumps in order to
succeed.

_=PLAYING.=_ When a call has been made entirely upon trump strength, it
is much better to make tricks by ruffing, than by leading trumps. There
is little use for a solo player to hold a tenace in trumps, hoping it
will be led to him. If he has good suits, he should make sure of two
rounds of trumps by leading the Ace.

When the solo player is depending on the plain suits for tricks, and
has one long suit, he should make what winning cards he has in the
other plain suits in preference to leading trumps, for his only danger
is that his long suit will be led often enough to give his adversaries
discards in the other suits.

If a proposal was made before the solo was called, it is better for the
solo player to sit on the left of the player that proposed.

The caller should never play single honours second hand, unless he has
only one small card of the suit, or the honour is the Ace.

With A Q x, second or third hand, the Q must be finessed if the caller
has counted on both A and Q for tricks. If he can probably win without
the finesse, he should play Ace. If he has tricks enough to win without
either A or Q, he should play neither of them.

A solo player should be very sure of his call before finessing for
over-tricks.

_=Adversaries’ Play.=_ The player to the left of the caller should
not lead trumps; but if the solo player has had a lead, and has not
led trumps himself, the player on his right should take the first
opportunity to lead them through him.

The player to the left of the caller should not lead from suits headed
only by the King; nor from those containing major or minor tenaces. The
best leads are from suits headed by Q J or 10, even if short.

With such high-card combinations as can be used to force the command
in one round, such as K Q, or K Q J, the regular whist leads should be
used. With suits headed by winning sequences, held by the player on
the left, it is often right to lead them once, in order to show them,
and then to lead a weaker suit to get rid of the lead. It is sometimes
better to play winning sequences as long as it seems probable that the
caller can follow suit.

Many persons use the Albany lead to indicate a wish for trumps to be
led through the caller. In response to such a signal the best trump
should be led, whatever it is.

When the adversary who leads in any trick is not on the left of the
solo player, the caller will, of course, not be the last player, as at
least one adversary must play after him. In such cases it is best to
lead the longest suits.

_=MISÈRE.=_ The great difficulty in Misère is not in playing it; but in
judging what hands justify such an undertaking.

_=Calling.=_ As a general proposition it may be stated that misère
should not be called with a long suit not containing the deuce. But
the longer the suit the less the danger there is for a player who is
determined to risk it; because the deuce is more likely to be found
alone in some adversary’s hand. Short suits may be risked, even with no
card smaller than a 5 or 6, and it is of course a great advantage to
have a suit altogether missing.

_=Leading.=_ The lead is a disadvantage to the caller, because he must
begin with a small card, and the adversaries can play their highest.
The only satisfaction to the caller is that he can usually locate the
high cards of the suit under such circumstances. For instance: Suppose
he originally leads a 4; second hand playing the 9; third hand the Ace;
and fourth hand the 10. The third hand is marked with whatever cards of
the sequence K Q J are not in the caller’s hand.

Many players fall into the error of leading the highest card of a
losing sequence, such as a 6 from 6 5 4 3. This accomplishes nothing,
and only discloses to the adversaries the fact that the caller is safe
in that suit. The three is the better lead.

_=Following Suit.=_ The caller should usually play a card as little
inferior as he can to the highest already on the trick. When he has
cards of equal value, such as the 5 and 2, the 3 and 4 being already
on the table, he should play the lower card of the fourchette; for
although it may be said that the fourth player must take the trick,
there is no certainty that he will follow suit.

When second hand, if there is a choice between two cards, such as the 6
and 2, an intermediate card having been led, it is often a nice point
to decide whether or not to risk covering and keeping the deuce. If the
deuce is played, it must be remembered that the adversaries will follow
with their highest cards, leaving two cards out against the caller,
both smaller than the 6.

_=Discarding.=_ The misère player should never discard from his long
suits. The high cards of short suits, and single intermediate cards,
such as 5’s and 6’s, should be got rid of at every opportunity.

_=Adversaries of the Misère.=_ In playing against a misère the chief
difficulty is to prevent the caller from discarding, and to place the
lead with the player who can probably do him the most harm.

It is an axiom with solo-whist players that every misère can be
defeated, if the weak spot in it can be found; because if the misère
was absolutely safe, it would be played as a spread, which would pay
the caller twice as much. This is not true, however, for it often
happens that the cards are so distributed in the other hands that the
call cannot be defeated, however risky it may have been.

The weak point in a misère is usually a short suit with one high card
in it; or a suit of intermediate length, without the deuce.

As it is probable that the caller is short in suits in which the
adversaries are long, and long in those in which they are short, he is
less likely to get a discard if they lead their shortest suits first.
If the misère player has over-called a proposal or a solo, he is likely
to be short in the trump suit, or at least safe in it. It is not good
play to lead a single Ace; but a King may be very effective; for if
no one plays the Ace on it, that card may be absolutely marked in the
caller’s hand. In such a case the adversary with the greatest number of
that suit should keep it for the attack. If this player can get into
the lead, he is not only sure of preventing the caller from discarding,
but of allowing the other adversaries to discard to advantage.

With an honour and one small card, a player on the left should lead the
small card first; if on the right, the honour should be led first. A
long suit containing the deuce should be avoided as long as possible.

The caller’s cards may sometimes be inferred if there has been a
previous call on the hand. For instance: A misère may be a forced call;
that is, the player first called a proposal, and not being accepted,
was forced to amend his call, choosing misère in preference to solo.
This would indicate a long weak suit of trumps. If the dealer calls
misère, the turn-up trump should be carefully noted.

It is useless to persevere in suits in which the caller is evidently
safe. If he plays a very low card to a trick in which there is already
a high card, that suit should be stopped.

_=Discarding.=_ An adversary should get rid of some one suit, if
possible; for when that suit is afterwards led he will have free choice
of his discards in the other suits. Short suits should be discarded in
preference to high cards in long suits, unless the cards in the short
suit are very low. Discards give great information to the adversaries
if the rule is followed to discard the highest of a suit; because
all cards higher than those discarded must be between the two other
adversaries and the caller, and each adversary is thus furnished with
a guide. It is useless to discard a suit of which the caller is void;
and it is best to keep discarding from one suit until it is exhausted,
or only the deuce remains. The trump signal is frequently used in
discarding to indicate that the signaller wishes to get into the lead.

_=Returning Suits.=_ Whether or not to return a partner’s lead may
often be decided by inferences from the fall of the cards. It is
frequently an easy matter to locate the cards in the various suits, if
it is borne in mind that adversaries who play after the caller get rid
of their highest cards. For instance: Right leads the 9; caller plays
the 5; left the 10; and the last player finds he holds K Q J 6 of the
suit. He should know that the caller has nothing between the 5 and the
9, and must have the Ace; so his cards were probably A 5 4 3 2. While
it is manifestly impossible to catch him on that suit, it may still be
led three times, in order to give the partners discards, as both of
them must be short. If this estimate of the caller’s cards is wrong
in anything, it is not with regard to the Ace, so there is not the
slightest danger in continuing the suit.

As a general rule, the suit first led by an adversary should be
returned, unless the player winning the trick has a singleton in
another suit, when he should lead that.

The suit led by the caller, if he was eldest hand, should not be
returned.

Some judgment of character must be used in playing on a caller’s own
lead. An adventurous player will sometimes call a misère on a hand
which contains a singleton 5 or 6, and will lead it at once; trusting
that second hand will imagine it to be safe, and cover it. Players
should be aware of this trap, and never cover a misère player’s own
lead if they can help it, unless the card led is below a 4.

_=ABUNDANCE.=_ Very few persons will risk calling an abundance which
they are not pretty certain of; but a player may be forced to the call
on a doubtful hand, especially if he is over-called on his original
proposal to play a solo. The lead is a great advantage, because trumps
can be exhausted immediately, and the suits protected. If the caller
has not the lead he must calculate in advance for trumping in, and if
his plain suits are not quite established, he will require more trumps
than would otherwise be necessary. The greatest danger to an abundance
player who has not the original lead, is that his best suit will be
led through him, and trumped, either on the first or second round. The
caller is often trapped into unnecessarily high trumping when suits are
led through him a second or third time.

_=The Adversaries=_ have little chance to defeat an abundance unless
they can over-trump the caller, or ruff his good cards before he can
exhaust the trumps. It is best for the Right to lead his longest suit,
and for the Left to lead his shortest. A guarded King suit should
not be led under any circumstances; nor a short suit Ace high. If an
adversary has a single trump of medium size, such as a J or 10, it is
often good play to trump a partner’s winning cards, so as to be sure of
preventing the caller from making a small trump. If an adversary has
trumped or over-trumped, it is very important to lead that suit to him
again as soon as possible.

The rules for discarding that are given in connection with Whist should
be carefully observed; especially in the matter of showing command of
suits.

_=SPREADS.=_ These should not be called except with hands in which
every suit contains the deuce, and all the cards are low enough to
insure the player that nothing short of extraordinary circumstances
will defeat him. Open sequences, or Dutch straights, as they are
sometimes called, in which the cards are all odd or all even, such as 2
4 6 8 10, are quite as safe as ordinary sequences, provided the deuce
is among the cards.

The player calling a spread must remember that it will be impossible
for him to get any discards after the first trick without the consent
of the adversaries; for they will not lead a suit of which they see
he is void. In order to reduce the caller’s chances of a discard on
the opening lead, before his cards are exposed, the adversaries should
select their shortest suits, unless they have a bottom sequence to the
deuce.

_=THE SLAM.=_ This feature of Solo Whist is even rarer than the _grand
coup_ at Whist. It is not very marvellous for an abundance player to
make twelve or thirteen tricks; but to announce thirteen tricks before
a card is played is something phenomenal. All the adversaries can do
against such a call is to show each other, by their discards, in which
of the suits they have a possible trick. It is very annoying to have
a player succeed in making a slam just because two of his adversaries
keep the same suit.


SOLO WHIST FOR THREE PLAYERS.

The best arrangement is to play with a pack of forty cards, deleting
the 2, 3, and 4 of each suit. The last card is turned up to determine
the trump, but it is not used in play.

There is no proposal and acceptance, solo being the lowest call. If all
three players pass, the trump card is turned down, and each player in
turn has the option of calling a six-trick abundance, naming his own
trump suit. In some places it is the custom to allow the players to
over-call each other, after the trump is turned down, each increasing
the number of tricks he proposes to take. A misère over-calls eight
tricks.

_=Kimberly Solo=_ is for four players, without any proposal and
acceptance, solo being the lowest call. If all pass, a six-trick solo
with a different trump is allowed.


TEXT BOOKS.

  Solo Whist, by R.F. Green.
  How to Play Solo Whist, by Wilks & Pardon.

For the Laws of Solo Whist, see Whist Family Laws.


ILLUSTRATIVE SOLO WHIST HANDS.

The dealer, Z, turns up the heart 3 in both hands, and A leads. The
underlined card wins the trick, and the card under it is the next one
led.

                                  | T|
            _=A Solo.=_           | R|        _=A Misère.=_
                                  | I|
  --------------------------------+ C+-------------------------------
      A       Y       B       Z   | K|   A      Y       B        Z
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+--+-------+-------+-------+------+
  |  10♢  |   8♢  |   Q♢  |  _K♢_ | 1|  _K♠_ |  7♠   |  J♠   |  10♠ |
  |   3♢  |   9♢  |  _A♢_ |   2♢  | 2|  _Q♠_ |  5♠   |  9♠   |   8♠ |
  |  ♡6   |  ♡2   | _♡A_  |  ♡3   | 3|   Q♢  |  5♢   | _A♢_  |   J♢ |
  |  ♣8   |  ♡4   |  ♡Q   | _♡K_  | 4|   9♢  |  4♢   | _K♢_  |  10♢ |
  |  ♣9   | _♣A_  |  ♣4   |  ♣7   | 5|  ♡6   |  3♠   | _6♠_  |   8♢ |
  |  _A♠_ |   9♠  |   K♠  |   4♠  | 6|  ♡7   |  2♠   | _4♠_  |  ♣A  |
  | _♣K_  |  ♣2   |  ♣6   |  ♣5   | 7|  ♣10  | ♣8    | ♣7    | _♣K_ |
  |   7♠  |   2♠  |  _Q♠_ |   6♠  | 8|  ♣9   | ♣6    |  7♢   | _♣Q_ |
  |   5♢  |  ♣3   |  ♣Q   | _♡8_  | 9|  ♣5   | ♣4    |  6♢   | _♣J_ |
  |   6♢  |   3♠  | _♡5_  |   J♢  |10|  ♡8   | ♣2    | ♡K    | _♣3_ |
  |   7♢  |  ♡10  |  ♡9   | _♡J_  |11| _♡A_  | ♡2    | ♡Q    |  ♡3  |
  |   8♠  |   5♠  | _♡7_  |   4♢  |12|   2♢  | _3♢_  | ♡9    |  ♡4  |
  |   J♠  |  ♣J   |  ♣10  |  10♠  |13|  ♡J   | _A♠_  | ♡10   |  ♡5  |
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+  +-------+-------+-------+------+

         _Solo player wins._               _Misère player loses._

In the first example, A and Y pass, and B calls Solo. A follows the
modern practice of leading the top of his long weak suit, as a card of
warning and support for his partners. Z knows Y must have 9 or Ace of
diamonds, or no more, and he avoids the error of opening another suit,
especially a weak one. B continues with the trump Queen, hoping to drop
King and Jack together. At trick 5, Z cannot give up the command of
trumps, and as A’s lead and discard indicate that he wants spades led
up to him, Z’s best chance is that Y has some clubs. Y leads to A. At
trick 9, Z knows B cannot have 10 and 9 of trumps, or he would have led
one of them to prevent the J and 8 both making, so Y must have one of
those trumps. At trick 11, if B leads the club, he loses his call. He
must again take the chance of bringing the trumps down together.

In the second example A proposes, or calls Solo, and Y over-calls him
with Misère. The great point in playing against Misère is to continue
leading suits in which he is known to be long, so as to give your
partners discards. This B does with the two long spades, the caller
being marked with the ace and others on the second trick. Then Z allows
B to discard his high diamonds on the clubs.


SCOTCH WHIST, OR CATCH THE TEN.

_=CARDS.=_ Scotch Whist is played with a pack of 36 cards, which rank
in plain suits, A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6; the Ace being highest both in play
and in cutting. In the trump suit the Jack is the best card, the order
being, J A K Q 10 9 8 7 6.

_=MARKERS.=_ There are no suitable counters for Scotch Whist, and the
score is usually kept on a sheet of paper.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Any number from two to eight may play. When there are five
or seven players, the spade 6 must be removed from the pack. In some
places this is not done; the thirty-fifth card being turned up for the
trump, the thirty-sixth shown to the table, and then laid aside.

_=CUTTING.=_ Whatever the number of persons offering for play, the
table is formed by cutting from the outspread pack for partners, seats,
and deal.

When two play, the one cutting the lowest card has the choice of seats
and cards, (if there are two packs).

When three play, the lowest deals, and chooses his seat and cards. The
next lowest has the next choice of seats.

When four play, partners are cut for; the two lowest pairing against
the two highest; the lowest of the four is the dealer, and has the
choice of seats and cards.

When five play, each for himself, the lowest cut deals, and has the
first choice of seats and cards. The next lowest has the next choice of
seats, and so on.

When six play, they cut for partners, the two lowest pairing together;
the two highest together; and the two intermediates together. The
player cutting the lowest card of the six has the choice of seats and
cards, and deals the first hand. If the six play, three on a side, the
three lowest play against the three highest; the lowest cut of the six
taking the deal, and choice of seats and cards.

When seven play, each for himself, the lowest deals, and has the choice
of seats and cards; the others choosing their seats in the order of
their cuts.

When eight play, they may form two sets of four each, or four sets of
two each. In either case the partnerships are decided by cutting, and
the lowest cut of the eight has the deal, with choice of seats and
cards.

_=TIES=_ are decided in the manner already described in connection with
Whist.

_=POSITION OF THE PLAYERS.=_ Two players sit opposite each other.
Three, five or seven sit according to their choice. Four sit as
at Whist, the partners facing each other. Six, playing in two
partnerships, sit alternately, so that no two partners shall be next
each other. Six, playing in three partnerships of two each, sit so
that two adversaries shall be between each pair of partners. Eight,
playing in two sets of four each, or as four pairs of partners, arrange
themselves alternately. If we distinguish the partners by the letters
A, B, C, D, the diagram will show the arrangement of the tables.

[Illustration:

    B    C           A    B            A    B
   +------+         +------+          +------+
   |      |        D|      |C        B|      |A
  A|      |A        |      |          |      |
   |      |        C|      |D        A|      |B
   +------+         +------+          +------+
    C    B           B    A            B    A

  THREE PAIRS.    FOUR PAIRS.        TWO FOURS.
]

The player to the left of the dealer is the original leader.

_=DEALING.=_ The method of dealing varies with the number of players
engaged. When only one pack is used, any player may shuffle, the dealer
last. The pack must be presented to the pone to be cut, and the entire
pack is then dealt out, one card at a time.

When two play, the dealer gives each six cards, one at a time. These
two hands are kept separate, and two more are dealt in the same manner,
and then a third two, the last card being turned up for the trump.
When the deal is complete, there will be six hands on the table, three
belonging to each player.

[Illustration:

   +-----+     +-----+     +-----+
   |     |     |     |     |     |
   |     |     |     |     |     |
   |     |     |     |     |     |
   +-----+     +-----+     +-----+
  1ST HANDS.  2ND HANDS.  3RD HANDS.
   +-----+     +-----+     +-----+
   |     |     |     |     |     |     +------+
   |     |     |     |     |     |     |Trump.|
   |     |     |     |     |     |     +------+
   +-----+     +-----+     +-----+
]

When three play, the cards are dealt in much the same manner; two
separate hands of six cards being given to each player.

When four, five, six, seven, or eight play, the cards are dealt in
rotation from left to right until the pack is exhausted, the last card
being turned up for the trump. When five or seven play, either the
spade 6 must be thrown out of the pack, or the thirty-sixth card must
be shown, after the dealer has turned the thirty-fifth for the trump.
When eight play, all four sixes are deleted.

The deal passes to the left, each player dealing in turn until the game
is finished.

The general rules with regard to irregularities in the deal are the
same as at Whist.

_=STAKES.=_ When stakes are played for, they are for so much a game.
Rubbers are not played. It is usual to form a pool, each player
depositing the stake agreed upon, and the winner taking all. In
partnership games, each losing player pays the successful adversary who
sits to his right. If three pairs were engaged, and A-A won, C and B
would each pay the A sitting next him. Before play begins, it should be
understood who pays for revokes; the side or the player.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The player on the dealer’s left begins by
leading any card he chooses, and the others must all follow suit if
they can. Failure to follow suit when able is a revoke, the penalty for
which, if detected and claimed by the adversaries, is the immediate
loss of the game. When there are more than two players or two sets
of partners, the revoking player or side must pay the two or more
adversaries as if each had won the game. In some places the individual
is made to pay, not the side. This should be understood before play
begins. If seven are playing, and one is detected in a revoke, his
loss is equal to six games. Any player having none of the suit led may
either trump or discard. The dealer should take up the trump card when
it is his turn to play to his first trick; after which it must not
be named, although a player may be informed what the trump suit is.
If all follow suit, the highest card played of the suit led wins the
trick, trumps win all other suits. The winner of the trick may lead any
card he chooses for the next; and so on, until all the cards have been
played.

It is not necessary to keep the tricks separate, as at Whist; but one
player should gather for his side.

When two or three play, the hands must be played in the order in which
they were dealt. For instance: If these are the hands:--

[Illustration:

                +-----+     +-----+     +-----+
                |     |     |     |     |     |
  Adversary’s:--|  1  |     |  3  |     |  5  |
                |     |     |     |     |     |
                +-----+     +-----+     +-----+
                1ST SET.    2ND SET.    3RD SET.
                +-----+     +-----+     +-----+
                |     |     |     |     |     |   +------+
  Dealer’s:--   |  2  |     |  4  |     |  6  |   |Trump.|
                |     |     |     |     |     |   +------+
                +-----+     +-----+     +-----+
]

The players first take up hands Nos. 1 and 2; a card is led from No.
1, the dealer follows suit from No. 2, or trumps, or discards, and the
play continues until these two hands are exhausted. The second set
are then taken up and played in the same manner; the player who won
the last trick in one set having the first lead in the next. Finally,
the third set are played in the same manner; all the cards taken by
each side being gathered into one pile by the player who has won them.
The trump card must remain on the table until the dealer takes up the
last hand. When three play, the set of hands first dealt must be first
played, and then the second set taken up.

The rules for cards played in error, leading out of turn, etc., are the
same as at Whist.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ The side first scoring 41 points wins the
game; and the chief object is to secure tricks containing cards to
which a certain value is attached. These all belong to the trump suit,
and are the following:--

  The Jack of trumps counts        11
  The Ace of trumps counts          4
  The King of trumps counts         3
  The Queen of trumps counts        2
  The Ten of trumps counts         10

The other trumps, and the plain suit-cards, have no counting value.

The Jack of trumps, being the best, must be taken in by the player to
whom it is dealt; but any court card in trumps will win the Ten, so
that one of the principal objects in Scotch Whist is to _=catch the
ten=_.

At the end of each hand the players count the number of cards they have
taken in tricks, and they are entitled to score one point for each
above the number originally dealt to them. For instance: If four play,
nine cards were originally dealt to each, so each pair of partners held
eighteen. If at the end of the hand they have taken in eight tricks, or
thirty-two cards, they score 14 points toward game, in addition to any
score they may have made by winning honours in trumps, or catching the
Ten. If five play, beginning with seven cards each, and at the end of
the hand one player has taken in fifteen, and another ten; they score 8
and 3 respectively, for cards.

_=SCORING.=_ At the end of each hand, each player or side should claim
all honours won, and cards taken in. One player should keep the score,
and announce it distinctly, in order that it may be known how many
points each player or side requires to win the game.

In the case of ties, the Ten counts out first; then cards; then A K Q
of trumps in their order, and the Jack last. A revoke, if detected and
claimed before the cards are cut for the next deal, immediately ends
the game.

_=METHODS OF CHEATING.=_ When only one pack is used, the greek can
often succeed in dealing himself the Jack of trumps, and usually loses
no time in marking the Ten, so that he can at least distinguish the
player to whom it is dealt. A player should be carefully watched who
keeps his eyes on the pack while shuffling, or who rivets his attention
on the backs of the cards as he deals. Two packs should be used in all
round games of cards.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ The chief counting elements that are
affected by the play being the trump Ten and the cards, it is usual to
devote particular attention to winning them. With J A of trumps, or A
K, it is best to lead two rounds immediately; but with a tenace, such
as J K, or A Q it is better to place the lead on your left if possible.
The high cards in the plain suits are capable of being very skilfully
managed in this matter of placing the lead. It sometimes happens that a
player with the Ten may be fourth hand on a suit of which he has none;
or he may catch the Ten with a small honour if it is used in trumping
in. The partnership games offer many fine opportunities for playing the
Ten into the partner’s hand, especially when it is probable that he has
the best trump, or a better trump than the player on the left.

In calculating the probabilities of saving the Ten by trumping in, it
must be remembered that the greater the number of players, the less
chance there is that a suit will go round more than once, because there
are only nine cards of each suit in play.

Many players, in their anxiety to catch the Ten, overlook the
possibilities of their hands in making cards, the count for which often
runs into high figures.

Close attention should be paid to the score. For instance: A wants
4 points to win; B wants 10; and C wants 16. If A can see his way
to win the game by cards or small honours, he should take the first
opportunity of giving C the Ten; or allowing him to make it in
preference to B. As the Ten counts first, cards and honours next, B may
be shut out, even if he has the Jack.

_=LAWS.=_ There are no special laws for Scotch Whist. The whist laws
are usually enforced for all such irregularities as exposed cards,
leading out of turn, etc. The most important matter is the revoke, and
it should be clearly understood before play begins whether the revoke
penalty is to be paid by the individual in fault, or by the side to
which he belongs. Some players think there should be some regulation
for penalties in such cases as that of a player taking up the wrong
hand, when two or more are dealt to each player; but as no advantage
can be gained by the exchange, it is hard to see what right the
adversary would have to impose a penalty.

ILLUSTRATIVE SCOTCH WHIST HAND.

We give a simple example hand, as an illustration of the manner of
playing with four persons; two being partners against the other two.

  _Z deals and turns heart 8_

    +-------+-------+-------+-------+
    |   A       Y       B      Z    |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+
  1 |   Q♢  |  _K♢_ |   8♢  |  9♢   |
  2 | _♣A_  |  ♣K   |  ♣J   | ♣8    |
  3 |  ♣7   | _♣9_  |  ♣6   |  6♠   |
  4 |   8♠  |   J♠  |   K♠  | _A♠_  |
  5 |   J♢  |   9♠  |   A♢  | _Q♠_  |
  6 |   7♢  | _10♠_ |  ♣Q   |  7♠   |
  7 | _♡A_  |  10♢  |   6♢  | ♡Q    |
  8 |  ♡9   |  ♡6   | _♡K_  | ♡7    |
  9 |  ♣10  |  ♡10  | _♡J_  | ♡8    |
    +-------+-------+-------+-------+

  _A-B win 30 by honours._

  _Y-Z win 2 by cards._

_=Trick 1.=_ _=Y=_ plays King second hand, hoping it will be taken by
the Ace, so that he may become third or fourth player, and perhaps save
his Ten. _=B=_, with the minor tenace in trumps, plays to avoid the
lead as long as possible.

_=Trick 2.=_ _=Y=_ gets rid of another winning card; _=B=_ keeping a
small card to avoid the lead.

_=Trick 3.=_ _=A=_ returns the Club, reading _=B=_ for the Q or no
more. _=B=_ still avoids the lead, and _=Z=_ is marked as not having
the trump Ten, or he would have saved it.

_=Trick 4.=_ _=Z=_ plays to win what cards he can.

_=Trick 5.=_ _=B=_ throws ♢A to avoid the lead, knowing _=Y=_ has the
trump Ten; for _=A=_ would have made it on the second round of Spades.
_=A=_ also marks it with _=Y=_, as _=B=_ does not save it.

_=Trick 6.=_ _=B=_ is not sure whether _=Y=_ has a Diamond or a Club
left, and discards the winning card.

_=Trick 7.=_ _=Z=_ plays Queen to shut out the Ten, if with _=A=_.
_=A=_ knows each player has two trumps left, and that as the turn-up is
still with _=Z=_, _=B=_ must have J or K; for if he held only 7 and 6
he would have trumped in to make cards.

_=Trick 8.=_ _=A=_ leads trumps. If _=Y=_ does not play the Ten, and
_=B=_ has not the Jack, _=B=_ must make four cards and the King by
passing. If _=B=_ has the Jack, he must catch the Ten, no matter how
_=Y=_ and _=Z=_ play.

       *       *       *       *       *

_=FRENCH WHIST=_ is the name given to a variety of Scotch Whist in
which the Ten of Diamonds counts ten to those winning it, whether it is
a trump or not.


BOSTON.

_=CARDS.=_ Boston is played with two packs of fifty-two cards each,
which rank as at Whist, both for cutting and playing.

_=MARKERS=_ are not used in Boston, every hand being immediately
settled for in counters. These are usually of three colours; white,
red, and blue; representing cents, dimes, and dollars respectively. At
the beginning of the game each player should be provided with an equal
number, the general proportion being 20 white, 18 red, and 8 blue for
each. Some one player should be selected to act as the banker, selling
and redeeming all counters.

_=STAKES.=_ The stakes in Boston depend upon the value of the counters.
One cent for a white counter is considered a pretty stiff game; because
it is quite possible for a single player to win or lose a thousand
white counters on one hand, and the payments very seldom fall short of
fifty.

_=THE POOL.=_ In addition to the counters won and lost on each hand,
it is usual for the players to make up a pool at the beginning of
the game by each of them depositing one red counter in a small tray
provided for the purpose. This pool may be increased from time to time
by penalties; such as one red counter for a misdeal; four for a revoke,
or for not having the proper number of cards, etc. The whole amount in
the pool may be won or lost by the players, according to their success
or failure in certain undertakings, which will presently be described.
When empty, the pool is replenished by contributions from each player,
as at first.

The pool proper is usually limited to 25 red counters. When it exceeds
that amount, the 25 are set aside, and the surplus used to start a
fresh pool. Any player winning a pool is entitled to 25 red counters at
the most. It will often happen that several such pools will accumulate,
and each must be played for in its turn. At the end of the game any
counters remaining in the pool or pools must be divided among the
players.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Boston is played by four persons. If more than four
candidates offer for play, five or six may form a table; if there are
more than six, the selection of the table must be made by cutting, as
at Whist.

_=CUTTING.=_ The four persons who shall play the first game are
determined by cutting, and they again cut for the deal, with the
choice of seats and cards. The player drawing the lowest card deals,
and chooses his seat; the next lower card sits on his left, and so on,
until all are seated. Twelve deals is a game, at the end of which the
players cut to decide which shall go out, as at Whist.

It is usual to count the deals by opening the blade of a pocket-knife,
which is placed on the table by the player on the dealer’s right. When
it comes to his turn to deal, he partly opens one blade. When he deals
again he opens it entirely, and the third time he closes it; that being
the third round, and the last deal of the game.

[Illustration: FOURTH DEAL. EIGHTH DEAL.]

_=POSITION OF THE PLAYERS.=_ The four players at Boston are
distinguished by the letters A Y B Z.

[Illustration:

       Y
   +-------+
   |       |
  A|       |B
   |       |
   +-------+
       Z
]

Z is the dealer, and A is known as the _=eldest hand=_. There are no
partnerships in Boston, except that of three players combined against
the fourth, who is always spoken of as _=the caller=_. The players
having once taken their seats are not allowed to change them without
the consent of all the others at the table.

_=DEALING.=_ At the beginning of the game the two packs are thoroughly
shuffled; after which they must not again be shuffled during the
progress of the game. If a hand is dealt and not played, each player
must sort his cards into suits and sequences before they are gathered
and dealt again.

At the beginning of each deal, one pack is presented to the players to
be cut; each having the privilege of cutting once, the dealer last.
Beginning on his left, the dealer gives four cards to each player, then
four more, and finally five; no trump being turned.

The general rules with regard to irregularities in the deal are the
same as at Whist, except that a misdeal does not lose the deal. The
misdealer must deal again with the same pack, after the players have
sorted their cards into suits. It is a misdeal if the dealer fails to
present the pack to the other players to cut, or neglects to cut it
himself. Should the dealer expose any of his own cards in dealing, that
does not invalidate the deal. The deal passes in regular rotation to
the left, each pack being used alternately.

_=MAKING THE TRUMP.=_ The deal being complete, the player opposite
the dealer cuts the still pack, and the player on his right turns up
the top card for the trump. The suit to which this card belongs is
called _=First Preference=_, and the suit of the same colour is called
_=Second Preference=_, or _=Colour=_. The two remaining suits are known
as _=Plain Suits=_ for that deal.

The cards having been dealt, and the trump turned, each player
carefully sorts and counts his cards, to see that he has the correct
number, thirteen. A player having more or less than his right
proportion should at once claim a misdeal; for if he plays with a
defective hand he cannot win anything that deal, but must stand his
proportion of all losses incurred, besides paying a forfeit of four red
counters to the pool.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ In Boston, each player has an opportunity to
announce that he is willing to undertake to win a certain number of
tricks, if allowed the privilege of naming the trump suit; or to lose
a certain number, there being no trumps. In either case, he proposes
to play single-handed against the three other players. The player
proposing the undertaking which is most difficult of accomplishment is
said to _=over-call=_ the others, and must be allowed to try. If he is
successful, he wins the pool, and is paid a certain number of counters
by each of his adversaries. If he fails, he must double the amount in
the pool, and pay to each of the other players a certain number of
counters.

_=ANNOUNCEMENTS.=_ The bids rank in the following order, beginning with
the lowest. The full-faced type shows the words used by the players in
calling their bids:--

To win five tricks; _=Boston=_.

To win _=Six Tricks=_.

To win _=Seven Tricks=_.

To lose twelve tricks, after having discarded a card which is not to be
shown; _=Little Misère=_.

To win _=Eight Tricks=_.

To win _=Nine Tricks=_.

To lose every trick; _=Grand Misère=_.

To win _=Ten Tricks=_.

To win _=Eleven Tricks=_.

To lose twelve tricks, after having discarded a card which is not to be
shown; the single player’s remaining twelve cards being exposed face up
on the table, but not liable to be called; _=Little Spread=_.

To win _=Twelve Tricks=_.

To lose every trick; the single player’s cards exposed on the table,
but not liable to be called; _=Grand Spread=_.

To win Thirteen Tricks; _=Grand Slam=_.

The object of the proposing player, if successful in his bid, is to
win or lose the proposed number of tricks; while that of his three
adversaries is to combine to prevent him from so doing. There are no
honours, and the only factor in the count is the number of tricks
taken. The highest card played of the suit led wins the trick; and
trumps, if any, win against all other suits.

_=METHOD OF BIDDING.=_ The eldest hand has the first say, and after
examining his cards, and estimating the number of tricks he can
probably take, making the trump to suit his hand, he bids accordingly.
It is not necessary for him to state which suit he wishes to make the
trump; but only the number of tricks he proposes to win. If he has
no proposal to make, he says distinctly; “_=I pass=_,” and the other
players in turn have an opportunity to bid. If any player makes a
bid, such as six tricks, and any other player thinks he can make the
same number of tricks with a trump of the same colour as the turn-up,
that is, Second Preference, he over-calls the first bidder by saying
“_=I keep=_;” or he may repeat the number bid, saying “_=Six here=_.”
This is simply bidding to win the number of tricks _=in colour=_. The
original caller may hold his bid, or a third player may overbid both,
by saying; “_=I keep over you=_,” or “_=Six here=_.” This means that
he will undertake to win the number of tricks already bid, with the
_=turn-up=_ suit for trumps. In order to over-call such a bid as this,
any other player would have to announce a greater number of tricks. For
instance; Z deals, and turns a heart. A calls six tricks, intending to
name hearts trumps; but not saying so. B passes; Y says “I Keep.” This
announces to the table that Y will play with a red trump, and A knows
he is bidding on diamonds. Z passes, and A says; “I keep over you.” B
then bids seven tricks, and if A will not risk seven tricks in hearts,
B will be the successful bidder. If A should bid seven tricks by
keeping over B, the latter must know that it is useless for him to bid
again unless he can make more tricks in diamonds than A can in hearts;
for A’s bid, being in first preference, will always outrank B’s for the
same number of tricks.

A player once having passed cannot come into the bidding again, except
to call one of the misères. In the example just given, either Y or
Z, after having twice passed, might have outbid the seven tricks by
calling a little misère. Such a bid can, of course, be entertained only
when it outranks any bid already made.

A player is not compelled to bid the full value of his hand; but it is
to his interest to go as near to it as he can with safety; because,
as we shall see presently, the more he bids the more he is paid. For
instance: If he can make ten tricks, but bids seven only, he will be
paid for the three over-tricks, if he makes them; but the payment for
seven bid and ten taken, is only 22 counters; while the payment for ten
bid and ten taken is 42. As he receives from each adversary, a player
who underbid his hand in this manner would lose 60 counters by his
timidity.

It sometimes happens that no one will make a proposal of any sort. It
is very unusual to pass the deal. The trump is generally turned down,
and a _=Grand=_ is played, without any trump suit. This is sometimes
called a _=Misère Partout=_, or “all-round poverty”; and the object of
each player is to take as few tricks as possible.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ No matter who is the successful bidder, the
eldest hand always leads for the first trick, and the others must
follow suit if they can, the play proceeding exactly as at Whist. The
tricks should be carefully stacked, so that they can be readily counted
by any player without calling attention to them. The laws provide a
severe penalty for drawing attention to the score in this manner.
Suppose a player has called eight tricks. An adversary hesitates in
his play, and another reaches over and counts the tricks in front of
the caller, finding he has seven. This is tantamount to saying to the
player who hesitates: “If you don’t win that trick, the call succeed.”
In such a case, the single player may at once demand the play of the
highest or lowest of the suit; or that the adversaries trump or refrain
from trumping the trick.

In all calls except misères and slams, the hands should be played out,
in order to allow the players to make what over-tricks they can; but
the moment a misère player takes a trick, or a slam player loses one,
the hands are thrown up, and the stakes paid. It is usual to show the
cards to the board, in order to satisfy each player that no revoke has
occurred.

When Little Misère is called, each player discards one card, which must
not be shown, and the hand is then played out with the remaining twelve
cards.

When Spreads are called, the caller’s cards must be placed face upwards
on the table before a card is played. If it is a Little Spread, the
discard of each player must remain unknown. The adversaries have no
control of the manner of playing the exposed cards, which cannot be
called, and may be played in any manner suited to the judgment of the
single player, provided he follows suit when able.

_=REVOKES.=_ If a player opposed to the caller revokes, but discovers
his mistake in time to save himself, he may be called upon by the
single player for his highest or lowest of the suit led; or the card
played in error may be claimed as an exposed card. If the highest or
lowest of the suit is called, the card played in error is taken up.

If the caller revokes, and discovers his mistake in time, he is not
liable to any penalty, unless an adversary has played to the next
trick. In that case the revoking card must be left on the table, and
is liable to be called. When the single player revokes, he loses the
call in any case, and at least one trick besides. He must also double
the pool, and add to it a revoke forfeit of four red counters. For
instance: A bids eight tricks, and his adversaries detect and claim a
revoke. As he is supposed to have lost his bid, and one trick more, he
may be said to have bid eight, and taken only seven; losing 23 white
counters to each of his adversaries, doubling the pool, and then paying
a forfeit of four red counters. In some places the forfeit is omitted,
and in others it takes the place of doubling the pool. It is not usual
to play the hand out after a revoke is claimed and proved.

If an adversary of the single player revokes, he and his partners must
each pay the caller just as if he had been successful, and must also
pay him for three over-tricks as forfeit, provided his bid was not more
than nine tricks; for the bid and the over-tricks together must not
exceed thirteen tricks. In addition to this, the individual player in
fault must pay four red counters as forfeit to the pool. In some places
he is made to double the pool; but this is manifestly unfair, as he
could not win the amount in the pool in any case, and therefore should
not lose it.

In a Misère Partout, the revoking player pays five red counters to each
adversary, and deposits a forfeit of four red counters in the pool. The
hands are immediately thrown up if the revoke is claimed and proved.

_=CARDS PLAYED IN ERROR.=_ The single player is not liable to any
penalty for cards played in error, or led out of turn, except those
taken back to save a revoke; but his adversaries are liable to the
usual whist penalties for all such irregularities. The single player
can forbid the use of an exposed trump for ruffing, and can demand or
prevent the play of an exposed card in plain suits, provided he does
not ask the adversary to revoke. If a suit is led of which an adversary
has an exposed card on the table, the single player may call upon him
to play his highest or lowest of that suit.

If a player has announced Little Misère, and one of the adversaries
leads before the others have discarded, the caller may immediately
claim the pool and stakes. If any adversary of a misère player leads
out of turn, or exposes a card, or plays before his proper turn in any
trick, the bidder may at once claim the pool and stakes. In all such
cases it is usual for the individual in fault to pay a forfeit of four
red counters toward the next pool.

In Misère Partout, there is no penalty for cards played in error, or
led out of turn.


_=PAYMENTS.=_ If the caller succeeds in winning the proposed number of
tricks, he is paid by each of his adversaries according to the value
of his bid, and the number of over-tricks he wins, if any. The various
payments are shown in this table:--

  ------------------------+-------------------------------------------
  Number of tricks bid by |      Number actually taken by him.
         player.          +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---
                          |  5 |  6 |  7 |  8 |  9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13
  ------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---
  Five                    | 12 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 15
  Six                     |    | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 20
  Seven                   |    |    | 18 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 26
  Eight                   |    |    |    | 23 | 24 | 26 | 28 | 29 | 31
  Nine                    |    |    |    |    | 32 | 34 | 36 | 39 | 41
  Ten                     |    |    |    |    |    | 42 | 45 | 48 | 52
  Eleven                  |    |    |    |    |    |    | 63 | 68 | 72
  Twelve                  |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |106 |114
  Thirteen                |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |    |166
  ------------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+---

The American system is not to pay the successful bidder for any
over-tricks. This is to make him bid up his hand, and to save time; as
hands need not be played out when the bidder has made or can show the
number of tricks bid.

  Tricks bid  |  5 |  6 |  7 |  8 |  9 | 10 | 11 |  12 |  13 |
  ------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----+-----+
  Amount.     | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 35 | 45 | 65 | 105 | 170 |

If the caller fails in his undertaking, he must pay each adversary
according to the number of tricks by which he failed to reach his bid.
For instance: A player bidding eight, and taking only seven, is said to
be “_=put in for=_” one trick, and he would have to pay each adversary
23 white counters. These payments are shown in this table:--

  -----------+---------------------------------------------------
  Tricks bid | Number of tricks by which the player falls short
   by the    |               of his declaration.
   player.   +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---
             |  1|  2|  3|  4|  5|  6|  7|  8|  9| 10| 11| 12| 13
  -----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---
  Five       | 11| 21| 31| 41| 50|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  Six        | 15| 24| 35| 45| 55| 66|   |   |   |   |   |   |
  Seven      | 19| 29| 40| 50| 60| 72| 82|   |   |   |   |   |
  Eight      | 23| 34| 46| 56| 67| 78| 89|110|   |   |   |   |
  Nine       | 33| 44| 57| 68| 82| 92|103|115|127|   |   |   |
  Ten        | 44| 56| 70| 82| 94|107|119|132|145|157|   |   |
  Eleven     | 67| 80| 95|109|123|138|151|165|180|194|208|   |
  Twelve     |113|130|148|165|182|200|217|234|252|270|286|304|
  Thirteen   |177|198|222|241|262|284|305|326|348|369|390|412|433
  -----------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---

We give the same table reduced to the American decimal system, in which
form it is commonly found in the clubs. It may be remarked in passing
that the table is very illogical and inconsistent, the payments bearing
no relation to the probabilities of the events. Some of them provide
for impossibilities, unless the player has miscalled the trump suit,
and is held to it, but we have no authority to change them.

  --------+----------------------------------------------------
          |        Number of tricks bidder is “put in for.”
   Tricks +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----
    bid.  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10| 11| 12| 13
  --------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----
  Five    | 10| 20| 30| 40| 50|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  Six     | 15| 25| 35| 45| 55| 65|   |   |   |   |   |   |
  Seven   | 20| 30| 40| 50| 60| 70| 80|   |   |   |   |   |
  Eight   | 25| 35| 45| 55| 70| 85|100|115|   |   |   |   |
  Nine    | 35| 45| 55| 65| 80| 95|110|125|140|   |   |   |
  Ten     | 45| 55| 70| 80| 95|110|125|140|155|170|   |   |
  Eleven  | 70| 80| 95|110|125|140|155|170|185|200|220|   |
  Twelve  |120|130|145|160|180|200|220|240|260|280|300|320|
  Thirteen|180|200|220|240|260|280|300|320|340|360|390|420|450
  --------+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----

If a misère is bid, the caller wins from, or loses to each adversary
according to the following table, there being no over-tricks:--

  Little Misère,    20 white counters.
  Grand Misère,     40 white counters.
  Little Spread,    80 white counters.
  Grand Spread,    160 white counters.

It may be observed that each of these is twice the amount of the next
lower.

When misère partout is played, the person winning the largest number of
tricks is the only loser, and he must pay each of the other players the
difference between the number of his tricks and theirs in red counters.
The number of red counters lost will always be found to be three times
the number of tricks taken, minus the number of tricks not taken. For
instance: A wins 4 tricks, three times which is 12; from which he
deducts 9, the number he did not take, and finds his loss to be 3 red
counters. Again; A wins 7 tricks; three times which is 21; minus 6
tricks not taken, a net loss of 15. No matter in what proportion the
other tricks may be divided between the three other players, this total
payment will always be found correct. For instance: A wins 6 tricks; Y
2; B 5; and Z none. A loses 6 x 3 = 18-7 = 11, of which he gives 4 to
Y; 1 to B; and 6 to Z.

If two players tie for the greatest number of tricks taken, they
calculate their losses in the same manner; but each pays only half the
total. For instance: A and Y each take 5 tricks; B taking 1, and Z 2.
The 7 red counters lost by A and Y being divided, shows a loss of 35
white counters for each of them. If three players take four tricks
apiece, they each pay the fourth man a red counter.

_=WINNING THE POOL.=_ Besides the white counters won and lost by the
players individually, the successful caller takes the pool, provided
he has made a bid of seven tricks or better, which is called _=a pool
bid=_. Any lower bid does not entitle him to the pool, unless the other
players compel him to play the hand out. In order to save the pool,
it is usual for the adversaries, before playing to the second trick,
to say: “_=I pay.=_” If all agree to pay, the bidder must accept the
amount of his bid without any over-tricks, and the pool is not touched.
If a player has made a pool bid, and the adversaries, before playing
to the second trick, agree to pay, they cannot prevent the caller from
taking the pool; but they save possible over-tricks. The agreement of
the adversaries to pay must be unanimous.

Misère Partout does not touch the pool.

If the hand is played out, and the caller fails, he must double the
pool, whether he has made a pool bid or not. If there is more than one
pool, he must double the first one, which will of course contain the
limit. This will simply have the effect of forming an additional pool
to be played for.

When there are several pools on the table, a successful caller takes
any of those that contain the limit. When there is only one pool on the
table, he must be satisfied with its contents, however small.

At the end of the game, after the twelfth hand has been settled for,
it is usual to divide the pool or pools equally among the players. But
sometimes a grand is played without trumps, making a thirteenth hand,
and the pool is given to the player winning the last trick.

_=METHODS OF CHEATING.=_ There being no shuffling at Boston, and each
player having the right to cut the pack, the greek must be very skilful
who can secure himself any advantage by having the last cut, unless he
has the courage to use wedges. But Boston is usually played for such
high stakes that it naturally attracts those possessing a high degree
of skill, and the system adopted is usually that of counting down. The
greek will watch for a hand in which there is little changing of suits,
and will note the manner of taking up the cards. The next hand does
not interest him, as he is busy studying the location of the cards in
the still pack. When this comes into play on the next deal, he will
follow every cut, and finally cut for himself so that the desired
distribution of the suits shall come about. Even if he fails to secure
an invincible hand for bidding on himself, he knows so nearly the
contents of the other hands that he can bid them up, and afterwards
play against them to great advantage.

It is unnecessary to say that if a greek can mark the cards, the game
becomes a walkover, even if he can recollect only the hand on his left.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ Boston so closely resembles Solo Whist
in such matters as bidding, and playing single-handed against three
others, that the reader may be referred to that game for the outlines
of the principles that should guide him in estimating the probable
value of his hand, playing for tricks or for misères, and combining
forces with his partners for the purpose of defeating the single player.

For laws, see Whist Family Laws.


BOSTON DE FONTAINEBLEAU.

This game is sometimes, but incorrectly, called French Boston. The
latter will be described in its proper place.

_=CARDS.=_ Boston de Fontainebleau is played with a full pack of
fifty-two cards. Two packs are generally used. The cards rank as at
Whist, both for cutting and playing.

_=MARKERS=_ are not used, counters taking their place. These are
usually of the colours and values, and are distributed among the
players as already described in Boston.

_=STAKES.=_ As a guide in settling upon the unit value, it may be noted
that the largest amount possible to win or lose on a single hand is
2,400 white counters; the smallest amount being 30. The average is
about 300.

_=THE POOL.=_ In addition to the counters won or lost on each hand,
a pool is formed by each dealer in his turn placing five counters in
a small tray provided for the purpose. This pool may be increased
by penalties, etc., and the whole amount may be won under certain
conditions, as at Boston. There is no limit to the amount of a single
pool.

_=PLAYERS.=_ The number of players, methods of _=Cutting=_, _Dealing_,
etc., are the same as those already described in connection with
Boston, except that no trump is turned for first preference, the suits
always having a determined rank; diamonds being first, hearts next,
then clubs, and last spades. No-trump, or “grand,” outranks diamonds.

Twelve deals is a game; after which the players cut out if there
are more than four belonging to the table, or if other candidates are
waiting to play.

_=PENALTIES=_, for playing with more or less than the proper number of
cards, etc., are the same as at Boston.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ These are identical with Boston, but instead
of doubling the pool, the player who is unsuccessful in his undertaking
pays into the pool the same amount that he loses to each of the other
players.

_=ANNOUNCEMENTS.=_ The bids rank in the order following; beginning with
the lowest. The full-faced type show the words used by the players
in calling their bids. It will be noticed that the order is not the
same as in Boston, and that an additional bid is introduced, called
Piccolissimo.

To win 5 tricks, _=Boston=_.

To win _=Six Tricks=_.

To lose 12 tricks, after having discarded a card which is not to be
shown; _=Little Misère=_.

To win _=Seven Tricks=_.

To win one trick, neither more nor less, after having discarded a card
which is not to be shown, there being no trump suit; _=Piccolissimo=_.

To win _=Eight Tricks=_.

To lose every trick, no trump suit, _=Grand Misère=_.

To win _=Nine Tricks=_.

To lose 12 tricks, after having discarded a card which is not to be
shown; the single player’s remaining twelve cards being exposed face up
on the table, but not liable to be called; _=Little Spread=_.

To win _=Ten Tricks=_.

To lose every trick, no trump suit, the single player’s cards being
exposed on the table, but not liable to be called; _=Grand Spread=_.

To win _=Eleven Tricks=_.

To win _=Twelve Tricks=_.

To win 13 tricks; _=Slam=_.

To win 13 tricks, the single player’s cards exposed face up on the
table, but not liable to be called; _=Spread Slam=_.

The object of the bidder, if successful in securing the privilege of
playing, is to win or lose the proposed number of tricks, against the
combined efforts of his adversaries. Having once made a bid, he must
play it unless he is over-called.

_=METHOD OF BIDDING.=_ The eldest hand has the first say, and after
examining his hand, and deciding on the bid most appropriate to it, if
any, he makes his announcement. If his proposal is to win a certain
number of tricks with a certain suit for trumps, he must name the
suit, saying, “Eight Spades,” or “Seven Diamonds,” as the case may be.
If he proposes to play without any trump suit, he announces, “Seven
Grand,” or whatever the number may be. Such a bid over-calls one of the
same number in diamonds. If the eldest hand has no proposal to make,
he says, “I pass,” and the others in turn have an opportunity to bid.
The bids outrank one another according to their order in the foregoing
table, and the rank of the suits in which they are made. The players
bid against one another, until all but one declare to pass, he then
becomes the single player against the three others.

A player having once passed cannot come into the bidding again, even to
call a misère. In this respect the game differs from Boston. A player
is not compelled to bid the full value of his hand, but it is to his
interest to do so, and he should make the full announcement the first
time he bids, because if he has had a good hand for ten tricks, and
begins with a bid of seven, he cannot increase his proposal unless some
player bids over him.

_=PARTNERS.=_ Before playing, the successful bidder may call for a
partner if he chooses to do so. The player accepting him undertakes
that the two together shall win three tricks more than the number bid.
For instance: A has successfully bid seven in diamonds, and asks for a
partner. If Y accepts him they make no change in their positions at the
table, but play into each other’s hands, just as at Solo Whist, B and Z
being partners against them. A and Y together must win ten tricks, with
diamonds for trumps.

If no one makes a proposal of any sort, _=Misère Partout=_ is played;
there being no trump suit. The player or players taking the least
number of tricks win or divide the pool. There are no other losses or
gains in Misère Partout.

_=HONOURS.=_ In any call in which there is a trump suit, the A K Q and
J of trumps are honours, and may be counted by the successful bidder
if he carries out his proposal. If the single player, or a caller and
his partner have all four honours dealt them, they score as for four
over-tricks; if three, as for two over-tricks. Honours do not count for
the adversaries under any circumstances.

In bidding on a hand, it must be remembered that although honours will
count as over-tricks in payments, they cannot be bid on. If a player
has nine tricks and two by honours in his hand, he cannot bid eleven.
If he bids nine and fails to make so many, he cannot count the honours
at all. It is growing less and less the custom to count honours in
America.

A player making a bid can be compelled to play it; but it is usual to
allow him to pay instead of playing, if he proposes to do so, either
because he has overbid his hand or for any other reason.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ No matter who is the successful bidder, the
eldest hand always leads for the first trick, and the others must
follow suit if they can, the play proceeding exactly as in Whist.
Tricks should be carefully stacked, there being the same penalties as
in Boston for calling attention to the score. The methods of playing
misères and spreads have already been described in connection with
Boston. When piccolissimo is played, the moment the single player takes
more than one trick the hands are thrown up, and the stakes paid.

_=REVOKES.=_ The rules governing these and cards played in error, are
the same as at Boston. In piccolissimo, the penalties are the same as
in misère.

_=PAYMENTS.=_ If the caller succeeds in winning the proposed number of
tricks, he is paid by each of his adversaries according to the value
of his bid, as shown in Table No. 1. Over-tricks if any, and honours,
if played, are always paid at the uniform rate of five white counters
each. If the caller fails, he must pay each adversary the amount he
would have won if successful, with the addition of five white counters
for every trick that he falls short of his proposal. For instance: He
bids nine hearts, and wins six tricks only. He must pay each adversary
115 white counters.

TABLE No. 1.

  ----------------------+--------+-----------------+---------+
                        |        | The trump being |         |
                        |  No    +-----+-----+-----+ Extra   |
                        | trump. | ♣♠  |  ♡  |  ♢  | tricks. |
  ----------------------+--------+-----+-----+-----+---------+
  Boston, five tricks   |        |  10 |  20 |  30 |    5    |
  Six tricks            |        |  30 |  40 |  50 |    5    |
    Little misère       |   75   |     |     |     |         |
  Seven tricks          |        |  50 |  60 |  70 |    5    |
    Piccolissimo        |  100   |     |     |     |         |
  Eight tricks          |        |  70 |  80 |  90 |    5    |
    Grand misère        |  150   |     |     |     |         |
  Nine tricks           |        |  90 | 100 | 110 |    5    |
    Little spread       |  200   |     |     |     |         |
  Ten tricks            |        | 110 | 120 | 130 |    5    |
    Grand spread        |  250   |     |     |     |         |
  Eleven tricks         |        | 130 | 140 | 150 |    5    |
  Twelve tricks         |        | 150 | 160 | 170 |    5    |
  Slam, thirteen tricks |        | 400 | 450 | 500 |         |
  Spread slam           |        | 600 | 700 | 800 |         |

TABLE No. 2.

In America, the last two items are usually reduced, and are given as
follows:--

                        |        | ♣♠  |  ♡  |  ♢  |         |
  Slam, thirteen tricks |        | 250 | 300 | 350 |         |
  Spread slam           |        | 350 | 400 | 450 |         |
  ----------------------+--------+-----+-----+-----+---------+

Why a player should be paid more for spreads than for eleven or twelve
tricks while the trick bid outranks the spreads, is difficult to
understand; but we have no authority to change the tables.

Misère Partout wins nothing but the pool.

If partners play, it is usual for the losers to pay the adversaries on
their right; or, if partners sit together, to pay the adversary sitting
next.

_=THE POOL.=_ Besides the white counters won and lost by the players
individually, the successful player takes the pool. Successful partners
divide it equally, regardless of the number of tricks bid or taken by
each. If the partners fail, they must contribute to the pool an amount
equal to that which they pay to one adversary. For instance: A calls
seven diamonds, and asks for a partner. Y accepts him, and the pair win
only nine tricks. Each pays 135 counters to the adversary sitting next
him, and then they make up 135 more between them for the pool.

Asking for a partner is not a popular variation of the game, and is
seldom resorted to unless the successful bid is very low, or has been
made on a black suit.

If the adversaries of the caller declare to pay, before playing to the
second trick, they can save nothing but possible over-tricks. The pool
goes with every successful play.

If the single player is unsuccessful, he does not double the pool,
as in Boston, but pays into it the same amount that he loses to each
adversary, over-tricks and all; so that he really loses four times the
amount shown in the table.

At the end of the game, or on the twelfth hand, if the caller does not
succeed, he pays the pool as usual, and his adversaries then divide it
amongst themselves.

The _=Suggestions for Good Play=_, etc., are given in connection with
Solo Whist and need no further amplification for Boston de Fontainbleau.

The _=Laws=_ vary so little from those used in the regular game of
Boston that it is not necessary to give an additional code, either for
Fontainbleau or for French Boston, which follows.


FRENCH BOSTON.

_=CARDS.=_ French Boston is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards,
which rank as at Whist, both for cutting and playing; except that the
diamond Jack is always the best trump unless diamonds are turned up, in
which case the heart Jack becomes the best trump, and the diamond Jack
ranks next below the diamond Queen.

_=COUNTERS=_ are used as in Boston, their value being a matter of
agreement before play begins.

_=THE POOL=_ is made up by the dealer’s contributing ten counters for
the first eight rounds, and twenty for the last two. It is increased
from time to time by penalties, and is won or lost by the players, just
as in Boston. There is no limit to the pool. If any player objects to
dividing it at the end of the game, it must be played for until some
player wins it.

_=PLAYERS.=_ The number of players, their arrangement at the table,
etc., is precisely the same as at Boston.

_=CUTTING.=_ Instead of cutting for the first deal, any one of the
players takes a pack of cards, and gives thirteen to each player in
succession, face up. The player to whom he gives the diamond Jack deals
the first hand, and has the choice of seats and cards. The others sit
as they please.

_=DEALING.=_ The cards are shuffled before every deal. The player on
the left of the dealer cuts, and cards are given first to the player on
the dealer’s right, dealing from right to left. The cards may be dealt
one at a time, or three at a time, or four at a time, always dealing
the last round singly, and turning up the last card. A misdeal loses
the deal. Other irregularities are governed by the same laws as in
Boston.

The deal passes to the right, and the next dealer is indicated by the
position of the tray containing the pool, which the dealer always
passes to the player on his right, after putting in his ten or twenty
counters.

Forty deals is a game; the first thirty-two of which are called
“simples,” and the last eight “doubles.” In the doubles, all stakes
and contributions to the pool are doubled. If anything remains in the
pool at the end, it is divided equally, unless a player demands that it
shall be played for until won. Such extra deals are simples.

_=RANK OF THE SUITS.=_ The suit turned on the first deal is called
“belle” for that game. The suit turned on each succeeding deal is
called “petite.” If belle turns up again, there is no petite for that
deal. The suits are not first and second preference, as in Boston, but
are used only to determine the value of the payments, and to settle
which suits partners must name for trumps. The rank of the suits is
permanent, as in Boston de Fontainbleau, but the order is, hearts,
diamonds, clubs, and spades; hearts being highest. In France, the suits
rank in this order in Boston de Fontainbleau, but in America diamonds
outrank hearts.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ Each player in turn has an opportunity to
announce that he is willing to undertake to win a certain number of
tricks, if allowed the privilege of naming the trump suit; or to lose
a certain number, there being no trump suit. If he proposes to play
alone, he may select any suit for trumps; but if he takes a partner
the trump suit must be belle or petite. The announcements outrank
each other in certain order, and the player making the highest must
be allowed to play. If he succeeds in his undertaking, he wins the
pool, and is also paid a certain number of counters by each of his
adversaries. If he fails, he must double the pool, and pay each of his
adversaries. The table of payments will be given later.

_=ANNOUNCEMENTS.=_ The proposals rank in the order following, beginning
with the lowest. The French terms are given in _=italics=_:--

Five tricks; or eight with a partner, in petite. _=Simple in petite=_.

Five tricks; or eight with a partner, in belle. _=Simple in belle=_.

Six tricks solo, in any suit. _=Petite independence=_.

Little misère. _=Petite misère=_.

Eight tricks solo in any suit. _=Grand independence=_.

Grand misère. _=Grand misère=_, or _=misère sans ecart=_.

Misère with four aces. _=Misère des quatre as=_.

Nine tricks in any suit. _=Neuf=_.

Nine tricks in petite. _=Neuf en petite=_.

Nine tricks in belle. _=Neuf en belle=_.

Little spread. _=Petite misère sur table=_.

Grand spread. _=Grand misère sur table=_.

_=METHOD OF BIDDING.=_ The player to the right of the dealer has the
first say. If he proposes to take a partner as in Solo Whist, he says,
“Je demande,” at the same time placing one of his cards face downward
on the table. This card must not be shown or named, but must be of
the suit which he proposes to make the trump. He is not allowed to
announce the suit, so that any player accepting him as a partner does
so in ignorance as to whether he will play in belle or in petite. If
the demand is accepted, the proposer and his partner make no change in
their positions at the table, but must make eight tricks, just as in
Solo Whist.

If a player cannot propose, he says: “Je passe,” and each of the others
in turn from right to left have the opportunity to make a proposal.
When any player proposes, any player in turn after him may accept,
although such a one may have already passed. If the fourth player
proposes, the three others having passed, and no one will accept him he
is bound to play solo against three such weak adversaries, and must
make five tricks, either in belle or in petite. He is not allowed to
play in a plain suit if he has made a simple “demand.”

The only solo bids allowed are those for six, eight, or nine tricks,
which outrank one another. A player cannot bid seven to over-call six;
he must go to eight; and a player cannot _=bid=_ five tricks without a
partner, although, as we have just seen, he may be forced to _=play=_
in that manner.

When six, eight, or nine tricks are bid, the suits outrank one another
for equal numbers of tricks; but as the suit called need not be the
bidder’s true intention, nor the same as the card laid on the table,
the proposer must be careful that his play will be as good as his bid.
For instance: He intends nine tricks in spades, but proposes eight in
diamonds. He cannot bid nine in diamonds, for that would be a better
bid than he intends to play; but the ruse may succeed in inducing a
player not to bid against him, hoping diamonds is the true suit. It is
a common artifice to bid the true suit, because few will believe it to
be such.

If clubs are belle, and diamonds petite, and a player who “demands”
is over-called by a demand in belle, or a call of six tricks, the
first caller cannot advance his bid to six tricks except in the suit
which he has already laid on the table; but he may accept the player
over-calling him, instead of bidding against him. After a player has
once accepted or passed, he cannot bid misère.

If no one makes a proposition of any kind, the hands are thrown up; the
next dealer contributes to the pool, and a fresh hand is dealt.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ As in Boston, the eldest hand has the first
lead, and the others must follow suit if they can, except in the misère
des quatre as. When this is played, the bidder may renounce at pleasure
for the first ten tricks.

_=GATHERING TRICKS.=_ When a partnership is formed, each gathers the
tricks he takes. If the partnership loses, the one who has not his
complement of tricks must pay the adversaries and double the pool. If
the demander has not five, and the acceptor has three, the demander
pays. If the proposer has five, and the acceptor has not three, the
acceptor pays; but they both win if they have eight tricks between
them, no matter in what proportion. If neither has taken his proper
share, they must both pay. When they are successful, they divide the
pool.

_=SLAMS.=_ If a player has demanded, and not been accepted, and has
been forced to play alone for five tricks, but wins eight, it is called
a slam. But as he did not wish to play alone, his only payment, besides
the pool, is 24 counters from each player if he played in petite; 48 if
in belle; double those amounts if the deal was one of the last eight in
the game.

If two partners make a slam, thirteen tricks, they take the pool, and
receive from each adversary 24 counters if they played in petite; 48
if in belle; double if in one of the last eight hands in the game.

_=EXPOSED CARDS.=_ The laws governing these are almost identical with
those in Boston, with the additional rule that a player allowing a card
to fall upon the table face up before play begins, can be forced to
play independence in that suit.

_=REVOKES.=_ The individual player who is detected in a revoke must
double the pool, and pay both adversaries.

_=PAYMENTS.=_ Payments are made according to the table. The player
holding diamond Jack receives two counters from each of the other
players in a simple; four in a double; except in misères, in which the
card has no value.

Misères are paid for according to the trump turned in the deal in which
they are played. If a heart is turned, and little misère is played, the
payment is 64 counters to or from each player. If a spade was turned,
the payment would be 16 only.

Three honours between partners count as three: four as four. Being all
in one hand does not increase their value.

  ------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
  The Bid.                            |  ♠  |  ♣  |  ♢  |  ♡  |
  ------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
  Five tricks alone, or partners’ 8   |   4 |   8 |  12 |  16 |
  Three honours                       |   3 |   6 |   9 |  12 |
  Four honours                        |   4 |   8 |  12 |  16 |
  Each extra trick                    |   1 |   2 |   3 |   4 |
  ------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
  Six tricks, or petite independence  |   6 |  12 |  18 |  24 |
  Three honours                       |   4 |   8 |  12 |  16 |
  Four honours                        |   6 |  12 |  18 |  24 |
  Each extra trick                    |   2 |   4 |   6 |   8 |
  ------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
  Eight tricks, or grand independence |   8 |  16 |  24 |  32 |
  Three honours                       |   6 |  12 |  18 |  24 |
  Four honours                        |   8 |  16 |  24 |  32 |
  Each extra trick                    |   4 |   8 |  12 |  16 |
  ------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
  Petite misère                       |  16 |  32 |  48 |  64 |
  Grand misère                        |  32 |  64 |  96 | 128 |
  Misère de quatre as                 |  32 |  64 |  96 | 128 |
  Misère sur table                    |  64 | 128 | 192 | 256 |
  Slam à deux (partners)              |  50 | 100 | 150 | 200 |
  Slam seul (alone)                   | 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 |
  Slam sur table                      | 200 | 400 | 600 | 800 |
  ------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+


RUSSIAN BOSTON.

This is a variation of Boston de Fontainbleau. A player holding carte
blanche declares it before playing, and receives ten counters from each
of the other players. Carte blanche is the same thing as chicane in
Bridge, no trump in the hand. But in Bridge the player is penalized for
announcing it until after the hand is played.

The order of the suits is the same as in American Boston de
Fontainbleau: diamonds, hearts, clubs, and spades.

When a player bids six, seven, or eight tricks, he is supposed to be
still willing to take a partner, unless he specifies solo. When a
partner accepts him, the combination must make four tricks more than
the original proposal.

Four honours are paid for as four over-tricks; three honours as two
over-tricks.

Piccolissimo is played, and comes between the bids of seven and eight
tricks.


GERMAN WHIST.

_=CARDS.=_ German Whist is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards,
which rank as at Whist, both for cutting and playing.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Two persons play. They cut for the first deal, and the
choice of seats.

_=DEALING.=_ The dealer presents the pack to his adversary to be cut,
and then gives thirteen cards to each player, one at a time, turning up
the twenty-seventh card for the trump, and laying it on the talon, or
remainder of the pack.

_=PLAYING.=_ The non-dealer begins by leading any card he pleases, and
his adversary must follow suit if he can. The winner of the first trick
takes the trump card into his hand, and his adversary takes the card
immediately under it, but without showing or naming it. Each player
thus restores the number of cards in his hand to thirteen. The card
which is now on the top of the talon is turned up, and the winner of
the next trick must take it, his adversary taking the one under it, as
before, and turning up the next. In this manner it will be seen that
the winner of each trick must always get a card which is known to his
adversary, while the loser of the trick gets one which remains unknown.

When the talon is exhausted, the thirteen cards in each hand should be
known to both players if they have been observant, and the end game
becomes a problem in double dummy.

_=STAKES.=_ The game is usually played for so much a point, the player
having won the majority of the tricks receiving the difference between
the number of his tricks and those of his adversary. Each game is
complete in one hand.

In many respects the game resembles single-handed Hearts, except that
in Hearts none of the cards drawn are shown.


CHINESE WHIST.

_=CARDS.=_ Chinese Whist is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards,
which rank as at Whist, both for cutting and playing.

_=MARKERS.=_ Ordinary whist markers are used for scoring the points.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Two, three or four persons can play Chinese Whist. When
three play, the spade deuce is thrown out of the pack. Partners and
deal are cut for from an outspread pack, as at Whist.

_=POSITION OF THE PLAYERS.=_ When four play, the partners sit opposite
each other. When three play, the one cutting the lowest card chooses
his seat, and dictates the positions of the two other players.

_=DEALING.=_ When four play, the pack is shuffled and cut as at
Whist. The dealer then gives six cards to each player, one at a time,
beginning on his left. These six cards are then spread face down on the
table in front of the players to whom they have been dealt, but without
being looked at. Six more are then dealt to each, one at a time, and
these are turned face up, and sorted into suits. They are then laid
face up on the top of the six cards which are lying on the table face
down, so as to cover them. The last four cards are then dealt, one to
each player. These last are retained in the hand, and must not be shown
or named; they are usually called the “_=down cards=_.”

_=MAKING THE TRUMP.=_ After examining the cards exposed on the table,
and the down card in his own hand, the dealer has the privilege of
naming any suit he pleases for trumps. No consultation with partner is
allowed.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The player to the left of the dealer begins by
leading any one of his exposed cards, and the others must follow suit
if they can; either with one of their exposed cards, or with their
down cards. A player having none of the suit led may either discard
or trump. The highest card played of the suit led wins the trick, and
trumps win all other suits. The side winning the trick takes it in and
arranges it just as at Whist. Before leading for the next trick all
cards which have been uncovered are turned face up. If any person has
played his down card he will have no card to turn up, none having been
uncovered. The cards cannot under any circumstances be shifted from
their original positions. If a player has five cards face up, covering
five cards face down, he cannot shift one of the exposed cards to the
empty sixth place, and uncover another card. All covering cards must be
got rid of in the course of play.

_=PENALTIES=_ for revokes, cards led out of turn, etc., are the same as
at Whist.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ As in Whist, the object is to win tricks, all
above six counting one point toward game. Five, seven, or ten points
may be made the game, at the option of the players, but ten is the
usual number. Honours are not counted except by agreement.

_=STAKES.=_ It is usual to play for so much a point or a game. If
points are played, the loser’s score must be deducted from the
winner’s, and the difference is the value of the game won.

_=WHEN THREE PLAY=_, eight cards are dealt to each person, and arranged
face down; then eight more, arranged face up, and then one to each for
down cards. There are no partnerships; each plays for himself against
the others.

_=WHEN TWO PLAY=_, twelve cards are dealt to each player, and arranged
face down; then twelve more, arranged face up, and then two down cards
to each. It is usual to deal all the cards two at a time.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ Chinese Whist very closely resembles
Dummy, and the chief element of success is the skilful use of tenace.
Memory also plays an important part, it being especially necessary to
remember what cards are still unplayed in each suit. While the down
cards are held a player cannot be sure of taking a trick by leading a
card higher than any his adversary has exposed, because one of the down
cards may be better. If a player is short of trumps, but has as many
and better than those of his adversary, it is often good play to lead
and draw the weaker trumps before the adversary turns up higher ones to
protect them. For instance: one player may have 10 8, and his adversary
the 9 alone. If the 10 is led the 9 will probably be caught, unless one
of the adverse down cards is better. If the 10 is not led the adversary
may turn up an honour, and will then have major tenace over the 10 and
8.

The end game always offers some interesting problems for solution by
the expert in tenace position, and in placing the lead.


WHIST FAMILY LAWS.

While the code of laws drawn up by the American Whist League, and
finally approved and adopted at the Third Congress, [in Chicago, June
20th to 24th, 1893,] refers exclusively to the parent game of Whist,
its general provisions equally apply to all members of the whist
family of games. The author believes it will save much repetition and
confusion to interlineate the exceptions which are necessary in order
to cover the special features of such important variations as Boston,
Cayenne, and Solo Whist. Where no exceptions are made, the law applies
equally to these games and to Whist. The unnumbered paragraphs show the
inserted laws.

It is a common practice for the framers of laws to insert rules which
are simply descriptive of the manner of play. The author believes in
adhering to the proper definition of a law, which is a rule carrying
with it some penalty for its infraction, or defining the rights of
individual players. Such a statement as that the Dummy player may not
overlook his adversary’s hand is not a law, because there is no penalty
if he does so.

The author is not responsible for the peculiar grammar employed in both
the American and English Laws.


THE GAME.

1. A game consists of seven points, each trick above six counting one.
The value of the game is determined by deducting the losers’ score from
seven.

    In _=Boston=_, the game is finished in twelve deals.

    In _=Cayenne=_, a game consists of ten points, each trick above
    six counting towards game according to the table of values.
    Honours and Slams also count towards game. Every hand must be
    played out, and all points made in excess of the ten required
    to win the game are counted on the next game; so that it is
    possible to win two or three games in one hand. In Nullo, every
    trick over the book is counted by the adversaries. Players
    cannot count out by honours alone; they must win the odd trick
    or stop at the score of nine. If one side goes out by cards,
    the other cannot score honours. The rubber is won by the side
    that first wins four games of ten points each. The value of the
    rubber is determined by adding 8 points to the winners’ score
    for tricks, honours, and slams, and then deducting the score of
    the losers.

    In _=Solo Whist=_, the game is complete in one deal, and the
    value of it is determined by the player’s success or failure
    in his undertaking, and must be settled for at the end of the
    hand, according to the table of payments.


FORMING THE TABLE.

2. Those first in the room have the preference. If, by reason of two or
more arriving at the same time, more than four assemble, the preference
among the last comers is determined by cutting, a lower cut giving
the preference over all cutting higher. A complete table consists of
six; the four having the preference play. Partners are determined by
cutting; the highest two play against the lowest two; the lowest deals
and has the choice of seats and cards.

    In _=Boston=_ and in _=Solo Whist=_, a table is complete with
    four players. In cutting for positions at the table, the lowest
    has the choice of seats and cards, and the two highest sit
    opposite each other.

3. If two players cut intermediate cards of equal value, they cut
again; the lower of the new cut plays with the original lowest.

4. If three players cut cards of equal value, they cut again. If the
fourth has cut the highest card, the two lowest of the new cut are
partners, and the lowest deals. If the fourth has cut the lowest card,
he deals, and the two highest of the new cut are partners.

5. At the end of a game, if there are more than four belonging to
the table, a sufficient number of the players retire to admit those
awaiting their turn to play. In determining which players remain in,
those who have played a less number of consecutive games have the
preference over all who have played a greater number; between two or
more who have played an equal number, the preference is determined by
cutting, a lower cut giving the preference over all cutting higher.

    In _=Boston=_, _=Cayenne=_, and _=Solo Whist=_, at the end of
    a game a new table must be formed, those already in having no
    preference over fresh candidates.

6. To entitle one to enter a table, he must declare his intention to do
so before any one of the players has cut for the purpose of commencing
a new game or of cutting out.

    In _=Boston=_, _=Cayenne=_, and _=Solo Whist=_, this rule does
    not apply.


CUTTING.

7. In cutting, the ace is the lowest card. All must cut from the same
pack. If a player exposes more than one card, he must cut again.
Drawing cards from the outspread pack may be resorted to in place of
cutting.


SHUFFLING.

8. Before every deal, the cards must be shuffled. When two packs are
used, the dealer’s partner must collect and shuffle the cards for the
ensuing deal and place them at his right hand. In all cases the dealer
may shuffle last.

    In _=Boston=_ and in _=Cayenne=_, two packs must be used; and
    in Boston there must be no shuffling of either pack after the
    first deal.

9. A pack must not be shuffled during the play of a hand, nor so as to
expose the face of any card.


CUTTING TO THE DEALER.

10. The dealer must present the pack to his right hand adversary to be
cut; the adversary must take a portion from the top of the pack and
place it toward the dealer; at least four cards must be left in each
packet; the dealer must reunite the packets by placing the one not
removed in cutting upon the other.

11. If, in cutting or reuniting the separate packets, a card is
exposed, the pack must be reshuffled by the dealer, and cut again; if
there is any confusion of the cards, or doubt as to the place where the
pack was separated, there must be a new cut.

    In _=Boston=_, the pack must be cut again; but not shuffled.

12. If the dealer reshuffles the pack after it has been properly cut,
he loses his deal.

    In _=Boston=_, _=Cayenne=_, and _=Solo Whist=_, the misdealer
    must deal again.


DEALING.

13. When the pack has been properly cut and reunited, the dealer
must distribute the cards, one at a time, to each player in regular
rotation, beginning at his left. The last, which is the trump card,
must be turned up before the dealer. At the end of the hand, or when
the deal is lost, the deal passes to the player next to the dealer on
his left, and so on to each in turn.

    In _=Solo Whist=_, the cards are distributed three at a time
    until only four remain in the pack. These are dealt one at a
    time, and the last turned up for trump.

    In _=Boston=_ and in _=Cayenne=_, the cards are dealt four at
    a time for two rounds, and then five at a time. No trump is
    turned. After the cards have been dealt the player opposite
    the dealer presents the still pack to be cut by the player on
    the dealer’s left, and the top card of the portion left on the
    table is turned up.

    In _=Boston=_, _=Cayenne=_, or _=Solo Whist=_, the deal is
    never lost. The same dealer deals again with the same pack.

14. There must be a new deal by the same dealer:--

    I. If any card except the last is faced in the pack.

    II. If, during the deal or during the play of the hand, the
    pack is proved incorrect or imperfect; but any prior score made
    with that pack shall stand.

15. If, during the deal, a card is exposed, the side not in fault may
demand a new deal, provided neither of that side has touched a card. If
a new deal does not take place, the exposed card is not liable to be
called.

16. Any one dealing out of turn, or with his adversaries’ pack, may be
stopped before the trump card is turned, after which the deal is valid,
and the packs, if changed, so remain.

    In _=Boston=_ and _=Cayenne=_, the dealer must be stopped
    before the last card is dealt.


MISDEALING.

17. It is a misdeal:--

    I. If the dealer omits to have the pack cut, and his
    adversaries discover the error before the trump card is turned,
    and before looking at any of their cards.

    II. If he deals a card incorrectly, and fails to correct the
    error before dealing another.

    III. If he counts the cards on the table or in the remainder of
    the pack.

    IV. If, having a perfect pack, he does not deal to each player
    the proper number of cards, and the error is discovered before
    all have played to the first trick.

    V. If he looks at the trump card before the deal is completed.

    VI. If he places the trump card face downward upon his own or
    any other player’s cards.

A misdeal loses the deal, unless, during the deal, either of the
adversaries touches a card or in any other manner interrupts the dealer.

    In _=Boston=_, _=Cayenne=_, and _=Solo Whist=_, the misdealer
    deals again with the same cards. In Boston he forfeits a red
    counter to the pool for his error.


THE TRUMP CARD.

18. The dealer must leave the trump card face upward on the table
until it is his turn to play to the first trick; if it is left on the
table until after the second trick has been turned and quitted, it is
liable to be called. After it has been lawfully taken up, it must not
be named, and any player naming it is liable to have his highest or his
lowest trump called by either adversary. A player may, however, ask
what the trump suit is.

This law does not apply to Boston, or Cayenne.

    In _=Boston=_ and in _=Cayenne=_, no trump is turned, but a
    card is cut from the still pack to determine the rank of the
    suits. See Law 13.

    In _=Cayenne=_, the trump suit must be named by the dealer or
    his partner after they have examined their cards. The dealer
    has the first say, and he may select any of the four suits, or
    he may announce “grand,” playing for the tricks without any
    trump suit. In Cayenne, he may announce “nullo,” playing to
    take as few tricks as possible, there being no trump suit. If
    the dealer makes his choice, his partner must abide by it; but
    if the dealer has not a hand to justify him in deciding, he may
    leave the choice to his partner, who must decide. A declaration
    once made cannot be changed.


IRREGULARITIES IN THE HANDS.

19. If, at any time after all have played to the first trick, the pack
being perfect, a player is found to have either more or less than his
correct number of cards and his adversaries have their right number,
the latter, upon the discovery of such surplus or deficiency, may
consult and shall have the choice:--

    I. To have a new deal; or

    II. To have the hand played out, in which case the surplus or
    missing card or cards are not taken into account.

If either of the adversaries also has more or less than his correct
number, there must be a new deal.

If any player has a surplus card by reason of an omission to play to a
trick, his adversaries can exercise the foregoing privilege only after
he has played to the trick following the one in which such omission
occurred.

    In _=Boston=_, if at any time it is discovered that a
    player opposed to the bidder has _=less=_ than his proper
    number of cards, whether through the fault of the dealer,
    or through having played more than one card to a trick, he
    and his partners must each pay the bidder for his bid and
    all over-tricks. If the bidder has _=less=_ than his proper
    number of cards, he is put in for one trick at least, and his
    adversaries may demand the hand to be played out to put him in
    for over-tricks. In Misère Partout, any player having _=less=_
    than his proper number of cards forfeits five red counters to
    each of the other players, and the hands are abandoned. If any
    player has _=more=_ than the proper number of cards, it is a
    misdeal, and the misdealer deals again, after forfeiting one
    red counter to the pool.

    In _=Solo Whist=_, the deal stands good. Should the player with
    the incorrect number of cards be the caller or his partner,
    the hand must be played out. Should the caller make good his
    proposition, he neither receives nor pays on that hand. If he
    fails, he must pay. Should the player with the defective hand
    be the adversary of the caller, he and his partners must pay
    the stakes on that hand, which may then be abandoned. Should
    two players have an incorrect number of cards, one of them
    being the caller, there must be a new deal.


CARDS LIABLE TO BE CALLED.

20. The following cards are liable to be called by either adversary:--

    I. Every card faced upon the table otherwise than in the
    regular course of play, but not including a card led out of
    turn.

    II. Every card thrown with the one led or played to the current
    trick. The player must indicate the one led or played.

    III. Every card so held by a player that his partner sees any
    portion of its face.

    IV. All the cards in a hand lowered or shown by a player so
    that his partner sees more than one card of it.

    V. Every card named by the player holding it.

    In _=Boston=_ and _=Solo Whist=_ there are no penalties for
    cards exposed by the single player, because he has no partner
    to take advantage of the information.

21. All cards liable to be called must be placed and left face upwards
on the table. A player must lead or play them when called, provided
he can do so without revoking. The call may be repeated at each trick
until the card is played. A player cannot be prevented from leading
or playing a card liable to be called; if he can get rid of it in the
course of play, no penalty remains.

    In _=Boston=_ and in _=Solo Whist=_, if the exposed card is a
    trump, the owner may be called upon by his adversary not to use
    it for ruffing. If the suit of the exposed card is led, whether
    trump or not, the adversary may demand that the card be played
    or not played; or that the highest or lowest of the suit be
    played. If the owner of the exposed card has no other of the
    suit, the penalty is paid.

    Penalties must be exacted by players in their proper turn, or
    the right to exact them is lost. For instance: In Solo Whist,
    A is the proposer, B the acceptor, and B has an exposed card
    in front of him. When Y plays he should say whether or not he
    wishes to call the exposed card. If he says nothing, B must
    await Z’s decision.

22. If a player leads a card better than any his adversaries hold of
the suit, and then leads one or more other cards without waiting for
his partner to play, the latter may be called upon by either adversary
to take the first trick, and the other cards thus improperly played are
liable to be called; it makes no difference whether he plays them one
after the other, or throws them all on the table together, after the
first card is played, the others are liable to be called.

23. A player having a card liable to be called must not play another
until the adversaries have stated whether or not they wish to call the
card liable to the penalty. If he plays another card without awaiting
the decision of the adversaries, such other card also is liable to be
called.


LEADING OUT OF TURN.

24. If any player leads out of turn, a suit may be called from him or
his partner, the first time it is the turn of either of them to lead.
The penalty can be enforced only by the adversary on the right of the
player from whom a suit can be lawfully called.

If a player, so called on to lead a suit, has none of it, or if all
have played to the false lead, no penalty can be enforced. If all have
not played to the trick, the cards erroneously played to such false
lead are not liable to be called and must be taken back.

    In _=Boston=_, if the adversary of the bidder leads out of
    turn, and the bidder has not played to the trick, the latter
    may call a suit from the player whose proper turn it is to
    lead; or, if it is the bidder’s own lead, he may call a suit
    when next the adversaries obtain the lead; or he may claim the
    card played in error as an exposed card. If the bidder has
    played to the trick the error cannot be rectified. Should the
    bidder lead out of turn, and the player on his left follow the
    erroneous lead, the error cannot be corrected.

    In Misères, a lead out of turn by the bidder’s adversary
    immediately loses the game, but there is no penalty for leading
    out of turn in Misère Partout.


PLAYING OUT OF TURN.

25. If the third hand plays before the second, the fourth hand also may
play before the second.

26. If the third hand has not played, and the fourth hand plays before
the second, the latter may be called upon by the third hand to play his
highest or lowest card of the suit led or, if he has none, to trump or
not to trump the trick.

    In _=Boston=_, and in _=Solo Whist=_, should an adversary of
    the single player play out of turn, the bidder may call upon
    the adversary who has not played to play his highest or lowest
    of the suit led, or to win or not to win the trick. If the
    adversary of a Misère player leads or plays out of turn, the
    bidder may immediately claim the stakes. In Solo Whist, the
    individual player in fault must pay for himself and for his
    partners.


ABANDONED HANDS.

27. If all four players throw their cards on the table, face upwards,
no further play of that hand is permitted. The result of the hand, as
then claimed or admitted, is established, provided that, if a revoke is
discovered, the revoke penalty attaches.

    In _=Solo Whist=_, should the bidder abandon his hand, he
    and his partner, if any, must pay the stakes and settle
    for all over-tricks as if they had lost all the remaining
    tricks. If a player, not the bidder, abandons his hand, his
    partner or partners may demand the hand to be played out with
    the abandoned hand exposed, and liable to be called by the
    adversary. If they defeat the call they win nothing, but the
    player who abandoned his hand must pay the caller just as if he
    had been successful. If the partner or partners of the exposed
    hand lose, they must pay their share of the losses.


REVOKING.

28. A revoke is a renounce in error, not corrected in time. A player
renounces in error, when, holding one or more cards of the suit led, he
plays a card of a different suit.

A renounce in error may be corrected by the player making it, before
the trick in which it occurs has been turned and quitted, unless either
he or his partner, whether in his right turn or otherwise, has led or
played to the following trick.

29. If a player corrects his mistake in time to save a revoke, the card
improperly played by him is liable to be called; any player or players,
who have played after him, may withdraw their cards and substitute
others; the cards so withdrawn are not liable to be called.

    In _=Boston=_, if the bidder revokes and corrects himself in
    time, there is no penalty unless an adversary has played after
    him, in which case the bidder’s card may be claimed as exposed.
    The player who followed him may then amend his play. If a
    player opposed to the bidder discovers and corrects a revoke
    made by himself or any of his partners, the bidder may either
    claim the card played in error as exposed, or may call on the
    revoking player for his highest or lowest of the suit led.

30. The penalty for revoking is the transfer of two tricks from the
revoking side to their adversaries; it can be enforced for as many
revokes as occur during the hand. The revoking side cannot win the game
in that hand; if both sides revoke, neither can win the game in that
hand.

    In _=Cayenne=_ and _=Solo Whist=_, as a penalty for a revoke,
    the adversaries of the revoking player may take from him three
    tricks; or may deduct the value of three tricks from his score;
    or may add the value of three tricks to their own score. The
    revoking players cannot score slams or game that hand. All
    slams must be made independently of the revoke penalty.

    In _=Boston=_, the penalty for a revoke on the part of the
    bidder is that he is put in for one trick, and must pay four
    red counters into the next pool. Should an adversary of the
    bidder revoke, he must pay four red counters into the next
    pool, and he and his partners must pay the bidder as if he had
    been successful. On the discovery of a revoke in Boston the
    hands are usually abandoned; but the cards should be shown to
    the table, in order that each player may be satisfied that no
    other revoke has been made. A player revoking in Misère Partout
    pays five red counters to each of his adversaries and the hands
    are then abandoned.

31. The revoking player and his partner may require the hand in which
the revoke has been made, to be played out, and score all points made
by them up to the score of six.

    In _=Boston=_, the hands are abandoned after the revoke is
    claimed and proved.

    In _=Cayenne=_, the revoking players must stop at nine.

    In _=Solo Whist=_, the revoking players must pay all the red
    counters involved in the call, whether they win or lose,
    but they may play the hand out to save over-tricks. If the
    caller or his partner revokes they must jointly pay the losses
    involved; but if an adversary of the caller revokes, he must
    individually pay the entire loss unless he can show that the
    callers would have won in spite of the revoke. Should he be
    able to do this, his partners must stand their share of the
    losses, but the revoking player must individually pay for
    the three tricks taken as the revoke penalty. If the single
    player revokes, either on solo or abundance, he loses the
    red counters involved in any case, but may play the hand out
    to save over-tricks. If the single player in a misère or
    a slam revokes, the hand is abandoned and he must pay the
    stakes. If an adversary of a misère or a slam revokes, he must
    individually pay the whole stakes.

32. At the end of a hand, the claimants of a revoke may search all
the tricks. If the cards have been mixed, the claim may be urged and
proved, if possible; but no proof is necessary and the revoke is
established, if, after it has been claimed, the accused player or
his partner mixes the cards before they have been examined to the
satisfaction of the adversaries.

33. The revoke can be claimed at any time before the cards have been
presented and cut for the following deal, but not thereafter.


MISCELLANEOUS.

34. Any one, during the play of a trick and before the cards have been
touched for the purpose of gathering them together, may demand that the
players draw their cards.

35. If any one, prior to his partner playing, calls attention in any
manner to the trick or to the score, the adversary last to play to the
trick may require the offender’s partner to play his highest or lowest
of the suit led or, if he has none, to trump or not to trump the trick.

36. If any player says “I can win the rest,” “The rest are ours,” “We
have the game,” or words to that effect, his partner’s cards must be
laid upon the table and are liable to be called.

37. When a trick has been turned and quitted, it must not again be seen
until after the hand has been played. A violation of this law subjects
the offender’s side to the same penalty as in case of a lead out of
turn.

    In _=Boston=_, _=Cayenne=_, and _=Solo Whist=_, it is still the
    custom to permit looking at the last trick, except in Misères.
    The penalty in a misère game is the same as for a lead out of
    turn.

38. If a player is lawfully called upon to play the highest or lowest
of a suit, or to trump or not to trump a trick, or to lead a suit, and
unnecessarily fails to comply, he is liable to the same penalty as if
he had revoked.

39. In all cases where a penalty has been incurred, the offender must
await the decision of the adversaries. If either of them, with or
without his partner’s consent, demands a penalty to which they are
entitled, such decision is final. If the wrong adversary demands a
penalty, or a wrong penalty is demanded, none can be enforced.

       *       *       *       *       *

The following rules belong to the established code of Whist Etiquette.
They are formulated with a view to discourage and repress certain
improprieties of conduct, therein pointed out, which are not reached by
the laws. The courtesy which marks the intercourse of gentlemen will
regulate other more obvious cases.

1. No conversation should be indulged in during the play, except such
as is allowed by the laws of the game.

2. No player should in any manner whatsoever give any intimation as to
the state of his hand or of the game, or of approval or disapproval of
a play.

3. No player should lead until the preceding trick is turned and
quitted.

4. No player should, after having led a winning card, draw a card from
his hand for another lead until his partner has played to the current
trick.

5. No player should play a card in any manner so as to call particular
attention to it, nor should he demand that the cards be placed in order
to attract the attention of his partner.

6. No player should purposely incur a penalty because he is willing
to pay it, nor should he make a second revoke in order to conceal one
previously made.

7. No player should take advantage of information imparted by his
partner through a breach of etiquette.

8. No player should object to referring a disputed question of fact to
a bystander who professes himself uninterested in the result of the
game, and able to decide the question.

9. Bystanders should not in any manner call attention to, or give any
intimation concerning the play or the state of the game, during the
play of a hand. They should not look over the hand of a player without
his permission; nor should they walk round the table to look at the
different hands.

    ERRONEOUS SCORES.

    Any error in the trick score may be corrected before the
    last card has been dealt in the following deal; or if the
    error occurs in the last hand of a game or rubber, it may be
    corrected before the score is agreed to. Errors in other scores
    may be corrected at any time before the final score of the game
    or rubber is agreed to.

    BIDDING.

    In _=Boston=_, or _=Solo Whist=_, any player making a bid must
    stand by it, and either play or pay. Should he make a bid in
    error and correct himself, he must stand by the first bid
    unless he is over-called, when he may either amend his bid or
    pass.


ENGLISH WHIST LAWS.


THE RUBBER.

1. The rubber is the best of three games. If the first two games are
won by the same players, the third game is not played.


SCORING.

2. A game consists of five points. Each trick, above six, counts one
point.

3. Honours, _i.e._, Ace, King, Queen, and Knave of trumps, are thus
reckoned:

If a player and his partner, either separately or conjointly, hold--

    I. The four honours, they score four points.

    II. Any three honours, they score two points.

    III. Only two honours, they do not score.

4. Those players who, at the commencement of a deal, are at the score
of four, cannot score honours.

5. The penalty for a revoke (_see_ Law 72) takes precedence of all
other scores. Tricks score next. Honours last.

6. Honours, unless claimed before the trump card of the following deal
is turned up, cannot be scored.

7. To score honours is not sufficient; they must be called at the end
of the hand; if so called, they may be scored at any time during the
game.

8. The winners gain--

    I. A treble, or game of three points, when their adversaries
    have not scored.

    II. A double, or game of two points, when their adversaries
    have scored less than three.

    III. A single, or game of one point, when their adversaries
    have scored three or four.

9. The winners of the rubber gain two points (commonly called the
rubber points), in addition to the value of their games.

10. Should the rubber have consisted of three games, the value of the
losers’ game is deducted from the gross number of points gained by
their opponents.

11. If an erroneous score be proved, such mistake can be corrected
prior to the conclusion of the game in which it occurred, and such game
is not concluded until the trump card of the following deal has been
turned up.

12. If an erroneous score, affecting the amount of the rubber, be
proved, such mistake can be rectified at any time during the rubber.


CUTTING.

13. The Ace is the lowest card.

14. In all cases, every one must cut from the same pack.

15. Should a player expose more than one card, he must cut again.


FORMATION OF TABLE.

16. If there are more than four candidates, the players are selected by
cutting; those first in the room having the preference. The four who
cut the lowest cards play first, and cut again to decide on partners;
the two lowest play against the two highest; the lowest is the dealer,
who has choice of cards and seats, and, having once made his selection,
must abide by it.

17. When there are more than six candidates, those who cut the two next
lowest cards belong to the table, which is complete with six players;
on the retirement of one of those six players, the candidate who cut
the next lowest card has a prior right to any aftercomer to enter the
table.


CUTTING CARDS OF EQUAL VALUE.

18. Two players cutting cards of equal value, unless such cards are the
two highest, cut again; should they be the two lowest, a fresh cut is
necessary to decide which of those two deals.

19. Three players cutting cards of equal value cut again; should the
fourth (or remaining) card be the highest, the two lowest of the new
cut are partners, the lower of those two the dealer; should the fourth
card be the lowest, the two highest are partners, the original lowest
the dealer.


CUTTING OUT.

20. At the end of a rubber, should admission be claimed by any one,
or by two candidates, he who has, or they who have, played a greater
number of consecutive rubbers than the others is, or are, out; but
when all have played the same number, they must cut to decide upon the
outgoers; the highest are out.


ENTRY AND RE-ENTRY.

21. A candidate wishing to enter a table must declare such intention
prior to any of the players having cut a card, either for the purpose
of commencing a fresh rubber or of cutting out.

22. In the formation of fresh tables, those candidates who have neither
belonged to nor played at any other table have the prior right of
entry; the others decide their right of admission by cutting.

23. Any one quitting a table prior to the conclusion of a rubber may,
with consent of the other three players, appoint a substitute in his
absence during that rubber.

24. A player cutting into one table, whilst belonging to another, loses
his right of re-entry into that latter, and takes his chance of cutting
in, as if he were a fresh candidate.

25. If any one break up a table, the remaining players have the
prior right to him of entry into any other, and should there not be
sufficient vacancies at such other table to admit all those candidates,
they settle their precedence by cutting.


SHUFFLING

26. The pack must neither be shuffled below the table nor so that the
face of any card be seen.

27. The pack must not be shuffled during the play of the hand.

28. A pack, having been played with, must neither be shuffled by
dealing it into packets, nor across the table.

29. Each player has a right to shuffle, once only, except as provided
by Rule 32, prior to a deal, after a false cut [_see_ Law 34], or when
a new deal [_see_ Law 37] has occurred.

30. The dealer’s partner must collect the cards for the ensuing deal,
and has the first right to shuffle that pack.

31. Each player after shuffling must place the cards properly
collected, and face downwards, to the left of the player about to deal.

32. The dealer has always the right to shuffle last; but should a card
or cards be seen during his shuffling, or whilst giving the pack to be
cut, he may be compelled to reshuffle.


THE DEAL.

33. Each player deals in his turn; the right of dealing goes to the
left.

34. The player on the dealer’s right cuts the pack, and, in dividing
it, must not leave fewer than four cards in either packet; if in
cutting, or in replacing one of the two packets on the other, a card be
exposed, or if there be any confusion of the cards, or a doubt as to
the exact place in which the pack was divided, there must be a fresh
cut.

35. When a player, whose duty it is to cut, has once separated the
pack, he cannot alter his intention; he can neither reshuffle nor recut
the cards.

36. When the pack is cut, should the dealer shuffle the cards, he loses
his deal.


A NEW DEAL.

37. There must be a new deal--

    I. If during a deal, or during the play of a hand, the pack be
    proved incorrect or imperfect.

    II. If any card, excepting the last, be faced in the pack.

38. If, whilst dealing, a card be exposed by the dealer or his partner,
should neither of the adversaries have touched the cards, the latter
can claim a new deal; a card exposed by either adversary gives that
claim to the dealer, provided that his partner has not touched a card;
if a new deal does not take place, the exposed card cannot be called.

39. If, during dealing, a player touch any of his cards, the
adversaries may do the same, without losing their privilege of claiming
a new deal, should chance give them such option.

40. If, in dealing, one of the last cards be exposed, and the dealer
turn up the trump before there is reasonable time for his adversaries
to decide as to a fresh deal, they do not thereby lose their privilege.

41. If a player, whilst dealing, look at the trump card, his
adversaries have a right to see it, and may exact a new deal.

42. If a player take into the hand dealt to him a card belonging to
the other pack, the adversaries, on discovery of the error, may decide
whether they will have a fresh deal or not.


A MISDEAL.

43. A misdeal loses the deal.

44. It is a misdeal--

    I. Unless the cards are dealt into four packets, one at a time
    in regular rotation, beginning with the player to the dealer’s
    left.

    II. Should the dealer place the last (_i.e._, the trump) card,
    face downwards, on his own, or any other pack.

    III. Should the trump card not come in its regular order to the
    dealer; but he does not lose his deal if the pack be proved
    imperfect.

    IV. Should a player have fourteen cards, and either of the
    other three less than thirteen.

    V. Should the dealer, under an impression that he has made a
    mistake, either count the cards on the table or the remainder
    of the pack.

    VI. Should the dealer deal two cards at once, or two cards to
    the same hand, and then deal a third; but if, prior to dealing
    that third card, the dealer can, by altering the position of
    one card only, rectify such error, he may do so, except as
    provided by the second paragraph of this Law.

    VII. Should the dealer omit to have the pack cut to him, and
    the adversaries discover the error, prior to the trump card
    being turned up, and before looking at their cards, but not
    after having done so.

45. A misdeal does not lose the deal if, during the dealing, either of
the adversaries touch the cards prior to the dealer’s partner having
done so; but should the latter have first interfered with the cards,
notwithstanding either or both of the adversaries have subsequently
done the same, the deal is lost.

46. Should three players have their right number of cards--the fourth
have less than thirteen, and not discover such deficiency until he has
played any of his cards, the deal stands good; should he have played,
he is as answerable for any revoke he may have made as if the missing
card, or cards, had been in his hand; he may search the other pack for
it, or them.

47. If a pack, during or after a rubber, be proved incorrect or
imperfect, such proof does not alter any past score, game, or rubber;
that hand in which the imperfection was detected is null and void; the
dealer deals again.

48. Any one dealing out of turn, or with the adversary’s cards, may be
stopped before the trump card is turned up, after which the game must
proceed as if no mistake had been made.

49. A player can neither shuffle, cut, nor deal for his partner,
without the permission of his opponents.

50. If the adversaries interrupt a dealer whilst dealing, either by
questioning the score or asserting that it is not his deal, and fail to
establish such claim, should a misdeal occur, he may deal again.

51. Should a player take his partner’s deal and misdeal, the latter is
liable to the usual penalty, and the adversary next in rotation to the
player who ought to have dealt then deals.


THE TRUMP CARD.

52. The dealer, when it is his turn to play to the first trick, should
take the trump card into his hand; if left on the table after the first
trick be turned and quitted, it is liable to be called; his partner may
at any time remind him of the liability.

53. After the dealer has taken the trump card into his hand, it cannot
be asked for; a player naming it at any time during the play of that
hand is liable to have his highest or lowest trump called.

54. If the dealer take the trump card into his hand before it is his
turn to play, he may be desired to lay it on the table; should he show
a wrong card, this card may be called, as also a second, a third, etc.,
until the trump card be produced.

55. If the dealer declare himself unable to recollect the trump card,
his highest or lowest trump may be called at any time during that hand,
and unless it cause him to revoke, must be played; the call may be
repeated, but not changed, _i.e._, from highest to lowest, or _vice
versa_, until such card is played.


CARDS LIABLE TO BE CALLED.

56. All exposed cards are liable to be called, and must be left on the
table; but a card is not an exposed card when dropped on the floor, or
elsewhere below the table. The following are exposed cards:--

    I. Two or more cards played at once.

    II. Any card dropped with its face upward, or in any way
    exposed on or above the table, even though snatched up so
    quickly that no one can name it.

57. If any one play to an imperfect trick the best card on the table,
or lead one which is a winning card as against his adversaries, and
then lead again, or play several such winning cards, one after the
other, without waiting for his partner to play, the latter may be
called on to win, if he can, the first or any other of those tricks,
and the other cards thus improperly played are exposed cards.

58. If a player, or players, under the impression that the game is
lost--or won--or for other reasons--throw his or their cards on the
table face upward, such cards are exposed, and liable to be called,
each player’s by the adversary; but should one player alone retain his
hand, he cannot be forced to abandon it.

59. If all four players throw their cards on the table face upward, the
hands are abandoned; and no one can again take up his cards. Should
this general exhibition show that the game might have been saved, or
won, neither claim can be entertained, unless a revoke be established.
The revoking players are then liable to the following penalties: they
cannot under any circumstances win the game by the result of that hand,
and the adversaries may add three to their score, or deduct three from
that of the revoking players.

60. A card detached from the rest of the hand so as to be named is
liable to be called; but should the adversary name a wrong card, he is
liable to have a suit called when he or his partner have the lead.

61. If a player who has rendered himself liable to have the highest or
lowest of a suit called, fail to play as desired, or if when called on
to lead one suit he lead another, having in his hand one or more cards
of that suit demanded, he incurs the penalty of a revoke.

62. If any player lead out of turn, his adversaries may either call the
card erroneously led, or may call a suit from him or his partner when
it is next the turn of either of them to lead.

63. If any player lead out of turn, and the three others have followed
him, the trick is complete, and the error cannot be rectified; but if
only the second, or the second and third, have played to the false
lead, their cards, on discovery of the mistake, are taken back; there
is no penalty against any one, excepting the original offender, whose
card may be called, or he, or his partner, when either of them has next
the lead, may be compelled to play any suit demanded by the adversaries.

64. In no case can a player be compelled to play a card which would
oblige him to revoke.

65. The call of a card may be repeated until such card has been played.

66. If a player called on to lead a suit have none of it, the penalty
is paid.


CARDS PLAYED IN ERROR, OR NOT PLAYED TO A TRICK.

67. If the third hand play before the second, the fourth hand may play
before his partner.

68. Should the third hand not have played, and the fourth play before
his partner, the latter may be called on to win, or not to win the
trick.

69. If any one omit playing to a former trick, and such error be not
discovered until he has played to the next, the adversaries may claim
a new deal; should they decide that the deal stand good, the surplus
card at the end of the hand is considered to have been played to the
imperfect trick, but does not constitute a revoke therein.

70. If any one play two cards to the same trick, or mix his trump,
or other card, with a trick to which it does not properly belong,
and the mistake be not discovered until the hand is played out, he is
answerable for all consequent revokes he may have made. If, during the
play of the hand, the error be detected, the tricks may be counted face
downward, in order to ascertain whether there be among them a card
too many; should this be the case, they may be searched, and the card
restored; the player is, however, liable for all revokes which he may
have meanwhile made.


THE REVOKE.

71. Is when a player, holding one or more cards of the suit led, plays
a card of a different suit.

72. The penalty for a revoke--

    I. Is at the option of the adversaries, who at the end of the
    hand may either take three tricks from the revoking player or
    deduct three points from his score, or add three to their own
    score;

    II. Can be claimed for as many revokes as occur during the hand;

    III. Is applicable only to the score of the game in which it
    occurs;

    IV. Cannot be divided, _i.e._, a player cannot add one or two
    to his own score and deduct one or two from the revoking player;

    V. Takes precedence of every other score--_e.g._, the claimants
    two, their opponents nothing; the former add three to their
    score, and thereby win a treble game, even should the latter
    have made thirteen tricks, and held four honours.

73. A revoke is established if the trick in which it occur be turned
and quitted, _i.e._, the hand removed from that trick after it has been
turned face downward on the table, or if either the revoking player or
his partner, whether in his right turn or otherwise, lead or play to
the following trick.

74. A player may ask his partner whether he has not a card of the
suit which he has renounced; should the question be asked before the
trick is turned and quitted, subsequent turning and quitting does
not establish the revoke, and the error may be corrected, unless the
question be answered in the negative, or unless the revoking player or
his partner have led or played to the following trick.

75. At the end of the hand, the claimants of a revoke may search all
the tricks.

76. If a player discover his mistake in time to save a revoke, the
adversaries, whenever they think fit, may call the card thus played in
error, or may require him to play his highest or lowest card to that
trick in which he has renounced; any player or players who have played
after him may withdraw their cards and substitute others: the cards
withdrawn are not liable to be called.

77. If a revoke be claimed, and the accused player or his partner
mix the cards before they have been sufficiently examined by the
adversaries, the revoke is established. The mixing of the cards only
renders the proof of a revoke difficult; but does not prevent the claim
and possible establishment of the penalty.

78. A revoke cannot be claimed after the cards have been cut for the
following deal.

79. The revoking player and his partner may, under all circumstances,
require the hand in which the revoke has been detected to be played out.

80. If a revoke occur, be claimed and proved, bets on the odd trick or
on amount of score, must be decided by the actual state of the latter,
after the penalty is paid.

81. Should the players on both sides subject themselves to the penalty
of one or more revokes, neither can win the game; each is punished at
the discretion of his adversary.

82. In whatever way the penalty be enforced, under no circumstances can
a player win the game by the result of the hand during which he has
revoked; he cannot score more than four. (_See_ Law 61.)


CALLING FOR NEW CARDS.

83. Any player (on paying for them) before, but not after, the pack be
cut for the deal, may call for fresh cards. He must call for two new
packs, of which the dealer takes his choice.


GENERAL RULES.

84. Where a player and his partner have an option of exacting from
their adversaries one of two penalties, they should agree who is to
make the election, but must not consult with one another which of the
two penalties it is advisable to exact; if they do so consult, they
lose their right; and if either of them, with or without consent of his
partner, demand a penalty to which he is entitled, such decision is
final.

[This rule does not apply in exacting the penalties for a revoke;
partners have then a right to consult.]

85. Any one during the play of a trick, or after the four cards are
played, and before, but not after, they are touched for the purpose of
gathering them together, may demand that the cards be placed before
their respective players.

86. If any one, prior to his partner playing, should call attention
to the trick--either by saying that it is his, or by naming his card,
or, without being required so to do, by drawing it toward him--the
adversaries may require that opponent’s partner to play the highest or
lowest of the suit then led, or to win or lose the trick.

87. In all cases where a penalty has been incurred, the offender is
bound to give reasonable time for the decision of his adversaries.

88. If a bystander make any remark which calls the attention of a
player or players to an oversight affecting the score, he is liable to
be called on, by the players only, to pay the stakes and all bets on
that game or rubber.

89. A bystander, by agreement among the players, may decide any
question.

90. A card or cards torn or marked must be either replaced by
agreement, or new cards called at the expense of the table.

91. Any player may demand to see the last trick turned, and no more.
Under no circumstances can more than eight cards be seen during the
play of the hand, _viz._: the four cards on the table which have not
been turned and quitted, and the last trick turned.


ETIQUETTE OF WHIST.

The following rules belong to the established Etiquette of Whist. They
are not called laws, as it is difficult--in some cases impossible--to
apply any penalty to their infraction, and the only remedy is to cease
to play with players who habitually disregard them:

Two packs of cards are invariably used at Clubs; if possible, this
should be adhered to.

Any one, having the lead and several winning cards to play, should not
draw a second card out of his hand until his partner has played to the
first trick, such act being a distinct intimation that the former has
played a winning card.

No intimation whatever, by word or gesture, should be given by a player
as to the state of his hand, or of the game.

A player who desires the cards to be placed, or who demands to see the
last trick, should do it for his own information only, and not in order
to invite the attention of his partner.

No player should object to refer to a bystander who professes himself
uninterested in the game, and able to decide any disputed question
of facts; as to who played any particular card--whether honours were
claimed though not scored, or _vice versa_--etc., etc.

It is unfair to revoke purposely; having made a revoke, a player is not
justified in making a second in order to conceal the first.

Until the players have made such bets as they wish, bets should not be
made with bystanders.

Bystanders should make no remark, neither should they by word or
gesture give any intimation of the state of the game until concluded
and scored, nor should they walk round the table to look at the
different hands.

No one should look over the hand of a player against whom he is
betting.


DUMMY.

Is played by three players.

One hand, called Dummy’s, lies exposed on the table.

The laws are the same as those of Whist, with the following exceptions:

I. Dummy deals at the commencement of each rubber.

II. Dummy is not liable to the penalty for a revoke, as his adversaries
see his cards; should he revoke, and the error not be discovered until
the trick is turned and quitted, it stands good.

III. Dummy being blind and deaf, his partner is not liable to any
penalty for an error whence he can gain no advantage. Thus, he may
expose some or all of his cards--or may declare that he has the game,
or trick, etc., without incurring any penalty; if, however, he lead
from Dummy’s hand when he should lead from his own, or _vice versa_, a
suit may be called from the hand which ought to have led.


DOUBLE DUMMY.

Is played by two players, each having a Dummy or exposed hand for his
partner. The laws of the game do not differ from Dummy Whist, except
in the following special Law: There is no misdeal, as the deal is a
disadvantage.




THE POKER FAMILY.


Properly speaking, Poker is not the founder, but simply the most famous
representative of a very ancient and always very popular family of
games, all of which can be traced to one source, the old French game of
Gilet, which was undoubtedly of Italian origin, perhaps a variety of
Primero. Gilet we find changed to Brelan in the time of Charles IX.,
and although Brelan is no longer played, the word is still used in all
French games to signify triplets, and “brelan-carré” is the common
French term for four of a kind in _le poker Américain_. From Brelan we
trace the French games of Bouillotte, and Ambigu, and the English game
of Brag; but the game of poker, as first played in the United States,
five cards to each player from a twenty-card pack, is undoubtedly the
Persian game of _as nas_.

The peculiar and distinguishing characteristic of Poker we find
well described by Seymour, in his chapter on “Brag,” in the “Court
Gamester,” 1719: “The endeavour to impose on the judgment of the rest
who play, and particularly on the person who chiefly offers to oppose
you, by boasting or bragging of the cards in your hand. Those who by
fashioning their looks and gestures, can give a proper air to their
actions, as will so deceive an unskilful antagonist, that sometimes a
pair of fives, trays or deuces, in such a hand, with the advantage of
his composed countenance, and subtle manner of over-awing the other,
shall out-brag a much greater hand, and win the stakes, with great
applause and laughter on his side from the whole company.”

Quite a number of card games retain the feature of pairs, triplets,
sequences, and flushes, but omit the element of brag or bluff, and
can therefore hardly be considered full-blooded members of the poker
family. Whiskey Poker, for instance, has really little or nothing in
common with the true spirit of poker, and is simply the very ancient
game of Commerce, played with five cards instead of three. The
descriptions of this game in the earliest Hoyles betray its French
origin; particularly in the use of the piquet pack; the French custom
of cutting to the left and dealing to the right; and the use of the
words “brelan,” and “tricon.” In later descriptions of the “new
form” of Commerce, about 1835, we find 52 cards are used, and dealt
from left to right, and the names of the combinations are changed to
“pairs-royal,” “sequences,” and “flushes.”

There appears to be little or nothing modern in the game of Poker
but the increased number of cards dealt to each player, which makes
it possible for one to hold double combinations, such as two pairs,
triplets with a pair, etc. The old games were all played with three
cards only, and the “brelan-carré,” or four of a kind, could be made
only by combining the three cards held by the player with the card
which was sometimes turned up on the talon, or remainder of the pack.
The blind, the straddle, the raise, the bluff, table stakes, and
freeze-out, are all to be found in Bouillotte, which flourished in the
time of the French Revolution, and the “draw” from the remainder of the
pack existed in the old French game of Ambigu.

The first mention we have of poker in print is in Green’s Reformed
Gambler, which contains a description of a game of poker played on
a river steamer in June, 1834. The author undertook a series of
investigations with a view to discovering the origin of poker, the
results of which were published in the N.Y. Sun, May 22, 1904. It would
seem that poker came from Persia to this country by way of New Orleans.
The French settlers in Louisiana, recognizing the similarity between
the combinations held in the newcomer from the East, _as nas_, and
those with which they were already familiar in their own game of poque,
called the Persian game poque, instead of _as nas_, and our present
word, “poker,” seems to be nothing but a mispronunciation of the French
term, dividing it into two syllables, as if it were “po-que.”

There is no authoritative code of laws for the game of Poker, simply
because the best clubs do not admit the game to their card rooms,
and consequently decry the necessity for adopting any laws for its
government. In the absence of any official code, the daily press is
called upon for hundreds of decisions every week. The author has
gathered and compared a great number of these newspaper rulings, and
has drawn from them and other sources to form a brief code of poker
laws, which will be found amply sufficient to cover all irregularities
for which any penalty can be enforced, or which interfere with the
rights of any individual player.


DRAW POKER.

_=CARDS.=_ Poker is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards,
ranking: A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2; the ace being the highest or
lowest in play, according to the wish of the holder, but ranking below
the deuce in cutting. In some localities a special pack of sixty cards
is used, the eight extra cards being elevens and twelves in each suit,
which rank above the ten, and below the Jack. It is very unusual to
play Poker with two packs.

[Illustration: 11♣ 12♣]

_=COUNTERS, or CHIPS.=_ Although not absolutely necessary, counters are
much more convenient than money. The most common are red, white, and
blue circular chips, which should “stack up” accurately, so that equal
numbers may be measured without counting them. The red are usually
worth five whites, and the blue worth five reds, or twenty-five whites.
At the beginning of the game one player should act as banker, and be
responsible for all counters at the table. It is usual for each player
to purchase, at the beginning of the game, the equivalent of 100 white
counters in white, red, and blue.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Poker may be played by any number of persons from two
to seven. When there are more than seven candidates for play, two
tables should be formed, unless the majority vote against it. In some
localities it is the custom for the dealer to take no cards when there
are eight players, which is thought to make a better game than two
tables of only four players each. When the sixty-card pack is used,
eight players may take cards.

_=CUTTING.=_ The players who shall form the table, and their positions
at the beginning of the game, must be decided by throwing round a card
to each candidate, face up, or by drawing cards from an outspread pack.
If there are more than eight candidates, the four cutting the highest
cards should play together at one table, and the others at another
table. If there are an even number of candidates, the tables divide
evenly, but if the number is odd, the smaller table is formed by those
cutting the highest cards.

The table formed, the pack must be shuffled and spread, and positions
drawn for. The player cutting the lowest card has the choice of seats,
and must deal the first hand. The player cutting the next lowest has
the next choice, and so on, until all are seated.

_=TIES.=_ If the first cut does not decide, those tying must cut again.
Should two or more players cut cards of equal value, the new cut will
decide nothing but the tie; for even should one of those cutting to
decide a tie draw a card lower than one previously cut by another
player, the original low cannot be deprived of his right. For instance:
there are six players.

[Illustration:

   First cut is:-- 🂥 🃘 🃋 🂷 🃞 🃈
  Second cut is:--   🂴       🃒
]

The 5 and 7 have the first and second choice of seats; the 2 and 4 the
third and fourth choice.

_=PLAYERS’ POSITIONS.=_ There are only three distinctive positions at
the poker table: the _=dealer=_; the _=pone=_; and the _=age=_. The
pone is the player on the dealer’s right, and the age is the one on his
left.

_=STAKES.=_ Before play begins, or a card is dealt, the value of the
counters must be decided, and a _=limit=_ must be agreed upon. There
are four limitations in Draw Poker, and they govern or fix the maximum
of the four principal stakes: the blind; the straddle; the ante; and
the bet or raise.

The _=blind=_ is the amount put up by the age before he sees anything,
and should be limited to one white counter, as the blind is the
smallest stake in the game. In some places it is permissible for the
age to make the blind any amount he pleases within half the betting
limit; but such a practice is a direct violation of the principles of
the game, which require that the amount of the blind shall bear a fixed
proportion to the limit of the betting.

The _=straddle=_ is a double blind, sometimes put up by the player to
the left of the age, and like the blind, without seeing anything. This
allows the player on the left of the straddler to double again, or put
up four times the amount of the original blind. This straddling process
is usually limited to one-fourth of the betting limit; that is, if the
betting limit is fifty counters, the doubling of the blind must cease
when a player puts up sixteen, for another double would carry it to
thirty-two, which would be more than half the limit for a bet or raise.

The _=ante=_ is the amount put up by each player after he has seen his
cards, but before he draws to improve his hand. The terms “ante” and
“blind” are often confused. The blind is a compulsory stake, and must
be put up before the player has seen anything. He does not even know
whether or not he will be dealt a foul hand, or whether it will be a
misdeal. He has not even seen the cards cut. The ante, on the other
hand, is a voluntary bet, and is a sort of entrance fee, which is paid
before the hand is complete, but after the first part of it has been
seen. The ante is always twice the amount of the blind, whatever that
may be. If the blind has been increased by the process of straddling,
the ante must be twice the amount of the last straddle, but must not
exceed the betting limit. This is why the straddles are limited.

The largest _=bet=_, or _=raise=_, which a player is allowed to make is
generally known as _=the limit=_. This limit is not the greatest amount
that may be bet on one hand, but is the maximum amount by which one
player may increase his bet over that of another player. For instance:
If no one has bet, A may bet the limit on his hand; B may then put up a
similar amount, which is called _=seeing=_ him, and may then _=raise=_
him any further sum within the limit fixed for betting. If B raises the
limit, it is obvious that he has placed in the pool twice the amount
of the betting limit; but his _=raise=_ over A’s bet is within the
betting limit. If another player should raise B again, he would be
putting up three times the limit; A’s bet, B’s raise, and his own raise.

In the absence of any definite arrangement, it is usual to make the
betting limit fifty times the amount of the blind. That is, if the
value of the blind, or one white counter, is five cents, the limit of a
bet or raise will be two dollars and a half, or two blue counters. This
fixes the ante at two white counters, or ten cents, in the absence of
straddles, and limits the straddling to the fourth player from the age,
or sixteen white counters. This proportion makes a very fair game, and
gives a player some opportunity to vary his betting according to his
estimate of the value of his hand. Where the blind is five cents, the
ante ten, and the limit twenty-five, the game ceases to be Poker, and
becomes a species of _=show-down=_. It is universally admitted by good
judges that a player can lose more money at twenty-five cent show-down
than he will at two-and-a-half Poker.

There are several other variations in the manner of arranging the
stakes and the betting limits, but they will be better understood after
the game itself has been described.

_=DEALING.=_ The age having put up the amount of the blind, and the
cards having been shuffled by any player who chooses to avail himself
of the privilege, the dealer last, they are presented to the pone to be
cut. The pone may either cut them, or signify that he does not wish to
do so by tapping the pack with his knuckles. Should the pone decline
to cut, no other player can insist on his so doing, nor do it for him.
Beginning on his left, the dealer distributes the cards face down one
at a time in rotation until each player has received five cards. The
deal passes to the left, and each player deals in turn.

_=IRREGULARITIES IN THE DEAL.=_ The following rules regarding the deal
should be strictly observed:--

If any card is found faced in the pack the dealer must deal again.
Should the dealer, or the wind, turn over any card, the player to whom
it is dealt must take it; but the same player cannot be compelled to
take two exposed cards. Should such a combination occur, there must
be a fresh deal by the same dealer. If the player exposes his cards
himself, he has no remedy.

Should any player receive more or less than his correct number of
cards, and discover the error before he looks at any card in his hand,
or lifts it from the table, he may demand a fresh deal if no bet has
been made; or he may ask the dealer to give him another from the pack
if he has too few; or to draw a card if he has too many. Cards so drawn
must not be exposed, but should be placed on the bottom of the pack.

If the number of the hands dealt does not agree with the number of
players, there must be a new deal.

If two or more cards are dealt at a time, the dealer may take back the
card or cards improperly dealt if he discovers the error before dealing
to the next player; otherwise there must be a new deal.

A misdeal does not lose the deal. The misdealer must deal again.

Should a player take up his hand, or look at any card in it, he is
not entitled to any remedy. If he has more or less than the proper
number of cards, his hand is foul, and must be abandoned, the player
forfeiting any interest he may have in that deal, and any stake he may
have put up on that hand. In all gambling houses, the invariable rule
is to call a short hand foul; although there should be no objection to
playing against a man with only four cards, which cannot be increased
to five, even by the draw.

_=STRADDLING.=_ During the deal, or at any time before he looks at any
card in his hand, the player to the left of the age may _=straddle
the blind=_ by putting up double the amount put up by the age. The
only privilege this secures to the straddler is that of having the
last _=say=_ as to whether or nor he will make good his ante and draw
cards. Should he refuse to straddle, no other player can do so; but
if he straddles, the player on his left can straddle him again by
doubling the amount he puts up, which will be four times the amount
of the blind. This will open the privilege to the next player on the
left again, and so on until the limit of straddling is reached; but
if one player refuses to straddle, no other following him can do so.
Good players seldom or never straddle, as the only effect of it is to
increase the amount of the ante.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The cards dealt, the players take up and examine
their hands. The careful poker player always “spreads” his cards before
taking them up, to be sure that he has neither more nor less than five,
and he lifts them in such a way that the palm and fingers of his right
hand conceal the face of the first card, while the thumb of the left
hand separates the others just sufficiently to allow him to read the
index or “squeezer” marks on the edges.

[Illustration: Spreading. Squeezing.]

The object of this examination is to ascertain the value of the hand
dealt to him, and to see whether or not it is worth while trying to
improve it by discarding certain cards and drawing others in their
place. The player should not only be thoroughly familiar with the
relative value of the various combinations which may be held at Poker,
but should have some idea of the chances for and against better
combinations being held by other players, and should also know the odds
against improving any given combination by drawing to it.

The value of this technical knowledge will be obvious when it is
remembered that a player may have a hand dealt to him which he knows
is comparatively worthless as it is, and the chances for improving
which are only one in twelve, but which he must bet on at odds of one
in three, or abandon it. Such a proceeding would evidently be a losing
game, for if the experiment were tried twelve times the player would
win once only, and would lose eleven times. This would be paying eleven
dollars to win three; yet poker players are continually doing this.

_=RANK OF THE HANDS.=_ The various combinations at Poker outrank one
another in the following order, beginning with the lowest. Cards with
a star over them add nothing to the value of the hand, and may be
discarded. The figures on the right are the odds against such a hand
being dealt to any individual player.

  Five cards of various
  suits; not in sequence,
  and without a pair.               [Illustration: 🂡* 🃘* 🂶* 🂴* 🂢*] Even

  _=One Pair.=_ Two cards
  of one kind and three useless
  cards.                          [Illustration: 🂨 🃘 🃞* 🂭* 🂴*] 34 to 25


  _=Two Pairs.=_ Two of
  one kind; two of another
  kind; and one useless card.        [Illustration: 🂫 🃋 🂣 🃓 🂹*] 20 to 1

  _=Threes.=_ Three of one
  kind, and two useless cards.      [Illustration: 🃉 🂹 🃙 🂭* 🂢*] 46 to 1

  _=Straight.=_ All five
  cards in sequence, but
  of various suits.                  [Illustration: 🃉 🂸 🃗 🃆 🂥] 254 to 1

  _=Flush.=_ All five
  cards of one suit, but
  not in sequence.                   [Illustration: 🂡 🂮 🂨 🂥 🂣] 508 to 1

  _=Full Hand.=_ Three
  of one kind, and two
  of another kind; no
  useless cards.                     [Illustration: 🃅 🂥 🃕 🂽 🂭] 693 to 1

  _=Fours.=_ Four cards
  of one kind, and one
  useless card.                    [Illustration: 🃆 🂦 🃖 🂶 🂾*] 4164 to 1

  _=Straight flush.=_
  Five cards of the same
  suit, in sequence with
  one another.                     [Illustration: 🃈 🃇 🃆 🃅 🃄] 72192 to 1

  _=Royal Flush.=_ A
  straight flush which is
  ace high.                       [Illustration: 🃑 🃞 🃝 🃛 🃚] 649739 to 1

When hands are of the same rank, their relative value is determined
by the denomination of the cards they contain. For instance: A hand
without a pair, sequence, or flush is called by its highest card; “ace
high,” or “Jack high,” as the case may be. As between two such hands,
the one containing the highest card would be the better, but either
would be outclassed by a hand with a pair in it, however small. A hand
with a pair of nines in it would outrank one with a pair of sevens,
even though the cards accompanying the nines were only a deuce, three
and four, while those with the sevens were an ace, King and Queen. But
should the pairs be alike in both hands; such as tens, the highest
card outside the pair would decide the rank of the hands, and if those
were also alike, the next card, or perhaps the fifth would have to
be considered. Should the three odd cards in each hand be identical,
the hands would be a tie, and would divide any pool to which each had
a claim. Two flushes would decide their rank in the same manner. If
both were ace and Jack high, the third card in one being a nine, and
in the other an eight, the nine would win. In full hands the rank of
the triplets decides the value of the hand. Three Queens and a pair of
deuces will beat three Jacks and a pair of aces. In straights, the
highest card of the sequence wins; not necessarily the highest card in
the hand, for a player may have a sequence of A 2 3 4 5, which is only
five high, and would be beaten by a sequence of 2 3 4 5 6. The ace must
either begin or end a sequence, for a player is not allowed to call
such a combination as Q K A 2 3 a straight.

It was evidently the intention of those who invented Poker that the
hands most difficult to obtain should be the best, and should outrank
hands that occurred more frequently. A glance at the table of odds will
show that this principle has been carried out as far as the various
denominations of hands go; but when we come to the members of the
groups the principle is violated. In hands not containing a pair, for
instance, ace high will beat Jack high, but it is much more common to
hold ace high than Jack high. The exact proportion is 503 to 127. A
hand of five cards only seven high but not containing a pair, is rarer
than a flush; the proportion being 408 to 510. When we come to two
pairs, we find the same inversion of probability and value. A player
will hold “aces up,” that is, a pair of aces and another pair inferior
to aces, twelve times as often as he will hold “threes up.” In the
opinion of the author, in all hands that do not contain a pair, “seven
high” should be the best instead of the lowest, and ace high should be
the lowest. In hands containing two pairs, “threes up” should be the
highest, and “aces up” the lowest.

_=ECCENTRIC HANDS.=_ In addition to the regular poker hands, which are
those already given, there are a few combinations which are played in
some parts of the country, especially in the South, either as matter of
local custom or by agreement. When any of these are played, it would be
well for the person who is not accustomed to them to have a distinct
understanding in advance, just what combinations shall be allowed and
what hands they will beat. There are four of these eccentric hands, and
the figures on the right are the odds against their being dealt to any
individual player:

  _=Blaze.=_ Five picture
  cards. Beat two pairs;
  but lose to three of a
  kind.                             [Illustration: 🂻 🃝 🃍 🃎 🂮] 3008 to 1

  _=Tiger.=_ Must be seven
  high and deuce low; without
  a pair, sequence or
  flush. It beats a straight;
  but loses to a flush.              [Illustration: 🃇 🂦 🂥 🂳 🃒] 636 to 1

  _=Skip, or Dutch
  Straight.=_ Any sequence
  of alternate cards,
  of various suits. Beats
  two pairs and a blaze.             [Illustration: 🂭 🂺 🃘 🃆 🃔] 423 to 1

  _=Round-the-Corner.=_
  Any straight in which the
  ace connects the top and
  bottom. Beats threes;
  but any regular straight
  will beat it.                      [Illustration: 🂾 🂱 🃂 🃃 🃔] 848 to 1

The rank of these extra hands has evidently been assigned by
guess-work. The absurdity of their appraised value will be evident if
we look at the first of them, the blaze, which is usually played to
beat two pairs. As it is impossible to have a blaze which does not
contain two pairs of court cards, all that they beat is aces up or
kings up. If it were ranked, like other poker hands, by the difficulty
of getting it, a blaze should beat a full hand.

All these hands are improperly placed in the scale of poker values, as
will be seen by comparing the odds against them. In any games to which
these eccentric hands are admitted, the rank of all the combinations
would be as follows, if poker principles were followed throughout:--

  DENOMINATION.                       ODDS AGAINST.

  One pair                                 1¼ to 1
  Two pairs                               20  to 1
  Three of a kind                         46  to 1
  Sequence or straight                   254  to 1
  Skip or Dutch straight                 423  to 1
  Flush                                  508  to 1
  Tiger [Big or Little Dog]              636  to 1
  Full hand                              693  to 1
  Round-the-corner straight              848  to 1
  Blaze                                 3008  to 1
  Four of a kind                        4164  to 1
  Straight flush                       72192  to 1
  Royal Flush [Ace high]              649739  to 1

When the true rank of these eccentric hands is not allowed, local
custom must decide what they will beat.

_=JOKER POKER=_, or _=MISTIGRIS=_. It is not uncommon to leave the
joker, or blank card, in the pack. The player to whom this card is
dealt may call it anything he pleases. If he has a pair of aces, and
the joker, he may call them three aces. If he has four clubs, and the
joker, he may call it a flush; or he may make the joker fill out a
straight. If he has four of a kind, and the joker, he can beat a royal
flush by calling his hand five of a kind. In case of ties, the hand
with the mistigris wins; that is to say, an ace and the joker will beat
two aces.

A player holding the joker may even call it a duplicate of a card
already in his hand. For instance; he might hold the A J 8 5 of hearts
and the joker against the A K Q 7 3 of clubs. If he calls the joker the
king of hearts, the club flush still beats him as it is queen next. He
must call it the ace, which makes his flush ace-ace high.

_=PROBABILITIES.=_ In estimating the value of his hand as compared to
that of any other player, before the draw, the theory of probabilities
is of little or no use, and the calculations will vary with the number
of players engaged. For instance: If five are playing, some one should
have two pairs every fourth deal, because in four deals twenty hands
will be given out. If seven are playing, it is probable that five of
them will hold a pair of some kind before the draw. Unfortunately,
these calculations are not of the slightest practical use to a poker
player, because although three of a kind may not be dealt to a player
more than once in forty-five times on the average, it is quite a common
occurrence for two players to have threes dealt to each of them at the
same time. The considerations which must guide the player in judging
the comparative value of his hand, both before and after the draw, must
be left until we come to the suggestions for good play.

_=THE ANTE.=_ The player to the left of the age is the one who must
make the first announcement of his opinion of his hand, unless he has
straddled, in which case the player on the left of the last straddler
has the first “_=say=_.” If he considers his hand good enough to draw
to, let us say a pair of Kings, he must place in the pool, or toward
the centre of the table, double the amount of the blind, or of the
last straddle, if any. This is called the ante, because it is made
before playing the hand, whereas the blind is made before seeing it.
The player is not restricted to double the amount of the blind or
straddle; he may bet as much more as he pleases within the limit fixed
at the beginning of the game. For instance: If there has been only one
straddle he must put up four white counters or pass out of the game for
that deal. But if he puts up the four, he may put up as many more as
he pleases within the limit, which is two blues, or fifty whites. This
is called _=raising the ante=_. If he does not care to pay twice the
amount of the blind or straddle for the privilege of drawing cards to
improve his hand, he must throw his cards face downward on the table in
front of the player whose turn it will be to deal next. Reasonable time
must be allowed for a player to make his decision; but having made it,
he must abide by it; a hand once thrown down cannot be taken up again,
and counters once placed in the pool, and the hand removed from them,
cannot be taken out again, even though placed in the pool by mistake.

The player who has the first say having made his decision, the player
next him on the left must then decide. He must put into the pool an
amount equal to that deposited by the first player, or abandon his
hand. Suppose there has been no straddle, and that all conclude to
_=stay=_, as it is called. They each in turn put up two white counters
until it comes to the age. The one white counter he has already put up
as a blind belongs to the pool, but by adding one to it he can make his
ante good, and draw cards, always provided no player has raised the
ante. If any player has put more counters into the pool than the amount
of the ante, all the other players must put up a like amount, or throw
down their hands. Suppose five play, and A has the age. B antes two
counters, and C puts up seven, the ante and a raise of five. If D and E
come in, they must put up seven counters also; and the age, A, must put
up six to make his ante good. It now comes to B, who must either lose
the two he has already put up, or add five more to them. Let us suppose
that D puts up the seven, and that E, the dealer, puts up twelve. This
will force the age to put up eleven; B to put up ten; and C to put up
five more. This will make each player’s ante an equal amount, twelve
counters, and they will then be ready to draw cards. No one can now
raise the ante any further, because it is no one’s turn to “say.”

It will thus be seen that every player in his turn can do one of three
things, which are sometimes called the _=a b c=_ of Poker: He can
_=Abdicate=_; by throwing down his hand, and abandoning whatever money
he has already placed in the pool. He can _=Better=_; by putting up
more money than any player before him, which is sometimes called “going
better.” Or, he can _=Call=_, by making his amount in the pool equal to
the highest bet already made.

Should any player increase the ante to such an extent that none of the
others care to call him, they must of course throw down their hands,
and as there is no one to play against him, the one who made the last
increase in the ante takes down all the counters in the pool. This is
called _=taking the pot=_, and the cards are gathered, shuffled, and
dealt again, the deal passing to the player who was the age.

_=DRAWING CARDS.=_ All those who have made the ante good have the
privilege of discarding, face downward, as many cards as they please,
in the place of which they may draw others. The age has the first draw,
and can take any number of cards from one to five, or he may _=stand
pat=_, refusing to draw any. A player cannot receive from the dealer
more or less cards than he discards; so that if a person is allowed to
play with a short hand, of four cards only, he will still have only
four cards after the draw. If his hand was foul, it will remain so
after the draw. In drawing, a player may keep or discard what cards he
pleases. There is no rule to prevent his throwing away a pair of aces
and keeping three clubs if he is so inclined; but the general practice
is for the player to retain whatever pairs or triplets he may have,
and to draw to them. Four cards of a straight or a flush may be drawn
to in the same way, and some make a practice of drawing to one or two
high cards, such as an ace and a king, when they have no other chance.
Some hands offer opportunities to vary the draw. For instance: A player
has dealt to him a small pair; but finds he has also four cards of a
straight. He can discard three cards and draw to the pair; or one card,
and draw to the straight; or two cards, keeping his ace in the hope
of making two good pairs, aces up. The details of the best methods
of drawing to various combinations will be discussed when we come to
suggestions for good play.

[Illustration:

  🂱 🂴 🃒 🂣 🃄
]

In drawing cards, each player in turn who has made good his ante,
beginning with the age, must ask the dealer for the number of cards he
wants. The demand must be made so that every player can hear, because
after the cards have been delivered by the dealer no one has the right
to be informed how many cards any player drew. When the dealer comes to
his own hand, he must distinctly announce the number of cards he takes.
He must also inform any player asking him how many cards he took,
provided the question is put before the player asking it has made a
bet, and it is put by a player who has made good his ante to draw cards.

In dealing the cards for the draw, the pack is not cut again, the cards
being dealt from the top, beginning where the deal before the draw left
off. As each player asks for his cards he must discard those he wants
replaced, and he must receive the entire number he asks for before the
next player is helped. In some places it is the custom for all those
who have made good the ante to discard before any cards are given out.
This is not good poker, as it prevents the dealer from seeing that the
number discarded is equal to the number asked for. Should any card
be found faced in the pack, it must be placed on the table among the
discards. Should any card be exposed by the dealer in giving out the
cards, or be blown over by the wind before the player has touched it,
such card must not be taken by the player under any circumstances, but
must be placed with the discards on the table. A player whose card is
exposed in this manner does not receive a card to take its place until
all the other players have been helped. [The object of this rule is to
prevent a dealer from altering the run of the cards in the draw.]

Should a player ask for an incorrect number of cards and they be given
him, he must take them if the next player has been helped. If too many,
he must discard before seeing them. If too few, he must play them. If
he has taken them up and has too many, his hand is foul, and shuts him
out of that pool. If the dealer gives himself more cards than he needs
he is compelled to take them. For instance: He draws three cards to a
pair; but on taking up his hand he finds he had triplets, and really
wanted only two cards. He cannot change his draw, and must take the
three cards he has dealt off. There is a penalty for not following
the strict rule of the game, which is for each player, including the
dealer, to discard before he draws.

Should the dealer give any player more cards than he asked for, and the
player discover the error before taking them up or looking at any of
them, the dealer must withdraw the surplus card, and place it on the
top of the pack. Should the dealer give a player fewer cards than he
asks for, he must supply the deficiency when his attention is called to
it, without waiting to supply the other players. If a player has more
or less than five cards after the draw, his hand is foul, and he must
abandon it, together with all he may have already staked in the pool.

The dealer may be asked how many cards he drew; but he is not allowed
to say how many cards he gave to any other player. Each player must
watch the draw for himself.

The last card of the pack must not be dealt. When only two cards
remain, the discards and abandoned hands must be gathered, shuffled,
and presented to the pone to be cut, and the deal then completed.

_=BETTING UP THE HANDS.=_ All those who made good the ante having
been supplied with cards, the next player who holds cards on the left
of the age must make the first bet. Should the age have declined to
make good his ante, or have passed out before the draw, that does not
transfer the privilege of having the last say to any other player;
because the peculiar privilege of the age,--having the last say,--is
given in consideration of the blind, which he is _compelled_ to pay,
and no other player can have that privilege, because no other player
is obliged to play. Even if a player has straddled the blind, he must
still make the first bet after the draw, because he straddled of
his own free will, and knew at the time that the only advantage the
straddle would give him was the last say as to whether or not he would
make good his ante and draw cards.

If the player next to the age has passed out before the draw, the next
player to the left who still holds cards must make the first bet. The
player whose turn it is to bet must either do so, or throw his hand
face downward in front of the player whose turn it will be to deal
next. If he bets, he can put up any amount from one white counter to
the limit, two blues. It then becomes the turn of the player next on
his left who still holds cards to abdicate, better, or call. If he
calls, he does so by placing in the pool an amount equal to that staked
by the last player, and it then becomes the turn of the next player
on the left to say what he will do. But if he goes better, he adds to
the amount staked by the player on his right any further sum he sees
fit, within the limit of two blues. Each player in turn has the same
privilege, the age having the last say.

Suppose five play, and that A has the age. B has straddled, and all
but the dealer have made good the ante and drawn cards. There are
sixteen white counters in the pool, B’s straddle having made the ante
four instead of two. Suppose B bets a red counter, and C then throws
down his hand. D _=sees=_ B, by putting up a red counter; and he then
_=raises=_ him, by putting up two blues, increasing his bet as much as
the limit will allow him. The age must now abandon his hand or put up
one red and two blues to call D, without knowing what B proposes to
do. Let us suppose he sees D, and raises another two blues. B must now
retire, or put up four blues to call A, without knowing what D will
do. He can raise the bet another two blues, or one blue, or a red, or
a white even, if he is so minded. If he declines to raise, he cannot
prevent D from so doing, because D still has the privilege of replying
to A’s raise, and as long as a player has any _=say=_ about anything,
whether it is to abdicate, better, or call, he can do any one of the
three. It is only when there is no bet made, or when his own bet is
either not called or not raised, that a player has nothing to say. Let
us suppose B puts up the four blues to call A. It is now D’s turn. If
he puts up two blues, each will have an equal amount in the pool, and
as no one will have anything more to say, the betting must stop, and
the hands must be shown. But if D raises A again, by putting up four
blues instead of two, he gives A another say, and perhaps A will raise
D in turn. Although B may have had quite enough of this, he must either
put up four more blues, the two raised by D and the further raise by
A, or he must abandon his hand. If B throws down his cards he loses
all claim to what he has already staked in the pool, four blues and a
red, besides his straddle and ante. Let us suppose he drops out, and
that D just calls A, by putting up two blues only, making the amount he
has in the pool exactly equal to A’s, eight blues and a red, besides
the antes. This prevents A from going any further, because it is not
his turn to say anything. He is not asked to meet any one’s raise, nor
to make any bet himself, but simply to show his hand, in order to see
whether or not it is better than D’s.

_=SHOWING HANDS.=_ It is the general usage that the hand _=called=_
must be shown first. In this case A’s hand is called, for D was the
one who called a halt on A in the betting, and stopped him from going
any further. The strict laws of the game require that both hands must
be shown, and if there are more than two in the final call, all must
be shown to the table. The excuse generally made for not showing the
losing hand is that the man with the worse hand paid to see the better
hand; but it must not be forgotten that the man with the better hand
has paid exactly the same amount, and is equally entitled to see the
worse hand. There is an excellent rule in some clubs that a player
refusing to show his hand in a call shall refund the amount of the
antes to all the other players, or pay all the antes in the next jack
pot. The rule of showing both hands is a safeguard against collusion
between two players, one of whom might have a fairly good hand, and the
other nothing; but by mutually raising each other back and forth they
could force any other player out of the pool. The good hand could then
be called and shown, the confederate simply saying, “That is good,” and
throwing down his hand. Professionals call this system of cheating,
“raising out.”

When the hands are called and shown, the best poker hand wins, their
rank being determined by the table of values already given. In the
example just given suppose that A, on being called by D, had shown
three fours, and that D had three deuces. A would take the entire
pool, including all the antes, and the four blues and one red staked
by B after the draw. It might be that B would now discover that he had
_=laid down=_ the best hand, having held three sixes. This discovery
would be of no benefit to him, for he abandoned his hand when he
declined to meet the raises of A and D.

If the hands are exactly a tie, the pool must be divided among those
who are in at the call. For instance: Two players show aces up, and
each finds his opponent’s second pair to be eights. The odd card must
decide the pool; and if that card is also a tie the pool must be
divided.

If no bet is made after the draw, each player in turn throwing down his
cards, the antes are won by the last player who holds his hand. This is
usually the age, because he has the last say. If the age has not made
good his ante, it will be the dealer, and so on to the right. There is
no necessity for the fortunate player to show his hand; the mere fact
that he is the only one holding any cards is prima facie evidence that
his hand is the best. On the same principle, the player who has made
a bet or raise which no other player will see, wins the pool without
showing his hand, as he must be the only one with cards in his hand;
for when a player refuses to see a bet he must abandon his hand, and
with it all pretensions to the pool. If he wishes to call, but has not
money enough, he must borrow it. He cannot demand a show of hands for
what counters he has, except in table stakes.

During the betting, players are at liberty to make any remarks they
see fit, and to tell as many cheerful lies about their hands as they
please. A player may even miscall his hand when he shows it; the cards
speak for themselves, just as the counters do, and what a player says
does not affect either in the slightest. If a player says: “I raise you
two blues,” the statement amounts to nothing until the blues have been
placed in the pool, and the owner’s hand removed from them. There is no
penalty if a player, during the betting, tells his adversaries exactly
what he holds; nor is he likely to lose anything by it, for no one will
believe him.

_=JACK POTS.=_ The addition of jack pots has probably done more to
injure Poker than the trump signal has injured Whist. In the early
days, when poker parties were small, four players being a common
number, it was frequently the case that no one had a pair strong enough
to draw to, and such a deal was regarded as simply a waste of time.
To remedy this, it was proposed that whenever no player came in, each
should be obliged to ante an equal amount for the next deal, and just
to demonstrate that there were some good hands left in the pack no one
was allowed to draw cards until some one had _=Jacks or better=_ to
draw to.

The result of this practice was to make jack pots larger than the other
pools, because every one was compelled to ante, and this seems to have
prompted those who were always wanting to increase the stakes to devise
excuses for increasing the number of jack pots. This has been carried
so far that the whole system has become a nuisance, and has destroyed
one of the finest points in the game of Poker,--the liberty of personal
judgment as to every counter put into the pool, except the blind. The
following excuses for making jack pots are now in common use:

_=After a Misdeal=_ some parties make it a jack; but the practice
should be condemned, because it puts it in the power of any individual
player to make it a jack when he deals.

_=The Buck=_ is some article, such as a penknife, which is placed in
the pool at the beginning of the game, and is taken down with the rest
of the pool by whichever player wins it. When it comes to his deal, it
is a jack pot, and the buck is placed in the pool with the dealer’s
ante, to be won, taken down, and make another jack in the same way.

The usual custom is to fix the amount of the ante in jack pots, a red,
or five whites, being the common stake. In some places it is at the
option of the holder of the buck to make the ante any amount he pleases
within the betting limit. Whichever system is adopted, every player at
the table must deposit a like amount in the pool. Players are sometimes
permitted to _=pass a jack=_; that is, not to ante nor to take any part
in the game until the jack is decided. If this is to be allowed, it
should be so understood at the beginning of the game.

_=The High Hand=_ jack pot is played whenever a hand of an agreed
value, such as a flush or a full, is shown to the board; that is,
called. In some places four of a kind calls for _=a round of jacks=_,
every player in turn making it a jack on his deal.

_=Only Two In.=_ It is a common custom in large parties, say six or
seven players, to make it a jack when no one but the dealer will ante.
Instead of allowing the blind to make his ante good, and draw cards
against the dealer, each player contributes two white counters, the
age adding one to his blind, and the cards are redealt for a jack pot.
Another variety of this custom is when the blind is opposed by only one
ante, to allow the age to make this player take down his two counters,
and to pay two counters for him, to make it a jack. For instance: Five
play, and A has the age. B and C pass, and D antes two counters. The
dealer, E, says: “I pass for a jack.” A then puts up three counters,
one of which is added to his blind, the other two paying D’s ante in
the ensuing jack. D takes down his two counters, and the cards are
redealt. This cannot be done if more than one player has anted, nor if
the ante has been raised or the blind straddled. In the example just
given, had D raised the ante to five counters and E passed, the age
would have had to put up four more white counters and draw cards, or
allow D to win his blind.

_=Progressive Jacks.=_ In some localities it is the custom to make the
pair necessary to open a jack pot progress in value; Jacks or better to
open the first round; Queens the next; then Kings; then Aces; and then
back to Kings, Queens, and Jacks again. This is very confusing, and is
not popular.

_=Fattening Jacks.=_ When the original ante is two counters only,
and no one holds Jacks or better on the first deal, each player must
contribute another white counter to “fatten,” and the cards are
dealt again. This continues until the pot is opened; that is, until
some player holds a hand as good or better than a pair of Jacks. The
fattening process is followed when the dealer can make the original
ante what he pleases; but if the ante for jacks is a fixed sum, such as
a red counter, it is not usual to fatten the pot at all. This saves all
disputes as to _=who is shy=_, one of the greatest nuisances in Poker.

_=Opening Jacks.=_ As there is no age or straddle in any form of jack
pot, the player to the left of the dealer has the first say, and must
examine his hand to see if he has Jacks or better; that is to say,
either an actual pair of Jacks, or some hand that would beat a pair
of Jacks if called upon to do so, such as two pairs, a straight,
or triplets. In some localities it is allowed to open jacks with a
_=bobtail=_; that is, four cards of a flush or straight. If the player
on the dealer’s left has not openers, or does not care to open the pot
if he has, he says: “I pass;” but he does not abandon his hand. The
next player on his left must then declare. In some places players are
allowed to throw down their cards when they pass; but in first-class
games a penalty of five white counters must be paid into the pool by
any player abandoning his hand before the second round of declarations,
as it gives an undue advantage to players with medium hands to know
that they have only a limited number of possible opponents. For
instance: If six play, and the first three not only pass, but throw
down and abandon their cards, a player with a pair of Jacks will know
that he has only two possible adversaries to draw against him, which
will so increase his chances that it may materially alter his betting.

If no one acknowledges to holding Jacks or better, the pot is fattened,
and the cards are reshuffled and dealt. The best practice is for the
same dealer to deal again until some one gets Jacks or better. This is
called _=dealing off the jack=_. If any player has forfeited his right
in one deal, such as by having a foul hand, that does not prevent him
coming into the pot again on the next deal with rights equal to the
other players.

If any player holds Jacks or better, he can open the pot, or “the
jack,” for any amount he pleases within the betting limit. The
expression “open” is used because after one player has declared that he
holds Jacks or better, all restrictions are removed, and the pool is
then open to any player to come in and play for it, regardless of what
he may hold. Each player in turn, beginning on the left of the opener,
must declare whether or not he will _=stay=_. If he stays, he must put
up an amount equal to that bet by the opener, and has the privilege
of raising him if he sees fit. If he passes, he throws his cards face
downward on the table in front of the player whose turn it will be to
deal next. Should the opener be raised, and not care to see that raise,
he must show his hand to the table before abandoning it, in order to
demonstrate that he had openers. Some players show only the cards
necessary to open, but the strict rules require the whole hand to be
shown before the draw. When once the jack is opened, the betting before
the draw proceeds exactly as in the ordinary pool. Any player on the
right of the opener, who passed on the first round, may come in after
the pot is opened. For instance: E deals. A and B pass, but hold their
hands. C opens, and D throws down his hand. E sees the opener’s bet,
and it then becomes the turn of A and B, who have passed once, to say
whether or not they will play, now that the pot is opened.

When all those who have declared to stay have deposited an equal amount
in the pool, they draw cards to improve their hands, just as in the
ordinary pool, the player on the dealer’s left being helped first. All
those who draw cards, except the opener, throw their discards into the
centre of the table as usual; but the opener is obliged always to place
his discard under the chips in the pool. This is in order that he may
be able to show what he held originally, in case he should conclude to
_=split his openers=_ in order to try for a better hand. For instance:
He has opened with a pair of Jacks, but has four of one suit in his
hand. Four other players have stayed, perhaps the bet has been raised,
and he knows that his Jacks will probably be worthless, even if he
gets a third. So he breaks the pair, and draws for a flush. As the
opener always places his discard under the chips in the pool, it is not
necessary for him to betray his game by telling the whole table that he
is drawing to a bobtail.

_=False Openers.=_ Should a player open a jack without the hand to
justify it, and discover his error before he draws, the best usage
demands that his hand is foul, and that he forfeits to the pool
whatever amount he may have opened for, and any raises that he may
have stood. There are then three ways to play: _=First.=_ Those who
have come in under the impression that the pot had been legitimately
opened but who have not openers themselves, can withdraw their money,
and allow any one to open it who has openers. This is very unfair to
those on the left of the false opener who have abandoned their hands.
_=Second.=_ Those who have come into the pot after the false opening
are allowed to stay in, and play for it, no matter what their hands
are. _=Third.=_ On discovery of the false opening, each player is
allowed to take down whatever amount he may have paid into the pool,
including his original ante and all fatteners, and the false opener
must then make the entire amount good. The cards are then dealt afresh.
This is a very harsh punishment for a very trifling and common error.

The second method is the most popular, and probably the fairest, and is
now the universal rule.

If the false opener does not discover his mistake until he has drawn
cards, his action is at least suspicious, and he should be compelled
to put up the total amount in the pool, as in case three. In some
localities such a player is barred from playing the next two jacks, but
compelled to ante his share in each.

_=Betting Jacks.=_ When a jack pot has been properly opened, and all
have declared whether or not they will stay, and have drawn cards, the
players proceed to bet on their hands. As there is no age in jack pots,
the rule is for the opener to make the first bet; or, if he has been
raised out before the draw, the player next on his left who still holds
cards. The opener may decline to bet if he pleases; but if he does
so, he must show his openers, and then abandon his hand. If no bet is
made, the last player holding cards takes the pool without showing his
hand. If a bet is made, each player in turn on the left must abdicate,
better, or call, just as in the ordinary pool. At the conclusion of the
betting, if there is a call, the best poker hand wins, of course. If
there is no call, the player making the last bet or raise takes the
pool without showing his hand, unless he is the opener, when the whole
hand need not be shown, as it is no one’s business what the opener got
in the draw, no one having paid to see it. All he need show is openers.
But should the opener be one of those in the final call, he must show
his whole hand. Should it then be discovered that he has not openers,
the false opener is compelled to ante for all the players at the table
for another Jack. This is usually called giving them a “free ride.”

_=The Kitty=_ is now an almost universal adjunct to the pool. In clubs,
it pays for the cards, and for an occasional round of refreshments; in
small poker parties it defrays the expense of the weekly supper. When
the amount is excessive, or accumulates too rapidly, it is often used
to give the players a “free ride” by paying all their antes in a “kitty
jack pot.”

The kitty is usually kept by the banker, who takes a white counter
out of every pool in which triplets or better are shown to the board,
and a red counter out of every jack pot. These counters must be kept
apart from the other chips, and must be accounted for at the end of the
game by paying the kitty so much in cash, just as if it was one of the
players.

Gambling houses and poker rooms are supposed to derive their entire
revenue from this source, and those of the lowest class invent endless
excuses for taking out for the kitty. In many houses there is a sliding
scale for various hands; one counter being taken for two pairs; two
counters for triplets; three for straights or flushes; and a red for
fours, jack pots, and misdeals. It is not uncommon for the proprietors
of such games to find thirty or forty dollars in the kitty after a
night’s play with five-cent chips.

_=TABLE STAKES.=_ This is one of several variations in arranging the
stakes and the betting limit. In some localities it is the custom to
allow each player to purchase as many counters as he pleases; in others
it is the rule to compel each to buy an equal number at the start,
usually two hundred times the amount of the blind. In table stakes the
betting limit is always the amount that the player has in front of him;
but no player is allowed either to increase or diminish that amount
while he has any cards in front of him. Before the cards are dealt for
any pool he may announce that he wishes to buy counters, or that he has
some to sell to any other player wishing to purchase; but for either
transaction the consent of all the other players must be obtained. No
player is allowed under any circumstances to borrow from another, nor
to be “shy” in any pot; that is, to say, “I owe so many.” If he has any
counters in front of him, his betting is limited to what he has; if he
has none, he is out of the game, for that hand at least. As a player
cannot increase the amount he has in front of him during the play of a
hand, it is best to keep on the table at all times as much as one is
likely to want to bet on any one hand.

It is the usual custom, and an excellent one, to fix upon a definite
hour for closing a game of table stakes, and to allow no player to
retire from the game before that hour unless he is _=decavé=_, (has
lost all his capital). Should he insist on retiring, whatever counters
he has must be divided among the other players, and if there are any
odd ones after the division, they must be put into the current pool.

In table stakes, any player may _=call a sight=_ for what money or
counters he has in front of him, even should another player have bet a
much larger amount. For instance: A has bet three dollars, and B has
only two dollars in front of him, but wishes to call A. B calls for a
sight by putting his two dollars in the pool, and A must then withdraw
his third dollar from the pool, but leave it on the table to be called
or raised by any other player. Should C wish to call A, or even to
raise him, A and C may continue the betting independently of B’s part
of the pool. Should C have even less money than B, say one dollar, he
may still further reduce the original pool, leaving the two dollars
aside for settlement between A and B, and A’s third dollar still aside
from that again for the decision of any other player.

Let us suppose that A and C continue the betting until one calls.
When the hands are shown, if either A’s or C’s is better than B’s, B
loses his interest; but if B’s hand is better than either A’s hand or
C’s hand, he takes the part of the pool for which he called a sight,
while A and C decide the remainder between them. For instance: A calls
C, and C shows three tens. Neither A nor B can beat it, and C takes
everything. But if B had three Jacks, and A only three fives, B would
take the part of the pool for which he called a sight, and C would take
the remainder.

Should C have raised and bluffed A out, or have bet so much that A
finally refused to call, A would have no interest in either pool, and C
would take all the money outside the pool for which B called a sight.
Should it then transpire, on the show of hands between B and C, that A
had laid down a better hand than either of them, that would not entitle
A to claim the sight pool from B, because in laying down his hand he
has practically acknowledged that C’s hand is better, and has retired
from the game. If B’s hand is better than C’s, B takes the sight pool.

_=FREEZE OUT.=_ This might be called a variety of table stakes. At the
start, each player is supplied with an equal number of counters; but
no one is allowed to replenish his stock, or to withdraw or loan any
part of it. As soon as any player has lost his capital he is decavé,
or _=frozen out=_, and must permanently retire from the game. The
other players continue until only one remains, who must of course win
everything on the table. This is not a popular form of Poker, because
it is sometimes a long time before a player who is frozen out can get
into a game again.

_=SHOW-DOWN POKER.=_ This is a variety of draw poker, in which each
player takes the five cards dealt to him and turns them face up so that
all the other players can see them. Each player discards and draws in
turn, eldest hand first. As soon as a hand is beaten it is thrown into
the deadwood, all the cards drawn being dealt face up.

_=FLAT POKER.=_ In this variety of the game, before the cards are
dealt, the age puts up, for a blind, any amount he pleases within
the limit. Those who are willing to bet a similar amount on the
possibilities of their hands put up a similar amount. Those who decline
are not given any cards. There are no straddles, raises, or antes.
Immediately after the deal each player who is in the pool draws cards,
the age first. There are then two ways to play: The hands are shown
and the best wins; or, beginning with the age, each player may say if
he will back his hand against the field; _i.e._, all the others in the
pool. If he will, he must put up as much as their combined stakes. He
cannot be raised; but if any one player or combination of players call
him, and one of them can beat his hand, the field divide the pool. For
instance: Age makes it a blue, and three others stay with him. After
the draw C puts up three blues against the field. D and A call it,
and all show hands. If any of the three, A, B or D can beat C they
divide the pool, B getting his third, although he did not contribute
to the call. This game is a pure gamble; except that a bold player may
occasionally bluff the field off.

_=METHODS OF CHEATING.=_ Poker and its congeners have received more
attention from the greeks than any other family of card games. In fact
it is generally believed that the term greek, as applied to a card
sharper, had its origin in the Adam of the poker family, which was a
gambling game introduced by the Greeks in Italy.

So numerous and so varied are the methods of cheating at Poker that it
is an axiom among gamblers that if a pigeon will not stand one thing
he will another. The best informed make it a rule never to play Poker
with strangers, because they realize that it is impossible for any but
a professional gambler to know half the tricks employed by the poker
sharp. It is a notorious fact that even the shrewdest gamblers are
continually being taken in by others more expert than themselves. What
chance then has the honest card player?

There are black sheep in all flocks, and it may be well to give a few
hints to those who are in the habit of playing in mixed companies.

Never play with a man who looks attentively at the faces of the cards
as he gathers them for his deal; or who stands the pack on edge, with
the faces of the cards towards him, and evens up the bunch by picking
out certain cards, apparently because they are sticking up. Any pack
can be straightened by pushing the cards down with the hand. The man
who lifts them up is more than probably a cheat.

Never play with a man who looks intently at the pack and shuffles the
cards slowly. If he is not locating the cards for the ensuing deal he
is wasting time, and should be hurried a little.

Never play with a person who leaves the cut portion of the pack on the
table, and deals off the other part. In small parties this is a very
common way of working what is known as _=the top stock=_. If such a
dealer is carefully watched it will usually be found that he seizes
the first opportunity to place the part cut off on the top of the part
dealt from. The top stock is then ready for the draw, and the judicious
player should at once cash his chips and retire from the game.

Never play with a man who continually holds his cards very close to
his body, or who completely conceals his hand before the draw, or who
takes great care to put his discard among previous discards, so that
the exact number of cards put out cannot be counted. He is probably
working a vest or sleeve hold-out. Some clumsy or audacious sharpers
will go so far as to hold out cards in their lap, or stick them in a
“bug” under the table. One of the most successful poker sharps ever
known, “Eat-um-up Jake” Blackburn, who had a hand like a ham, could
hold out five cards in his palm while he carried on all the operations
of shuffling, dealing, and playing his hand. Such men require great
dexterity and nerve to get rid of their “deadwood,” or surplus cards,
without detection. _=Holding out=_ is regarded by the professional as a
most dangerous experiment, but it is very common.

Never play with a man who keeps his eyes rivetted on the cards as he
deals, and who deals comparatively slowly. He is probably using marked
cards, or has marked the important ones himself during the play. Poker
sharps who mark cards by scratching them with a sharp point concealed
in a ring are obliged to hold the cards at a certain angle to the
light in order to see the scratches. Those who dig points in the cards
with the thumb nail depend on touch instead of sight. If you find such
points on the cards, either dig other points on other cards, or retire
from the game.

Against the hold-out or marked cards there is no protection, because
the dealer does not care how much the cards in the pack are shuffled or
cut; but every method of running up hands, or stocking cards, can be
made ineffective if the pone will not only cut the cards, but carefully
reunite the packets. If the two parts are straightened after the cut,
it will be impossible for the dealer to shift the cut, and bring the
cards back to their original position. The dealer will sometimes bend
the top or bottom card so as to form a _=bridge=_, which will enable
him to find the place where the cards were cut. This can only be
overcome by shuffling the cards instead of cutting them, which every
player has the right to do. If you insist on shuffling, the greek will
do the same in his turn, and will run up hands to be dealt to himself.
It is perfectly useless to endeavour to protect yourself against a
poker sharp; the only remedy is to leave the game.

Many persons have a strong prejudice against playing with a man who
shuffles his chips. The mere fact of his being an expert at chip
shuffling has nothing to do with the game of poker, the accomplishment
usually being the result of long experience at the faro table. The
reason for the prejudice is that a chip shuffler is usually cold
blooded, courageous, and seldom a loser at any game that requires nerve.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ Volumes might be written for the
guidance of the poker player without improving his game a particle,
unless he possesses at least one of four qualifications: Control over
his features and actions; judgment of human nature; courage; and
patience. The man whose face or manner betrays the nature of his hand,
or the effect of an opponent’s bet or raise, will find everyone to beat
his weak hands, and no one to call his strong ones. Unless he is a fair
judge of human nature he will never be able to estimate the strength or
peculiarities of the players to whom he is opposed, and will fail to
distinguish a bluff from an ambuscade. Without courage he cannot reap
the full benefit of his good hands; and without patience he cannot save
his money in the time of adversity.

Of one thing every player may rest assured, and that is that Poker
cannot be played by mathematical formulas. Beyond the most elementary
calculations of the chances in favour of certain events the theory of
probabilities is of no assistance. It is not necessary to call in a
mathematician to prove that a player who habitually discards a pair of
aces to draw to three cards of a suit will lose by the operation in the
long run. Nor will any amount of calculation convince some players that
they are wasting their money to stay in a jack pot in order to draw to
a pair of tens, although such is the fact.

The various positions occupied by the player at the poker table may
be briefly examined, and some general suggestions offered for his
guidance in each of them. In the first place he should look out for his
counters. It is always best for each player to place the amount of his
ante or his bet immediately in front of him, so that there need be no
dispute as to who is up, or who is shy. Above all it should be insisted
that any player who has once put counters in the pool, and taken his
hand from them, should not again take them down.

_=The Age=_ is the most valuable position at the table, but it is
seldom fully taken advantage of. The age should never look at his
hand until it is his turn to make good his blind. He may pick up his
cards, but he should use his eyes in following the manner and facial
expression of the other players as they sort their cards. One of the
greatest errors made by the age is in thinking that he must save his
blind. The player who draws to nothing because he can do so cheaply,
will usually have nothing to draw at the end of the game. The age can
usually afford to draw to four-card flushes, and to straights open at
both ends, but should not do so when there are less than three who have
paid to draw cards, or when the ante has been raised.

If the age holds Kings or better before the draw, he should invariably
raise the ante unless there are five players in the pool besides
himself, or unless some other player has already raised. If he holds
two pairs, he should do all his betting before the draw. If any other
player has raised, or his own raise is re-raised, the age must use his
judgment of the player and the circumstances. It is useless for the age
to disguise his hand by such manœuvres as holding up an odd card to a
pair, unless he raises the blind at the same time. If he draws one or
two cards only, and has not raised the blind, every one will credit him
for a small pair and an ace, or for a bobtail, and will inevitably call
any bluff he may make. The age is the poorest position at the table for
a bluff, but it is decidedly the best in which to win large pots with
moderate hands.

_=The Dealer=_ has the next best position to the age, and in large
parties there is very little difference in the way in which the two
positions should be played.

The _=first bettor=_ has the worst position at the table and he should
seldom come in on less than Queens. He should seldom raise the ante,
even with two pairs, as he will only drive others out. In this position
very little can be made out of good hands, because every one expects
to find them there; but it offers many excellent opportunities for
successful bluffing. A player in this position should never straddle.
Many players endeavour to force their luck in this way, but it is a
losing game, and the best players seldom or never straddle. Having
to make the first bet after the draw, it is usual for the player in
this position, if he has an average hand, to _=chip along=_, by simply
betting a single counter, and waiting for developments. With a strong
hand, it is best to bet its full value at once, on the chance that the
bet may be taken for a bluff, and called.

_=Other Positions.=_ As the positions go round the table from the first
bettor to the age, they become more desirable, and little need be said
of them beyond the consideration of the average strength necessary for
a player to _=go in=_ on.

_=GOING IN.=_ There is a great difference of opinion as to the minimum
value of a hand which should justify a player in drawing cards if he
can do so for the usual ante. In close games many players make it a
rule not to go in on less than tens, while in more liberal circles the
players will draw to any pair. In determining which course to follow,
the individual must be guided by his observation and judgment. Suppose
five play, and A observes that B and C constantly draw to small pairs,
while D and E never come in on less than tens. If A has the age, B,
D, and E having anted, A may be sure that there are at least two good
hands against him, and will guide himself accordingly. But if B and
C are the only players in, A may safely draw to a small pair. It can
be mathematically demonstrated that what is called an _=average go-in
hand=_ should be at least a pair of tens; but a player who waits for
tens in a liberal game, in which others are drawing to ace high, will
ante himself away if there are many jack pots, and will get no calls
when he gets a hand.

_=BETTING.=_ Good players are guided by the general character of the
game in which they take part. Some parties play a very liberal game,
and the players bet high on medium hands, and give every one a good
fight. It is best to have liberal or lucky players on your right;
because if they sit behind you, they will continually raise you, and
you will be forced either to overbid your hand on the same liberal
scale that they adopt, or lose what you have already put up. If a
liberal player sits on your right you will often be able to make large
winnings on moderate hands. In a close game, when the players bet in a
niggardly manner, the liberal player is at a great disadvantage; for
he can win little or nothing on his good hands, but will lose large
amounts when he runs up the betting on a good hand which is opposed
to one that is better. When a liberal player finds a close player
following him freely, he may be sure there is a very strong hand
against him.

_=VARIETY.=_ Above all things a player should avoid regularity in his
play, because observant adversaries will soon learn his methods. The
best players usually play two pairs pat, without drawing, about half
the time. This gives them the reputation of betting on pat hands which
are not genuine, and when they get one that is real, they will often
succeed in getting a good bet, or even a raise, from those holding
triplets or two large pairs, who have noticed them play two pairs pat.
In the same way it is advisable to hold up an odd card occasionally,
without raising the ante; so that when you do hold triplets, and draw
two cards, you will not frighten every one at the table. The chances
of improving a pair by drawing three cards, are one in three; and by
drawing two cards only, one in four. The difference is worth the moral
effect of the variation in the play.

_=PROBABILITIES.=_ The endless poker statistics that have been
published are of little or no value to the practical player, and there
are only a few figures that are worth remembering. It is a general
law in all games of chance that you should never do a thing which you
would not be willing to repeat under the same circumstances a hundred
times. The best example of the application of this law is in drawing
to bobtails. If you have a four-card flush to draw to, the odds
against getting it are about four to one; and unless you can obtain
the privilege of drawing to it by paying not more than one-fifth of
the amount in the pool, you will lose by it in the long run. The best
players never draw to four-card flushes except when they have the age,
and the ante has not been raised.

There are some players who pretend to be so guided by probabilities
that they never go into a pool unless the chances in favour of their
having a good hand after the draw are at least equal to the odds they
have to bet by going into the pool. This is all nonsense; for no player
knows when he goes into a pool how much it will cost him to get out,
and the value of his individual hand is an unknown quantity at the
best, because it cannot be compared to the others. One thing only is
certain, and that is that in the long run the player who goes in with
the strongest hand will still have the strongest hand after the draw.
This is an important thing to remember in jack pots, in which the
value of at least one hand is known. If you draw to a pair smaller
than Jacks, you do so with the full knowledge that the pair itself is
not strong enough to win. Now what are the odds against your winning
the pool? Suppose you hold tens, and draw three cards. Your chance of
improving your hand is a little better than one in five. The opener of
the jack pot has exactly the same chance, and if both of you draw cards
a hundred times under those circumstances, he will beat you in the long
run, to say nothing of the other players who may come in and beat both
of you. It is therefore evident that in backing tens against openers,
it is four to one against your beating the openers to begin with, and
if you do beat them the odds are still against your winning the pot. If
there were five players, and the jack pots were all equal in amount,
you would have to win one pot out of five to make your investment pay.
Can you make this average when your original pair will not beat openers?

There are three principles with regard to the draw that should never be
lost sight of:

(1) An average go-in hand is a hand which will win its proportion of
the pools, according to the number playing, taking all improvements and
opposition into account. This can be demonstrated to be a pair of tens.

(2) The draw is much more valuable to a weak hand than to a strong one,
and weak hands will improve in much greater proportion than strong ones
will. For instance: The chances for a player to improve by drawing to
a pair of Queens are one in three and a half. He may make two pairs, or
triplets, or a full hand, or four of a kind. The chances of improvement
for a player drawing to two pairs, say Eights up, are only one in
thirteen. This consideration leads players to adopt two lines of play:
To bet all they intend to on two pairs before the draw, in order to
prevent weaker hands drawing cards and improving; or, to discard the
smaller pair in order to increase their chances of improvement.

(3) The smaller the number of players, the greater the value of the
hands; and the larger the number of players, the greater the chance
that any given hand will be beaten. When only two play, you can safely
bet the limit on a pair of Eights; but in a party of eight players they
are hardly worth drawing to. For this reason average hands should force
the weaker out, and reduce the number of players _=before the draw=_.

For the benefit of those interested in such matters _=the probable
improvement by the draw=_ may be briefly given.

It is 2½ to 1 against improving _=a pair=_ by drawing three cards; the
chances against making triplets or two pairs being 8 to 1; against a
full hand, 61 to 1; and against four of a kind, 364 to 1. It is 4 to
1 against improving a pair by drawing two cards; the chances against
triplets being 12 to 1, and 8 to 1 against two pairs.

It is 12 to 1 against making a full hand by drawing to _=two pairs=_.

It is 8 to 1 against improving _=triplets=_ by drawing two cards; 14½
to 1 against a full hand, and 23 to 1 against four of a kind. It is 12
to 1 against improving if one card is drawn; 16 to 1 against the full,
and 46 to 1 against four of a kind.

It is 11 to 1 against making a straight out of a sequence of four cards
which is open in the middle, or at one end only. It is 5 to 1 against
making a straight out of a sequence of four which is open at both ends.

[Illustration:

  🂻 🃚 🂨 🂧             |  🂹 🃘 🂧 🃆

  IN-BETWEEN STRAIGHT.       OPEN-END STRAIGHT.
]

It is 4½ to 1 against filling a four-card flush. It is 23 to 1 against
filling a three-card flush. It is 95 to 1 against filling a two-card
flush.

It is 3 to 1 against improving a four-card straight flush which is open
at both ends. The chances against getting the straight or the flush
have been given; the odds against getting the straight flush are 24 to
1. The chance for getting a pair exists; but the pair would probably be
worthless.

It is 4 to 1 against improving a four-card straight flush open in the
middle, or at one end only; the odds against getting the straight flush
being 46 to 1.

There are several minor or speculative draws which may be of interest.
Drawing to an ace and a King, it is 3 to 1 against making a pair of
either. It is 4 to 1 against making a pair of aces by drawing four
cards to an ace; and 12 to 1 against making aces up, or better. It is
24 to 1 against making a straight by drawing to three cards of it, open
at both ends. It is 12 to 1 against making either a straight or a flush
by drawing to three cards of a straight flush, open at both ends.

_=HOW TO WIN AT POKER.=_ There have been many alleged infallible
receipts for winning at Poker. Proctor thought that refusing to go
in on less than triplets would prove a certainty; but in the same
paragraph he acknowledges that the adversaries would soon learn the
peculiarity, and avoid betting against the player. Triplets before the
draw occur about once in every 45 hands. If five were playing, a person
following Proctor’s advice would have to blind 9 times, and ante in
at least 12 jack pots in every 45 hands, to say nothing of fattening.
This means an outlay of at least 75 counters. When the triplets come,
will he get back 75 counters on them? He will probably win the blind,
and one or two antes; but the moment he makes his own ante good, every
player who cannot beat triplets, knowing his system, will lay down his
hand.

An extensive observation of the methods of the best players has led the
author to the conclusion that the great secret of success in Poker,
apart from natural aptitude for the game, and being a good actor, is to
_=avoid calling=_. If you think you have the best hand, raise. If you
think you have not the best, lay it down. Although you may sometimes
lay down a better hand than the one that takes the pool, the system
will prove of immense advantage to you in two ways: In the first place,
you will find it a great educator of the judgment; and in the second
place, it will take almost any opponent’s nerve. Once an adversary has
learned your method, it is not a question of his betting a red chip on
his hand; but of his willingness to stand a raise of two blues, which
he will regard as inevitable if you come in against him at all. The
fear of this raise will prompt many a player to lay down a moderately
good hand without a bet; so that you have all the advantage of having
made a strong bluff without having put up a chip. The system will
also drive all but the most courageous to calling your hand on every
occasion, being afraid of a further and inevitable raise; and it is an
old saying that a good caller is a sure loser.

The theory of calling is to get an opportunity to compare your hand
with your adversary’s. Now, if you think that after the comparison
yours will prove the better hand, why not increase the value of the
pool? If, on the contrary, you fear that his hand will beat yours, why
throw good money after bad? If you don’t think at all about it, and
have no means of forming an opinion as to the respective merits of your
hands, you are not a poker player, and have no business in the game.

_=BLUFFING.=_ There is nothing connected with Poker on which persons
have such confused ideas as on the subject of bluffing. The popular
impression seems to be that a stiff upper lip, and a cheerful
expression of countenance, accompanied by a bet of five dollars,
will make most people lay down three aces; and that this result will
be brought about by the five-dollar bet, without any regard to the
player’s position at the table, the number of cards he drew, his manner
of seeing or raising the ante, or the play of his adversaries before
the draw. The truth of the matter is that for a bluff to be either
sound in principle or successful in practice, the player must carefully
select his opportunity. The bluff must be planned from the start,
and consistently played from the ante to the end. To use a common
expression: “The play must be right for it, or the bluff will be wrong.”

There are many cases in which a bluff of fifty cents would be much
stronger than one of five dollars; the difference depending on the
player’s position at the table, his treatment of the ante, and the
number of cards he had drawn. As an example of the play being right
for a bluff, take the following case: Five play in a jack pot. A and B
have passed when C opens it for the limit. D and E pass out, but A and
B both stay, and each draws one card. C takes two cards, and as it is
his first bet he puts up the limit on his three aces. A drops out, but
B raises C the limit in return. Now, if C is a good player he will lay
down his three aces, even if he faintly suspects B is bluffing, because
B’s play is sound in any case. He either could not, or pretended he
could not open the jack; but he could afford to pay the limit to draw
one card against openers, and he could afford to raise the limit
against an opener’s evidently honest two-card draw. As a matter of fact
the whole play was a bluff; for B not only had nothing, but had nothing
to draw to originally.

Another variety of the bluff, which is the author’s own invention, will
often prove successful with strangers, but it can seldom be repeated
in the same company. Suppose six play in a jack pot. A passes, and
B opens it by quietly putting up his counters. C and D pass, and E,
pretending not to know that B has opened it, announces that he will
open it for the limit, although he has not a pair in his hand. He is
of course immediately informed that it has been opened, upon which
he unhesitatingly raises it for the limit. Whatever the others do, E
stands pat, and looks cheerful. The author has never known this bluff
to be called.

Holding a strong hand, a player may often coax another to raise him, by
offering to divide the pool.

The successful bluffer should never show his hand. Even if he starts
the game by bluffing for advertising purposes, hoping to get called on
good hands later, he should not show anything or tell anything that the
others do not pay to see or know. Bluffing is usually more successful
when a player is in a lucky vein than when he has been unfortunate.


POKER LAWS.

_=1. Formation of Table.=_ A poker table is complete with seven
players. If eight play the dealer must take no cards, or a sixty-card
pack must be used. If there are more than seven candidates for play,
two tables must be formed unless the majority decide against it.

_=2. Cutting.=_ The players who shall form the table, and their
positions at the beginning of the game may be decided by drawing from
an outspread pack, or by throwing round a card to each candidate, face
up. If there are eight or more candidates, the tables shall divide
evenly if the number is even, those cutting the highest cards playing
together. If the number is odd, the smaller table shall be formed by
those cutting the highest cards. In cutting, the ace is low. Any player
exposing more than one card must cut again.

_=3.=_ The table formed, the players draw from the outspread pack for
positions. The lowest cut has the first choice, and deals the first
hand. The player cutting the next lowest has the next choice, and so on
until all are seated.

_=4. Ties.=_ If players cut cards of equal value they must cut again;
but the new cut decides nothing but the tie.

_=5. Stakes.=_ Any player may be the banker, and keep the kitty, if
any. In Draw, Straight, or Stud Poker, each player may purchase as many
counters as he pleases. In Freeze-out, Table Stakes, Whiskey Poker, and
Progressive Poker, each player must begin with an equal amount.

_=6. Betting Limits.=_ Before play begins limits must be agreed upon
for the amount of the blind, the straddle, the ante in jack pots, and
for betting or raising.

_=7. Shuffling.=_ Before the first deal the pack must be counted to see
that it contains the proper number of cards. Should the first dealer
neglect this he forfeits five counters to the pool. Before each deal
the cards must be shuffled. Any player may shuffle, the dealer last.

_=8. Cutting to the Dealer.=_ The dealer must present the pack to the
pone, [the player on his right,] to be cut. The pone may either cut, or
signify that he does not wish to do so, by tapping the pack with his
knuckles. Should the pone decline to cut, no other player can insist
on his doing so, nor do it for him. If he cuts, he must leave at least
four cards in each packet, and the dealer or the pone must reunite the
packets by placing the one not removed in cutting upon the other.

_=9.=_ If in cutting, or in reuniting the packets, a card is exposed,
the pack must be reshuffled and cut.

_=10.=_ If the dealer reshuffles the pack after it has been properly
cut, he forfeits five counters to the current pool.

_=11. Dealing Before the Draw.=_ After the age, [the player on the
dealer’s left,] has put up the amount of the blind, the dealer
distributes the cards face down, one at a time, in rotation, until each
player has received five cards.

_=12.=_ The deal passes to the left, except in jack pots, when it may
be agreed that the same dealer shall deal until the pot is opened.

_=13. Misdealing.=_ A misdeal does not lose the deal; the same dealer
must deal again. It is a misdeal: If the dealer fails to present the
pack to the pone; or if any card is found faced in the pack; or if the
pack is found imperfect; or if the dealer gives six or more cards to
more than one player; or if he deals more or fewer hands than there
are players; or if he omits a player in dealing; or if he deals a card
incorrectly, and fails to correct the error before dealing another.

_=14. Irregularities in the Hands.=_ Should the dealer, or the wind,
turn over any card, the player to whom it is dealt must take it; but
the same player cannot be compelled to take two exposed cards. Should
such a combination occur there must be a new deal. If the player
exposes cards himself, he has no remedy.

_=15.=_ Should any player receive more or less than his proper number
of cards, and discover the error before he looks at any card in his
hand, or lifts it from the table, he may demand a new deal if no bet
has been made; or he may ask the dealer to give him another card from
the pack if he has too few, or to draw a card if he has too many. Cards
so drawn must not be exposed, but should be placed on the top of the
pack. If a bet has been made, there must be a new deal. Should the
player take up his hand, or look at any card in it, he has no remedy.

_=16.=_ Should a player take up a hand containing more or less than
five cards, or look at any card in it, such a hand is foul, and he must
abandon it, forfeiting any interest he may have in that pool. If one
player has six cards and his neighbour four, neither having lifted or
looked at any card, the dealer may be called upon to draw a card from
the six hand and give it to the four hand.

_=17. Straddling.=_ During the deal, or at any time before he looks at
any card in his hand, the player to the left of the age may straddle
the blind by putting up double the amount put up by the age. Should he
straddle, the player on his left may double the amount again, provided
he has not seen any of his cards; and so on, until the limit of the
straddling is reached. This limit must not exceed one-fourth of the
betting limit. Should any player in his turn refuse to straddle, no
other player on his left can straddle.

_=18. The Ante.=_ After the cards are dealt, each player in turn,
beginning with the one to the left of the age, or to the left of the
last straddler, if any, must either abandon his hand or put into the
pool twice the amount of the blind, or of the last straddle. When it
comes to the turn of the age, and the straddlers, if any, they must
either abandon their hands, or make the amount they have in the pool
equal to twice the amount of the blind, or of the last straddle, if any.

_=19. Raising the Ante.=_ Each player, when it is his turn to come in,
may add to the amount of the ante any sum within the betting limit.
This will compel any player coming in after him to equal the total of
the ante and the raise, or to abandon his hand; and it will also give
such following player the privilege of raising again by any further
amount within the betting limit. Should any player decline to equal
the amount put up by any previous player, he must abandon his hand,
together with all his interest in that pool. Any player who has been
raised in this manner may raise again in his turn; and not until each
player holding cards has anted an equal amount will the game proceed.

_=20. Winning the Antes.=_ Should any player have put up an amount
which no other player will equal, he takes whatever counters are then
in the pool, without showing his hand, and the deal passes to the next
player on the dealer’s left. Should only one player come in, and the
age decline to make good his ante, the player who has come in wins the
blind, unless jack pots are played. Should any player have straddled
the blind, or raised the ante, there can be no jack pot.

_=21. Making Jacks.=_ If no player will come in, it is a Natural Jack,
and all the hands must be abandoned, each player putting up for the
ensuing deal the amount agreed upon. If no one has straddled the blind,
or raised the ante, and only one player has come in, the age may do one
of four things: He may forfeit his blind; or he may make the ante good;
or he may raise it; or he may demand that the single player who has
come in shall take down his ante, the age putting up twice the amount
agreed upon for jack pots; once for himself, and once for the player
who came in. All the other players must then put up for the ensuing
deal. This is an Only-Two-In Jack.

_=22. Drawing Cards.=_ When two or more players have come in for an
equal amount, the others having abandoned their hands, each of them in
turn, beginning with the one on the dealer’s left, may discard any or
all of the cards originally dealt him, and draw others in their place.
The number discarded and drawn, if any, must be distinctly announced by
each player, including the dealer; and the fresh cards must be given
face down from the top of the pack, without any further shuffling or
cutting. Each player must receive the entire number he asks for before
the next player is helped. No player shall receive from the dealer more
or fewer than he discards; so that if he is playing with a short hand,
such as four cards only, he will still have four cards after the draw;
and if his hand was originally foul, it will so remain.

_=23. Exposed Cards.=_ In dealing for the draw, should any card be
found faced in the pack, or should any card be exposed by the dealer
in giving out the cards, or be blown over by the wind before the
player has touched it, such cards must be placed on the table with
the discards. The player whose card has been exposed does not receive
another in its place until all the other players, including the dealer,
have been helped.

_=24. Incorrect Draws.=_ Should any player ask for an incorrect number
of cards, he must take them; unless he discovers the error before the
next player has been helped. If too many have been asked for, he must
discard before seeing them. If too few, and he lifts any of them, he
holds a foul hand. No player is allowed to take back into his hand any
card that has once been discarded. If he has taken up the cards, or
has seen any of them, and has too many, his hand is foul, and must be
abandoned. If the dealer gives himself more cards than he needs, he
must take them; but if less, he can supply the deficiency, provided he
has not looked at any of the drawn cards.

_=25. Incorrect Dealing.=_ Should the dealer give any player more
or fewer cards than he asks for, and the player discover the error
before taking them up or seeing any of them, the dealer must withdraw
the surplus card, and place it on the top of the pack. Should the
dealer give a player fewer cards than he asks for, he must supply the
deficiency when his attention is called to it, without waiting to
supply the other players. Should the dealer give cards to any player
out of his proper turn, he may correct the error if none of the cards
have been seen; not otherwise.

_=26. The Last Card=_ of the pack must not be dealt. When only two
cards remain, and more than one is asked for, they must be mixed with
the discards and abandoned hands, and the whole shuffled together, and
presented to the pone to be cut. Discards of those who have yet to draw
must not be gathered.

_=27.=_ After the cards have been delivered by the dealer, no player
has the right to be informed how many cards any player drew; and any
person, bystander or player, volunteering the information, except the
player himself, may be called upon to pay to the player against whom he
informs an amount equal to that then in the pool. Any player who has
made good the ante and drawn cards may, before making a bet, ask how
many cards the dealer drew, and the dealer must inform him.

_=28. Betting After the Draw.=_ The first player who holds cards on
the left of the age must make the first bet, whether he has straddled
or not. If he declines to bet he must abandon his hand. The fact that
the age is not playing makes no difference, as his privilege cannot
be transferred to any other player. Bets may vary in amount from one
counter to the betting limit. If no player will bet, the age takes the
pool without showing his hand; or, if he has passed out before the
draw, the last player on his right who holds cards wins the pool.

_=29. Raising the Bets.=_ Should any player make a bet, each player
in turn on his left must either bet an equal amount or abandon his
hand. Should any player bet an equal amount, he has the privilege of
increasing the bet to any further sum within the betting limit. The
players on his left must then either meet the total amount of the
original bet and the raise, or abandon their hands. Any player meeting
the amount already bet has the privilege of increasing it to any
further amount within the limit, and so on, until no further raises
take place. Any player whose bet has been raised must abandon his hand
or meet the raise, with the privilege of raising again in return.
Should one player make a bet or raise which no other player will see,
he takes the pool without showing his hand, and the cards are shuffled
and cut for the next deal.

_=30. Calling the Bets.=_ As long as one player raises another’s bets,
he gives that player the privilege of raising him again; but if a
player who has made a bet is not raised, the others simply betting an
equal amount, the first bettor is called, and all betting must cease.
The players must then show their hands to the table, in order to decide
which wins the pool.

_=31.=_ Bets must be actually made by placing the counters in the pool,
and no bet is made until the player’s hand has been withdrawn from the
counters. Any counters once placed in the pool, and the owner’s hand
withdrawn, cannot be taken down again, except by the winner of the pool.

_=32. Betting Out of Turn.=_ Should any player bet out of his turn, he
cannot take down his counters again if he has removed his hand from
them. Should the player whose proper turn it was raise the bet, the
player who bet out of turn must either meet the raise or abandon his
hand, and all interest in that pool.

_=33. Mouth Bets.=_ Any player stating that he bets a certain amount,
but failing to put up the actual counters in the pool, cannot be called
upon to make the amount good after the hands are shown, or the pool is
won. If the players opposed to him choose to accept a mouth bet against
the counters they have already put up, they have no remedy, as no value
is attached to what a player says; his cards and his counters speak for
themselves. Any player wishing to raise a mouth bet has the privilege
of raising by mouth, instead of by counters; but he cannot be called
upon to make the amount good after the hands are shown, or the pool has
been won.

_=34. Showing Hands.=_ When a call is made, all the hands must be
shown to the table, and the best poker hand wins the pool. Any player
declining to show his hand, even though he admits that it is not good,
must pay an amount equal to the ante to each of the players at the
table; or, if jack pots are played, he must put up for all of them in
the next jack pot. When the hands are called, there is no penalty for
mis-calling a hand; the cards, like the counters, speak for themselves.

_=35. Rank of the Hands.=_ The best poker hand is a _=Royal Flush=_; A
K Q J 10 of the same suit, which beats a

_=Straight Flush=_; any sequence of five cards of the same suit.

_=Four of a Kind=_; such as four 10’s and an odd card.

_=Full Hand=_; three of a kind and a pair, such as three 8’s and a pair
of Q’s, which beats a

_=Flush=_; five cards of the same suit, but not in sequence.

_=Straight=_; five cards in sequence, but of various suits. In
straights, the Ace cannot be used to form such combinations as Q K A 2
3; but it may be used as the bottom of 5 4 3 2, or the top of 10 J Q K.
Straights beat

_=Three of a Kind=_; such as three K’s and two odd cards.

_=Two Pairs=_; such as two 9’s and two 7’s, with an odd card.

_=A Pair=_; such as two Aces and three odd cards.

If no pair is shown, the _=Highest Card=_ wins.

A short hand, such as four cards, cannot be claimed as either a
straight or a flush.

_=36. Ties.=_ In case of ties, the highest of the odd cards decides it.
Ultimate ties must divide the pool. When combinations of equal rank are
shown, the one containing the highest cards wins, the rank of the cards
being, A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2; so that two pairs, K’s and 4’s, will
beat two pairs, Q’s and J’s. Three 5’s and a pair of 2’s, will beat
three 4’s and a pair of aces.


JACK POT LAWS.

_=37. The Antes.=_ There is neither age nor straddle in jack pots.
Every one at the table must ante an equal amount. Any player may
decline to ante, by saying: “I pass this jack;” and the dealer will
give him no cards.

_=38. Opening.=_ After the cards are dealt, each player in turn,
beginning on the dealer’s left, may open the pot for any amount he
pleases within the betting limit, provided he holds a pair of Jacks,
or some hand better than a pair of Jacks. If he does not hold openers,
or does not wish to open the pot with them, he must say: “I pass;” but
must not abandon his hand, under penalty of paying five counters to the
pool.

_=39. False Openers.=_ Should a player open a jack without the hand to
justify it, and discover his error before he draws, his hand is foul,
and he forfeits whatever amount he may have already placed in the pool.
Those who have come into the pool after the false opening, stay in and
play for the pot, regardless of the value of the hands dealt them.

_=40. Fattening.=_ If no player will open, the cards are reshuffled,
cut, and dealt, usually by the same dealer, and each player adds one
counter to the pool.

_=41. Coming In.=_ If any player opens the pot for a certain amount,
each player in turn, on his left, can come in by putting up a similar
amount, regardless of the value of his hand. Any player on the right of
the opener who passed on the first round may now come in. Any player
declining to put up the amount for which the pot is opened must abandon
his hand, and all his interest in the pool.

_=42. Raising the Opener.=_ Any player coming into the pool has the
privilege of raising the original opener any amount within the betting
limit, and he may in turn be raised again, just as in the ordinary
pools. Should the opener decline to meet such a raise, he must show his
entire hand before abandoning it. If he declines to do so, he must pay
the antes for all the other players for another jack. It is not enough
to show openers before the draw, the whole hand must be shown.

_=43. Drawing Cards.=_ Each player in turn who has come in, beginning
on the left of the dealer, may discard and draw, to improve his hand.
The opener is allowed to split his openers, provided it is the rule of
the game that the opener shall _always_ put his discard under the chips
in the pool, whether he is going to split or not. The opener’s discard
must never be gathered in with other discards when the pack runs short
for the draw.

_=44. False Hands.=_ If a false opener does not discover his mistake
until after he has drawn cards, his hand is foul, and must be
abandoned. As a penalty he must put up an ante for each of the other
players at the table for another Jack.

_=45. Betting the Hands.=_ The opener makes the first bet; or, if he
has withdrawn, the player next on his left. Should the opener decline
to bet after the draw, he must show his openers before abandoning his
hand. He need not show the cards he has drawn. If no bet is made, the
last player holding cards takes the pool without showing his hand. If
a bet is made, the game proceeds as in the ordinary pools. Should the
opener retire during the betting, he must show his openers; if he is in
the final call he must show his entire hand, whether it is the best or
not. If he or any other player declines to show his hand when a call is
made, he must ante for all the other players for another jack.

_=46. Shy Bets.=_ If any player is shy in a jack pot, whether from
failure to put up his ante, to fatten, or to substantiate his mouth
bets with counters, nothing can be collected from him after a call has
been made, or the pot has been won.


STRAIGHT POKER.

Straight Poker or _=Bluff=_ is played with a full pack of fifty-two
cards, and any number of players from one to eight. The arrangements
for counters, seats, and deal are exactly the same as in Draw Poker,
but the method of anteing and betting up the hands is slightly
different. There is no draw to improve the hand, and no such
combination as a straight flush is recognized, four of a kind being the
highest hand possible.

The ante and betting limit must be decided before play begins. The
first dealer is provided with a _=buck=_, which should be a penknife,
or some similar article. Before dealing, he puts up the amount of the
ante for all the players, and then _=passes the buck=_ to the player on
his left, who must ante for all the players in the next pool. There is
no variation of the amount of the ante under any circumstances, and the
buck is passed round the table in this manner irrespective of the deal,
which is taken by the player winning the pool. The laws for the deal
and its irregularities are the same as in Draw Poker, except that it
does not pass to the left.

The cards dealt, each in turn, beginning with the player to the left
of the dealer, may either bet or pass. Should all pass, the holder of
the buck antes, making a double pool, and passes the buck. The deal
then passes to the left. Should any player make a bet, each in turn,
beginning with the one on his left, must call it, raise it, or abandon
his hand. Players who have passed the first time, must now decide. The
rules for seeing, raising, calling, and showing hands are precisely the
same as at Draw Poker.

Owing to the absence of the draw, there is no clue to the strength of
an opponent’s hand, except his manner, and the amount of his bet. The
hands shown are much weaker than the average of those at Draw Poker,
being about equal to hands that a player in that game would come in
on. Triplets are very strong at Straight Poker, and two pairs will win
three out of four pools in a five-handed game. The great element of
success is bluff.


STUD POKER.

The arrangements for the cards, seats, antes, buck, etc., are precisely
as at Straight Poker; but in dealing, only the first card is dealt face
down, the remaining four being turned up by the dealer as he gives
them out. Each player in turn then looks at his _=down card=_, and the
betting proceeds as in Straight Poker, each player having the privilege
of passing once before a bet is made.

A much more popular method is to stop the deal at two cards, each
player having received one face down, and another face up. The best
card showing then makes the first bet, and each player in turn must
meet it, raise it, or pass out of that pool. If no one will call, the
player making the bet takes the pool, and the next deal. If a bet is
made and called, those in the call do not show their down cards, but
are each given another card, face up, and the same betting process is
gone through, the best hand showing face up making the first bet in
each round. As long as two or more players remain in the pool they are
given more cards until they have five. Then the final betting is done,
and if a call is made, the down cards are shown, and the best poker
hand wins the pool. Straight flushes do not count.


WHISKEY POKER.

The arrangements for the cards, seats, etc., are the same as in Draw
Poker. Each player is provided with an equal number of white counters,
which may have a value attached to them, or which may simply represent
markers. If the counters represent money, each player should have at
least twenty; if they are only markers, five is the usual number.

If the game is played for money, each player puts one counter in the
pool before the cards are dealt. There is no raising or betting of any
kind.

An extra hand, called _=the widow=_, is dealt face down at Whiskey
Poker. The dealer gives each player and the widow five cards, one at a
time, beginning on his left, and dealing to the widow just before he
deals to himself. Each player in turn, beginning with the age, then
examines his hand, and has the option of exchanging it for the widow;
keeping it for the purpose of drawing to it; or risking his chances of
winning the pool with it as it is.

If he wishes to exchange, he must place his five cards face upward on
the table, and take up the widow, but without showing it to any other
player. The hand he abandons then becomes the widow. If he prefers to
draw to his hand, he says: “_=I pass=_,” which transfers to the next
player the option of taking the widow. If he wishes to stand on the
merits of the hand dealt to him, without drawing to it, he _=knocks=_
on the table, which also passes the option of taking the widow to the
next player on his left.

If any player takes the widow, the next player on his left can do any
one of three things: He may discard from his own hand any card he
pleases, taking one from the widow in its stead; the card which he
discards being placed on the table face upward, and becoming part of
the widow; or he may exchange his entire hand for the widow; or he may
stand on the hand dealt him, and knock. Whether he draws one card,
exchanges his entire hand, or knocks, the next player on his left has
the option of drawing, exchanging, or knocking; and so on, until some
player does knock.

Should no player take the widow until it comes to the dealer’s turn,
he must either take it, or turn it face upward on the table. Even if
the dealer knocks, he must turn up the widow, and allow each player an
opportunity to draw from it, or to exchange his entire hand for it.

When a player knocks, he signifies that no matter what the players
following him may do, when it comes to his turn again the hands must be
shown. A player cannot draw and knock at the same time; but a player
can refuse to draw or exchange after another player has knocked, not
before. In some localities it is the rule to turn the widow face up at
once if any player knocks before it is taken; allowing all those after
the knock an opportunity to draw or exchange; but this is not the usual
custom.

Suppose five play. E deals, and A passes; B takes the widow; C and
D draw from B’s abandoned hand, and E knocks; without drawing, of
course. A, who passed the first time, now has an opportunity to draw
or exchange. So have each of the others in turn, up to D; but after D
draws or exchanges, the hands must be shown, because the next player,
E, has knocked.

When the hands are shown, there are two ways to settle: If the counters
have a money value, the best poker hand wins the pool, and the deal
passes to the left. If the counters have no money value, there is no
pool; but the player who has the worst hand shown puts one of his
counters in the middle of the table. This continues until some player
has lost all five of his counters, and he is then called upon to pay
for the whiskey, or whatever refreshments may be at stake upon the
game. Hence the name: Whiskey Poker.


THIRTY-ONE.

This game is sometimes called _=Schnautz=_. A pool is made up by any
number of players. The dealer takes a pack of fifty-two cards and gives
three to each, face down, and three extra cards to the table, dealt
face up. Each player in turn to the left can exchange one of his own
cards for one of those on the table, the object being to get a flush of
three cards of some suit having a pip value of thirty-one; or else to
get three of a kind.

The aces are worth 11, the other court cards and the ten, 10 each. If
no one can get a flush worth thirty-one, three of a kind wins the pool.
If no one has three of a kind, the highest pip value shown in one suit
wins. Drawing is kept up until some player knocks, after which only
one more draw is allowed, the knocker not being allowed to draw again.
A player can knock without drawing at all if he wishes to prevent the
others from beating his original hand.


PROGRESSIVE POKER.

There are several ways to play Progressive Poker, but the description
of one will suffice. The simplest method of arranging the players is
to take two packs of cards, one red and one blue, and to select two
aces from each for the four positions at the head table; three deuces,
treys, etc., for the six positions at each of the other tables until
the last or booby table is reached, at which there must be only four
players at starting. If there are not enough players to make exactly
six at each of the intermediate tables, the numbers may be varied from
four to seven, cards being selected to agree with the number required;
but the head and booby tables must start with four only. The cards thus
selected are then thoroughly shuffled, and presented face downward
to the ladies to draw from. Each lady takes a red-backed card, the
gentlemen drawing the blue cards only. The number of pips on the card
drawn will indicate to each person the table at which they are to sit.
Should the number of men and women not be equal, some of the men must
represent women or _vice versa_.

Each player is provided at starting with a certain number of counters,
usually fifty. The head table is supplied with a box of counters
differing in colour from any of those used by the players, and also
with a bell. The choice of seats, deal, etc., is decided at each table
exactly as at Draw Poker.

One deal is made at each table, ordinary Draw Poker is played, and when
the pool is decided at the head table the bell is struck. This is the
signal for the winner of the pool at each of the other tables to move
up to the table next above. At the head table, the chips are counted,
and the player with the smallest number in his possession goes down to
the booby table, unless he was one of the players in the call. Should
the player with the smallest number of chips be the winner of the pool,
or one of those who called the winner, he retains his seat, and the
player with the smallest number of counters who was not in the call
goes to the booby table. This arrangement effectually prevents players
at the head table from waiting for big hands. In case of ties, the
players cut to decide which shall go down, the lowest cut remaining.
The winner of each pool at the head table is given one of the special
chips provided for that purpose, and which are usually yellow, the
others being red, white, and blue.

Any player losing all his counters at any table must get a fresh stake
of fifty more from the banker, and must then exchange seats with the
player at the booby table who has the most counters.

Three or four prizes are usually provided for: One for the player who
has won the greatest number of yellow chips at the head table, and one
each for the lady and gentleman winning the greatest number of counters
during the evening’s play. Those who have been provided with an extra
stake must be charged with it when settling up. In case of ties for the
number of yellow chips, the player with the largest number of ordinary
counters wins. The booby prize, if any, is usually given to the player
with the smallest number of ordinary chips, or the fewest number of
yellow ones.


BRAG.

There are two varieties of this old English game; single, and
three-stake Brag. Both are played with a full pack of fifty-two cards;
the positions of the players, arrangements for counters, decision of
the betting limit, etc., being the same as in Draw Poker. Three to
twelve players may form a table.

There is a special value attached to three cards which are known as
_=braggers=_. These again have a rank of their own; the best being the
_=ace of diamonds=_; then the _=Jack of clubs=_, and then the _=nine of
diamonds=_. All other cards rank as in Poker. A player to whom any one
of these braggers is dealt may call it anything he pleases. If he has
a pair of nines and a bragger, or a nine and two braggers, he may call
them three nines, and bet on them as such. In this respect braggers
resemble mistigris, already described in connection with Draw Poker;
but in Brag a natural pair or triplet outranks one made with the aid of
a bragger. Three eights will beat an eight and two braggers.

The dealer must put up an ante before the cards are cut. This ante
may be any amount he pleases within the betting limit. No player can
straddle or raise this ante until the cards are dealt. Beginning on his
left the dealer distributes the cards face down, and one at a time,
until each player has received three. Beginning with the age, [eldest
hand,] each player in turn must put up an amount equal to the dealer’s
ante, or abandon his hand. He may, if he chooses, raise the ante any
further amount within the betting limit. All those following him must
meet the total sum put up by any individual player, increase it, or
pass out. In this respect Brag is precisely similar to the betting
after the draw at Poker.

If no one will see the dealer’s ante, he must be paid one white counter
by each of the other players, and the deal passes to the left. Should
any player bet an amount which no other player will meet, he takes the
pool without showing his hand. Should a call be made, all the hands
must be shown, and the best brag hand wins.

Pairs and triplets are the only combinations of any value, and of
course three aces is the best hand; two aces and the club Jack being
the next best. If none of the hands shown contains either a natural
pair or a bragger, the highest card wins, the ace ranking above the
King. In case of equal natural pairs, the highest card outside the pair
wins. Should the pairs tied both be made with a bragger, the highest
bragger wins. Two odd cards, seven high, with the club Jack, would beat
two cards seven high with the diamond nine.

_=Three Stake Brag.=_ In this variation each player puts up three equal
amounts to form three equal pools. These amounts must be invariable,
and should be agreed upon before play begins. The dealer then gives two
cards to each player, one at a time, face down; and then a third card
to each, face up. The highest card turned up in this manner wins one
of the pools, the ace being the highest and the deuce the lowest. The
diamond ace, being a bragger, outranks any other ace; the club Jack any
other Jack; and the diamond nine any other nine. Ties are decided in
favour of the eldest hand, or the player nearest him on the left.

The players then take up the other two cards, without showing them,
and proceed to brag on their hands as in single stake Brag. The winner
takes the second pool; but those who pass out do not abandon their
hands until the third pool is decided. If no bet is made for the second
pool, it is won by the dealer.

All hands are shown to decide the last pool. Each player counts up
the pip value of his three cards, reckoning the aces for eleven, and
court-cards as ten each. The player coming nearest to thirty-one takes
the third pool. Ties are decided in favour of the eldest hand, as
before.

In some places a further variation is introduced by allowing the
players to draw cards for the third pool, in order to increase the pip
value of their hands. Beginning with the eldest hand, each player in
turn pays into the pool a counter for each card he draws. These cards
are given by the dealer face up, and one player must be given all he
needs before passing to the next. Should a player pass thirty-one,
he is out of the pool. Some judgment is necessary in drawing in this
manner, for all the hands are exposed, and each player knows exactly
what he has to beat.

In _=American Brag=_, there are eight braggers; the Jacks and nines of
each suit, and they are all of equal rank when used as braggers. Pairs
or triplets formed with the aid of braggers outrank naturals, so that
three Jacks is an invincible hand, beating three aces. Two braggers
and an ace outrank two aces and a bragger; but the absurd part of the
arrangement is that three Jacks and three nines are a tie.

The method of playing differs from English Brag. If the players simply
equal the dealer’s ante, nothing unusual occurs, and all the hands are
shown at once. But if any player raises, and another sees this raise,
these two immediately exchange hands, without showing them to the other
players, and the one who held the worse hand retires from that pool,
returning the better hand to its original holder, who then awaits a
call or raise from the next player in order, the entire amount staked
still remaining in the pool. This lose-and-drop-out system is continued
until only one player remains to dispute the pool with the dealer. If
they come to a call, both hands are shown to the table. If the bragger
is not called, he takes the pool without showing his hand.


COMMERCE.

This old English game is evidently the forerunner of Whiskey Poker. It
is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards, and the arrangements
for the seats, counters, etc., are the same as at Draw Poker. Three
to twelve players may form a table. There are two methods of playing
Commerce; with and without a widow. We shall take the older form first.

_=Without a Widow.=_ The counters have a money value, and each player
deposits one in the pool. The dealer then distributes the cards one at
a time, face down, until each has three. The players then examine their
cards, and each in turn, beginning with the eldest hand, may exchange
one card. If he trades _=for ready money=_, he gives his card and one
white counter to the dealer, and receives another card, face down, from
the top of the pack. The discard is left on the table, and the counter
is the dealer’s perquisite. If he trades _=for barter=_, he passes his
discard to the player on his left, who must give one of his own in
exchange before looking at the one he is to receive. If the player will
not exchange, he must _=knock=_ on the table, to signify that he will
stand by the cards he has. If he exchanges, he takes up the offered
card, and then has the privilege of trading for ready money or for
barter himself. The trading goes on in this way round and round, until
some player knocks, when all trading is immediately stopped, and the
hands are shown. The best hand wins the pool, the rank of the various
combinations being as follows, beginning with the highest:--

_=Triplets.=_ Three aces being the highest, and three deuces the
lowest. Pairs have no value.

_=Sequence Flushes=_; the ace being allowed to rank as the top or the
bottom; Q K A, or A 2 3.

_=The Point=_; the greatest number of pips on two or three cards of
the same suit in one hand, counting the ace for eleven, and the other
court-cards for ten each. A single card of a suit does not count for
the point. In case of ties, a point made with three cards will beat one
made with two cards. If the number of cards is also a tie, the dealer,
or the player nearest him on his left wins.

If no triplet is shown, the best straight flush wins. If there is no
straight flush, the best point wins. The deal passes to the left, and a
misdeal loses the deal, as the deal is an advantage, owing to the trade
for ready money.

If the dealer does not win the pool, he must pay one white counter to
the player who does. If the dealer holds a combination of the same rank
as the one that wins the pool, he must pay one white counter to every
other player at the table. For instance: No triplet is shown, and a
straight flush, Jack high, wins the pool. The dealer has a straight
flush, 9 high, and must pay one counter to every player at the table.
If the dealer had no sequence flush, he would pay the winner of the
pool only.

_=With a Widow.=_ This is almost three-card Whiskey Poker. Each player
is provided with three counters only, which are of no value, and three
cards are dealt to each player and to the widow, face down, and one at
a time. The widow is turned face up immediately, and the dealer has the
first say. Before he looks at the cards he has dealt to himself, he
may exchange his whole hand for the widow, otherwise the eldest hand
has the first draw. No other player may exchange his whole hand, but
each in turn may draw one card until some player knocks. The moment
any player knocks, all drawing must cease, and the hands are shown at
once. Triplets, straight flushes, and points determine the value of
the hands, as already described, and the best hand takes the pool. The
dealer makes no extra payments, as he has no perquisites. The first
player to lose his three counters pays for the whiskey; and if two
or more are frozen out at the same time, the one with the worst hand
pays. The game is sometimes varied by playing freeze-out, a value being
attached to the three counters, and players who are decavé retiring
from the game until all the counters have been won by a single player.

Two other combinations are sometimes introduced in either form of
Commerce: A flush, three cards of one suit, ranking next below the
straight flush; and a single pair outranking the point.

Another variety of Commerce is variously known as _=My Ship Sails; or
My Bird Sings=_. The counters have a money value, and three are given
to each player. Three cards are dealt, face down, and one at a time.
There is no widow. The eldest hand may then exchange one card with the
player on his left, who must give his card before seeing the one he is
to receive. The exchange goes round to the left. The moment any player
finds himself with a flush, three cards of the same suit, regardless
of their value, whether dealt to him, or made by exchange, he says:
“My Ship Sails;” and all exchange is stopped, and the hands are shown.
Should there be more than one flush, the pips win, counting ace for 11,
and other court-cards for 10 each. If no player has secured a flush
after two rounds of exchanges, the hands are shown, and the highest
number of pips in the two-card flushes wins the pool. The elder hand
wins ties.


BOUILLOTTE, OR BRELAN.

This is an old and famous French gambling game, often referred to in
stories of fast life in European society. It was the rage during and
long after the French Revolution, but has lately had to share public
attention with Baccara, and even with Le Poker Américain. It has many
points in common with three-stake Brag, and is evidently descended from
the same stock. By many persons Bouillotte is considered superior to
Poker, because it offers the player many opportunities to speculate on
winning by the aid of cards that are not in his own hand.

_=Cards.=_ Bouillotte is played with a piquet pack, reduced to twenty
cards, only the A K Q 9 8 of each suit being retained. The ace is the
highest card in play and in cutting. If five persons play, the Jack
of each suit is added; if only three play, the Queens are discarded,
reducing the pack to sixteen cards. Two packs are generally used
alternately.

_=Counters=_ or chips are used, as in Poker, instead of money. Any
player may be the banker.

_=Players.=_ Three, four, or five persons may play; but four is the
proper number, and all descriptions of the game suppose it to be
four-handed.

_=Cutting.=_ To decide the positions of the players, a sequence of
cards is sorted out, equal in number with the number of players. These
cards are then shuffled, face downward, and each player draws one. The
highest of the sequence has the choice of positions, and so on down
until all are seated. The player who draws the King deals the first
hand.

_=Stakes.=_ Each player purchases an equal number of counters from
the banker, usually 100. This original _=cave=_ cannot be added to or
deducted from. As long as a single counter of it remains the player
must call for a sight, just as in freeze-out or table stakes; and not
until he is _=decavé=_, [has lost everything,] can he purchase another
stake, the amount of which is usually at his own option.

_=Blind and Straddle.=_ Before the distribution of the cards, the
dealer puts up a blind, usually five counters, which the player on
his right has the privilege of straddling. If he straddles, he may be
straddled again, and so on. In Bouillotte the straddle practically buys
from the dealer the privileges of the age. If it goes round until the
dealer buys it back himself, the straddling must then be stopped.

_=Dealing.=_ As in all French games, the cards are cut by the player on
the dealer’s left, and are dealt from right to left. Three cards are
given to each player, one at a time, face down, and the thirteenth is
then turned face up on the pack. This card is called the _=retourne=_.

_=Misdeals.=_ If any card is exposed during the deal, either in the
pack or in giving it to a player, it is a misdeal; but the distribution
of the cards is continued until each player has received three cards,
the exposed card being given out in its regular order. If any player
can show triplets, he receives one white counter from each of the other
players, and the hands are then abandoned. If more than one triplet is
shown, the inferior does not pay the higher. If no triplet is shown,
the cards are redealt. A misdeal does not lose the deal.

The deal passes to the right; but should the player whose turn it is to
deal have lost everything on the previous deal, and have just purchased
another stake, the deal passes to the player beyond him. If a player
withdraws from the table when it is his turn to deal, the deal passes
any newcomer who may take his place.

_=Betting.=_ The cards dealt, each player in turn, beginning with the
one to the right of the dealer, or to the right of the last straddler,
if any, can do one of three things: Equal the amount of the ante;
increase it as much as he pleases within the limits of his cave; or
pass, retaining his cards but betting nothing. If any player _=opens=_
the game by making a bet, the player on his right may equal or raise
it; but he cannot pass after the game is opened, unless he withdraws
from the pool. Any player may call for a sight for the amount in front
of him, but that does not prevent the others from continuing the
betting. If no one will open, the deal is void, and each player puts
five counters in the pool for the next deal. If a player opens, and no
one will equal or raise him, he wins the antes and straddles, if any.
If any player makes a raise which no one will meet, he takes whatever
is in the pool, unless a player has called for a sight for a small part
of it.

_=Calling and Showing.=_ If only two players bet against each other,
either may call the other, and demand a show of hands at any time; but
if three or four are betting, the privilege of calling falls upon each
in turn from right to left. For instance: A, B, C, and D play. D blinds
five counters, and deals. A passes, and B opens for five reds. C passes
out, while D and A both meet the bet of five reds, but neither will
raise it. This does not call B, who has the privilege of raising the
bet if he pleases. Suppose he raises, and D and A both meet it. On this
second round, C having passed out, it is D’s turn to say whether or not
he will raise. On the next round it will be A’s turn, and after that
it will be B’s second turn, and so on. Should any player meet the bet
but refuse to raise, although it is his turn, he still cannot call. If
he does not avail himself of his privilege of raising, he must _=pass
the word=_ to the player on his right; that is, transfer the privilege
to him. If he declines, it is a call; if he raises, it goes on until
every player has refused to avail himself of the privilege. If a player
chooses to raise without waiting for his turn, of course he can do so.
One of the fine points in the game is knowing when to raise the bet
yourself, and when to pass the word.

_=Rank of the Hands.=_ If a call is made, the hands are shown, and
the best Bouillotte hand wins. There are only two classes of hands
recognized in Bouillotte, the brelan, and the point; but there are
three kinds of brelans, which rank in the following order:

_=A Brelan Carré=_ is four of a kind; three in the player’s hand, and
the fourth turned up on the pack. If any player holds a brelan, [three
of a kind,] of a higher denomination than the brelan carré, the player
may turn up the card under the retourne, and if this makes his hand a
brelan carré also, he wins the pool. In addition to winning the pool,
the holder of a brelan carré receives from each player four white
counters.

_=A Simple Brelan=_ is three of a kind in the player’s hand, three aces
being the highest, and three eights the lowest. In addition to winning
the pool, the holder of a simple brelan receives one counter from each
of the other players at the table. If two are shown, neither pays the
other. Should the brelan be formed by uniting the retourne with two
cards in the player’s hand, it is a _=brelan favori=_, and the holder
of it receives an extra counter from every player at the table, whether
he wins the pool or not. For instance: The retourne is an eight; a
brelan of Queens is shown, and wins the pool. Another player holds a
pair of eights, and claims brelan favori. He does not pay the winning
brelan, but receives one counter from its holder, and also from each of
the other players. If the brelan favori wins the pool, it is paid two
counters by each player. If two simple brelans are shown, the higher
wins the pool; but both must be paid by each of the other two players,
who did not hold brelans.

_=The Point.=_ If no brelan is shown, the hands of all the players are
shown, including those who passed out during the betting. This will
expose thirteen cards, including the retourne. The pips in each suit
are then counted, the ace reckoning for 11, court cards for 10 each,
and the 9 and 8 at their face value. Whichever suit has the greatest
number of pips is called _=the suit that wins=_, and the player who
holds the highest card of it takes the pool; provided, of course, that
he was one of those who backed his hand until the last call. If the
player who holds the best card of the winning suit has dropped out
during the betting, his cards count for the player who has the highest
card of the suit among those who backed their hands. For instance: D
deals and turns the heart 8. A and B have passed out, but C has made a
bet which D has called. Neither has a brelan, so all four players show
their cards, and it is found that they lie thus:--

[Illustration:

              🂮 🂭 🂨

           +-------+
           |   B   |
  🂱 🂾 🂹    |C     A|  🂡 🂩 🃙
           |   D   |
           +-------+

              🃑 🃞 🃝        🂸
]

Spades are the winning suit: but neither C nor D has a spade, and as
neither A nor B is in the call, the spade suit cannot win anything. As
between clubs and hearts, D’s point is 40, and C’s 38; so D wins the
pool. C of course had a great advantage in betting, as he knew four
hearts were out, his own and the retourne; and all he feared was a
brelan. A would have won the pool if he had backed his hand, because he
would have had the highest card of the winning suit.

_=Calling for a Sight.=_ Suppose four players have the following caves
in front of them: A, 35; B, 60; C, 120; and D, 185. D blinds five,
deals, and turns the heart 9. A puts up all his 35 counters. B passes
out. C raises 50, putting up 85; and D bets everything, 180 more than
his blind. A demands a sight for his 35, and C puts up the remainder of
his 120, and calls a sight for them. Then D withdraws his superfluous
65, and it is a call. No one has a brelan, so all the hands are shown,
and the cards lie thus:--

[Illustration:

              🂮 🃉 🃈

            +-------+
            |   B   |
  🂡 🂭 🂩     |C     A|  🃑 🃞 🃙
            |   D   |
            +-------+

              🂱 🂾 🃝        🂹
]

The point is exactly even for clubs and spades, 40 in each. In case of
ties, the dealer, or the player nearest him on the right wins. In this
case A wins on account of his position, so clubs is the winning suit,
and A has the best card of it. But he can win from C and D only the
amount for which he called a sight, _i.e._ 35 counters. He therefore
takes down 105 as his share of the pool, leaving 170 to be decided
between C and D. Now, although C has a better point than D, it is one
of the principles of the game that the suit that wins cannot lose at
the same time; and as D has a card of the winning suit, while C has
not, D wins the remainder of the pool. If neither C nor D had a card of
the winning suit, C would win from D on account of his better point.

If we transposed the club ace and spade ace, spades would be the
winning suit, because the elder hand, A, had the best card of it; but C
would take the remainder of the pool, because he held a spade, while D
did not.

As it is, C is decavé, and must purchase another stake, or retire from
the game. If C had lost this pool with a brelan in his hand, he would
not be decavé; because after losing the pool, and all he had staked
therein, B, who had passed out, would have to pay him for the brelan,
and with this one white counter he would have to call for a sight in
the next pool he entered.

_=Methods of Cheating.=_ As in all games in which winning depends
entirely on the cards held, and not on the manner of playing them,
Bouillotte offers many opportunities to the greek. The small number
of cards in the pack, and the consequent ease with which they may be
handled, enable even the clumsiest card sharpers to run up brelan
carrés, make false shuffles, and shift cuts. There is one trick, called
the poussette, which consists in surreptitiously placing more counters
on the table when the player finds he has a hand worth backing. Marked
cards, and packs trimmed to taper one way, biseautés, are among the
most common weapons of the French tricheurs. As in Poker, it is best to
avoid playing with strangers.

_=Suggestions for Good Play.=_ Beyond the usual qualifications
necessary to succeed with any member of the poker family, Bouillotte
requires some study of the probable value of the point, which value
will vary with the number of players engaged in the coup. For instance:
The first player to say, having only 21 in his hand, should ante; but
if two other players had already anted, 31, or even 40 would be a
doubtful hand. If a bet had been made and met by another player, such a
point should generally be laid down.

With good cards it is always better for the eldest hand to pass,
especially with a brelan, for he will then have an opportunity to judge
of the value of the hands against him, and he can raise the bet to
his advantage. Good players will not bet on an ace alone, unless the
suit is turned up; nor on a point of 21 with a weak card of the turn-up
suit. If three play in a pool the point should be very strong to follow
beyond the first raise; and if four players are engaged, it is almost a
certainty that brelans will be shown.

When a player with a brelan has frightened off his opponents with a big
bet, it is usual to _=stifle=_ the brelan, as it is considered more to
the player’s advantage to leave his adversaries under the impression
that he may have been bluffing than to show the hand for the sake of
the one white counter to which it entitles him. With three cards of
one suit to the King, it is usual to bet high, in order to drive out
anything but a brelan. Any player holding ace and another of the suit
will of course abandon his hand, as his point is worth only 21 at the
most, and the player with three to the King will get the benefit of his
cards when the point is counted.


AMBIGU.

_=Cards.=_ Ambigu is played with a pack of forty cards, the K Q J of
each suit being deleted. The cards rank in the order of their numerical
value, the 10 being the highest, and the ace the lowest. Two packs may
be used alternately.

_=Players.=_ Any number from two to six may form the table, and the
arrangements for seats, first deal, etc., should be decided as at
Bouillotte.

_=Stakes.=_ Each player begins with an equal number of counters, the
value of which must be determined beforehand. A betting limit should be
agreed upon, and one player should be the banker for the evening.

_=Blind.=_ Before the cards are dealt, each player deposits one counter
in the pool; there is no straddle.

_=Dealing.=_ The cards are cut to the left, and dealt to the right, and
two cards are given to each player, one at a time, face down.

_=Method of Playing.=_ Each player in turn, beginning on the dealer’s
right, examines his hand, and if satisfied with it he says: “Enough.”
If not satisfied, he may discard one or both of his cards, and receive
others from the top of the pack. In either case he places two white
counters in the pool for his ante. All having decided to stand or
to draw, the remainder of the pack, exclusive of the discards, is
reshuffled and cut; each player is then given two more cards, one at
a time, and face down. Each in turn examines his four cards, and if
satisfied he says: “I play;” if not, he says: “I pass.” If all pass,
the dealer has the choice of two things: He may gather the cards and
deal again, each player putting another counter into the pool, or he
may put up two white counters himself, and compel the players to retain
the cards dealt them, the dealer keeping his also.

Any person announcing to play may put up as many counters as he pleases
within the betting limit. If no person will stay with him, he takes
back his raise, leaving the antes, and is paid two counters by the last
player who refuses. If two or more declare to play they can either meet
the amount offered by the first player, or raise him. If any player
declines to meet a raise, he must abandon his hand. If no one will call
the last raise, the player making it takes the pool, and then shows his
hand, and demands payment from each of the other players for whatever
combination he holds. If two or more players call, by making their bets
equal, they again draw cards, having the privilege of discarding any
number from one to four, or of standing pat. After the draw each in
turn can pass or play. If all pass, the hands are abandoned, and the
pool remains; each player adding one counter for the next deal. This is
to force players to bet on their hands. If a bet is made, the calling
and raising proceeds as in Draw Poker.

When there are not enough cards to supply the players, the discards
must be gathered, shuffled, and cut. Any player with too many or too
few cards must abandon his hand as foul. Any player showing his cards
must abandon his hand, and forfeit four counters to the pool.

The general laws of Poker governing all irregularities may be applied
to Ambigu; but it must be remembered that the French are very much
averse to penalties of all kinds, and if an error can be rectified
without doing an injustice to any player, it is usual to set things
right in the simplest manner possible.

_=Value of the Hands.=_ There are seven combinations of value in
Ambigu, which rank in the following order, beginning with the lowest:--

_=The Point.=_ The total number of pips on two or more cards of the
same suit. A single card does not count for the point. Three cards of
one suit are a better point than two cards, even if there are more pips
on the two cards. If no higher combination than a point is shown, the
player with the winning point receives _=one counter=_ from each of the
other players at the table, besides winning the pool, and everything in
it. In case of ties, the player having two cards in sequence wins. For
instance: an 8 and a 7 will beat a 10 and a 5. If this does not decide
it, the elder hand wins.

_=The Prime.=_ Four cards of different suits, sometimes called a
Dutch flush, is a better hand than the point. If a prime is the best
combination shown, the holder wins the pool, and receives _=two
counters=_ from each of the other players. If the pips in the prime
aggregate more than thirty, it is called _=Grand Prime=_, and the
holder receives _=three counters=_ from each of the other players,
instead of two. If two or more primes are shown, the one with the
highest number of pips wins. If this is still a tie, the elder hand
wins.

_=A Sequence=_ is a bobtail straight flush; that is, three of the four
cards are in sequence, such as the 2, 3 and 4 of spades, with an odd
card, such as a 9. This is a better combination than a prime, and the
holder receives _=three counters=_ from each player. In case of ties,
the highest sequence wins. If the sequence flush is one of four cards,
it is a doublet.

_=A Tricon=_, or three of a kind, is better than a straight, and
entitles the holder to _=four counters=_ from each of the other
players. Pairs have no value.

_=A Flush=_ is four cards of the same suit, not necessarily in
sequence, and is better than a tricon. The holder is paid _=five
counters=_ by each of the other players, in addition to winning the
pool.

_=Doublets.=_ Any hand containing a double combination will beat any
single combination. For instance: A player holds three of a kind, and
the fourth card in his hand is of a different suit from any of his
triplet. His hand is a double combination, prime and tricon, and will
beat a flush. A sequence of four cards of the same suit is a double
combination, and will beat anything but a fredon. When doublets are
shown, the holder is paid for both combinations, _=six=_ for tricon and
prime, or _=eight=_ for sequence and flush, as the case may be.

_=A Fredon=_, or four of a kind, is the best possible hand, and the
holder is paid _=ten or eleven counters=_ by each of the other players,
according to the pip value of his cards. He is paid eight counters for
fredon, and two for the prime, if it is smaller than 8’s; but he claims
grand prime if he has four 9’s, or four 10’S, and gets eleven counters.

In case of _=ties=_ which cannot be decided by the pip values, the
elder hand wins.

Even if a player has lost his entire stake in the pool, he must pay
the various combinations shown, and it is usual to reserve about ten
counters for this purpose.

_=Betting the Hands.=_ After the last cards have been drawn, the
players proceed to bet upon their hands precisely as at Poker. If a
player makes a bet or raise which no one will call, he takes the pool,
and then shows his hand and demands payment for the combination he
holds. It is very unusual for a player to stifle a hand at Ambigu, as
he would at Bouillotte. If a call is made, the players in the call show
and compare their cards, and the best hand wins the pool. Only the
player who wins the pool can demand payment for combinations held.


TEXT-BOOKS ON POKER.

  Draw Poker, by John W. Keller, 1887.
  Round Games, by Baxter-Wray, 1891.
  Complete Poker Player, by John Blackbridge, 1875.
  Proctor on Draw Poker, 1883.
  Schenck’s Rules for Draw Poker, 1872.
  The Poker Book, by Richard Guerndale, 1888.
  The Gentlemen’s Handbook of Poker, by J.W. Florence, 1892.
  Poker Rules in Rhyme, by Geo. W. Allen, 1895.
  Science of Draw Poker, by David A. Curtis, 1901.
  Poker, Brentano’s Pocket Library Series, by R.F. Foster, 1897.
  Practical Poker, with complete laws, by R.F. Foster, 1905.
  Treatise on Poker, by E.P. Philpots, 1904.
  Poker probabilities, by Alleyne Reynolds, 1901.
  The Game of Draw Poker, Mathematically Illustrated, by H.T.
    Winterblossom, 1875.




THE EUCHRE FAMILY.


This family embraces four of the best known and most popular games
in the world, each of which has been considered the national game in
its own country: Écarté in France; Napoleon in England; Spoil Five in
Ireland; and Euchre in America.

It has always been the custom to trace the origin of Euchre to a
variety of Triomphe, or French Ruff, probably introduced to America by
the French of Louisiana; and to claim Écarté as its cousin, and the
French survivor of the parent game. In the opinion of the author, both
the game and its name go to show that Euchre is of mixed stock, and
probably originated in an attempt to play the ancient Irish game of
Spoil Five with a piquet pack. “Euchre” is not a French word, but the
meaning of it is identical with “Spoil Five”; both names signifying
that the object of the game is to prevent the maker of the trump from
getting three tricks. In the one game he is “spoiled;” in the other he
is “euchred.” In the old game of Triomphe, in Écarté, and in the black
suits in Spoil Five, the order of the court cards in plain suits is
the same, the ace ranking below the Jack. But in Euchre the Jack ranks
above the ace when the suit is trumps, exactly as it does in Spoil
Five. In the latter game the five is the best trump; but as there is no
five in a piquet pack, that trump was probably disregarded, leaving the
Jack the best. Taking up, or “robbing” the turn-up trump, is another
trait common to both Spoil Five and Euchre.

Spoil Five and Triomphe are mentioned in the earliest works on card
games. Triomphe can be traced to 1520, when it was popular in Spain;
and the origin of Maw, the parent of Spoil Five, is lost in the mists
of Irish antiquity. It was the fashionable game during the reign of
James I.

The old Spanish game of Triomphe, now obsolete, seems to have undergone
several changes after its introduction to France. At first it was
played either by two persons, or by two pairs of partners. If one
side had bad cards, they could offer to abandon the hand, and allow
the adversaries to count a point without playing. If the adversaries
refused, they were obliged to win all five tricks or lose two points.
It was compulsory to win the trick if possible, and to trump,
over-trump, or under-trump if the player had none of the suit led. This
peculiarity survives in the games of Rams and Loo, which also belong to
the euchre family.

After a time we find a variation introduced in which any number from
two to six could play, each for himself, and the player first winning
two tricks out of the five marked the point. Later still we find the
ace ranking above the King, thus becoming the best trump. If the ace
was turned up, the dealer had the privilege of robbing it, or the
holder of the ace of trumps could rob the turn-up, discarding any card
he pleased, just as in Spoil Five. But in Triomphe the dealer turned up
another card, and if that was of the trump suit the holder of the ace
could rob that also, and so on until he turned a card of a different
suit. This did not alter the trump, but merely stopped the robbing
process. Whether or not Triomphe borrowed this feature from Spoil Five
or Maw, it is now impossible to say.

Whatever its origin, Euchre has always been the most respectable member
of the family, and the game of all others that has best served the
card-playing interest in social life. Spoil Five probably comes next
in point of respectability; but Écarté has often fallen into evil
hands, and the very name is in some places regarded as synonymous for
gambling. The same is true of Napoleon, but in less degree. Euchre,
unlike the other members of the family, is not essentially a gambling
game, but belongs rather to the intellectual group of card games; a
position which we hope it may long maintain.


EUCHRE.

_=CARDS.=_ Euchre is played with what is commonly known as the piquet
pack, 32 cards, all below the 7 being deleted. In plain suits the cards
rank as at Whist; but in the trump suit the Jack is the best, and it is
called the _=Right Bower=_. The Jack of the same colour as the trump
suit, red or black, is the second-best trump, and it is called the
_=Left Bower=_; so that if clubs were trumps the rank of the nine cards
in the trump suit would be as follows:--

[Illustration:

  🃛 🂫 🃑 🃞 🃝 🃚 🃙 🃘 🃗
]

The rank of the cards in the other suits would be:--

[Illustration:

  🂡 🂮 🂭 🂪 🂩 🂨 🂧
  🂱 🂾 🂽 🂻 🂺 🂹 🂸 🂷
  🃁 🃎 🃍 🃋 🃊 🃉 🃈 🃇
]

When the _=Joker=_, or blank card is used, it is always the best trump,
ranking above the right bower. In cutting, the ace is low, the other
cards ranking as in plain suits. A player cutting the Joker must cut
again.

_=COUNTERS=_ or whist markers may be used for keeping the score, but it
is much more common to use the small cards from the deleted portion of
the pack. The game is five points, and the best method of scoring is to
use the 4 and 3 of any suit. When the 3 is face up, but covered by the
4 face down, it counts _=one=_. When the 4 is face up, covered by the 3
face down, it counts _=two=_. When the 4 is face down, covered by the 3
face up, it counts _=three=_. When the 3 is face down, covered by the 4
face up, it counts _=four=_.

[Illustration:

  [🃓 covered by   [🃔 covered by   [🃓 covering a   [🃔 covering a
  facedown card]   facedown card]   facedown card]   facedown card]
       ONE.             TWO.            THREE.            FOUR.
]

The number of pips exposed on the card which is face up is immaterial;
the relative position of the two cards will always determine the score.

Rubber or game scores must be kept on a whist marker, or on a sheet of
paper.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Euchre may be played by any number of persons from two to
seven; but in the seven-handed game the full pack of fifty-three cards
is used. Whatever the number of players, they cut for positions at the
table, for partners, and for the deal.

_=CUTTING.=_ The cards are usually spread, face down, and each
candidate for play draws a card.

[Illustration: SPREADING THE PACK.]

When _=two=_ or _=three=_ play, the lowest cut has the choice of seats,
and takes the first deal. When _=four=_ play, they cut for partners;
the two highest pairing against the two lowest. The lowest has the
choice of seats, and deals the first hand. When _=five=_ or _=seven=_
play, they have the choice of seats in their order, the lowest first,
and the lowest cut deals. When _=six=_ play, the three lowest are
partners against the three highest, the lowest cut having the choice of
seats, and the first deal.

_=TIES.=_ Players cutting cards of equal value cut again; but the new
cut decides nothing but the tie.

_=PLAYER’S POSITIONS.=_ The _=eldest hand=_, or age, sits on the left
of the dealer, and the _=pone=_ sits on the dealer’s right. There are
no distinctive names for the other positions.

When _=two=_ play, they sit opposite each other. When _=three=_ play,
each for himself, the game is known as _=Cut Throat=_, and the position
of the players is immaterial. When _=four=_ play, the partners sit
opposite each other. When _=five=_ or _=seven=_ play, the maker of the
trump in each deal selects his partners, and they play against the
others without any change in their positions at the table. When _=six=_
play, three are partners against the other three, and the opposing
players sit alternately round the table.

_=STAKES.=_ If there is any stake upon the game, its amount must be
settled before play begins. When _=rubbers=_ are played, it is usual to
make the stake so much a rubber point. If the winners of the game are
five points to their adversaries’ nothing, they win a _=treble=_, and
count three rubber points. If the losers have scored one or two points
only, the winners mark two points for a _=double=_. If the losers have
reached three or four, the winners mark one for a _=single=_. The side
winning the rubber adds two points to its score for so doing; so that
the largest rubber possible is one of eight points;--two triples to
nothing, and two added for the rubber. The smallest possible is one
point;--two singles and the rubber, against a triple. If the first two
games are won by the same partners, the third is not played.

_=DEALING.=_ Any player has the right to shuffle the cards, the dealer
last. The pack must be presented to the pone to be cut, and he must
leave at least four cards in each packet. Beginning on his left, the
dealer distributes the cards either two at a time and then three, or
three and then two to each player in rotation, until all have five
cards. Whichever number, two or three, the dealer begins with, he must
continue giving the same number to every player, including himself, for
the first round. After the cards are dealt, the next card is turned
face up on the remainder of the pack, except in five and seven-handed
Euchre, in which no trump is turned. Each player deals in turn to the
left, until the conclusion of the game or rubber.

_=Irregularities in the Deal.=_ If any card is found faced in the pack,
the dealer must deal again. Should the dealer expose any card but the
trump while dealing, the adversaries may demand a new deal by the same
dealer. Should any adversary of the dealer expose a card, the dealer
may elect to deal again. A player dealing out of turn may be stopped
before the trump card is turned; but after that the deal must stand,
afterward passing to the left in regular order. On the completion of
the deal, if any player has more or less than five cards, it is a
misdeal, and the deal passes to the player on the misdealer’s left.

The dealer loses his deal if he neglects to have the pack cut; if he
deals a card incorrectly, and fails to remedy the error before dealing
another; if he counts the cards on the table, or those remaining in the
pack; or if he deals two cards to one player and three to another in
the same round.

If the pack is found to be imperfect, the deal in which the error is
discovered is void; but all previous scores stand good.

_=MAKING THE TRUMP.=_ Although a card is turned up at the end of
the deal, the suit to which it belongs is not necessarily the trump
for that hand. Each player in turn, beginning on the dealer’s left,
whether he be an adversary or a partner of the dealer’s, may insist
on the turn-up suit remaining the trump; or he may declare that he is
indifferent as to which suit is the trump, the one turned up or some
other. But should one player in his proper turn decide in favour of the
turn-up, no player after him can alter the decision. When it comes to
the dealer’s turn, if no other player has decided to retain the suit
turned up, he must either let the trump remain as it is, or insist on
its being changed.

As the individual or side that settles which suit shall be the trump is
said to _=make the trump=_, it will be necessary to describe the method
of scoring in order to understand the principles that guide the players
in deciding on the trump suit.

_=SCORING.=_ Euchre is played for tricks. If the side that makes the
trump takes three or four tricks out of the five possible, it scores
one point. If the side wins all five tricks, it scores two points for
a _=march=_. If the player that makes the trump fails to win three
tricks, he is _=euchred=_, and his adversaries score two points for
the euchre. _=When four play=_, if the player who makes the trump
declares to play _=alone=_, that is, without any assistance from his
partner, who must lay down his cards, the maker of the trump scores
four points if he succeeds in winning all five tricks, and one point if
he wins three or four tricks. But if he fails to win three tricks, he
is euchred, and the adversaries score two points. _=When three play=_,
a lone hand counts three if the player wins all five tricks. _=When two
play=_, five tricks is simply a march, and counts two points. _=When
five or seven play=_, there are special scores for lone hands. When all
five tricks are taken by one side, but not by an individual playing
a lone hand, it is simply a march, and counts two points, no matter
how many are playing. When two or three are playing, a march must of
course be a lone hand, as there are no partnerships. As we shall see
later, there are some varieties of Euchre in which a lone hand may play
against a lone hand, but this is not permitted in the ordinary game.

No one but the individual player who makes the trump can play alone.

Except in five and seven-handed Euchre, the player or side first
reaching five points wins the game. If three are playing, and two of
them reach five points simultaneously by euchreing the third, they both
win a game. If they are playing for stakes, they divide the pool.

_=TAKING UP THE TRUMP.=_ After the trump is turned up, each player in
turn examines his cards, and if he does not care whether the trump
suit remains unchanged or not, he says: “_=I pass=_.” If all pass, the
dealer must decide. The dealer has the advantage of being allowed to
take the trump card into his own hand, discarding one of his worthless
cards in its place. If he thinks he can make three tricks with the
turn-up suit for trumps, and his partner’s probable assistance, or can
win five tricks by playing alone, he discards any card he pleases,
placing it under the remainder of the pack, face down, and without
showing or naming it. If the dealer decides to play alone, it is usual
for him to pass his discard across the table to his partner, face down,
so that there may be no misunderstanding his intention.

The dealer may take up the trump card at any time during the play of
the hand; but it is usual to leave it on the pack until it is played to
a trick. No one but the dealer can take the trump into his hand.

_=TURNING DOWN THE TRUMP.=_ If the dealer fears that he and his partner
cannot make three tricks with the turn-up suit for trumps, or would
prefer to have the suit changed, he can pass. If he passes, he takes
the trump card from the top of the pack, and places it face upward, and
partly under the pack, in such a manner that it can be distinctly seen.

[Illustration:

   [🃘 on top of pack      [Facedown pack
 covering facedown card]    covering 🃘]
        TAKEN UP.           TURNED DOWN.
]

_=CHANGING THE TRUMP.=_ It then becomes the turn of the other players,
each in succession to the left of the dealer, to name some other suit
for the trump, or to pass a second time. If the suit of the same colour
as the turn-up is named for the new trump, it is usual to say: “_=I
make it next=_.” If a suit of a different colour is named, it is called
_=crossing the suit=_, and some players, if a red suit is turned, will
say: “I _=cross=_ to clubs.”

Any player naming a new suit may announce to play alone at the same
time. The side that makes the new trump must make at least three
tricks, or it will be euchred, and the adversaries will count two
points. If a player names the suit that has just been turned down, he
loses his right to make the trump; and if he corrects himself, and
names another suit, he debars not only himself but his partner from
making the trump. One player having named a new trump suit in his
proper turn, his decision is binding on all the others; but should a
player name a suit out of his proper turn, both he and his partner are
debarred from making that suit the trump. If no one will name a new
trump, the deal is void, and passes to the next player on the dealer’s
left.

_=ORDERING UP THE TRUMP.=_ Instead of passing the turn-up trump on
the first round, any player who thinks it would be to his advantage
to have the turn-up remain the trump, may order the dealer to take
it up. In doing so he says: “_=I order it=_,” if he is an adversary;
or: “_=I assist=_,” if he is the dealer’s partner. In either case the
player making the trump may announce a lone hand at the same time. His
side must make at least three tricks, whether he plays alone or not,
or it is a euchre, and the adversaries will count two points. In case
an adversary of the dealer plays alone, he must distinctly announce it
when he orders up the trump. The usual expression is: “_=I order it
alone=_.” His partner then lays his cards face downward on the table
and takes no further part in the play of that hand. If he exposes any
card of the abandoned hand, the adversaries can call upon him to take
up the hand and play it, leaving the exposed card on the table as
liable to be called. This of course prevents the lone hand.

If the dealer’s partner wishes to play alone, instead of assisting,
he says: “_=I play this alone=_,” and the dealer lays down his cards,
leaving the trump on the pack.

_=PLAYING ALONE.=_ No player but the one that takes up, orders up,
or makes the trump can play a lone hand. If the dealer takes up the
trump card of his own accord, he can play alone. If any player orders
up or assists, that player can play alone. Any player making a new
trump after the first has been turned down, can play alone. If one
player orders up the trump, neither his partner nor his adversary can
play alone; and if the dealer’s partner assists, that prevents the
dealer from playing a lone hand. In many clubs the mistake is made of
allowing the dealer to play alone on his partner’s assist; or letting
the pone play alone after the dealer has been assisted; or letting the
partner of the player who makes the new trump play alone. This is not
good Euchre, because it gives an unfair advantage to one side, as we
shall see when we come to the suggestions for good play, especially in
connection with ordering up at what is called the “bridge;” that is,
when the score is 4 to 1, or 4 to 0.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The trump settled, the eldest hand, or the
player next him on the left, if the partner of the eldest hand is
playing alone, begins by leading any card he pleases, and the others
must follow suit if they can. Failure to follow suit when able is a
_=revoke=_, if the error is not discovered and corrected before the
trick in which it occurs is turned and quitted. If the player discovers
his mistake in time, the card played in error must be left on the
table, and is liable to be called. When a revoke is discovered and
claimed by the adversaries, it is usual to abandon the hand, and the
adversaries of the revoking player can either deduct two points from
his score, or add two to their own score, for every revoke made during
the hand. The penalty cannot be divided. If both sides revoke, the deal
is void, and the same dealer must deal again.

Any player having none of the suit led may either trump, or throw away
a card of another suit. The highest card played, if of the suit led,
wins the trick, trumps winning against all other suits, and a higher
trump winning a lower. The winner of the trick may lead any card he
pleases for the next trick, and so on, until all five tricks have been
played. If the dealer takes the trump into his hand, any player naming
it is liable to have his highest or lowest trump called; but a player
may ask and must be informed what the trump suit is.

_=Cards Played in Error.=_ All cards led out of turn, played in error,
or two or more played to a trick, or dropped face upward on the table,
are called _=exposed cards=_, and must be left face up on the table.
These must be played when called by the adversaries, unless compliance
with the demand would make the player revoke; but the fact of their
being exposed does not prevent their being got rid of in the course
of play if the opportunity offers. Some persons imagine that the
adversaries can prevent an exposed card from being played; but such is
not the case in Euchre. A person playing a lone hand is not liable to
any penalty for exposing his cards, nor for leading out of turn, for he
has no partner to derive any benefit from the information conveyed.

_=Leading Out of Turn.=_ Should any person, not playing alone, lead out
of turn, the adversaries may call a suit from the player in error, or
from his partner, when it is next the turn of either of them to lead.
The demand must be made by the person who will be the last player on
the trick in which the suit is called. If all have played to the lead
before discovering the error, it cannot be rectified; but if all have
not played, those who have followed the false lead must take back their
cards, which are not liable to be called.

Any player may ask the others to _=draw cards=_ in any trick, provided
he does so before the cards are touched for the purpose of gathering
them. In answer to this demand, each player should indicate which card
of those on the table he played. No one is allowed to see any trick
that has been turned and quitted.

_=Taking Tricks.=_ As the tricks are taken they should be neatly laid
one upon the other in such a manner that any player at the table can
count them. All tricks belonging to one side should be kept together.
At the end of each hand the score should be claimed and marked. Revokes
must be detected and claimed before the cards are cut for the following
deal.

_=CUTTING OUT.=_ When the play is confined to four players, rubbers are
usually played, and the table is complete with six persons, two looking
on, and awaiting their turn. At the end of a rubber, if there are more
than four players belonging to the table, those who have just played
cut to decide which shall give place to those waiting, the players
cutting the highest cards going out. If six belong to the table, there
will be no further cutting out, as those who are out for one rubber
re-enter for the next, taking the places of those who have played
two consecutive rubbers. If five belong to the table, the three who
remained in for the second rubber must cut to allow the fifth player to
re-enter. At the end of the third rubber, the two cut that have not yet
been out; and at the end of the fourth rubber the one who has played
every rubber goes out without cutting. Partners and deal are cut for at
the beginning of each new rubber.

_=METHODS OF CHEATING.=_ All the Euchre family of games, especially
Écarté and Napoleon, offer numerous opportunities to the greek. So well
is this known in Europe that it is considered extremely foolish for any
person to play Écarté in mixed companies. The small number of cards in
the pack, and the custom of dealing two and three at a time, gives the
dealer an opportunity to bunch four valuable cards, of which he can
give himself three, and turn up the fourth. False shuffles, shifted
cuts, and marked cards are formidable weapons. The telegraph between
partners, and the variation in tone or words in passing are frequently
used by card-sharpers. One of the commonest devices in America is the
use of what are known as “jack strippers.” These are two Jacks, usually
both of the same colour, which can be withdrawn from any portion of the
pack by the fingers of an expert, and placed on the top. When the sharp
deals, he places cards enough on these to supply the other players on
the first round, so that the strippers will come to him. When only two
are playing, he strips them out and leaves them on the top when he cuts
the cards, so that they shall be dealt to him. Never play Euchre or
Écarté with a man who cuts the pack with both hands.

Any person who is tempted to bet on any game in the Euchre family
should remember the advice of the worldly-wise Parisian to his son:
“Until you have four eyes in your head, risk not your gold at Écarté.”

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ The chief points for the beginner to
understand are. When to order up; when to assist; when to take up;
when to play alone; and what to make the trump if it is turned down.
His decision in each case will be governed largely by his position at
the table, and by the score. The following suggestions are for four
players, two being partners against the other two, and playing without
the Joker; that being the most common form of the game. The general
principles underlying these suggestions for the four-handed game will
be found equally valuable in any form of Euchre.

_=ORDERING UP.=_ Although probabilities are of little practical value
in Euchre, it may be well to remember that there are nine cards in
the trump suit; but as only two-thirds of the pack is dealt out, the
average number of trumps among four players will be six. Of these, the
dealer always has the advantage of being sure of one more than his
share, and it is safe to reckon upon the dealer to hold at least two
trumps. He may also be counted for a missing suit, for he will discard
any losing card of an odd suit when he takes up the trump.

_=The Eldest Hand=_ should not order up the trump unless he has such
cards that he is reasonably certain of three tricks without any
assistance from his partner, and cannot be sure of two tricks if the
trump is turned down. When he holds one or two bowers, especially if he
has cards of the next suit; that is, the suit of the same colour as the
turn-up, he should always pass; because if the dealer takes it up he
will probably be euchred, and if he turns it down, the eldest hand will
have the first say, and can make it next. It is seldom right to order
up a bower, because the dealer will rarely turn down such a card.

There are exceptional cases in which the eldest hand may order up with
little or nothing. One of the most common is when the adversaries of
the dealer are at the _=bridge=_; that is, when their score is 4, and
the dealer’s side has only 1 or 2 marked. It is obvious that if the
dealer or his partner plays alone, he will win the game; but if the
trump is ordered up the most he can score is 2 points for a euchre,
and the player who orders up will then have a chance to go out on his
own deal. For this reason it has come to be regarded as imperative for
the eldest hand to order up at the bridge, unless he holds the right
bower, or the left bower guarded, or the ace twice guarded, any one
of which combinations is certain to win a trick against a lone hand
if the eldest hand does not lead trumps himself. Another case is when
the score is 4 to 4, and the eldest hand has average trump strength,
good side cards, but nothing in the next suit. It is better to order
it up, and risk the game on such a hand than to take the chance of the
dealer’s turning it down.

_=The Pone=_, who is the partner of the eldest hand, orders up at
the bridge on exactly opposite principles. The fact that the eldest
hand did not order up shows that the dealer cannot make a lone hand.
This should indicate to the pone that his partner has a certain trick
in trumps, and if the pone holds any good trumps himself, he can
often guess what his partner’s trumps are. For instance: The ace is
turned, and the pone holds the left bower guarded. The eldest hand
must have the right bower, or four trumps to the King. If the eldest
hand has passed at the bridge, and the pone has strong trumps himself,
especially the ace or left bower and two small trumps, he should order
up the trump; not to save the game, but to be sure of winning it by
preventing the dealer from turning it down. If the pone does not order
up at the bridge, the eldest hand may infer that he is weak in trumps.

When it is not a bridge, the pone should be guided by the same
principles as those given for the eldest hand, because he may be sure
that his partner will make it next if it is turned down, unless he has
a certainty of three tricks by crossing.

If a player calls his partner’s attention to the fact that they are at
the bridge, both lose their right to order up.

_=ASSISTING.=_ The dealer’s partner usually assists on plain-suit
cards, such as two aces, rather than on trumps. The score and the
turn-up trump will often be a guide as to whether or not to assist. For
instance: If the score is 1 all, or to 2 to 1, and a bower is turned,
it is rarely right to assist, because it prevents the dealer from
playing alone. If the partner has good suit cards, they may be useful
to make a march; if he has strong trumps, especially if sure of three
tricks, he should play alone, instead of assisting. If the score is 3
in the dealer’s favour, he does not need a lone hand to win the game,
and with two reasonably certain tricks in his own hand the dealer’s
partner should assist, as they may win the game by a march.

If the dealer’s side is at the bridge, the score being 4 to 1 or 4 to
0 in their favour, and the eldest hand passes, the dealer’s partner
must be on the alert to prevent the pone from placing a lone hand. He
should assist unless a bower is turned, or he has it himself, or holds
such cards that, combined with the turn-up, he is sure of a trick. For
instance: The dealer’s partner has the King and two other trumps, and
the ace is turned. It is impossible for the pone to make a lone hand,
even if he has both bowers, and the ace is bare; for he cannot catch
the King, even if his partner leads the trump through it. But if a
small trump was turned, the pone might easily make a lone hand with
both bowers and the ace.

_=TAKING UP.=_ The average expectation of the dealer is something over
two trumps, including the turn-up. With more than two trumps, or with
two strong trumps, and a reasonably certain trick in a plain suit, the
dealer should take up the trump. Three trumps of any size and an ace in
plain suits is a strong take-up hand. It is better to take up the trump
with only one plain suit in the hand, and small trumps, than with two
strong trumps and two weak plain suits. The score will often decide the
dealer in taking up the trump. For instance: At 4 all, it is useless
to turn anything down unless you have a certain euchre in the next
suit, and nothing in the turn-up. Even then, the adversaries are almost
certain to cross the suit and go out. With the score 3 all, the dealer
should be very careful about taking up on a weak hand, because a euchre
loses the game. If he is weak, but has a chance in the next suit, or
a bower in the cross suits, he should turn it down. It is a common
stratagem to turn it down for a euchre when the dealer is better in the
next suit, and has only 2 to go.

_=PLAYING ALONE.=_ The dealer has the best chance to get a lone hand;
but the eldest hand is more likely to succeed with one, on account of
the advantage of the lead. It is an invariable rule for any player
to go alone when he has three certain tricks, unless he is 3 up, and
can win the game with a march. A lone hand should be played with both
bowers and the ace, no matter how worthless the other cards; or with
five trumps to the ace without either bower; or two high trumps and
three aces in plain suits; or three good trumps and two aces. The
theory of this is that while the march might possibly be made with
partner’s assistance, if partner has the cards necessary to make a
march, the adversaries have little or nothing, and there is a very good
chance to make a lone hand if three tricks of it are certain. Both
bowers and the ace, with only the seven and eight of a plain suit have
made many a lone hand. If the lone player is not caught on the plain
suit at the first trick, the adversaries may discard it to keep higher
cards in the other suit; or they may have none of it from the first.
There is always a chance, and it should be taken.

The dealer’s partner, and the pone, should be very careful in playing
lone hands, and should never risk them except with three certain
tricks, no matter what suit is led first.

With three sure tricks, some players make it a rule to play alone,
provided the two other cards are both of the same suit.

_=MAKING THE TRUMP.=_ When the trump is turned down, the general rule
is for the eldest hand to make it next. The exceptions are when he has
nothing in the next suit, but has at least two certain tricks in the
cross suit, and a probable trick in a plain suit. It is safer to make
it next with a weak hand than to cross it on moderate strength, for
the presumption is that neither the dealer nor his partner had a bower
in the turn-down suit, and therefore have none in the next suit. Such
being the case, it is very likely that one or both may be strong in the
cross suits, and it is not considered good policy to cross the suit
unless so strong in it as to be reasonably certain of three tricks.
Some players invariably make it next, regardless of their hands, unless
they can play alone in the cross suit. Such a habit exposes them to the
common artifice of the dealer’s turning it down for a euchre. A dealer
holding a bower and three cards of the next suit, will often turn it
down, and trust to the eldest hand making it next, which will give the
dealer four trumps instead of two. The eldest hand should be on his
guard against this when the dealer’s side has 3 scored.

The dealer’s partner, on the other hand, should cross the suit almost
as invariably as the eldest hand should make it next; for if his
partner cannot take up the trump, and the eldest hand cannot make it
next, their hands must be weak, and if it is passed to the pone, he
will probably turn out to have a lone hand. The best chance is to cross
the suit, unless the player has three certain tricks in his own hand by
making it next, such as five trumps to the ace, or four trumps and a
plain-suit ace. With such cards he should play alone.

The pone should never make the trump unless he has three certain
tricks, and is willing to play a lone hand. If the dealer turns it
down, and both the eldest hand and the dealer’s partner pass a second
time, there must be a nigger in the woodpile somewhere.

_=LEADING.=_ The general principle of leading is to make tricks while
you can. It is useless to save up tenaces in plain suits, because there
are only five tricks to play, two of which are certain to fall to the
trumps, and it is very improbable that any player will lead up to you
a small card of a plain suit that will go round twice. It is seldom
right to lead small cards of a plain suit. There is a better chance to
make a trick with the King by leading it than by keeping it guarded.
In the trump suit, tenaces are very strong, and should be preserved,
especially if the tenace is over the turn-up trump. There is a familiar
example of the importance of tenace when only two play, in which one
person holds the major tenace in trumps, hearts, and must win three
tricks, no matter which player leads. The cards in one hand are:--

[Illustration:

  🂻 🂱 🂺 🂡 🂮
]

and those in the other hand are;--

[Illustration:

  🃋 🂾 🂽 🂹 🃑
]

If the player with the major tenace has to lead first, all he has to
do is to force his adversary with the plain suit, spades. Whatever the
adversary leads, the player with the major tenace simply wins it, and
forces again. If the player with the four trumps has the first lead, it
does not matter what card he plays; the player with the major tenace
wins it, and forces with the plain suit. As long as the major tenace in
trumps is not led away from, it must win three tricks in trumps.

_=Leading Trumps.=_ With strong cards in plain suits, the eldest
hand may often lead trumps to advantage if the dealer’s partner has
assisted, especially if the turn-up trump is small. It is seldom right
to lead trumps if the dealer has taken up the trump of his own accord;
but an exception is usually made when the eldest hand holds three
trumps, and two aces in plain suits. The best chance for a euchre is
to exhaust the trumps, so as to make the aces good for tricks. If the
pone has ordered up the trump, the eldest hand should lead trumps to
him immediately; but the pone should not lead trumps to his partner if
the eldest hand has ordered up at the bridge. If a bower is turned, the
dealer’s partner should lead a small trump at the first opportunity.

In playing against a lone hand the best cards in plain suits should
always be led, trumps never. In playing alone, it is best to lead
winning trumps as long as they last, so as to force discards, which
will often leave intermediate cards in plain suits good for tricks.

_=Second Hand.=_ Play the best card you have second hand, and cover
everything led if you can. With King and another or Queen and another,
it is usually best to put up the honour second hand, on a small card
led.

_=Trumping.=_ It is seldom right to trump partner’s winning cards,
unless he has ordered up the trump, and you think you can lead through
the dealer to advantage. In playing against a lone hand, it is
sometimes good play to trump your partner’s ace with an unguarded left
bower or ace of trumps, as it may prevent the dealer from getting into
the lead with a small trump, and may save a King or Queen of trumps in
your partner’s hand. If you don’t trump, the dealer will probably get
in and swing the right bower, and your trump will be lost.

If your partner has ordered, made, or taken up the trump, and you have
only one trump, even a bower, trump with it at the first opportunity.
Trump everything second hand, unless it takes the right bower for a
doubtful trick, or breaks into the major tenace in trumps.

_=Discarding.=_ It is best to throw away singletons, unless they are
aces. If you have two cards of equal value, but of different colours,
one of which must be discarded, it is usual to keep the one of the
same colour as the turn-up when playing against the dealer. Discard
suits that the adversaries are trumping. If your partner discards
a suit in which you have a high card, keep that suit, and discard
another. If you have both ace and King of a plain suit, discard the
ace, to show partner that you can win a trick in the suit. It is very
often important to discard correctly when playing against a lone hand,
especially if the lone player leads trumps for the fourth trick. It is
a common practice for modern players to signal in the discard if they
have a certain trick in a suit. This is done by discarding two cards in
another suit, the higher before the lower. For instance: You have two
aces, spades and diamonds. The dealer plays alone on hearts, and trumps
your spade ace the first time. If you have two clubs, such as King and
ten, discard the King first, and then the ten, and your partner will
know you can stop the diamond suit. This should advise him to keep his
clubs.


CUT-THROAT EUCHRE.

The chief element in the three-handed game is playing to the score.
The player with the strong hand must always be kind to the under dog,
and partnerships are always formed against the man with the high
score. Suppose _=A=_, _=B=_, and _=C=_ are playing, and that _=A=_
has 3 points to his adversaries’ nothing on _=B’s=_ deal. It is to the
interest of _=A=_ to euchre _=B=_; but it is to the interest of _=C=_
to let _=B=_ make his point because if _=B=_ is euchred, _=A=_ wins the
game. _=B=_ having made his point, _=C=_ deals, and it is then to the
interest of _=B=_ to let _=C=_ make his point. Suppose _=C=_ makes a
march, 3 points, which puts him on a level with _=A=_. On _=A’s=_ deal
it is _=C’s=_ game to euchre him, but _=B=_ must let _=A=_ make his
point; so that instead of being opposed by both _=B=_ and _=C=_, as he
was a moment ago, _=A=_ finds a friend in _=B=_, and the two who were
helping each other to beat _=A=_, are now cutting each other’s throats.
On _=B’s=_ deal, _=A=_ does not want to euchre him, for although that
would win the game for both _=A=_ and _=C=_, _=A=_, who now has 4
points up, does not wish to divide the pool with _=C=_ while he has
such a good chance to win it all himself. Suppose _=B=_ makes his
point. _=A=_ will do all he can to euchre _=C=_, but _=B=_ will oppose
the scheme, because his only chance for the game is that _=A=_ will not
be able to take up the trump on his own deal, and that _=B=_ will make
a march.


SET-BACK EUCHRE.

This is simply a reversal of the ordinary method of scoring, the
players starting with a certain number of points, usually ten, and
deducting what they make on each deal. The peculiarity which gives the
game its name is that if a player is euchred he is _=set back=_ two
points, his adversaries counting nothing. The revoke penalty is settled
in the same way. The game is usually counted with chips, each player
starting with ten, and placing in the centre of the table those that he
is entitled to score.


BLIND EUCHRE.

Each player is for himself and a widow of two cards is dealt. The
player who takes the widow practically orders up the trump and must
play against all the others after discarding two cards. If no one will
take the widow, the deal is void.


PENALTY EUCHRE.

Five players are each provided with twelve counters. An extra hand of
five cards is dealt face down, for a widow. Each player in turn can
exchange the hand dealt him for the widow, or for the hand abandoned by
anyone who has taken the widow, the cards being always face down. The
turned trump is not taken up by the dealer, but is left on the pack.
The eldest hand leads for the first trick and every man is for himself,
each holding his own tricks.

At the end of the hand, each player that has not taken a trick receives
a counter from each of the others, whether they have taken tricks or
not. Then all those that have won tricks put back into the pool a
counter for each trick they have taken. The first player to get rid of
his twelve counters wins the game.


AUCTION EUCHRE.

This form of the game is sometimes erroneously called _=French
Euchre=_. The French know nothing about Euchre in any form. Auction
Euchre is exactly the same as the ordinary four or six-handed game,
except that the trump is not turned up, the players bidding in turn for
the privilege of naming the trump suit. The bidder names the number
of tricks he proposes to take. There is no second bid, and the player
who has made the highest bid names the trump suit. No matter who is
the successful bidder, the eldest hand leads for the first trick. The
number of points won or lost on the deal are the number of points bid,
even if the bidder accomplishes more. If a player has bid 3, and he and
his partner take 4 or 5 tricks, they count 3 only. If they are euchred,
failing to make the number of tricks bid, the adversaries count the
number of points bid. Fifteen points is usually the game.

This is probably the root of the much better games of five and
seven-handed Euchre, which will be described further on.


PROGRESSIVE EUCHRE.

This form of Euchre is particularly well suited to social gatherings.
Its peculiarity consists in the arrangement and progression of a large
number of players originally divided into sets of four, and playing, at
separate tables, the ordinary four-handed game.

_=Apparatus.=_ A sufficient number of tables to accommodate the
assembled players are arranged in order, and numbered consecutively;
No. 1 being called _=the head table=_, and the lowest of the series
_=the booby table=_. Each player is provided with a blank card, to
which the various coloured stars may be attached as they accrue in the
course of play. These stars are usually of three colours; red, green,
and gold. The head table is provided with a bell, and each table is
supplied with one pack of cards only. It is usual to sort out the
thirty-two cards used in play, and the four small cards for markers,
before the arrival of the guests.

_=Drawing for Positions.=_ Two packs of differently coloured cards
are used, and from the two black suits in each a sequence of cards
is sorted out, equal in length to the number of tables in play. For
instance: If there are sixteen ladies and sixteen gentlemen, or
thirty-two players in all, they will fill eight tables, and all the
clubs and spades from the ace to the eight inclusive should be sorted
out. These are then thoroughly shuffled and presented, face down, to
the players to draw from. The ladies take only the red-back cards,
and the gentlemen only the blue. The number of pips on the card drawn
indicates the number of the table at which the player is to sit, and
those drawing cards of the same suit are partners for the first game.

_=Playing.=_ All being seated, the deal is cut for at each table, and
play begins. There is no cutting for partners, that being settled in
the original drawing. Five points is a game, and after that number is
reached by either side at the head table, the bell is struck. Lone
hands are usually barred at the head table, so as to give the other
tables time to make a certain number of points, and so to avoid ties.
Upon the tap of the bell all play immediately ceases, even if in the
middle of a deal. If the players at any but the head table have reached
five points before the bell rings, they play on, counting all points
made until the bell taps.

_=Progressing.=_ The partners winning the game at the head table each
receive a gold star, and retain their seats for the next game. The
losing players at the head table go down to the booby table. All the
winning players at the other tables receive red stars, and go to the
table next in order above, those at table No. 2, going to No. 1. Those
losing and remaining at the booby table each receive a green star.

_=Changing Partners.=_ At all but the head table the partners that
progress to the next table divide, the lady who has just lost at each
table retains her seat, and takes for her partner the gentleman who has
just arrived from the table below. At the head table the newly arrived
pair remain as partners; but at the booby table the players who have
just arrived from the head table divide. All being seated, they cut for
the deal, and play is resumed until the next bell tap.

_=Ties.=_ In case of ties in points at any table when the bell taps,
those having won the most tricks on the next hand are declared the
winners. If that is also a tie, the ladies cut to decide it, the lowest
cut going up. In cutting, the ace is low, and the jack ranks below the
Queen.

_=Prizes.=_ Six prizes are usually provided for large companies. The
lady and gentleman having the largest number of gold stars taking
the first prizes; the largest number of red stars winning the second
prizes; and the largest number of green stars the booby prizes. One
player cannot win two prizes. In case of ties for the gold stars, the
accompanying red stars decide it; if that is also a tie, the player
with the fewest number of green stars wins; and if that is still a tie,
the players must cut for it.

The hostess decides the hour at which play shall cease, and is the
referee in all disputes.


MILITARY EUCHRE.

The hostess arranges each table as a fort, with a distinguishing flag
and a number of small duplicate flags. The partners who sit East and
West progress round the room from table to table, and play one game of
five points at each, no lone hands allowed. The winners of each game
get a little flag from the losers as a trophy. By the time the E and
W pairs have made the circuit of all the tables and got home again,
the game is ended, the victors being the fort that has captured the
greatest number of flags.


RAILROAD EUCHRE.

Railroad Euchre is the name given to any form of the four-handed game
in which every expedient is used to make points rapidly.

_=Cards.=_ A pack of twenty-five cards is used, all below the 9 being
deleted, and the Joker added. The Joker is always the best trump.

_=Players.=_ There are four players, two being partners against the
other two. Partners, deal, and seats are cut for as in the ordinary
game.

_=Dealing.=_ The cards are distributed as in the ordinary game; but it
is usual to agree beforehand upon a suit which shall be the trump if
the Joker is turned up.

_=Playing Alone.=_ The chief peculiarity in Railroad Euchre is in
playing alone. Any player announcing to play alone, whether the dealer
or not, has the privilege of passing a card, face down, to his partner.
In exchange for this, but without seeing it, the partner gives the best
card in his hand to the lone player, passing it to him face down. If he
has not a trump to give him, he can pass him an ace, or even a King.
Even if this card is no better than the one discarded, the lone player
cannot refuse it. If the dealer plays alone, he has two discards; the
first in exchange for his partner’s best card, and then another, in
exchange for the trump card, after seeing what his partner can give
him. In this second discard he may get rid of the card passed to him by
his partner. If the dealer’s partner plays alone, the dealer may pass
him the turn-up trump, or any better card he may have in his hand.

Any person having announced to play alone, either of his adversaries
may play alone against him; discarding and taking partner’s best card
in the same manner. Should the lone player who makes the trump be
euchred by the lone player opposing him, the euchre counts four points.
It is considered imperative for a player holding the Joker, or the
right bower guarded, to play alone against the lone hand, taking his
partner’s best; for as it is evident that the lone hand cannot succeed,
there is a better chance to euchre it with all the strength in one hand
than divided.

If any player, in his proper turn, announces to play alone, and asks
for his partner’s best, the partner cannot refuse; neither can he
propose to play alone instead.

_=Scoring.=_ With the exception of the four points for euchreing a lone
hand, the scoring is exactly the same as in the ordinary four-handed
game; but there are one or two variations which are sometimes agreed
upon beforehand in order to make points still more rapidly.

_=Laps.=_ If a player makes more points than are necessary to win the
game, the additional points are counted on the next game, so that there
is always an inducement to play lone hands, even with 4 points up.

_=Slams.=_ If one side reaches five points before the other has scored,
it is a slam, and counts _=two games=_.

When laps and slams are played, it is sometimes agreed that if a person
plays alone without taking his partner’s best card, or the dealer plays
alone without taking up the trump or asking for his partners best, and
such a player succeeds in winning all five tricks with a pat hand,
it counts _=five=_ points. If he fails to win all five tricks, the
adversaries count _=one=_. If he is euchred, they count _=three=_; but
they are not permitted to play alone against him.

_=Jambone.=_ Any person playing a lone hand may announce Jambone,
and expose his cards face up on the table. The adversaries then have
me right to call any card they please, either for the lead, or in
following suit; but they cannot make the player revoke, nor can they
consult, or in any way expose their hands. If a lead is required, it
must be called by the person on the jambone player’s left. If a card
is called on a trick, it must be called by the person on the jambone
player’s right. If in spite of these difficulties the jambone player
succeeds in winning five tricks, he scores _=eight=_ points. If he wins
three or four only, he counts _=one=_ point. If he is euchred he loses
_=two=_. It is not allowable to play alone against a jambone.

_=Jamboree.=_ This is the combination of the five highest trumps in one
hand, and need only be announced and shown to entitle the holder to
score _=sixteen=_ points. If held by the dealer, it may be made with
the assistance of the turn-up trump; and any player may make it with
the assistance of his partners best; but it does not count unless the
holder of it has made the trump. If a player with a pat Jamboree is
ordered up, all he can score is a euchre.

As in other forms of Euchre, no one but the maker of the trump can play
alone, or announce Jambone or Jamboree. Lone hands are very common in
Railroad Euchre, and ordering up to prevent lone hands is commoner
still.


SEVEN-HANDED EUCHRE.

_=Cards.=_ Seven-handed Euchre is played with a full pack of
fifty-three cards, including the Joker. The cards in plain suits rank
as at Whist; but the Joker is always the best trump, the right and left
bowers being the second and third-best respectively.

_=Counters.=_ One white and four red counters are necessary. The
white counter is passed to the left from player to player in turn, to
indicate the position of the next deal. The red counters are placed
in front of the maker of the trump and his partners, to distinguish
them from their opponents. Markers are not used, the score being kept
on a sheet of paper. The score is usually kept by a person who is not
playing, in order that none of those in the game may know how the
various scores stand. Should an outsider not be available for scoring,
there are two methods: One is for one player to keep the score for the
whole table, who must inform any player of the state of the score if
asked to do so. The other is to have a dish of counters on the table,
each player being given the number he wins from time to time. These
should be placed in some covered receptacle, so that they cannot be
counted by their owner, and no other player will know how many he has.
As it is very seldom that a successful bid is less than five, and never
less than four, counters marked as being worth 4, 5, 6 and 7 each will
answer every purpose, and will pay every bid made.

_=Cutting.=_ The players draw cards from an outspread pack for the
choice of seats, those cutting the lowest cards having the first
choice. The lowest cut of all deals the first hand, passing the white
counter to the player on his left, whose turn it will be to deal next.
Ties are decided in the usual way.

_=Dealing.=_ The cards are dealt from left to right, two being given to
each player for the first round, then three, and then two again, until
each player has received seven cards. The four remaining in the pack
are then placed in the centre of the table, face down, and form the
_=widow=_. No trump is turned.

The rules governing all irregularities in the deal are the same as in
ordinary Euchre.

_=Making the Trump.=_ The cards dealt, each player in turn, beginning
with the eldest hand, bids a certain number of points, at the same time
naming the suit which he wishes to make the trump. There is no second
bid, and the suit named by the highest bidder must be the trump for
that deal. The successful bidder takes the widow, selecting from it
what cards he pleases, and discarding others in their stead, so as to
restore the number of his cards to seven. He then places a red counter
in front of him, and chooses his partners, passing a red counter to
each of them. These counters must be placed in front of the players to
distinguish them as belonging to the bidder’s side; but the players
make no changes in their respective positions at the table. Each player
should bid on the possibilities of his hand, however small, so as to
guide the others in their selection of partners.

_=Partners.=_ If the bidder has proposed to take not more than _=five=_
tricks out of the seven possible, he chooses two partners, and these
three play against the remaining four. If he has bid to make _=six=_ or
_=seven=_ tricks he chooses three partners, and these four play against
the remaining three. Partners cannot refuse to play.

_=Playing Alone.=_ Should a player think he can take all seven tricks
without any partners, he may bid _=ten=_, which would outrank a bid of
seven; but such a bid must be made before seeing the widow. If a player
thinks he can win all seven tricks without either widow or partners, he
may bid _=twenty=_, which is the highest bid possible. When twenty is
bid the cards in the widow must remain untouched.

_=Playing.=_ The successful bidder has the lead for the first trick.
The general rules for following suit, etc., are the same as in ordinary
Euchre. The bidder takes in all the tricks won by himself and his
partners, and one of the adversaries should gather for that side. If
a player on either side _=revokes=_, the adversaries score the number
bid, and the hand is abandoned.

_=Scoring.=_ If the bidder is successful in his undertaking, he and his
partners, if any, are credited by the scorer with the number of points
bid, but no more. Should a player bid five, and his side take seven, it
would count them only five points. If the player making the trump fails
to reach his bid, he is euchred, and the adversaries are credited with
the number of points bid.

_=Prizes.=_ It is usual to give two prizes for each table in play; one
for the highest number of points won during the evening, and one for
the smallest number; the latter being usually called the “booby” prize.

_=Suggestions for Good Play.=_ It is very risky to bid seven without
the Joker, the odds being 11 to 1 against finding it in the widow. A
bid of ten should not be made without both Joker and Right Bower, and
all the other cards winners and trumps. To bid twenty, a player should
have a practically invincible hand, with at least five winning leads of
trumps.

The first bidders are always at a disadvantage, because they know
nothing of the contents of the other hands; but after one or two
players have made a bid, those following them can judge pretty well how
the cards lie. For instance: The seven players are _=A=_ _=B=_ _=C=_
_=D=_ _=E=_ _=F=_ _=G=_. _=A=_ deals, and _=B=_ bids 2 in hearts. _=C=_
and _=D=_ pass. _=E=_ bids 3 in clubs; and _=F=_ says 4 in hearts.
It is evident that _=F=_ is bidding on _=B’s=_ offer in hearts, and
intends to choose him for a partner. _=G=_ finds in his hand four good
spades and the Joker, but neither Bower. He may safely bid 5 or 6,
taking _=E=_ for a partner if successful, as _=E=_ very probably has
one or both the black Bowers. If he bids 5 only, the dealer, _=A=_,
would have an excellent chance to bid 6 in hearts, and to take _=B=_
and _=F=_ for two of his partners, and _=G=_ for the third, trusting to
find him with the Joker, or at least protection in one or both black
suits.

If the successful bidder has had no previous bids to guide him in his
choice of partners, he should take those who have the lowest scores, if
the scores are known; because it is to his advantage to avoid advancing
those who are perhaps already ahead. When the scores are not known,
there is nothing but luck to guide one, unless a person has a very good
memory, and knows which players are probably behind.

_=Leading.=_ If the successful bidder wants 6 or 7 tricks, and holds
the Joker, he should lead it at once. If he has not the Joker, he
should begin with a low trump, and give his partners a chance to play
the Joker on the first round. If the leader cannot exhaust the trumps
with one or two rounds, it will sometimes be to his advantage to lead
any losing card he may have in the plain suits, in order to let his
partners win the trick if they can. In playing alone, it is absolutely
necessary to exhaust the trumps before opening a plain suit.

Partners should avail themselves of the methods common to four-handed
Euchre to support one another in trumps and plain suits. The discard
should invariably be from weakness if the player is the bidder’s
partner; and from strength, if opposed to him.

_=EUCHRE FOR FIVE PLAYERS.=_ This is practically the same as the
seven-handed game, but the pack is reduced to 28 cards, all below the
Eight in each suit being deleted. The Joker is not used. Five cards
are dealt to each player, by two and three at a time, and the three
remaining form the widow. The player bidding _=three=_ tricks takes one
partner only. The player bidding _=four=_ or _=five=_ tricks, takes two
partners. A player who intends to take the widow, but no partners, can
bid _=eight=_ and one who intends to take neither widow nor partners
can bid _=fifteen=_. In this form of Euchre the scores are generally
known, and 100 points is game.

In some clubs it is the practice for the successful bidder to select
one of his partners by asking for the holder of a certain card. For
instance: B has the lead, and has bid five in hearts, holding the three
best trumps, the club ace, and a losing spade. Instead of selecting his
partners at random, he asks for the spade ace, and the player holding
that card must say, “Here”; upon which the bidder will pass him a
counter, marking him as one of his partners.


CALL-ACE EUCHRE.

In this variety of euchre, each player is for himself so far as the
final score goes. The one who takes up the trump or orders it up, or
who makes it after it is turned down, may call upon the best card of
any suit but the trump. The player holding the best card of that suit
must be his partner, but he does not declare himself. When the highest
card of the suit asked for falls in play, the partner is disclosed.

As the whole pack is not dealt out, it often happens that the ace, or
even both ace and king, of the suit called for are in the talon. Should
it turn out that the caller has the highest card of the suit himself,
he has no partner.

When six play, 32 cards are used, and only one remains unknown. When
five play, the sevens are thrown out. When four play, the eights are
also discarded.

If the maker of the trump does not want a partner, he may either say
“alone” or he may ask for a suit of which he holds the ace himself.

If the maker of the trump and his partner get three tricks, they score
1 point each. If they win all the tricks, they score 3 points each if
there are five or six in the game; 2 points if there are not more than
four players. If the partnership is euchred, each of the others at the
table scores 2 points.

For a lone hand, winning all five tricks, the player scores a point for
as many players as there are at the table, including himself. Euchres
score 2 for every other player but the lone hand. A lone hand making
three or four tricks only, scores 1.


500, OR BID EUCHRE.

In this variety of euchre, the joker is always used. When there is a
trump suit, it is the best trump; but when there are no trumps, it is a
suit by itself, but still a trump. The player holding it cannot trump
with it as long as he can follow suit; but when he has none of the suit
led, he can trump with the joker if he likes. When the joker is led in
a no-trump hand, the leader must name the suit that he wishes played to
it.

Five hundred is supposed to be a game for three players, but sometimes
two play against two as partners.

The dealer gives ten cards to each player, three and then two at a time
as in the ordinary game of euchre; but after dealing the first three
cards to each he lays off three cards face down for a widow. This widow
is taken in hand by the successful bidder, who discards three cards in
its place.

The players bid for the privilege of naming the trump suit, or of
playing without any trump but the joker. The number of tricks bid must
not be less than six, and the suit must be named at the same time.
The player having the most valuable game, regardless of the number of
tricks or the suit, is the successful bidder, because a bid of seven in
hearts, for instance, is worth more in points than a bid of eight in
clubs, as will be seen from the following table.

  ---------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
  If trumps are: |6 tricks.|7 tricks.|8 tricks.|9 tricks.|10 tricks.
  ---------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------
  Spades         |   40    |   80    |  120    |  160    |  200
  Clubs          |   60    |  120    |  180    |  240    |  300
  Diamonds       |   80    |  160    |  240    |  320    |  400
  Hearts         |  100    |  200    |  300    |  400    |  500
  No-trumps      |  120    |  240    |  360    |  480    |  600
  ---------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------

The successful bidder always leads for the first trick, after he has
taken the widow and discarded, and after the hand is played, he has
the first count. If he has made as many as he bid, he scores it; but
he cannot score more than he bid unless he succeeds in winning every
trick. In that case he scores 250 if his bid was less than 250; but
if his bid was more than 250, he gets nothing extra for winning every
trick.

Any player but the bidder winning a trick scores ten points for it,
so it is necessary for each player to keep separate the tricks he
individually wins.

If the bidder fails, he loses, or is set back, as many points as he
bid, and he scores nothing for the tricks he takes, but he may play the
hand out to prevent the others from scoring, as his adversaries still
get ten points for each trick they win.

Five hundred points is game, and as the bidder has the first count he
may go out first, even if an adversary has won tricks enough to reach
500 also.


EUCHRE LAWS.

_=1.=_ _=SCORING.=_ A game consists of five points. If the players
making the trump win all five tricks, they count _=two=_ points towards
game; if they win three or four tricks, they count _=one=_ point; if
they fail to win three tricks, their adversaries count _=two=_ points.

_=2.=_ If the player making the trump plays _=alone=_, and makes five
tricks, he counts as many points as there are players in the game:
Two, if two play; three if three play; four if four play, etc. If he
wins three or four tricks only, he counts one; if he fails to win three
tricks, his adversaries count two.

_=3.=_ _=The Rubber=_ is the best of three games. If the first two are
won by the same players, the third game is not played. The winners gain
a _=triple=_, or three points, if their adversaries have not scored;
a _=double=_, or two points, if their adversaries are less than three
scored; a _=single=_, or one point, if their adversaries have scored
three or four. The winners of the rubber add two points to the value
of their games, and deduct the points made by the losers, if any; the
remainder being the value of the rubber.

_=4.=_ _=FORMING THE TABLE.=_ A Euchre table is complete with six
players. If more than four assemble, they cut for the preference, the
four lowest playing the first rubber. Partners and deal are then cut
for, the two lowest pairing against the two highest. The lowest deals,
and has the choice of seats and cards.

_=5.=_ _=Ties.=_ Players cutting cards of equal value cut again, but
the new cut decides nothing but the tie.

_=6.=_ _=Cutting Out.=_ At the end of a rubber the players cut to
decide which shall give way to those awaiting their turn to play.
After the second rubber, those who have played the greatest number of
consecutive games give way; ties being decided by cutting.

_=7.=_ _=Cutting.=_ In cutting, the ace is low, the other cards
ranking, K Q J 10 9 8 7, the King being the highest. A player exposing
more than one card, or cutting the Joker, must cut again.

_=8.=_ _=SHUFFLING.=_ Every player has a right to shuffle the cards,
the dealer last.

_=9.=_ _=DEALING.=_ The dealer must present the pack to the pone to
be cut. At least four cards must be left in each packet. If a card is
exposed in cutting, the pack must be reshuffled, and cut again. If the
dealer reshuffles the pack after it has been properly cut, he loses his
deal.

_=10.=_ Beginning on his left, the dealer must give to each player in
rotation _=two=_ cards on the first round, and _=three=_ on the second;
or three to each on the first round, and two on the second. Five cards
having been given to each player in this manner, the next card is
turned up for the trump. The deal passes to the left.

_=11.=_ There must be a new deal by the same dealer if any card but the
trump is found faced in the pack, or if the pack is proved incorrect or
imperfect; but any previous scores made with the imperfect pack stand
good.

_=12.=_ The adversaries may demand a new deal if any card but the trump
is exposed during the deal, provided they have not touched a card. If
an adversary exposes a card, the dealer may elect to deal again. If a
new deal is not demanded, cards exposed in dealing cannot be called.

_=13.=_ The adversaries may stop a player dealing out of turn, or with
the wrong pack, provided they do so before the trump card is turned,
after which the deal stands good.

_=14.=_ _=MISDEALING.=_ A misdeal loses the deal. It is a misdeal: If
the cards have not been properly cut; if the dealer gives two cards to
one player and three to another in the same round; if he gives too many
or too few cards to any player; if he counts the cards on the table,
or those remaining in the pack; or if he deals a card incorrectly, and
fails to correct the error before dealing another. If the dealer is
interrupted in any manner by an adversary, he does not lose his deal.

_=15.=_ _=THE TRUMP CARD.=_ After the trump card is turned, each
player in turn, beginning with the eldest hand, has the privilege of
passing, assisting, or ordering up the trump. Should a player pass,
and afterward correct himself by ordering up or assisting, both he and
his partner may be prevented by the adversaries from exercising their
privilege. If a player calls his partner’s attention to the fact that
they are at the bridge, both lose their right to order up the trump.

_=16.=_ The dealer may leave the trump card on the pack until it is got
rid of in the course of play. If the trump card has been taken up or
played, any player may ask, and must be informed by the dealer, what
the trump suit is; but any player naming the trump card may be called
upon by an adversary to play his highest or lowest trump.

_=17.=_ If the dealer takes up, or is ordered up, he must _=discard=_
a card from his own hand, placing it under the remainder of the pack.
Having quitted such discard, it cannot be taken back. If the dealer
has not discarded until he has played to the first trick, he and his
partner cannot score any points for that hand.

_=18.=_ If the eldest hand leads before the dealer has quitted his
discard, the dealer may amend his discard, but the eldest hand cannot
take back the card led.

_=19.=_ If the dealer takes up the trump to play alone, he must pass
his discard across the table to his partner. If he fails to do so, the
adversaries may insist that his partner play with him, preventing the
lone hand.

_=20.=_ _=MAKING THE TRUMP.=_ If the dealer does not take up the trump,
he must place it under the remainder of the pack, face upward, so
that it can be distinctly seen. Each player in turn, beginning on the
dealer’s left, then has the privilege of naming a new trump suit.

_=21.=_ If any player names the suit already turned down, he loses his
right to name a suit; and if he corrects himself, and names another,
neither he nor his partner is allowed to make that suit the trump. If a
player names a new trump suit out of his proper turn, both he and his
partner are forbidden to make that suit the trump.

_=22.=_ If no one will name a new trump, the deal is void, and passes
to the next player on the dealer’s left.

_=23.=_ _=IRREGULARITIES IN THE HANDS.=_ If any player is found not to
have his correct number of cards, it is a misdeal; but if he has played
to the first trick the deal stands good, and he cannot score anything
that hand.

_=24.=_ _=EXPOSED CARDS.=_ The following are exposed cards, and must
be left face up on the table, and are liable to be called by the
adversaries:

    I. Every card faced upon the table otherwise than in the
    regular course of play.

    II. Two or more cards played to a trick. The adversaries may
    elect which shall be played.

    III. Any card named by the player holding it.

_=25.=_ If an adversary of a person playing alone exposes a card, the
lone player may abandon the hand, and score the points. Should the
partner of the lone player expose a card, the adversaries may prevent
the lone hand by compelling the player in error to play with his
partner, leaving the exposed card on the table.

_=26.=_ _=CALLING EXPOSED CARDS.=_ The adversary on the right of an
exposed card must call it before he plays himself. If it will be the
turn of the player holding the exposed card to lead for the next trick,
the card, if wanted, must be called before the current trick is turned
and quitted. Should a player having an exposed card and the lead, play
from his hand before the previous trick is turned and quitted, the card
so led may also be claimed as exposed.

_=27.=_ _=LEADING AND PLAYING OUT OF TURN.=_ If a player leads when
it was his partner’s turn, a suit may be called from his partner. The
demand must be made by the last player to the trick in which the suit
is called. If it was the turn of neither to lead, the card played in
error is exposed. If all have played to the false lead, the error
cannot be rectified. If all have not followed, the cards erroneously
played must be taken back, but are not liable to be called.

_=28.=_ If an adversary of a lone player leads out of turn, the lone
player may abandon the hand, and score the points.

_=29.=_ If the third hand plays before the second, the fourth hand
may play before his partner, either of his own volition, or at the
direction of the second hand, who may say: “Play, partner.” If the
fourth hand plays before the second, the third hand may call upon the
second hand to play his highest or lowest of the suit led, or to trump
or not to trump the trick.

_=30.=_ _=REVOKING.=_ A revoke is a renounce in error, not corrected
in time; or non-compliance with a performable penalty. If a revoke
is claimed and proved, the hand in which it occurs is immediately
abandoned. The adversaries of the revoking player then have the option
of adding two points to their own score, or deducting two points from
his score. If both sides revoke, the deal is void. If one person is
playing alone, the penalty for a revoke is as many points as would have
been scored if the lone hand had succeeded.

_=31.=_ A revoke may be corrected by the player making it before the
trick in which it occurs has been turned and quitted, unless the
revoking player or his partner, whether in his right turn or otherwise,
has led or played to the following trick.

_=32.=_ If a player corrects his mistake in time to save a revoke, the
card played in error is exposed; but any cards subsequently played by
others may be taken back without penalty.

_=33.=_ _=PLAYING ALONE.=_ No one but the individual maker of the trump
can play alone.

_=34.=_ The dealer must announce his intention to play alone by passing
his discard over to his partner. Any other player intending to play
alone must use the expression “alone” in connection with his ordering
up or making the trump; as, “I order it, alone;” or “I make it hearts,
alone.”

_=35.=_ The partner of a player who has announced to play alone must
lay his cards on the table, face down. Should he expose any of his
cards, the adversaries may prevent the lone hand, and compel him to
play with his partner, the exposed card being left on the table and
liable to be called.

_=36.=_ The lone player is not liable to any penalty for exposed cards,
nor for a lead out of turn.

_=37.=_ Should either adversary lead or play out of turn, the lone
player may abandon the hand, and score the points.

_=38.=_ _=MISCELLANEOUS.=_ No player is allowed to see any trick that
has once been turned and quitted, under penalty of having a suit called
from him or his partner.

_=39.=_ Any player may ask the others to indicate the cards played by
them to the current trick.

_=40.=_ A player calling attention in any manner to the trick or to the
score, may be called upon to play his highest or lowest of the suit
led; or to trump or not to trump the trick during the play of which the
remark was made.


ÉCARTÉ.

Écarté is usually described as a very simple game, but unfortunately
the rules governing it are very complicated, and as no authoritative
code of law exists, disputes about trifling irregularities are very
common. In the following directions the author has selected what
appears to be the best French usage. The code of laws adopted by some
of the English clubs is unfortunately very defective, and in many
respects quite out of touch with the true spirit of the French game.
The English are very fond of penalties; the French try to establish the
status quo.

_=CARDS.=_ Écarté is played with a pack of thirty-two cards, which
rank, K Q J A 10 9 8 7. When two packs are used, the adversary shuffles
one while the other is dealt.

_=MARKERS.=_ In France, the game is always marked with the ordinary
round chips or counters, never with a marker. As five points is the
game, four of these counters are necessary for each player.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Écarté is played by two persons, who sit opposite each
other. One is known as the dealer, and the other as the pone, the
adversary, the elder hand, the non-dealer, the leader, or the player.

_=THE GALLERY.=_ In clubs that make a feature of Écarté, and in which
there is a great deal of betting on the outside by the spectators, it
is not usual to allow more than one game between the same players, the
loser giving place to one of those who have been backing him, and who
is called a _=rentrant=_. This is known as playing the _cul-levé_. Any
person in the gallery is allowed to draw attention to errors in the
score, and may advise the player he is backing, or even play out the
game for him, if he resigns. The player need not take the advice given
him, which must be offered without discussion, and by pointing only,
not naming the suit or cards. If a player will not allow the gallery
to back him, taking all bets himself, no one may overlook his hand nor
advise him without his permission, and he need not retire if he loses
the game.

_=CUTTING.=_ The player cutting the highest écarté card deals the first
hand, and has the choice of seats and cards. If a person exposes more
than one card in cutting, the lowest is taken to be his cut. If he does
not cut, or will not show his cut, he loses the first deal.

_=STAKES.=_ Écarté is played for so much a game. If the gallery is
betting, all money offered must be placed on the table, and if the
bets are not taken by the players, they may be covered by the opposing
gallery.

_=DEALING.=_ It is usual for the dealer to invite his adversary to
shuffle the cards, but if two packs are used this is not necessary.
The dealer must shuffle the pack and present it to his adversary to be
cut. At least two cards must be left in each packet, and the upper part
of the pack must be placed nearer the dealer. Five cards are given to
each player, and the eleventh is turned up for the trump. The cards
are distributed two and three at a time, or three and then two, and in
whichever manner the dealer begins he must continue during the game. If
he intends to change his manner of dealing in the following game, he
must so advise his adversary when presenting the cards to be cut.

_=MISDEALING.=_ A player dealing out of turn, or with the wrong cards,
may be stopped before the trump is turned. But if the trump has been
turned, and neither player has discarded or played to the first trick,
the pack must be set aside, with the cards as dealt, and the trump
turned, to be used for the ensuing deal. The other pack is then taken
up and dealt by the player whose proper turn it was to deal. If a
discard has been made, or a trick played to, the deal stands good, and
the packs, if changed, must so remain.

There must be a new deal if any card but the eleventh is found faced in
the pack. If the dealer exposes any of his own cards, the deal stands
good. If he exposes any of his adversary’s cards, the non-dealer may
claim a fresh deal, provided he has not seen any of his cards.

It is a misdeal if the dealer gives too many or too few cards to his
adversary or to himself. If the hands have not been seen, and the pone
discovers that he has received more than five cards, he has the choice
to discard the superfluous cards at hazard, or to claim a misdeal,
which loses the deal. If the pone has received less than the proper
number, he may supply the deficiency from the remainder of the pack,
without changing the trump card, or he may claim a misdeal. If the
dealer has given himself too many or too few cards, the pone may claim
a misdeal, or he may draw the superfluous cards from the dealer’s hand,
face downward, or allow him to supply the deficiency from the remainder
of the pack, without changing the trump.

If the cards have been seen, the pone, having an incorrect number, may
supply or discard to correct the error, or he may claim a misdeal. If
he discards, he must show the cards to the dealer. If the dealer has
an incorrect number, the pone may draw from his hand, face downward,
looking at the cards he has drawn, (as the dealer has seen them,) or
allow him to supply the deficiency, or claim a misdeal.

When any irregularity is remedied in this manner, the trump card
remains unchanged.

If the dealer turns up more than one card for the trump, his adversary
has a right to select which card shall be the trump, or he may claim a
new deal by the same dealer, provided he has not seen his hand. If he
has seen his hand, he must either claim a misdeal, or the eleventh card
must be the trump, the other exposed card being set aside.

If the pack is found to be imperfect, all scores previously made with
it stand good.

_=TURNING THE KING.=_ If the King is turned up, the dealer marks one
point for it immediately. If a wrong number of cards has been dealt,
and a King is turned, it cannot be scored, because it was not the
eleventh card.

_=PROPOSING AND REFUSING.=_ The cards dealt, the pone examines his
hand, and if he thinks it strong enough to win three or more tricks,
he stands; that is, plays without proposing, and says to the dealer:
“_=I play=_.” If he thinks he can improve his chances by drawing
cards, allowing the dealer the same privilege of course, he says: “_=I
propose=_;” or simply: “_=Cards=_.” In reply the dealer may either
accept the proposal by asking: “_=How many?=_” or he may refuse,
by saying: “_=Play=_.” If he gives cards, he may also take cards
himself, after having helped his adversary. If he refuses, he must
win at least three tricks or lose two points; and if the pone plays
without proposing, he must make three tricks, or lose two points. The
hands on which a player should stand, and those on which the dealer
should refuse are known as _=jeux de règle=_, and will be found in the
suggestions for good play.

A proposal, acceptance, or refusal once made cannot be changed or taken
back, and the number of cards asked for cannot be corrected.

_=DISCARDING.=_ If the pone proposes, and the dealer asks: “How many?”
the elder hand discards any number of cards from one to five, placing
them on his right. These discards, once quitted, must not again be
looked at. A player looking at his own or his adversary’s discards
can be called upon to play with his cards exposed face upward on the
table, but not liable to be called. The number of cards discarded must
be distinctly announced, and the trump is then laid aside, and the
cards given from the top of the pack, without further shuffling. It
is considered imperative that the player who has proposed should take
at least one card, even if he proposed with five trumps in his hand.
The pone helped, the dealer then announces how many cards he takes,
placing his discards on his left. The dealer, if asked, must inform his
adversary how many cards he took, provided the question is put before
he plays a card.

After receiving his cards, the pone may either stand or propose again,
and the dealer may either give or refuse; but such subsequent stands
or refusals do not carry with them any penalty for failure to make
three tricks. Should these repeated discards exhaust the pack, so that
there are not enough cards left to supply the number asked for, the
players must take back a sufficient number from their discards. If the
dealer has accepted a proposal, and finds there are no cards left for
himself, that is his own fault; he should have counted the pack before
accepting. The trump card cannot be taken into the hand under any
circumstances.

_=MISDEALING AFTER DISCARDING.=_ If the dealer gives the pone more or
less cards than he asks for, he loses the point and the right to mark
the King, unless it was turned up.

If the dealer gives himself more cards than he wants, he loses the
point and the right to mark the King, unless he turned it up. If he
gives himself less cards than he wants, he may make the deficiency
good without penalty; but if he does not discover the error until he
has played a card, all tricks for which he has no card to play must be
considered as won by his adversary.

If the pone asks for more cards than he wants, the dealer can play the
hand or not, as he pleases. If he plays, he may draw the superfluous
card or cards given to the pone, and look at them if the pone has seen
them. If the dealer decides not to play, he marks the point. In either
case the pone cannot mark the King, even if he holds it.

If the pone asks for less cards than he wants, he must play the hand as
it is, and can mark the King if he holds it; but all tricks for which
he has no card to play must be considered as won by his adversary.

If a player plays without discarding, or discards for the purpose of
exchanging, without advising his adversary of the fact that he has too
many or too few cards, he loses two points, and the right of marking
the King, even if turned up.

If either player, after discarding and drawing, plays with more than
five cards, he loses the point and the privilege of marking the King.

Should the dealer forget himself in dealing for the discard, and turn
up another trump, he cannot refuse his adversary another discard, if he
demands it, and the exposed card must be put aside with the discards.

If any cards are found faced in the pack when dealing for the discard,
the deal stands good if they will fall to the dealer. But if the
exposed card will go to the pone, he has the option of taking it, or
claiming a fresh deal by the same dealer.

During all the discards the trump card remains the same.

_=MARKING THE KING.=_ The discards settled, the first and most
important thing before play begins is to mark the King. If the King
is turned up, the dealer marks one point for it immediately. If the
pone holds it, he must _=announce=_ and mark it before he plays a card.
If he leads the King for the first trick, he must still announce it
by saying distinctly: “I mark the King;” and unless this announcement
is made before the King touches the table, it cannot be marked. So
important is this rule that in some European Casinos it is found
printed on the card tables. Having properly announced the King, it may
be actually marked with the counters at any time before the trump is
turned for the following game.

If the dealer holds the King he must announce it before his adversary
leads for the first trick. It is in order that there may be no
surprises in this respect that the elder hand is required to say
distinctly: “I play,” before he leads a card. The dealer must then
reply: “I mark the King,” if he has it; if not, he should say: “Play.”
A player is not compelled to announce or mark the King if he does not
choose to do so.

If a player announces and marks the King when he does not hold it,
his adversary can take down the point erroneously marked, and mark
one himself, for penalty. This does not prevent him from marking an
additional point for the King if he holds it himself. For instance: The
pone announces King, and marks it, at the same time leading a card. Not
having notified the dealer that he was about to play, the dealer cannot
be deprived of his right to mark the King himself, if he holds it. The
dealer marks the King, marks another point for penalty, and takes down
the pone’s point, erroneously marked. If the player announcing the
King without holding it, discovers his error before a card is played,
he simply amends the score and apologizes, and there is no penalty. If
any cards have been played after an erroneous announcement of the King,
such cards can be taken back by the adversary of the player in error,
and the hand played over again.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The elder hand begins by leading any card he
pleases, at the same time announcing the suit; “hearts;” “spades;” or
whatever it may be. This announcement must be continued at every trick.
If a player announces one suit and leads another, his adversary may
demand that he take back the card played, and lead the suit announced.
If he has none of the announced suit, the adversary may call a suit. If
the adversary is satisfied with the card led, but improperly announced,
he may demand that it remain as played.

_=RENOUNCING.=_ When a card is led the adversary must not only follow
suit, but must win the trick if he can. If he can neither follow suit
nor trump, he may discard any card he pleases. Should a player not
follow suit, or should he decline to win the trick, when able to do so,
it is a renounce, and if he makes the odd trick he counts nothing; if
he makes all five tricks, he counts one point only, instead of two.
Should he trump the trick when he can follow suit, he is subject to the
same penalty. There is no such thing as a _=revoke=_ in Ecarté. When
it is discovered that a player has not followed suit when able, or has
lost a trick that he could have won, the cards are taken back, and the
hand played over again, with the foregoing penalty for the renounce.

The highest card played, if of the suit led, wins the trick, and trumps
win all other suits.

_=Leading Out of Turn.=_ Should a player lead out of turn, he may take
back the card without penalty. If the adversary has played to the
erroneous lead, the trick stands good.

_=Gathering Tricks.=_ The tricks must be turned down as taken in, and
any player looking at a trick once turned and quitted may be called
upon to play with the remainder of his hand exposed, but not liable to
be called.

_=Abandoned Hands.=_ If, after taking one or more tricks, a player
throws his cards upon the table, he loses the point; if he has not
taken a trick, he loses two points. But if the cards are thrown down
claiming the point or the game, and the claim is good, there is no
penalty. If the cards are abandoned with the admission that the
adversary wins the point or the game, and the adversary cannot win more
than is admitted, there is no penalty.

_=SCORING.=_ A game consists of five points, which are made by tricks,
by penalties, and by marking the King. A player winning three tricks
out of the five possible, counts one point toward game; winning all
five tricks, which is called _=the vole=_, counts two points. The
player holding or turning up the King of trumps may mark one point for
it, but he is not compelled to do so.

If the pone plays without proposing, and makes three or four tricks, he
counts one point; if he makes the vole he counts two points; but if he
fails to make three tricks the dealer counts two.

If the dealer refuses the first proposal, he must make three tricks to
count one point; if he makes the vole he counts two points; but if he
fails to win three tricks the player who was refused counts two points.

If the dealer accepts the first proposal, and gives cards, subsequent
proposals and refusals do not affect the score; the winner of the odd
trick scoring one point, and the winner of the vole two points.

In no case can a player make more than two points in one hand by
tricks. If the dealer refuses the first proposal, and the pone makes
the vole, it counts two points only. If the pone should play without
proposing, and the dealer should mark the King and win the vole, it
would count him only three points altogether.

The player first reaching five points wins the game. If a player has
four scored, and turns the King, that wins the game, provided the King
was the eleventh card. Rubbers are seldom played.

_=CHEATING.=_ The methods of cheating at Écarté would fill a volume.
There are many tricks which, while not exactly fraudulent, are
certainly questionable. For instance: A player asks the gallery whether
or not he should stand, and finally concludes to propose, fully
intending all the time to draw five cards. Another will handle his
counters as if about to mark the King; will then affect to hesitate,
and finally re-adjust them, and ask for cards, probably taking four
or five, having absolutely nothing in his hand. The pone will ask the
dealer how many points he has marked, knowing perfectly well that the
number is three. On being so informed, he concludes to ask for cards,
as if he were not quite strong enough to risk the game by standing;
when as a matter of fact he wants five cards, and is afraid of the vole
being made against him.

There are many simple little tricks practiced by the would-be sharper,
such as watching how many cards a player habitually cuts, and then
getting the four Kings close together in such a position in the pack
that one of them is almost certain to be turned. Telegraphic signals
between persons on opposite sides of the gallery who are nevertheless
in partnership, are often translated into advice to the player, to
his great benefit. Besides these, all the machinery of marked cards,
reflectors, shifted cuts, wedges, strippers, and false shuffles are at
the command of the philosopher, who can always handle a small pack of
cards with greater freedom, and to whom the fashion of dealing in twos
and threes is always welcome. The honest card-player has not one chance
in a thousand against the professional at Écarté.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ The French claim that any person
may become an expert at a game like Piquet, simply by dint of long
practice; but that the master of Écarté must be a born card-player, as
no game requires in such degree the exercise of individual intelligence
and finesse. While this may be true, there are many points about the
game which may be learned by the novice, and which will greatly improve
his play.

There are two things which the beginner should master before sitting
down to the table for actual play: the hands on which it is right to
stand, or play without proposing, and those with which it is right to
refuse, or play without giving cards. These are called stand hands, or
_=jeux de règle=_, and the player should be able to recognize them on
sight.

In the following paragraphs the words _=dealer=_ and _=player=_ will be
used to distinguish the adversaries at Écarté.

The principle underlying the jeux de règle is the probable distribution
of the cards in the trump suit, and the fact that the odds are always
against the dealer’s holding two or more. There are thirty-two cards in
the Écarté pack, of which eight are trumps, and one of these is always
turned up. The turn-up and the player’s hand give us six cards which
are known, and leave twenty-six unknown. Of these unknown cards the
dealer holds five, and he may get these five in 65,780 different ways.
The theory of the jeux de règle is that there are only a certain number
of those ways which will give him two or more trumps. If the player
holds one trump, the odds against the dealer’s holding two or more are
44,574 to 21,206; or a little more than 2 to 1. If the player holds two
trumps, the odds against the dealer’s holding two or more are 50,274
to 15,506; or more than 3 to 1. It is therefore evident that any hand
which is certain to win three tricks if the dealer has not two trumps,
has odds of two to one in its favour, and all such hands are called
jeux de règle. The natural inference from this is that such hands
should always be played without proposing, unless they contain the King
of trumps.

The exception in case of holding the King is made because there is
no danger of the dealer’s getting the King, no matter how many cards
he draws, and if the player’s cards are not strong enough to make it
probable that he can win the vole, it is better for him to ask for
cards, in hope of improving his chances. If he is refused, he stands an
excellent chance to make two points by winning the odd trick.

While it is the rule for the player to stand when the odds are two
to one in his favour for making the odd trick, and to ask for cards
when the odds are less, there are exceptions. The chances of improving
by taking in cards must not be forgotten, and it must be remembered
that the player who proposes runs no risk of penalty. He has also the
advantage of scoring two for the vole if he can get cards enough to
win every trick, whereas the dealer gets no more for the vole than for
the odd trick if the player does not propose. Some beginners have a
bad habit of asking for cards if they are pretty certain of the point.
Unless they hold the King this is not wise, for the player cannot
discard more than one or two cards, but the dealer may take five, and
then stands a fair chance of getting the King, which would not only
count a point for him, but would effectually stop the vole for which
the player was drawing cards.

The most obvious example of a jeux de règle is one trump, a winning
sequence of three cards in one suit, and a small card in another. For
instance: Hearts trumps--

  1 [Illustration: 🂷 🃛 🃝 🃞 🂧]      44,724 to 21,056.

If the dealer does not hold two trumps, it is impossible to prevent the
player from winning the point with these cards; because he need only
lead his winning sequence until it is trumped, and then trump himself
in again. With this hand the player will win 44,724 times out of 65,780.

There are about twenty hands which are generally known as jeux de
règle, and every écarté player should be familiar with them. In the
following examples the weakest hands are given, and the trumps are
always the smallest possible. If the player has more strength in plain
suits than is shown in these examples, or higher trumps, there is so
much more reason for him to stand. But if he has not the strength
indicated in plain suits, he should propose, even if his trumps are
higher, because it must be remembered that strong trumps do not
compensate for weakness in plain suits. The reason for this is that
from stand hands trumps should never be led unless there are three of
them; they are to be kept for ruffing, and when you have to ruff it
does not matter whether you use a seven or a Queen. The King of trumps
is of course led; but a player does not stand on a hand containing the
King.

The first suit given is always the trump, and the next suit is always
the one that should be led, beginning with the best card of it if there
is more than one. The figures on the right show the number of hands
in which the player or the dealer will win out of the 65,780 possible
distributions of the twenty-six unknown cards. These calculations are
taken, by permission of Mr. Charles Mossop, from the eighth volume
of the “_Westminster Papers_,” in which all the variations and their
results are given in full.

               PLAYER WINS.    DEALER WINS.

   2 [Illustration: 🃗 🃘 🂷 🂸 🂹]         47,768           18,012

   3 [Illustration: 🂷 🂸 🂮 🂧 🃇]         46,039           19,741

   4 [Illustration: 🂧 🂨 🃇 🃗 🃞]         43,764           22,016

   5 [Illustration: 🃇 🃈 🃘 🃗 🂾]         45,374           20,406

   6 [Illustration: 🃗 🃘 🃈 🃉 🂭]        44,169            21,611

   7 [Illustration: 🂷 🂸 🃙 🃚 🃋]        43,478            22,302

   8 [Illustration: 🂧 🂨 🂺 🂱 🃑]        44,243            21,537

   9 [Illustration: 🃇 🃈 🂡 🂫 🂸]        44,766            21,014

  10 [Illustration: 🃗 🃘 🂾 🂫 🃇]        44,459            21,321

  11 [Illustration: 🂷 🂸 🂮 🃁 🃙]        44,034            21,746

  12 [Illustration: 🂧 🂨 🃎 🃚 🂺]        43,434            22,346

  13 [Illustration: 🃇 🃈 🂨 🂽 🃞]        44,766            21,014

  14 [Illustration: 🃗 🃘 🃁 🂭 🂻]        46,779            19,001

  15 [Illustration: 🂷 🂸 🃛 🃋 🂫]        45,929            19,851

The player should always stand on a hand containing three trumps, not
including the King, and should lead the trump:--

  16 [Illustration: 🂷 🂸 🂹 🂧 🃇]         42,014 to 23,766

An example of a hand containing only one trump has already been given,
and some hands are jeux de règle which contain no trumps. The strongest
of these is the King of each plain suit, and any queen. Lead the K Q
suit:--

  17 [Illustration: 🃞 🃗 🂾 🂭 🂮]         48,042 to 17,738

The odds in favour of this hand are greater than in any other jeux de
règle. Another which is recommended by Bohn is this, the odds in favour
of which have not been calculated; the player to begin with the guarded
King:--

  18 [Illustration: 🃞 🃗 🃍 🃇 🂮]

Another is any four court cards, not all Jacks; unless one is the trump
Jack guarded. From the example the Queen should be led:--

  19 [Illustration: 🂫 🂧 🂻 🃛 🃝]

There are two hands which are usually played with only one trump, from
both of which the best card of the long suit is led:--

  20 [Illustration: 🂷 🂧 🂨 🂨 🂮]

  21 [Illustration: 🃗 🃇 🃈 🃍 🂮]

_=THE LEADER.=_ There are a great many more opportunities to make the
vole than most players are aware of; especially with jeux de règle.
Where the vole is improbable or impossible, tenace is very important,
and all tenace positions should be made the most of. In No. 5, for
instance, if the clubs were the Queen and ace, it would be better to
begin with the heart King, instead of leading away from the minor
tenace in clubs. Observe the lead in No. 4. Many tenace positions
cannot be taken advantage of because the player must win the trick if
he can. For instance: Several discards have been made, and each player
suspects the other holds three trumps, with three tricks to play. The
Queen is led, and the adversary holds K A 7. If he could pass this
trick, he must lie tenace; but as he has to win it with the King, he
gives tenace to his adversary, who evidently has J and another.

When the dealer is four, the player may stand on much weaker hands.

It is usually best to lead from guarded suits, in preference to single
cards. Lead the best of a suit if you have it. If the third trick is
the first you win, and you have a trump and another card, lead the
trump; but if you have won two tricks, lead the plain suit.

_=THE DEALER.=_ When the player asks for cards, the dealer knows that
his adversary probably does not hold a jeux de règle. The dealer must
not be too sure of this, however, for proposals are sometimes made on
very strong hands in order to try for the vole, or to make two points
on the refusal. The dealer should assume that he is opposed by the best
play until he finds the contrary to be the case, and it is safest to
play on the assumption that a player who proposes has not a jeux de
règle.

For all practical purposes it may be said that the dealer can refuse
to give cards with hands a trifle less strong than those on which the
player would stand. The general rule is for the dealer to give cards
unless he is guarded in three suits; or has a trump, and is safe in two
suits; or has two trumps, and is safe in one suit. If the dealer has
only one suit guarded, and one trump, he must take into account the
risk of being forced, and having to lead away from his guarded suit.

There are eight recognized hands on which the dealer should refuse. The
full details of the calculations can be found in the ninth volume of
the “_Westminster Papers_.” As in the case of the player, the weakest
trumps have been taken for the examples, and the weakest holdings in
plain suits. If the dealer has better plain suits, or stronger trumps,
he has of course so much more in his favour if he refuses. The first
column of figures gives the number of times in 65,780 that there will
be no proposal, so that the dealer has no choice but to play. The other
columns give the number of times the dealer or the player will win if
the player proposes and the dealer refuses.

The first suit given in each instance is the trump.

                                    NO      DEALER  PLAYER
                                 PROPOSAL.   WINS.   WINS.

  22 [Illustration: 🃗 🃘 🃙 🃇 🂧]     6,034   36,974   22,772

  23 [Illustration: 🂷 🂸 🂡 🂨 🂧]     9,826   38,469   17,485

  24 [Illustration: 🂧 🂨 🂾 🂷 🃗]     8,736   41,699   15,345

  25 [Illustration: 🃇 🃈 🃝 🃗 🂷]     9,256   40,524   16,000

  26 [Illustration: 🃗 🃘 🃇 🃈 🂭]    10,336   37,484   17,960

  27 [Illustration: 🂷 🂸 🃘 🃙 🃋]     9,776   37,439   18,565

  28 [Illustration: 🂧 🂨 🂹 🂺 🃚]     9,776   36,909   19,095

  29 [Illustration: 🃇 🃈 🃗 🃁 🃈]     9,776   36,733   19,271

In giving cards, some judgment of human nature is necessary. Some
players habitually propose on strong hands, and it is best to give to
such pretty freely.

_=DISCARDING.=_ The general principle of discarding is to keep trumps
and Kings, and let everything else go. If you hold the trump King you
may discard freely in order to strengthen your hand for a possible
vole. If you have proposed once, and hold the King, and feel pretty
sure of the point, you may propose again on the chance of getting
strength enough to make the vole.

When only two cards can be discarded, it is a safe rule to stand on the
hand; either to play without proposing, or to refuse cards; unless you
hold the King.

There are no authoritative laws for Écarté, and the various French
and English codes do not agree. The code adopted by the English clubs
is not in accord with the best usage, and fails to provide for many
contingencies. All that is essential in the laws will be found embodied
in the foregoing description of the game.

_=TEXT BOOKS.=_ The best works on the subject of Écarté are usually to
be found in conjunction with other games. The student will find the
following useful:--

  The Westminster Papers, Vols. IV to XI, inclusive.
  Bohn’s Handbook of Games; any edition.
  Écarté and Euchre, by Berkeley, 1890.
  Cavendish on Écarté, 1886.
  Jeux de Cartes, (Fr.), by Jean Boussac.
  Règles de Tous les Jeux, (Fr.), M. Dreyfous, Edit.
  Académie des Jeux, (Fr.), by Van Tenac.
  Académie des Jeux, (Fr.), by Richard.
  Short Whist, by Major A. (Écarté Laws in appendix.)


POOL ÉCARTÉ.

Pool Écarté is played by three persons, each of whom contributes an
agreed sum, which is called a _=stake=_, to form a pool. They then
cut to decide which shall play the first game, the lowest écarté card
going out. The players then cut for the first deal, choice of seats and
cards, etc., exactly as in the ordinary game.

The winner of the first game retains his seat; the loser pays into the
pool another stake, equal to the first, and retires in favour of the
third player, who is called the _=rentrant=_. The rentrant takes the
loser’s seat and cards, and cuts with the successful player for the
first deal. The loser of the second game adds another stake to the
pool, and retires in favour of the waiting player.

The pool is won by any player winning two games in succession. If the
winner of the first game won the second also, he would take the pool,
which would then contain five stakes; the three originally deposited,
and the two added by the losers of the two games. A new pool would
then be formed by each of the three depositing another stake, and all
cutting to decide which should sit out for the first game.

In some places only the two players actually engaged contribute to
the pool, the loser retiring without paying anything further, and the
rentrant contributing his stake when he takes the loser’s place.

The outsider is not allowed to advise either player during the first
game, nor to call attention to the score; but on the second game he is
allowed to advise the player who has taken his seat and cards. This
is on the principle that he has no right to choose sides on the first
game; but that after that he has an interest in preventing his former
adversary from winning the second game, so as to preserve the pool
until he can play for it again himself.


NAPOLEON, OR NAP.

This is one of the simplest, and at the same time most popular of the
euchre family. Few games have become so widely known in such a short
time, or have had such a vogue among all classes of society. So far as
the mere winning and losing goes, the result depends largely upon luck,
and skill is of small importance. Except in a long series of games the
average player has little to fear from the most expert.

_=CARDS.=_ Napoleon is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards,
which rank A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2; the ace being highest in play;
but ranking below the deuce in cutting.

_=COUNTERS.=_ As each deal is a complete game in itself it must be
settled for in counters, to which some value is usually attached. One
player is selected for the banker, and before play begins each of the
others purchases from him a certain number of counters, usually fifty.
When any player’s supply is exhausted, he can purchase more, either
from the banker or from another player.

In many places counters are not used, and the value of the game is
designated by the coins that take their place. In “penny nap,” English
coppers are used in settling; sixpences in “sixpenny nap,” and so on.
In America, nickel and quarter nap are the usual forms.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Any number from two to six can play; but four is the best
game. If five or six play it is usual for the dealer to give himself no
cards.

_=CUTTING.=_ The players draw from an outspread pack to form the
table, and for choice of seats. A lower cut gives preference over all
higher; the lowest cut has the first choice of seats, and deals the
first hand. Ties cut again, but the new cut decides nothing but the tie.

In some places the players take their seats at random, and a card is
then dealt to each face upward; the lowest card or the first Jack
taking the deal.

_=DEALING.=_ Any player has a right to shuffle the cards, the dealer
last. They are then presented to the pone to be cut, and at least four
cards must be left in each packet. Beginning at his left, the dealer
gives each _player_ in rotation two cards on the first round, and three
on the next; or three on the first and two on the next. No trump is
turned. In some places the cards are distributed one at a time until
each player has five; but the plan is not popular, as the hands run
better and the bidding is livelier when the cards are dealt in twos and
threes. The deal passes to the left, each player dealing in turn.

_=MISDEALING.=_ A misdeal does not lose the deal in Napoleon, because
the deal is a disadvantage. For this reason, if any player begins to
deal out of turn, he must finish, and the deal stands good. If any card
is found faced in the pack, or is exposed by the dealer; or if too many
or too few cards are given to any player; or if the dealer does not
give the same number of cards to each player in the same round; or if
he fails to have the pack cut, it is a misdeal, and the misdealer must
deal again with the same pack.

_=BIDDING.=_ Beginning on the dealer’s left, each player in turn bids
for the privilege of naming the trump suit, stating the number of
tricks he proposes to win, playing single-handed against the three
other players, and leading a trump for the first trick. In bidding,
the trump suit is not named, only the number of tricks. If a player
proposes to win all five tricks he bids _=nap=_, which is the highest
bid possible, and precludes any further bidding, except in some of the
variations which will be described later on. If a player will not make
a bid, he says “_=I pass=_,” A bid having been made, any following
player must either increase it or pass. If all pass until it comes to
the dealer, he is bound to bid at least one trick, and either play or
pay. The hands are never abandoned except in case of a misdeal.

In some places a _=misère=_ bid is allowed, which outranks a bid of
three tricks, and is beaten by one of four. There is no trump suit in
misère, but the bidder, if successful, must lead for the first trick.

Any bid once made can neither be amended nor recalled, and there is no
second bid.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The player bidding the highest number of tricks
has the first lead, and the first card he plays must be one of the
trump suit. The players must follow suit if able, but need not win the
trick unless they choose to do so. The highest card played of the suit
led wins the trick, and trumps win all other suits. The winner of the
trick leads again for the next trick, and so on, until all five tricks
have been played. After the first trick any suit may be led.

The bidder gathers all tricks he wins, stacking them so that they may
be readily counted by any player at the table. One of the other side
should gather all tricks won by the adversaries of the bidder. A trick
once turned and quitted cannot again be seen. In some places they have
a very bad habit of gathering tricks with the cards face up, turning
down one card only. This always results in numerous misdeals, on
account of cards being continually found faced in the pack.

The hands are usually abandoned when the bidder succeeds in his
undertaking, or shows cards which are good for his bid against any
play. If it is impossible for him to succeed, as when he bids four and
the adversaries have won two tricks, the hands are thrown up, because
nothing is paid for under or over-tricks. Players should show the
remainder of their hands to the board, as evidence that no revoke has
been made.

_=IRREGULARITIES IN HANDS.=_ If a player, before he makes a bid or
passes, discovers that he holds too many or too few cards, he must
immediately claim a misdeal. If he has either made a bid or passed, the
deal stands good, and the hand must be played out. If the bidder has
his right number of cards and succeeds, he must be paid. If he fails,
he neither wins nor loses; because he is playing against a foul hand.
If the bidder has more than his right number of cards he must pay if he
loses; but wins nothing if he succeeds. If he has less than his right
number of cards, he is simply supposed to have lost the trick for which
he has no card to play.

_=PLAYING OUT OF TURN.=_ If any adversary of the bidder leads or plays
out of turn, he forfeits three counters to the bidder, independently of
the result of the hand, and receives nothing if the bid is defeated.
If the bidder leads out of turn, the card must be taken back, unless
all have followed the erroneous lead, in which case the trick is good.
There is no penalty if he plays out of turn.

_=REVOKES.=_ When a revoke is detected and claimed, the hands are
immediately abandoned, and the individual player in fault must pay all
the counters depending on the result. If he is the bidder, he pays each
adversary; if he is opposed to the bidder, he pays for himself and for
each of his partners. In England it is the rule to take back the cards
and play the hand over again, as at Écarté, the revoking player paying
all the stakes according to the result. This is often very unfair to
the bidder, and leads to endless disputes as to who held certain cards
which have been gathered into tricks. Sometimes the difference between
a seven and an eight in a certain player’s hand will change the entire
result.

_=PAYMENTS.=_ If the bidder succeeds in winning the specified number of
tricks, each adversary pays him a counter for every trick bid. If he
bid three tricks, they pay him three counters each; four counters each
for four tricks bid; and the value of three tricks for a misère. If he
fails to win the specified number of tricks, he pays each adversary;
three counters if he bid three tricks, or a misère; four if he bid
four. Any player bidding nap, and succeeding in winning all five
tricks, receives ten counters from each adversary; but if he fails, he
pays only five to each.

When penny nap is played, the settlement being in coin, it is usual to
make naps win a shilling or lose sixpence, in order to avoid handling
so much copper.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ In calculating his chances for success
in winning a certain number of tricks, the player will often have to
take into consideration the probability of certain cards being out
against him. This will vary according to the number of players engaged.
For instance: If four are playing, and the bidder holds K Q of a plain
suit, the odds against the ace of that suit being out against him are
about 2 to 1. As it would be impossible for any person to remember all
the jeux de règle for three tricks at Napoleon, each must learn from
experience the trick-taking value of certain hands. Trump strength is,
of course, the great factor, and the bidder should count on finding at
least two trumps in one hand against him. Nap should never be bid on a
hand which is not pretty sure of winning two rounds of trumps, with all
other cards but one winners. One trick may always be risked in a nap
hand, such as A Q of trumps, or a King, or even a Queen or Jack in a
plain suit; the odds against the adversaries having a better card being
slightly increased by the odds against their knowing enough to keep it
for the last trick.

If the bid is for three tricks only, tenaces, or guarded minor honours
in plain suits should be preserved. After the first trick it will
sometimes be advantageous for the player to get rid of any losing card
he may have in plain suits. It is seldom right to continue the trumps
if the bidder held only two originally, unless he has winning cards in
two plain suits, in which case it may be better to lead even a losing
trump to prevent a possibility of adverse trumps making separately.

In playing against the bidder, leave no trick to your partners that you
can win yourself, unless a small card is led, and you have the ace. In
opening fresh suits do not lead guarded honours, but prefer aces or
singletons. If the caller needs only one more trick, it is usually best
to lead a trump. If you have three trumps, including the major tenace,
pass the first trick if a small trump is led; or if you remain with
the tenace after the first trick, be careful to avoid the lead.

Discards should indicate weakness, unless you can show command of such
a suit as A K, or K Q, by discarding the best of it. This will direct
your partners to let that suit go, and keep the others. It is usually
better to keep a guarded King than a single ace. The player on the
right of the bidder should get into the lead if possible, especially if
he holds one or two winning cards. These will either give his partners
discards, or allow them to over-trump the bidder.

In playing misères, it is better to begin with a singleton, or the
lowest of a safe suit. An ace or King two or three times guarded is
very safe for a misère, as it is very improbable that any player will
be able to lead the suit more than twice; and if the bidder’s missing
suit is led, the high card can be got rid of at once.

In playing against a misère, discards are important, and the first
should be from the shortest suit, and always the highest card of it. A
suit in which the bidder is long should be continued, in order to give
partners discards. More money is lost at Napoleon by playing imperfect
misères than in any other way.

_=Variations.=_ The foregoing description applies to the regular
four-handed game; but there are several variations in common use.

Better bids than “nap” are sometimes allowed, on the understanding
that the bidder will pay double or treble stakes if he fails, but will
receive only the usual amount if successful. For instance: One player
bids _=Nap=_, and another holds what he considers a certainty for
five tricks. In order not to lose such an opportunity the latter bids
_=Wellington=_, which binds him to pay ten counters to each player if
he fails. Another may outbid this again by bidding _=Blucher=_, which
binds him to pay twenty to each if he loses, but to receive only ten
if he wins. In England, the bidder, if successful, receives double or
treble stakes for a Wellington or a Blucher, which is simply another
way of allowing any person with a nap hand to increase the stakes at
pleasure, for a player with a certain five tricks would of course bid a
Blucher at once, trebling his gains and shutting off all competition at
the same time. This variation is not to be recommended, and benefits no
one but the gambler.

_=Pools.=_ Napoleon is sometimes played with a pool, each player
contributing a certain amount, usually two counters, on the first deal.
Each dealer in turn adds two more; revokes pay five, and leads out of
turn three. The player who first succeeds in winning five tricks on a
nap bid takes the pool, and a fresh one is formed. If a player bids nap
and fails, he is usually called upon to double the amount then in the
pool, besides paying his adversaries.

_=Purchase Nap=_; sometimes called _=Écarté Nap=_, is a variation of
the pool game. After the cards are dealt, and before any bids are
made, each player in turn, beginning on the dealer’s left, may discard
as many cards as he pleases, the dealer giving him others in their
place. For each card so exchanged, the player pays one counter to the
pool. Only one round of exchanges is allowed, and bids are then in
order. A player having once refused to buy, or having named the number
of cards he wishes to exchange, cannot amend his decision. Any player
winning five tricks on a nap bid takes the entire pool. This is a very
good game, and increases both the bids and the play against them.

_=Widows.=_ Another variation is to deal five cards in the centre of
the table, face downward, the dealer giving the cards to the widow just
before helping himself in each round. Any player in his proper turn to
bid may take the widow, and from the total of ten cards so obtained
select five on which he must bid nap, discarding the others face
downward.

_=Peep Nap.=_ In this variety of the pool game one card only is dealt
to the widow, usually on the first round. Each player in turn, before
bidding or passing, has the privilege of taking a private peep at this
down card, on paying one counter to the pool. The card is left on the
table until the highest bidder is known, and he then takes it into his
hand, whether he has paid to peep at it or not. He must then discard
to reduce his hand to five cards. If a player bids nap it usually pays
those following him to have a peep at the down card in case the bidder
should retain it in his hand.


SPOIL FIVE.

Spoil Five is one of the oldest of card games, and is generally
conceded to be the national game of Ireland. It is derived from the
still older game of Maw, which was the favourite recreation of James
the First. The connecting link seems to have been a game called Five
Fingers, which is described in the “_Compleat Gamester_,” first
published in 1674. The Five Fingers was the five of trumps, and also
the best, the ace of hearts coming next. In Spoil Five, the Jack of
trumps comes between these two.

_=CARDS.=_ Spoil Five is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards.
The rank of the cards varies according to the colour of the suit, and
the trump suit undergoes still further changes, the heart ace being
always the third best trump. In the plain suits, the K Q J retain
their usual order, the King being the best. The rank of the spot
cards, including the aces of diamonds, clubs, and spades, is generally
expressed by the phrase: _=Highest in red; lowest in black=_. That is
to say, if several cards of a suit, not including a King, Queen or
Jack, are played to a trick, the highest card will win if the suit
is red; and the lowest if the suit is black. This will give us the
following order for the plain suits, beginning with the highest card in
each:--

   No change. |          Highest in red.
  ♡  K  Q  J  |  10  9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2
  ♢  K  Q  J  |  10  9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2   A
              |
              |          Lowest in black.
  ♣  K  Q  J  |  A   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10
  ♠  K  Q  J  |  A   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10

In the trump suit the same order of cards is retained, except that four
cards are always the best trumps. These are the Five, Jack, and ace of
the suit itself, and the ace of hearts, the latter being always the
third best. This gives us the rank of the cards as follows, when the
suit is trump:--

         No change.   |          Highest in red.
  ♡ 5 J       ♡ A K Q |  10  9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2
  ♢ 5 J  ♡ A  ♢ A K Q |  10  9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2
                      |
                      |          Lowest in black.
  ♣ 5 J  ♡ A  ♣ A K Q |  2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10
  ♠ 5 J  ♡ A  ♠ A K Q |  2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9   10

_=COUNTERS.=_ Spoil Five is played with a pool, for which counters
are necessary. One player should act as banker, and the others should
purchase from him, each beginning with 20 counters. Coins may take the
place of counters, shillings being the usual points.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Any number from 2 to 10 may play; but 5 or 6 is the usual
game.

_=CUTTING.=_ This is unknown at Spoil Five. The players take their
seats at random, and one of them deals a card face up to each in
succession. The first Jack takes the first deal. Some note should be
made of the player who gets the first deal, as the rules require that
when the game is brought to an end the last deal shall be made by the
player on the right of the first dealer.

_=THE POOL.=_ Before play begins each player deposits one counter in
the pool, and to this amount each successive dealer adds a counter
until the pool is won, when all contribute equally to form a new one.
In some places it is the practice for each successive dealer to put up
for all the players, whether the pool is won or not. This simply makes
larger pools.

_=DEALING.=_ Any player has the right to shuffle the pack, the dealer
last. The cards are then presented to the pone to be cut, and as many
cards as there are players must be left in each packet. Beginning on
his left, the dealer gives five cards to each player; two on the first
round and three on the next, or three and then two. After all are
helped, the next card is turned up on the remainder of the pack, and
the suit to which it belongs is the trump for that deal.

_=MISDEALING.=_ If there is any irregularity in the deal which is not
the dealer’s fault, such as any card except the trump found faced in
the pack, or the pack found imperfect, the same person deals again. But
if the dealer neglects to have the pack cut, or deals too many or too
few cards to any player, or exposes a card in dealing, or does not give
the same number of cards to each player on the same round, or counts
the cards on the table or those remaining in the pack, it is a misdeal,
and the deal passes to the next player on the misdealer’s left. In
some places the misdealer is allowed to deal again if he forfeits two
counters to the pool.

_=ROBBING THE TRUMP CARD.=_ If the trump card is an ace, the dealer may
discard any card he pleases in exchange for it. He may take up the ace
when he plays to the first trick, or may leave it on the pack until got
rid of in the course of play. When an ace is turned, the eldest hand,
before leading, should call upon the dealer to discard if he has not
already done so. If the dealer does not want the trump, he answers: “I
play these.”

If the trump card is not an ace, any player at the table holding the
ace of trumps is bound to announce the fact when it comes to his turn
to play to the first trick. The usual plan is for him to pass a card to
the dealer face downward, and in return the dealer will give him the
turn-up trump. If the holder of the ace does not want the turn-up, he
must tell the dealer to turn the trump down, which shows that he could
rob, but does not wish to. If the holder of the ace of trumps plays
without announcing it, he not only loses his right to rob, but his ace
of trumps becomes of less value than any other trump for that deal, and
even if it is the ace of hearts he loses the privileges attached to
that card.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The eldest hand begins by leading any card he
pleases. It is not necessary to follow suit except in trumps; but if
a player does not follow suit when he is able to do so, he must trump
the trick, or it is a revoke. If he cannot follow suit, he may trump
or discard at his pleasure. The highest card played of the suit led
wins the trick, and trumps win all other suits. The winner of the first
trick leads any card he pleases for the next, and so on, until all five
tricks have been played. Each player gathers his own tricks, as there
are no partnerships.

_=RENEGING.=_ The three highest trumps have special privileges in the
matter of not following suit. Any player holding the Five or Jack of
the trump suit; or the ace of hearts, but having no smaller trump with
them, may refuse to follow suit if any inferior trump is led; but if he
has also a smaller trump, he must play one or the other. If a superior
trump is led, the player must follow suit in any case. For instance: If
the Five of trumps is led, no one can refuse to follow suit, no matter
what trumps he holds; but if the Jack is led, and any player holds the
Five alone, he need not play it to the inferior trump lead. If the
heart ace is led, and one player holds the Jack alone, and another the
Five alone, neither of these cards need be played, because the trump
led is inferior to both of them. If a superior trump is played in
following suit, such as the Five played on an Eight led, the holder of
the lone Jack of trumps or ace of hearts, need not play it, because the
lead was inferior. This privilege of reneging is confined to the three
highest trumps.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ In Spoil Five there are three things to play
for. If any one person can win three tricks he takes the pool. If he
can win all five tricks he not only gets the pool, but receives an
extra counter from each of the other players. If he has no chance to
win three tricks, he must bend all his energies to scattering the
tricks among the other players, so that no one of them shall be able
to get the three tricks necessary to win the pool. When this is done,
the game is said to be _=spoiled=_, and as that is the object of the
majority in every deal it gives the game its name. In the older forms
of the game the winner of three tricks counted five points, and if
he could be prevented from getting three tricks his five points were
spoiled.

_=JINK GAME.=_ When a player has won three tricks, he should
immediately abandon his hand and claim the pool, for if he continues
playing he must _=jink it=_, and get all five tricks or lose what he
has already won, the game being spoiled just as if no one had won three
tricks. It is sometimes a matter for nice judgment whether or not to go
on, and, for the sake of an extra counter from each player, to risk a
pool already won. The best trump is often held up for three rounds to
coax a player to go on in this manner.

_=IRREGULARITIES IN THE HANDS.=_ If, during the play of a hand, it is
discovered that any one holds too many or too few cards, that hand is
foul, and must be abandoned, the holder forfeiting all right to the
pool for that deal. Those who have their right number of cards finish
the play without the foul hand, but any tricks already won by the
holder of the foul hand remain his property.

_=IRREGULARITIES IN PLAY.=_ If any player robs when he does not hold
the ace; leads or plays out of turn; reneges to the lead of a higher
trump; renounces in the trump suit; revokes in a plain suit; or exposes
a card after any player has won two tricks, he loses all his right and
interest in the current pool, which he cannot win, either on that or
any subsequent deal, but to which he must continue to contribute when
it comes to his turn to deal. After the pool has been won, and a fresh
one formed, the penalty is removed.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ Observation, quickness, and good
judgment of character are the essentials for success at Spoil Five,
the last being probably the most important. The peculiar order of the
cards; the privilege of renouncing when holding a card of the suit led;
and the right of passing inferior trump leads, are very confusing to
the beginner; but with practice the routine and strategy of the game
soon become familiar.

The player should first make up his mind whether he is going to try to
win the pool or to spoil it. Particular attention should be paid to the
player who robs, because he must have at least the ace and the turn-up
in trumps, and is more likely to need spoiling than any other player.
When a player wins a trick, some judgment will be necessary to decide
whether he is trying for the pool himself, or simply spoiling it for
some one else. When he wins two tricks, every other player at the table
must combine against him.

With only one small or medium trump, it is better to use it at the
first opportunity. Unless the player has some hopes of winning the
pool himself, he should trump all doubtful cards; that is, cards that
may win the trick if not trumped. With two good trumps, it is better
to wait for developments; even if you cannot win the last three tricks
yourself, you may effectually spoil any other player. Do anything you
can to prevent the possibility of a third trick being won by a player
who has already won two.


FORTY-FIVE, OR FIVE AND TEN.

These names are given to Spoil Five when it is played by two persons
only, or by four or six divided into two equal partnerships. There is
no pool, as one side or the other must win three tricks every deal.
The side winning the odd trick counts five points towards game, or
ten points if it wins all five tricks. Forty-five points is game. In
another variation, each trick counts five points, and the winners’
score is deducted from the losers’, so that if one side wins four
tricks it counts fifteen towards game. When this manner of counting is
adopted, the players count out; that is, if each side is 35 up, the
first to win two tricks counts out.

Minor variations are sometimes introduced; such as robbing with the
King, if the ace is not in play; counting five for the dealer’s side if
the ace or King is turned up, etc.

There are no _=Text Books=_ on Spoil Five; but descriptions and laws of
the game are to be found in the “Westminster Papers,” Vol II., and in
“Round Games,” by Berkeley.


RAMS, OR RAMMES

This game seems to be the connecting link between the more strongly
marked members of the Euchre family and Division Loo.

_=CARDS.=_ Rams is played with the euchre pack, thirty-two cards, which
rank as at Écarté, K Q J A 10 9 8 7. It has lately become the fashion,
however, to adopt the rank of the cards in the piquet pack, A K Q J 10
9 8 7.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Any number from three to six may play; but when six play
the dealer takes no cards. The general arrangements for the players,
first deal, counters, etc., are exactly the same as at Spoil Five.

_=THE POOL.=_ Each successive dealer puts up five counters, to form or
to augment the pool.

_=DEALING.=_ The cards having been properly shuffled and cut, five
are given to each player; two the first round and three the next, or
three the first round and two the next. An extra hand, known as the
_=widow=_, is dealt face downward in the centre of the table. The
dealer gives cards to the widow just before dealing to himself in each
round. When all are helped, the next card is turned up for the trump.
Irregularities in the deal are governed by the same rules as in Spoil
Five.

_=DECLARING TO PLAY.=_ Each player in turn, beginning with the eldest
hand, may either play or pass. If he passes, he lays his cards face
downward in front of him, and takes no further part in that deal unless
a general rams is announced. If he plays, he engages himself to take
at least one trick, or forfeit five counters to the pool. He may play
with the hand originally dealt him, or he may risk getting a better
by taking the widow in exchange. If he exchanges, his original hand
is dead, and must not be seen by any player. If any player takes the
widow, those following him must play the hand dealt them or pass out.
In some clubs the eldest hand is obliged to play, either with his own
hand or with the widow.

If all pass except the pone, he must play against the dealer, either
with the cards dealt him, or with the widow. If he declines to play,
he must pay the dealer five counters, and the pool remains. The dealer
must play if he is opposed by only one player; but if two others have
announced to play, the dealer may play or pass as he pleases. If he
plays, he may discard and take up the trump card. No other player may
rob the trump.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The eldest hand of those who have declared to
play begins by leading any card he pleases. Each player in turn must
head the trick; that is, play a higher card if he can. If he has two
higher, he may play either. If he has none of the suit led, he must
trump if he can, even if the trick is already trumped by another
player. For instance: Hearts are trumps, and A leads a club. B follows
suit, but neither C nor D has a club. Suppose C trumps with the King,
and that the only trump D has is the Queen, he must play it on the
trick, losing it to C’s King. When a player can neither follow suit
nor trump, he may discard any card he pleases. The winner of the trick
leads for the next trick, and so on until all five tricks have been
played.

_=PENALTIES.=_ There is only one penalty in Rams; to win nothing on the
deal, and to forfeit five counters to the next pool. This is inflicted
for playing with more or less than five cards; for exposing any card;
for leading or playing out of turn; for renouncing; and for refusing to
head or trump a trick when able to do so.

_=DIVIDING THE POOL.=_ Pools may be simple or double. The usual custom
is to compel every one to play when the pool is a simple, containing
nothing but the five counters put up by the dealer. When there are more
than five counters in the pool they must be some multiple of five, and
the pool is called a double. In double pools the players may play or
pass as they please. No matter how many counters are already in the
pool, the dealer must add five.

Each player gathers in the tricks he wins, and at the end of the hand
he is entitled to take one-fifth of the contents of the pool for every
trick he has won. If he has played his hand, and failed to get a trick,
he is ramsed, and forfeits five counters to form the next pool, in
addition to those which will be put up by the next dealer. If two or
more players fail to win a trick, they must each pay five counters, and
if the player whose turn it will be to deal next is ramsed, he will
have to put up ten; five for his deal, and five for the rams.

_=GENERAL RAMS.=_ If any player thinks he can win all five tricks,
with the advantage of the first lead, he may announce a general rams,
when it comes to his turn to pass or play. This announcement may be
made either before or after taking the widow. When a general rams is
announced, all at the table must play, and those who have passed and
laid down their hands, must take them up again. If the widow has not
been taken, any player who has not already refused it may take it. The
player who announced general rams has the first lead. If he succeeds in
getting all five tricks, he not only gets the pool but receives five
counters in addition from each player. If he fails, he must double
the amount then in the pool, and pay five counters to each of his
adversaries. Any player taking a trick that spoils a general rams gets
nothing from the pool, and it is usual to abandon the hands the moment
the announcing player loses a trick.


ROUNCE.

This is an American corruption of Rams. It is played with the full pack
of fifty-two cards, which rank as at Whist, and any number of players
from three to nine. Six cards are dealt to the widow, one of which
must be discarded by the player taking it. All pools are alike, there
being no difference between simples and doubles, and there is no such
announcement as general rounce. There is no obligation to head the
trick, nor to trump or under-trump; but the winner of the first trick
must lead a trump if he has one.


BIERSPIEL.

This is a popular form of Rams among German students. Three crosses are
chalked on the table in front of each player, representing five points
each. When a trick is won, a beer-soaked finger wipes out the centre of
a cross, and reduces its value to four. Successive cancellings of the
remaining arms of the cross as tricks are taken gradually reduce it to
nothing, and the player who is last to wipe out his third cross pays
for the beer. No player is allowed to look at his cards until the trump
is turned, and the dealer gives the word of command: “Auf.” The seven
of diamonds is always the second-best card of the trump suit, ranking
next below the ace. If it is turned up, the dealer turns up the next
card for a trump, and when it comes to his turn, he can take both cards
into his hand, discarding others in their place. If the dealer passes,
the eldest hand may take up the trump. If only two declare to play, a
trump must be led for the first trick; if three play, trumps must be
led twice; if four play, three times. If the leader has no trump, he
must lead his smallest card, face downward, which calls for a trump
from such of the other players as have one. All penalties are made by
adding fresh crosses to the delinquent’s score.


LOO, OR DIVISION LOO.

This was at one time the most popular of all round games at cards; but
its cousin Napoleon seems to have usurped its place in England, while
Poker has eclipsed it in America. There are several varieties of the
game, but the most common form is Three-card Limited Loo, which will be
first described.

_=CARDS.=_ Loo is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards, which
rank, A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2; the ace being the highest.

_=COUNTERS.=_ Loo being a pool game, counters are necessary. They
should be of two colours, white and red, one red banker, to sell and
redeem all counters. Each player should begin with 18 red and 6 white,
which is equal to 20 reds.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Any number of persons from three to seventeen may play,
but eight is the usual limit, and five or six makes the best game. The
players take their seats at random.

_=CUTTING.=_ A card is dealt round to each player, face up, and the
first Jack takes the first deal.

_=THE POOL.=_ Each successive dealer places three red counters in
the pool. The pool is added to from time to time by penalties for
infractions of the rules, and by forfeitures from players who have
failed in their undertakings. Such payments are always made in red
counters, the number being always three or six. When the pool is
divided, it sometimes happens that a player is not allowed to withdraw
his share. In such cases the red counters representing it should be
changed for their value in white ones, so that the forfeited share may
be divided in three parts.

The difference between _=Limited Loo=_, and _=Unlimited Loo=_, is in
the amounts paid into the pool. In Limited Loo the penalty is always
three or six red counters. In Unlimited Loo, it is the same for
irregularities, and for infraction of the rules; but any player failing
in his undertaking must put up for the next pool an amount equal to
that in the current pool. When two or more fail on successive deals the
pool increases with surprising rapidity. A player at twenty-five cent
Loo has been known to lose $320 in three consecutive deals.

_=DEALING.=_ The pack having been properly shuffled and cut, the dealer
gives three cards to each player, one at a time in rotation, beginning
on his left. The first deal, and every deal in which the pool contains
only the three red counters put up by the dealer, is known as a
_=simple=_, and no trump card is turned up until one or two tricks have
been played to. If there are more than three red counters in the pool,
it is known as a _=double=_, and an extra hand must be dealt for the
_=widow=_, and after all have been helped, the next card in the pack is
turned up for a trump. The dealer gives cards to the widow just before
helping himself in each round.

_=Irregularities in the Deal.=_ If the pack is found to be imperfect,
or any card except the trump is found faced in the pack, the same
dealer must deal again without penalty. If the dealer neglects to have
the pack cut; reshuffles it after it has been properly cut; deals a
card incorrectly and fails to correct the error before dealing another;
exposes a card in dealing; gives any player too many or too few cards;
or deals a wrong number of hands, it is a misdeal, and he loses his
deal, and forfeits three red counters to the current pool. The new
dealer adds his three counters as usual, and the pool becomes a double.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ A description of the method of playing will be
better understood if it is divided into two parts, as it varies in
simple and in double pools.

_=In Simple Pools=_, no trump is turned, and no widow dealt. Should
the dealer inadvertently turn a trump, he forfeits three red counters
to the current pool, but it remains a simple. If he deals a card for a
widow, and fails to correct himself before dealing another card, it is
a misdeal.

The eldest hand leads any card he pleases, and the others must not
only follow suit, but must head the trick if they can. This does not
necessarily mean that they shall play the best card they hold of the
suit led, but that they shall play a better one than any already
played. The cards are left in front of the players. If all follow
suit the winner of the trick leads any card he pleases for the next
trick. If all follow suit to that again, the winner leads for the
next, and if all follow suit again, that ends it, and the winners
of the several tricks divide the pool. All those who have not won a
trick are _=looed=_, and must contribute three red counters each for
the next pool, which, added to the three to be deposited by the next
dealer, will make the ensuing pool a double. But if in any trick any
player is unable to follow suit, as soon as the trick is complete the
dealer turns up the top card on the remainder of the pack, and the
suit to which it belongs is the trump. If any trump has been played,
the highest trump wins the trick. In any case, the winner of the trick
must lead a trump for the next trick if he has one. When all three
tricks have been played, the winner of each is entitled to one-third
of the contents of the pool. Those who have not won a trick are looed,
and must contribute three red counters each for the next pool. This is
called a _=Bold Stand=_.

_=In Double Pools=_, an extra hand is dealt for the widow, and a trump
is turned. No player is allowed to look at his cards until it comes
to his turn to declare. The dealer, beginning on his left, asks each
in turn to announce his intentions. The player may _=stand=_ with
the cards dealt him; or may _=take the widow=_ in exchange; or may
_=pass=_. If he passes or takes the widow, he gives his original hand
to the dealer, who places it on the bottom of the pack. If he takes the
widow or stands, he must win at least one trick, or he is looed, and
will forfeit three red counters to the next pool.

If all pass but the player who has taken the widow, he wins the pool
without playing, and the next deal must be a simple. If only one player
stands, and he has not taken the widow, the dealer, if he will not play
for himself, must take the widow and play to defend the pool. If he
fails to take a trick, he is not looed; but the payment for any tricks
he wins must be left in the pool, and the red counters for them should
be changed for white ones, so that the amount may be easily divided at
the end of the next pool.

_=Flushes.=_ If any player in a double pool holds three trumps, whether
dealt him or found in the widow, he must announce it as soon as all
have declared whether or not they will play. The usual custom is to
wait until the dealer declares, and then to ask him: “How many play?”
The dealer replies: “Two in;” “Three in;” or: “Widow and one;” as the
case may be. The player with the flush then shows it, and claims the
pool without playing, each of those who are “in” being looed three red
counters. If two players hold a flush in trumps, the elder hand wins,
whether his trumps are better or not; but the younger hand, holding
another flush, is not looed.

_=Leading.=_ In all double pools, the eldest hand of those playing must
lead a trump if he has one. If he has the ace of trumps he must lead
that; or if he has the King and the ace is turned up. The old rule was
that a player must lead the higher of two trumps, but this is obsolete.
The winner of a trick must lead a trump if he has one. Each player in
turn must head the trick if he can; if he has none of the suit led he
must trump or over-trump if he can; but he need not under-trump a trick
already trumped.

_=Irregularities and Penalties.=_ There is only one penalty in Loo, to
win nothing from the current pool, and to pay either three or six reds
to the next pool. If the offender has won any tricks, the payment for
them must be left in the pool in white counters, to be divided among
the winners of the next pool.

The offences are divided, some being paid for to the current pool, such
as those for errors in the deal, while others are not paid until the
current pool has been divided. If any player looks at his hand before
his turn to declare, or the dealer does so before asking the others
whether or not they will play, or if any player announces his intention
out of his proper turn; the offender in each case forfeits three red
counters to the current pool, and cannot win anything that deal, but he
may play his hand in order to keep counters in the pool. If he plays
and is looed, he must pay.

_=Revokes.=_ If a player, when able to do so, fails to follow suit, or
to head the trick, or to lead trumps, or to lead the ace of trumps,
(or King when ace is turned,) or to trump a suit of which he is void,
the hands are abandoned on discovery of the error, and the pool is
divided as equally as possible among those who declared to play, with
the exception of the offender. Any odd white counters must be left for
the next pool. The player in fault is then held guilty of a revoke, and
must pay a forfeit of six red counters to the next pool. The reason
for the division of the pool is that there is no satisfactory way to
determine how the play would have resulted had the revoke not occurred.
It is impossible to take back the cards and replay them, because no one
would have a right to judge how much a person’s play was altered by his
knowledge of the cards in the other hands.

If a player, having already won a trick, renders himself liable to any
penalty, as for exposing a card, leading or following suit out of turn,
or abandoning his hand, he is looed for three red counters, payable to
the next pool, and the payment for the tricks he has won must be left
in the pool in white counters.


IRISH LOO.

In this variation, no widow is dealt, and there is no distinction
between simple and double pools. A trump is always turned up, and
the dealer asks each in turn, beginning on his left, whether or not
he will play, taking up the cards of those who decline to stand. He
then announces his own decision, and proceeds to ask those who have
declared to play whether or not they wish to exchange any of the cards
originally dealt them. The usual question is simply: “How many?” and
the player names the number of cards he wishes to exchange, if any;
at the same time discarding others in their places. The number first
asked for cannot be amended or recalled. The trump is laid aside, and
the cards called for are dealt from the remainder of the pack, without
further shuffling. In all other respects, the game is Three-card Loo.


FIVE-CARD LOO.

This is Irish Loo with some additional variations. Each red counter
should be worth five white ones, and the players will require about
fifty red counters each at starting. The dealer puts up five red
counters. Any player holding a flush of five cards in any suit may
immediately claim the pool, and every person at the table, whether
playing or not, is supposed to be looed, and pays five red counters to
the next pool. If two players hold flushes, the elder hand wins, even
if the younger hand holds a flush in trumps.

Another variation is to make the club Jack, which is known as _=Pam=_,
always the best trump. Combined with four cards of any suit, this card
will make a flush. If any player leads the trump ace, the holder of Pam
must pass the trick if he can do so without revoking. The old usage was
for the holder of the trump ace to notify any player holding Pam to
pass, if he wished him to do so; but that is quite superfluous, as no
player wants to lose his ace of trumps, and it goes without saying that
he wants Pam to pass it.

       *       *       *       *       *

Interesting articles on Loo will be found in “Bell’s Life,” the
“Field,” the “Sportsman,” and the “Westminster Papers;” Vol. II. of the
latter especially.




ALL FOURS FAMILY.


All Fours is to be found amongst the oldest games of cards, and is the
parent of a large family of variations, all of which are of American
birth. The youngest member of the family, Cinch, seems to have a bright
future before it, and bids fair to become one of our most popular
games. The chief defect in Cinch has been the method of scoring, which
left too much to luck. In the following pages the author has attempted
to remedy this.

The name, “All Fours,” seems to have been varied at times to “All
Four,” and was derived from four of the five points which counted
towards game; the fifth point, for “gift” having been apparently quite
overlooked. The game was originally ten points up, and the cards were
dealt one at a time. According to the descriptions in some of the older
Hoyles, the honours and Tens of the plain suits did not count towards
game; but this is evidently an error, for we find in the same editions
the advice to trump or win the adversary’s best cards in plain suits.
This would obviously be a mere waste of trumps if these plain-suit
cards did not count for anything.

All Fours seems to have been popular with all classes of society at
one time or another. Cotton’s “Compleat Gamester” gives it among the
principal games in his day, 1674. Daines Barrington, writing a hundred
years later, speaks of All Fours in connection with Whist. “Whist,”
he says, “seems never to have been played on principles until about
fifty years ago; before that time [1735] it was confined chiefly to
the servants’ hall, with All Fours and Put.” Another writer tells us
that Ombre was the favourite game of the ladies, and Piquet of the
gentlemen _par excellence_; clergymen and country squires preferring
Whist, “while the lower orders shuffled away at All Fours, Put,
Cribbage, and Lanterloo.” In 1754 a pamphlet was published containing:
“Serious Reflections on the dangerous tendency of the common practice
of Card-playing; especially the game of All Four.” For many years All
Fours was looked upon as the American gambler’s game _par excellence_,
and it is still the great standby of our coloured brother; who would
sooner swallow a Jack than have it caught.


ALL FOURS, SEVEN-UP, OR OLD SLEDGE.

_=CARDS.=_ Seven-up is played with the full pack of fifty-two cards,
which rank A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2; the ace being the highest, both
in cutting and in play.

_=COUNTERS.=_ Each player or side should be provided with seven
counters. As the points accrue, these counters are got rid of by
placing them in a pool in the centre of the table. By this method a
glance will show how many each side or player has “to go,” that is, how
many will put him out.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Two, three or four persons may play. When three play, the
game resembles Cut-throat Euchre, each for himself. When four play, two
are partners against the other two, and the partners sit opposite each
other. The player on the dealer’s left, or his adversary if only two
play, is always spoken of as the eldest or elder hand. The one on the
dealer’s right is the pone.

_=CUTTING.=_ If there are four players, they cut for partners, deal,
and choice of seats. The two lowest are partners against the two
highest; the highest cut has the choice of seats, and deals the first
hand. When two or three play, they cut for seats and deal. In cutting,
the ace is high. Ties cut again; but the new cut decides nothing but
the tie.

_=STAKES.=_ If there is any stake, it is for so much a game. Rubbers
are never played.

_=DEALING.=_ Each player has the right to shuffle the pack, the dealer
last, and the cards are then presented to the pone to be cut. At least
four cards must be left in each packet. Beginning on his left, the
dealer gives six cards to each player, three on the first round, and
three more on the second round, turning up the next card for the trump,
and leaving it on the remainder of the pack. If this card is a Jack,
the dealer counts one point for it immediately; but if any player is
found to have an incorrect number of cards, and announces it before he
plays to the first trick, the Jack cannot be counted, as it could not
have been the proper trump.

In _=Pitch, or Blind All Fours=_, no trump is turned. The first card
led or “pitched” by the eldest hand is the trump suit for that deal.

_=MISDEALING.=_ If any card is found faced in the pack, or the pack
is proved to be imperfect, the same dealer deals again. If he deals
without having the cards cut, or gives too many or too few cards to
any player, it is a misdeal, and the deal passes to the next player on
the misdealer’s left. If the dealer exposes a card, the adversaries may
elect to have the deal stand, or to have a new deal by the same dealer.
In _=Pitch=_, a misdeal does not lose the deal, because the deal is no
advantage.

_=BEGGING.=_ The deal completed, and the trump turned, the eldest hand
looks at his cards, the other players leaving theirs untouched. If
the eldest hand is not satisfied, he says: _=I beg=_; and the dealer,
after examining his own hand, has the option of giving him a point or
_=running the cards=_. If he decides to give the point, he says: _=Take
it=_, and the eldest hand immediately scores one for the _=gift=_. If
the dealer will not give, he lays the trump card aside, and deals three
more cards to each player, including himself; turning up another trump.
Should this be a Jack of another suit, the dealer scores a point for
it at once. Should it be of the same suit as that first turned up, the
Jack cannot be scored, as the dealer has declined to have that suit for
the trump. When the same suit is turned up a second time, the card is
laid aside; three more cards are given to each player, another trump
is turned, and so on until a different suit comes up for the trump. If
the pack is exhausted before another suit turns up, the cards must be
_=bunched=_, and the same dealer deals again.

The dealer’s partner and the pone are not permitted to look at their
cards until the eldest hand and the dealer have decided whether to
stand or run the cards. Among strict players, if a person looks at
his hand before the proper time, the adversaries score a point. The
object of this rule is to prevent the possibility of any expression of
satisfaction or disapproval of the turn-up trump.

No second beg is allowed, but when only two play, if either player is
dissatisfied with the new trump he may propose to _=bunch the cards=_.
If the proposition is agreed to, the cards are reshuffled and dealt
again by the same dealer. If three play, the dealer must give a point
to both adversaries if he refuses to run the cards, although only one
begs. The dealer cannot give a player enough to put him out.

_=DISCARDING.=_ When the cards have been run, the usual practice is to
discard all superfluous cards, each player reducing his hand to six,
with which he plays. In some clubs it is the rule to keep all the cards
if only nine are in each hand, but to discard down to six if two or
more rounds were dealt after turning the first trump.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ The object in Seven-up is to secure certain
points which count towards game. As its name implies, the game is
won when a player has put up seven of his counters, each of which
represents a point. There are six different ways of making these
points, and it is possible for one player to make five of them in one
deal; but he cannot by any possibility make seven. The following count
one point each:

1st. Turning up the _=Jack=_ of trumps.

2nd. Being _=given=_ a point by the dealer.

3rd. Holding the _=Highest=_ trump.

4th. Holding the _=Lowest=_ trump.

5th. Winning a trick with the _=Jack=_ of trumps in it.

6th. Making the majority of the pips that count for what is called
_=Game=_.

_=Turning the Jack=_ is entirely a matter of chance, and should not
occur more than once in thirteen deals. If a Jack is turned every few
deals, you may be sure that unfair methods are being used. Nothing is
more common among advantage players than turning up Jacks every few
deals.

_=Begging=_ is resorted to by a player who holds no trumps, or such
indifferent ones that it is very unlikely they will be either High or
Low. If he has anything better, such as very high or low cards in other
suits, such a hand is called, “a good hand to run to,” and the player
begs, hoping the new trump will better fit his hand. If he has nothing
better in other suits than in the turn-up, it will still be slightly in
his favour to beg, unless he has trumps enough to give him some hopes
of making the point for Game. It is a fatal error to beg on good cards,
and gamblers have a saying that he who begs a point to-day, will beg a
stake to-morrow.

_=High=_ and _=Low=_ count to the player to whom those cards are dealt,
and there is no chance to alter the fortunes of the deal except by
begging and running the cards. These two points may both be made by the
same card, if it is the only trump in play; because High is counted for
the best trump out during the deal, and Low for the lowest, no matter
what the cards are.

_=Catching the Jack=_, or saving it, is one of the principal objects
of the game, and as a rule a player holding the Jack should lose no
opportunity to save such a valuable counting card. On the other hand, a
player holding higher trumps will often have to use good judgment as to
whether to lead them to catch the Jack, if it happens to be out; or to
keep quiet until the last few tricks, when if the Jack is not out, such
trumps may be useful to win cards that count for Game.

_=The Game=_ is generally known as _=the gambler’s point=_, because
it is the only point that must be played for in every hand, and its
management requires more skill than all the others put together. The
cards that count for Game are the four honours and the Ten of each
suit. Every ace counts 4; every King 3; every Queen 2; every Jack 1;
and every Ten 10. After the last card has been played, each player
turns over the tricks he has won, and counts up the pip value of the
court cards and Tens that he has won. Whoever has the highest number
counts the point for Game. For instance: Two are playing. The elder
hand has taken in an ace, two Kings and a Jack, which are collectively
worth 11. The dealer has taken in a Queen and a Ten, which are worth
12; so the dealer marks the point for Game. If both players have the
same number, or if there is no Game out, which rarely happens, the
non-dealer scores Game. If three play, and Game is a tie between the
two non-dealers, neither scores. The non-dealer is given the benefit
of counting a tie for Game as an offset to the dealer’s advantage in
turning Jacks. When no trump is turned, as in Pitch, no one can count
Game if it is a tie.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The eldest hand begins by leading any card he
pleases. If a trump is led, each player must follow suit if able. When
a plain suit is led he need not follow suit if he prefers to trump; but
if he does not trump, he must follow suit if he can. If he has none
of the suit led he may either trump or discard. This rule is commonly
expressed by saying that a player may _=follow suit or trump=_. The
highest card played of the suit led wins the trick, and trumps win all
other suits. The winner of the trick takes it in, and leads for the
next one, and so on until all the cards have been played. The tricks
themselves have no value except for the court cards and Tens they
contain.

As High, Jack, and Game are always counted by the player holding those
points at the end of the play, there can be no question about them: but
serious disputes sometimes arise as to who played Low. The best method
of avoiding this is for each player, as the game proceeds, to announce
and claim the lowest trump which has so far appeared, and instead of
giving it to the current trick, to leave it turned face up in front
of him if it is of no counting value. For instance: Four are playing,
and a round of trumps comes out, the six being the lowest. The player
holding it announces: “Six for Low,” and keeps the card face up in
front of him until some smaller trump appears. It often happens that a
player holds a 7 or 8, and having no idea that it will be Low, takes no
notice of it. At the end of the hand it is found that both the 7 and 8
are out, the 7 being Low, and the holders of those two cards get into
an argument as to which card each of them held.

_=SCORING.=_ The last card played, the various points for High, Low,
Jack, (if in play), and the Game are claimed, and the player or side
holding them puts a counter in the pool for each. The side first
getting rid of its seven counters wins the game. If both sides make
points enough to win the game on the same deal, High goes out first,
then Low, then Jack, and then Game. As already noticed, one card may
be both High and Low; the Jack may be High, Low, Jack; and it is even
possible, if there is no other trump or counting card in play, for the
Jack to be High, Low, Jack, and the Game.

In the variety known as _=All Fives=_, the score is kept on a cribbage
board, and part of it is pegged as the hand progresses. A player
winning a trick containing any of the following cards in the trump
suit pegs them immediately:--For the trump ace, 4 points; for the King
3; for the Queen 2; for the Jack 1; for the Ten 10, and for the Five
5. After the hand is over, all these cards are counted over again in
reckoning the point for Game, the Five of trumps counting 5. Sixty-one
points is game.

_=IRREGULARITIES IN PLAY.=_ The most serious error in Seven-up is the
_=revoke=_. If a player does not follow suit when able, it is a revoke
unless he trumps the trick. A player holding two small trumps and the
Ten of a plain suit, may trump both the ace and King of that suit
instead of giving up his Ten. But if on the third round the Queen is
led, and he cannot trump it, he must play his Ten if he has no other
card of the suit.

The only points affected by the revoke are Jack and Game. _=If the Jack
is not in play=_, there is only one point that can be affected by the
revoke, the score for Game; and the revoke penalty is one point, which
the adversary may add to his own score, or deduct from the score of the
revoking player. The adversary may also score the point for Game if he
makes it; but it cannot be scored by the revoking player; who may mark
only High or Low if he holds either or both of those points.

_=If the Jack is in play=_, two points may be affected by a revoke. The
player in fault cannot score either Jack or Game, and the penalty for
the revoke is two points; in addition to which the adversary of the
revoking player may score either or both Jack and Game if he makes them.

The revoking player cannot win the game that hand, no matter what he
scores, but must stop at six. A revoke is established as soon as the
trick in which it occurs has been turned and quitted, or a card has
been led or played to the next trick.

_=Exposed Cards.=_ When four play, all exposed cards must be left on
the table, and are liable to be called by the adversaries if they
cannot be previously got rid of in the course of play. All cards led or
played out of turn are exposed, and liable to be called. If two or more
cards are played to a trick, the adversaries may select which shall
remain; the other is exposed.

_=METHODS OF CHEATING.=_ Few games lend themselves more readily to
the operations of the greek than Seven-up. Turning Jacks from the
bottom of the pack; setting up the half-stock for the beg; dealing
oneself more than six cards, and dropping on the tricks already won
those counting for Game; getting the A J 10 and 2 of a suit together
during the play of a hand, and then shifting the cut to get them on
the next deal, turning up the Jack; marked cards; strippers; wedges;
reflectors; these and many other tricks are in common use. Those who
are not expert enough to deal seconds or shift cuts will sometimes
resort to such trifling advantages as abstracting one of the Tens from
the pack, so that they may know a suit from which a small card can
always be led without any danger of the adversary’s making the Ten. One
very common swindle in Seven-up is known as _=the high hand=_, which
consists in giving the intended victim the A K J 10 9 2 of trumps, and
then inducing him to bet that he will make four points. No matter how
skilful the player may be, he will find it impossible to save both Jack
and Game.


CALIFORNIA JACK.

This is a variety of Seven-up for two players, in which the number of
cards in the hand is constantly restored to six by drawing from the
remainder of the pack.

The trump suit is cut for before the cards are shuffled and dealt.
The usual method is to cut for seats and deal, and the highest cut
determines the trump suit at the same time. After each player has been
given six cards, three at a time, the remainder of the pack is turned
face up on the table, and the winner of each trick takes the top card,
his adversary taking the next one. When the stock is exhausted, the
last six cards are played as in the ordinary game of Seven-up.

Seven points is game, the points being the same as in Seven-up; but
everything, including Low, counts to the player winning it.

_=Shasta Sam=_ is California Jack with the remainder of the pack turned
face down, and is a much better game on that account.


AUCTION PITCH, SELL OUT, OR COMMERCIAL PITCH.

This very popular round game derives its name from the fact that the
first card led or “pitched” is the trump suit, and that the privilege
of pitching it belongs to the eldest hand, who may sell it out to the
highest bidder.

The number of _=cards=_ and their rank is the same as at Seven-up; A
K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2, the ace being the highest in cutting and in
play.

_=Players.=_ Any number from four to seven may play, each for himself;
five is considered the best game. The players cut for choice of seats,
the highest cut taking the first choice and the deal.

_=Counters.=_ Each player should be provided with seven white counters
to mark the game. If stakes are played for, red counters are used to
make up the pool, one player acting as the banker to sell and redeem
all red counters.

_=Dealing.=_ Six cards are dealt to each player, three at a time, but
no trump is turned. All the rules for irregularities in the deal are
the same as in Seven-up, but a misdeal does not lose the deal under any
circumstances.

_=Objects of the Game.=_ As in Seven-up, the object of each player is
to get rid of his seven counters, one of which he is entitled to put in
the pool for each of the following points: For holding the _=highest=_
trump in play; for holding (having dealt to him) the _=lowest=_ trump
in play; for winning a trick with the _=Jack=_ of trumps in it; for
making the greatest number of the pips that count for the _=game=_
point. The details of these points have already been explained in
connection with Seven-up. If the count for Game is a tie, no one scores
it.

_=Bidding.=_ The eldest hand sells. If he pitches without waiting for a
bid he must make four points, or he will be set back that number. Each
player in turn, beginning on the left of the eldest hand, bids for the
privilege of pitching the trump, naming the number of points he thinks
he can make. If he will not bid, he must say distinctly: “_=I pass=_.”
After a bid has been made, any following player must bid higher or
pass. There are no second bids. The highest number any player can bid
is four, which will require him to make High, Low, Jack, and the Game
against the combined efforts of all the other players. The eldest hand
must either accept the number bid, or pitch the trump himself, and make
as many points as the highest bidder offered him. If the eldest hand
accepts, he pushes into the pool as many counters as he is bid, and the
successful bidder pitches the trump. If no bid is made, the eldest hand
must pitch the trump himself.

A bidder is not allowed to give the seller enough points to put him
out, and should he do so by mistake, he forfeits his right to bid at
all for that deal. If the seller has only two to go, and a player is
able to bid three or four, he loses nothing by bidding one only, for
no one can overbid him, and he is entitled to count all he makes. The
only risk he runs is that the seller can afford to refuse one, and will
go out on his own pitch. To remedy this it is the custom in some clubs
to allow a player to bid the full value of his hand. If the seller
accepts, he scores to within one of game; but if he refuses, he must
make as many as bid, even if he does not actually want them. It is one
of the fine points of the game for the seller to refuse when the number
of points offered would put the bidder out if he was successful.

There is no penalty for bidding out of turn. If a player chooses to
expose to a preceding player what he is prepared to bid, that is
usually to his own disadvantage.

_=Bidding to the Board.=_ Modern players usually adopt the practice of
bidding to the board, eldest hand having the first bid. In this form
of the game the points bid count to no one, and anyone can bid up to
four, no matter what the scores are. No one can claim the privilege of
pitching the trump for as many as bid, as each in turn must bid higher
or pass.

_=Playing.=_ The successful bidder has the first lead, and whatever
card he plays, whether by mistake or not, is the trump suit for that
deal. After that, the winner of the trick may lead any suit he pleases.
A player must follow suit in trumps if he is able to do so; but in a
plain suit he may trump if he chooses, although holding a card of the
suit led. If he does not trump, he must follow suit if he can. If he
has none of the suit led, he may trump or discard as he pleases. The
highest card played of the suit led wins the trick, and trumps win all
other suits.

_=Scoring.=_ At the end of the hand the various players claim the
points made, and score them by placing white counters in the pool. If
the bidder makes any points in excess of the number bid, he scores
them. The first player to get rid of his seven white counters wins
the pool, and takes down all the red counters it contains. The white
counters are then redistributed, and the players cut for the first deal
of the new game.

If two players can count out on the same deal, and one of them is the
bidder, he wins the pool if he has made good his bid. If neither of
the ties is the bidder, the points count out in their regular order,
High first, then Low, then Jack, and finally Game. For instance: Seven
are playing. A sells to B, who bids two. B and C have each two to go.
B pitches a trump of which C has both High and Low; but if B makes
Jack and Game he wins the pool, because he bid only two points, and
made them. This is generally expressed by the rule: _=bidder goes out
first=_.

_=Setting Back.=_ If the player who pitches the trump fails to make the
number of points bid, he is set back, and scores nothing for any points
he may have made. A player who is set back, either for overbidding his
hand, or for refusing to sell and failing to make the number of points
offered him, must withdraw from the pool as many white counters as were
bid, and add them to his own. For instance: It is A’s sell. A and B
each have two to go. B bids three, which A refuses, pitching the trump
himself. A makes only two points, B scoring one, and a third player
D, another. B and D score one each, but A scores nothing for the two
points he made, and must take three white counters from the pool, which
will make him five to go. Had the bid which A refused been two only, he
would have won the game, as he made two points. In many clubs it is the
custom for a player who is set back to add a red counter to the pool.

_=Irregularities in Play.=_ If any adversary of the player who pitches
the trump leads or plays out of turn, he may be called upon by the
bidder to play his highest or lowest of the suit led; or to trump or
not to trump the trick. If any player but the pitcher has followed the
erroneous lead, the cards must be taken back; but if the pitcher has
followed, the error cannot be rectified.

In case of a _=revoke=_, the hand is played out as if the revoke
had not occurred, and each player except the person in error counts
whatever points he makes. If the pitcher of the trump fails to make
the number of points bid, he cannot be set back, but must be allowed
to score any points he makes. The revoking player is then set back the
number of points bid, and forfeits a red counter to the pool. If no bid
was made, he is set back two points.


SMUDGE.

In this variation of auction pitch, any player who is not in the hole
wins the game at once if he can bid four and make it.


PEDRO.

Pedro, Pedro Sancho, Dom Pedro, and Snoozer, are all varieties of
Auction Pitch, in which certain counting cards are added, and secondary
bids are allowed.

Everything counts to the player winning it, instead of to the one to
whom it is dealt. The game point is scored by the player who wins the
trick containing the Ten of trumps. If that card is not in play there
is no Game.

In _=Pedro Sancho=_, the Five and Nine of trumps count their pip value
in scoring, so that 18 points can be bid and made on one deal; one each
for High, Low, Jack, and Game, and fourteen more for the Nine and Five
of trumps. These two trumps have no special rank. The Ten will win the
Nine, and the Six will take the Five. In some places all the cards in
the pack are dealt out, which makes a much better game in any form of
Pedro.

The eldest hand sells, as at Auction Pitch. If a player’s first bid is
raised he may raise again in his proper turn.

Fifty points is game, and the players are usually provided with two
varieties of counters for scoring; one worth five points, and the other
worth one. The rank of the points in scoring is; High, Low, Jack, Ten
(Game), Five, and Nine. The revoke penalty is to be set back the number
of points bid, or ten points if there is no bid, and the player in
fault cannot score anything that hand. In all other respects the rules
are the same as in Auction Pitch.

In _=Dom Pedro, or Snoozer=_, the Joker is added to the pack, and the
Three, Five, and Nine of trumps count their pip value in scoring. The
Joker, or Snoozer, counts fifteen, so that thirty-six points can be
bid and made on one deal. The Joker is the lowest trump, so that the
deuce of trumps will win it, but it will win any trick in plain suits.
Fifty or a hundred points is the game. In counting out, the order of
precedence is: High, Low, Jack, Ten (Game), Three, Five, Nine, Snoozer.


CINCH, DOUBLE PEDRO, OR HIGH FIVE.

This is now regarded as the most important variety of All Fours, and
bids fair to supplant the parent game altogether. Properly speaking,
Cinch is one of the pedro variations of Auction Pitch, the difference
being that no one sells, and that there is added the always popular
American feature of a draw to improve the hand.

The derivation and meaning of the name, Cinch, seems to be very much
misunderstood. Many persons assume it is simply a name for the Left
Pedro, but such is not the case. Cinch is a Mexican word for a strong
saddle-girth, and when used as a verb it refers to the manner of
adjusting the girth on a bucking broncho so that no amount of kicking
will get him free. The word is used in this sense to describe one of
the principal tactics of the card game, which is to “cinch” certain
tricks, so that the adversary cannot possibly get either of the Pedroes
free.

_=CARDS.=_ Cinch is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards which
rank A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2. When the suit is trumps the 5 retains
its natural position, and is known as the _=Right Pedro=_; but the 5
of the same colour as the trump suit, which is known as the _=Left
Pedro=_, ranks between the 5 and 4 of the trump suit. The ace is
highest in cutting and in play. Whist-players, who have taken up Cinch
as a side issue, are in the habit of making the ace lowest in cutting;
but such a practice is out of harmony with all other members of the
Seven-up family of games.

_=COUNTERS.=_ The score is usually kept on a sheet of paper; but it is
more convenient to provide each side with 8 red and 11 white counters,
representing 51 points; the whites being worth 1, and the reds 5 each.
A good pull-up cribbage board is still better.

[Illustration: PULL-UP GAME COUNTER.]

_=PLAYERS.=_ Any number from two to six can play; but the regular game
is for four persons, two of whom are partners against the other two.
The player on the dealer’s left is the _=eldest hand=_; on the dealer’s
right is the _=pone=_.

_=CUTTING.=_ The players draw from an outspread pack for partners,
seats, and deal. The two lowest play against the two highest; the
highest cut has the choice of seats and cards, and deals the first
hand. Partners sit opposite each other.

_=DEALING.=_ Each player has the right to shuffle the pack, the dealer
last. The cards are then presented to the pone to be cut, and at
least four cards must be left in each packet. Beginning on his left,
the dealer gives nine cards to each player, three at a time in three
separate rounds. No trump is turned, and the remainder of the pack is
left on the table face downward.

_=MISDEALING.=_ If any card is found faced in the pack, the cards must
be reshuffled and dealt again. If the dealer exposes a card in dealing,
or turns up a trump by mistake, the adversaries may elect to have a new
deal by the same dealer, or to let the deal stand. If the dealer gives
too many or too few cards to any player, or fails to give the same
number of cards in each round, it is a misdeal, and the deal passes to
the next player on the left. Any player dealing out of turn, or with
the wrong cards, may be stopped before the last three cards are dealt;
but after that the deal stands good. If a misdeal is not discovered
until after a bid has been made, the deal stands good if three players
have their right number of cards. The deal passes in regular rotation
to the left.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ The game is fifty-one points, and the side
first pegging that number, or getting rid of its fifty-one counters is
the winner. Fourteen points are made on every deal, as follows:--

   1    For _=High=_, the ace of trumps.
   1    For _=Low=_, the deuce of trumps.
   1    For the _=Jack=_ of trumps.
   1    For the Ten of trumps, or _=Game=_.
   5 For the Five of trumps, or _=Right Pedro=_.
   5 For the Five of the same colour, or _=Left Pedro=_.
  --
  14 points altogether; all in the trump suit.

All these points, including Low, count to the player winning them, and
not to the players to whom they are dealt. This saves endless disputes.

_=BIDDING.=_ Beginning with the eldest hand, each player in turn, after
examining his nine cards, can make _=one bid=_ for the privilege of
naming the trump suit. The peculiarity of this bidding is that nobody
sells, the bids being made _=to the board=_, as it is called. The
bidder announces the number of points he thinks he can make (with his
partner’s assistance) but does not name the trump suit. If a player
will not bid, he says: “_=I pass=_.” After a bid has been made in its
proper turn, any following player must bid higher or pass. No one is
allowed to bid more than fourteen. There are no second bids, and a bid
once made cannot be amended or withdrawn. The player who has made the
highest bid is called upon to name the trump suit.

_=Irregular Bids.=_ If any player bids before the eldest hand has bid
or passed, both the player in error and his partner lose their right
to make any bid that deal; but the side not in error must bid against
each other for the privilege of naming the trump suit. If the eldest
hand has decided, and the pone bids without waiting for the dealer’s
partner, the pone loses his bid, and the dealer may bid before his
partner, without penalty. If the dealer bids before his partner has
decided, both he and his partner lose their right to bid that deal;
but the pone is still at liberty to overbid the eldest hand for the
privilege of naming the trump. If the dealer’s partner has bid, and the
dealer bids without waiting for the pone, the dealer loses his right to
bid for that deal.

If a player whose partner has not yet bid names the trump suit, his
partner loses the right to bid. If no bid is made, the dealer may name
any suit he pleases, without bidding. If any player exposes a card
before the trump suit is named, the adversaries may elect to have a new
deal by the same dealer.

_=DISCARDING AND DRAWING.=_ The trump suit named, each player discards
and leaves _=face upward=_ on the table as many cards as he pleases.
He must discard three, to reduce his hand to six cards. If he discards
more than three he must draw from the remainder of the pack to restore
the number of his cards to six; so that after the discard and draw each
player at the table will have exactly six cards, although nine were
originally dealt him.

The dealer, beginning on his left, gives to each player in turn as
many cards from the top of the pack as may be necessary to restore the
number in his hand to six. When it comes to the dealer’s turn, instead
of taking cards from the top of the pack, he may search the remainder
of the pack, and take from it any cards that he pleases. This is called
_=robbing the deck=_. Should he find in his own hand and the remainder
of the pack more than six trumps, he must discard those he does not
want, showing them face up on the table with the other discards.

Should any player discard a trump, his partner has the right to call
his attention to it, and if the player has not been helped to cards, or
has not lifted the cards drawn, the trump erroneously discarded may be
taken back; otherwise it must remain among the discards until the hand
has been played, when, if it is of any counting value, it must be added
to the score of the side making the trump.

Although there is no law to that effect, it is considered imperative
for each player except the dealer to discard everything but trumps.
This is partly because no other cards are of the slightest use, and
partly because one of the points of the game is that the number of
trumps held by each player before the draw should be indicated by his
discard.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The player who has named the trump suit begins
by leading any card he pleases. If a trump is led, every one must
follow suit if able to do so, and it must be remembered that the Left
Pedro is one of the trump suit. When a plain suit is led, any player
may trump if he chooses, although holding one of the suit led; but if
he does not trump, he must follow suit if he can. If he has none of
the suit led he may trump or discard at pleasure. The highest card
played of the suit led wins the trick, and trumps win all other suits.
The Five of trumps, or any higher, will win the Left Pedro; but the
Left Pedro will win the Four of trumps, or any lower. The winner of
the trick gathers it in, turning it face down, and leads for the next
trick, and so on, until all six tricks have been played. The tricks
themselves have no value, and need not be kept separate. The last trick
turned and quitted may be seen, but no other.

_=Irregularities in Playing.=_ If, during the play of a hand, any
person is found to have too many cards, his hand is foul, and neither
he nor his partner can score any points for that deal, but they may
play the hand out to prevent the adversaries from scoring everything.
If he has too few cards there is no penalty.

If a player leads out of turn, and the three others follow him, the
trick stands good. If all have not followed the false lead, their cards
must be taken back, but only the leader’s card is liable to be called.
If it was the turn of the partner of the player in error to lead,
the adversary on his right may call upon him to lead or not to lead
a trump; but he cannot specify the plain suit. If it was the turn of
either adversary of the player in error to lead, the card led in error
is simply exposed.

If the third hand plays before the second, the fourth may play before
the second also. If the fourth hand plays before his partner, third
hand not having played, the trick may be claimed by the adversaries,
regardless of who wins it; but the player who actually wins it leads
for the next trick.

If a player has a card of the suit led, and neither follows suit nor
plays a trump, it is a _=revoke=_; and, if detected and claimed by the
adversaries, neither the player in error nor his partner can score
any points that hand; but the hand may be played out to prevent the
adversaries from scoring everything. If an adversary of the bidder
revokes, the bidder’s side scores all points it makes, regardless
of the number bid. For instance: A has bid nine; and Y revokes. A-B
make eight only, which they score, Y-Z scoring nothing. When a player
renounces, his partner should ask him if he is void of the suit.

If any player abandons his hand, the cards in it may be exposed and
called by the adversaries. The practice of throwing down the hand as
soon as one renounces to trumps, cannot be too strongly condemned.

All _=exposed cards=_, such as cards dropped on the table; two or more
played at once; cards led out of turn; or cards named by the player
holding them, must be left face up on the table, and are liable to be
called by the adversaries, unless they can be previously got rid of in
the course of play. If the exposed card is a trump, the adversaries
may prevent its being played, but the holder of it is not liable for a
revoke in such cases.

_=SCORING.=_ When the last card has been played, each side turns over
all the tricks won, and counts the points they contain; High, Low,
Jack, Game, Right and Left Pedro. Everything, including Low, counts to
the side winning it. The number of points won or lost is determined by
deducting the lower score from the higher, the difference being the
number of points won on that deal. If it is a tie, neither side scores.
If either side has incurred a penalty which prevents them from scoring
any points they may have won, the adversaries have nothing to deduct,
and score all they make.

If the side that named the trump fails to make as many points as it
bid, it scores nothing, and the number of points bid are scored by the
adversaries, in addition to any points that the adversaries may have
made in play. For instance: A-B are partners against Y-Z. B has bid to
make 8, and named hearts for trumps. A-B make 10, which is 2 more than
they bid, Y-Z getting the other 4; which leaves A-B 6. These are scored
by placing one red and one white counter in the pool. But suppose A-B
got only 5 points, Y-Z getting 9. A-B would score nothing, as they did
not make good their bid; while Y-Z would score the 9 points actually
won, and the 8 points bid in addition, or 17 altogether.

The old way of scoring was to _=set back=_ the side that failed to make
the number bid; but that system of counting entirely destroyed the
interest in the game when one side got much behind; because it could
not recover in time to prevent the other side from _=sweating out=_, as
it is called. Suppose A-B have been set back 18 points on two failures,
Y-Z having made 16 points on those two deals, and 23 on their own bids.
The score will stand: A-B 64 to go; Y-Z, 12 to go. Even if we suppose
that A-B make 11 on each of the next four deals, they will still have
20 to go, while Y-Z will be out. Again: A-B want 15, Y-Z want 2. Even
if A-B can bid 12 and make it, Y-Z will sweat out.

With the system of scoring here recommended, this sweating out is
impossible, and it is not uncommon for a side that wants one to go, to
be beaten by an adversary that wants forty-nine.

The side first pegging out on a cribbage-board, or getting rid of
its fifty-one counters, wins the game. When the game is counted on a
pull-up cribbage marker, it is usual to start with ten up, and peg out
to the game-hole, or 61.

_=VARIATIONS.=_ There are quite a number of minor differences in the
manner of playing Cinch. Sometimes, instead of discarding and drawing,
after the successful bidder has been ascertained, but before he names
the trump, four more cards are given to each player, including the
dealer. Having seen thirteen cards, the bidder names the trump suit,
and the hands are then reduced to six cards each. This method gives no
clue to the number of trumps originally held, and deprives the dealer
of one of the greatest advantages of his position, robbing the deck.

Another method is to discard and draw after the trump is named, but to
make the dealer take his cards from the top of the pack to complete
his hand, without seeing what he is to get. This often leaves counting
cards in the remainder of the pack, which must remain face down, and be
kept separate from the discards. Such points count for neither side;
but any points found among the discards may be counted by the side
making the trump, as in the ordinary game. Owing to the uncertainty as
to the number of points actually in play, the result is controlled more
largely by luck than skill.

In some places the _=first lead=_ from the successful bidder must be a
_=trump=_. This makes the game too much like Auction Pitch, and spoils
some of the finer points in leading.

_=Low=_ is sometimes counted for the person to whom it is dealt. Such a
rule causes endless confusion and disputes.

The old method of _=scoring=_ has already been mentioned. Another
variation is that if the bidder’s side do not make at least 8 points
they cannot score anything, no matter what they bid. If both sides
score 7, neither having bid more than 7, neither scores. If one side
bids 6, and makes 8, it scores 8; but the adversaries score the 6 they
make. If the side bidding 6 had made 6 only, it would score nothing,
while their adversaries would mark the 8 they made. The only good
result of the 6 bid in this case is to prevent the adversaries from
scoring for a failure; for if 7 had been bid, and only 6 made, the
adversaries would have scored the 7 bid in addition to the 8 they made,
or 15 in all. This system, while better than the old way, because it
never sets players back, still allows one side to sweat out; because if
the bidder does not make 14, the adversaries must count something every
deal.

_=Five or six players=_, each for himself, may play what is called
_=Auction Cinch=_, or _=Razzle-dazzle=_. Only six cards are dealt to
each player, three on the first round and three on the second. Then
the privilege of naming the trump suit is bid for as usual. After the
trump is named, superfluous cards are thrown out, and others drawn in
their place, restoring the hands to six cards each. The successful
bidder then calls upon the holder of any given card to be his partner.
The person holding the card named cannot refuse, and says: “I play with
you.” The partnership thus formed plays against the combined forces of
the other players, but without changing seats. The maker of the trump
leads first, any card he pleases. For instance: A B C D E are playing.
C bids 8 and names clubs. After the draw he finds he holds A J 10 5 2
of trumps. He calls for the club King as his partner, and leads his
Pedro at once for the King to take it in. He is then certain to catch
the other Pedro, or to save three of the four points for High, Low,
Jack, and the Game. Those who have played Seven-handed Euchre will at
once recognize the similarity of the two games. Both are excellent
round games for the family circle.

_=Progressive Cinch=_ is played by dealing one round at each table;
that is, four deals, each player having the deal once only. The
ordinary game of Cinch is played, and the pair having the fewest points
to go at the end of the four deals progress to the next higher table.
Ties cut to decide, high going up. On arriving at the next table, the
partners divide, and another game of four deals is played, the winning
pair again progressing. The general arrangements for the original
positions of the players, and the prizes to be given, are the same as
in Progressive Euchre, and have been fully described in connection with
that game.

_=Blind Cinch.=_ Instead of giving each player thirteen cards at once,
the hands are dealt in two parts. First of all, nine cards are dealt
to each player, three at a time. Then four cards are dealt in front of
each player, but not to be touched until the bidding is finished. The
highest bidder takes up his four extra cards and then names the trump,
after which he discards down to six cards for play. The others then
take up their four cards and discard down to six, and the game proceeds
like regular cinch.

_=Sixty-three.=_ In this variation, nine cards are dealt to each
player, three at a time. After the bidding, the players discard
and fill up again to six cards. Players are allowed several bids,
each raising in turn if he is raised. The highest bid possible is
sixty-three, and these may be made as follows: High, low, Jack, and ten
of trumps count 1 each; pedros, 5 each; King of trumps, 25; trey of
trumps, 15; nine of trumps, 9. Game is 150 points.

_=Widow Cinch.=_ Six players cut for partners, two on a side. Each
player has two adversaries between himself and his partner. The dealer
gives each player eight cards, four at a time, and four are dealt to
the table after the first round to the players. These four cards are
the widow. The successful bidder can take the widow before he names the
trump, and then all the players discard down to six cards.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ There is a great diversity of opinion on
bidding. Some persons always bid six on an ace, if they hold neither
of the Pedroes. This is based on the sound principle that the odds are
five to four in favour of your partner having one of the Pedroes, which
he will immediately give up if you lead the ace. The odds are five to
two that your partner will hold one or more of any three named counting
cards which you do not hold. If you have no Pedro, count on him for
one, and if you have King and Queen, you can risk his having a guard to
it, and bid as if you were sure of getting his Pedro home. If you have
none of the points for High, Low, Jack, or Game, or only one of them,
count on him for one at least, and bid accordingly.

It is very difficult to give exact rules for bidding, the state of
the score having much to do with it; but as a general rule it is much
better to bid on _=catching cards=_ than on the points themselves. For
instance: A K Q of trumps should certainly be good for eight points;
some players habitually bid twelve on them, reckoning to catch both
Pedroes and one of the minor points. This is risky unless there are one
or two small trumps with the A K Q. On the other hand, two Pedroes,
with Jack and Low, are not worth bidding more than five on; because it
is very unlikely that you will save more than one of the Pedroes, if
that. The very fact that you bid five diminishes your chances, for you
betray the fact that your only hope is to save a well-guarded Pedro.
Long experience with players who bid their hands correctly will give
a player a very good idea of what the bidder has in his hand. To the
partner this is a great point, for it enables him to judge when to give
up points himself, and when to play for his partner to throw them to
him.

The number of cards asked for by each player should be very carefully
noted; for it will frequently happen that the entire trump suit can be
located by this means. It is useless to keep anything but trumps, for
tricks, as such, have no value, and every card you draw increases your
chances of getting another trump.

The most important point in the game is to _=cinch=_ every trick in
which an adversary plays after you; that is, to play some trump higher
than a Pedro, if the Pedroes have not been played, and you do not hold
them yourself. Examples of cinching will be found in the Illustrative
Hands. If your partner leads a certain winning trump, such as the ace,
or the King if the ace is gone, give him the best counting card you
have; but if you have two, one of them being Low, give up the lower
card first; you may catch something with the Jack or Ten. If your
partner leads any trump higher than the Five, play your smallest trump
unless second hand covers, in which case you must cinch the trick, to
prevent the fourth hand from giving up a Pedro on his partner’s trick.

If you are forced to win your partner’s first lead of trumps, return
the best trump you have, unless it is the Jack or Ten, in which case
you must be guided by the number of points you are playing for, and
your chances of making them if you lose the card you lead.

If your partner begins by leading a plain suit, you must cinch the
trick if you can; if second hand follows suit, any trump better than
the Five will do. If second hand puts on a trump, you must cinch higher.

If the player on your right renounces to trumps, get into the lead if
possible, and play your best cards in plain suits. This may give your
partner a tenace position over the player on your left.

If partner begins with a high card in trumps, not the ace, credit
him with the sequence below it, and put in your Pedro at the first
opportunity. For instance: Partner leads King, won by the ace second
hand. Whatever this player leads, put in your Pedro, if you have one,
your partner must have Queen of trumps.

Playing to the score is very important. Do not attempt to get more
than the number bid until that is assured. On the other hand, if it is
certain that the adversary cannot make good his bid, do not let him get
as close to it as possible, but play boldly to win all you can, for
every point he makes is simply lost.

Here are a few example hands, which will give a very good idea of some
of the fine points in the game.

      _=No. 1.=_             |   |     _=No. 2.=_
    A bids 8 on hearts.      | T |   A bids 8 on hearts.
     The draw: A 2; Y 2;     | R |    The draw: A 2; Y 3;
               B 4; Z 5.     | I |              B 4; Z 4.
  ---------------------------+ C +---------------------------
      A     Y      B      Z  | K |   A      Y        B     Z
  ------+------+------+------+---+------+-------+-------+-----
    ♣Q  |  ♣3  | _♡8_ |  ♣5  | 1 |  ♡3  |  ♡7   | _♡10_ | ♡8
    ♡2  |  ♡6  | _♡Q_ |  ♡4  | 2 | _♡Q_ |  ♡2   |  ♡4   | ♡9
    ♡10 | _♡J_ |  ♣J  |  ♡9  | 3 |  ♡6  | _♡J_  |   A♢  | ♣4
   _♡K_ |   5♢ |  2♠  |  4♠  | 4 |  ♣2  |  _7♠_ |   K♢  |  6♠
   _♡A_ |  ♡7  |  6♠  | ♣9   | 5 |  ♡K  | _♡A_  |  ♣3   | ♣6
    ♡3  | _♡5_ | 10♠  |  K♢  | 6 | _♡5_ |   5♢  |  2♢   | ♣10
  ------+------+------+------+---+------+-------+-------+-----

_=No. 1.=_ Y’s draw shows that he holds at least four trumps, so A must
trust his partner to cinch the first trick and return the trump. [See
our suggestions for good play.] At trick 3, Z cinches, to make A play
a high trump. It is evident to A that neither B nor Z holds either
Jack or Seven of trumps; so both those cards must be with Y. As B has
no more trumps the adversaries must have both Pedroes, and Y must have
one, as he holds four trumps. If they are divided, A can catch both by
cinching this trick with the King and leading the Ace; but if Y has
both Pedroes, such a course would lose Jack, Game, and one Pedro. If
A cinches this trick with the Ten, allowing Y to win with the Jack, A
must catch both Pedroes, no matter how they lie, provided Y leads the
trump Seven, for A will refuse to win it.

Y sees his danger, and by leading a Pedro to A, forces him either to
pass it, or to get into the lead and free the other Pedro.

A-B score nothing: Y-Z score 7 for Jack, Game, Pedro; and 8 in
addition, for points bid but not made by A-B; 15 altogether.

_=No. 2.=_ At trick 2, Y sees that he cannot save Low, and the lead
would be a great disadvantage, because either A has all the remaining
trumps, or Y’s partner has an unguarded Pedro. At trick 3, A knows that
if Y has Ace, and Z Pedro, A can still make his bid by catching Jack,
and saving his own Pedro. If the Pedro was not with Z the small trump
is still the best lead, for it puts the lead on A’s left. B gets rid of
cards which might get him into the lead to his partner’s disadvantage.
Unfortunately, Z is unable to take the lead away from Y at trick 4. As
Y is still in the lead, there is no necessity for A to save his Pedro,
for Y cannot possibly catch it, and A must catch Y’s, no matter how Y
plays.

A-B score 10 points; Low, Game, and both Pedroes, 12, from which they
deduct the 2 points made by Y-Z.

      _=No. 3.=_             |   |     _=No. 4.=_
    A bids 12 on hearts.     | T |   A bids 8 on hearts.
     The draw: A 3; Y 5;     | R |   The draw: A 2; Y 4
               B 3; Z 2.     | I |             B 4; Z 4.
  ------+------+------+------+ C +-------+------+------+-----
     A      Y      B      Z  | K |   A       Y      B      Z
  ------+------+------+------+---+-------+------+------+-----
   _♡A_ |  ♡3  |   5♢ |  ♡6  | 1 | _♡A_  |  ♡6  |  ♡J  |  ♡3
   _♡K_ |  ♡4  |  ♡8  |  ♡10 | 2 |  ♡8   |  ♡7  |  ♡4  | _♡9_
    ♡2  |  ♡7  |  ♡9  | _♡J_ | 3 |  ♡Q   |  ♡2  |   4♢ | _♡K_
    ♣Q  | _♣K_ |  ♣3  |  ♣J  | 4 |   Q♠  |  ♣2  | _♣A_ |  ♣9
     8♠ | _♣A_ |  ♣10 |   2♢ | 5 |   5♢  | _♡5_ |  ♣J  |  ♣7
   _♡Q_ |   Q♠ |   K♢ |  ♡5  | 6 | _♡10_ |   4♠ |   J♢ |   2♢

_=No. 3.=_ At the second trick, A knows that his partner still holds
another trump, because he drew only three cards. This trump must be the
9. Z holds two more trumps, and they must be the Jack and Right Pedro,
because Z would not throw away Game if he had anything smaller. The 7
must be with Y, and if A now leads trump Queen, he will leave the Pedro
good over his Deuce, leaving him only 8 points, whereas he has bid 12.
If A leads the Deuce, his partner’s nine will cinch the trick, and Z
can make only the Jack.

A-B score 10. The 12 actually taken make good the bid; but the 2 points
won by the adversaries must be deducted, leaving 10 to be scored by A-B.

_=No. 4.=_ At the third trick, a hasty or careless player would have
been only too glad of the opportunity to get in his Pedro. But Y
reasons that there are only two trumps unaccounted for, the Ten and
Left Pedro. If B has one, it must fall to this trick. He cannot have
both, for A drew only two cards. If A has both, Y must catch his Pedro,
no matter how A plays; and as long as Y does not get into the lead
himself, he cannot lose his own Pedro. At trick 5, A naturally places
the Pedro with Z, as Y did not save it on the King, and it is perfectly
natural for A to trump with his Pedro, intending to lead the Ten to
catch Z’s.

A-B score nothing, not having made good their bid. Y-Z score Right and
Left Pedro, and Low, 11 points; adding the 8 points bid but not made by
A-B, 19 altogether.


CINCH LAWS.

_=Formation of Table.=_ A cinch table is complete with six players.
If more than four assemble, they cut for preference, the four highest
playing the first game. Partners and deal are then cut for, the two
lowest pairing against the two highest. Partners sit opposite each
other. The highest deals, and has the choice of seats and cards. The
Ace is high, both in cutting and in play. A player exposing more than
one card must cut again.

_=Ties.=_ If the first cut does not decide, the players cutting equal
cards cut again; but the new cut decides nothing but the tie.

_=Cutting Out.=_ At the end of the game, the players cut to decide
which shall give way to those awaiting their turn to play, the lowest
cuts going out. After the second game, those who have played the
greatest number of consecutive games give way, ties being decided by
cutting.

_=Dealing.=_ Every player has the right to shuffle the cards, the
dealer last. The dealer must present the pack to the pone to be cut.
At least four cards must be left in each packet. If a card is exposed
in cutting, the pack must be reshuffled, and cut again. If the dealer
reshuffles the pack after it has been properly cut, he loses his deal.

Beginning on his left, the dealer must give to each player in rotation
three cards at a time for three rounds. No trump is turned. The deal
passes to the left.

There must be a new deal by the same dealer if any card is found faced
in the pack; or if the pack is proved incorrect or imperfect; but any
previous cutting or scores made with the imperfect pack stand good.

The adversaries may demand a new deal if any card is exposed during the
deal, provided they have not touched a card. If an adversary exposes
a card, the dealer may elect to deal again. If a new deal is not
demanded, cards exposed in dealing cannot be called.

The adversaries may stop a player dealing out of turn, or with the
wrong pack, provided they do so before the last three cards are dealt,
alter which the deal stands good.

_=Misdealing.=_ A misdeal loses the deal. It is a misdeal: If the cards
have not been properly cut, if the dealer does not give the same number
of cards to each player on the same round; if he gives too many or too
few cards to any player; if he counts the cards on the table, or those
remaining in the pack; or if he deals a card incorrectly, and fails to
correct the error before dealing another. If the dealer is interrupted
in any way by an adversary, he does not lose his deal.

_=Bidding.=_ After receiving his nine cards, each player in turn,
beginning on the dealer’s left, announces the number of points he will
undertake to win if he is allowed to name the trump suit. No player is
allowed to bid more than fourteen. If he will not bid, he must say: “I
pass.” A bid having been regularly made, any following player must bid
higher or pass. There are no second bids. A bid once made can neither
be amended nor withdrawn.

_=Irregular Bids.=_ If any player bids before the eldest hand has bid
or passed, both the player in error and his partner lose their right
to bid; but the side not in error must bid to decide which of them
shall name the trump. If the eldest hand has decided, and the pone
bids without waiting for the dealer’s partner, the pone loses his bid,
and the dealer may bid before his partner. If the dealer bids without
waiting for his partner, both lose their bids; but the pone may overbid
the eldest hand.

If the dealer’s partner has bid, and the dealer bids without waiting
for the pone, the dealer loses his bid.

If a player whose partner has not yet bid names the trump suit, his
partner loses his bid.

If a player bids with more than nine cards in his hand, his bid is
lost, and the adversaries must draw the superfluous cards from his
hand, face down, placing them about the middle of the undealt portion
of the pack.

If no bid is made, the dealer may name any trump he pleases, without
bidding.

If any player exposes any of his cards before the trump suit is named,
the adversaries may elect to have a new deal by the same dealer.

_=Discarding.=_ The trump named, each player must put out at least
three of his cards, and may discard as many more as he pleases. All
such discards must be placed on the table face up. Should a player
discard a trump, his partner may call his attention to it, and it may
be taken back, provided the player has not been helped to cards, or has
not lifted the cards drawn.

_=Drawing.=_ The players having discarded, the dealer, beginning on his
left, must give to each in turn from the top of the pack, face down, as
many cards as may be necessary to restore the number in each hand to
six.

_=Robbing the Deck.=_ When it comes to the dealer’s turn to draw cards,
instead of taking them from the top of the pack, face down, he may
search the remainder of the pack, and take from it any cards he pleases
to restore the number in his hand to six. Should he find in his own
hand and in the remainder of the pack, more than six trumps, he must
discard those he does not want, face upward on the table.

_=Irregular Drawing.=_ Should a player ask for too many or too
few cards, and not discover his error until the next player has
been helped, if he has too few he may make his hand good from the
discards, but must not take a trump therefrom. If he has too many, the
adversaries must be allowed to draw the superfluous ones at random,
face down, placing them on the top of the pack.

_=Playing.=_ The maker of the trump must lead for the first trick, any
card he pleases. If a trump is led, all must follow suit if able. If a
plain suit is led, a player may trump, even when holding a card of the
suit led; but if he does not trump he must follow suit if he can, or he
is liable to the penalty for a revoke.

The last trick turned and quitted may be seen, but no other.

_=Irregularities in the Hands.=_ If any player is found to have an
incorrect number of cards, it is a misdeal if no bid has been made.
If a bid has been made, the deal stands good if three players have
their right number of cards. If the first trick has been played to by
a person holding too many cards, neither he nor his partner can score
anything that hand; but they may play the hand out to save what points
they can. If a player has too few cards, there is no penalty, but he
should draw from the discard to make up the deficiency, plain-suit
cards only being available.

_=Exposed Cards.=_ The following are exposed cards, which must be left
face up on the table, and are liable to be called by either adversary:
1. Every card faced upon the table otherwise than in the regular course
of play. 2. Two or more cards played to a trick; the adversaries may
elect which shall be played. 3. Any card named by the player holding it.

The adversary on the right of an exposed card must call it before he
plays himself. If it will be the turn of the player holding the exposed
card to lead for the next trick, the card, if wanted, must be called
before the current trick is turned and quitted. Should a player having
the lead, and an exposed card in front of him, play before the previous
trick is turned and quitted, the card so led may also be claimed as
exposed.

If a trump is exposed after the trump suit has been named, the
adversaries may prevent the playing of such a card; but the holder of
it is not liable to any penalty for a revoke under such circumstances.

_=Leading Out of Turn.=_ If a player leads when it was his partner’s
turn, the partner may be called upon by his right-hand adversary to
lead or not to lead a trump; but a specified plain suit cannot be
called. If it was the turn of neither of the side in error to lead, the
card played in error is simply exposed. If all have played to the false
lead, the error cannot be rectified. If all have not followed, the
cards played to the false lead may be taken back, and are not liable to
be called.

_=Playing Out of Turn.=_ If the third hand plays before the second, the
fourth may play before the second also; either of his own volition,
or by the direction of the second hand, who may say: “Play, partner.”
If the fourth hand plays before the second, the third hand not having
played, the trick may be claimed by the adversaries, no matter who
actually wins it; but the actual winner of it must lead for the next
trick.

If any player abandons his hand, the cards in it may be claimed as
exposed, and called by the adversaries.

_=The Revoke.=_ A revoke is a renounce in error, not corrected in time,
or non-compliance with a performable penalty. It is a revoke if a
player has one of the suit led, and neither follows suit nor trumps.

A person prohibited from playing an exposed trump is not liable to any
penalty if it causes him to revoke.

A revoke is established when the trick in which it occurs has been
turned and quitted; or when either the revoking player or his partner,
whether in his right turn or otherwise, has led or played to the
following trick.

If a revoke is claimed and proved, the revoking side cannot score
any points that deal; but they may play the hand out to prevent the
adversaries from making points.

If an adversary of the bidder revokes, the bidder’s side scores
whatever points it makes that deal, regardless of the number bid.

A player may ask his partner whether or not he has a card of the suit
in which he renounces and does not trump, and the player may correct
his error if the question is asked before the trick is turned and
quitted. But if he answers in the negative, there is no remedy.

_=Drawing Cards.=_ Any player may ask the others to indicate the cards
played by them to the current trick; but he must confine himself to the
expression: “Draw cards.”

_=Irregular Remarks.=_ A player calling attention in any manner to the
trick or to the score, may be called upon to play his highest or lowest
of the suit led; or to trump or not to trump the trick during the play
of which the remark is made.

_=Scoring.=_ A game consists of fifty-one points; fourteen of which
must be made on every deal, as follows:--

1 for _=High=_, or the Ace of trumps.

1 for _=Low=_, or the Deuce of trumps.

1 for the _=Jack=_ of trumps.

1 for _=Game=_, or the Ten of trumps.

5 for _=Right Pedro=_, or the Five of trumps.

5 for _=Left Pedro=_, or Five of the same colour as the trump suit. All
points count to the side winning them.

Any trumps found among the discards at the end of the hand count for
the side that made the trump.

At the end of the hand, the number of points won by each side is added
up, and the lower deducted from the higher, the difference being scored
by the winners of the majority. If the result is a tie, neither scores.
For instance: If A-B make 11, Y-Z must make the remaining 3, which
deducted from 11 leaves 8 points for A-B to score.

If the side naming the trump suit fails to make as many points as they
bid, they score nothing for that deal, and the number bid is scored by
the adversaries, in addition to any other points that the adversaries
may have made in play. The number bid and the number actually won, must
be compared before deducting the points made by the adversaries.

The side first making fifty-one points wins the game.

       *       *       *       *       *

_=Text Books.=_ There are two very good text-books on the game.

  _The Laws and Principles of Cinch_, by G.W. Hall, 1891.
  _The Laws and Etiquette of Cinch_, issued by the Chicago Cinch Club,
    1890.




HEARTS.


Hearts is supposed by some persons to be an entirely new game; but its
leading principle, losing instead of winning tricks, is to be found
in many other card games, some of which are quite old. Slobberhannes,
Enflé, Schwellen, Polignac, and The Four Jacks, all belong to the same
family, but most of them have given way to the more popular game of
Hearts.

There are several varieties of Hearts, but the principal arrangements
are the same in all, and the chief differences are in the manner of
settling at the end of the hand.

_=CARDS.=_ Hearts is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards, which
rank A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2: the ace is the highest in play, but in
cutting it ranks below the deuce. There is no trump suit.

When three persons play, the deuce of spades is thrown out of the
pack; when five play, both the black deuces are laid aside, and when
six play, all four deuces are discarded. It is usual to play with two
packs, one being shuffled while the other is dealt.

_=COUNTERS.=_ Every deal is a game in itself, and must be settled for
in counters immediately. It is usual for each player to begin with
fifty counters, which are purchased from some person who is agreed
upon to act as banker. When only two play, the game may be scored on a
pull-up cribbage board, and settled for at the end.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Any number from two to six persons may play, but four is
the usual number, each playing for himself against all the others. The
players on the dealer’s right and left are known as the _=pone=_ and
the _=eldest hand=_, respectively.

_=STAKES.=_ The value of the counters must be agreed upon before
play begins, and the method of settling should also be understood,
Sweepstake Hearts and Howell’s Settling being entirely different games,
and requiring totally different methods of play.

_=CUTTING.=_ If seven players assemble, it is usual to make up a table
in which the dealer takes no cards. If there are more than seven
candidates for play, two tables must be formed.

Players draw from an outspread pack for the choice of seats and cards,
the lowest cut having the first choice, and the others following in
their order. The player cutting the lowest card takes the first deal,
which afterward passes in regular rotation to the left.

In cutting, the ace is low. Any player exposing more than one card must
cut again.

_=TIES.=_ If the first cut does not decide, those tying must cut again,
but the new cut decides nothing but the tie.

_=DEALING.=_ Any player has the right to shuffle the pack, the dealer
last. The cards are then presented to the pone to be cut, who must
leave at least four in each packet. The cards are dealt from left to
right, one at a time to each player in rotation until the pack is
exhausted. No trump is turned. In Two-handed Hearts, the dealer stops
when each player has received thirteen cards. The deal passes to the
left.

_=Misdealing.=_ It is a misdeal if the dealer omits to have the pack
cut, and the error is discovered before the last card is dealt; if he
deals a card incorrectly, and does not remedy the error before dealing
another; or if he counts the cards on the table, or those remaining in
the pack; or if it is discovered before all have played to the first
trick that any player has too many or too few cards. A misdeal loses
the deal unless one of the other players has touched the cards, or has
in any way interrupted the dealer.

If any card is exposed by the dealer, the player to whom it is dealt
may demand a new deal, provided he has not touched any of his cards.
Any one dealing out of turn, or with the wrong cards, may be stopped
before the last card is dealt. After that the deal stands good, and the
packs, if changed, must so remain.

_=IRREGULAR HANDS.=_ If, after the first trick has been played to, any
two players are found to have more or less than their correct number
of cards, the pack being perfect, the one having less must draw, face
downward, from the hand of the one having more; and each must pay five
counters into the pool.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ As a general proposition, the object of each
player is to avoid getting any hearts in the tricks he takes in. In
some varieties of the game his object must be to take no hearts; in
others it will be to take less than his adversaries; while in others
it will be to take less than four. After a person has taken in one or
more hearts, his object will be to _=load=_ the others; that is, to see
that they get some hearts also; or it may be to see that a given player
takes at least one heart; or that no one but himself takes any. The
manner in which a person must vary his play in accordance with these
different objects will be discussed when we come to the suggestions for
good play. In the meantime, it is necessary to bear in mind only the
general principle that the object of the game is to avoid winning any
tricks that contain hearts.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The cards dealt, the player to the left of the
dealer begins by leading any card he pleases, and the others must
follow suit if they can. The highest card played, if of the suit led,
wins the trick. There is no trump suit. If a player has none of the
suit led, he may discard anything he pleases. The winner of the trick
takes it in and leads for the next trick, and so on until all the cards
have been played. The tricks themselves have no value as such, and need
not be kept separate.

_=Irregularities in Play.=_ If any player omits to play to a trick, and
plays to a following one, he is not allowed to correct his error, but
is compelled to take the thirteenth or last trick, with whatever hearts
it may contain. If a player is found, during or at the end of a hand,
to be a card short, all others at the table having their right number,
and all having played to the first trick, the player with the short
hand is compelled to take the last trick, with whatever hearts it may
contain.

_=Exposed Cards.=_ Should a person lead or play two cards to one trick,
he is allowed to indicate the one intended; but he must leave the other
face upward on the table. All exposed cards are liable to be called
by any player at the table, and should one player call such a card,
his decision is binding on the others. A player with an exposed card
in front of him must play it when called upon, provided he can do so
without revoking; but he cannot be prevented from getting rid of the
exposed card in the course of play, if the opportunity offers.

_=Leading Out of Turn.=_ Should a player lead out of turn, he may be
called upon to lead or not to lead a heart when it is next his turn to
lead. This penalty can be enforced only by the player on his right. If
all have played to the false lead the error cannot be rectified; but if
all have not played, their cards must be taken back, and are not liable
to be called.

If any person plays out of turn in any trick, the player on his left,
not having played, may demand that the card be taken back, and after
the proper player has played the player in error may be called upon to
play his highest or lowest of the suit led, or not to discard a heart.
If the person on the left of the player in error was the leader in the
trick, either he or the player whose proper turn it was to play may
demand the penalty.

_=Revoking.=_ Any player failing to follow suit, when able to do so,
may amend his error if he discovers his mistake before the trick in
which it occurs has been turned and quitted. The card played in error
then becomes an exposed card. Those who have played after him have the
privilege of withdrawing their cards and substituting others, without
penalty. Should the revoking player not discover his error in time,
the hand must be played out, and if the revoke is detected and claimed
the player in error must pay all the losses on that hand. Should
the revoking player win the pool himself, he must pay the thirteen
counters to the pool, and leave them for a _=Jack=_. Should he divide
the pool with another player, he must pay his co-winner six counters,
and put up the other seven for a Jack.

If two or more players revoke in the same hand, each must pay the
entire losses in that hand as if he were alone in error; so that if
two should revoke and a third win the pool, the latter would receive
twenty-six counters instead of thirteen. In Auction Hearts, the
revoking player must also refund the amount put up by the bidder.
A revoke must be claimed and proved before the pool is divided.
Non-compliance with a performable penalty is the same as a revoke.

_=SETTLING.=_ After the last card has been played, each player turns
over his tricks, counts the number of hearts he has taken in, and
announces it. Players should be careful not to gather or mix the cards
until all thirteen hearts have been accounted for. Each player then
pays into the pool for the number of hearts he has taken in, according
to the system of settlement agreed upon before play began. The pool
is then taken down by the player or players winning it, and the deal
passes to the left. The game is at an end any time the players wish to
stop, after a hand has been settled for; but it is usual to agree upon
some definite hour.

There are two ways of settling at the end of the hand, each of which
has its good points.

_=SWEEPSTAKE HEARTS.=_ After the hand has been played, each player
announces the number of hearts he has taken in, and pays into the pool
one counter for each. All thirteen hearts having been paid for, any
player having taken no hearts wins the entire pool; two having taken
none, divide it. If all the players have taken hearts, or if one player
has taken all thirteen, the pool remains, and forms a _=Jack=_. This
can be won only by a single player in some subsequent deal taking no
hearts, all the others having taken at least one. These jack pools are
of course increased thirteen counters every deal until some player wins
the whole amount. Some clubs make it a Jack after two players have
divided a pool, using the odd counter as a starter. It will be found
that natural Jacks occur quite frequently enough without resorting to
this expedient.

_=HOWELL’S SETTLING.=_ The great objection to the method of settling
at Sweepstake Hearts is that it makes the game almost entirely one of
chance. No matter how good a player one may be, good luck alone will
bring success. In a four-handed game it is possible for one player
to take in only 58 hearts in 60 deals, and still to be 46 counters
behind; while another player may take in 500 hearts in 60 deals and
be 46 counters ahead. It may be claimed that the player who has 46
counters ahead at the end was the better player, because he won; but
most persons will agree that a player who takes in only 58 hearts in 60
deals is a much better player than one who has taken in 500 hearts in
the same time.

It was to remedy this defect, and to give skill its proper percentage
of value, that Mr. E. C. Howell of Boston proposed the manner of
contributing to and dividing the pools which is now known as Howell’s
Settling.

Each player begins with an equal number of counters, usually 100. At
the end of the hand, after the hearts have been counted and announced,
each player pays into the pool, for every heart he holds, as many
counters as there are players besides himself. For instance: A, B, C
and D play. A takes three hearts; B and C five each, and D none. There
being three players besides himself, A puts up three times three, or 9
counters. B and C put up 15 each, and D none; so that there are 39 in
the pool. Each player then takes out of the pool 1 counter for every
heart he did _=not=_ hold when the hearts were announced. D, having
taken no hearts, gets 13 counters. A, having taken three hearts only,
is entitled to 10 counters for the 10 hearts he did not hold, while B
and C get 8 each. This exhausts the pool. There are no Jacks in this
way of settling.

Matters may be facilitated by having counters of different colours,
the white being the unit, and the red representing the number which it
will be necessary to pay for one heart. Practice will make the players
so familiar with the amount of the various profits or losses that they
simply pay or take what is due to them.

The first time this is played it looks like a pretty severe game for a
player who takes in a large number of hearts on one deal; but it will
be found that he rapidly recovers. During a sitting of any length the
player who takes in the smallest number of hearts must be the winner.
In the case mentioned in connection with Sweepstake Hearts, in which
one player lost 46 counters while another won 46, in 60 deals, the
result at Howell’s Settling would have been that the player who took in
only 58 hearts would be 548 counters ahead instead of losing 46; while
the one who took in 500 hearts would lose 1220 counters, instead of
winning 46.

_=METHODS OF CHEATING.=_ Under the rule for dealing the cards one at a
time, the greek must be very skilful to secure any advantage at Hearts.
But when it is the practice to deal the cards three at a time, and
four on the last round, it is an easy matter to get four small hearts
together on the bottom of the pack. Any person who is observed to hold
three or four small hearts every time he deals, should be carefully
watched, and it will usually be found that he gathers the small hearts
from the hands of the other players while the pool is being divided.
Marked cards are of little use to the greek at hearts, because so much
depends on what a player holds, and so little on his play.


VARIETIES OF HEARTS.

Before proceeding to suggestions for good play, it will be better to
describe some of the variations of the game in common use, because what
would be good play in one variation would not be in another.

_=TWO-HANDED HEARTS.=_ The two players having cut for the deal,
thirteen cards are given to each, one at a time, and the remainder
of the pack is left on the table, face down. The dealer’s adversary,
usually called the pone, begins by leading any card he pleases, and the
dealer must follow suit if he can, as in the ordinary game. The winner
of the trick takes it in, but before leading for the next trick he
draws one card from the top of the pack lying on the table, restoring
the number of his cards to thirteen. His adversary then draws the next
card, and the cards are played and drawn in this manner until the pack
is exhausted. The thirteen cards remaining in the hands of the two
adversaries are then played, and after the last trick has been won,
each turns over his cards and counts the number of hearts he has taken
in. The object of the game is to take fewer hearts than your opponent,
and the method of settling is either for the greater number to pay the
lesser the difference; or, for the first six hearts taken by the loser
to count nothing, but all above six to be paid for. The most popular
way is to peg up the difference on a cribbage board, and to settle at
the end of the sitting.

_=THREE-HANDED HEARTS.=_ The deuce of spades is discarded, and
seventeen cards are dealt to each player, one at a time, after which
the game proceeds in the usual way. There are several methods of
settling. Howell’s method is undoubtedly the best, but Sweepstakes is
very common. An excellent way is for the player who takes the largest
number of hearts to pay the two others as many counters as he has
hearts in excess of theirs. If two have an equal number, both pay the
low man. There are no Jacks.

_=AUCTION HEARTS.=_ This is usually played by four persons, although
five or six may form a table. After the cards have been dealt in the
usual way, the player to the left of the dealer examines his cards,
and determines which suit he would prefer to play to get clear of. It
may be that if the game were to get rid of clubs instead of hearts,
his hand would be a very good one, whereas if the suit were to remain
hearts it would be a very bad hand. As the pool will contain thirteen
counters to a certainty, he can afford to pay something for the better
chance he will have to win it if he is allowed to make clubs the suit
to be avoided, instead of hearts. He bids whatever amount he is willing
to pay for the privilege of changing the suit, without naming the suit
he prefers. The next player then has a bid, and so on in turn, the
dealer bidding last. There are no second bids.

The player making the highest bid pays into the pool the amount he
has bid. He then names the suit to be avoided, and leads for the
first trick, regardless of his position with respect to the deal. The
dealer’s position is a great advantage, on account of its having the
last bid.

After the hand is played, those who have taken in any cards of the suit
announced to be avoided, pay one counter to the pool for each of them.
If any one player gets clear, each of the others having at least one
of the tabooed suit, he takes the entire pool. If two get clear, they
divide the pool, leaving any odd counter to form the basis of a Jack,
as at Sweepstakes. If one player takes all thirteen, it is a Jack; but
instead of the next choice being sold to the highest bidder, the one
who named the suit on the hand that made the pool a Jack has the choice
of suits again for the next deal, and he must select some suit without
paying anything further for it, until some player wins what he paid for
the choice in the first place. That is, the pool must be won before the
choice can be sold again.

The general principle of the game is for the players to combine against
the successful bidder, and to spare no effort to prevent him from
winning the pool.

_=SPOT HEARTS.=_ In this variation, when the hearts are announced at
the end of the hand, the spots on them are the units of value, the
Jack being worth 11, the Queen 12, the King 13, and the Ace 14. This
adds nothing to the interest or skill of the game; but rather tends to
create confusion and delay, owing to the numerous disputes as to the
correctness of the count.

The total to be accounted for in each deal is 104. In settling, the
player with the smallest number collects from each of the others the
amount they have in excess of his. If two or more players have an equal
number, or none at all, they divide the amount collected from each of
the others. For instance: Four play, A has 8 points, B 24, C 18, and D
54. As 8 points is the lowest, B pays A 16, C pays him 10, and D pays
him 46. If A and B had 8 each, C 32, and D 56, C would pay 24, and D
48; and A-B would divide the amount between them.

The chief variation in play arises from the fact that one who must win
a heart trick cannot always afford to play his highest heart as in the
ordinary game.

_=JOKER HEARTS.=_ In this variation, the heart deuce is discarded, and
the Joker takes its place. The Joker occupies a position between the
Jack and the Ten in value, with the added peculiarity that it cannot
be discarded on a plain suit; for if it is, it wins the trick unless
there is a higher heart in the same trick. If a player has the Joker
dealt to him, his only chance to get rid of it is to play it on a trick
in which hearts are led, or to discard it on a plain suit on which some
other player has already discarded a higher heart than the Ten. Under
such circumstances, the holder of the Joker is allowed to discard it,
even if he has one of the suit led, and the Joker being in the trick
compels the player who discarded the higher heart to take it in.

In settling, the Joker is worth five counters. If the player to whom
it was dealt takes it in, he pays these five counters to the pool. If
another player gets the Joker, he must pay the five counters to the
player who got rid of it. The remainder of the pool is then divided in
the usual way. This is a most exasperating game.

_=DISCARD HEARTS.=_ This is sometimes called _=Black Jack=_, or _=Black
Lady=_. If it is the Jack, it is worth ten hearts; if it is the Queen,
it is worth thirteen hearts.

After the cards are dealt, each player in turn lays out three cards
which he does not want, and the player on his left is obliged to take
them, after having discarded himself. No player may look at what he is
going to get until he has discarded himself.

The Black Jack or Lady holds its rank as a spade when spades are led;
but the moment any other suit is led, of which the player is void,
he can discard the Black Jack or Lady, just as he would get rid of a
heart. If hearts are led and the player has no hearts, he can play the
Black Jack or Lady to the trick, as it ranks below the deuce of hearts.

_=PROGRESSIVE HEARTS.=_ The general arrangements for the players and
their positions are exactly the same as those already described in
connection with Progressive Euchre. The players at each table cut for
the deal, and play begins with the tap of the bell at the head table.
Only one deal is played at each table.

There are no counters. At the end of the hand the ladies compare their
cards, and the one having the fewer hearts goes to the next higher
table. The gentlemen then compare their cards in the same way, so that
one lady and one gentleman go up from each table at the end of every
hand. They take the seats vacated by those leaving the table they go
to. All ties are determined by cutting, those cutting the lower cards
going up. In cutting, the ace is low.

Each player is provided with a score card, to which the gold, red and
green stars are attached as in Euchre. The gold stars are given to
those at the head table who have the fewest hearts. Those moving from
other tables receive red stars; and those taking in the most hearts at
the booby table receive green stars. Prizes are given to the ladies
and gentlemen having the greatest number of each variety of star; but
the same player cannot win two prizes. If there is a tie in one class,
the number of other stars must decide; equal numbers of gold being
decided by the majority of red on the same card; red ties, by the
greater number of gold; and green ties by the fewest number of gold
stars.

_=HEARTSETTE.=_ Heartsette differs from hearts only in the addition of
a widow. When four play, the spade deuce is deleted; twelve cards are
given to each player, and the three remaining form the widow, which is
left face downward in the centre of the table. When any other number
play, the full pack is used. If there are three players, three cards
are left for the widow: two cards are left when five play, and four
when six play. The player winning the first trick takes in the widow,
with any hearts it may contain. He is entitled to look at these cards,
but must not show or name them to any other player. The game then
proceeds in the usual way. Payments are made to the pool for all hearts
taken in, and the pool is then won, divided, or remains to form a Jack,
just as at Sweepstake Hearts. The chief difference in the game is that
the other players do not know whether the winner of the first trick is
loaded or not, and he is the only player who knows how many or what
hearts are still to be played.

_=DOMINO HEARTS.=_ In this variation, six cards only are dealt to each
player, the remainder of the pack being left face down on the table.
When a player is unable to follow suit, he must draw cards from the
stock, one at a time, until he can. The last player with any cards left
in his hand must take what is left of the stock, if any. The hearts
taken in are then counted as usual. Thirty-one points is game, and the
winner is the player who has the least hearts scored when some other
player reaches thirty-one.


SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.

A good player, after sorting his hand, carefully estimates its
possibilities. The hand may be such that it is evidently impossible to
avoid taking some hearts. The player must then decide whether he will
play to give each of the others hearts, or will take them all himself.
If he succeeds in either object he has a chance to win back his money
in the ensuing Jack. In deciding on his chances to get clear without
taking a single heart, the player must first consider the advisability
of beginning with a heart, or with a plain suit. If hearts, he should
know the probability of the heart he leads not winning the trick; if a
plain suit, he should know the probability of the suit going round one
or more times without hearts being discarded on it, especially if he
intends to lead high cards. These chances must then be balanced one
against the other and the more favourable selected.

_=LEADING HEARTS ORIGINALLY.=_ When your hearts are so small as to be
absolutely safe, such as the 7 5 3 2, it might be supposed that the
best play would be to lead them at once, in order to get a large number
of hearts out of your way. But with such cards it is usually much
better play, unless you have a very dangerous hand in plain suits, to
reserve these small hearts until you have a more definite idea, from
the fall of the cards, to whom you are giving them. Such cards are
particularly useful for getting rid of the lead at dangerous stages in
the end-game.

When the plain-suit cards are high or dangerous, but the hearts are
reasonably safe, it is usually better to lead the hearts, and to
continue leading them every time you get in. By following these tactics
it is quite possible for you to take almost every trick in the plain
suits, and yet to win the pool by rapidly exhausting the hearts.

If you lead the ♡ 4, the only chance for it to win is that one player
has no hearts, and that the 2 and 3 are divided. The odds against this
combination of circumstances will vary with the number of hearts you
hold with the 4, but may be generally stated on the average as about 50
to 1. It is usually considered a safer lead than a high card of a plain
suit, even if you have only three of the suit.

If your only heart is the 5, and you propose to lead it, the chances
that the 2, 3, and 4 are not each in separate hands are about 19 in 25,
or 19 to 6 against it, which is about 3 to 1. If you lead the 5, the
odds against your winning the trick decrease as the number of hearts
you hold with the 5 increases. If you have four hearts, the 5 being the
lowest, the odds against its winning the trick, if you lead it, are
about 29 to 11. If you have eight hearts, the 5 being the lowest, it is
about an even chance. If your only heart is the 6, it is about an even
chance that it will win the trick; but the odds against you increase
rapidly with the number of additional hearts that you hold. If you
propose to lead the 7, the chances that it will win the trick are 2 to
1 under the most favourable circumstances, which are when it is your
only heart. These odds against you increase rapidly with the number of
additional hearts that you hold.

_=LEADING PLAIN SUITS ORIGINALLY.=_ It will often happen that you will
have to decide between the lead of a comparatively dangerous heart and
a risky plain suit. Your knowledge of probabilities should enable you
to select the safer course. The odds against getting a heart on the
first round of a plain suit depend upon how many cards of the suit you
hold. If you lead an Ace, or any card which is sure to win the trick,
the odds against your getting a heart on it are as the following:--

  If you have 4 cards of the suit, 22 to 1.
      ”       5          ”         15 to 1.
      ”       6          ”          7 to 1.
      ”       7          ”          4 to 1.
      ”       8          ”          2 to 1.

These odds may be slightly increased by taking into account the fact
that players who cannot follow suit do not always discard hearts,
having perhaps more dangerous cards to get rid of.

The odds against a suit going round a second time may be influenced
by the cards played to the first round; but it sometimes happens that
you have to calculate in advance for two rounds of a suit, regardless
of the cards that may be played by others. This is especially the case
when you fear that the suit will be led to you, and you have such
cards as must win two rounds. If you have 4 cards of the suit the odds
_against_ your getting a heart in two rounds are 2 to 1. The odds _in
favour_ of your getting a heart in two rounds are:--

  If you have 5 cards of the suit, 4 to 3.
      ”       6          ”         2 to 1.
      ”       7          ”         6 to 1.

As an example of the value of a thorough knowledge of these odds to a
careful player, suppose he had to win two rounds of a plain suit, of
which he held six cards; or to lead the ♡7, having three higher. The
suit would be the better play, because it takes in only one heart,
while the lead of the heart might take in four.

The following table shows the exact number of times in 1,000 deals that
a heart would probably be discarded on a plain suit led, according to
the number of cards in the suit held by the leader, and the number of
times the suit was led:

  Cards held by the leader.         | 1,2,3,4 |  5   |   6  |   7  |   8
  ----------------------------------+---------+------+------+------+-----
  Times hearts will be discarded:-- |         |      |      |      |
  On first round                    |     44  |   63 |  122 |  200 |  315
  On second round                   |    358  |  430 |  659 |  857 | 1000
  On third round                    |    842  | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000

This shows that 158 times in 1,000, when the leader has 1, 2, 3, or 4
cards of the suit, it will go round three times, because 158 is the
balance necessary to bring our last figure, 842, up to 1,000. Reducing
this to a small fraction, the odds are about 5⅛ to 1 that a suit will
not go round three times without affording to some player the chance of
discarding hearts on it. This calculation shows the hopeless nature of
all hands that contain at least three cards of each suit, unless the
smallest card in every suit is below a 6; for if any one of the suits
is led three times, it is even betting that you will have to win the
third round, and 5⅛ to 1 that you get a heart on it if you do.

_=PLAIN-SUIT LEADS.=_ The favourite lead with most heart players is a
singleton; or, failing that, a two-card suit. This is a mistake, unless
the singleton is a high card; for if the adversaries are sharp players
they will at once suspect the nature of the lead, and carefully avoid
the suit. But if you wait until some other player opens the suit,
it will very probably be led twice in succession. The best original
plain-suit lead is one in which you are moderately long, but have small
cards enough to be safe, and from which you can lead intermediate cards
which probably will not win the first trick.

A very little experience at Hearts will convince any one that it is
best, in plain suits, to play out the high cards first. This agrees
with the theory of probabilities; for while the odds are 22 to 1
against your getting a heart on the first round of a plain suit of
which you have 4 cards, the odds are only 2 to 1 against it on the
second round, and on the third they are 5⅛ to 1 in favour of it.
Accordingly, on the first round most players put up their highest card
of the suit led, no matter what their position with regard to the
leader; but in so doing, they often run needless risks. The object in
Sweepstake Hearts is to take none, and the most successful players will
be found to be those who play consistently with the greatest odds in
their favour for taking none.

Suppose that you hold such a suit as A 10 9 7 4 2. This is a safe suit;
because it is very improbable that you can be compelled to take a trick
in it. The best lead from such a suit is the 10 or 9. If the suit is
led by any other player, the same card should be played, unless you are
fourth hand, and have no objection to the lead. This avoids the risk,
however slight, of getting a heart on the first round, which would
be entailed by playing the ace. In Sweepstake Hearts it is a great
mistake to play the high cards of a suit in which you are safe; for
no matter how small the risk, it is an unnecessary one. In the case
we are considering, when you have six cards of the suit, the odds are
7 to 1 against your getting a heart if you play the ace first round.
That is to say, you will probably lose one pool out of every eight if
you play it. Take the greatest odds in your favour, when you have only
four cards of a suit; they are 22 to 1 against your getting a heart
the first round, so that you would lose by it only once in 23 times.
But this is a heavy percentage against you if you are playing with
those who do not run such risks, for you give up every chance you might
otherwise have in 5 pools out of every 110.

When you have a dangerous hand in hearts, but one absolutely safe long
suit, it is often good play to begin with your safe suit, retaining
any high cards you may have in other suits in order to get the lead as
often as possible for the purpose of continuing your safe suit, which
will usually result in one or more of the other players getting loaded.

When you have at least three of each plain suit it is obvious that you
cannot hope for any discards, and that you must take into account the
probability of having to win the third round of one or more suits, with
the accompanying possibility of getting hearts at the same time. If
you have the lead, this probability must be taken into account before
any of the other players show their hands, and as it may be set down
as about 5⅛ to 1 that you will get a heart, any better chance that the
hand affords should be taken advantage of.

It will often occur that a player’s attention must be so concentrated
on getting clear himself that he has no opportunity to scheme for
“loading” the others. But if it unfortunately happens that he is
compelled to take in one or more hearts, he should at once turn his
attention to taking them all, or to loading the other players, with a
view to making a Jack of the pool. Should he succeed in either object,
he has another chance for his money.

It is usually bad policy to return the suit opened by the original
leader. He has picked that out as his safest suit, and although he may
be the only one safe in it, by continuing it you are reducing your
chances to two players, when you might share them with all three.

_=FOLLOWING SUIT.=_ When a player is not the original leader, his
policy becomes defensive; for, as the first player is plotting to
give hearts to every one but himself, each of the others must be a
prospective victim, and should do his best to avoid the traps prepared
by the one who plans the opening of the hand.

When you are second or third player, the first time a suit is led, it
is usually best to play your highest card, unless you are safe in the
suit, or have so many that there is danger of getting a heart, even on
the first round. As fourth player, you should always play your highest
card, unless there is already a heart in the trick, or some decided
disadvantage in the lead. The risks you run in playing high cards
while following suit must be judged by the same probabilities that we
examined in considering the original lead. The fact that one or more
players have already followed suit, and perhaps the cards they have
played, may enable you to arrive at a still closer estimate of your
chances. It is generally conceded, that the odds against a player who
holds up on the first round are about 1 to 11. That is to say, in 12
pools, he will sacrifice his chances of one simply by holding up.

After one or two tricks have been played, the conditions may be such
that it becomes necessary to hold up, in order to win the second
round. This is especially the case after you have been loaded, and
are anxious to keep a certain player out of the lead. For an example
see Illustrative Hand No. 4. in which Y holds up the ♢ King to keep A
from getting in and leading another round of hearts. In the same hand
Z tries hard to make the pool a Jack by holding up the ♣ Q. Had not A
been entirely safe in diamonds the stratagem would have succeeded.

In following suit it is important to keep count of the cards played, in
order to avoid the unwitting lead of a suit of which the other players
have none. The suits that need close watching are those in which you
have nothing smaller than a six or eight. You should be careful to note
which player appears to have the smaller cards, after the suit has
been led once or twice, and be on the watch to take the lead away from
him in other suits if you can, or he may load you by leading the small
cards of your dangerous suit, in which he is safe. When this danger is
apparent, it is best to retain, until the second round, such high cards
as Kings and Queens of the suits led. Even if you have four of the
suit, you run only a 2 to 1 risk in winning the second round instead of
the first, as against a certainty that you will be out of the pool at
once if the dangerous player gets the lead. For an example of this, see
B’s play in Illustrative Hand No. 2.

Where you have a certain safe card, and others of another suit not
absolutely safe, it is better to keep the safe card, in order to be
sure of getting rid of the lead if you are put in on your dangerous
suit.

In following suit, the most annoying hand that one can hold is one
containing at least three cards of each suit, none of them below a
6. There is no hope of a discard, unless two players make a fight in
some one suit, which they lead four or five times in order to load
each other, regardless of the escape of the other players. This very
seldom occurs, and never among good players. With such a hand escape is
almost impossible, and it is usually best to make the losses as small
as possible. Many good players, with such a hand, will deliberately
take in hearts on the plain suits, hoping to escape with only one or
two in each trick, instead of having to carry the whole load by getting
into the lead at the end. It should never be forgotten that when you
must inevitably take some hearts it is cheaper to take them in on plain
suits than to win heart tricks.

_=CONTROL OF THE LEAD.=_ One of the strongest points in good heart play
is the proper control of the lead at certain times. A player whose hand
contains no commanding cards, and who is unable to do anything but
follow suit on the first two or three rounds, will often find himself
compelled to win one of the later rounds with a small card, taking in
one or two hearts with it; and this misfortune usually overtakes him
because a certain player gets into the lead at a critical period of the
hand. If he sees the impending danger, and has K, Q or J of a suit led,
he will not give up his high card, even if the ace is played to the
trick; but will retain it in order to prevent the possibility of the
dangerous player getting into the lead on the second round of the suit.
In doing this, he of course decreases the odds against his getting
hearts, by deliberately winning the second round. But 2 to 1 in his
favour is a much better chance than the certainty, almost, that he will
be loaded if a particular player is allowed the opportunity to lead a
certain suit again. See B’s play in Illustrative Hand No 2, and Y’s in
No 4.

A player may have no desire to prevent any particular adversary from
getting the lead; but may be anxious simply to carry out a certain line
of play. In order to do this it may be essential that he should have
some direction of the course of the hand. This is impossible if his
play is confined to following suit helplessly, whatever is led. He must
be able to assume the lead himself in order so to change the course of
the play as to better suit his game.

Let us suppose that he has a dangerous hand in plain suits, but is safe
in hearts, and decides that his best chance is to lead hearts at every
opportunity; or that he has a certain safe suit which it is manifestly
to his advantage to have led as often as possible. The other players,
being the ones who are to suffer from this line of play, will of course
prevent it if possible; and in order to carry out the plan in spite of
their opposition, it will be necessary for the individual player to
gain the lead a certain number of times, and so force his game upon
them.

Again, a player may know that he can load a certain adversary if he
can get in and lead a certain suit or card; or he may know that by
giving one player the lead, that player can load another. In such cases
commanding cards must be held or retained, in order to give the player
a certain control of the lead.

When a player is attempting to take all thirteen hearts, the control of
the lead, especially in the end game, is very important; because the
design of each of the other players will be to get the lead into some
other hand, in the hope that they may load the player having it, and so
at least divide the pool.

_=THE DISCARD.=_ One of the most important elements in heart play
is the discard. The beginner is too apt to discard hearts at every
opportunity; but a little experience will teach him that even a 3 in a
plain suit may be a better card to part with.

The most important thing in discarding is to reduce the odds against
your winning the pool. Let us suppose that you have the A K Q of a
plain suit. It is 5⅛ to 1 that you get a heart if this suit is led a
third time. If you can get a discard, the odds are at once reduced to 2
to 1 in your favour, that being the probability that you will escape,
even if you have to win two rounds. This is a very large percentage,
and should never be lost sight of. If you have a choice between two
discards, one being from the K Q J 2 of hearts, and the other from the
K Q J of a plain suit, select the plain suit. You can improve your
chances little or none in the hearts, while you not only bring the odds
to your side in the plain suit, but secure a chance of discarding on
the third round of it.

Following the same principle, it is evidently good play to discard from
a suit which has been led once or twice, if you have a dangerous card
or cards in it. Even if you have a safe tenace in a suit, such as 4 and
2, the 5 and 3 being still out somewhere, it is better to discard from
it if there is the slightest danger of your getting the lead. Tenaces
are only safe when led up to.

In _=Howell’s settling=_, the object is not so much to load the others
as to escape yourself. It is never advisable to attempt to take all
thirteen hearts, because there are no Jacks; but there are many cases
in which it is better deliberately to take three or four, in order
to avoid the chance of taking six or eight. For an example of these
tactics adopted by two players, see Illustrative Hand, No. 3. On the
same principle, there are often cases in which it is advisable to
take a trick with one heart in it, in order to get rid of a dangerous
card, which might bring you in several hearts later on. The general
principles of leading and discarding are the same as in Sweepstake
Hearts; but it is not necessary to take such desperate chances to
escape entirely.

_=THREE-HANDED HEARTS=_ is more difficult to play than any other form
of the game, partly because there are so many rounds of each suit, and
partly because the moment one player refuses, the exact cards of that
suit in the two other players’ hands are known to each of them.

There is usually a great deal of cross-fighting in the three-handed
game, during which one player escapes by getting numerous discards.
When all three have refused, each a different suit, the end game
becomes a question of generalship, and the preservation of one or more
commanding cards, with which to control and place the lead, is usually
the key to the situation. A player who has no high cards for the end
game, unless he is quite safe, is almost certain to be loaded in the
last few tricks.

_=TWO-HANDED HEARTS.=_ Before opening the hand, the player should
carefully consider what suits are safe and what are dangerous. It is
usually best to preserve the safe suits and to lead the dangerous
ones, which you should clear your hand of, if possible. It is a great
advantage to have a missing suit, and equally disadvantageous to have a
number of a suit of which your adversary is probably clear. If a card
of a missing suit is drawn, it is usually best to lead it at once, so
as to keep the suit clear; but in so doing, be careful first to place
the card among the others in the hand, or your adversary will detect
that it is a missing suit.

The lead is a disadvantage if you have safe hearts; but toward the end
of the stock, from which cards are drawn, it is an advantage to have
commanding cards, with which you can assume the lead if necessary.

There is some finesse in determining whether or not to change the suit
often in the leads. If you have a better memory than your adversary, it
may be well to change often; but if not, it may assist you to keep at
one suit until afraid to lead it again.

In Two-Handed Hearts, keeping count of the cards is the most important
matter, because the real play comes after the stock is exhausted, and
the moment that occurs you should know every card in your adversary’s
hand. The exact number of each suit should be a certainty, if not the
exact rank of the cards. Until you can depend on yourself for this, you
are not a good player. The last thirteen tricks are usually a problem
in double-dummy; but the advantage will always be found to be with the
player who has carefully prepared himself for the final struggle by
preserving certain safe suits, and getting rid of those in which it
became evident that his adversary had the small and safe cards.

Some very pretty positions arise in the end game, it being often
possible to foresee that four or five tricks must be played in a
certain manner in order to ensure the lead being properly placed at the
end, so that the odd hearts may be avoided.

_=AUCTION HEARTS.=_ The cards having been cut and dealt, the player to
the left of the dealer, whom we shall call A, examines his hand, and
determines which suit he would prefer to play to get clear of. Let us
suppose his hand to consist of the ♡ A K 8; ♣ J 6 5 4 3 2; ♢ K 4; and
the ♠ 7 3. If the suit remains hearts, he is almost certain to take in
a number; but if it is changed to clubs, he is almost as certain of
getting clear. The hand is not absolutely safe, as hearts might be led
two or three times before the clubs in the other hands were exhausted
by the original leader, whose game would be to lead small clubs. As
the pool will contain thirteen counters to a certainty, he can afford
to bid in proportion to his chances of winning it for the privilege of
making clubs the suit to be avoided, instead of hearts.

It might be assumed, if the odds were 10 to 1 that the player would get
clear if the suit were clubs, that therefore he could afford to bid ten
times the amount of the pool, or 130, for his chance. Theoretically
this is correct, but if he should lose one such pool, he would have
to win ten others to get back his bid alone, to say nothing of the
amounts he would lose by paying his share in pools won by others. Let
us suppose him to win his share, one-fourth of all the pools. While he
is winning the ten pools necessary to repair his single loss, he has to
stand his share of the losses in the thirty others, which would average
about 128 counters. This must show us that even if a player has a 10
to 1 chance in his favour, he must calculate not only on losing that
chance once in eleven times, but must make provision for the amounts
he will lose in other pools. Experience shows that a bid of 25 would
be about the amount a good player would make on such a hand as we are
considering, if the pool were not a Jack, and he had first say.

The next player, Y, now examines his hand. Let us suppose that he finds
♡ 6 4 3; ♣ A K 10; ♢ 8 7 5 3; ♠ 6 5 4. If the first bidder is offering
on clubs, it is evident that he will lead them, as the successful
bidder has the original lead in Auction Hearts; and it is equally
evident that if he does so, a player with A K 10 will have to pay for
most of the pool. If any of the other suits is the one bid on, B has
as good a chance for the pool as any one, at least to divide it. With
two men still to bid, a good player would probably make himself safe by
shutting out A’s bid, probably offering 26.

Let us suppose B then to examine his hand, finding ♡ J 10; ♣ Q 9 8
7; ♢ A 10 9; ♠ 10 9 8 2. Being unsafe in everything, he passes, and
practically submits to his fate, his only hope being that the pool
will result in a Jack. Z then examines his hand, finding ♡ Q 9 7 5 2;
♣ none; ♢ Q J 6 2; ♠ A K Q J. He sees at once that on spades he would
lose everything, and on diamonds he would have a very poor chance. On
clubs the result would depend on how often spades were led. In hearts,
he has a very good hand, especially as he has a missing suit to discard
in. As he is the last bidder he can make sure of the choice for 27,
which he bids, and pays into the pool. The result of the play is given
in Illustrative Hand No. 4. (As the cards happen to lie, had A been the
successful bidder and made it clubs, Z would have won the pool.)

ILLUSTRATIVE HANDS.

  _=No. 1.=_ Sweepstake Hearts. | T| _=No. 2.=_ Sweepstake Hearts.
       A leads for first trick. | R|      A leads for first trick.
                                | I|
  ------+-------+-------+-------+ C+-------+------+------+--------
     A      Y       B       Z   | K|   A       Y     B       Z
  ------+-------+-------+-------+--+-------+------+------+--------
    10♠ |   Q♠  |   8♠  |  _K♠_ | 1| _♣A_  |  ♣K  | ♣10  |  ♣Q
    ♣J  | _♣A_  |  ♣4   |  ♣K   | 2|  ♣5   |  ♣2  | ♣9   | _♣J_
     6♢ |  _A♢_ |   J♢  |   Q♢  | 3|  10♢  |  J♢  |  9♢  |  _A♢_
     5♢ |  _K♢_ |   10♢ |   9♢  | 4|   Q♢  |  8♢  | _K♢_ |   4♢
     4♢ |   3♢  |   2♢  |  _8♢_ | 5|   2♠  |  J♠  | _A♠_ |   9♠
    ♣9  |  ♣7   |  ♣3   | _♣Q_  | 6|   Q♠  | 10♠  | _K♠_ |   8♠
    ♣6  |  ♣5   |  ♣2   | _♣10_ | 7|  ♡A   | _7♢_ |  3♢  |  ♡Q
     3♠ |   6♠  |   4♠  |  _J♠_ | 8| _♡10_ | ♡4   | ♡3   |  ♡5
     2♠ |   5♠  |  ♡K   |   9♠  | 9|  ♣4   | ♡K   | ♣6   | _♣7_
   _♡A_ |  ♡Q   |  ♡10  |  ♡5   |10|  ♡9   | _7♠_ | ♡J   |   5♠
    ♡7  | _♡J_  |  ♡9   |   7♠  |11|  ♡7   | ♡2   | ♣8   | _♡8_
    ♡6  | _♡8_  |  ♡4   |  ♣8   |12|  ♡6   | _6♠_ |  6♢  |   4♠
     A♠ |  ♡2   | _♡3_  |   7♢  |13|  ♣3   | _5♢_ |  2♢  |   3♠
  ------+-------+-------+-------+--+-------+------+------+--------
    A 4    Y 6     B 2     Z 1        A 4    Y 5    B 0     Z 4
        Making it a Jack.                  B wins the Pool.

_=No. 1. 2nd Trick.=_ Z sees that with such a hand escape is
impossible. As his chief danger is in being loaded with hearts at the
end, he clears his hand as rapidly as possible. _=9th Trick.=_ The ♠A
being held up, it looks as if A were safe in that suit with A 5 2. If
Z now leads the ♡ 5, and A gets into the lead, returning the spade, Z
must take every other trick. _=10th Trick.=_ If Z now leads ♠ 7, he
loads A; but if his ♡ 5 should win the next trick he will take all
the rest of the hearts, Y and B dividing the pool. If he leads the ♡
5 first he cannot get more than four hearts, and the other players
will inevitably make a Jack of it. _=11th Trick.=_ Y sees that if
he underplays the 7 led, B will win the pool, as he has nothing but
hearts, A having only one more. He keeps A out of the lead by winning
two rounds, so as to be sure of loading B, making it a Jack. The ending
is very well played.

_=No. 2.=_ A has an even chance to escape, and it is better for him to
be third or fourth player in hearts than to lead them. _=3rd Trick.=_
B sees from the fall of the clubs that Y has no more, and that A is
safe in them and will lead them again; so he holds up ♢ K to keep A
out of the lead. _=7th Trick.=_ As A’s hand can now be counted to
contain either the 7 4 3 of clubs and four dangerous hearts, or the 4
3 of clubs and five hearts, B’s game is clearly to lead diamonds, in
order to load Y and Z. His only dangerous card, the ♡ J, will go on the
next round of spades, which must be led again in the next two or three
tricks.

   _=No. 3.=_ Howell’s Settling.  | T | _=No. 4.=_ Auction Hearts.
       Z dealt, and A leads for   | R |     A, the successful
       first trick.               | I |     bidder, names Hearts.
  --------------------------------+ C +--------------------------------
      A       Y       B       Z   | K |  A        Y       B       Z
  --------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------+-------+-------+--------
     10♢  |   J♢  |   9♢  |  _K♢_ |  1| ♡5    |  ♡8   |  ♡6   | _♡J_
      7♢  |   6♢  |   8♢  |  _Q♢_ |  2|  Q♢   |   4♢  |   8♢  |  _A♢_
     ♣4   |  ♣9   |  ♣J   | _♣A_  |  3|  J♢   |  _K♢_ |   7♢  |  10♢
     ♣2   |  ♣8   |  ♣5   | _♣K_  |  4| _A♠_  |   7♠  |   6♠  |  10♠
      J♠  |   8♠  |   K♠  |  _A♠_ |  5| ♡7    | _♡A_  |  ♡4   |  ♡10
      5♠  |   7♠  |  _Q♠_ |  10♠  |  6| _K♠_  |   3♠  |   5♠  |   9♠
      4♠  |  _6♠_ |   3♠  |   2♠  |  7| ♡Q    | _♡K_  |  ♡3   |  ♣9
     ♡5   |  ♡3   | _♡8_  |  ♡4   |  8| ♡9    |  ♣J   |  ♣10  | _♣Q_
    _♡A_  |  ♡J   |  ♡7   |   5♢  |  9| _Q♠_  |  ♣6   |   4♠  |   8♠
     ♡9   |  ♡2   | _♡K_  |  ♣Q   | 10| _J♠_  |  ♣5   |  ♣A   |   2♠
      A♢  | _♡10_ |  ♡6   |   9♠  | 11|  6♢   |  ♣4   |   5♢  |  _9♢_
      4♢  |  ♣3   |  ♡Q   | _♣10_ | 12|  2♢   |  ♣3   | _♣K_  |  ♣8
      2♢  | _♣7_  |   3♢  |  ♣6   | 13| ♡2    |  ♣2   |  _3♢_ |  ♣7
  --------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------+-------+-------+--------
     A 3     Y 2     B 7     Z 1        A 0      Y 7     B 1     Z 5

    Z wins 9; Y 5; A 1; B loses 15.                A wins the pool.

_=No. 3.=_ A begins with the intermediate cards of his safe suit.
_=8th Trick.=_ Y is afraid to lead away from his club tenace, because
it might be at once led back to him. _=9th Trick.=_ Z seizes this
opportunity to get rid of the very dangerous ♢5. If A does not play
the ♡A now, it is quite possible that he will take every trick, except
one in diamonds. _=10th Trick.=_ If A leads the ♢2, and hearts are led
again, he must take all the remaining hearts. By taking three at once
he can escape the rest. B sees that if he passes this trick A will at
once lead the ♢2, and he will take all the remaining hearts; so he
takes these three and throws the lead to Y, who has no chance to injure
him. _11th Trick._ Z keeps two clubs, hoping that if Y gets in and
leads clubs, B may discard a diamond instead of a heart, in which case
Z would get clear.

_=No. 4.=_ A, with his dangerous suit of spades, clears up the hearts
at once. _=6th Trick.=_ The second round of spades betrays A’s
dangerous suit to the other players. _=7th Trick.=_ A must risk the
King and 3 being divided, for if they are in one hand nothing will save
him. Z keeps ♢9 and ♣Q in order to be sure of getting a lead, as he is
the only player who can load A by putting him in on spades at the end
making him take in his own hearts. _=8th Trick.=_ B cannot risk playing
the high clubs while there is any chance for him to win the pool. He
can count A to be safe in diamonds, with two hearts and two spades.
_=10th Trick.=_ A clears his hand of the very dangerous spade before
leading his tenace in diamonds. _=12th Trick.=_ A will not give up the
heart until he is sure that B has not the ♣7.

       *       *       *       *       *

_=Text Books.=_ There are at present only two text-books on the game;
_Foster on Hearts_, and _Hearts and Heartsette_.


SLOBBERHANNES.

_=Cards.=_ Slobberhannes is played with a Euchre pack, thirty-two
cards, all below the Seven being deleted. The cards rank: A K Q J 10 9
8 7, the ace being the highest both in cutting and in play. There is no
trump suit.

_=Counters.=_ Each player is provided with ten counters, and points
are marked by placing these counters in the pool. The player who first
loses his ten counters also loses the game. If stakes are played for,
counters of a different colour must be provided, and the player losing
the game must pay as many counters to each of the others as they have
points still in front of them. One player is usually the banker, and
sells and redeems all money counters. The others are redistributed at
the end of each game.

_=Players.=_ Any number from four to seven may play; but the two black
Sevens must be deleted if there are more than four players. When seven
play, the dealer takes no cards. All the preliminaries of seats, cards
and deal are settled as at Hearts.

_=Dealing.=_ The entire pack is distributed, the dealer giving each
player in rotation two or three cards in each round. No trump is
turned. All irregularities in the deal are governed by the same
laws as at Hearts; but a misdeal does not lose the deal under any
circumstances. The same dealer must deal again.

_=Objects of the Game.=_ The object in Slobberhannes is to avoid taking
either the first or the last trick, or any trick containing the Queen
of clubs. The player who wins any of these loses one point, and if he
wins all three of them, he loses an extra point, or four altogether.
The penalty for a revoke is also the loss of a point.

_=Method of Playing.=_ The eldest hand begins by leading any card he
pleases, and the others must follow suit if they can. The highest card
played, if of the suit led, wins the trick, and the winner takes it in
and leads for the next trick. The player winning the first trick must
pay for it immediately, to avoid disputes. The tricks which are neither
the first nor the last have no value, unless they contain the club
Queen, which must be paid for as soon as it is taken in.

There is a good deal of play in manœuvring to get rid of cards which
might win the last trick, or which would take in the club Queen. The
Ace and King of clubs are of course dangerous cards, and unless the
player holding them has small cards enough to make him safe in that
suit, he should be on the alert for opportunities to discard.


POLIGNAC. QUATRE-VALETS, OR FOUR JACKS.

_=Cards and Players.=_ When Polignac is played by four persons, a
Piquet pack is used, and eight cards are dealt to each player, 3-2-3 at
a time. When five play, the two black Sevens are deleted, and six cards
are given to each player. When six play, each receives five cards. When
seven play, the dealer takes no cards. In France, the cards usually
rank as in Écarté; K Q J A 10 9 8 7; but in England and America it is
more usual to preserve the order in Piquet, A K Q J 10 9 8 7. There
is no trump suit. All the preliminaries are settled as at Hearts or
Slobberhannes.

_=Counters.=_ Each player is provided with ten or twenty counters, as
may be agreed upon, and the player first losing his counters loses
the game, and pays to each of the others any stake that may have been
previously agreed upon, usually a counter for each point they have
still to go when he is decavé.

_=Objects of the Game.=_ The object of the game is to avoid winning
any trick containing a Jack, and especially the Jack of spades, which
is called _=Polignac=_. The moment any player wins a trick containing
a Jack, he pays one counter into the pool. If he takes in Polignac,
he pays two counters. The eldest hand begins by leading any card he
pleases, and the others must follow suit if they can. The highest card
played, if of the suit led, wins the trick, and the winner leads for
the next trick. If a player has none of the suit led he may discard
anything he pleases.

The game is sometimes varied by adding a _=general=_, or _=capot=_. Any
player who thinks he can win all the tricks announces capot before the
first card is led. If he is successful he loses nothing; but each of
the others must pay five counters into the pool, one for each Jack, and
one extra for Polignac. If the capot player fails to win every trick,
each player pays for whatever jacks he has taken in.


ENFLÉ, OR SCHWELLEN.

When Enflé is played by four persons, the Piquet pack of thirty-two
cards is used. If there are more than four players, sufficient cards
are added to give eight to each person. The rank of the cards and all
other preliminaries are the same as at Hearts. There is no trump suit.

The cards are dealt 3-2-3 at a time. The eldest hand leads any card he
pleases, and the others must follow suit if they can. If all follow
suit, the highest card played wins the trick, which is turned face
down, and the cards in it are dead. The winner leads for the next
trick, and so on. But if any player is unable to follow suit, he is not
allowed to discard, but must immediately gather up the cards already
played, and take them into his own hand with the cards originally dealt
to him. The players following the one who renounces to the suit led do
not play to the trick at all; but wait for him to lead for the next
trick. Should any player fail to follow suit on the next trick, or on
any subsequent trick, he gathers the cards already played, takes them
into his hand and leads for the next trick. The play is continued in
this manner until some player gets rid of all his cards, and so wins
the game.

Enflé is usually played for a pool, to which each player contributes
an equal amount before play begins. The game requires considerable
skill and memory to play it well, it being very important to remember
the cards taken in hand by certain players, and those which are in the
tricks turned down.


THE LAWS OF HEARTS.

1. Formation of table. Those first in the room have the preference. If
more than the necessary number assemble, the choice shall be determined
by cutting, those cutting the lowest cards having the right to play.
Six persons is the largest number that can play at one table. The
player cutting the lowest card has the deal.

2. In cutting, the Ace is low. Players cutting cards of equal value,
cut again. All must cut from the same pack, and any person exposing
more than one card must cut again. Drawing cards from an outspread pack
is equivalent to cutting.

3. A complete Heart pack consists of fifty-two cards, which rank in the
following order:--A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2, the Ace being highest
in play. In Three-Handed Hearts, the spade deuce is thrown out. In
Five-Handed, both the black deuces are laid aside. In Six-Handed, all
four deuces are discarded. In Joker Hearts the heart deuce is replaced
by the Joker.

4. When two packs are used, the player next but one on the dealer’s
left must collect and shuffle the cards for the next deal, placing them
on his right. The dealer has the privilege of shuffling last.

5. The dealer must present the pack to his right-hand adversary to be
cut. Not less than four cards shall constitute a cut.

6. In case of any confusion or exposure of the cards in cutting, or in
reuniting them after cutting, the pack must be shuffled and cut again.

7. If the dealer reshuffles the cards after they have been properly
cut, or looks at the bottom card, he loses his deal.

8. After the cards have been cut, the dealer must distribute them
one at a time to each player in rotation, beginning at his left, and
continuing until the pack is exhausted; or in Two-Handed Hearts, until
each player has thirteen.

9. The deal passes to the left.

10. There must be a new deal by the same dealer if the pack is proved
to be incorrect, either during the deal or during the play of a hand;
or if any card is faced in the pack, or is found to be so marked or
mutilated that it can be named. In the last case a new pack must be
used.

11. If a card is exposed during the deal, the player to whom it is
dealt may demand a new deal, provided he has not touched any of his
cards. If the deal stands, the exposed card cannot be called.

12. Any one dealing out of turn may be stopped before the last card is
dealt. After that the deal must stand, and the packs, if changed, must
so remain.

13. It is a misdeal: If the dealer omits to have the pack cut, and the
error is discovered before the last card is dealt; or if he deals a
card incorrectly, and fails to remedy it before dealing another; or if
he counts the cards on the table, or those remaining in the pack; or
if it is discovered before all have played to the first trick that any
player has not his proper number of cards, the pack being perfect.

14. A misdeal loses the deal unless one of the other players has
touched his cards, or in any way interrupted the dealer.

15. If, after the first trick is played to, any two players are found
to have more or less than their correct number of cards, the pack being
perfect, the one having less shall draw from the hand of the one having
more, and each shall pay a forfeit of five counters into the pool.

16. If a player omits to play to any trick, and plays to the following
one, he shall not be allowed to correct the error; but shall be
compelled to take in the last trick, with whatever hearts it may
contain.

17. Should a player be found during or at the end of a hand to be a
card short, all the others having the right number, and all having
played to the first trick, he shall be compelled to take in the last
trick.

18. If a player leads or plays two cards to a trick, he must indicate
the one intended, and leave the other face up on the table. Any card
exposed, except in the proper course of play, or any card named by the
player holding it, must be left face up on the table.

19. A player must lead or play any exposed card when called upon to
do so by any other player, provided he can do so without revoking. He
cannot be prevented from playing an exposed card, and if he can so get
rid of it, no penalty remains.

20. If a player leads out of turn, a suit may be called from him when
it is next his proper turn to lead. This penalty can be enforced only
by the player on his right. If he has none of the suit called, or if
all have played to the false lead, no penalty can be enforced. If all
have not played to the false lead, the cards can be taken back, and are
not exposed cards.

21. If the third hand plays before the second, the fourth hand may
demand that the card be taken back, and may call upon the third hand to
play the highest card he has of the suit; or may call upon him not to
discard hearts. If the fourth plays before the third, the second player
may demand the penalty.

22. The first player to any trick having led, the others must follow
suit if they can. Should a player revoke, and discover the error before
the trick in which it occurs has been turned and quitted, he may amend
his play, and the card played in error becomes an exposed card. Any who
have played after him may withdraw their cards and substitute others,
the cards first played not being exposed.

23. If the revoke is discovered during the play of the hand, the hand
must be played out, and at the end the revoking player must pay all
losses in that hand. Should the revoking player win the pool himself,
he must pay to the pool thirteen counters and leave them for a Jack.
Should he divide it, he must pay the other winner six counters, and
leave up seven for a Jack.

24. Should two or more players revoke in the same hand, each must
pay the entire losses in the hand, as if he were alone in error; so
that if two should revoke, and a third win the pool, he would receive
twenty-six counters, instead of thirteen. In Auction Hearts the
revoking player must pay the amount of the bid in addition.

25. The claimant of a revoke may search all the tricks at the end of a
hand. The revoke is established if the accused player mixes the cards
before the claimants have time to examine them.

26. A revoke must be claimed before the tricks have been mixed,
preparatory to shuffling for the next deal.

27. If a player is lawfully called upon to lead a certain suit, or to
play the highest of it, and unnecessarily fails to comply, he is liable
to the penalties for a revoke.

28. Any trick once turned and quitted must not again be seen until the
hand is played. Any player violating this rule is subject to the same
penalties as for a lead out of turn.

29. In settling at the end of the hand, the player having taken no
hearts, [each of the others having taken at least one,] wins the pool.
Two players having taken none, the other two having each at least one,
divide it, the odd counter remaining until the next pool. Three players
having taken none, the thirteen counters remain in the pool, forming a
Jack, which can be won only by one player taking no hearts, each of the
others having taken at least one. During the time the Jack is played
for, and until it is won, each player must add to the pool by paying
for the hearts he takes in each hand.

30. In Auction Hearts, the player to the left of the dealer has the
first bid, the dealer the last, and there is no second bid.




THE BÉZIQUE FAMILY.


This family includes three of our most popular games; Bézique itself,
Binocle, and Sixty-Six. These are all comparatively modern games, but
are descended from very old stock, the best known of the ancestors
being Marriage, Matrimony, and Cinq-Cents. The etymology of the word
Bézique is very much disputed. Some claim that it is from the Spanish
basa, afterwards basico, a little kiss; referring to the union of
the spade Queen and the diamond Jack, and the various marriages in
the game. This was afterwards Basique, transformed by the French to
Bésique, and by the English to Bézique. One English writer thinks the
word is from bésaigne, the double-headed axe.

Judging from the rank of the cards, which is peculiar to German games,
Bézique may have originated in an attempt to play Binocle with a piquet
pack, for Binocle seems to have been originally played with a full pack
of fifty-two cards. One German writer says the game is of Swiss origin,
and that they probably got it from Spain. In one writer’s opinion,
the name Binocle, is derived from _bis_, until, and _knochle_, the
knuckle, which would imply that the original meaning was, until some
one knuckled; _i.e._, stopped the game by knocking on the table with
his knuckles. This interpretation seems far-fetched, but if correct,
it would sustain the opinion that Binocle was derived from the old
game of Cinq-Cents, in which the player knocked with his knuckles to
announce that he had made enough points to win the game. In the opinion
of the author, the word “binocle” is a German mispronunciation of
the French word “binage,” which was the term used in Cinq Cents for
the combination of spade Queen and diamond Jack, as will be seen if
the description of Cinq Cents is referred to. Stopping the play is a
prominent feature in Sixty-Six, another variation of Bézique, and the
connecting link between Binocle and Skat. In Sixty-Six, the combination
known as Bézique, or binocle, is omitted; so is the sequence in trumps.
Sixty-four-card Binocle is simply Bézique, with a slight difference in
the counting value of the various combinations. Sometimes twelve cards
are given to each player.

Great confusion seems to have existed when the game of Bézique was
introduced to England, in the winter of 1868-9, owing to the fact that
so many persons rushed into print with their own private opinions of
the rules, which were first given by Dr. Pole, in 1861. No one knew
whether “the last trick” was the absolute last, or the last before
the stock was exhausted. Whether the highest or lowest cut dealt was
also a matter of dispute. “Cavendish” got both these wrong in the
first edition of his “Pocket Guide,” but corrected himself without
explanation or apology in the second edition. It was then the custom
of many players to attach no value to the trump suit until the stock
was exhausted; so that until the last eight tricks there was no such
thing as trumping a trick in order to win it. Disputes also arose as to
counting double combinations, many contending that a double marriage
should be as valuable as a double bézique. Time and experience have
finally settled all these points, and the rules of the game are now
practically uniform in all countries.


BÉZIQUE, OR SIXTY-FOUR-CARD BINOCLE.

There are two forms of Bézique in common use; the ordinary game, which
will be first described, and the variation known as Rubicon Bézique,
which is to Bézique proper what Railroad Euchre is to Euchre.

_=CARDS.=_ Bézique is played with two packs of thirty-two cards each,
all below the Seven being deleted, and the two packs being then
shuffled together and used as one. It is better to have both packs
of the same colour and pattern, but it is not absolutely necessary.
The cards rank, A 10 K Q J 9 8 7; the Ace being the highest, both in
cutting and in play.

[Illustration: PULL-UP BÉZIQUE MARKER.]

_=COUNTERS.=_ Special markers are made for scoring at Bézique; but the
score may easily be kept by means of counters. Each player should be
provided with four white, four blue, and one red, together with some
special marker, such as a copper cent or a button. The button stands
for 500 points, each blue counter for 100, the red for 50, and the
white ones for 10 each. At the beginning of the game the counters are
placed on the left of the player, and are passed from left to right as
the points accrue, exchanging smaller denominations for higher when
necessary. Many persons find it more convenient to peg the game on a
pull-up cribbage board, starting at 21, counting each peg as 10 points,
and going twice round to the game hole.

_=STAKES.=_ Bézique is played for so much a game, 1,000 points up; or
for so much a point, the score of the loser being deducted from that of
the winner. When a partie of five games is agreed upon, it is usual to
have an extra stake upon the odd game, and when three games have been
won by the same player, the partie is at an end. It is usual to count
it a double game if the loser has not reached 500 points.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Bézique is played by two persons, one of whom is known as
the _=dealer=_, and the other as the _=pone=_. They cut for choice of
seats and deal, the player cutting the highest card having the first
choice, and electing whether or not to deal himself. In cutting, the
cards rank as in play, and the ace is the highest. If a player exposes
more than one card, he must cut again.

_=DEALING.=_ The cards are thoroughly shuffled, and presented to the
pone to be cut. At least five cards must be left in each packet. The
cards are then dealt three at a time for the first round, two for
the next, and three for the last, each player receiving eight cards.
The seventeenth is then turned up for the trump. If this card is a
Seven, the dealer scores 10 points for it at once. The trump card
is laid on the table by itself, the remainder of the pack, which is
called the _=stock=_ or _=talon=_, is slightly spread, to facilitate
the process of drawing cards from it, and to be sure that none of the
cards remaining in the undealt portion are exposed. In sixty-four-card
Binocle twelve cards are sometimes dealt to each player.

_=Misdealing.=_ A misdeal does not lose the deal, but in some cases a
new deal is at the option of the adversary. If the dealer exposes a
card belonging to the adversary or to the stock, the pone may demand a
new deal; but if either player exposes any of his own cards, the deal
stands good. If too many cards are given to either player, there must
be a new deal. If too few, the pone may claim a fresh deal, or allow
the dealer to supply the missing cards from the top of the stock,
without changing the trump card. If any card but the trump is found
faced in the pack, there must be a new deal. If a card faced in the
stock is not discovered until the first trick has been played to, the
exposed card must be turned face down, without disturbing its position.
If a pack is found to be imperfect, the deal in which the error is
discovered is void, but all previous cuts or scores made with that pack
stand good.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The pone begins by leading any card he chooses,
to which his adversary may play any card he pleases. A player is not
obliged to follow suit, nor to trump; but may renounce or trump at
pleasure until the stock is exhausted, after which the method of play
undergoes a change. If a player follows suit, the higher card wins the
trick, and if identical cards are played to the same trick, such as two
Jacks of clubs, the leader wins. Trumps win plain suits. The winner of
the trick takes in the cards, turning them face down; but before he
leads for the next trick he has the privilege of announcing and scoring
any one of certain combinations that he may hold in his hand. After,
or in the absence of any such announcement, and before leading for
the next trick, he draws a card from the top of the stock and places
it in his hand, without showing or naming it. His adversary draws the
next card, so that each player restores the number of cards in his
hand to eight. This method of drawing from the stock is open to many
objections, and in France the pone always draws first, no matter who
wins the trick.

All combinations announced and scored must be laid face upward on the
table; but the cards still form part of the player’s hand, and may be
led or played at any time, although they must not again be taken in
hand until the stock is exhausted.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ The reasons for winning or not winning certain
tricks will be better understood in connection with the description
of the various combinations that count toward game, and the manner of
scoring them.

_=Brisques.=_ The aces and Tens of each suit are called brisques, and
count ten points each towards game. Except for the purpose of getting
or keeping the lead, there is no object in winning any trick which does
not contain a brisque. Every brisque taken in should be scored at once
by the player winning the trick; 10 points for an ace or Ten; 20 points
if there are two such cards in the same trick.

A player holding or drawing the _=Seven of trumps=_ has the privilege
of exchanging it for the turn-up trump, and scoring 10 points at the
same time; but he must make the exchange immediately after winning a
trick, and before drawing his card from the stock. Should the turn-up
card be a Seven, or one exchange have already been made, the exchange
can still be made and scored. He cannot score the Seven and make a
declaration at the same time.

_=DECLARATIONS.=_ The combinations which may be announced and scored
during the play of the hand are divided into three classes: Marriages
and Sequences; Béziques; and Fours of a kind. Only one combination can
be scored at a time, and it must be announced immediately after the
player holding it has won a trick, and before he draws his card from
the talon. If he draws without announcing, it is equivalent to saying
he has no declaration to make. Having drawn his card, even if he has
not looked at it, he cannot score any declaration until he wins another
trick.

The combinations and their values are as follows:--

  CLASS A

  King and Queen of any plain suit, _=Marriage=_           20
  King and Queen of trumps, _=Royal Marriage=_             40
  Sequence of five highest trumps, _=Sequence=_           250

  CLASS B.

  Spade Queen and diamond Jack, _=Bézique=_                40
  Two spade Queens and diamond Jacks, _=Double Bézique=_  500

  CLASS C.

  Any _=four Aces=_                                       100
  Any _=four Kings=_                                       80
  Any _=four Queens=_                                      60
  Any _=four Jacks=_                                       40

The four court cards in class C may be all of different suits, or any
two of them may be of the same suit.

A great many misunderstandings arise with respect to the manner
and order of making declarations, most of which may be avoided by
remembering the following rules:

The player making the declaration must have won the previous trick,
and must make his announcement before drawing his card from the stock.
When the stock is exhausted, so that there is no card to be drawn, no
announcement can be made.

Only one declaration can be scored at a time, so that a trick must be
won for every announcement made, or the combination cannot be scored.
This does not prevent a player from making two or more announcements at
the same time, but he can score only one of them.

A player cannot make a lower declaration with cards which form part of
a higher one already made in the same class. For instance: Marriages
and sequences belong to the same class. If the sequence has been
declared, a player cannot take from it the King and Queen and score a
marriage; neither can he add a new Queen to the King already in the
sequence, and announce a marriage; because the higher combination was
scored first. But if the marriage is first announced, the A 10 J may be
added and the sequence scored, after winning another trick.

Cards once used in combination cannot again be used in combinations
of equal value of the same class. For instance: Four Kings have been
declared, and one of them afterward used in the course of play. The
player cannot add a new King to the three remaining, and announce four
Kings again. A marriage in spades has been declared, and the King got
rid of in play. A new King of spades will not make another marriage
with the old Queen. A bézique has been scored, and the Jack got rid of
in play; a new Jack of diamonds will not make another bézique with the
old Queen.

Some judgment is necessary in making announcements, the question of
time being often important. Suppose hearts are trumps, and the winner
of the trick holds double bézique, sixty Queens, and a royal marriage:--

[Illustration:

  🃋 🃋 🂭 🂭 🃍 🂽 🂾
]

He cannot lay all these cards down at once, and claim 600 points.
Neither can he lay down four Queens and two Jacks, and score 560;
nor four Queens and a King and score 100. He may announce them if he
chooses to expose his hand in that manner, but he can score only one
combination, and must win a separate trick to score each of the others.
It would be better for him to select some one of the combinations, and
declare it, waiting until he won another trick to declare the next one.
A beginner would be apt to declare the highest count first, 500 for
the double bézique; but under the rule which prevents a player from
making a declaration which forms part of a higher one of the same class
already made, he would lose the 40 points for the single bézique. It
would be better to declare the single bézique first, scoring 40 points
for it, and after winning another trick to show the other bézique,
scoring 500 points more for the double combination. A player is not
allowed to score 40 for the second bézique, and then 500 for the two
combined; because if new announcements are made in the same class,
at least one new card must be added from the player’s hand when the
announcement is made, even if it is not scored until later.

_=Double Declarations.=_ It frequently happens that a player is forced
to make two declarations at the same time, although he can score only
one of them. For instance: A player has announced and shown four Kings,
one of them being the King of spades. On winning another trick he shows
and scores bézique. One of the bézique cards forms a marriage with the
spade King, and as the combinations belong to different classes, both
may be scored, although the same card is used in each; but the player
cannot score the second combination until he wins another trick. Under
such circumstances it is usual to declare both combinations, scoring
the more valuable, and repeating the one left over until an opportunity
arises to score it. In this case the player would say: “Forty for
bézique, and twenty to score.” If he lost the next trick he would
continue to repeat at every trick: “Twenty to score,” until he won a
trick.

A player having a score in abeyance in this manner is not obliged to
score it if he has anything else to announce. A player with twenty
to score might pick up the sequence in trumps before he won another
trick, and he would be very foolish to lose the chance to score 250
for the sake of the 20 already announced. If he had time, he would
probably declare: “Royal Marriage, forty, and twenty to score.” On
winning another trick he would add the A 10 J of trumps, and announce,
“Two-fifty in trumps, and twenty to score,” still carrying on the small
score for a future opportunity.

A player may lay down and score eighty Kings, and afterward sixty
Queens, the remaining Kings forming marriages. In such a case he would
score the sixty points first, and declare the two or three marriages
remaining. In the same manner he may have announced four Kings, and
after playing away two of them, leaving two Kings of spades, he may
declare double bézique, and claim the two marriages “to score.” In all
such cases it must be remembered that the cards declared must still be
on the table when the time comes to score them. If, in the case just
given, one of the cards forming either of the marriages was got rid of
in the course of play, that marriage could not afterward be scored,
although it had been properly announced. If the stock is exhausted
before the player with a score in abeyance can win another trick, the
score is lost.

It is often very important for a player to know how much time he has to
score. When the talon is spread it is comparatively easy to judge how
many more tricks remain to be played. The English laws allow a player
to count the stock, the French do not. A trick once turned and quitted
cannot again be seen, and the players are not allowed to count the
number of tricks they have won.

The last card of the stock is taken by the player winning the trick,
and the turn-up trump goes to his adversary.

_=The Last Eight Tricks.=_ When the stock is exhausted, the players
take back into their hands all the cards remaining of the combinations
which have been laid on the table. The winner of the previous trick
then leads any card he pleases, but his adversary must now not only
follow suit, but must win the trick if he can, either with a superior
card of the same suit, or with a trump. The same rule applies to all
the remaining tricks. Brisques still count for the winner of the trick
containing them, and should be scored as soon as made. The winner of
the last trick of all scores ten points for it immediately, in addition
to any brisques that it may contain.

_=Irregularities in Play.=_ If a player leads out of turn, and his
adversary plays to the lead, whether intentionally or otherwise, the
trick stands good. If the adversary calls attention to the error, the
card led out of turn may be taken back without penalty.

If a player has too many cards after playing to the first trick, his
adversary may either claim a fresh deal or may compel him to play
without drawing from the talon, until the number of cards in his hand
is reduced to eight; the player with too many cards not being allowed
to make any announcements until he has his right number of cards. If a
player has too few cards, his adversary may either claim a fresh deal,
or may allow him to make good the deficiency by drawing from the stock.

After the stock is exhausted, any player failing to follow suit or to
win a trick, when able to do so, may be compelled to take back his
cards to the point where the error occurred, and to replay the hand. In
France he is penalised by counting nothing from that point on, either
for brisques or for the last trick.

_=Irregularities in Drawing.=_ If a player has forgotten to take a card
from the talon, and has played to the next trick, his adversary may
elect to call the deal void, or to allow him to draw two cards next
time.

If a player has drawn two cards from the stock, instead of one, he must
show the second one to his adversary if he has seen it himself. If he
has not seen it, he may put it back without penalty. If he draws out
of turn, he must restore the card improperly drawn; and if it belongs
to his adversary the player in error must show his own card. If both
players draw the wrong cards there is no remedy.

If the loser of any trick draws and looks at two cards from the stock,
his adversary may look at both cards of the following draw, and may
select either for himself. If he chooses the second card, he need not
show it.

If, on account of some undetected irregularity, an even number of cards
remain in the stock, the last card must not be drawn. The winner of the
trick takes the last but one, and the loser takes the trump card.

_=Irregular Announcements.=_ Should a player announce four of a kind,
having only three; as, for instance, laying down three Kings and a
Jack, and declaring four Kings, his adversary can compel him not only
to take down the score erroneously marked, but to lead or play one of
the three Kings. A player may be called upon to lead or play cards from
any other erroneous declarations in the same manner; but if the player
has the right card or cards in his hand, he is permitted to amend his
error, provided he has not drawn a card from the stock in the meantime.

_=SCORING.=_ It is better to score all points as soon as they are made.
The game is usually 1000 points. Some players do not count the brisques
until the last trick has been played, but the practice is not to be
recommended. Scores erroneously marked must be taken down, and the
adversary may add the points to his own score.

_=Suggestions for Good Play=_ will be found in Binocle.


FOUR-HANDED BÉZIQUE.

In this variation, four persons may play; each for himself or two
against two, partners sitting opposite each other. Four packs of
thirty-two cards each are shuffled together and used as one. Triple
bézique counts 1500. When a player wins a trick, either he or his
partner may declare everything in the hand, but only one combination
can be scored at a time. The advantage of showing all the combinations
in the hand is that they may be built up by either partner. For
instance: One partner has declared bézique and royal marriage, scoring
the marriage only. His partner wins the next trick and adds A 10 J to
the marriage, scoring the sequence; or perhaps shows three Kings or
Queens, making fours.

The players usually divide after the stock is exhausted, and for the
last eight tricks each takes one of his former adversaries for a
partner, but without changing seats. The game is usually 2000 points up.


THREE-HANDED BÉZIQUE.

Three persons play, each for himself. Two packs of thirty-two cards
each and one of thirty-one cards are shuffled together. Triple bézique
counts 1500, and the game is usually 2000 points.

The deleted card from the third pack should be an Eight.


POLISH BÉZIQUE.

This differs from the ordinary game only in the value of the tricks
taken. The winner of each trick, instead of turning it down after
counting the brisques, takes from it any court cards it may contain,
and the Ten of trumps. He lays these cards face up on the table,
but apart from those declared from his own hand, and uses them to
form combinations, which may be scored in the usual way. The chief
difference is that cards so taken in tricks cannot be led or played
to subsequent tricks, nor can they be taken in hand at the end of the
stock. Combinations may be completed either by cards in the player’s
hand, or by cards won in subsequent tricks.


CINQ-CENTS.

This might be described as Bézique with one pack of cards. All the
regulations are the same as in the modern form of Bézique, but there is
an additional count, 120, for a sequence of the five highest cards in
any plain suit. Bézique is called _=Binage=_, and of course there are
no double combinations. Cards which have been used in one combination
cannot be used in any other, even of a different class.

Brisques are not scored as they are won; but after the hand is over,
and ten points have been counted for the last trick, each player turns
over his cards and counts up the value of the points they contain. In
this final count, the Ace reckons for 11, the Ten for 10, King for 4,
Queen for 3, Jack for 2, no matter what the suit may be, so that there
are 120 points to be divided between the players. It is usual for only
one to count, the other taking the difference between his total and 120.

From this it might be imagined that no notice was taken of the counting
value of the cards taken in during the progress of the play. Early in
the game this is true, but toward the end each player must keep very
careful mental count of the value of his tricks, although he is not
allowed to score them. When either player knows, by adding the mental
count of his tricks to his scored declarations, that he has made points
enough to win the game, he stops the play by knocking on the table,
either with his knuckles or his cards. He then turns over his tricks
and counts the points they contain to show his adversary that he has
won the game. Even if his adversary has also enough points to go out,
the player who knocked wins the game, provided his count is correct. If
the player who knocks is mistaken, and cannot count out, he loses, no
matter what his adversary may have.

If neither knocks, and at the end of the hand both players are found to
have points enough to put them out, neither wins the game, which must
be continued for 100 points more; that is, as 500 points is the usual
game, it must be made 600 in such a case. Should both reach 600 without
knocking, it must be continued to 700. If neither knocks, and only one
has enough points to go out he wins the game on its merits.

As the name implies, 500 points is game.


PENCHANT.

Penchant is a complicated form of Cinq-cents and Bézique, played with a
single pack of thirty-two cards, which rank as at Piquet; A K Q J 10 9
8 7, the ace being highest both in cutting and in play.

_=Cutting.=_ The higher cut has the choice of seats, and the lower cut
deals the first hand.

_=Dealing.=_ After the cards have been cut by the pone the dealer
gives one card to his adversary, then one to the stock, and then one
to himself, all face down. Two more are then given to the stock, one
to the pone, two to the stock again, and one to the dealer. This is
continued, giving two cards to the stock between the ones given to each
player, until the last round, when only one card is dealt to the stock.
This will result in each player receiving six cards, and twenty being
left in the centre of the table for the talon. No trump is turned. Very
few players trouble themselves with this method of dealing, preferring
to deal three cards to each player alternately, leaving the remaining
twenty for the stock.

_=Playing.=_ All the regulations for leading, following suit, drawing
from the talon, etc., are the same as in Bézique, but the declarations
and their values are quite different.

_=Brisques.=_ There are twelve brisque cards, the Seven of each suit
being added to the usual Aces and Tens. The brisques are not scored as
taken in, except in the last six tricks. At the end of the hand all the
brisques are counted, whether already scored in the last six tricks or
not, and the player having more than six counts ten points for each
above six. If each has six, neither scores. By this method, a player
may make and score several brisques in the last six tricks, all of
which he will reckon over again in the total count at the end.

_=Declarations.=_ The winner of any trick, previous to the exhaustion
of the stock, may announce and lay upon the table any one of ten
different combinations, which are divided into three classes. These are
as follows, with the number of points he is entitled to score for each:

  CLASS A. DIFFERENT SUITS.

  Any four of a kind, such as four Tens,         100
  Any three of a kind, such as three Queens,      30
  Any pair, such as two Nines,                    20

  CLASS B. THE SAME SUIT.

  Any sequence of five, containing K Q J,        250
  Any sequence of four, containing K Q J,         40
  Any sequence of K Q J,                          30
  King and Queen of any suit,                     20
  Queen and Jack of any suit,                     20
  Any flush of five cards, containing K Q J,      50

  CLASS C. PENCHANTS.

  Any Queen and Jack of different suits,          10

The sequences and flushes in class B must all be of the same suit;
penchant cards must be of different suits.

If the winner of any trick has no declaration to make, he signifies it
by drawing the top card from the stock. His adversary, before drawing
his card from the stock, may then declare a penchant, if he has one;
but no other combination can be declared by the player who does not win
the trick. If the winner of the trick makes any declaration, the loser
cannot declare.

The Jack of the first penchant declared makes the _=trump suit=_ for
that deal, no matter which player announces it. Trumps do not increase
the value of any combination, and are only useful to win plain-suit
tricks.

All declarations are scored immediately, either on a marker or with
counters. It will be observed that with the exception of sequences of
five cards, fours, and penchants, the count is ten points for each card
in the combination. Only one declaration can be made at a time.

Any card laid upon the table for one declaration can be used again in
future declarations, provided the player making the new announcement
adds at least one fresh card from his hand. A player having a marriage
and a penchant on the table cannot afterward score for the pair of
Queens; but if he adds a Queen from his hand he can score the triplet.

Pairs, triplets and fours are divided into two classes, the major
being formed of court cards; the minor of cards below the Jack. Minor
combinations cannot be scored if the adversary has upon the table cards
which form a major combination of the same or greater value in the
same class; that is, in class A. For instance: If your adversary has
two Queens on the table, you cannot announce any pair below Jacks. His
Queens need not have been announced as a pair; they may be parts of a
marriage and a penchant. But if you have on the table a pair as good
as his, you can score minor pairs. For instance: He has two Kings on
the table, and you have two Aces. Your Aces cancel his Kings, and you
can score any minor pair; but he can not. If you have a minor triplet
to declare, such as three Eights, no major pair of his will bar it,
because your triplet counts more than his pair. No minor combination on
his side will bar you; it must be one of court cards, and it must be
better than any that you have laid on the table yourself.

_=The Last Six Tricks.=_ After the stock is exhausted, the second
player must follow suit if able, and must win the trick if he can. As
already explained, brisques won in the last six tricks are scored as
they are taken in, and after the last card is played all the brisques
are re-counted, the player holding more than six scoring ten points for
each above that number. There is no score for winning the last trick.

Four deals is a game. At the end of the fourth deal the lower score is
deducted from the higher, and the difference is the value of the game
in points. If the lesser score is not at least 400 points, the winner
doubles the difference in his favour.

The only text-book on this game introduces a great many technical terms
which have no meaning to the ordinary card-player, and which have
therefore been omitted from this description.

_=Suggestions for Good Play=_ will be found in Binocle.


RUBICON BÉZIQUE.

Rubicon Bézique bears the same relation to the ordinary game that
Railroad Euchre does to Euchre proper. In fact the game might well
be called Railroad Bézique, for its chief peculiarity is the rapid
accumulation of large scores. The game seems to have originated in
France, but is now very popular wherever Bézique is played.

_=CARDS.=_ Rubicon Bézique is played with four piquet packs of
thirty-two cards each; all below the Sevens being deleted from an
ordinary pack. The four packs, which should be of the same pattern and
colour, are shuffled together and used as one. The cards rank: A 10 K Q
J 9 8 7, the ace being the highest, both in cutting and in play.

_=MARKERS.=_ The game may be kept on a bézique marker, a pull-up
cribbage board, or with counters. Markers must be made to score at
least 5000 points. When a cribbage board is used, it is usual to count
the outside row of pegs as 10 each, the inner row as 100 each, and the
game pegs in the centre as 1000 each. If counters are used, there must
be for each player; four white, to mark 10’s; one red to mark 50; nine
blue to mark 100’s; and four coppers to mark 1000 each. These counters
are moved from left to right of the player as the points accrue. In
whatever manner the count is kept, it should be distinctly visible to
both persons, as playing to the score is very important.

_=STAKES.=_ Rubicon Bézique is played for so much a hundred points,
and in settling up, all fractions of a hundred are disregarded, unless
they are necessary to decide the game. Ten cents a hundred is the usual
stake; sixpence in England. Games are seldom worth less than one or two
thousand points.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Rubicon Bézique is played by two persons, one of whom is
known as the _=dealer=_, and the other as the _=pone=_. They cut for
seats and deal, the player cutting the higher card having first choice,
and electing whether or not to deal himself. In cutting, the cards rank
as in play, the ace being the highest. If a player exposes more than
one card, he must cut again.

_=DEALING.=_ The cards are thoroughly shuffled, and presented to the
pone to be cut. At least five cards must be left in each packet.
The dealer then distributes the cards three at a time, first to his
adversary and then to himself, for three rounds, so that each player
receives nine cards. No trump is turned; but the first marriage
declared and scored is the trump suit for that deal. The undealt
portion of the pack, called the _=stock=_ or _=talon=_, is slightly
spread between the two players, and a little to the left of the dealer.
If in spreading the stock any card is found to be exposed, there must
be a new deal by the same dealer.

_=Misdealing.=_ A misdeal does not lose the deal, but in some cases a
new deal is at the option of the pone. If the dealer exposes a card
belonging to his adversary or to the stock, the pone may demand a new
deal; but if either player exposes any of his own cards, the deal
stands good. If too many cards are given to either player, and the
error is discovered before the dealer plays to the first trick, there
must be a new deal. If either player has too few cards, the pone may
demand a new deal, or may allow the dealer to supply the deficiency
from the top of the stock. If any card is found exposed in the pack,
there must be a new deal. If any card faced in the stock is not
discovered until the first trick has been played to by the dealer,
the exposed card must be turned face down, without disturbing its
position. If the pack is found to be imperfect, the deal in which it is
discovered is void; but all previous scores or cuts made with that pack
stand good.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The pone takes up and examines his nine cards.
If he finds himself without King, Queen or Jack of any suit, he
immediately shows his hand to the dealer, and marks fifty points for
_=carte blanche=_. Whether he has carte blanche or not, he begins the
play by leading any card he pleases. If the dealer has carte blanche,
he must show and score it before playing to the first trick. Players
are not obliged to follow suit, nor to trump; but may renounce or
trump at pleasure until the stock is exhausted, after which the method
of play undergoes a change. Until the first marriage is declared and
scored there is no trump suit. If the second player in any trick
follows suit, the higher card wins. Trumps win plain suits. If
identical cards are played to the same trick, such as two club aces,
the leader wins.

The tricks are left face upward on the table until an ace or Ten is
played, for tricks not containing either of these cards are of no
value. When an ace or Ten is played, the winner of the trick gathers in
all the cards that have accumulated, and turns them face down in front
of him. These counting cards are called _=brisques=_, and if a player
neglects to gather the brisques he wins, his adversary may do so when
next he wins a trick, whether the trick he wins contains a brisque or
not; the fact that there is a brisque on the table is sufficient.

_=Declaring.=_ The winner of any trick, before leading for the next
trick, has the privilege of announcing and scoring any one of certain
combinations that he may hold in his hand. After, or in the absence of
any such announcement, and before leading for the next trick, he draws
one card from the top of the stock, and places it in his hand, without
showing or naming it. His adversary then draws the next card, so that
each restores the number of cards in his hand to nine. This method
of playing, announcing, and drawing is continued until the stock is
exhausted.

If a player who has already announced carte blanche finds that the
first card he draws from the stock is not a King, Queen or Jack, he
shows it to his adversary, and scores another fifty points for another
carte blanche. This may be continued until he draws one of those cards.
Carte blanche cannot be scored at all unless held before a card is
played; that is, it must be dealt to the player originally.

All combinations announced and scored must be left face upward on the
table, but the cards still form part of the player’s hand, and may be
led or played at any time, although they must not again be taken in
hand until the stock is exhausted.

The first marriage announced and scored, no matter by which player,
makes the _=trump suit=_ for that deal; but a player with a marriage
on the table is not obliged to announce it if he does not wish to make
that suit the trump.

_=Irregularities in Play.=_ If a player leads out of turn, and his
adversary plays to the lead, whether intentionally or otherwise, the
trick stands good. If the adversary calls attention to the error, the
card led out of turn may be taken back without penalty.

If, after playing to the first trick, one player is found to have more
than his right number of cards, the English rules say that the game is
to be immediately abandoned, and the adversary of the player in error
is to add 1300 points to his score at the time the error is discovered,
together with all the points already scored by the player in error; but
the latter amount must not exceed 900.

The same penalties are enforced if one player has too many cards and
the other too few; but in the latter case the hand is played out, the
player not in fault scoring all he can.

If both players have more than their right number of cards, the deal is
void. If either has less than his proper number, his adversary having
the right number, the deal stands good, and there is no penalty except
that the player with the right number of cards wins and scores for the
last trick. If both have less than the right number, the deal stands
good, and the actual winner of the last trick scores it.

It will be observed that these rules are quite different from the
French rules, which have been given in connection with the ordinary
game of Bézique. In France, it is always the custom to establish the
_status quo_, if possible, and to assume that the error was quite
unintentional. In England, all laws are based on the assumption that
your adversary is a rogue, and the penalties are absurdly severe, but
we have no authority to change them.

_=Irregularities in Drawing.=_ If a player has forgotten to take his
card from the talon, and has played to the next trick, the English laws
compel him to play the remainder of the hand with eight cards; the
French laws give his adversary the option of calling the deal void, or
allowing the player in error to draw two cards from the stock next time.

If a player draws two cards from the stock, instead of one, he must
show the second one to his adversary if he has seen it himself. If it
was his adversary’s card, he must show his own card also. If he has not
seen it, he may put it back without penalty. If he draws out of turn,
he must restore the card improperly drawn, and if it belongs to his
adversary, the player in error must show his own card. If both players
draw the wrong cards, there is no remedy.

If the loser of any trick draws and looks at two cards from the stock,
his adversary may look at both cards of the following draw, and may
select either for himself. If he chooses the second card, he need not
show it.

If, on account of some undetected irregularity, an odd number of cards
remain in the stock, the last card must not be drawn.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ Each game is complete in one deal, and
the score of the loser is deducted from that of the winner. The
combinations which may be declared and scored are the same as
in Bézique, but owing to the use of four packs of cards double
combinations are much more frequent, and triple combinations are not
uncommon.

The chief concern of the player must be, first of all, to save himself
from a rubicon; that is, either to reach 1000 points, or to score as
few points as possible. If he does not reach 1000, his adversary will
take whatever he has scored, and add them to his own, besides 1300 in
addition for rubicon and brisques. For instance: At the end of the hand
A has scored 1200, and B has only 700. B is rubiconed, and his 700
points are added to A’s 1200, together with 1300 more for a rubicon
game and brisques; giving A a grand total of 3200 points to nothing.
Had B reached 1000, he would have saved his rubicon, and A would have
scored the difference only, or 200 points, plus 500 for the game; 700
altogether.

_=Brisques.=_ The aces and Tens of each suit are of no value unless it
is necessary to count them to decide a tie, or to save a rubicon. They
are never scored during the play of the hand.

_=Declarations.=_ The combinations which may be announced and
scored during the play of the hand are divided into three classes:
A, Marriages and Sequences; B, Béziques; and C, Fours. Only one
combination can be scored at a time, and it must be announced and
laid on the table immediately after the player holding it has won a
trick, and before he draws his card from the talon. If he draws without
announcing, it is equivalent to saying he has no declaration to make.
Having drawn his card, even if he has not looked at it, he cannot score
any declaration until he wins another trick. The various combinations
and their values are as follows:

  CLASS A.

  King and Queen in any plain suit, _=Marriage=_                20
  King and Queen of trumps, _=Royal Marriage=_                  40
  Five highest cards in a plain suit, _=Sequence=_             150
  Five highest cards in trumps, _=Royal Sequence=_             250

  CLASS B.

  Spade Queen and Diamond Jack, _=Single Bézique=_              40
  Two spade Queens and diamond Jacks, _=Double Bézique=_       500
  Three spade Queens and diamond Jacks, _=Triple Bézique=_    1500
  Four spade Queens and diamond Jacks, _=Quadruple Bézique=_  4500

  CLASS C.

  Any four Aces                                                100
  Any four Kings                                                80
  Any four Queens                                               60
  Any four Jacks                                                40

Besides the foregoing, there is the score of fifty points for carte
blanche, which may be announced only before the first trick is played
to, and the score of fifty points for the winner of the last trick of
all.

In class A, the first marriage declared must of course count 40, as it
is the trump suit for that deal. In class C, the four court cards may
be of different suits, or any two or more of them may be of the same
suit.

The rules governing declarations are as follows:--

The player making the declaration must have won the previous trick,
and must make his announcement before drawing his card from the stock.
When the stock is exhausted, so that no cards remain to be drawn, no
announcements can be made.

Only one declaration can be scored at a time, so that a trick must
be won for every announcement made, or the combination cannot be
scored. This rule does not prevent a player from making two or more
announcements at the same time; but he can score only one of them.

A player cannot make a lower declaration with cards which form
part of a higher combination already shown in the same class. For
instance:--Marriages and sequences belong to the same class. If a
sequence has been declared, the player cannot take from it the King
and Queen, and score for the marriage; neither can he add a new
Queen to the King already used in the sequence, because the higher
combination was scored first. The same rule applies to lower and higher
béziques. But if the lower combination is first shown and scored--the
marriage--the A 10 J may be added afterward, on winning another trick,
and the sequence scored. This rule does not apply to cards belonging to
combinations in different classes. A Queen used in class A may be used
over again in both B and C classes.

_=Re-forming Combinations.=_ The chief peculiarity in Rubicon Bézique
is that combinations which have been laid on the table and scored may
be broken up, re-formed, and scored again indefinitely. For instance:
A player has declared royal sequence, and scored 250 points for it.
He may play away the Ace, breaking up the sequence, and upon winning
the trick lay down another Ace, re-forming the sequence, and scoring
250 points again. He might repeat the same process with the Ten, King,
Queen and Jack, and in six successive tricks he would score this royal
sequence six times, making 1500 points out of it. In actual play it is
not necessary to go through the formality of playing away a card from
the combination on the table, and then replacing it, for it amounts to
the same thing if the new card in the hand is led or played, and the
fresh combination claimed.

Marriages, béziques and fours may be broken up and re-formed in the
same way. After declaring 100 Aces, the player may lead or play
another Ace, and claim another 100 Aces, scoring them when he wins a
trick. In this way, eight Aces actually held might score 500 points.
In the bézique combinations, a new card simply re-forms the single
bézique. In order to score double, triple, or quadruple bézique, all
the cards forming the combination must be on the table at one time,
but they may be played and scored one after the other, cumulatively.
For instance: A player holding quadruple bézique and showing all
eight cards at once would score 4500 only; the minor béziques would
be lost. If he had time, and could win tricks enough, he might show
the single first, scoring 40, then the double, scoring 500, then the
triple, scoring 1500, and finally the quadruple, scoring 4500, which
would yield him a grand total of 6540 points. He might declare marriage
in hearts, and afterward play three more heart Queens, scoring each
marriage, and then three heart Kings, scoring three more marriages.
These would all be new combinations.

_=Double Declarations.=_ These are carried forward in the manner
already described for the ordinary game. Suppose a player has two spade
Kings on the table, and shows double bézique. He of course marks the
more valuable score, 500, and simply claims the marriages by saying:
“With twenty and twenty to score.” On winning another trick he is not
compelled to score the previous announcement if he has any other or
better to make. He might have two more Queens, and would announce:
“Sixty Queens, with twenty and twenty to score.” If he scores one of
the announcements held over, he still carries on the other.

When announcements are carried forward in this manner, it must be
remembered that the cards must still be on the table when the time
comes to score them. If one of them has been led or played, or the
stock is exhausted before the player wins another trick, the score held
over is lost.

_=Time.=_ On account of the great number of combinations possible at
Rubicon Bézique, it is very seldom that a player succeeds in scoring
everything he holds. He is allowed to count the cards remaining in the
talon, provided he does not disturb their order. This count is often
important toward the end of the hand. For instance: You know from the
cards you hold, and those played, that your adversary must have in
his hand the cards that will make a double bézique on the table into
a triple bézique, which would give him 1500 points. If, on counting
the stock, you find only six cards remain, and you have three certain
winning trumps to lead, you can shut out his 1500 by exhausting the
stock before he can win a trick.

_=Irregular Announcements.=_ If a player announces a combination which
he does not show; such as fours, when he has only three, which he may
easily do by mistaking a Jack for a King, _his_ adversary can compel
him not only to take down the score erroneously marked, but to lead
or play one of the three Kings. A player may be called upon to lead
or play cards from other erroneous declarations in the same manner;
but if he has the right card or cards in his hand, he is permitted to
amend his error, provided he has not drawn a card from the stock in the
meantime.

_=The Last Nine Tricks.=_ When the stock is exhausted, all
announcements are at an end, and the players take back into their hands
all the cards upon the table which may remain from the combinations
declared in the course of play. The winner of the previous trick then
leads any card he pleases, but for the last nine tricks the second
player in each must not only follow suit, but must win the trick if he
can, either with a superior card or with a trump. Any player failing
to follow suit or to win a trick, when able to do so, may be compelled
to take back his cards to the point where the error occurred, and to
replay the hand from that point. In France he is penalised by counting
nothing from that point on, either for brisques or for the last trick.

The winner of the _=last trick=_ scores fifty points for it immediately.

_=SCORING.=_ Each deal is a complete game in itself, and the winner
is the player who has scored the most points for carte blanche,
combinations, and the last trick. The brisques are not counted, unless
they are necessary to decide a tie, or save a rubicon.

The value of the game is determined by deducting the lesser score
from the higher, and then adding 500 points to the remainder. In this
deduction all fractions of a hundred are disregarded. For instance: A’s
score is 1830; while B’s is 1260. A wins 1800, less the 1200 scored by
B, which leaves 600; to this must be added the 500 points for game,
making the total value of A’s game 1100 points.

If the scores are very nearly equal, being within one or two hundred
points of each other, the tricks taken in by each player are turned
over, and the brisques are counted, each player adding to his score ten
points for every brisque he has won. Suppose that after the last trick
had been played and scored, A’s total was 1260, and B’s 1140. This is
close enough to justify B in demanding a count of the brisques. It is
found that A has seven only, while B has twenty-five. This shows B to
be the winner of the game, with a total score of 1390 to A’s 1330.

If the difference between the final scores is less than 100 points,
after adding the brisques and throwing off the fractions, the player
with the higher score adds 100 points for bonus. In the case just
given, B’s final score is equal to A’s, after dropping the fractions
from both; so he would add 100 for bonus to the 500 for game, and win
600 points altogether.

_=Rubicons.=_ If the lower score is less than 1000, no matter what the
higher score may be, the loser is rubiconed, and all the points he
has scored are _added_ to the score of the winner, instead of being
deducted. In addition to this, the winner adds a double game, or 1000
points, for the rubicon, and 300 points for all the brisques, no matter
who actually won them. For example: A’s score is 920, and B’s 440. It
is not necessary to count the brisques to see that A wins and B is
rubiconed. A adds B’s 400 to his own 900, making his score 1300, and to
this total he adds 1300 for rubicon and brisques, making the value of
his game 2600 points altogether.

The loser is not rubiconed if he can bring his total score to 1000 by
adding his brisques. Suppose A has 1740 and B 850. The brisques are
counted, and it is found that B has eighteen, making his score 1030,
and saving his rubicon. A adds his fourteen brisques, making his total
1880, which makes the value of his game 1800, minus B’s 1000, plus 500
for the game, or 1300 altogether.

If B’s brisques did not prove sufficient to save the rubicon, A would
count them all. Suppose that in the foregoing case B had taken in only
eleven brisques, leaving his total 990. As this does not save the
rubicon the game is reckoned as if the brisques had not been counted at
all, and A wins 1800, plus B’s 800, plus 1300 for rubicon and brisques;
3900 altogether.

If the player who is rubiconed has scored less than 100 points, the
winner takes 100 for bonus, in addition to the 1300 for rubicon and
brisques.

When a series of games is played between the same individuals, it is
usual to keep the net results on a sheet of paper, setting down the
hundreds only, and to settle at the end of the sitting.

_=Suggestions for Good Play=_ will be found in Binocle.

       *       *       *       *       *

_=CHINESE BÉZIQUE=_ is Rubicon Bézique with six packs of cards shuffled
together and used as one. The counts run into enormous figures, and
6000 is not an uncommon score for the winner.

In _=CHOUETTE BÉZIQUE=_, one of several players agrees to take all
bets, and has the choice of deal and seats without cutting. His
adversaries may consult together in playing against him. If the
chouette player wins, one of his opponents takes the loser’s place;
but if he loses, the same player opposes him for the next game.
The adversaries usually cut to decide which of them shall play the
first game against the chouette player, the highest card having the
privilege. If there are four players, two may play against two, each
consulting with his partner and sharing his bets.


BINOCLE.

The word Binocle is spelt in many different ways, all of which, are,
however, phonetic equivalents of the correct one. The word is probably
derived from the French word “binage,” which was the name given to
the combination known as “binocle,” and which seemed a better term
than “cinq cents” as the game was no longer 500 points up. In all
German works on card games the name is spelt as we give it; but the
pronunciation of the initial “b” in the German is so near that of “p,”
that “Pinocle” is nearer the correct spelling than any other form.
There is no authority for the introduction of the “h,” which has led
some persons to think the word a compound of “bis” and “knochle,” and
has given rise to the forms: binochle, pinochle, pinuchle, pinucle,
penucle, penuchle, penuckle and pinuckel, all of which may be found in
various works on card games.

_=CARDS.=_ Binocle is played with two packs of twenty-four cards each,
all below the Nine being deleted, and the two packs being then shuffled
together, and used as one. The cards rank A 10 K Q J 9, the Ace being
the highest, both in cutting and in play.

_=COUNTERS.=_ The game is 1000 points, and is usually scored with
counters, each player being provided with four white, worth 10 each;
four blue, worth 100 each; one red, worth 50, and a copper cent or a
button, which represents 500. These counters are placed on the left
of the player at the beginning of the game, and are moved over to his
right as the points accrue. The game is sometimes kept on a cribbage
board, each player starting at 21, and going twice round to the
game-hole, reckoning each peg as 10 points.

_=STAKES.=_ Binocle is played for so much a game of 1000 points, and
the moment either player either actually reaches or claims to have
reached that number, the game is at an end. If his claim is correct, he
wins; if it is not, his adversary takes the stakes, no matter what the
score may be.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Binocle is played by two persons, one of whom is known as
the _=dealer=_, and the other as the _=pone=_. They cut for the choice
of seats and deal, and the player cutting the higher card may deal or
not, as he pleases. It is usual for the player having the choice to
make his adversary deal. A player exposing more than one card must cut
again.

_=DEALING.=_ After the cards are thoroughly shuffled, they are
presented to the pone to be cut. At least five cards must be left in
each packet. The dealer then distributes the cards four at a time for
three rounds, giving to his adversary first, and then to himself. The
twenty-fifth card is turned up for the trump. If this card is a Nine,
the dealer claims _=dix=_, and counts ten for it immediately. The trump
card is laid aside, and the remainder of the pack, which is called
the _=stock=_, or _=talon=_, is slightly spread, to facilitate the
process of drawing cards from it, and to be sure that none of the cards
remaining in the stock are exposed. The trump is usually placed face up
under the last card of the stock.

In _=Sixty-four-card Binocle=_, the Sevens and Eights are added to
the pack. There are then two ways to play: If eight cards are dealt
to each player, the game is simply Bézique, except for some minor
details relating to the combinations and their value. These are usually
disregarded, and the regular game of Bézique is played. If twelve cards
are dealt to each player, the game is the same as the one about to be
described, but with eight cards added to the pack, and the Seven taking
the place of the Nine for dix.

_=Misdealing.=_ If the dealer exposes a card belonging to his adversary
or to the stock, the pone may demand a new deal; but if either player
exposes any of his own cards the deal stands good. If too many cards
are given to either player, and the error is discovered before the
dealer plays to the first trick, there must be a new deal. If either
player has too few cards, the pone may demand a new deal, or may allow
the dealer to supply the deficiency from the top of the stock. If any
card is found exposed in the pack, there must be a new deal. If a card
faced in the stock is not discovered until the first trick has been
played to by the dealer, the exposed card must be turned face down,
without disturbing its position. If the pack is found to be imperfect,
the deal in which it is discovered is void; but all previous scores and
cuts made with that pack stand good. In all misdeals the same dealer
deals again.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ After the trump is turned, the pone begins by
leading any card he pleases. The second player is not obliged to follow
suit, nor to trump; but may renounce or trump at pleasure until the
stock is exhausted, after which the method of play undergoes a change.
If the second player follows suit in any trick, the higher card wins.
Trumps win plain suits. If identical cards are played to the same
trick, such as two club Jacks, the leader wins.

The winner of the trick takes in the cards, turning them face down, but
before he leads for the next trick he has the privilege of announcing
and scoring any one of certain combinations that he may hold in his
hand. After, or in the absence of any such announcement, and before
leading for the next trick, he draws a card from the top of the stock,
and places it in his hand, without showing or naming it. His adversary
then draws the next card, so that each player restores the number of
cards in his hand to twelve. This method of playing, announcing, and
drawing from the talon is continued until the stock is exhausted. The
A 10 K Q J of each suit have certain counting values, which will be
described further on.

All combinations announced and scored must be laid face upward on the
table; but the cards still form part of the player’s hand, and may be
led or played at any time, although they must not again be taken in
hand until the stock is exhausted.

_=Irregularities in Play.=_ If either player leads out of turn, and his
adversary plays to the lead, whether intentionally or otherwise, the
trick stands good. If the adversary calls attention to the error, the
card may be taken back without penalty.

If at any time it is discovered that a player has too many cards, his
adversary may either claim a fresh deal, or may compel him to play
without drawing from the talon until the number of his cards is reduced
to twelve. The player with too many cards is not allowed to make or
score any announcements until he has his right number of cards. If a
player has too few cards, his adversary may either claim a fresh deal,
or allow him to make good the deficiency by drawing from the stock.

Any player looking at any but the last trick turned down, forfeits his
entire score for “cards.”

_=Irregularities in Drawing.=_ If a player has forgotten to take a card
from the talon, and has played to the next trick, his adversary may
elect to call the deal void, or to allow him to draw two cards next
time.

If a player has drawn two cards from the stock, instead of one, he must
show the second one to his adversary if he has seen it himself. If it
was his adversary’s card, he must show his own card also. If he has not
seen it, he may put it back without penalty. If he draws out of turn,
he must restore the card improperly drawn, and if it belongs to his
adversary, the player in error must show his own card. If both draw the
wrong cards there is no remedy, and each must keep what he gets. If the
loser of any trick draws and looks at two cards from the stock, his
adversary may look at both cards of the following draw, and may select
either for himself. If he chooses the second card, which his adversary
has not seen, he need not show it.

If, on account of some undetected irregularity, an even number of cards
remain in the stock, the last card must not be drawn. The winner of the
trick takes the last but one, and the loser takes the trump card.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ The aim of each player is to reach 1000 points
before his adversary, and the one first reaching that number, and
announcing it, wins the game. Points are scored for _=dix=_, _=melds=_,
the _=last trick=_, and for _=cards=_, which are the counting cards in
tricks won.

_=Melds.=_ The various combinations which are declared during the
play of the hand are called melds, from the German word melden, to
announce. These melds are divided into three classes: _a_, Marriages
and Sequences; _b_, Binocles; and _c_, Fours. Only one combination can
be announced at a time, and it must be melded immediately after the
player holding it has won a trick, and before he draws his card from
the stock. If he draws without announcing, even if he has not seen the
card drawn, he cannot meld anything until he wins another trick. The
melds and their values are as follows:--

  CLASS A.

  King and Queen of any plain suit, _=Marriage=_,                 20
  King and Queen of Trumps, _=Royal Marriage=_,                   40
  The five highest trumps, _=Sequence=_,                         150

  CLASS B.

  Spade Queen and diamond Jack, _=Binocle=_,                      40
  Two spade Queens and diamond Jacks, _=Double Binocle=_,         80
  King and Queen of spades, and diamond Jack, _=Grand Binocle=_,  80

  CLASS C.

  Four Aces of different suits,                                  100
  Four Kings of different suits,                                  80
  Four Queens of different suits,                                 60
  Four Jacks of different suits,                                  40
  Eight Aces,                                                    200
  Eight Kings,                                                   160
  Eight Queens,                                                  120
  Eight Jacks,                                                    80

The third meld in class B is not often played in America. The count
for it is the same, 80 points, whether the marriage in spades is the
trump suit or not. It will be observed that the court cards in class C
must be of different suits in Binocle, whereas, in Bézique, any four
court cards may be declared. The following rules govern all classes of
declarations:--

The player making the declaration must have won the previous trick,
and must meld before drawing his card from the stock. When the
stock is exhausted, so that no cards remain to be drawn, no further
announcements can be made.

Only one meld can be scored at a time, so that a trick must be made
for every announcement made, or the combination cannot be scored, and
a fresh card must be played from the hand for every fresh meld. This
is a very important rule, and little understood. Suppose a player
holds four Kings and four Queens. The total count for the various
combinations these cards will make is 220: two plain-suit marriages, 20
each; royal marriage, 40; four Kings, 80; and four Queens, 60. As only
one combination can be scored for each trick won, and as the player
must lay down at least one fresh card for each successive meld, it is
evident that if he begins with the 80 Kings, and then marries each
of them in turn, when he comes to the fourth Queen he will have to
sacrifice the 20 for a marriage in order to score the 60 for the four
Queens. He cannot score both, or he will not be complying with the rule
about the fresh card from the hand for every meld. That is why four
Kings and four Queens are never worth 240, but only 220.

A player cannot meld cards which have already been used to form higher
combinations in the same class; but he may use cards melded in lower
combinations to form more valuable ones in the same class, provided he
adds at least one fresh card from his hand. The principle is that cards
may be _=added=_ to melds already shown, but they cannot be _=taken
away=_ to form other combinations in the same class. For example:
Royal marriage has been melded and scored. The player may _=add=_ to
this the Ace, Ten, and Jack of trumps to make the sequence, which is
a more valuable combination in the same class. But if the first meld
is the sequence, he cannot _=take away=_ from the sequence the card or
cards to form a marriage. A new Queen added to the King already in the
sequence will not make a marriage; because it is not the Queen that is
added to the sequence, but the King that is taken away.

The same rule applies to the binocles. If a player has scored double
binocle, he can not afterward take away two cards to meld a single
binocle; but if the single binocle has been melded and scored first, he
may add two more cards, and score the double binocle. He cannot score
the second single, and then claim the double, because some new card
must be added to form a new meld in the same class.

If four Kings are melded and scored, the other four may be added later;
but if the eight Kings are first melded, the score for the four Kings
is lost.

Cards may be taken away from one combination to form less valuable
combinations in another class. For instance: Four Jacks have been
melded; the diamond Jack may be taken away to form a binocle with the
spade Queen. If spades are trumps, and the sequence has been melded,
the Queen may be taken away to form a binocle, because the binocle is
in a different class of melds; but the Queen cannot be used to form a
marriage, because the sequence and the marriage are in the same class.
As there are three classes, one card may be used three separate times.
The spade Queen, for instance, may be used in a marriage, in binocle,
and in four Queens, and these melds may be made in any order.

Cards once used in combinations cannot again be used in melds of equal
value belonging to the same class; and combinations once broken up
cannot be re-formed by the addition of fresh cards. For instance: Four
Kings have been melded, and one of them has been used in the course of
play. The player cannot add a new King to the three remaining, and meld
four Kings again. A marriage in hearts has been melded, and the King
played away. A new King will not make another marriage with the old
Queen. A binocle has been melded, and the Jack has been played; another
Jack will not make a new binocle with the old Queen.

_=Double Declarations.=_ When a player makes a meld containing certain
cards which will form a counting combination with other cards already
on the table, it is called a double declaration, that is, a meld in two
different classes at the same time. For instance: A player has melded
and scored four Kings, and on winning another trick he melds binocle.
Two of the cards on the table form a marriage in spades, and as the
marriage is in a different class from either of the other melds, he may
claim it and score it; but if he does, he will lose the score for the
binocle, being prevented by the rule about a fresh card from the hand
for each individual meld. The only way to secure both scores would be
to meld the marriage first, and afterward to lay down the Jack and meld
the binocle.

_=Time.=_ On account of the number of combinations possible, and the
fact that there are only twelve tricks to be played before the scores
for announcements are barred, it frequently happens that a player has
not time to score everything he holds. He is allowed to count the cards
remaining in the talon, provided he does not disturb their order, and
it is often important to do so toward the end of a hand.

_=Scoring Dix.=_ If a player holds or draws the Nine of trumps, he has
the privilege of exchanging it for the turn-up card, and scoring ten
points for dix. The exchange must be made immediately after winning a
trick, and before drawing his card from the stock. Should the turn-up
be a Nine, the exchange may still be made and scored; and if one player
has already exchanged a Nine for the turn-up, the second Nine may still
be exchanged for the first, and scored. A player cannot score dix and
any other combination at the same time. For this reason a player whose
time is short will often forego the dix score altogether unless the
trump card is valuable.

_=Irregular Melds.=_ If a player announces a combination which he does
not show, such as fours when he has three only, which he may easily
do by mistaking a Jack for a King, his adversary can compel him not
only to take down the score erroneously marked, but to lead or play one
of the three Kings. A player may be called upon to lead or play cards
from other erroneous declarations in the same manner, but if he has the
right card or cards in his hand, he may amend his error, provided he
has not drawn a card from the stock in the meantime.

_=The Last Twelve Tricks.=_ When the stock is exhausted all
announcements are at an end, and the players take back into their hands
all the cards upon the table which may remain from the combinations
declared in the course of play. Should a player take up his cards
before playing to the last trick, he may be called upon to lay his
entire hand on the table.

The winner of the previous trick then leads any card he pleases; but
for the last twelve tricks the second player in each must not only
follow suit, but must win the trick if he can, either with a superior
card or with a trump. Any player failing to follow suit or to win a
trick, when able to do so, may be compelled to take back his cards to
the point where the error occurred, and to replay the hand from that
point on. The penalty for the _=revoke=_ varies in different places,
but the general rule is for the revoking player to lose his entire
count for “cards.”

The winner of _=the last trick=_ scores ten points for it; and the
players then turn over the tricks they have taken, and count their
score for “cards.”

_=Cards.=_ The five highest cards in each suit count toward game for
the player winning them. The Ace is worth 11 points, the Ten 10, the
King 4, the Queen 3, and the Jack, 2, no matter what the suit may
be, so that there are 240 points for cards to be divided between the
players in each deal. It is usual for only one to count, the other
checking him, and taking the difference between the total and 240.
Cards are not scored as the tricks are taken in, but after the hand is
over and the 10 points have been scored for the last trick.

From this it might be imagined that no notice was taken of the counting
value of the cards taken in during the play. Early in the game this is
true; but toward the end each player must keep very careful _=mental
count=_ of the value of his tricks, although he is not allowed to make
any note of it, nor to score it. When either player knows, by adding
his mental count to his score for melds and dix, that he has made
points enough to win the game, he stops the play by knocking on the
table. He then turns over his tricks and counts his cards, to show his
adversary that he has won the game. Even if both have enough to go out,
the player wins who knocks first, provided his count is correct. If the
player who knocks is mistaken, and cannot count out, he loses the game,
no matter what his adversary’s score may be.

If neither knocks, and at the end of the hand both players are found
to have points enough to put them out, neither wins the game. If the
game is 1000 points, it must be continued to 1250. Should both reach
that point without knocking, it must be continued to 1500. If neither
knocks, and only one has enough points to put him out, he wins the game
on its merits.

_=SCORING.=_ The game is usually 1000 points. All scores for dix,
melds, and the last trick, are counted as soon as made; but the players
are not allowed to keep any record of the score for cards, nor to go
back over their tricks to refresh their memory. Any player going back
further than the last trick turned and quitted, forfeits his entire
score for cards. The player first correctly announcing that he has
reached 1000 points, wins the game, no matter what his adversary’s
score may be; but if the announcement is incorrect, he loses the game.

Should a player score more than he is entitled to; as, for instance,
scoring 80 for four Queens, his adversary may take down the superfluous
score, 20 points in this instance, and may add it to his own score for
a penalty.

_=CHEATING.=_ Apart from the usual weapons of false shuffles, strippers
cut to locate or pull out the binocle cards, and the opportunities
always offered to the greek when the cards are dealt three or four at
a time, the bézique family of games are particularly adapted to the
use of marked cards. These will show the philosopher the exact value
of both the cards in the next draw, and will enable him to vary his
play accordingly. It is for this reason that in France the top card of
the stock is always drawn by the same player, no matter which wins the
trick. In Rubicon Bézique, a person should be very familiar with the
movements peculiar to dealing seconds before he ventures to play in a
public café, or he may find his adversary with the most astonishing run
of repeated combinations, and will be rubiconed almost every game.

Never play with a man who cuts the pack with both hands, watches the
cards closely as he deals, or looks intently at the top of the stock
before he plays to the current trick. Players who have a nervous
affection which makes them pass over too many counters at once will
also bear watching. Colour blindness may lead them to take over a blue
instead of a white in a close game.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ The general principles of play are much
the same in all the Bézique family of games.

It is usually best to give your adversary the deal, because the first
lead is often an advantage, especially if the turn-up is valuable, and
you have a dix, or if you want to make the trump in Rubicon Bézique.

It is seldom right to make the trump unless you have one or two of the
sequence cards with the marriage.

_=The Lead=_ is a disadvantage unless you have something to declare,
or there is a brisque in the trick, or you can get home the Ten of a
plain suit. The Tens are of no value in plain suits except as brisques,
for they enter into no combination with other cards except in Penchant,
Cinq-cents, and Rubicon. If the trick is of no value, or you have
nothing important to declare, get rid of your small cards, and lead
them when you do not want to retain the lead. The lead is sometimes
necessary to prevent your adversary from declaring, especially toward
the end of the hand. If you have led a brisque and won the trick, it is
better to lead another brisque in the same suit than to change.

Aces are better leads than Kings or Queens, for the court cards can be
married, and you may never get 100 Aces. Kings are better leads than
Queens, especially if the Queens are spades. Jacks are better than
either, but the Jack of diamonds should be kept as long as possible.
If you have to decide between two combinations, one of which you must
sacrifice, lead that which is of the smallest value, or the least
likely to be restored. For instance: If your adversary has shown one or
two Kings, but no Ace, and you have three of each, you are more likely
to get 100 Aces than 80 Kings.

If you hold duplicate cards, especially in trumps, play the one on the
table, not the one in your hand.

_=Brisques.=_ Beginners often overlook the importance of brisques.
Every time you allow your adversary to take in a brisque which you
might have won, you make a difference of twenty points in the score.
While you are hugging three Aces, waiting for a fourth, your adversary
may get home all his Tens, and then turn up with your fourth Ace in his
hand.

_=Discarding.=_ It is usually best to settle upon one of two suits
or combinations, and to discard the others, for you cannot play for
everything. Having once settled on what to play for, it is generally
bad policy to change unless something better turns up.

Your adversary’s discards will often be a guide as to the combinations
he hopes to make, and will show you that you need not keep certain
cards. For instance: If a binocle player discards or plays two heart
Kings, it is unlikely that he has either of the Queens, and you may
reasonably hope for 60 Queens; but it will be impossible for you to
make anything out of your Kings but marriages. In Bézique, where Kings
may be of the same suit in fours, you will have a slightly better
chance for 80 Kings on account of your adversary’s discards, because he
certainly has no more, as he would not break up three Kings.

_=Declaring.=_ It is often a nice point to decide whether or not you
can afford to make minor declarations while holding higher ones in
your hand. In Rubicon many players will give up the trump marriage if
they have the sequence, especially with a good chance of re-forming it
several times with duplicate cards. The number of cards in hand will
often be the best guide. In Rubicon, if you held trump sequence and
double bézique, it would be better to declare the sequence first, and
to lead the card you drew. One of the trump sequence on the table would
then be free to regain the lead and declare the double bézique; but if
the bézique was declared first, the sequence might have to be broken
into to regain the lead. With a plain-suit sequence and four Aces,
declare the Aces first. They will then be free to win tricks for the
purpose of making other declarations.

It is seldom right to show the bézique cards in other combinations, and
four Jacks is a very bad meld, because it shows your adversary that
he cannot hope for double bézique. By holding up bézique cards, even
if you know they are of no use to you, you may lead your adversary to
break up his hand, hoping to draw the card or cards you hold.

_=Trumps.=_ Small trumps may be used to advantage in winning brisques,
but you should keep at least one small trump to get the lead at
critical periods of the hand, or to make an important declaration. It
is bad policy to trump in to make minor declarations, unless your time
is short. It is seldom right to lead the trump Ace, except at the end
of the hand, or when you have duplicates, but leading high trumps to
prevent an adversary from declaring further is a common stratagem,
if you know from the cards in your hand, and those played, that your
adversary may get the cards to meld something of importance.

_=The Last Tricks.=_ Before you play to the last trick, give yourself
time to note the cards your adversary has on the table, and compare
them with your own, so that you may play the last tricks to advantage.
If you wait until after playing to the last trick, he may gather up his
cards so quickly that you will be unable to remember them. At Rubicon
it is not always advisable to win the last trick. If your adversary
is rubiconed in any case, you may add 100 points to your own score by
giving him the 50 for the last trick, which may put him across the line
into another hundred.


TEXT BOOKS.

  Foster’s Complete Pinocle. 1906.
  Laws of Pinochle, by R.F. Foster. 1908.
  Bézique and Cribbage, by “Berkeley.”
  The Royal Game of Bézique, by Chas. Goodall.
  Pocket Guide to Bézique, by “Cavendish.”
  Bézique, by J.L. Baldwin.
  Rubicon Bézique, by “Cavendish.”
  Bézique, by Reynolds & Son.
  Bézique, by English.
  Règle du Bésique Japonais.

Articles in _Macmillan_, Dec., 1861; _Field_, Jan. 30, 1869; _Pall Mall
Gazette_, Jan. 23, 27, 1869; _Once a Week_, Feb. 13, Mar. 20, 1869;
_Daily News_, Feb. 10, 1869; _Westminster Papers_, Jan., 1869.


THREE-HANDED BINOCLE.

When three persons play, the entire pack is dealt out, giving sixteen
cards to each player, four at a time, and turning up the last for the
trump. There is no stock. Each plays for himself, and must keep his own
score. A triangular cribbage board is very useful for this purpose.

_=Dix.=_ Each player in turn, beginning on the dealer’s left, may show
the Nine of trumps if he holds it, and exchange it for the trump card.
Should two Nines be shown by different players, the one on the dealer’s
left takes the turn-up trump. Even if the dealer has a Nine himself, he
is not allowed to keep the turn-up trump. If the same player holds both
Nines he may score twenty on winning a trick. A player with 990 up is
not out if he turns up the Nine. He must win a trick.

_=Melds.=_ All the combinations have the same value as in the ordinary
game, but all melds are laid upon the table before a card is played.
When he lays down his cards, a player may make as many combinations
with them as he can, just as he would in the ordinary game if he had
plenty of time. If he has the trump sequence, he may lay down the
marriage first, then the A 10 J. If he has double binocle, he may lay
down the single first, and then the other, claiming the count for both.
Four Kings and four Queens count 220. The trump sequence counts 190.

No player is allowed to meld after he has played to the first trick.
If he discovers he had more to meld, but has played a card, the
unannounced score is lost. An interesting variation is sometimes
introduced by allowing the other players to claim any score overlooked
by the one who melds.

The total number of points claimed by each player is simply announced,
but not scored. The player must win a trick before he can score
anything; but the first trick he wins entitles him to score everything
he has announced, including dix. It is usual to put the melds on a
slate, and to rub them out if the player does not win a trick.

_=Playing.=_ The melds are all taken in hand again before play begins.
The eldest hand leads for the first trick any card he pleases, and the
others must follow suit if able, and must win the trick if they can,
either with a higher card or with a trump. If the third hand cannot win
the trick, he is still obliged to follow suit if he can; but if he has
none of the suit led, and the second hand has already put on a better
trump than any held by third hand, the latter must under-trump if he
can. The winner of one trick leads for the next, as in the ordinary
game. The winner of the sixteenth or last trick counts ten points for
it at once.

_=Scoring.=_ The points for dix, melds, and the last trick are all
scored with the counters in the ordinary way, but the score for cards
must be kept mentally. The moment any player correctly announces that
he has reached 1000 points, he wins the game, no matter what the
others may have scored. If his claim is not correct, he retires, and
the two remaining players finish alone. If neither wins the game that
deal, they play the next deal as in ordinary two-handed Binocle, with
a stock, the ultimate winner taking the stakes. If it has been agreed
that the lowest score pays when the first player goes out, the game is
ended as soon as one retires. If two players reach 1000 points without
either having claimed the game, they must both go on to 1250; but if
the third player reaches and announces 1000 before either of the others
reaches 1250, he wins the game.

_=The Revoke.=_ The individual player in error loses his entire score
for “cards.” The bidder cannot be set back if either adversary revokes.
He may demand that the hand be played out if he thinks he can get a
good score.


GAIGEL.

This is sometimes called _=Short Binocle=_. It is played by two persons
with the forty-eight card pack, and the melds are reduced to the
following values:--

  King and Queen of a plain suit       20
  Double marriage in the same suit     40
  King and Queen of trumps             40
  Double marriage in trumps            80
  Any five Nines                      101

Two single marriages in the same suit cannot be melded at different
times. Game is 101 points.


FOUR-HANDED BINOCLE.

Four persons may play, each for himself, or two against two as
partners, sitting opposite each other. All the cards are dealt, twelve
to each player, four at a time, and the last is turned up for the trump.

_=Melds=_ are not made until the player holding them has played to the
first trick. The eldest hand leads and then melds; the second player
plays and then melds, and so on. The card played to the first trick may
still be reckoned in the melds.

_=Playing.=_ The general rules of play are the same as in the
three-handed game; players being obliged to follow suit and to win the
trick if able to do so. The fourth player must win his partner’s trick
if he can, and any player who cannot follow suit to a trick that is
already trumped must under-trump if he is unable to over-trump.

_=Scoring.=_ There are three ways to score: In the first, each player
must individually win a trick in order to score his melds. In the
second, when either partner wins a trick, the melds in both hands may
be scored. In both these the melds are kept separate. In the third,
when a player wins a trick he may combine his melds with those of his
partner to form fresh combinations, and the scores are made as if the
melds of the two partners were in one hand; but cards previously played
to the tricks cannot be used in these fresh combinations. The cards
must still be on the table, unplayed. For this reason, in this style of
game the melds are not taken up until one of the partners wins a trick.


AUCTION BINOCLE.

In this variation, each of three or four players is for himself. The
forty-eight cards are dealt out, four at a time, but no trump is
turned. Beginning on the dealer’s left, each player in turn bids a
certain number of points for the privilege of naming the trump suit and
of having the lead for the first trick. There are no second bids. If
all pass, the dealer must bid twenty.

As soon as the trump is named, every player at the table makes his own
melds, which will be good if he wins a trick. The rules for play are
the same as in the ordinary three and four hand.

If four play as partners, two against two, the eldest hand always leads
for the first trick, no matter who the successful bidder may be.

The bidder always has the first count at the end of the hand, and it is
usual to play this game so many deals, instead of so many points. At
the end of six deals, for instance, the highest score is the winner.

Sometimes this game is played with a widow, three cards when three
play, four when four play. Each player is allowed three bids, and the
successful bidder turns the widow face up, so that all may see what it
contained. He then takes the widow into his hand and discards what he
pleases, face down, to reduce his hand to the same number of cards as
the other players. The trump is not named until after this discard. The
bidder has the first lead and also the first count. Six deals is a game.


SIXTY-SIX.

Sixty-six is one of the simplest forms of Bézique, and is an extremely
good game for two persons with one pack of cards.

_=Cards.=_ Sixty-six is played with a pack of twenty-four cards, all
below the Nine being deleted. The cards rank, A 10 K Q J 9; the Ace
being the highest, both in cutting and in play.

_=Markers.=_ The game may be kept with the small cards in the unused
portion of the pack, or with a whist marker or counters. Anything that
will score up to seven points will do.

_=Players.=_ The regular game is played by two persons, one of whom is
known as the dealer, and the other as the pone. They cut for seats and
deal, the highest cut having the choice.

_=Stakes.=_ Sixty-six is played for so much a game, or for so much a
point, the loser’s score being deducted from the winner’s. If the loser
has not scored at all, it is usually counted a double game.

_=Dealing.=_ The cards having been shuffled and presented to the pone
to be cut, the dealer gives six cards to each player, three at a time,
dealing first to his adversary. There are several ways of making the
trump, one of which should be agreed upon before play begins. One
way is for the pone to draw a card from the top, the middle, or the
bottom of the talon, after the dealer has given each player his six
cards. Another way is for the dealer to turn up the seventh card,
after dealing the first round of three to each player. Another, and
the one generally adopted in America, is for the dealer to turn up the
thirteenth card for the trump, after giving six cards to each player.
The trump card is left face upward on the table, and is usually placed
under the remainder of the pack, which is slightly spread, face down,
for the players to draw from.

The general rules for irregularities in the deal are the same as in
Binocle. A misdeal does not lose the deal.

_=Objects of the Game.=_ The object of the game, as its name implies,
is to count sixty-six. If a player can get sixty-six before his
adversary, he counts one point toward game. If he gets sixty-six before
his opponent gets thirty-three, which is called _=schneider=_, he
counts two. If he gets sixty-six before his adversary wins a trick,
which is called _=schwartz=_, he counts three. The player first making
seven points in this manner wins the game.

A player may reach sixty-six by winning tricks containing certain
counting cards; by holding and announcing marriages, which are the King
and Queen of any suit; and by winning the last trick.

The various counts for these are as follows:--

  For King and Queen of trumps, _=Royal Marriage=_,      40
  For King and Queen of any plain suit, _=Marriage=_,    20
  For the Ace of any suit,                               11
  For the Ten of any suit,                               10
  For the King of any suit,                               4
  For the Queen of any suit,                              3
  For the Jack of any suit,                               2
  For the last or twelfth trick,                         10

The marriages count for the player holding and announcing them; all
other points for the player actually winning them. The last trick does
not count unless it is the twelfth; that is, not unless every card is
played.

_=Method of Playing.=_ The pone begins by leading any card he pleases.
The second player in any trick is not obliged to follow suit, even in
trumps; but may renounce or trump at pleasure until the players cease
to draw from the stock. If the second player follows suit, the higher
card wins the trick. Trumps win all other suits.

_=Drawing.=_ The winner of the trick takes in the cards, turning them
face down; but before he leads for the next trick he draws a card
from the top of the stock, and places it in his hand without showing
or naming it. His adversary then draws the next card, so that each
restores the number of cards in his hand to six.

_=The Trump.=_ If either player holds or draws the Nine of trumps, he
may exchange it for the turn-up at any time, provided he has already
won a trick. This need not be the trick immediately before exchanging,
and he need not wait to get the lead before making the exchange.
For instance: A player holding the Nine, and having to play to his
adversary’s lead, may win the trick with the turn-up card, leaving the
Nine in its place, provided he has won some previous trick. There is
no count for dix, as in Bézique and Binocle, and the player is not
obliged to exchange unless he wishes to do so. If the Nine is the last
card in the stock, it is, of course, too late to exchange it, and the
player drawing it must keep it.

_=Marriages.=_ If a player holds both King and Queen of any suit,
he may count 20 points towards 66 for the marriage, or 40 for royal
marriage, by leading either of the marriage cards. It is not necessary
for the King or Queen so led to win the trick; but the player declaring
a marriage must have the lead, and must have won a trick, or he cannot
count it. The pone may declare a marriage on his first lead; but
it will not count unless he wins some subsequent trick, and if his
adversary gets to 66 before the pone gets a trick, the marriage is
lost, and the pone is schwartz.

If the 20 or 40 claimed for the marriage is enough to carry the
player’s count to 66 or beyond, the marriage need only be shown
and claimed, without leading it, and the remaining cards are then
abandoned, provided the count is correct. Only one marriage can be
shown but not led in this manner.

In the ordinary course of play it is not necessary to show both cards
of the marriage unless the adversary asks to see them. The player
simply leads the King or Queen, and says: “Twenty,” or “Forty,” as the
case may be. If he leads a King or Queen without claiming any count, it
is evident that he has not a marriage. If he has simply forgotten to
claim it, he cannot amend the error after his adversary has played to
the trick, and the score is lost. To avoid disputes, careful players
leave one of the marriage cards face up among their cards, as a
reminder that a marriage was claimed in that suit, either by the player
with the card turned, or by his adversary.

_=Counting.=_ A player is not allowed to make any record of his
progress toward sixty-six, but must keep his count mentally. It is
highly important to keep both your own and your adversary’s count, in
order that you may always know how many each of you wants to reach
66. A player is not allowed to go back over his tricks to refresh
his memory, and if he looks at any trick but the last one turned and
quitted, he loses the privilege of “closing.”

All _=irregularities=_ in playing and drawing are governed by the same
rules as in Binocle.

_=The Last Six Tricks.=_ After the stock is exhausted, marriages may
still be led or shown, and scored; but the second player in each trick
must follow suit if he can, although he is not obliged to win the trick
unless he chooses to do so. If all the cards are played, the winner of
the last or twelfth trick, counts 10 for it toward his 66.

_=Announcing Sixty-six.=_ If neither of the players has claimed to have
reached 66 until after the last trick is played, both turn over their
cards and count their points. If only one has reached 66, he counts
one or two points, according to his adversary’s count. If neither has
reached 66, which is possible if no marriages have been declared; or if
both have 66 or more, and neither has claimed it, neither side scores,
but the winner on the next deal adds one to whatever he may make. For
instance: A and B are adversaries, and the last trick is played without
either announcing that he is sixty-six. On counting, it is found that
A has 48 points and a marriage, 68 altogether, while B has 72 points
and the last trick, 82 altogether. Neither counts anything. On the next
deal let us suppose that A makes 66 before B gets out of schneider,
which will give A two points. To these he adds one for the tie on the
last deal, and scores three altogether.

_=Closing.=_ Closing is turning the trump card face down on the
remainder of the pack, which signifies that there shall be no more
drawing from the stock, and that the second player in each trick must
follow suit if he can, although he is not obliged to win the trick.

A player can close only when he has the lead, but having the lead, he
may close at any time. The pone may close before leading for the first
trick; or after winning the first trick, and before drawing from the
stock. The leader may close after one or more tricks have been played,
and he may close without drawing from the stock; or he may draw, and
then close. If the leader closes without drawing, his adversary must
play without drawing.

When the stock is closed, the player holding the Nine of trumps may
still exchange it for the trump card, whether he is the closer or not,
provided he has previously won a trick. It is usual for the closer, if
he does not hold the Nine himself, to take up the trump card and offer
it to his adversary. This is an intimation that he is about to turn it
down if his adversary does not want it. It is sometimes better not to
exchange when the game is closed, as it may give the adversary a good
counting card if he can catch all your trumps.

There is no score for the last trick when the game is closed, because
the number of tricks played will then be less than twelve.

As closing gives peculiar advantages to the closer, there are certain
forfeits if a person closes and fails to reach 66. There are three
varieties of closing, which are as follows:--

If, during the play of the hand, either player thinks he has reached
66, he closes, and turns over the tricks he has already won. If he
is correct, he scores one, two, or three points, according to the
condition of his adversary’s count. But if he is not correct, and has
not quite reached 66, his adversary scores two points in any case, and
if the non-closer had not won a trick up to the time the stock was
closed, he scores three; because that is the number the closer would
have won if he had been correct in his count.

If a player thinks he would have a better chance to reach 66 first if
his adversary was compelled to follow suit, he may close the stock. For
instance: A’s mental count is 35, and he holds in his hand a marriage,
and the Ace of another plain suit; but no trumps. If he closes at
once, and leads the Ace, his adversary will have to follow suit, and
the 11 points will put the closing player to 46. He can then show his
marriage, without leading it, and claim 66. But if the adversary should
turn out to have none of the suit led, and should trump the Ace, A
might never reach 66, and B would count two points.

A player may close, hoping to make schneider or schwartz. For instance:
A knows his score is 13, while B has 32. A has royal marriage and Ace
of trumps in his hand, and the Nine is turned up. If A closes, and so
compels B to follow suit, he must catch the Jack or Ten of trumps by
leading the Ace. If he catches the Jack, that will put him to 26, and
showing the royal marriage will put him 66, and make B schneider. If
B has no trump, one of the marriage cards can be led without any fear
of losing it, and that will put A to 66, even if B plays a Nine to
both leads. But if A leads the ace of trumps without closing, B is not
compelled to follow suit, and might play the Nine of a plain suit to
the Ace of trumps. If A then closed or played on without closing, B
might win one of the marriage cards with the Ten, and not only get out
of schneider, but reach 66 in plain suits before A could win another
trick.

On the same principle, a player may think he can reach 66 before his
adversary can win a trick, provided he can compel him to follow suit.
With two plain-suit Aces and the royal marriage, the pone would close
before playing to the first trick, trusting to catch at least 4 points
with his two aces, and then to show the marriage, making his adversary
schwartz.

Some judgment is necessary in deciding whether or not to draw before
closing. If a player is allowed to draw, he may get a trump, or a guard
to one that you suspect he has. Suppose he has exchanged the Nine for
the Ten, and you have Ace and royal marriage; it is very likely that
the Ten is unguarded, and if you close without drawing you may catch
it, which will make your three trumps alone good for 68. This also
shows that the player should not have taken up the Ten until he wanted
to use it.

Nothing is gained by closing, except compelling the adversary to follow
suit; because if you close to make him schwartz, and he gets a trick,
you count two only; if you close to make him schneider, and he gets
out, you count one only. If you fail in the first case, he counts
three, and any failure will give him two points.


THREE-HANDED SIXTY-SIX.

This is exactly the same as the ordinary game, except that the dealer
takes no cards, but scores whatever points are won on the hand he
deals. If neither of the others score, either through each making 65,
or one failing to claim 66, the dealer scores one point, and the others
get nothing. The dealer cannot go out on his own deal. He must stop at
six, and win out by his own play.

There are two ways to settle: Each may pay a certain amount to the
pool, and the first man out take it all; or, after one is out, the two
remaining finish the game, and the loser pays both or settles for the
refreshments, as the case may be. If the first man goes out when it
will be his turn to deal, he must deal the next hand.


FOUR-HANDED SIXTY-SIX

This game is sometimes called _=Kreutz-mariage=_, owing to the German
fashion of dealing the cards in the form of a cross; but as the cards
are not dealt that way, and marriages are not scored in America, the
name is not appropriate in this country.

The pack is increased to thirty-two cards by the addition of the Sevens
and Eights. After the cards are cut by the pone, the dealer gives three
to each player on the first round, then two, and then three again,
turning up the last card for the trump. In Germany the dealer first
gives two cards to his partner, then two to his left hand adversary,
then two to his right hand adversary, and finally two to himself. This
is continued for four rounds, so that each player receives eight cards,
and the last is turned up for the trump. The turned-up trump belongs to
the dealer, and cannot be exchanged.

In this form of the game the players must not only follow suit, but
must win the trick if they can, and must trump and over-trump if
possible. A player is even obliged to win his partner’s trick. Owing to
this rule, a player with good plain suit cards will usually attempt to
exhaust the trumps as rapidly as possible.

The _=counting cards=_ are the same as in Sixty-six, and the winner of
the last trick counts 10. As there is no stock, there is no closing;
and as marriages are not counted in America, the 66 points must be made
on cards alone.

The scores for _=schneider=_ and _=schwartz=_ are the same as in
Sixty-six, and seven points is game. There are 130 points made in
every deal, so if one side gets more than 66 and less than 100, their
adversaries must be out of schneider, and the winners count one.
More than 100, but less than 130 is schneider, and counts two. If
the winners take every trick, making 130 points, they score three.
Sometimes an extra point is scored for winning the Ten of trumps: but
such a count is quite foreign to the game.




NATIONAL GAMES.


There are certain games of cards which do not seem to belong to any
particular family, but stand apart from other games, and have been
played since their first invention with only trifling variations,
giving rise to no offshoots bearing other names. These are usually the
most popular games with the middle and lower classes in the countries
in which they are found, and may be considered as distinctly national
in character. Games that become popular with the masses always last
longer than others, and the rules governing them are much better
understood, and more firmly established. In the course of a century
the English aristocracy have run the gamut of Quadrille, Ombre, Whist,
Écarté, Bézique, Piquet, Rubicon, and Bridge; while the middle classes
have stuck steadily to Cribbage for nearly two hundred years.

Six of these popular games are strikingly typical of the national
character, both in their construction, and in the manner of playing
them. These are: Skat in Germany; Cribbage in England; Piquet in
France; Conquian in Mexico; Calabrasella in Italy; and Cassino in
America. All these are excellent games, and have deservedly survived
much more pretentious rivals.

With the exception of Skat, little is known of the exact origin of
any of these games, although most of them may be traced by their
resemblance to more ancient forms. Skat is the most modern, and to-day
the most popular, many persons thinking it superior to Whist. The game
seems to have originated among the farmers of Thuringia, a province of
Saxony, and was probably a variation of the Wendish game of Schapskopf.
The first mention of Skat that we can find is in an article in the
“Osterländer Blättern,” in 1818. Thirty years later Professor Hempel
of Altenburg published the rules and principles of the game under the
title: “Das Skatspiel, von J.F.L.H.” It is said that he learned the
game from a friend, who had been taught it by a Wendish coachman in
his employ. The game spread rapidly, and soon became popular all over
Germany, but with many minor variations in the details of play. To
settle these, a Skat congress was finally held in Altenburg in 1886.
This was succeeded by others in Leipzic and Dresden, and the result of
these meetings has been to weed out all the minor differences in play,
and to settle upon a universal code of laws for the game, which is
called Reichs-Skat.

In America, Reichs-Skat is no longer played; the value of some of the
games is changed, and all the bidding is by Zahlen-reizen. In all the
text-books on Skat which we have examined, this fact has been entirely
overlooked.


SKAT.

The etymology of the word Skat, sometimes spelt Scat, is a matter of
doubt, but the most plausible explanation is that it is a corruption of
one of the terms in the parent game of Taroc; “scart,” from “scarto,”
what is left; or “scartare,” to discard or reject. “Matadore” is
another word from the game of Taroc, still retained in Skat. Others
attribute the word to “Skatt,” the Old-German or Anglo-Saxon for money;
the modern German, “Schatz,” a treasure, referring to the forms of the
game in which good counting cards are laid aside in the skat for the
count at the end of the hand. This derivation would account for both
spellings of the word, with a “k” and with a “c.”

The student is advised to make himself familiar with the German terms
in the following description, as they are in common use wherever skat
is played. Many American players who use the English language in
bidding by figures, still adhere to the German names for the suits and
positions at the table.

_=CARDS.=_ Skat is played with a pack of thirty-two cards, all below
the Seven being deleted. The rank of the cards differs according to
whether the players are attempting to win or to lose tricks. If the
object is to win tricks, it is known as a “game;” if the object is to
lose, it is called a “nullo.” In nullo the cards rank in their natural
order; A K Q J 10 9 8 7, the Ace being the highest. In the various
“games,” the four Jacks are always the best trumps, and are known as
_=Wenzels=_. The other cards follow the usual German rank; A 10 K Q 9 8
7, the Ace being the highest in plain suits.

The German names for the cards are as follows;--_=Jack=_: Wenzel,
Bauern, Bube, Jungen, or Unter. _=Ace=_: As, or Daus. _=Ten=_, Zehn.
_=King=_, König. _=Queen=_: Dame, Ober, or Königen. _=Nine=_, Neun.
_=Eight=_, Acht. _=Seven=_, Sieben. The most common terms are; Bube,
As, Zehn, König, Dame, etc. The words Unter and Ober for the Jack and
Queen, refer to the manner of marking the suits on the German cards.
In the Queens, the mark of the suit is always above the figure, which
has a single head; in the Jacks the suit mark is always under the
figure. This distinction is necessary, because in the German cards the
Queen is a male figure. The King has two suit marks, one on each side
of the head. When the French or American double-head cards are used,
with suit-marks in both corners, the words “ober” and “unter” have no
meaning; Dame and Bube being used instead.

_=Rank of the Suits.=_ In addition to the rank of the cards themselves,
the suits outrank one another, except in Nullo, clubs being always the
best, then spades, hearts and diamonds. The Germans have various names
for the suits, that first given in each instance being in common use
among modern Germans. _=Clubs=_: Kreuz, Trefle, Eicheln, Eckern, or
Braün. _=Spades=_: Pique, Schüppen, Laub, or Grün. _=Hearts=_: Hertzen,
Cœur, or Roth. _=Diamonds=_: Carreau, Schellen, Eckstein, Ruthen, or
Gelb. In the German notation of card games and problems, the suits are
indicated by the French terms: clubs, _=tr=_ for trefle; spades, _=p=_
for pique; hearts, _=co=_ for cœur; diamonds, _=car=_ for carreau. The
cards are indicated by the initials; A K D B Z 9 8 7, which stand for
As, König, Dame, Bube, Zehn, etc. The winning card in each trick is
always printed in full-faced type.

The cards of each suit are divided into two parts, known as
counting cards, _=Zahlkarten=_, and those having no counting value;
_=Fehlkarteten=_ or Ladons. The counting cards and their values are as
follows:--Ace 11, Ten 10, King 4, Queen 3, and Jack 2. These are used
in reckoning up the value of the tricks won by each side in counting
toward 61 in all the “games,” but not in Nullo. The Seven, Eight and
Nine have no counting value.

The rank of the suits has no influence on their trick-taking powers,
nor on the value of the Zahlkarten; but it increases or diminishes the
value of the “game” played for. When any suit is made the trump, it
takes the precedence of the three others only in so far as trumps will
win other suits, and the suits which are not trumps are equal in value
so far as trick-taking is concerned. As the four Wenzels are always the
highest trumps, there will always be eleven cards in the trump suit,
and seven in each of the plain suits; so that if clubs were trumps, the
rank of the cards would be:--

[Illustration:

  🃛 🂫 🂻 🃋 🃑 🃚 🃞 🃝
             🃙 🃘 🃗
]

In any of the other suits the rank would be:--

[Illustration:

  🂡 🂪 🂮 🂭 🂩 🂨 🂧
]

_=Matadores.=_ The club Jack is always the best trump, and every trump
card in unbroken sequence with the club Jack is called a Matadore,
provided the sequence is in the hand of the same player. This rule
holds whether the sequence was in the hand originally dealt to him or
part of it is found in the Skat, should he become possessed of the Skat
cards. For instance: Clubs are trumps, and a player holds these cards:--

[Illustration:

  🃛 🂻 🃋 🃑 🃚 🃘 🃗
]

He has only one Matadore; but as the Skat cards will belong to him if
he has made the trump, he may find in them the spade Jack, which would
complete his sequence, giving him six Matadores, instead of one. As
one side or the other must have the club Jack in every deal, there
must always be a certain number of Matadores, from one to eleven. If
the player who makes the trump has them, he is said to play _=with=_
so many; if his adversaries hold them, he is said to play _=without=_
just as many as they hold. The difficult thing for the beginner at Skat
to understand is that whether a player holds the Matadores or not, the
number of them has exactly the same influence on the value of his game.
If one player held these cards

[Illustration:

  🃛 🂫 🂱 🂺 🂷
]

and wished to make hearts trumps, he would be playing “with two.” If
another player wished to make the same suit trumps with these cards:--

[Illustration:

  🂻 🃋 🂾 🂽 🂹 🂸
]

he would be playing “without two,” and the value of each game would
be exactly the same, no matter which player actually made the trump.
Matadores must be held; they do not count if won from the adversaries
in the course of play.

_=MARKERS.=_ Counters of any kind are not used in Skat, as the score is
kept on a writing pad, which should be ruled into vertical columns for
the number of players engaged.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Skat is played by three persons. If there are four at
the table the dealer takes no cards, but shares the fortunes of those
who are opposed to the single player, winning and losing on each hand
whatever they win and lose. If there are five or six at the table, the
dealer gives cards to the two on his left, and the one next him on the
right. Those holding no cards share the fortunes of the two who are
opposed to the single player.

After the table is formed, no one can join the game without the consent
of all those already in, and then only after a _=round=_; that is,
after each player at the table has had an equal number of deals. Should
any player cut into a table during the progress of a game, he must take
his seat at the right of the player who dealt the first hand. When six
persons offer for play, it is much better to form two tables, but some
persons object to playing continuously, and like the rest given to the
dealer when more than three play.

There are always three active players in Skat. The one who makes the
trump is called _=the player=_, or Spieler; the two opposed to him are
called the _=adversaries=_, or Gegners; while those who hold no cards
are called _=im Skat=_, or Theilnehmer. Of the three active players,
the one who leads for the first trick is called _=Vorhand=_; the second
player is called _=Mittelhand=_, and the third _=Hinterhand=_. The
person sitting on the dealer’s right, to whom the cards are presented
to be cut, is called the _=pone=_.

No person is allowed to withdraw from the game without giving notice in
advance, and he can retire only at the end of a round of deals. It is
usual to give notice at the beginning of a round, by saying: “This is
my last.”

_=CUTTING.=_ Positions at the table are drawn for, the cards ranking as
in play, Jacks being the best, and the suits outranking one another in
order, so that there can be no ties in cutting. The lowest cut has the
first choice of seats, and also deals the first hand. It is usual for
the player sitting on the right of the first dealer to keep the score,
so that one may always know when a round ends.

_=STAKES.=_ Skat is played for so much a point, and the single player
wins from or loses to each of the others at the table. A cent a point
is considered a pretty stiff game, half a cent being more common in
good clubs. Many play for a fifth, or even a tenth of a cent a point.
At half a cent a point, ten dollars will usually cover a run of pretty
bad luck in an evening’s play.

_=DEALING.=_ At the beginning of the game the cards should be counted
and thoroughly shuffled, and shuffled at least three times before each
deal thereafter. The dealer presents the pack to the pone to be cut,
and at least five cards must be left in each packet. The cards are
dealt from left to right in rotation, and the deal passes to the left
in regular order.

Only three persons at the table receive cards, no matter how many are
in the game. If there are four players, the dealer gives himself no
cards. If there are five or six players, the first two on the dealer’s
left and the pone receive cards. The other persons at the table are
said to be “im Skat,” because they are laid aside for that deal.

The cards may be distributed in several ways, but whichever manner the
first dealer selects must be continued during the game, both by the
original dealer, and by the others at the table. Ten cards are given to
each player, and two are dealt face downward in the centre of the table
for the Skat. No trump is turned. The cards must be dealt, three cards
to each player, then two to the Skat; then four to each player again,
and finally three.

_=Irregularities in the Deal.=_ If the pack is found to be imperfect,
the deal in which the error is discovered is void; but any previous
scores or cuts made with that pack stand good. If the cards have not
been cut, or if a card is found faced in the pack, or if the dealer
exposes a card in dealing, any active player who has not looked at his
cards may demand a fresh deal by the same dealer. If the dealer gives
too many or too few cards to any player, he must shuffle and deal
again. If the error is not discovered until the hand is partly played
out, the deal is void, and the misdealer deals again. A misdeal does
not lose the deal under any circumstances, but it is usual to exact a
penalty of ten points for a misdeal.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ The object of each player is to obtain the
privilege of attempting to accomplish a certain task, which is known
as his “game,” and which he must be able to carry through successfully
against the combined efforts of the two other players. The more
difficult the task undertaken, the greater the number of points scored
for it, and the player who will undertake the game which is of the
greatest value of those offered must be allowed the privilege of trying
it. In order to determine which player this is, they may all bid for
the privilege by naming a certain number of points, usually well within
the actual value of the game they intend to play. If a bidder meets
with opposition, he gradually approaches the true value of his game,
and the player whose game is worth the most will of course be able to
bid the greatest number of points, and must be selected as the player,
the two others being his adversaries.

_=Games.=_ These games are divided into two principal classes, those
in which the player undertakes to win, and those in which he tries to
lose. When he plays to lose, it is to lose every trick, there being no
trump suit, and the cards in each suit ranking A K Q J 10 9 8 7. These
games are called _=Null=_, or Nullo, and _=Null Ouvert=_, the latter
being played with the successful bidder’s cards exposed face upward on
the table, but not liable to be called. The moment he wins a trick in a
Nullo, he loses his game. Nullos are quite foreign to Skat, and appear
to have been introduced as a consolation for players who always hold
bad cards.

When _=Ramsch=_ is played, the object is to take less than either of
the other players; but the cards rank as in the ordinary game, except
that the four Jacks are the only trumps.

In all other games the successful bidder undertakes to win; but his
success does not depend on the number of tricks he takes in, but on the
total value of the counting cards contained in those tricks. The total
value of all the counting cards is 120 points, and to be successful,
the single player must win at least 61. If he succeeds in winning 61
or more points, he wins his game, whatever it may be. If he can get 91
points, he wins a double game, which is called _=schneider=_. If he can
take every trick, he wins a treble game, which is called _=schwartz=_.
It is not enough to win 120 points, for if the adversaries win a single
trick, even if it contains no counting cards, they save the schwartz.

If the single player fails to reach 61, he loses. If he fails to reach
31, he is schneider; and if he fails to take a trick he is schwartz.
These various results increase the value of the game, as will presently
be seen.

There are four varieties of games in which the successful bidder plays
to win, the difference being in the manner of using the skat cards,
and making the trump. These games are called _=Frage=_, _=Tourné=_,
_=Solo=_, and _=Grand=_, and they outrank one another in the order
given, Frage being the lowest. The first three: Frage, Tourné and
Solo, are each again divided into four parts, according to the suit
which is trumps; a Tourné in clubs being better than one in spades;
a Solo in hearts being better than one in diamonds, and so on. This
is in accordance with the rank of the suits already mentioned in the
paragraph devoted to that subject.

In a _=Frage=_, or Simple Game, the successful bidder takes both the
skat cards into his hand, and then declares which suit shall be the
trump; discarding two cards face downward for his schatz, or treasure,
before play begins. The two cards thus laid aside count for the single
player at the end of the hand, provided he takes a trick, and they
cannot be won by the adversaries unless they make the single player
schwarz. Frage is no longer played.

In a _=Tourné=_, the successful bidder turns one of the skat cards face
upward on the table before looking at the second card. He may turn over
whichever card he pleases, but the one he turns fixes the trump suit
for that hand. If the card turned over is a Jack, he may change to a
Grand; but he must do so before he sees the second card in the Skat.

If the player does not like the first card he turns, he need not show
it, but may put it in his hand and turn the other. This second one must
be the trump; or a Grand may be played if the card is a Jack. In case
the game is lost after taking the second card, it costs double. This is
called _=Passt mir Nicht=_.

In a _=Solo=_, the skat cards are not touched, the successful bidder
naming the trump to suit the hand of ten cards originally dealt him.
The Skat belongs to him, as in Frage and Tourné, but he must not
see its contents until the hand is played out, when any points and
Matadores it may contain will count for him.

In a _=Grand=_ there is no trump suit, the four Jacks being the only
trumps in play. These four cards preserve their relative suit value,
the club Jack being the best, and they are still Matadores. There are
four varieties of Grand: A tourné player may make it a Grand if he
turns up a Jack. This is called a _=Grand Tourné=_. A player may make
it a grand without seeing either of the skat cards. This is called a
_=Grand Solo=_. A player may announce a Grand and lay his cards face
up on the table; exposed, but not liable to be called. This is called
a _=Grand Ouvert=_. A Frage cannot be played as a Grand under any
circumstances. A player may announce _=Gucki Grand=_, which means that
he will take both the skat cards into his hand at once, in order to get
the privilege of laying out any two cards he pleases, but that Jacks
will be the only trumps. If a Gucki Grand is lost, it costs double.

A player may announce a _=Gucki Nullo=_, in which he takes both the
skat cards into his hand and lays out any two cards he pleases. This
loses double if it is not successful.

_=Revolution=_ is seldom played. It is a Nullo in which the adversaries
put their twenty cards together as one hand to see if they can make the
player take a trick.

_=Uno=_ and _=Duo=_ are Grands, in which the single player engages to
take one trick in Uno, or two in Duo, neither more nor less.

_=GAME VALUES.=_ Each of the foregoing games has what is called a unit
of value, which is afterward multiplied several times according to the
number of Matadores, and whether the game was schneider or schwarz.

These unit values are as follows, beginning with the lowest:

  ---------------+------------------+-------------------------
  Suits Trumps:--| Jacks Trumps:--  | No Trumps:--
  ----+----+-----+------------------+-------------------------
      |Turn| Solo| Turned Grand  12 | Gucki Nullo           15
    ♢ |  5 |   9 | Gucki Grand   16 |   ”   if played open  30
    ♡ |  6 |  10 | Solo Grand    20 | Solo Nullo            20
    ♠ |  7 |  11 | Open Grand    24 |   ”   if played open  40
    ♣ |  8 |  12 | Ramsch        20 | Revolution            60
  ----+----+-----+------------------+-------------------------

When one player takes no trick in a Ramsch, the player with the greater
number of points loses 30. If two players take no trick, the loss is 50
points.

_=All Guckis lose double if they fail=_, so that if a player announces
a Gucki Nullo and loses it, he will lose 30; but if he won it he would
get 15 only. If a player has a Gucki Null Ouvert, he must announce that
it is to be played open before he touches the skat cards. It is then
worth 30 if won; 60 if lost.

_=Passt-mir-nicht tournées all lose double if they fail=_, but win the
usual number of points if they succeed.

_=Multipliers.=_ The foregoing are simply the standard counting values
of these various games. In calculating the actual value of a player’s
game, in order to see how much he may safely offer in the bidding, and
how much he would win if successful in his undertaking, these standard
values are multiplied as follows:--

Five classes of games are recognized, beginning with the lowest, in
which the player gets the necessary 61 points, but does not make his
adversaries schneider. This is simply called “game,” and as it must
always be either won or lost, it is a constant factor. The value of the
game is 1, and each better game is numbered in regular order, the five
varieties being as follows:

The Game, 1. Schneider, 2. Schwarz announced or Schwarz, 3. Schwarz
after announcing Schneider, 4. Schwarz announced, 5.

These numbers are added to the number of Matadores, and the total thus
found is multiplied by the unit value of the game. For instance: A
player has obtained the privilege of playing on a bid of thirty. His
game is a Solo in hearts, in which he holds the three highest Matadores
and announces schneider in advance. His game multiplier is therefore
3 (for the announced schneider), to which he adds 3 more for the
Matadores, 6 altogether. The unit value of a heart Solo being 10, he
could have gone on bidding to 60 had it been necessary, and he will win
60 from each of his adversaries if he succeeds in reaching 91 points
in the counting cards he takes in in his tricks, together with what he
finds in the Skat.

If his adversaries got to 30 with their counting cards, he would have
lost 60 to each of them, although he bid only 30, because he announced
his game as schneider, and did not make it. Had he not announced the
schneider, and reached 91 or more in his counting cards, he would have
won a game worth 50, losing the extra multiplier by not announcing the
schneider in advance; for a schneider made without announcing it is
worth only 2.

In reckoning the value of a game it is always safer to bid on playing
“with” than “without” Matadores in a Solo or Tourné; because, although
you may have a hand “without four,” you may find a Wenzel in the Skat,
and if it is the club Jack you lose three multipliers at once.

_=BIDDING.=_ The players must be familiar with the manner of computing
the various games in order to bid with judgment, and without
hesitation. Suppose you hold the three highest Matadores with an
average hand, not strong enough in any one suit to play a Solo, but
good enough for a Tourné. Your smallest possible game will be diamonds
with three; which will be worth 5 multiplied by 4; 1 for the game, and
3 for the Matadores, 20 points. If you can get the game on any bid
less than 20 you are absolutely safe, provided you can reach 61 in
your tricks. But the opposition of another player may irritate you,
[reizen,] and provoke you to bid 24, or even 28, in the hope of turning
a heart or a spade. If you go beyond 20, and turn a diamond, you must
either find the fourth Matadore in the Skat, or make your adversaries
schneider, in order to secure another multiplier. If you fail, you lose
24, or 28, according to your bid.

The great difficulty in Skat is to judge the value of a hand, so as
neither to under nor overbid it, and also to get all out of it that it
is worth. A person who plays a Frage in hearts when he could easily
have made it a Solo, reduces the value of his game just eighty per
cent. A player with the four Wenzels, A K Q 9 8 of diamonds, and
a losing card, would be foolish to play a diamond Solo with five,
schneider announced, worth 72; while he had in his hand a sure Grand,
with four, schneider announced, worth 140. Of course the schneider is
not a certainty. The risk is that the Ten of diamonds will be guarded,
and that an Ace and a Ten will make, both of them on your losing card,
or one of them on the diamond Ten. A careful player would be satisfied
with 100 on such a hand, for if he fails to make the announced
schneider, he loses everything.

A player is not obliged to play the game he originally intended to, if
he thinks he has anything better; but he must play a game worth as much
as he bid, or the next higher, and having once announced his game, he
must play it.

Suppose Vorhand has a spade Solo with two, and on being offered 33
says, “Yes,” thinking the bidder will go on to 36, instead of which he
passes. It is very probable that the bidder has a spade Solo without
two, and will defeat a spade Solo announced by Vorhand. If Vorhand
has almost as good a game in hearts, he should change, hoping to make
schneider, or to find another Matadore in the Skat. If he loses the
game, a heart Solo with two costs 30 points; but as Vorhand refused 33,
and the next best game he could have made with a heart Solo is 40, that
is the amount he loses, although he refused only 33.

_=Method of Bidding.=_ The Vorhand always holds the play, and the
Mittelhand always makes the first bid, or passes, the Hinterhand
saying nothing until the propositions made by the Mittelhand have
been finally refused or passed by the Vorhand. The usual formula is
for the Vorhand to say, “How many?” or, “I am Vorhand,” thereupon the
Mittelhand bids or passes. If Vorhand has as good a game as offered him
he says, “Yes,” and Mittelhand must bid higher or pass. If Vorhand has
not as good a game he may either pass, or bluff the bidder into going
higher by saying, “Yes.” As soon as one passes, the other turns to the
Hinterhand, who must either make a higher bid than the last, or pass.
The survivor of the first two must either say, “Yes,” to the offers
made by Hinterhand, or pass. The final survivor then announces his
game. It is usual for the last one to pass to signify that he is done
by pushing the skat cards toward the survivor, indicating that they are
his, and that he is the player. If a player is offered a game equal to
his own he may still say, “Yes;” but if he is offered a better game,
and still says, “Yes,” he runs the risk of being compelled to play.

The old German way of bidding, adopted at the Skat Congresses in
Altenburg, Leipzig and Dresden, was to bid in suits; a bid of club Solo
outranking one of spade Solo, no matter what it was worth. This has
long been obsolete, the objection to it being that a player might get
the play on a game of much inferior value. A player with a spade Solo,
six Matadores, and schneider announced could offer only a spade Solo,
without mentioning its value, and although his game was worth 99, he
could be outbid by an offer of Nullo, which was then worth only 20.
This is contrary to the spirit of the game, which requires that the
person offering the game of the greatest value shall be the player. The
rank of the bids in the old German game was as follows, beginning with
the lowest:--

  Frage, in the order of the suits.
  Tourné, in the order of the suits.
  Grand Tourné.
  Solo in diamonds, hearts and spades.
  Nullo, worth 20.
  Solo in clubs.
  Grand Solo, worth 16.
  Null ouvert, worth 40.
  Grand ouvert.

The multipliers were the same as those used in the modern game, but the
player had no means of using them in his bids. It will be observed that
the modern value of the various games seeks to preserve the old rank by
assuming the lowest possible bid on any given game.

In some parts of Germany it is still the custom to reckon Solos at the
tourné values, simply adding one multiplier for “out of hand.” Thus
a spade Solo with two would be reckoned; “with two, one for game, one
for out of hand; four times seven, or twenty-eight.” Note that seven is
tourné value for spades.

_=THE SKAT CARDS.=_ The successful bidder determined, the skat cards
are pushed towards him, and the manner in which he uses them limits the
game he is allowed to play. While the player must win or lose a game
worth as many as bid, he may attempt to win as many more as he pleases.
If he has got the play on a bid of ten, that does not prevent him from
playing a club Solo, with schneider announced. But if he has bid or
refused eleven, and plays a tourné in diamonds, he must make schneider
or play with or without two Matadores in order to bring his multipliers
up to three. It both these fail him he loses 15, the next higher game
than his bid possible in a diamond tourné.

As Frage is no longer played on account of its small value, if the
player takes both the skat cards into his hand at the same time,
without showing them, his game must be a Gucki Grand, unless he has
previously announced that it is a Gucki Nullo. His game announced, he
lays out any two cards he pleases for his skat, so as to play with ten
only.

If the player turns over either of the skat cards, his game is limited
to a tourné. If he turns a Jack, he may change to Grand, but not to
Grand Ouvert. Neither schneider nor schwarz can be announced in any
game in which the skat cards are used. A tourné player must lay out two
skat cards to reduce his hand to ten cards.

If the player neither turns over nor takes into his hand either of
the skat cards, he may play any of the suit Solos, Grand Solo, Grand
Ouvert, Nullo, or Null Ouvert. He may announce schneider or schwarz in
any Solo.

Any player looking at the skat cards before the beginning of the play
is debarred from bidding that deal, and is penalised ten points in the
score. In addition to this penalty, either of the other players may
demand a fresh deal. If a player looks at the skat cards during the
play of a hand the play is immediately stopped, and if he is the single
player he can count only the points taken in up to that time, exclusive
of the skat. These points are deducted from 120, and his adversaries
claim the difference. The game is then settled, according to this
count, exactly as if the hand had been played out. If an adversary
of the single player looks at either of the skat cards during the
play of a hand, the single player may at once stop the game, and his
adversaries can count only the points they have taken in in tricks up
to that time. If they have no tricks they are schwartz; if they have
not 30 points they are schneider.

When four or more play, any person holding no cards may be penalised
ten points for looking at the skat cards.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The successful bidder having disposed of the
skat cards and announced his game, the Vorhand leads any card he
pleases for the first trick. Vorhand should be careful not to lead
until the player has laid out or discarded for the Skat in a Gucki or
a Tourné. Players must follow suit if they can, but are not obliged to
win the trick. Having none of the suit led, they may trump or discard
at pleasure. The highest card played, if of the suit led, wins the
trick, and trumps win all other suits. The winner of the first trick
leads for the next, and so on, until all the cards have been played,
or the game is acknowledged as won or lost, and abandoned. In a Grand,
if a Jack is led, players must follow suit with the other Jacks, they
being trumps.

_=Abandoned Hands.=_ If the single player finds he has overbid himself,
or sees that he cannot make as good a game as bid, he may abandon his
hand to save himself from being made schneider or schwarz, provided he
does so before he plays to the second trick. A Solo cannot be abandoned
in this manner, as the rule is made only to allow a player to get off
cheaply who has been unlucky in finding nothing in the Skat to suit his
hand. For instance: A player has risked a Tourné with a missing suit,
and turns up that suit. He can abandon his hand at once, losing his bid
or the next higher game, but escaping schneider.

_=Irregularities in the Hands.=_ If, during the play of a hand, any
person is found to have too many or too few cards, the others having
their right number, it is evident that there has been no misdeal if the
pack is perfect and there are two cards in the Skat. If the player in
error has too few cards, probably from having dropped one on the floor,
or having played two cards to the same trick, he loses in any case, but
the adversary may demand to have the hand played out in order to try
for schneider or schwarz, and the last trick, with the missing card,
must be considered as having been won by the side not in fault. If the
player in fault is opposed to the single player, his partner suffers
with him. If the player discovers his loss, he is not allowed to pick
the card from the floor and replace it in his hand if he has in the
meantime played to a trick with a wrong number of cards.

_=Playing Out of Turn.=_ The usual penalty in America for leading or
playing out of turn is the loss of the game if the error is made by
the adversaries of the single player. If by the player himself, the
card played in error must be taken back, and if only one adversary has
played to the false lead, he may also take back his card. If both have
played, the trick stands good. The single player suffers no penalty, as
it is only to his own disadvantage to expose his hand.

_=The Revoke.=_ If a player revokes, and he is one of the adversaries
of the single player, the game is lost for the player in error; but he
may count the points in his tricks up to the time the revoke occurred,
in order to save schneider or schwarz. In Nullos, the game is lost the
moment the revoke is discovered.

_=Seeing Tricks.=_ The tricks must be kept separate as they are taken
in, and any player is allowed to look at the last trick turned and
quitted. Any player looking at any other trick but the last may be
penalized ten points.

_=Playing Ouverts.=_ The rules of the game require Ouverts to be
exposed face upward on the table before a card is played.

_=SCORING.=_ The score should always be kept by the player sitting on
the right of the first dealer. This will mark the rounds. The score
sheet should be ruled in vertical columns, one for each player at the
table.

Each player is charged individually with his losses and gains, the
amounts being added to or deducted from his score, and a plus or a
minus mark placed in front of the last figure, so that the exact state
of each player’s score will be apparent at a glance.

The score of the single player is the only one put down, and it is
charged to him as a loss or a gain at the end of each deal.

If there are four players, a line is drawn under every fourth amount
entered in each person’s account. If three play, the line is drawn
under every third amount. This system of scoring will show at once
whose turn it is to deal, if the total number of amounts under which
no line is drawn are counted up. For instance: Three persons play; A
dealt the first hand. In the first three columns are shown the amounts
won and lost in the three rounds, while the last three columns show
the manner in which these losses and gains were entered on the score
sheet:--

  |         Points won and lost.      | |  Score Card. |
  | 1st Round.| 2nd Round.| 3rd Round.| |  A |  B |  C |
  +-----------+-----------+-----------+ +----+----+----+
  | A won 33  | A lost 16 | C lost 36 | | +33| +40| +55|
  | C won 55  | B won  40 | B won  48 | | +17| +88| +67|
  | C won 12  | A lost 24 | C lost 12 | |  -7|    | +31|
  |           |           |           | +----+    +----+
  |           |           |           | |    |    | +19|

At the end of the second round a line was drawn under A’s account,
which then contained three items; and after the first game in the third
round a line was drawn under C’s account.

If we suppose the game to be stopped at this point, the scores would be
balanced as follows:

We take the three scores and bring them down on one line. We draw a
line under them, and proceed as follows: First we take A, who has lost
7 to B, and from whom B has also won 88. This gives us 95 minus for A
and 95 plus for B. We then compare A and C, and find that A owes C 26;
put down as minus for A, plus for C. We now compare B and C, and find
that B wins the difference, which is 69 points; put down plus for B,
minus for C. Then we add up to see that the scores balance.

  +-----+-----+-----+
  |  A  |  B  |  C  |
  +-----+-----+-----+
  |  -7 | +88 | +19 |
  +-----+-----+-----+
  | -95 | +95 | +26 |
  | -26 | +69 | -69 |
  +-----+-----+-----+
  |-121 |+164 | -43 |
  +-----+-----+-----+

The same method may be used when four play; but some prefer to call the
lowest score zero, and so make all the others plus. Suppose the final
scores were as follows:

  ------+------+------+------------
     A  |   B  |   C  |   D
  ------+------+------+------------
   +186 |  +42 | +344 | +116
  ------+------+------+------------
   +144 |    0 | +302 |  +74  = 520
     +4 |    4 |    4 |    4
  ------+------+------+------------
   +576 |    0 |+1208 | +296
   -520 | -520 | -520 | -520
  ------+------+------+------------
    +56 | -520 | +688 | -224
  ------+------+------+------------

If B is zero, his points are to be taken from those of each of the
others, as B is plus. If the low score is a minus, the points must be
added to each of the others. The three totals are added, and found, in
this case, to be 520, which is the total of B’s loss. We now multiply
the scores by the number of players engaged, in this case four, and
from the product we deduct the 520 already found. Then the scores
balance.

When Skat is played for the League stake, which is one-fourth of a cent
a point, the results may be found in a still shorter way by adding
up all the scores and taking an average, this average being the sum
divided by the number of players. Take the results just given for
example:--

  ------+------+------+---------------------
     A  |   B  |   C  |   D
  ------+------+------+---------------------
    186 |   42 |  344 |  116 = 688 ÷ 4 = 172
    172 |  172 |  172 |  172
  ------+------+------+---------------------
    +14 | -130 | +172 |  -56
  ------+------+------+---------------------

The average is simply deducted from each score, and the remainder is
the amount won or lost, in cents.

_=CHEATING.=_ As in all games in which the cards are dealt in groups,
the greek will find many opportunities in Skat. The clumsiest shuffler
can usually locate some of the Wenzels at the top or the bottom of
the pack, before presenting it to be cut, and if the players do not
insist on the cards being dealt always in the same manner, the sharper
can secure to himself two or more Wenzels, either in his hand or in
the Skat. Any person who deals the cards sometimes three at a time,
and again five at a time, should be stopped immediately, and no such
excuses as changing his luck should be listened to for a moment. Any
person who habitually picks up the cards with their faces towards him,
and straightens them by lifting them from their positions in the pack,
should be stopped at once, and requested to straighten the cards face
down.

Dealing seconds is very difficult when the cards have to be “pinched”
in threes and fours. A second dealer holding back a Wenzel on the top
may give his adversary two underneath without knowing it. Marked cards
are of advantage only when the dealer plays, and are of little use
beyond telling him what he can turn up for a trump, or what he will
find in the Skat. The rule for having four in the game, if possible,
is one of the greatest safeguards, unless the dealer is in secret
partnership with one of the players.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ The chief things to master in Skat are
the values of the hands, the principles of bidding on them, the best
methods of playing them, and the proper methods of combining forces
with your partner for the time being, in order to defeat the single
player.

_=Bidding.=_ Some persons attach a great deal of importance to the odds
for and against certain cards being in the Skat. If a player without
three is forced to risk finding a Matadore in the Skat, it is usually
enough for him to know that the odds are about 3 to 1 against it. It
is much more important for him to consider what cards may make against
him, and what they would count. It is often necessary to estimate very
closely the number of points that must fall on a certain number of
leads. For instance: You are Vorhand, and hold these cards:--

[Illustration:

  🂫 🂻 🃋 🃞 🃝 🃙 🃘 🃗 🃇 🂧
]

Even if you find the Ace and Ten with the best Wenzel in one hand
against you, you have an almost certain club Solo, for if you lead a
Wenzel, your adversary must either take it, or give you the Ace or Ten.
If he wins it, and his partner gives him a Ten of another suit, and
they then proceed to make both the Aces and Tens of your weak suits,
that will give them only 56 points, and you will make every other
trick. The only thing that could defeat you is for one player on the
fourth trick to lead a suit of which his partner had none. This would
require one player to have all the spades and the other all the hearts,
which is almost impossible.

Another familiar example is the following: You are Vorhand with these
cards:--

[Illustration:

  🃛 🂫 🃑 🃚 🂡 🂪 🂸 🂷 🃈 🃇
]

Although you cannot possibly win more than six tricks, and must lose
every trick in the red suits, you have an invincible Grand; because the
adversaries have not a sufficient number of Fehlkarten to give you to
avoid adding 16 points to the 46 you already have in your hand, which
must make you 62 before they get a trick.

It is better to bid on a doubtful Solo than on a risky Tourné, and if
you have a choice of two numerically equal suits, it is better to bid
on a suit containing small cards in preference to one containing A 10.
In bidding Tournés, you must remember that the more cards you hold of a
suit, the less your chance to turn up one.

It is not good play to bid a Solo on four or five trumps unless you
have some aces in the other suits. A Grand may be bid even without a
trump, if you have the lead, and hold four aces, or three aces and four
Tens. A Grand with any two Wenzels is safe if you have two good suits.
A Nullo should never be bid unless the player has the Seven of his long
suit.

A certain amount of risk must be taken in all bids, and a player who
never offers a game that is not perfectly safe is called a _=Maurer=_;
one who builds on a solid foundation. The player who offers the most
games will usually win the most unless he is a very poor player.

_=Leading.=_ The single player should almost always begin with the
trumps, in order to get them out of his way. With a sequence of
Wenzels, it is a common artifice to begin with the lowest, hoping the
second player may fatten the trick by discarding a Ten or Ace, under
the impression that the Hinterhand can win it. This style of underplay
is called _=Wimmelfinte=_, and the Mittelhand should beware of it. With
only one Wenzel and the Ace and Ten, it is better to begin with a small
trump. If you find all the trumps in one hand against you, or tenace
over you, stop leading trumps, and play forcing cards.

If you have no Wenzels it is usually best to lead your smallest
trumps. If you have only Ace Ten and small trumps, and know the
adversaries have one Wenzel and one trump better than your small one,
lead your Ten, so that they cannot make both trumps. In playing for a
schneider, it is often advisable to continue the trumps, even after the
adversaries are exhausted, so that they shall not know which suit to
keep for the last trick.

_=Laying out the Skat.=_ In a Frage or a Tourné, some judgment is
required in discarding for the Skat. It is often necessary to lay aside
the Ace and Ten of trumps if there is any danger that the adversaries
may catch them. Unguarded Tens should always be laid out, and it is a
good general principle to get rid of one suit entirely, so that you
can trump it. It is a common practice to put in the Skat the Ace and
Ten of a suit of which you hold also the King. When you lead the King,
if Mittelhand has none of the suit he is sure to fatten the trick for
his partner, thinking he must have Ace or Ten. With the Ten, King, and
small cards of a plain suit, lay the Ten and King in the Skat.

_=The Adversaries=_ should combine against the single player by getting
him between them if possible. If you sit on the left of the player,
lead your short suits up to him; but if you sit on his right, lead
your longest suit through him. Try to force out his trumps on your
plain-suit cards if you can, and avoid giving him discards of his weak
suits. With a long trump suit, it is often advantageous to lead it
through the player, but seldom right to lead it up to him.

In Solos, the adversaries should lead Aces and winning cards, and
change suits frequently. If you are playing against a Grand, and have
two trumps, one of them the best, lead it, and then play your long
suit; but if you have the two smallest trumps, lead the long suit
first, and force with it every time you get in.

The partners should always scheme to protect each other’s Tens by
keeping the Aces of plain suits. For this reason it is very bad play to
fatten with the Ace of a suit of which you have not the Ten, or to play
an Ace third hand when there are only small cards in the trick, and the
Ten of the suit has not been played and you do not hold it.

If the player is void of a suit, continue leading it, no matter what
you hold in it. This will either weaken his trumps, or, if he is
between you, will give your partner discards.

If the player leads a Wenzel, it is usually best to cover it if you
can; but do not play the club Jack on the diamond Jack unless you want
the lead very badly.

When the single player does not lead trumps, but plays his Aces and
Tens, the Germans call it “auf die Dörfer gehen;” that is, getting to
the villages, or getting home; equivalent to our expression, “getting
out of the woods,” or “getting in out of the rain.” When the single
player runs for home in this way, it is usually best to lead trumps
through him at the first opportunity.

In playing against a Nullo, the great point is to give your partner
discards. If you find that the player’s long suit is yours also,
continue it until your partner has discarded an entire suit if
possible. If you then have the small card of the discarded suit, you
may defeat the Nullo at once.

_=Fattening.=_ The Germans call this Wimmeln, or “swarming” the points
together in one trick. It is always advisable to get rid of Tens in
this way, or Aces of suits in which you hold both Ace and Ten; but it
is bad play to fatten with the Ace of a suit of which you have not the
Ten, unless the trick wins the game from the player, or saves a very
probable schneider.

The following _=Illustrative Hands=_ will give the student a very good
idea of the manner in which the various forms of the game are played,
showing the difference in the play of a Tourné, Solo, and Grand.

_=A TOURNÉ.=_ A, Vorhand, has refused ten with the following cards,
Hinterhand having passed without a bid:--

[Illustration:

  🃛 🂻 🂺 🂾 🃑 🃞 🃁 🃇 🂪 🂩
]

A concludes to play a Tourné, and turns the heart ♡ Q, finding the ♢
King in the Skat. He lays out the ♠ 10 and ♠ 9 in the Skat, and expects
to make 12 points; a heart Tourné, with one Matadore. The play is given
in the margin. A is the player, and is also Vorhand, with the lead for
the first trick. Hearts are trumps.


A TOURNÉ

  +---+-------+-------+-------+-----+
  |   |   A   |   B   |   C   |  A  |
  |   |       |       |       |wins.|
  +---+-------+-------+-------+-----+
  | 1 | _♣J_  |  ♡7   |   J♢  |  4  |
  | 2 |  ♡Q   | _♡A_  |  ♡8   |  -  |
  | 3 |  _K♢_ |   9♢  |   Q♢  |  7  |
  | 4 |  ♡J   |  _J♠_ |   A♠  |  -  |
  | 5 | _♡10_ |  ♡9   |   7♠  | 10  |
  | 6 |  _A♢_ |  ♣7   |   8♢  | 11  |
  | 7 |   7♢  |   K♠  | _10♢_ |  -  |
  | 8 |  ♣K   | _♣10_ |  ♣9   |  -  |
  | 9 | _♡K_  |   Q♠  |   8♠  |  7  |
  |10 | _♣A_  |  ♣Q   |  ♣8   | 14  |
  +---+-------+-------+-------+     +
  |   ♠10 and ♠9 in the Scat. | 10  |
  +---------------------------+-----+
  |                      A wins 63  |
  +---------------------------------+

The manner in which A exhausts the trumps, and makes both his Ace and
King of diamonds, should be carefully studied. At trick 8, if he put
on the ace of clubs, B might have the 8, and he would lose both his
King and the Queen on the Ten, giving him only 60 points. It must be
remembered that A knows every card out against him, because he has seen
the skat cards. A wins his 12 points; a heart Tourné with one.

_=A SOLO.=_ Vorhand has refused a bid of 18, and announces spade Solo
with the following cards:--

[Illustration:

  🂫 🂡 🂪 🂩 🂨 🂱 🂺 🃑 🃈 🃇
]

A SOLO.

  +---+-------+-------+-------+-----+
  |   |   A   |   B   |   C   |  A  |
  |   |       |       |       |wins.|
  +---+-------+-------+-------+-----+
  | 1 |   8♠  |   K♠  | _♡J_  |  -  |
  | 2 | _♣A_  |  ♣K   |  ♣7   | 15  |
  | 3 |   9♠  |  _Q♠_ |  10♢  |  -  |
  | 4 |   7♢  |  _A♢_ |   Q♢  |  -  |
  | 5 |   8♢  |  _K♢_ |  ♣Q   |  -  |
  | 6 | _♡A_  |  ♡K   |  ♡8   | 15  |
  | 7 | _♡10_ |  ♡7   |  ♡9   | 10  |
  | 8 | _10♠_ |   7♠  |  ♣8   | 10  |
  | 9 |   J♠  | _♣J_  |  ♡Q   |  -  |
  |10 |   A♠  |  _J♢_ |  ♣9   |  -  |
  +---+-------+-------+-------+     +
  |   ♢9 and ♣10 in the Scat. | 10  |
  +---------------------------+-----+
  |                      A wins 60  |
  +---------------------------------+

He has the lead for the first trick, and of course begins with the
trumps. The play is given in the margin.

C wins the first trick, and leads his long suit through the player. In
the last three tricks A coaxes B to win the Ten of trumps; but if B
does so he gives up the advantage of his tenace over the player, which
is now the only chance to defeat him. B knows that if he wins the Ten
of trumps, B and C can make only 59 points, because A will save his
trump Ace.

A, having failed to reach 61, loses a spade Solo without one; twice 11,
or 22 points, which was the game he must have won to be as good as the
offer of 18 which he refused.

_=A GRAND.=_ B bids; both Vorhand and Hinterhand pass, and B announces
a Grand, with the following cards:--

[Illustration:

  🃛 🂫 🂻 🃑 🃁 🃊 🃎 🂡 🂭 🂩
]

The play is given in the margin. In a Grand the four Jacks are the only
trumps.

A has the first play, and as he leads through the player, he begins
with his long suit, of which he knows that the Ace alone is out, and it
may be in the skat. If the player has the Ace, C will probably trump
it. If the player has not the Ace, it is just possible that he will not
trump the Ten.

C, leading up to the player, opens his short weak suit. At trick 3, C
knows that A must have the Ten of hearts, or he would not fatten with
the Ace. As this shows that A can stop the heart suit, C guards the
spades and lets all his hearts go.

B loses a very strong Grand, which must have been successful if C
had had one club, or if A had led anything but the club Ten. A Grand
with three Matadores is worth 4 times 20 or 80 points, which is what B
loses, although he may have bid only 10 or 12 to get the play.

A GRAND.

  +---+-------+-------+-------+-----+
  |   |   A   |   B   |   C   |  B  |
  |   |       |       |       |wins.|
  +---+-------+-------+-------+-----+
  | 1 |  ♣10  |  ♣A   |  _J♢_ |  -  |
  | 2 |   8♠  |  _A♢_ |   7♢  | 11  |
  | 3 |  ♡A   |   9♠  | _10♠_ |  -  |
  | 4 |  ♣7   | _10♢_ |   9♢  | 10  |
  | 5 |  ♣8   | _♡J_  |   Q♢  |  5  |
  | 6 |  ♣9   |  _J♠_ |  ♡9   |  2  |
  | 7 |  ♡7   |  _K♢_ |  ♡Q   |  7  |
  | 8 |  ♣Q   | _♣J_  |  ♡K   |  9  |
  | 9 |  ♣K   |  _A♠_ |   7♠  | 15  |
  |10 |  ♡10  |   Q♠  |  _K♠_ |  -  |
  +---+-------+-------+-------+     +
  |   ♢8 and ♡8 in the Scat.  |  -  |
  +---------------------------+-----+
  |                      B wins 59  |
  +---------------------------------+

_=Text Books.=_ Foster’s Skat Manual, 1906. Eichhorn’s American Skat,
1898. Lehrbuch des Skatspiels, by K. Buhle. 1891. Deutsche Skatordnung,
by K. Buhle. 1888. Scatspiel. (Anon.) Von Posert, Quedlinburg. 1879.
Encyclopædia der Spiele, by Fr. Anton. 1889. Skat, by F. Tschientschy.
1888. Skat, by L.V. Diehl. 1891. Skat, by E.E. Lemcke. 1887.

All but the first two on the list treat of the old game, bidding by
suits, and making no mention of Guckis; but some of them, especially
Buhle’s, contain some very fine examples of good play. The first two on
the list and the last two are in English. All the others are in German.


AMERICAN SKAT.

In this variation, now so largely played, the highest bidder always
sees the skat before announcing his game. Although a gucki, it need
not be a grand, but may be solo or nullo if he likes. If he wins the
game he announces the scores as usual; but if he loses he always loses
double. He may announce schneider or schwarz after discarding for the
skat. If he makes an announced schneider, it doubles the value of his
game, instead of simply adding a multiplier. An announced schwarz
trebles it.

For example: Spade solo with 1, schneider announced. His game is 1 for
game, 1 for schneider, without 1, 3 × 11 = 33, doubled for announcing
schneider, 66. If lost, it costs 132. If he makes schwarz after
announcing schneider, it adds one multiplier, 77. The smallest possible
game is a diamond with or without 1, worth 18; 36 if lost. The largest
game possible to lose is a grand with four, schwarz announced, costing
1,008.


THE LAWS OF SKAT.


THE GAMES.

1. The following are the unit values of the various games:--

Frage shall not be allowed. Tournée in diamonds 5, in hearts 6, in
spades 7 and in clubs 8. Solo in diamonds 9, in hearts 10, in spades
11 and in clubs 12, Turned grand 12, gucki grand 16, solo grand 20 and
open grand 24. Gucki nullo 15, open gucki nullo 30, solo nullo 20, open
solo nullo 40, and revolution, if played, 60. Uno and duo, if played,
shall be worth 20, or if played open 40.

2. When there are trumps, the unit value of the game shall be
multiplied as follows: 1 for game; 2 for schneider; 3 for announcing
schneider, or for making schwarz without having made any announcement;
4 for schwarz after having announced schneider; and 5 for announcing
schwarz. To each of these multipliers shall be added one for each
matadore, “with” or “without.”

3. In tournées, if the player says “passt-mir-nicht” to the first card
and takes the second, he loses double if he loses his game. In guckis,
whether grand or nullo, the player loses double if he loses his game.

4. The value of Ramsch shall be 20 points, to be charged to the player
losing the game. If one player takes no trick, the loser shall be
charged 30 points. If two players take no trick, the loser shall be
charged 50 points. The winner of the last trick takes the skat cards.
If there is a tie between two for high score, the winner of the last
trick shall be the loser. If the last trick is taken by the low score,
and the others are tied, the two high scores lose 20 points each. If
all three are tied at 40 points each, there is no score.

5. In all games which are played “open,” the hand of the single player
must be laid face up on the table before either adversary plays a card;
but the adversaries shall not be allowed to consult, neither can they
dictate to the player what cards he shall play.


FORMATION OF TABLE.

6. Any number from three to six may form a table, but there shall
be only three active players in each deal, and they shall be known
respectively as Vorhand, Mittelhand, and Hinterhand. Those who hold no
cards shall share the fortunes of those opposed to the single player
whose score is put down.

7. There shall be as many deals in each round as there are players at
the table, and no person shall be allowed to withdraw from the game
during a round unless the others consent to a substitute and such
substitute be found.

8. Newcomers can enter the table only after the conclusion of a round
and with the consent of the other players. The new candidate for play
must take his seat so that he shall have the deal.

9. If seats are drawn for, the lowest skat card shall have the first
choice. The next lowest shall sit on his left, and so on. In cutting,
the cards and suits rank as in play. The one drawing the lowest card
shall deal the first hand, and the score shall be kept by the player on
his right.

10. The game shall come to an end only at the conclusion of a round,
and any player wishing to stop must give notice before the beginning of
a round.


CARDS.

11. There are thirty-two cards in the pack, the rank and value of which
are as follows: Jack 2; ace 11; ten 10; king 4; queen 3; the nine,
eight and seven having no counting value.

12. The suits shall always outrank one another in the same order;
clubs, spades, hearts and diamonds. The four jacks, or Wenzels, which
are always the four best trumps, shall outrank one another in the same
order.

13. In Nullo, the cards rank: A K Q J 10 9 8 7, and the suits and jacks
are all of equal rank.


DEALING.

14. When four or more play at the same table, the dealer takes no
cards, but gives cards to the two sitting immediately on his left and
to the one next him on his right.

15. When only three play, Hinterhand shall deal the cards.

16. The deal passes in regular order to the left.

17. After being thoroughly shuffled, the pack must be presented to the
pone (the player sitting on the dealer’s right) to be cut, and at least
three cards must be left in each packet. Any player may demand a right
to shuffle the cards before they are dealt, but the dealer shall have
the last shuffle before presenting the cards to be cut. If any card is
exposed in cutting, there must be a new cut.

18. The dealer shall give each active player cards, three at a time
for the first round, face down, beginning on his left. He shall then
lay aside, face down, two cards for the skat. Each player shall then
receive four cards at a time for the second round, and finally three
cards at a time for the last round.

19. If any card is found faced in the pack, or if the pack be proved
incorrect or imperfect, there must be a new deal. An imperfect pack is
one in which there are duplicate or missing cards, or cards so torn or
marked that they can be identified by the backs.

20. Should a player deal out of his turn, the deal must stand if it
is complete; otherwise there must be a new deal by the right dealer.
When the deal stands, the next deal must be by the player who should
have dealt, and subsequent deals must be so arranged that there shall
be the right number to each round. A player dealing out of turn may be
penalized 10 points.


ERRORS IN DEALING.

21. There are no misdeals. No matter what happens, the same dealer must
deal again if it was his proper turn to deal.

22. If a card is exposed by the dealer during the deal, there must be a
new deal; or if the cards of the players become confused, so that the
dealer cannot separate them.

23. If the dealer gives too many or too few cards to any player, or
neglects to lay out the skat cards in their proper turn, or does not
give the right number of cards in each round, or gives three to one
player and four to another, or fails to present the pack to be cut,
there must be a new deal, and the dealer is charged 10 points for the
error.


THE SKAT CARDS.

24. Any active player taking up or seeing either or both the skat cards
when he is not entitled to do so shall be debarred from bidding that
deal. If any but an active player look at either of the skat cards, 10
points shall be deducted from his score.

25. If any Kiebitz (an onlooker not belonging to the table) looks at
either of the skat cards, he may be called upon to pay the value of the
game.

26. If an active player look at the skat cards during the play, he not
having laid out those cards from his own hand, his game is lost if he
is the single player. If he is opposed to the player, the player’s game
is won, but it may be played out to see if he can make schneider or
schwarz.

27. Should an active player take one or both the skat cards into his
hand by mistake, before the bidding begins, the dealer shall draw from
his hand, face down, enough cards to reduce his hand to ten, and the
player in fault shall be charged 25 points penalty, and be debarred
from bidding for that deal. If, in three-hand, the player in fault is
the dealer, Vorhand shall draw.

28. Should the successful bidder take both the skat cards into his hand
together, or pick them up together, he shall be obliged to play a Gucki
Grand, unless he has announced to play Nullo. Should he put the first
card into his hand without showing it, he shall be obliged to turn up
the second card and play Passt-mir-nicht.

29. The player may turn up either of the skat cards; but should he
expose both he must play the suit of higher value.

30. Should he turn a jack, he may either play in suit or announce a
turned Grand.

31. A player turning up a seven cannot announce a Nullo unless it has
been previously agreed to play turned Nullos, which are worth 10 points.

32. The player who takes the skat cards must lay out two cards in their
place before a card is led. Should he neglect to lay out for the skat
before he plays to the first trick; or should he lay out more or less
than two cards, and not discover the error until the first trick has
been turned and quitted, he shall lose his game.


BIDDING.

33. All bidding shall be by numbers representing the value of some
possible game, and the lowest bid allowed shall be 10.

34. Mittelhand must bid to Vorhand, and Vorhand must either undertake
as good a game as that offered him, or pass. If Vorhand passes,
Hinterhand bids to Mittelhand, and Mittelhand must either undertake
as good a game as that offered, or pass. If Mittelhand passes, when
bidding to Vorhand, Hinterhand must bid to Vorhand: but Hinterhand is
not allowed to say anything until either Mittelhand or Vorhand has
passed.

35. Any figure once named cannot be recalled. A player having once
passed, cannot come into the bidding again.

36. The survivor of the bidding shall be known as the Player, and shall
have the privilege of naming the game to be played; the two other
active players being his adversaries.

37. If no bid is made, and Vorhand will not undertake to play any game
against the two others, they must play Ramsch.


ANNOUNCEMENTS.

38. The player, if he does not use the skat cards, may announce any
suit for the trump, or he may play a Grand or Nullo.

39. If he wishes to announce schneider or schwarz, he must do so when
he names the game to be played, and before a card is led. All Open
Grands are compulsory “schwarz announced.”

40. The manner of taking up the skat cards, when the player uses them,
is sufficient announcement for a Tournée, Passt-mir-nicht, or Guckser;
but a Gucki Nullo must be announced before the skat cards are touched,
and open Gucki Nullo must be announced before the skat cards are seen.

41. The player is not allowed to announce either schneider or schwarz
in any game in which he uses the skat cards.

42. The adversaries cannot announce schneider or schwarz under any
circumstances.

43. No player but Vorhand can announce Ramsch, and then only when no
bid has been made.


PLAYING.

44. In Tournée, but not in Solo, Grand, or Nullo, the player may, in
order to avoid the possibility of being made schneider, abandon his
game as lost before playing to the second trick. The adversaries are
then bound to score it as a “game” lost, even if they could have made
the player schneider.

45. No matter who is the single player, Vorhand shall always lead for
the first trick. The winner of one trick leads for the next, and so on,
and each player in turn must follow suit if he can.

46. If, during the play of the hand, any player is found to have a
wrong number of cards, the others having their right number, only those
who have their right number can win the game. If it is the player who
has a wrong number, his game is lost. If it is one of his adversaries,
the player’s game is won.

47. If the single player leads out of turn, the cards must be taken
back if the trick is not complete and the adversary who has not played
demands it. If both adversaries have played to the false lead, the
trick stands. If an adversary has played to his false lead, the player
cannot take it back unless the other adversary permit it.

48. If an adversary of the player leads out of turn, and the player
calls attention to it, the player may immediately claim his game as
won and abandon the hand; or he may insist that the play proceed with
a view to making the adversaries schneider or schwarz. Whether he
proceeds or not his game is won, and he may either let the false lead
stand, or insist on a lead from the proper hand.

49. If, during the progress of the hand, the player lays his cards on
the table, face up, and announces that he has won his game by reaching
61 or 91, whichever may be necessary to make good his bid, and it is
proved that he is mistaken, he loses his game, even if he could have
taken up his cards again and won it.

50. If an adversary lays his cards on the table, face up, and claims
to have already defeated the player’s game, all that adversary’s cards
shall be taken by the player and counted with the tricks already taken
in by the player. If the adversary be found to be in error, the player
shall score his game as won, even if he would have lost it had it been
continued.

51. If the single player gives up his game as lost, and lays his cards
on the table, the adversaries shall take all such cards and add them
to their own, and count their cards to see if they have also made the
player schneider.


THE REVOKE.

52. Should the single player revoke, and not discover the error before
the trick is turned and quitted, he loses his game. If he discovers the
error and corrects it in time, there is no penalty; but any adversary
who plays after him may amend his play.

53. If either adversary of the player revokes, the player may claim his
game as won; but he may insist on playing the hand out to see if he can
make schneider or schwarz. Even if the single player has overbid his
hand, he wins his game if either adversary revokes.


LOOKING BACK.

54. Any active player may see the last trick turned and quitted,
provided no card has been led for the next trick. Should a player look
back at any other trick, or count his cards, he loses the game; but
either of the others may insist on playing on to see if they can make
schneider.

55. If an adversary of the player tell his partner how many points
they have taken in, or ask him to fatten a trick which is his, or call
attention in any way to the fact that the partner’s play should be thus
or so, the single player may at once claim his game as won, and abandon
his hand.


SCORING.

56. The single player wins his game if he reaches 61 points. He wins
schneider if he makes 91. He wins schwarz if he gets every trick.

57. If the adversaries reach 30, they are out of schneider. If they
reach 60, they defeat the player. If they get to 90, they make him
schneider; and if they win every trick they make him schwarz.

58. The value of the game having been calculated according to Law No.
2, the amount won or lost shall be entered on the score pad under the
name of the individual player, and each following item shall be added
to or deducted from the previous total, so that the last entry shall at
all times show the exact state of the player’s score.

59. At the end of the sitting each player wins from or loses to each of
the others at the table the full amount of his score.

60. In every case in which a player loses his game, he loses what he
would have won if he had been successful, regardless of the amount he
may have bid; but,

61. If the player fails to win a game equal to the amount he has bid,
he loses the value of the next higher game which would have made his
bid good; because in no case can a player lose less than he bid, and in
every case must he lose some multiple of the game which he declared to
play.


FROG.

This is a very popular game in Mexico, and seems to be an elementary
form of Skat, which it resembles in many ways. Even the name may be a
corruption of the simple game in Skat, which is called “frage.” The
chief differences are that there are four cards added to the pack for
frog, and that the players win or lose according to the number of
points they get above or below 61, instead of computing the value of
the game by matadores.

_=Players.=_ Three, four, or five can play; but only three are active
in each deal. If four play, the dealer takes no cards. If five play, he
gives cards to the two on his left and one on his right.

_=Cards.=_ There are thirty-six cards in the pack, which rank: A 10 K Q
J 9 8 7 6. Each Ace is worth 11, Tens are worth 10, Kings 4, Queens 3,
and Jacks 2. This gives us 120 points in the pack, and the object is to
get 61 or more.

_=Dealing.=_ Any one can deal the first hand, after which the deal
passes to the left. Three cards are given to each player the first
round, then three for the widow, and then two rounds of four cards each
to the players, so that there are three hands of eleven cards each, and
three in the widow.

_=THE GAMES.=_ Each player in turn, beginning on the dealer’s left,
can offer to play one of three games, and the highest offer must be
accepted. A player cannot increase his own bid unless he is overbid.
The highest bidder becomes the single player, opposed to the two others.

_=Frog.=_ In this, hearts must be trumps. The single player turns the
widow face up to show what it contained, and then takes the three cards
into his hand. He must then discard to reduce his playing hand to
eleven cards again. Any points in the cards he lays away will count for
him at the end of the play.

The player on the dealer’s left always leads for the first trick, any
card he pleases. The others must follow suit if they can, but they are
not obliged to head the trick. If a player cannot follow suit, he must
trump, and if the third player cannot follow suit either, he must play
a trump, but he is not obliged to over-trump unless he likes.

The eleven tricks played, each side turns over the cards taken in and
counts the points. For every point the single player gets over 60
he must be paid a counter by each of the others who held cards. But
if he does not get 60, he must pay each of the others at the table,
including those who held no cards, if any, a counter for every point
his adversaries get over 60.

_=Chico=_ outbids Frog. The player offering this game can name any suit
for the trump except hearts, but he must not touch the widow, although
the points in it will count for him at the end. Each point under or
over 60 is worth two counters in Chico.

_=Grand=_ outbids Chico, and is the highest bid possible. Hearts must
be trumps, and the player offering this game must not touch the widow
until the play is finished. Every point under or over 60 in a Grand is
worth four counters.

The bidder must play the game he names. He cannot bid Frog and play
Chico, or bid Chico and play Grand. The settling up of the scores at
the end, if the payments are not made at once in counters, is the same
as in Skat.


CRIBBAGE.

Cribbage is not only one of the oldest of the games upon the cards, but
enjoys the distinction of being quite unlike any other game, both in
the manner of playing it, and in the system of reckoning the points. It
is also peculiar from the fact that it is one of the very few really
good games which require no effort of the memory; judgment and finesse
being the qualities chiefly requisite for success.

There are two principal varieties of the game; _=Five=_ and
_=Six-card=_ Cribbage; and these again are divided according to the
number of players. The old writers agree in speaking of the five-card
game as the more scientific; but the modern verdict is in favour of
the six-card game, which is certainly the more common and popular.
The skill in Five-card Cribbage is limited to laying out for the crib
and securing the “go”; but in Six-card Cribbage, while the scientific
principles applicable to the crib remain the same as in the five-card
game, there is abundant room for the display of skill all through,
the hand being as important as the crib, and the play sometimes more
important than either. The six-card game will be first described.

_=CARDS.=_ Cribbage is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards,
which have no rank except the order of their sequence; K Q J 10 9 8
7 6 5 4 3 2 A, the Ace being always the lowest, either in cutting or
in play. The cards have also a counting or pip value, the three court
cards, K Q J, and the 10 being worth ten points each. All other cards,
including the Ace, retain their face value. There are no trumps, and
the four suits are therefore equal in value at all times.

_=MARKERS.=_ The game is 61 points, and is scored or “pegged” on a
cribbage board, which has a double row of 30 holes on each side, and a
game-hole at each end. The players are each provided with two pegs, and
they score the points as they accrue by advancing their pegs from left
to right according to the number of points they make. For instance: One
player makes 6 for his first count. He places one of his pegs in the
sixth hole from the left-hand end of the board. Then he makes 4, and
places the second peg four holes in advance of the first, which will
show that his total score is ten points. The third time he makes 2,
which he scores by lifting out the back peg and putting it two holes
in advance of the first one. This system of pegging not only shows the
total number of points made by either player, but enables the adversary
to check the count, as a glance at the distance between the two pegs
will show the number of points pegged last time.

When a player reaches the extreme right of the board, 30 points, he
crosses over to the inner row of holes, and goes down from right to
left. On reaching the end of the second row he has still one more to go
to get into the game-hole, which is in the middle of the board.

When one player reaches his game-hole before the other turns the
corner, it is called a _=lurch=_, and counts two games.

The pegs are so often lose or mislaid that it is much more convenient
to use a _=pull-up=_ cribbage board, in which every hole is provided
with its own peg, which may be raised to indicate the count. The back
pegs can be either left standing or pushed down again.

[Illustration]

The board is always placed midway between the players.

If three persons play, a triangular board is necessary. This is
provided with three sets of holes and three game holes.

When a cribbage board is not at hand, the game may be kept by ruling a
sheet of paper into ten divisions, and marking them with the figures 1
to 0 on each side:

  +---------------------------------------+
  | 0 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
  +---------------------------------------+
  | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 |
  +---------------------------------------+

Each player being provided with two coins, one silver and one copper,
(or different sizes,) the copper coin can be advanced from point to
point to count units, and the silver coin will mark the tens.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Cribbage is distinctly a game for two players, although
three may play, each for himself, or four, two being partners against
the other two. When two play, one is known as the _=dealer=_, and the
other as the non-dealer, or the _=pone=_.

_=CUTTING.=_ The players cut for the choice of seats, and for the first
deal. The lowest cut has the choice, and deals the first hand. The Ace
is low. If a player exposes more than one card he must cut again. Ties
are also decided by cutting again.

_=STAKES.=_ Cribbage is played for so much a game, lurches counting
double. Players may either settle at the end of each game, or score
on a sheet of paper. In the pull-up cribbage boards there are nine
extra pegs for counting games won. These are placed in a line with the
player’s game hole at each end.

_=DEALING.=_ The cards are shuffled and presented to the pone to be
cut, and he must leave at least six cards in each packet. Six cards are
dealt to each player, one at a time in rotation, beginning with the
player on the dealer’s left if there are more than two. No trump is
turned, and the remainder of the pack is placed face downward at the
end of the cribbage board on the dealer’s left.

_=Irregularities.=_ It is a misdeal if any card is found faced in the
pack, or if the pack is found to be imperfect, and there must be a
fresh deal by the same dealer. Any previous cuts or scores made with
the imperfect pack stand good. A player dealing out of turn may be
stopped before the non-dealer lifts his cards from the table. The
penalty for dealing out of turn is two points, if the error is detected
in time; otherwise the deal stands good.

If the dealer neglects to have the pack cut, exposes a card in
dealing, gives too many or too few cards to any player, deals a card
incorrectly, and fails to remedy the error before dealing another,
or exposes one of his adversary’s cards, the non-dealer scores two
points by way of penalty. He also has the option of demanding a fresh
deal by the same dealer, or of letting the deal stand. If the error is
simply an irregularity in the manner of dealing, or an exposed card,
the pone must decide without looking at his cards. If either player
has too many or too few cards, the pone may look at the hand dealt him
before deciding whether or not to have a fresh deal; but if it is the
pone himself that has too many or too few cards, he must discover and
announce the error before lifting his cards from the table, or he will
not be entitled to the option of letting the deal stand. If the pone
has too many cards he may return the surplus to the top of the pack,
without showing or naming them. If the dealer has too many, the pone
may draw from his hand face downward, returning the surplus to the top
of the pack; but the pone may not look at the cards so drawn unless the
dealer has seen them. If there are too few cards, and the pone elects
to have the deal stand, the deficiency must be supplied from the top of
the pack.

_=THE CRIB.=_ The cards dealt, each player takes up his six cards and
examines them with a view to laying out two cards, face downward, for
the crib; leaving himself four cards with which to play. The four cards
which form the crib, two from each hand, always belong to the dealer,
and it is usual for each player, in discarding for the crib, to slip
his two cards under the end of the cribbage board opposite to that
occupied by the remainder of the pack.

Cards once laid out for the crib, and the hand removed from them,
cannot be taken up again. A penalty of two points may be scored by the
adversary for each card so taken up again, whether it is returned to
the player’s hand or not. If either player confuses his cards in any
manner with those of the crib, his adversary scores two points, and may
also claim a fresh deal.

If it is not discovered until he comes to lay out for the crib, that
a player has too many cards, the same rules apply that are given for
misdealing; but if he has too few cards there is no remedy, as he has
lifted his hand. He must lay out two cards for the crib and play with
what remain, his adversary scoring two points penalty at the same time.

_=THE STARTER.=_ Both players having discarded for the crib, the
non-dealer cuts the remainder of the pack, and the dealer lifts the top
card from the portion left on the table, turning it face up. The two
portions being again united, the turned card is placed face up on the
pack, and is known as the starter, because it forms the starting-point
in the count for every hand and crib. At least four cards must be left
in each packet in cutting for the starter. If the starter is found face
up, there must be a new deal.

If the starter is a Jack, the dealer immediately pegs two points _=for
his heels=_. If he does not peg these two holes before he plays a card
the score is lost. If the Jack of the same suit as the starter is found
in the hand or crib of any player, it is called _=his nobs=_, and when
the hand is reckoned up after the play is over, one point may be scored
for it.

If the dealer exposes more than one card after the pack has been
properly cut, his adversary may choose which of the exposed cards shall
be the starter.

In order to understand the motives which govern the players in
discarding, and the influences which the starter has upon the value of
the hands and crib, it will be necessary to describe the objects of the
game, before giving the method of play.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ The chief object in Cribbage is to form and to
preserve various counting combinations. As these combinations occur in
the course of play, or are shown in the hand or crib after the play is
over, their value in points is pegged on the cribbage board, and the
player who first pegs a sufficient number of these combinations to
reach a total of 61 points, wins the game.

There are five principal varieties of these counting combinations:
Pairs, Triplets, Fours, Sequences, and Fifteens; besides some minor
counts which will be spoken of in their proper place.

The various counting combinations in Cribbage may arise in two ways.
They may be formed by combining the cards played by one person with
those played by his adversary; or they may be found in the individual
hand or crib after the play is over. In the latter case the starter is
considered as part of each hand and crib, increasing each of them to
five available counting cards.

_=Pairs.=_ A pair is any two cards of the same denomination, such as
two Fives or two Queens, and its counting value is always the same, 2
points. _=Triplets=_, usually called Pairs Royal, Proils, or Prials,
are any three cards of the same denomination, such as three Nines.
Their value is the number of separate pairs that can be formed with the
three cards, which is three, and the combination is therefore always
worth 6 points. The different pairs that can be formed with three
Nines, for instance, would be as follows:--

[Illustration:

  🂹 🃙     🂹 🂩     🃙 🂩
]

_=Fours=_, sometimes called Double Pairs Royal, or Deproils, are any
four cards of the same denomination, such as four Fours, and their
counting value is the number of separate pairs that can be formed with
the four cards, which is six. The combination is therefore always worth
12 points. The different combinations of four cards, arranged in pairs,
is as follows:--

[Illustration:

  🂴 🃔     🂴 🂤     🂴 🃄
  🃔 🂤     🃔 🃄     🂤 🃄
]

Whether the foregoing combinations are formed during the play of the
hand, or found in the hand or crib after the play is over, their
counting value is exactly the same.

_=Sequences.=_ Any three or more cards, following one another in
numerical order, will form a sequence. A sequence may also run into
the court cards, such as 9 10 J, 10 J Q, or J Q K; but Q K A is not a
sequence in Cribbage. The counting value of a sequence is one point
for each card in it. Sequences formed in the course of play must always
be single, although the cards forming them need not fall in regular
order. Those found in the hand or crib may be double, and those formed
with the aid of the starter may be treble or quadruple.

The method of computing the value of double and treble sequences
should be thoroughly understood, in order that such combinations may
be counted at sight. A few examples will show that each combination
belongs to a certain class, to which the same counting value is always
attached. These classes are distinguished by the number of duplicates
of the sequence cards.

[Illustration:

  🂲 🃓 🂴 🂤
]

If you hold three cards which form a sequence, and have also a
duplicate of any one of them, no matter which, it is evident that by
substituting the card of equal value you can form another sequence.
Such combinations are therefore always worth 8 points, 6 for the
_=double run=_, as it is called, and 2 for the pair, no matter what the
cards are that form the combination.

[Illustration:

  🂢 🂲 🃒 🃃 🃔
]

If the five cards in the hand and starter together contain a run of
three with two duplicates, it is evident that three separate sequences
can be formed by using each of the duplicates alternately. Such
combinations are always worth 15 points; 9 for the triple run of three,
and 6 for the pair royal.

[Illustration:

  🃑 🃁 🃒 🂳 🃓
]

If the duplicates are of two different cards, no matter which, it will
be found that four different sequences of three cards each can be
formed by changing the Aces and Threes alternately. Such combinations
are therefore always worth 16 points: four runs of three, worth 12, and
4 points for the two separate pairs.

[Illustration:

  🂡 🂢 🂳 🃔 🃄
]

If the five cards contain one sequence of four, and one duplicate, the
combination will always be worth 10 points; 8 for the double run of
four, and 2 for the pair.

The foregoing should be thoroughly familiar to every player, so that
he may know the exact value of the combination the moment he sees the
length of the sequence and the number of duplicates.

_=Two-card Fifteens.=_ Any combination of two or more cards, the total
face value of which is exactly 15, is called _=fifteen-two=_, because
each fifteen so formed is worth two points in the pegging. There are
only three combinations of two cards which will form fifteen; a Five
with any court card or Ten; a Nine and a Six; an Eight and a Seven.
The manner of counting duplicates is the same as that employed for the
pairs and sequences, and the player should be equally familiar with
each variety of combination. The fifteens formed by _=two cards=_ only
are the simplest, and should be studied first.

[Illustration:

  🂮 🂻 🂥
]

It is obvious that if there is in the hand or the starter a duplicate
of either of the cards forming the fifteen, no matter which, another
fifteen can be formed, and the combination will therefore always be
worth 6 points; 4 for the two fifteens, and 2 for the pair. It must not
be forgotten that in the case of _=tenth cards=_, as they are called,
the duplicates may not form pairs, as for instance with K J 5. The
fifteen is duplicated, but there is no pair.

[Illustration:

  🂩 🃉 🃙 🂦
]

If there are two duplicates of either card, the combination will always
be worth 12 points; 6 for the three fifteens, and 6 more for the pair
royal.

[Illustration:

  🂹 🃙 🃆 🂶
]

If the duplicates are of two different cards, the combination is still
worth 12, because four different fifteens can be formed by combining
each Nine with each Six separately, and there are two single pairs.

[Illustration:

  🃙 🃆 🂶 🃖 🂦
  🂹 🂩 🃉 🃖 🂦
]

The same is true of any combinations of two-card fifteens in which
all five cards are of value; they are both of the same pegging value,
20 points. If there are three duplicates of one card in the original
fifteen, the four separate fifteens will be worth 8, and the double
pair royal 12. If there are two duplicates of one card, and one of the
other, six separate fifteens can be formed by combining each Nine with
each Six, pegging 12; and the pair royal of one card with the single
pair of the other will add 8 more.

_=Three-card Fifteens=_ may be formed in fifteen different ways,
ranging from 10 4 A, to 5 5 5. If you hold any of these combinations,
and have a fourth card which is a duplicate of any of the three forming
the fifteen, the value of the combination will depend on how many
cards you can replace with the duplicate card.

[Illustration:

  🂾 🃞 🃔 🂡
]

If you have an extra tenth card, you can replace the other tenth card
once only, and the total value of the combination is therefore 6
points, which is expressed by the formula; “Fifteen-two, fifteen-four,
and a pair.”

[Illustration:

  🃙 🂳 🃓 🂣
]

If your combination was 9 3 3, and you had another 9, the same thing
would be true; but if your duplicate is a Three, there are two cards
which can be replaced, and the combination is therefore worth 12; 6 for
the three fifteens, and 6 more for the pair royal.

[Illustration:

  🂵 🃕 🃅 🂥
]

If your combination is one in which all three cards can be replaced
with the duplicate, making three extra fifteens, it must be worth 20
altogether; 8 for the four fifteens, and 12 for the double pair royal.

[Illustration:

  🂢 🃖 🂷 🂧 🃇
]

If you have two duplicates of any one card in the original combination,
there are only two extra fifteens, and the combination will be worth
12; 6 for the three fifteens, and 6 more for the pair royal.

[Illustration:

  🃒 🂦 🃖 🂷 🃗
]

If you have duplicates of two different cards you can form four
fifteens; because you can replace the Seven first, and then the Six,
and then put the first Seven back again with the new Six. This will
make the combination of the same value as if you had three duplicates
of one card, 12 points; 8 for the four fifteens, and 4 for the two
single pairs.

_=Combinations.=_ The beginner’s greatest difficulty is in counting
hands which contain all three varieties of counts; pairs, sequences,
and fifteens. But if he is familiar with the values of the various
combinations taken separately, he will have no difficulty in computing
them when they are found together. Some regular order should be
observed in going over the hands, so that nothing shall be forgotten.
The majority of players begin with the fifteens, as they are more
liable to be overlooked, and then reckon the value of the runs and
pairs together.

Take the following examples:--

  No. 1. [Illustration: 🃕 🂵 🂥 🃖 🃇]

  No. 2. [Illustration: 🂦 🃇 🂨 🃈 🃘]

  No. 3. [Illustration: 🃆 🂧 🂸 🂩 🂹]

  No. 4. [Illustration: 🃖 🂷 🃗 🃈 🃘]

No. 1 contains a fifteen in addition to the three runs of three and the
pair royal, and is therefore worth 17 altogether. Nos. 2 and 3 each
contain three fifteens; but No. 2 is worth 21 points on account of the
three runs of three and the pair royal, while No. 3 is worth only 16;
a double run of four and a single pair. No. 4 contains four fifteens
in addition to the four runs of three and two single pairs, and is
therefore worth 24 points.

The best combination that can be held in hand or crib is three Fives
and a Jack, with the Five of the same suit as the Jack for a starter.
We have already seen that the four Fives by themselves are worth 20,
to which we must add the four extra fifteens made by combining the
Jack with each Five separately, and one more point for his nobs, 29
altogether. If the Jack was the starter, the combination would be worth
30 to the dealer, but his heels would have to be counted before a card
was played.

_=Flushes.=_ In addition to the foregoing combinations, if all four
cards in the hand are of the same suit the player can peg four points
for the flush; if the starter is also the same suit, five points. A
flush does not count in the crib unless the starter is the same suit,
and then it counts five points. Flushes are never made in play.

_=Laying Out for the Crib.=_ With this knowledge of the objects of
game, and the various counting combinations, it will be seen that each
player should keep the cards which count the most for him, or which are
most likely to form good combinations with different starters.

Suppose the non-dealer holds these cards:--

[Illustration:

  🃖 🂧 🂨 🂸 🂩 🃚
]

If he puts the two Eights in his adversary’s crib, he not only gives
him two very good cards, which go to form a great many valuable
combinations, but he leaves himself absolutely nothing but 2 points for
a single fifteen, formed by the 9 and 6. It would be a little better,
but still very bad play, for him to discard the 8 and 6, leaving
himself a sequence of four cards and a fifteen, 6 points altogether. He
might do a little better by discarding the 10 and 8, leaving himself
a run of four, and two fifteens, 8 points altogether. If he discards
either the 10 and 9, or the 10 and 6, he will leave himself a double
run of three, a pair, and two fifteens, 12 altogether. Of these two
discards, that of the 10 and 6 is better than the 10 and 9, because the
10 and 9 might help to form a sequence in the adversary’s crib, whereas
the 10 and 6 are so far apart that they are very unlikely to be of any
use.

Cards which are likely to form parts of sequences are called _=close
cards=_, and those which are too widely separated to do so are called
_=wide cards=_.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The crib laid out and the starter cut, the pone
begins by playing any card he pleases. The card he selects he lays face
upward on the table on his own side of the cribbage board, and at the
same time announces its pip value; two, five, or ten, whatever it may
be. It is then the dealer’s turn to play a card from his hand, which
is also laid face upward on the table, but on the dealer’s side of the
cribbage board. Instead of announcing the pip value of this second
card, the dealer calls out the total value of the two cards taken
together. The pone then lays another card on the table face upward and
on the top of the first, which is not turned face down, and at the same
time announces the total pip value of the three cards so far played;
the dealer plays again, and so on.

If at any time the total pip value of the cards played is exactly
15 or 31, the one who plays the card that brings it to that number
pegs two points for it at once. If any counting combination, such as
a pair, pair royal, or sequence, is formed by the cards played, its
value is pegged by the person that plays the card which completes the
combination; but neither player is allowed to play a card which will
make the total pip value of the cards played pass 31. The method of
forming and pegging these various combinations in play will be better
understood if they are described separately. A card once played cannot
be taken up again, unless it passes 31.

_=Pairs.=_ If the first card played by the pone should be a 6, and the
dealer had a 6 also, the latter would probably play it, announcing:
“Twelve, with a pair,” and pegging two holes. If the pone held a third
six he would immediately play it, announcing: “Eighteen, with a pair
royal,” and would peg six holes for the three pairs which can be formed
with the three Sixes, although he did not hold all of them. If the
dealer was fortunate enough to hold the fourth Six he might rejoin
with: “Twenty-four, with a double-pair-royal.” This would entitle him
to peg twelve more holes, although he had already pegged the single
pair.

_=Sequences.=_ Suppose the first card played by the pone was a 4. The
dealer plays a 2, announcing: “Six.” The pone plays a 3, announcing:
“Nine, with a run of three,” and pegging three holes for the sequence
formed in play. The dealer plays an Ace; “Ten, with a run of four,” and
pegs four holes for the sequence of four cards made in play, all of
which are face upward on the table, although he held only two of them.

_=Fifteens.=_ The pone then plays a 5, which, added to the 10 just
announced by the dealer, makes 15, with a run of five cards; seven
holes to peg altogether. (This is quite independent of the sequence
previously scored, just as the double pair royal was of the previous
single pair.) The dealer now plays a deuce, and announces seventeen.
This card does not form any sequence with those that have gone
immediately before it, because if the order of play is retraced it will
be found that another deuce is encountered before we reach the Four.
This illustrates the rule already given, that sequences formed in play
must always be single, and cannot be reckoned with substitute cards,
like pairs royal. If they could, the last player in this case might
claim a double run of five and a pair.

The pone now plays another 4, which forms the sequence afresh if we go
back to the third card played. He announces: “Twenty-one, with a run of
five,” and pegs five holes more. The dealer plays a 3, also claiming a
run of five, which he pegs, and as that is the last card to be played
in that hand he also pegs one hole for _=last card=_.

The total score of the dealer is now 10 points, and that of the pone is
15. The cards they held, and the order in which they were played is as
follows:--

[Illustration:

  Pone:--   🂤 🃃 🃕 🃔
  Dealer:--  🃂 🂱 🂲 🃓
]

_=SHOWING.=_ In order to illustrate the manner of counting the hands,
which is called showing, let us suppose the starter to be a Queen,
and that the pone discarded an Ace and a Ten for the crib, the dealer
laying out two Jacks.

The non-dealer always has the first show, as an offset to the advantage
of the dealer’s crib. The pone therefore shows his hand, which,
combined with the starter, is as follows:--

[Illustration:

  🂭   🃃 🂤 🃔 🃕
]

This is worth 10 holes; the run of three with one duplicate is always
worth 8, and the fifteen formed by the starter and the Five counts 2
more. This puts the pone’s total score to 25 points.

The dealer then counts, showing his hand first. This, with the starter,
is as follows:--

[Illustration:

  🂭   🂱 🂲 🃂 🃓
]

This is worth 14 holes. In addition to the run of three with one
duplicate, three fifteens can be formed by combining the starter and
a Three with each of the deuces, and then taking the starter and the
Ace with both the deuces together. This puts the dealer’s total score
to 24, with the crib still to count. This is as follows, with the
starter:--

[Illustration:

  🂭   🃛 🂫 🃚 🂡
]

This is worth 9 holes; 8 for the run of three with one duplicate, and
1 for his nobs. There are no fifteens, and the Ace is worthless. This
puts the dealer three holes round the corner, and on the homestretch
for the game hole.

The deal now passes to the player that was the pone, and the next crib
will belong to him.

Beginners often experience difficulty in deciding when a run has been
made in play, and when it has not. If there is any dispute about it,
the cards should be placed as shown in these diagrams, and if any
duplicate is encountered before the run is complete, it cannot be
pegged.

Take the following examples:--

[Illustration:

  🂡 🃒 🃖 🃄
    🃅 🂲 🃓
]

There is no sequence, because we encounter a duplicate deuce before we
reach the Five. If the last player had a Five to play now, it would
make a run of five cards, stopping at the deuce of hearts. Take the
following:--

[Illustration:

  🂦 🃑 🃅 🃒
    🂣 🂤 🃁 🂶
]

There is no sequence; but if the pone had played his Five for his
second card, the dealer would have pegged two runs; one of four, and
one of six, besides the last card; the pone making one run of five and
a pair, as follows:--

[Illustration:

  🂦 🃅 🃒 🃑
   🂣 🂤 🃁 🂶
]

It will be seen that if the dealer had not played his Ace and kept
his Six at the last, the pone would have pegged eleven holes on him,
instead of seven.

_=Go, and Thirty-one.=_ When a person has no card which he can play
without making the total pip value of all the cards played more than
31, he must say to his adversary: “Go.” That is, “Go on and play, for I
cannot.” If his adversary has no cards left, the player must say “go”
to himself. When a person is told to go, he must play as many cards
as he can without passing 31. If he reaches 31 exactly, he scores two
points; if he cannot quite reach it, he scores one point for the go.
The principle is that if 31 cannot be made by either player, the one
playing the card that brought the count nearest to it shall count one
for it, even if he has told himself to go. There is no count for “last
card” if it makes 31. But the “last card” counts if it makes 15.

If a player tells another to go when he can still play himself, he
forfeits two points, and his adversary may, if he chooses, take back
the cards to the point where the error occurred and have them played
over again. The same penalty can be enforced against a player who pegs
for a go when he can still play.

Suppose the first card played is a Jack. The dealer, holding two Nines,
an Eight, and a Five, plays the Five, and pegs 2 for the fifteen. The
pone plays a Nine, announcing the total as twenty-four. The dealer
cannot pair this Nine, because it would run the count past 31, neither
can he play the Eight, so he says, “Go.” The pone pegs the go without
playing, which shows that he is also unable to play, having nothing so
small as a Seven.

Both then turn down the cards already played, and the one whose turn
it is to play begins all over again with his remaining cards or card,
announcing its face value, his adversary playing after him until their
cards are exhausted or they reach another 31.

To continue the foregoing example, let us suppose the dealer to play
one of his Nines. The pone plays a Jack, and announces “Nineteen.” The
dealer plays his remaining Nine, and calls “Twenty-eight.” The pone
tells him to go, and he pegs one. These three cards are turned down.
The pone then plays a Ten, and the dealer marks one for the last card.
The hands and crib are then shown.

If either player can reach exactly 31, he scores two points for it,
whether he has been told to go or not. Suppose the pone begins with
a Nine. The dealer plays a Six and pegs 2 for the fifteen. The pone
pairs the Six, calls “Twenty-one,” and pegs 2 for the pair. The dealer
with two Fives and a Four in his hand, plays the Four, and calls
“Twenty-five,” hoping the pone has no small card, which will allow
the dealer to make a run of three with one of his Fives if he is told
to go. But the pone plays a Five, calling: “Thirty, with a run of
three.” The dealer tells him to go, and he plays an Ace, pegging two
holes for the 31. The cards are all turned down, and the pone having
no cards, the dealer plays his two Fives, and pegs a pair and the
last card. The pair counts in this case because the adversary has no
cards to interfere with it. A run of three might be played and scored
in the same way, because the score for combinations made in play are
determined by the order in which the cards are played, irrespective of
who plays them.

_=Irregularities in Hands.=_ If a player is found to have too many or
too few cards, after he has laid out for the crib, his adversary pegs
two points, and may also claim a fresh deal. If the deal is allowed to
stand, superfluous cards must be drawn at random by the adversary, who
may look at the card or cards so drawn before placing them in the pack.
If either player is found to have too few cards after having laid out
for the crib, he has no remedy. His adversary pegs two points, and the
short hand must be played and shown for what it is worth.

_=Irregular Cribs.=_ If the superfluous card is found in the crib,
and the non-dealer had the short hand, the dealer may reckon all the
combinations he can make in the six-card crib; but if it was the
dealer who had the short hand, the superfluous crib is void. If the
crib contains a superfluous card, both the players having their right
number, the non-dealer pegs two holes for the evident misdeal, and the
crib is void. If both players have their right number, and the crib is
short, it must be shown for what it is worth; but the non-dealer pegs
two holes for the evident misdeal.

_=Irregular Announcements.=_ There is no penalty if a player announces
a wrong number as the total of the cards played, provided he does
not peg an erroneous fifteen or thirty-one. If the following player
does not correct the announcement, but plays and adds to it, the
error cannot be rectified. If any holes are pegged for an erroneous
announcement, the adversary may demand that they be taken down again,
and may add the number to his own score.

_=Miscounting.=_ If a player over-counts his hand, crib, or play, and
pegs the points erroneously claimed, his adversary may call attention
to the error, demand that the superfluous points be taken down again,
and may add them to his own score as penalty. Should a player neglect
to peg the full value of his hand, crib, or play, his adversary may add
the neglected points to his own score, after pointing out the omission.
Should a player be mistaken in exacting either of these penalties, he
must not only take down what he pegged, but allow his adversary to peg
the same number as penalty.

None of these corrections can be claimed until the player in error has
pegged and quitted the score; that is, removed his fingers from the
front peg. The claim should always be prefaced by the word _=Muggins=_.
If the error is one of omission in play, the adversary must play his
own card before claiming muggins. If it is in the hand or crib, the
adversary must wait until the points claimed are pegged and quitted. If
there are no points claimed, he must wait until the cards are turned
face down, thus acknowledging that there is apparently nothing to
score. A player is not allowed to tell his adversary whether or not he
has counted his hand or crib correctly, until it is pegged.

_=Nineteen.=_ As it is impossible to hold 19 in hand or crib, it is
a common practice for a player, when he has nothing at all to score,
to announce, “Nineteen.” The numbers twenty-seven, twenty-six and
twenty-five are also impossible.

_=Pegging.=_ Neither player is allowed to touch the other’s pegs. If
the score is erroneous, the player in fault must be called upon to
remedy it himself. A player whose pegs are touched by his adversary can
score two holes for penalty. If a player removes his adversary’s front
peg, the latter may immediately claim the game. If a player displaces
his own front peg, he must place it behind the other. If both players
displace their front pegs, as by accident, they may agree to replace
them where they believe them to have stood; but if they cannot agree
they must call the game void.

_=Pegging Out.=_ In pegging during the play, the first man to reach
his game hole wins, no matter what either may have in hand or crib. If
neither can peg out in play, the non-dealer has the first show. If he
cannot show out, the dealer proceeds to count his hand and then his
crib. If he cannot show out there must be a new deal.

_=CHEATING.=_ The greatest advantage at Cribbage is to secure good
starters, and for this purpose the greek adopts various methods of
trimming and marking the cards so that he may secure a starter exactly
suited to his hand. After trimming certain cards a trifle longer or
shorter than others, the pack to be cut may be presented to the pone in
such a manner that he will unconsciously lift them either by the ends
or the sides, according to the wish of the dealer, and so uncover a
starter exactly suited to the dealer’s hand or crib. When the sharper
has the cut, he can of course uncover any card he pleases. With marked
edges, the pone can cut down to a card of any desired denomination.
Some audacious gamblers make it a rule to get a starter by simply
removing the top card and turning up the next one. It is needless to
say that the second card has been carefully pre-arranged. Any person
who fingers the pack longer than necessary in cutting starters, or
who cuts sometimes by the edge and sometimes by the side, will bear
watching. Marked cards and second dealing are great weapons in a game
where so much depends on a knowledge of the adversary’s hand, and on
securing good counting cards for yourself.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ In the six-card game the hand is more
valuable than the crib, because you know what it contains, whereas the
crib is largely speculative. In the five-card game, in which there
are only three cards in the hand and four in the crib, it is usual to
sacrifice the hand very largely for the possibilities of the crib,
because of the much larger scores that can be made with five cards, the
starter and four in the crib.

_=Baulking.=_ In both games it is the duty of the pone to baulk the
dealer’s crib as much as possible, by laying out cards which are very
unlikely to be worth anything, either in making fifteens or in filling
up sequences. Pairs it is impossible to provide against, and the
chance of making a flush is remote, but should be avoided if there is
any choice. The best baulk is a King and Nine; tenth cards and Aces
are also very good cards to lay out. Cards which are at least two pips
apart, called _=wide cards=_, are better than _=close cards=_, as the
latter may form sequences. Fives are very bad discards, and so are any
cards that form a five or a fifteen.

_=The Crib.=_ In laying out for his own crib, the dealer should
preserve his own hand as much as possible; but other things being
equal, the best cards to lay out are pairs, close cards, and cards that
form fives, such as Fours and Aces. If these elements can be combined,
so much the better. An Eight and a Seven, for instance, are not only
close cards, being only one pip apart, but form a fifteen. The same is
true of a trey and deuce.

_=Keeping.=_ In selecting the hand to keep, much depends on the score.
Early in the game you want a counting hand; near the end, especially
if you have only four or five points to go, you want a pegging hand;
that is, one with every card different, so that you can pair several
cards, or make fifteens with almost anything that the pone may lead. In
keeping a counting hand, much depends on whether it is good in itself,
or needs a starter. In reckoning on the possibilities of the starter,
it must never be forgotten that there are sixteen tenth cards in the
pack, and that they are therefore the most probable starters of all. It
is better to keep sequences open at both ends than those open in the
middle. With two Sevens and two Eights, either a Six or a Nine will
make your hand worth 24; but with two Eights and two Sixes, nothing but
a Seven will improve your hand more than 4 points. Sequences are the
best to keep, especially those of three cards with a duplicate. After
them pairs royal are valuable, and next to them cards which will make
a number of fives in various combinations, such as two Threes and two
deuces.

_=Leading.=_ There are two systems of playing, known as _=playing
off=_, and _=playing on=_, and they are selected according to the
player’s position in the score. Long experience has shown that in
six-card Cribbage the average expectation of the non-dealer for his
hand and play is 12 points; and for the dealer, in hand, crib, and
play, is 17. This being so, each player having had a deal, their scores
should be about 29. If a player is 29 or more, he is said to be _=at
home=_; and if he is seven or more points ahead of his adversary on
even deals, he is said to be _=safe at home=_. When a player is safe at
home, he should play off; that is, take no chances of scoring himself
that might give his adversary a chance to make a still better score.
This is usually found in the method of playing sequences. A player who
avoids playing cards that might lead up to a run is said to play off.
If he invites the run, hoping to make it longer himself, he is said to
play on. When a player is behind, it is better for him to play on,
and to seize every chance to score, especially with sequences. As it
is considered an advantage to be ahead on the first deal, most players
prefer a forward game on the opening hand.

_=Playing Off.=_ In this it is best to play cards on which it is
unlikely that your adversary can score. Lead Aces, Twos and Threes,
which cannot be made into fifteens. Do not pair his cards unless you
have a card which will make you a double pair royal, (without passing
31,) if he should make a pair royal on you. Do not play close cards
which he may turn into sequences.

Never play a card which will allow the adversary to make a double
score, such as a pair and a fifteen, or a sequence and a fifteen at the
same time. Such as the following are all bad plays: 9 on 3; 7 on A; 6
on 3, 4, or 5; 5 on 5; 4 on 7; 3 on 9; A on 7. All these expose you to
the immediate rejoinder of a double count. Of course, if you have the
card to make a pair royal in return, that is another matter, and is
playing on, not playing off.

Do not play a card which brings the pip count to 5 or 21 if you can
help it; because any tenth card will enable your adversary to peg two
holes. Be a little wary about pairing the first card played, unless you
have a third of the same denomination. If you have a choice between
a pair and a sequence, your decision will depend on whether you are
playing off or on. If you are playing off, make the pair, and take no
chances of long runs.

_=Playing On.=_ In this you play to give your adversary a count, hoping
to make a better yourself. It is always advantageous to play one of a
pair, and to begin with one end of a sequence. If he pairs your first
card, you can reply with a pair royal. If he plays to make a sequence,
you can sometimes hold him off until you get the score, and he will be
unable to continue the run without passing 31. Play one of two cards
that form a five, such as 3 and 2; 4 and A. If he plays a tenth card
to it, you can peg fifteen. In playing on, you should make all the
sequences possible, taking chances of your adversary’s being able to
continue the run. If you think he is leading you on, you must be guided
by the state of the score as to how much you can risk.

Toward the end, you must reckon pretty closely how many points you can
afford to risk your adversary’s making without putting him out. If you
have enough in your hand to get out on the show, you should not attempt
to make a single point in play. Pair nothing, for he might come out
with a pair royal; make no runs, for he might extend them. But if you
have not enough to show out, you must take every chance to peg the
difference, because if you cannot get out in play and first show, the
dealer has not only both hand and crib against you, but the first show
on the next deal. In six-card Cribbage, the usual pegging for the play
is five holes for the dealer, and four or five for the non-dealer. By
adding this expectation to your show, you can see how many you can hope
to peg yourself, and how many the dealer will probably be on hand, crib
and peg altogether. The hands should average 7 points, and the cribs 5.


FIVE-CARD CRIBBAGE.

In this form of the game only five cards are dealt to each player,
one at a time. Two of these are laid out for the crib, and the three
remaining are used in play, exactly as in the six-card game.

_=Three for Last.=_ The non-dealer on the first hand of each game is
allowed to peg three holes as a compensation for the advantage his
adversary derives from having the first deal. Although the rules allow
these three to be pegged at any time during the game, they should be
put up immediately, in order to avoid disputes.

There is no further play after a go is declared, or either player has
reached 31. The score for 31 is two holes; and for the go, one hole.
Great importance is attached to the score for the go at five-card
Cribbage, because so little is made in play that every point counts.

_=The Crib.=_ This is the most important thing in the five-card game,
and it is much more important to baulk your adversary’s crib than to
preserve your own hand. The best baulking cards are a King with a 10,
9, 8, 7, 6 or A. Never lay out a Jack, nor two cards which form a five,
nor any pair, nor any two close cards. In laying out for your own crib,
Fives, Sevens and Eights are the best. Any pair, any two cards that
make five or fifteen, and any close cards are also good. Keep pairs
royal and runs in your hand, and do not forget that a flush of three
counts in the hand; but the starter must agree to make a flush in the
crib.

_=Playing Off and On.=_ The pegging in play is usually small; 2 for the
dealer, and an average of 1½ for the non-dealer, hence the importance
of the go. The average hand is a little less than 5, and the crib about
5. The player is at home if he has pegged 17 in two deals, his own and
his adversary’s. He is safe at home if he is 7 ahead, or his adversary
is 7 behind.

In Five-card Cribbage, more than any other game, it is true that a game
is never won until it is lost. Take the following example, in which the
pone is 56 up, and the dealer has pegged only 5 holes altogether. The
separated cards show those laid out for the crib, and the odd card is
the starter.

[Illustration:

  Pone;--   🃗 🂧 🃆   🃔 🂳
                            🂣
  Dealer;-- 🃖 🂶 🂦   🃒 🃓
]

The pone leads a Seven, and afterwards pairs the dealer’s Six, pegging
to 58. The dealer pegs 6 for the pair royal, and is told to go. This
enables the dealer to make a double pair royal and 31, pegging fourteen
holes more. (The last card does not count when a go or 31 is pegged).
On the show the pone has only a pair, which puts him to 60, within one
of the game hole. The dealer shows 12 in hand and 17 in crib, making
him 54 up. In the next deal the player who wanted one could not peg,
his adversary securing a fifteen and a go, and showing out with a pair
and a fifteen, 61 up and game.


THREE-HANDED CRIBBAGE.

Five cards are dealt to each player, and then another, face down, for
the foundation of the crib. Each player then lays out one card to make
the dealer’s crib up to four. The starter is cut by the player on the
dealer’s left, and the game proceeds as at six-card Cribbage, the
eldest hand having the first show, the dealer the last.


FOUR-HANDED CRIBBAGE.

When four play, they cut for partners, choice of seats, and deal; the
two lowest pairing against the two highest, and the lowest taking the
first deal and crib. The game is usually 121 points up, or twice round
the board, and only one player on each side keeps the score.

Five cards are dealt to each player, one at a time, and one of these
is discarded from each hand to form the crib, leaving four cards with
which to play. The right-hand adversary of the dealer cuts for deal;
the left-hand adversary for the starter. The eldest hand plays first,
and all pairs, sequences, and fifteens are scored by the side making
them. If a player says “go,” his left-hand neighbour must play, or pass
the go to the next player on his left. In this way it may pass entirely
round the table to the last player, who will then peg for it.

At this game there is a great deal more in the play than in either hand
or crib. The average hand and crib is the same as at six-card Cribbage,
7 for the hand and 5 for the crib, but the play for the partners will
run to 8 or 10 holes. Either side should be at home with 48 to 50 on
two deals; four individual hands of 7 each, four plays of five each,
and one crib of 5.


SEVEN-CARD CRIBBAGE.

This form of the game for two players differs from the others only in
the number of cards dealt to each player, which is seven. Two are laid
out for the crib, and five kept for playing. There being six cards in
each hand, with the starter, the counting combinations sometimes run
into high figures, and it is therefore usual to play the game 121 or
even 181 points up.

       *       *       *       *       *

There are no authoritative _=LAWS=_ for Cribbage, but the foregoing
descriptions contain all the regulations in force at the best clubs.


TEXT BOOKS.

  The Cribbage Player’s Handbook, by Walker.
  Bézique and Cribbage, by Berkeley.
  Pocket Guide to Cribbage, by “Cavendish.”
  Bohn’s Handbook of Games.
  Cribbage, by Rawdon Crawley.
  Dick’s Handbook of Cribbage.


PIQUET.

Piquet is supposed to have been introduced during the reign of Charles
VII., and was designed as a motif for a ballet of living cards which
was given in the palace of Chinon. Of the etymology of the word piquet,
little or nothing is known, but the game itself is one of those
perennials that have survived much more pretentious rivals, and, thanks
to its intrinsic merits, it has never since its invention ceased to be
more or less à la mode.

There are several varieties of Piquet, but the straightforward game for
two players, sometimes called _=Piquet au Cent=_, or 100 points up, is
the most common and popular, and will be first described.

_=CARDS.=_ Piquet is played with a pack of thirty-two cards, all below
the Seven being deleted. The cards rank: A K Q J 10 9 8 7, the Ace
being the highest both in cutting and in play. There is no trump in
Piquet, and all suits are equal in value. Two packs are sometimes used,
one by each player in his proper turn to deal.

The cards have a certain pip-counting value, the Ace being reckoned
for 11, other court cards for 10 each, and the 7 8 9 10 for their face
value.

_=MARKERS.=_ As the scores are not put down until the end of the hand
or play the game is usually kept on a sheet of paper, or it may be
marked on a cribbage board.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Piquet is played by two persons, who sit opposite each
other. They are known as the dealer, and the elder hand or pone.

_=CUTTING.=_ They cut for seats and cards, the lower cut having the
choice, and dealing the first hand. If a player exposes more than one
card the lowest of those exposed must be taken as his cut. Ties are
decided by cutting a second time.

_=STAKES.=_ Piquet is played for so much a game of 100 points; but if
the loser has not reached 50 points he is lurched, and loses a double
game.

_=DEALING.=_ The cards shuffled, they are presented to the pone to be
cut, and at least two cards must be left in each packet. Twelve cards
are dealt to each player, either two or three at a time; but whichever
method is first selected must be maintained throughout the game. In
England the cards are always dealt by twos. No trump is turned. The
remaining eight cards are placed face downward on the table, the five
top cards being laid crosswise on the three at the bottom. These eight
cards are called the _=talon=_ or stock. Each player deals in turn.

_=Irregularities in Dealing.=_ If the pack is proved to be imperfect
the deal is void, but all previous scores or cuts made with that pack
stand good. A misdeal does not lose the deal under any circumstances.
If a card is found faced in the pack there must be a fresh deal
with the same cards. If a player deals out of turn, and detects the
error himself before he sees any of his cards, he may insist on his
adversary’s dealing, even if the adversary has seen his cards. As the
deal is a disadvantage the adversary is not bound to correct the player
in error.

If the dealer gives too many or too few cards to either player a new
deal is at the option of the adversary. The error will of course be
detected when it is found that there are only seven cards in the talon.
If the non-dealer elects to have the deal stand, the error in the
player’s hand must be remedied in the discard, as will presently be
described, and the stock must be divided 4-3 or 5-2, according to which
player has too many cards.

_=Carte Blanche.=_ The cards dealt, each player takes up his twelve
cards and sorts them into suits. If the pone finds himself without a K
Q or J, he should immediately claim 10 points for carte blanche. If the
dealer holds carte blanche, he does not declare it until the pone has
discarded.

_=DISCARDING.=_ The five cards on the top of the talon belong to the
pone, and he may discard from his hand any number of cards from one to
five, and replace them by an equal number from the top of the stock.
He must take at least one card, and he must take from the talon in the
natural order of the cards. If he has elected to let a deal stand in
which he has been given thirteen cards, he is entitled to four cards
only from the talon, and must in all cases leave himself with twelve
cards after his discard and draw are completed. If he does not take all
five cards, he must announce distinctly how many he leaves, for if he
fails to do so the dealer is not liable for having too many cards.

The dealer then discards, first declaring carte blanche if he holds it.
In England, he need not draw at all, in France he must draw at least
one card. Besides the three cards which belong to him, he is entitled
to take as many as he pleases of those left by the pone, and in drawing
from the talon he must take the cards in the order in which they come.
If two cards are left by the pone, for instance, and the dealer wants
three only, he must take the two left by the pone and one of his own
three, leaving the two others face down on the table. The number of
cards in hand after the discard and draw must be exactly twelve. Only
one discard is allowed, and having been made it cannot be changed after
the stock has been touched.

If the pone does not take all the cards to which he is entitled, he is
allowed to look at those that remain of the first five that were on
the talon; but on no account may he look at any of the dealer’s three.
If the dealer leaves any cards in the stock, he has a right to look
at them, but the pone may not see them until he has led for the first
trick, or announced the suit he will lead. If he announces a suit, and
after seeing the cards in the stock does not lead that suit, the dealer
may call a suit. If the dealer does not look at the remaining cards the
pone cannot see them either.

Each player keeps his discards separate from those of his adversary,
and is allowed to refer to them at any time during the play of the
hand, but on no account can he see his adversary’s discards, unless
that adversary has mixed with them one or more of the unseen cards
that were left in the stock, and afterward picks up and looks at his
discard, including the card which the other is entitled to see. For
instance: The dealer leaves a card without looking at it. This he
afterward mixes with his discard. Now, if he looks at his discard, of
course he sees the card left in the stock, and the pone may demand
to see not only the card left, but the entire discard. The same rule
applies to the pone if he takes into his discards an unseen card of the
stock.

_=Irregular Discards.=_ If a player discards less cards than he
intended, it is too late to remedy the error if he has touched the
stock. If he discards too many cards, as the dealer frequently will by
laying out five instead of three, he may take them back if he has not
touched those in the stock, but if he touches any card in the stock, he
must play with the short hand if there are not enough cards left in the
stock to make his hand up to twelve.

_=Irregular Drawing.=_ If the pone draws one of the three cards which
properly belong to the dealer, he loses the game; and if the dealer
draws any of the first five, before the pone has announced that he
leaves them, the dealer loses the game. The dealer has no right to
touch any part of the stock until the pone has discarded and drawn; but
if the pone draws without making any announcement about leaving cards,
the dealer has a right to assume that five cards have been taken, and
that only three remain in the stock. For instance: The pone discards
five cards, but draws four only, without saying anything. The dealer
proceeds to discard and draw. He has of course taken one of the pone’s
cards, but it is too late to remedy the error or claim a penalty, and
the pone must play with eleven cards. It is evident that the dealer
will have too many cards, but as he has been led into the error by his
adversary, he must be allowed to discard to reduce his hand to twelve.

If a player takes a card too many from the stock, he may replace it
if he has not put it with the other cards in his hand. If he has seen
it, he must show it to his adversary. If the superfluous card has
been taken into the hand, the player must have too many cards, and
can score nothing that deal. This does not prevent the adversary from
scoring anything he may have in hand or play, even if it is inferior.

If a player is found to have too few cards after the draw, he may still
play and count all he can make, but he cannot win a capot, because he
has no card for the last trick, which must be won by his adversary.

_=The Stock.=_ If a player looks at one of his adversary’s cards in the
stock before or during the draw, he can count nothing that hand. If
he looks at a card left in the talon after the draw, which he is not
entitled to see, his adversary may call a suit from him as many times
as he has seen cards. If a card of the talon is accidentally exposed,
the player to whom it would naturally belong may demand a fresh deal.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ In order to understand the principles that
guide players in discarding, the objects of the game must first be
explained. There are three classes of counting combinations at Piquet,
and the player that holds the better of each class, scores it. These
combinations are: Point; Sequence; Fours and Triplets.

_=The Point=_ is the suit having the greatest pip value, reckoning
the Ace as 11, court cards as 10 each, and the 10 9 8 7 at their face
value. If one player’s best suit contains five cards, worth 48 points,
and his adversary has a suit worth 51, the latter would be the only one
to count, and it would be called the point for that deal.

The value of the point is the number of cards that go to make it. In
England, they count a point containing the 7 8 and 9 as worth one less
than the number of cards. This is a modern invention, unknown to the
older writers on the game, and not always played.

_=Sequence.=_ Three or more cards of the same suit, if next in value
to one another, form a sequence. The French terms are generally used
to designate the number of cards in the sequence: Tierce, Quatrième,
Quinte, Sixième, Septième, Huitième. Many English works on cards
erroneously spell quinte without the “e,” and give “quart” for a
sequence of four. If one is going to use the French language at all, it
may as well be used correctly.

Sequences outrank one another according to the best card, if they are
of equal length; so that a quinte to a King would be better than a
quinte to a Queen; but a longer sequence always outranks a shorter one,
regardless of the high cards. The player holding the best sequence is
entitled to score it, together with any inferior sequences he may hold
in other suits. Should his adversary hold intermediate sequences, they
are of no value. For instance: One player holds a quinte to the Jack
in spades, a tierce to the Ten in hearts, and a tierce to the Nine in
clubs; while the other holds a quatrième majeure (A K Q J) in hearts,
diamonds, and clubs. None of the latter are of any value; but all those
in the other hand are good. If the best sequence is a tie, no sequences
can be scored by either player.

The value of a sequence is ten more than the number of cards that go to
form it, provided that number exceeds four. A tierce counts 3 only, and
a quatrième 4 only; but a quinte is worth 15, a sixième 16, and so on.

_=Fours, and Triplets.=_ Any four cards of the same denomination,
higher than a Nine, is called a Quatorze; three of any kind higher than
the Nine is called a Trio, or sometimes a Brelan. As a trio is seldom
mentioned without naming the denomination, it is usual to say; “Three
Kings,” or “Three Jacks,” as the case may be. The 7 8 and 9 have no
value except in point and sequence. The player holding the quatorze of
the highest rank may score any inferior ones that he may hold, and also
any trios. Should his adversary hold any intermediate ones, they are of
no value. In the absence of any quatorze, the best trio decides which
player shall count all the trios he may have in his hand, his adversary
counting none. For instance: One player holds four Tens and three
Jacks, his adversary holding triplets of Aces, Kings, and Queens. None
of the latter would be of any value, as the lowest quatorze is better
than the highest trio, and the player with the four Tens could count
his three Jacks also. Pairs have no value.

The value of any quatorze is 14, as its name implies. Trios are worth 3
only.

In discarding, the object is to secure the best counting combinations,
and also to retain cards which will win tricks in play. The
combinations take precedence of one another in scoring, the first being
always Carte Blanche, then the Point, then Sequence, and lastly the
Quatorze or Trio.

_=DECLARING.=_ Carte blanche must be announced and shown before a
discard is made. Each player having discarded and drawn, the elder hand
proceeds to announce any counting combinations he holds, which he must
declare in regular order, beginning with the point. In announcing the
point, the suit is not mentioned, only its value. The sequences are
defined by the number of cards and the highest; “sixième to the King,”
for instance. The fours and trios are defined in the same way; “four
Kings,” or “three Jacks.”

To each of these declarations, as they are made in regular order, the
dealer must reply: “_=Good=_,” “_=Equal=_,” or, “_=Not good=_.” If the
point is admitted to be good, the holder scores it; not by putting it
down on the score sheet, but simply by beginning his count with the
number of points it is worth. If the point is equal, neither player
scores it, and secondary points have no value under any circumstances.
If the point declared by the elder hand is not good, it is not
necessary for the dealer to say how much better his point is; that
will come later. To each of the other declarations replies are made
in the same manner, except that fours and trios cannot be “equal.” As
each combination is admitted to be good, the elder hand adds it to his
count. For instance: His point is 51, good; his sequence is five to the
Ace, good; and his triplet of Aces is good. These are worth 5, 15, and
3 respectively, and his total count is 23, if he has no minor sequences
or trios. This is not put down, but simply announced.

The strict rules of the game require the player whose combination is
acknowledged to be good, to show it; but among good players this is
quite unnecessary, for each usually knows by his own cards what his
adversary should and probably does hold.

The elder hand having finished his declarations, and announced their
total value in points, leads any card he pleases. If this card is a Ten
or better, he claims one point for leading it, even if he does not win
the trick, and he adds this point to his score.

An illustration will probably make the foregoing processes clearer. The
elder hand, after the draw, holds these cards:--

  ♡ A K Q J: ♣ A K Q: ♢ A K Q 7: ♠ A.

He announces: “Forty-one.” “Not good.” “Quatrième to the Ace.” “Not
good.” “Quatorze Aces,” which he knows is good; and which admits of his
counting his triplets of Kings and Queens. These are worth collectively
20 points, and on leading one of his Aces he announces “Twenty-one.”

The dealer, before playing a card, proceeds to claim the count for the
combinations which are good in his own hand, which is as follows:--

  ♣ J 10 9 8: ♢ J 10 9: ♠ K Q J 10 9.

The point is worth 5; the quinte 15, the quatrième 4, and the tierce 3;
27 altogether. His trios of Jacks and Tens are shut out by the superior
combinations in the elder hand.

Having claimed these 27 points, and their correctness having been
admitted by the elder hand, the dealer proceeds to play a card. If
either player has forgotten to declare anything before he plays, the
count is lost.

_=Sinking.=_ A player is not obliged to declare any combination unless
he wishes to do so, and he may sink a card if he thinks it would be to
his advantage to conceal his hand. Sinking is calling only part of a
combination, as, for instance, calling 51 for his point when he really
has 61; calling a quinte when he has a sixième, or a trio when he has
a quatorze. Sinking is usually resorted to only when the player knows
from his own hand and discards that what he declares is still better
than anything his adversary can hold; but it must be remembered that
the part of the declaration which is sunk in this manner is lost.

_=Irregular Declarations.=_ If either player claims a combination which
he does not hold, and does not remedy the error before he plays a card,
he cannot count anything that deal, losing any other declarations he
may have made which are correct. His adversary then counts everything
in his hand, whether his combinations were inferior or not. He also
counts for what he wins in the tricks.

If the elder hand’s declaration is admitted by the dealer to be good,
it is good, even if the dealer afterward proves to have a better point,
sequence, quatorze or trio. If any combination named by the elder hand
is not actually his best, he cannot amend his declaration after the
dealer has replied to it. This is in order to prevent a player from
getting information to which he is not entitled. If he holds three
Kings and three Tens, for instance, and announces the Tens in order to
find out whether or not his adversary has three Queens or Jacks, and
the dealer says: “Not good,” the three Kings are lost, and the dealer
scores his own trios.

It sometimes happens that in order to keep a good point or sequence,
a player will discard one card of a quatorze originally dealt him; or
one of a trio, of which he afterward draws the fourth. He can score
only the trio, of course; but his adversary, having none of that
denomination either in his hand or discards, knows that four were
possible, and after playing a card he has a right to ask the suit of
the card which was discarded.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The elder hand can lead any card he pleases,
announcing the suit at the same time. The dealer is bound to follow
suit, if able, but he is not obliged to win the trick. As there are no
trumps, the higher card, if of the suit led, wins the trick. If the
second player does not follow suit, the leader wins. The winner of one
trick leads for the next, and so on until all twelve tricks are played.

Every time a card is played which is better than a Nine, the leader
counts one for it, adding the number to the total value of his score
as already announced. If the second player wins the trick with any
card better than a Nine he also counts one; but if the trick is won by
the player who led, there is no extra count for winning it. The winner
of the _=last trick=_ counts one for it, in addition to his count for
winning it with a card better than a Nine. If the leader wins it, he
gets the one extra.

If each player wins six tricks, there is no further scoring; but if
either player wins the _=odd trick=_ he adds to his score ten points
for _=cards=_, in addition to all other scores. If either player wins
all twelve tricks, which would be the case in the example hand just
given as an illustration, he adds to his score forty points for the
_=capot=_; but this forty points includes the scores for the last trick
and for the odd trick.

A card once laid on the table cannot be taken back, unless the player
has renounced in error. There is no _=revoke=_ in Piquet, and if a
player has one of the suit led he must play it. If he fails to do so,
when the error is discovered the cards must be taken back and replayed.

_=REPIC.=_ If either player is able to reach 30 by successive
declarations, beginning with the point, all of which are admitted by
his adversary to be good, he adds 60 to his score, making it 90 instead
of 30, and this is irrespective of what his adversary may have in minor
or inferior combinations. The important thing to remember in repic is
that declarations always count in regular order, carte blanche taking
precedence of everything; then the point, sequences, and quatorze or
trio. Suppose elder hand to hold the following cards:--

  ♡ K Q J 10 9; ♣ A K Q; ♢ A Q 9; ♠ Q.

If the quinte to the King is admitted good for the point, it must be
good for the sequence also. That is 20. The four Queens must be good,
as the adversary cannot have any quatorze. This makes the total 34, and
60 added for repic, 94 altogether, to which he will add one for leading
the first card, if it is above a Nine.

Suppose the elder hand had the following cards:--

  ♡ A K Q J 8; ♣ A K; ♢ A K; ♠ A K 10.

If his point is good, that and his four Aces and Kings will make him
33 altogether; but his sequence is not good, because the dealer holds
five diamonds to the Queen, which comes in order before the score for
quatorze, and so saves the repic. Suppose that with the foregoing cards
the elder hand was told that even his point was not good. He would
count 29 for the 14 Aces, 14 Kings, and the card led. If the dealer had
a sixième in diamonds, and a quinte in clubs, for instance, he would
claim a repic, 96 points, in spite of the 29 announced by the elder
hand; because point and sequence score before quatorze.

Equalities do not save the repic. Take the following hands:--

  Elder:--♡ A J 10 9 8; ♣ 10; ♢ 10; ♠ A J 10 9 8.
  Dealer:--♡ K Q; ♣ A K Q; ♢ A K Q J 7; ♠ K Q.

The point is equal. The quatrième to the Jack is not good and the four
Tens are not good; so elder hand leads a card, and counts, “One.” The
dealer then claims repic, 95 points, which is good, although the elder
hand had an equal point.

_=PIC.=_ If either player can reach 30 in hand and play combined,
before his adversary scores anything, 30 are added for the pic. Pic can
never be made by the dealer unless the elder hand leads a card smaller
than a Nine; he must make repic if anything. To make pic the elder hand
must reach 30 in the regular order of scoring. Suppose holds these
cards:--

  ♡ A 9; ♣ A K Q J; ♢ K Q J 10 9; ♠ K.

If the dealer acknowledges the point to be good, everything else in
the hand must be good also. This will give the elder hand 27 before
playing a card; 5 for the point, 15 and 4 for the sequences, and 3 for
the Kings. By leading out the A K and Q, 3 more points are secured, the
dealer having nothing to score, and so the elder hand reaches 30 and
makes the pic, counting 60, and still having the lead. Equalities do
not save pic.

According to the strict rules of the game, a player who is playing for
pic is not allowed to count 30 at all, but must jump from his last
count, 29, to 60, or he loses the pic; but this is seldom or never
insisted on.

_=SCORING.=_ The last card played, the total number of points made by
each player are put down on the score sheet, or marked on a cribbage
board, and if neither player has reached 100 points, the deal passes to
the one who was elder hand on the last deal.

The order of scoring should be carefully observed, in order to
determine which goes out first, and whether or not a player is lurched.
Carte blanche, The Point, Sequence, Quatorze or Trio, Repic, Points for
Leading or Winning, Pic, the Odd Trick, Capot.

If one player reaches 100 before his adversary has reached 50, it is a
_=lurch=_, and counts a double game.

_=Abandoned Hands.=_ If a player throws down his cards, he may still
take them up again, unless he or his adversary have mixed their cards
with the discards, or with the remainder of the talon.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ The chief points for the beginner are
good discarding, and taking advantage of tenace positions in the play,
so as to secure the count for cards, which is often important.

_=Elder Hand.=_ In discarding, the pone should consider what there may
be against him. If it is unlikely that he will lose a pic or repic,
he should try for the _=point=_, which very often carries with it the
sequence. It must be remembered that there are only eight cards in
each suit, and by comparing those that you hold with those that your
adversary may hold it is comparatively easy, in the majority of hands,
to estimate the possible scores against you. Next to the point, the
most important thing is the score for _=cards=_. The point will save
pic and repic, but the cards will make the greatest difference in the
score in the long run. Sequences are always valuable, especially those
that are Ace high in the elder hand, because they enable him to win a
succession of tricks in play.

The elder hand should risk a good deal if he has a fair chance to make
a pic or repic, which will often settle the game. If there is any
choice as to what to keep of two nearly equal chances, always preserve
the combination that will be most likely to secure the count for cards.

In _=Leading=_, it is best to begin with the point, unless you know
that you are leading up to tenace, or to high cards that will bring in
a long adverse suit. The piquet player soon learns the importance of
tenace and fourchette, and can sometimes see how things must be managed
for five or six tricks ahead, so as to secure the odd trick. Tenace is
the best and third-best of any suit, such as A Q, while a fourchette
is any two cards within one of each other, such as K J, or Q 10, and
the lead from such combinations should always be avoided. If you have
the odd trick in hand, make it at once, before you risk anything else,
because the only difference between the odd trick and eleven tricks is
the count for each card led in the tricks.

_=The Dealer.=_ The first thing to guard against is a long run of
winning leads from the elder hand, which might make the odd trick, or
even capot. As there are no trumps it is very important for the dealer
to keep guarded Kings and twice-guarded Queens. The principal thing for
the dealer to remember is that if he cannot stop a long suit in the
elder hand, he will have to provide in advance for a certain number of
discards, and these must be so planned that guards will be preserved
in the other suits. He should also get his hand into such condition
that when he does get into the lead, he will not have to lead away
from tenaces or guarded Kings. Careful attention to his adversary’s
declarations, and a comparison of his own hand with his discards will
usually guide the dealer to a correct conclusion as to what to keep and
what to throw away in playing to tricks.

Mathematicians have exhausted their resources on Piquet, but their
conclusions are of little use to the average player. The subject of
discards has been very fully illustrated by examples from actual play,
especially in the _Westminster Papers_, but no one has yet given us any
simple rules like the jeux de règle at Écarté.


PIQUET NORMAND, FOR THREE PLAYERS.

In this form of the game the players cut for seats and deal. The cards
are dealt by twos and threes until each has ten, two cards remaining
for the talon. The dealer may lay out any two cards in exchange for
these, but no other player is allowed to touch them, nor to see the
discards.

The elder hand makes the first declarations. He makes repic and counts
90 if he can reach 20 without playing a card; and he makes pic, 60,
if he can reach 20 in hand and play, under the same conditions as in
the game for two players. The majority of tricks counts 10; if it is a
tie, each counts 5. Capot counts 40 if all the tricks are taken by one
player; but if two take them all between them, they count 20 each.

The game may be played for a pool, first man out to take all; or it may
be agreed that after one has retired the others shall decide it between
them by playing it out at the ordinary two-handed game.


PIQUET VOLEUR, FOR FOUR PLAYERS.

The players cut for partners, the two lowest pairing against the
two highest, and the lowest cut taking the first deal. Partners sit
opposite each other. All the cards are dealt out, two and three at a
time, each receiving eight cards.

The elder hand declares first, but instead of announcing one thing
at a time, and awaiting the reply of his adversaries, he declares
everything, and then plays a card. Suppose the cards are distributed as
follows, Z being the dealer:--

[Illustration:

                   ♠ K Q J 10
                   ♢ J 10 9 8
                  +-----------+
                  |     Y     |
  ♡ A; ♠ A; ♢ A Q |           | ♡ K Q J; ♢ K 7
                  |A         B|
  ♣ A Q J 10      |           | ♣ K 9 8
                  |     Z     |
                  +-----------+
                   ♡ 10 9 8 7
                   ♠ 9 8 7; ♣ 7
]

A announces 41 for his point, sequence of three to the Queen, four
Aces, and says, “I play a club,” which is his lead for the first trick.
If the second player admits all these to be good he says nothing, but
plays a card. In this case, Y would announce four to the King, and
four to the Jack, and would play a spade, having no club. B would
then announce three Kings, which are good on account of his partner’s
having four Aces; but both the sequences are shut out by Y’s better
declarations. The dealer, Z, then declares four to the Ten and three to
the Nine, both those sequences being made good by his partner’s holding
the best sequence at the table.

The first trick played, each person at the table shows what he has
claimed, in order that his adversaries may verify the count. A would
then gather up the first trick, announcing the total score for his
side, which would be 22; 4 for the point, 14 Aces, 3 Kings, and 1 for
the card led. He would then play another club, announcing 22. This his
partner would win but would not count, as he is on the same side that
has already counted for the lead. If the play is followed up it will
be found that A-B make a capot. The adversaries will then score 15 for
their three sequences of four, and one of three.

No point of less than 30 can be announced.

_=Pic and Repic.=_ If one player, or two partners together, reach 20
in counting, without playing, they count 90 for the repic. If they
reach 20 in declarations and play together, they count 60 for the pic.
Carte blanche in the hand of one or other partner may count toward pic
or repic; and if two partners each held carte blanche, they would be
entitled to 90 points for the repic, no matter what the adversaries
held, because carte blanche takes precedence of all other scores.


PIQUET A ÉCRIRE.

This game somewhat resembles Skat in the manner of playing and
settling. Any number from three to seven persons sit around the table;
but only two play, and the losses of each individual are charged to him
on a score sheet ruled off for the purpose. The players may take turns,
each playing two deals, the first with the person on his left, and the
second with the one on his right. Or it may be agreed that the loser in
each deal shall give way to a new player, the winner of the majority
of points in each deal to continue. The game is generally arranged for
a certain number of tours or deals, at the end of which the scores are
balanced and settled for.


RUBICON PIQUET, FOR TWO PLAYERS.

The chief difference between this game and the usual form, Piquet au
cent, is in the manner of declaring. The usual method in England and
America is as follows:--

_=The Point=_ is scored by the player holding the greatest number of
cards in the suit, and the pip value is resorted to only to decide
ties. This is done in order to conceal, if possible, the nature of the
cards held. When the numerical value is asked, only the last figure is
given, “seven,” for instance, if the point is 47.

If the point is good, the elder hand immediately names the suit. If it
is not good, the suit is not named, and the elder hand proceeds to call
his _=sequences=_. It they are good, the suits must be named; the same
with quatorze and trio.

_=Under-calling.=_ If a player holds an inferior sequence, quatorze
or trio, which he knows is better than any his adversary can possibly
hold, he may call it, and afterward score the better combination,
provided he is correct in estimating the inferior one that he called
as _=good against the cards=_. But if the adversary can demonstrate
that the inferior announcement was not actually good against the cards,
and that it was possible for him to hold a better, the score for the
higher combination is lost. For instance: A player holds four Kings and
three Aces, and on glancing over his hand and discards, sees that his
adversary cannot hold any quatorze, so he declares the three Kings,
instead of the four Aces. Suppose he mistook a Nine for a Ten, and
overlooked the fact that his adversary might have had four Tens, the
score for the four Kings would be lost, but the three Aces would be
good if his adversary had discarded a Ten, and did not actually hold
four. In the ordinary game, the higher combination is lost if it is not
called.

In play, every card led, whatever its value, counts one, and winning
the trick counts one also. The last trick counts two, and the capot
forty. Pic and repic are reckoned as in the ordinary game.

_=Scoring.=_ Instead of playing 100 points up, six deals is a game,
each player dealing three times. The lower score is then deducted from
the higher, and 100 points added to the difference to determine the
value of the game, which is usually played for so much a point.

If the result of the six deals is a tie, two more deals must be played.
If they also result in a tie, the game is void.

_=Rubicons.=_ If either or both players fail to reach 100 points in
the six deals, the one having the most is the winner, and adds to his
own score all the points made by the loser, with 100 in addition for
game. For instance: A has 113 scored, and B 80. A wins 113 + 80 + 100 =
293 altogether. Again; A has 88, B has 84. A wins 88 + 84 + 100 = 272
altogether. Again; A has 180, B has 142. A wins the difference in the
scores, 38 + 100 = 138 altogether.


TEXT BOOKS.

  Jeux de Cartes, by Jean Boussac.
  Académie des Jeux, by Van Tenac.
  Académie des Jeux, by Richard.
  Règles de tous les Jeux, by Dreyfous.
  Bohn’s Handbook of Games.
  Piquet, and Rubicon Piquet, by Berkeley.
  Laws of Piquet, by “Cavendish.”

_Westminster Papers_, Vols. II. to IX. inclusive. There are excellent
articles on the Laws in Vols. III. and VI., and on discards in Vol. VII.


IMPERIAL, OR PIQUET WITH A TRUMP.

Impérial differs from Piquet in some minor details, although the
leading principle is the same. There are no discards; sequences of
court cards are the only ones that count; tierces are worthless; and a
trump suit is added.

The _=cards=_ rank K Q J A 10 9 8 7; the K Q J A and 7 of trumps are
called honours, and in all sequences the four highest cards in the suit
are the only ones that count.

_=Counters.=_ Each player is supplied with six white and four red
counters, which are passed from left to right as the points accrue.
Each red is worth six white, and when all six white counters have been
passed over, they must be returned, and a red one passed over in their
place. When all the counters, four red and six white, have been passed
over, the game is won.

_=Dealing.=_ Twelve cards are given to each player, two or three at
a time, and the twenty-fifth is turned up for the trump. If this is
an honour, the dealer marks one white counter for it. There are no
discards.

_=Impérials.=_ Certain combinations of cards are known as impérials,
and the player marks one red counter for each of them. The best
impérial is carte blanche, which is sometimes marked as a double
impérial, and worth two reds. A sequence of K Q J A in any suit is an
impérial. An impérial de retourne may be formed in the dealer’s hand if
the turn-up trump completes his sequence or makes four of a kind. An
impérial tombée, or de rencontre, is made when the player who holds the
King and Queen of trumps catches the Jack and Ace from his adversary.
Four Kings, Queens, Jacks, Aces, or Sevens in one hand is an impérial;
but the Eights, Nines and Tens have no value.

_=Declaring.=_ The elder hand announces his point, as in Piquet,
and arrives at its value in the same way, reckoning the Ace for 11,
etc. The dealer replies, “Good,” or “Not good,” as the case may be;
but there are no equalities. If the point is a tie, the elder hand
counts it. The point is worth a _=white=_ counter. The impérials are
then called, each being worth one _=red=_ counter. The sequences are
called first, that in trumps being “good” of course; then the fours
are called, the best being four Kings, and the lowest four Aces. In
plain-suit sequences there are no “equals,” the elder hand counting
ties as an offset to the advantages of the deal.

_=Playing.=_ The elder hand leads a card, and the dealer then declares
and marks any impérials he may have that are good; after which he plays
a card. No impérials can be claimed or scored after the holder has
played a card. The second player in each trick must win the trick if
he can, either with a higher card or with a trump. For each honour in
trumps in the tricks won the player marks a white counter at the end of
the hand. The winner of the odd trick scores as many white counters as
he has tricks in excess of his adversary. If either player makes capot,
(all twelve tricks,) he scores two red counters.

_=Scoring.=_ When one player reaches six white counters and changes
them for a red, his adversary must take down any white counters he may
have scored. For instance: The pone has 2 reds and 4 whites up; the
dealer has 1 red and 5 whites. The pone scores two whites, reaching
six, and advancing his score to 3 reds, which are sometimes called
impérials. The dealer must take down his white counters, losing that
count altogether, and leaving himself 1 red. The only exception to
this is that at the beginning of the hand if both have impérials
combinations in hand, neither side takes down its white counters.

In _=Counting out=_ the following order of precedence must be observed:
The turn-up trump, (if it is an honour). The Point. Impérial in hand,
sequences first. Impérial de retourne. Impérial tombée. Honours in
tricks. Odd tricks.


CASSINO.

This is a very old and always popular game, which has lately been much
improved by the introduction of the variations known as Royal and Spade
Cassino, the latter especially being a very lively game. Like Euchre,
Cassino is eminently respectable, and is one of the few games of cards
that are unhesitatingly admitted to the domestic circle.

_=Cards.=_ Cassino is played with a full pack of fifty-two cards, which
have no rank in play, their pip or face value being the only element of
importance. In cutting for positions at the table, or for partners in
the four-handed game, the Ace is the lowest card, the others ranking
upward to the King in the order of their sequence.

_=Markers.=_ When a certain number of points is agreed on as a game,
the score may be kept with counters, on a sheet of paper, or on a
cribbage board. If each hand is a game in itself, it is settled for
immediately, either in counters or in money.

_=Players.=_ Any number from two to four may play, each for himself, or
four may play two against two, partners sitting opposite each other.
The players on the dealer’s right and left are known as the pone, and
the eldest hand respectively.

_=Cutting.=_ The players draw from an outspread pack for positions at
the table, the lowest card having the choice and dealing the first
hand. If the first cut does not decide, those tying must cut again. If
a player exposes more than one card he must cut again. The ace is low.

_=Stakes.=_ Cassino may be played for so much a game, or so much a
point; and it may be agreed that the game shall be a certain number of
points, or shall be complete in one deal, or that the player making
the majority of points on each deal shall score one, and the one first
making a certain number in this manner, such as five, shall be the
winner. If points are played for, the lower score is usually deducted
from the higher, and the difference is the value of the game. It is
sometimes agreed that if the winner has twice as many points as his
adversary, he shall be paid for a double game.

_=Dealing.=_ After the cards have been properly shuffled they must be
presented to the pone to be cut, and he must leave at least four in
each packet. Beginning on his left, the dealer distributes four cards
to each player in two rounds of two at a time, giving two to the table
just before helping himself in each round. No trump is turned, and the
remainder of the pack is left face downward on the dealer’s left. The
four cards dealt to the table are then turned face up, and the play
begins. After the four cards given to each person have all been played,
the dealer takes up the remainder of the pack, and without any further
shuffling or cutting, deals four more cards to each player, two at
a time, but gives none to the table. These four having been played,
four more are dealt in the same manner, and so on, until the pack is
exhausted, after which the deal passes to the left in regular rotation.

_=Irregularities in the Deal.=_ If the pack is proved to be imperfect,
or if a card is found faced in the pack there must be a fresh deal by
the same dealer. If a player deals out of turn, he must be stopped
before the cards on the table are turned face upward.

A misdeal loses the deal. It is a misdeal if the pack has not been cut,
or if the cards are shuffled after the pack has been properly cut; or
if the dealer deals a card incorrectly, and fails to remedy it before
dealing to the next player; or if he deals too many or too few cards to
any player or to the table.

If a card is exposed during the deal, an adversary may claim a fresh
deal. If, after the cards on the table have been faced, a card is
exposed by the dealer, or is found faced in the pack, the player to
whom it would be dealt may reject it, and it must then be placed in
the middle of the stock, and he must be given the top card. If a card
is exposed in the last round, the dealer must take it, and must allow
the player to whom it would have been dealt to draw a card from the
dealer’s hand, face downward. If he draws the exposed card, he must
keep it.

If the dealer gives any player an incorrect number of cards in any
round after the first, and does not detect and correct the error before
he deals to the next player, the dealer cannot count anything that
hand. The number of cards in each hand must be restored to four, either
by drawing from them, face down, or adding from the stock. If any
player lifts his cards before the dealer has helped all the players,
including himself, a misdeal cannot be claimed.

_=Objects of the Game.=_ The object in Cassino is to secure certain
cards and combinations of cards which count toward game. These are as
follows:--

                                             _Points._
  The majority of _=Cards=_ taken in.            3
  The majority of _=Spades=_ taken in.           1
  The Ten of diamonds, _=Big Cassino=_.          2
  The deuce of spades, _=Little Cassino=_.       1
  The _=Ace=_ of any suit.                       1
  A _=Sweep=_ of all the cards on the table.     1

The manner in which these points are secured will become apparent from
the description of the method of playing the hands.

_=Method of Playing.=_ Beginning on the dealer’s left, each player in
turn plays a card from his hand, placing it face upward on the table.
Only one card can be played at a time, and each person must play in his
proper turn until all four of his cards are exhausted. After receiving
fresh cards, the eldest hand again plays first, and so on for every
round. Under certain conditions, each player in his proper turn may
take up certain cards from the table, together with the one played from
his hand, turning them face downward in front of him. He is entitled
to count all the points contained in the cards taken in or won in this
manner. These conditions are: that he can match or _=pair=_ a card or
cards on the table; that he can _=combine=_ two or more cards on the
table so as to make their total pip value equal to that of the card
he plays; or that he can _=build=_ a card in his hand upon one on the
table, so as to make their total pip value agree with that of a second
card, still in his hand.

_=Pairing.=_ If the person whose turn it is to play, holds in his hand
any card of a similar denomination to any of those on the table, he may
play the card from his hand, face upward, and then gather it in again,
together with all similar cards, turning them face downward in front of
him. For instance: He holds an Eight, and there are one or two Eights
on the table. He plays the Eight from his hand, and then gathers in all
of them.

_=Combining.=_ If a player holds any card, not a K Q or J, the pip
value of which is equal to that of two or more cards on the table, he
may play the card from his hand, and then gather it in again, together
with the two or three cards that collectively equal it in pip value.
For instance: He holds a 9, and a 4, 3 and 2 are upon the table. He may
combine these three cards, calling attention to the fact that their
collective value is 9, and then play the 9 from his own hand, gathering
in and turning down all four cards. An 8 and Ace, or 6 and 3 might be
gathered in the same way; or two such combinations might be gathered at
the same time, 3, 2, 6, 7, for instance, which would make two nines;
all of which might be gathered by a player holding a 9 his hand.

Pairs and combinations may be taken in together. For instance: Among
the cards on the table are a 4, 6, and 10, and the player holds a 10.
He can gather in not only the pair of Tens, but the combinations which
equal a 10.

_=Building.=_ A player may have in his hand two cards, the lower of
which, if added to a card on the table, would build up its value to
that of the higher card still in the player’s hand. For instance: A
player holds a 9 and 2, and there is a 7 on the table. He may place the
2 on the 7, announcing the total value; “Nine,” which will notify other
players that those two cards cannot be separated; but he cannot take
them in until it again comes round to his turn to play, because he is
allowed to play only one card at a time, and he has played his card in
making the build.

Should any other player following him hold a 9, he would be entitled to
take in this build, but he could not separate the two cards forming it.
A player holding either a 7 or a 2 could not touch either of the cards
in the build, because they are no longer a 7 and 2, but a 9, for all
practical purposes.

_=Increasing Builds.=_ If any player held an Ace and a 10 in his hand,
he could increase the 9 build to a 10 build, by putting his Ace on the
7 and 2, and announcing the total value, “Ten.” Any following player
would then be unable to win the build with anything but a 10, and the
player who originally built it a 9 would lose it unless he also held a
10 in his hand. Should the build remain a 9 until it came round again
to the player who originally built it, he could then take it in with
his 9, or he might himself increase it to 10, if he had an Ace and a 10
in his hand; but in order to do this the player must have in his hand
the cards to win both the original and the increased builds. A player
holding in his hand a 10, 3 and 2, but no 8, could not build a 5 on the
table to an 8, and afterward advance it to 10. He must have the 2 3 8
and 10 all in his own hand to do this.

Some players imagine that a player cannot increase his own build
in this manner, even if he has both the cards for the first and
last build; but there is no reason why a player should be denied a
privilege which is freely granted to his adversary. If any player can
legitimately make or increase a build, all may do so, provided they
have the proper cards.

_=Double Builds.=_ When two cards of the same denomination, or two
builds of the same value are put together as one, they cannot be
increased. For instance: A player holds 7 and 3, and there are upon
the table a 5 2 and 4. He places his 3 on the 4, and gathers the 5
and 2 together, announcing the build as “Two Sevens.” This cannot be
increased to 8, 9, or 10 under any circumstances, and nothing but a 7
will win it.

Pairs may be doubled in the same manner. If a player has two Nines in
his hand, and there is one on the table, he may build on the latter
with one of his own, announcing, “Two Nines,” which will prevent any
player from building either of them to 10, and will entitle the builder
to take in both cards with his third Nine when it comes round to his
turn. Should any other player at the table hold the fourth Nine, he
could of course take in the build.

It is necessary to distinguish between building and combining. In
combining cards, those already on the table are gathered together;
in building, or increasing a build, a card must be played from the
hand. If one player has made a build of any description, it cannot
be interfered with or increased except by other cards from a player’s
hand, those from the table not being available. For instance: One
player has built a 5 by combining two Aces on the table with a 3 from
his hand. On the table are also a 2 and 4 and a following player holds
a 9 and 7. He cannot use the deuce on the table to increase the build
from 5 to 7, nor the 4 to increase it to 9; because that would not be
building from his hand; but if he held the 4 and 9 in his hand, he
could build on the 5.

The simple rule to be remembered is that no combination of cards
once announced, and left on the table, can be changed, except by the
addition of a card from the hand of some player.

_=Taking In.=_ Any player who has made a build is obliged either to win
it, when it is next his turn to play, or to win something else, or to
make another build. For instance: He has built a 5 into a 9 with a 4,
and holds another 4; if another 5 appears on the table before it comes
to his turn to play, he may build that into a 9 also, with his other
4, announcing, “Two Nines.” Or if some player should lay out a 4 he
could pair it and take it in, leaving his 9 build until the next round.
In the same way a player may increase or win another player’s build
instead of taking in his own. An opponent’s build may be increased by
cards from the hand only.

In the four-handed game, partners may take in one another’s builds, or
may make builds which can be won by the card declared in the partner’s
hand. For instance; One player builds an 8, and his partner holds
Little Cassino. If there is a 6 on the table, the Cassino can be built
on it, and “two Eights,” called, although the player has no 8 in his
own hand; the 8 already built by his partner is sufficient. If a player
has built a 9 which has been taken in by an adversary, he still holding
the 9 he built for, his partner may build for the declared 9 in the
same way.

_=Sweeping.=_ If at any time a player is able to win everything on the
table with one card, it is a sweep, and counts a point. For instance:
He holds an 8, and there are upon the table four cards only:--5 3 6
and 2. By combining the 6 and 2, and the 5 and 3, two Eights will be
formed, and the sweep is made. Sweeps are usually marked by leaving the
cards with which they are made face upward at the bottom of the tricks
taken in by the player. Sweeps made by opposite sides are sometimes
turned down to cancel one another.

_=Trailing.=_ When a player cannot pair, combine, or build anything,
he must play a card. This is called trailing, because he is simply
following along waiting for opportunities. In trailing it is usually
the best policy to play the smaller cards, except Aces and Little
Cassino, because as other players will probably trail small cards
also, these may be combined and won with the larger cards kept in the
player’s hand.

_=Last Cards.=_ In the last round, all the cards remaining on the table
are won by the player who takes the last trick, but it does not count
as a sweep unless it would have been a sweep under any circumstances.
The last trick is usually made by the dealer, who always keeps back a
court card if he has one, to pair one already on the table.

_=Irregularities in Play.=_ If any person plays out of his proper turn,
the card so played is laid aside as exposed, until it comes to his
turn, when it is simply placed on the table with the others. The player
in error is not allowed to build or combine it, nor to win anything
with it.

If a player gathers in a card which does not belong to the combination
or build, he must not only return the card improperly taken up, but
all others taken in with it, together with his own card, the latter,
however, being laid out separately from the others. If the combination
was his own build, it must be broken up; if an adversary’s, it must be
restored, and left as it was.

If a player takes in a build with a wrong card, or takes in a wrong
combination, or gathers cards to which he is not entitled, the error
must be challenged and proved before the next trick is taken in by
another player, because only the last trick gathered can be seen.

If a player makes a build without the proper card in his hand to win
it, on discovery of the error, the combination must be broken up, and
the adversaries may take back the cards they have played in following
the erroneous build, and may amend their play. If, however, another
player has won the erroneous build, there is no penalty, nor any remedy.

_=Showing.=_ After the last card has been played, each player counts
his cards face downward, and announces the number. The player having
the majority scores the three points for cards. If it is a tie, neither
scores. The cards are then turned face up, and the spades counted and
claimed; and then all the points for Cassinos and Aces. It should be
remembered that the total number of points to be made in each hand,
exclusive of sweeps, is eleven, and the total of the claims made must
agree with that number.

_=Scoring.=_ There are several methods of scoring. The old way was to
play 11 points up, deducting the lower score from the higher at the end
of each deal. If one side reached 11 before the adversary reached 6,
it was a lurch, and counted as a double game. The common method is to
count every hand a game, and settle for it in counters.


TWENTY-ONE POINT CASSINO.

This game is usually marked with counters, or pegged on a cribbage
board. Nothing is scored until the end of the hand, when each side
reckons and claims its points. In order to avoid disputes there should
be a previous understanding as to what points go out first in a close
game. In the absence of any agreement to the contrary, the points count
out in the following order:--Cards first, then Spades, Big Cassino,
Little Cassino, Aces, and Sweeps. If the Aces have to decide it, the
spade Ace goes out first, then clubs, hearts, and diamonds. If the
sweeps have to decide it, only the difference in the number of sweeps
counts, and if there is none, or not enough, the game is not ended, and
another deal must be played.

It is better to agree to _=count out=_ in twenty-one point Cassino;
each player keeping mental count of the number of cards and spades he
has taken in, together with any “natural” points. The moment he reaches
21 he should claim the game, and if his claim is correct he wins, even
if his adversary has 21 or more. If he is mistaken, and cannot show
out, he loses the game, no matter what his adversary’s score may be.
If neither claims out, and both are found to be, neither wins, and the
game must be continued to 32 points, and so on, eleven points more each
time until one player claims to have won the game.

_=Suggestions for Good Play.=_ The principal thing in Cassino is to
remember what has been played especially in the counting and high
cards, such as Aces, Eights, Nines, and Tens. In making pairs and
combinations, give preference to those containing spades, and if you
have to trail, do not play a spade if you can help it. If three Aces
have been taken in, play the fourth, if you hold it, at the first
opportunity, because it cannot be paired; but if there is another Ace
to come, keep yours until you can make a good build with it. As between
cards which were on the table and those trailed by an adversary, take
in those trailed if you have a choice. Take in the adversary’s build
in preference to your own, if you can, and build on his build at every
opportunity. If Big Cassino is still to come, avoid trailing cards that
will make a Ten with those on the table. Go for “cards” in preference
to everything else, and always make combinations that take in as many
cards as possible. If you have a Nine, and the cards on the table are
2 2 5 7, take in the 2 2 5, in preference to the 2 7. It is considered
bad policy to take in three court cards, as it stops all sweeps when
the fourth appears.


ROYAL CASSINO.

The only difference in this form of the game is that the three court
cards, K Q J, have a pip value, and may be used in combining and
building, whereas in the ordinary game they can be used only in pairs.
The Jack is worth 11, the Queen 12, and the King 13; so that a 9 and 2
can be taken in with a Jack, or a 6 4 and 3 with a King. In the same
manner a Queen will win a Jack and Ace, or a King will win a Jack and
deuce. The aces are sometimes valued at 14 each.


SPADE CASSINO.

In this interesting variation every spade counts one point toward game.
The spade Jack counts one in addition to its being a spade, and the
extra point so made takes the place of the count for “spades” in the
ordinary game, so that 24 points are made in every hand, exclusive of
sweeps: Cards 3; Big Cassino 2; Little Cassino 1; the four Aces 4; the
spade Jack 1, and 13 spades. It must be remembered that the spade Jack
and deuce count 2 points each, the extra point being for the spade.

The game is scored on a cribbage board, every point being pegged
immediately; that is, every spade, every Ace, the Cassinos and the
sweeps. There is nothing to count at the end of the hand but the cards.
Sixty-one points is game, once round the board and into the game hole.


DRAW CASSINO.

In this variation, no more cards are dealt after the first round, but
each player keeps his hand filled to four cards by drawing one from
the top of the stock as soon as he plays one from his hand. The stock
is left on the table, face down, slightly spread, for convenience in
slipping off the top card as it is drawn.


CONQUIAN.

The etymology of this word is Spanish; _con quién_, “with whom,” but of
the game it stands for, little or nothing is known except that it is
a great favorite in Mexico, and in all the American States bordering
upon it, especially Texas. It is an excellent game for two players,
quite different from any other in its principles, and requiring very
close attention and a good memory to play it well. In its finer points,
especially in the judgment of what the adversary holds or is playing
for, it ranks with our best games, and will probably grow in popularity
as it becomes better known.

_=Cards.=_ Conquian is played with the Spanish pack, forty cards, the
8 9 10 of each suit being deleted. In America, it is much more common
to play with a pack of forty cards from which the three court cards, K
Q J, have been discarded, leaving each suit an unbroken sequence from
the Ace to the Ten. Some persons play with the full pack, but it spoils
the game; as it is then possible to win on a sequence of a single suit.
There are no trumps, and the cards have no value as to rank, a sequence
of 6 7 J being no better than one of 2 3 4. The Ace is not in sequence
with the King.

_=Counters.=_ Each player should be supplied with at least ten
counters, which may be used in settling at the end of each deal.

_=Players.=_ Conquian is played by two persons, one of whom is known as
the dealer, and the other as the pone. If there are three at the table,
the dealer takes no cards, and has no part in the game for that hand.

_=Cutting.=_ Seats and deal are cut for, the lowest cut having the
choice, and dealing the first hand. The Ace is low, the King high.

_=Stakes.=_ Each deal is a game in itself, and the loser pays one
counter for it. If the game is a tie, called a _=tableau=_, each puts
up a counter for a pool, and the winner of the next game takes the
pool, in addition to the counter paid by his adversary. If the next
game is also a tableau, each player adds another counter to the pool,
and so on until it is won.

_=Dealing.=_ Ten cards are dealt to each player in five rounds of two
at a time, and the twenty remaining in the stock are laid upon the
table face down, between the players, but a little to the left of the
dealer. The stock may be slightly spread, to facilitate the process of
drawing cards from it.

_=Objects of the Game.=_The object of each player is to form triplets,
fours, and sequences, by combining the cards dealt him with others
drawn from the stock. These combinations are laid upon the table, face
up, and the player wins the game who first succeeds in laying down
eleven cards in this manner.

_=Sequences=_ must be all of the same suit, and cannot be shorter than
three cards. The Ace is not in sequence with the King, but the 7 is
next below the Jack. A sequence once started can be added to from time
to time as the cards are drawn from the stock.

_=Triplets=_ are any three cards of the same denomination, and they may
be increased to _=Fours=_ at any time, by adding the other card.

_=Borrowing.=_ A player with four of a kind on the table may borrow
any one of the four to use in a sequence; but he cannot borrow one of
three, because no combination may consist of less than three cards.
In the same manner a player may borrow the card at either end of a
sequence of at least four cards, if he can use it to make a triplet.
He cannot borrow an intermediate card, nor one of a sequence of three
cards only, because three cards must be left to maintain the sequence,
but if he had a sequence of at least five cards on the table, he might
borrow the top of it to make one triplet, and then the next card to
make another triplet.

_=Method of Playing.=_ The cards dealt, each player sorts his hand into
sequences and triplets, and determines what cards he wants to complete
his runs, so that he may be on the lookout for them. The pone then
draws the top card from the stock and turns it face up on the pack. If
this card can be used in combination with any of those in his hand, he
draws it over to his side of the table, and takes from his hand the
cards completing the combination of three cards, leaving them all face
up. Even if he has cards enough in his hand to increase the combination
to four or more cards, he should not show them. The cards drawn from
the stock must never be taken into the hand.

Let us suppose the pone holds these cards:--♡ J 7 6 4; ♠ 5 3 2; ♢ K 7
5; and that the ♡ 5 is the first card he draws. He can use this card
in three ways: By making a run of three with the ♡ 4 and ♡ 6; or a run
with the ♡ 6 and ♡ 7; or a triplet with the two other 5’s. In this
case he would probably lay out the 6 and 7, and make the run of three.
If he should draw the ♡ Q later on, he could use it by continuing the
sequence with his Jack; or if the ♡ 3 appeared, he could use it with
his ♡ 4.

_=Passing.=_ If he cannot use the card drawn, or does not wish to,
he draws it from its position on the top of the stock and places it
between himself and the dealer, still face up. The dealer then decides
whether or not he wants it, and if he does not he “passes” it by
turning it face down, and pushing it to his right. Cards once passed
in this manner cannot again be seen by either player. The player who
passes the card turns up the next one on the stock. If he does not want
it, he places it on the table between himself and his adversary, and if
his adversary does not want it either, he turns it down and passes it
to the pile of deadwood, turning up the top card of the stock again.
In this manner it will be seen that each player has to decide on two
cards in succession; the one drawn but not used by his adversary,
and the one he draws himself. This is continued until the stock is
exhausted, which ends the game.

_=Discarding.=_ If a player uses any card drawn from the stock in this
manner, it is obvious that he has too many cards, and in order to
reduce his hand and show-downs to ten cards, he must discard something,
unless he can show down everything remaining in his hand, in which case
he would have eleven cards down, and win the game. In discarding, the
card thrown out is placed at the disposal of the adversary, as if it
were the card drawn from the stock, and if the adversary does not want
it, he passes it and draws another. It should be observed that the
player drawing the card from the stock always has the first refusal of
it. This is sometimes very important, as both players often need the
same card.

In the foregoing example, the player’s best discard would be his ♢ K,
which is too far removed from the others in the suit to make a run
possible, and there is no mate to it with which to start a triplet.
If the adversary could use this King, he would have to discard in his
turn, and the card so thrown out would be at the disposal of the other
player, just as if it had been drawn from the stock.

_=Forcing.=_ A player need not use any card drawn, but if he has upon
the table any combination in which it can be used, his adversary may
force him with it, even after it has been declined. For instance: A
player has eight cards down, two sequences of four small cards each,
and in his hand a pair of Kings. Another King will make him game; but
if he has to depend on his sequences to put him out, he will have to
get three more cards. Suppose he draws a card that will fit one of his
sequences; it is to his advantage to pass it; but upon laying it on the
table his adversary may take it up and force him with it, by placing
it at the end of his sequence, at the same time saying: “Discard.” In
the same manner a player holding one of the cards of his adversary’s
show-down sequence or triplet may force after using a card, by placing
his discard on his adversary’s sequence, instead of laying it on the
table. If it is laid on the table, the adversary may pass it at once,
by turning it down, and it is then too late to compel him to use
it. Suppose you think your adversary holds two cards of an unplayed
sequence, and has a triplet on the table. If you can use one of those
sequence cards in his hand to advantage, and can force him by giving
him the fourth card of his triplet, which is of no use to you, you
should do so; but you must remember that you cannot force except after
using a card yourself, because you are not allowed to discard under
any other circumstances.

If a player looks at any of the cards that have been passed and turned
down, his adversary may take up and examine the remainder of the stock,
but without disturbing the position of the cards therein, and without
showing them. If a player looks at any of the cards in the stock except
the one he draws, his adversary may look at all of them. If a player
draws out of turn, his adversary simply claims the card.

_=Showing.=_ After the last card is drawn from the stock and passed,
each player shows the remainder of his hand, and as neither can combine
his cards so as to get eleven down, it is a tableau, and each puts a
counter in the pool for the next hand. The deal passes from one player
to the other in rotation as long as they continue to play.

_=Suggestions for Good Play.=_ Observation of the cards passed will
usually show what the adversary is keeping, and what he has no chance
for. Toward the end of the stock each player should know what the other
holds in his hand by the cards which have not appeared in the drawing.
If a player has not a good chance to get eleven down himself, he should
play for a tableau, by using nothing that will compel him to discard
cards which may put his adversary out. It should be remembered that a
player cannot get eleven down in one suit, and careful observation of
the cards passed will often show that his runs are blocked, the cards
necessary to continue them having been turned down.

One peculiar feature of the game is that a player cannot block his
adversary and at the same time win the game, because so long as he
holds up the card that his adversary wants he cannot get eleven down
himself. His only chance is that he may be able to use the card that
his adversary needs. For instance: He holds two 8’s, one of which will
make his adversary eleven down by completing a sequence. If there is
another 8 to come, the player with the pair may use both his 8’s, and
win; but if there is no other 8 to come, it is impossible for the
player with the two 8’s to win without first putting his adversary out.

There are no _=Text Books=_ on Conquian, and this is the first complete
description of it ever published.


CALABRASELLA.

This is a very popular game with the middle classes and the unoccupied
clergy in Italy, and it is one of the very few good games of cards for
three players. If the game were better known, the author is sure it
would become a great favourite, especially with those who are fond of
the whist family, because Calabrasella is an excellent training school
for the use of cards of re-entry, long suits, and tenace positions in
the end game. In the combination of two players against the third its
tactics very closely resemble Skat, and many interesting and difficult
positions occur in every game.

_=Cards.=_ Calabrasella is played with the Spanish pack, forty cards,
the 10 9 and 8 of each suit being discarded. The cards rank: 3 2 A K
Q J 7 6 5 4, the 3 being the highest, and the 4 the lowest, both in
cutting and in play. There are no trumps.

_=Markers.=_ The game may be scored by paying and taking in counters,
each player being provided with about fifty at the beginning of the
game, which are purchased from a banker; but the better way is to keep
account of the gains and losses of the single player in each deal, in
the manner already described in connection with Skat, balancing the
account at the end in the same way.

_=Players.=_ Calabrasella is played by three persons, two of whom are
partners against the third in each hand. If four play, the dealer takes
no cards, but shares the fortunes of those who are opposed to the
single player, just as in Skat. The players on the right and left of
the dealer are known as the pone and the eldest hand respectively.

_=Cutting.=_ The players cut for seats and deal, the lowest card having
the first choice and dealing the first hand. A player exposing more
than one card must cut again.

_=Stakes.=_ The game is played for so much a point. The largest winning
or loss for the single player is 140, but such an amount is almost
impossible, and the average payments are 10 or 20.

_=Dealing.=_ The cards are presented to the pone to be cut, and at
least four must be left in each packet. The dealer then distributes
them to the players four at a time, until each has twelve, four
remaining in the stock or talon, which is left upon the table face
down. No trump is turned. The deal passes to the left.

There are no misdeals. If the cards are not properly distributed, or
four cards are not left in the talon, the same dealer must deal again,
without penalty.

_=Objects of the Game.=_ The chief objects of the game are to win the
last trick, and to secure counting cards in the other tricks in the
course of play. There are 35 points to be played for in every deal. The
six highest cards in each suit, 3 2 A K Q J, have a counting value, the
Ace being worth 3, and the others 1 each. The last trick counts 3.

_=Declaring.=_ The eldest hand examines his cards and determines
whether or not he will _=stand=_; that is, play single handed against
the two others. If not, he says “_=pass=_,” and the next player
decides. If all three pass, the deal is void, and passes to the next
player on the left. If any player stands, he asks for the 3 of any suit
he pleases, and if either adversary holds it, he must give it up. If it
is in the stock, the player cannot ask for any other card. If he has
all four 3’s in his hand he may ask for a 2, but for no lower card. The
adversary giving the card asked for must receive a card in exchange
from the hand of the single player, but this card must not be shown to
the other adversary.

_=Discarding.=_ Having given a card in exchange for the 3 asked for,
the single player must discard at least one more card, face downward on
the table, and he may discard as many as four. The four cards remaining
in the stock are then turned face up, and the single player may select
from them as many cards as he has discarded; but he is not allowed to
amend his discard in any way. The cards he does not take, if any, are
turned down again, and are placed with his discards, forming a stock
of four cards, which must not be seen or touched until the last card
is played, when it becomes the property of the side that wins the last
trick, and any counting cards it may contain are reckoned for that side.

_=Playing.=_ The discards settled, the eldest hand leads any card he
pleases, and the others must follow suit if they can, but no one is
obliged to win a trick if he has a smaller card of the suit led, and
does not want the lead. The two adversaries of the single player do
their best to get him between them, and combine their forces to prevent
him from winning tricks that contain counting cards, especially Aces.
Whatever tricks they win are placed together, and the counting cards
contained in them reckon for their joint account. The tricks have no
value as such, except the last.

_=Showing.=_ The winner of the last trick takes the stock, and each
side then turns over its cards and counts the total value of the points
won. The lower score is deducted from the higher, and the difference is
the value of the game. If all 35 points are won by either side, they
count double, 70.

_=Scoring.=_ If the single player loses, he loses to both adversaries,
and if he wins he wins from both. His score is the only one put down,
and the amount is preceded with a minus or plus sign according to the
result. If he secures 23 points, he wins 11; if he takes in 16 only, he
loses 3. If the amount is less than 18 it must be a loss; if it is 18
or more it must be a gain. The method of balancing the scores at the
end will be found fully explained in connection with Skat.

_=Irregularities.=_ The penalty for a revoke is the loss of 9 points,
which are taken from the score of the side in error at the end of the
hand, and added to the side not in fault. If the final score is 24
to 11, for instance, in favour of the single player, and one of the
partners has revoked, the score is 33 to 2, and the player wins 31
points. If any player turns over the stock before he has announced to
stand and has discarded at least one card, he loses 35 points to each
adversary, and the deal is void. If an adversary of the single player
turns over the stock before the player has discarded, there is no
penalty, and the player may discard as he pleases. If an adversary of
the single player leads or plays out of turn, the player may abandon
the hand at that point, and claim the stock and last trick, the
adversaries being entitled to count only the points they have won up to
the time the error occurred.

_=Suggestions for Good Play.=_ The general tactics of the game are
extremely like those employed in Whist and Skat. The player establishes
his long suit as rapidly as possible, and preserves his tenaces and
cards of re-entry. The adversaries of the player should lead short
suits up to him, and long suits through him, and every opportunity
should be taken advantage of to discard counting cards on partner’s
tricks, Aces especially, which are not the best of the suit, but count
the most. Both sides scheme to get their hands in shape for winning the
last trick, which usually makes a difference of ten or twelve points in
the score, owing to the high cards held back, and those found in the
stock. Each side should keep mental count of its score, so as to know
whether or not it must win the last trick to get to 18. The exposure of
the stock, the number of cards discarded by the player, the suits which
are led and avoided, will all prove useful guides in determining where
the strength or weakness in each suit lies, and proper advantage should
be taken of all such inferences.

Some judgment is required in selecting the suit in which the 3 is to
be asked for, and the single player must plan in advance for all his
discards, one for the exchange, and those for the stock. The player’s
position at the table makes quite a difference. The leader has an
advantage with a good long suit; but with tenaces it is better to be
third player, and very bad to be second hand.

Some pretty positions arise in the end game through the refusal
of players to win tricks which would put them in the lead, and so
lose them the last trick and the stock. After the first few tricks,
everything must be arranged with a view to securing that last trick,
but the importance of getting home with Aces must never be overlooked.
These count 12 points in every hand, and the side that can get in three
out of the four has 6 points the best of it.

The only _=Text Book=_ on this game is the Pocket Guide, by
“Cavendish”; there are some good articles in Vol. III. of the
“_Westminster Papers_.”


VINT.

While this game is by some persons thought to be the forerunner of
bridge, and might be classed as one of the whist family, it is at
present so little known outside of Russia, where it is the national
game, that the author has thought it best to group it with other games
which are distinctly national in character.

Vint has been variously described as bridge without a Dummy and as
auction whist. It resembles bridge in the making of the trump, and
whist in the manner of the play.

_=Cards.=_ Vint is played with the full pack of fifty-two cards, which
rank from the A K Q down to the deuce. Two packs are generally used.

_=Players.=_ A table is complete with four players, and if there are
more than four candidates for play the selection must be made by
cutting. All the rules for formation of tables, cutting, ties, etc.,
are the same as at bridge. The lowest cut takes the deal. Partners sit
opposite each other.

_=Dealing.=_ The dealer presents the pack to be cut, and then gives
thirteen cards to each player, one at a time. No trump is turned. The
deal passes to the left. All irregularities are governed by the same
laws as bridge.

_=Making the trump.=_ Each player in turn, beginning with the dealer,
bids to make a certain number of tricks, from seven to thirteen, with
a suit of his own choosing, which he names when he makes his bid. The
suits outrank one another in the order of hearts, diamonds, clubs, and
spades, hearts being the best. No-trumps are higher than hearts. A bid
of seven tricks is usually called “one” in hearts, or whatever the suit
may be. A bid of “two” means to win eight tricks, or two over the book.

_=Bidding.=_ If a player wishes to go over the first offer made, he
must either bid the same number of tricks in a better suit, or he must
increase the number of tricks. No player can increase his own bid
unless he is overbid in the interval, but there is no limit to the
number of times that players may outbid one another. Observe that the
dealer may bid or pass, and each player after him in turn may bid or
pass. The highest bidder must abide by his announcement both as to the
number of tricks and the suit.

_=The Play.=_ No matter who dealt the cards, the player to the left of
the highest bidder always leads for the first trick. Each player in
turn must follow suit if he can, and the highest card played, if of the
suit led, wins the trick, trumps winning all other suits. The winner of
one trick leads for the next, and so on. There is no Dummy hand as in
bridge.

_=Scoring.=_ Although the bidding is for so many “odd” tricks, or
tricks over the book, every trick taken is counted when it comes to the
scoring; but it is the number of tricks bid, and not the rank of the
suit, that determines the value. Every trick won by the same partners--

  In a bid of “one” is worth                   10
  In a bid of “two” is worth                   20
  In a bid of “three” is worth                 30
  In a bid of “four” is worth                  40
  In a bid of “five” is worth                  50
  In a bid of “six” is worth                   60
  In a bid of “seven” is worth                 70

Both sides score. If the highest bid was “two in diamonds,” and the
bidder’s side won nine tricks, they would score 9 times 20, or 180;
while their adversaries would score 4 times 20, or 80.

As soon as either side reaches 500, they win the game, even if it is
in the middle of a hand; but the hand must be played out in order to
see how many points are won by each side. It should be observed that
although the bidder’s side may make nine or ten tricks the adversaries
can win the game if they get enough to count out before the bidder, by
reaching 500 first.

_=Tricks and Honours.=_ The score for tricks and for honours must be
kept separate, usually above and below the line, as at bridge. All
trick points, which are the only ones that count toward game, are
placed below the line; the honour points above.

For winning a game, 1,000 points are added in the honour column. The
side that first wins two games of 500 points each adds 2,000 rubber
points in the honour column.

_=Slams.=_ If a little slam, 12 tricks, is made, but has not been bid,
it is worth 1,000 points in honours. If a little slam, “six tricks,”
has been bid and is made, it is worth 5,000 more for bidding it, or
6,000 altogether. If a grand slam, 13 tricks, is made but not bid, it
is worth 2,000 honour points. If a little slam is bid and a grand slam
made, it is worth 7,000 altogether. If a grand slam is bid and made, it
is worth 12,000 altogether.

_=Lost Games.=_ If the bidder fails to make good, his adversaries score
100 times the value of the tricks as penalty, in the honour column;
the scores for the tricks actually won standing at their regular value
below the line. Suppose the bid to be three in diamonds, making the
tricks worth 30 each, and that the bidder’s side get the odd trick
only. Although the bidder has failed to make good, he scores below the
line for the seven tricks he took, at 30 each, and the adversaries
score for the six they took, also at 30 each. Then, as the bidder fell
short by two tricks of making good, his adversaries score these two
tricks at 3,000 points each, penalty, in the honour column.

_=Honours.=_ The honours are the A K Q J 10 of trumps and the four
Aces, the Aces being always honours; but when there is a no-trump
declaration they are the only honours. This makes the Ace of trumps
count double, when there is a trump suit; once as one of the five
honours in trumps, and once as an Ace.

Each honour is worth ten times as much as a trick. If the bid was three
in clubs, the tricks would be worth 30 each and the honours 300 each.
The side that has the majority of Aces and of honours scores for all
they hold; not for the majority or difference. Suppose the bidder’s
side has three honours in clubs and three Aces; the other side must
have only two honours and one Ace; therefore the bidder scores for six
honours, at 300 each.

If the Aces and honours in trumps are so divided that each side has a
majority of one or the other, they offset. Suppose the bidder to hold
four Aces and two honours. The adversaries must have the majority of
trump honours. Then the number of their trump honours, which is three,
is deducted from the number of the bidder’s Aces, four, leaving the
bidder’s side only one honour to the good. Three honours on one side
and three Aces on the other would be a tie, and no honours to score.

If the Aces are a tie, the side that wins the most tricks scores
them. Suppose the bidder has three honours and two Aces. He scores
five honours if he wins the odd trick; otherwise he scores one only,
the Aces being a tie and he having only one more honour than his
adversaries.

In no-trump hands, the honours are worth 25 times the value of the
tricks. If Aces are easy, neither side scores. If one has three Aces,
they are all scored. Suppose the bid to have been “two at no-trumps,”
then the Aces are worth 25 times 20, and three of them are worth 1,500
points.

_=Coronets.=_ A sequence of three or more cards in any suit, trumps
or plain, held by an individual player, is a coronet. Three or four
Aces in one hand is also a coronet. When there is a trump suit, three
Aces, or three of a plain suit in sequence, are worth 500 in the honour
column. Each additional card is worth 500 points more. A sequence of K
Q J 10 9 would be worth 1,500. In the trump suit, and in all the suits
when there are no trumps, these coronets are worth double, and each
additional card is therefore worth 1,000 more.

_=Rubbers.=_ As soon as one side wins two games, that ends the first
rubber. The partners then change, without cutting, in such a manner
that at the end of three rubbers each player shall have had each of the
others for a partner. At the end of the third rubber, the losses and
gains are ascertained for each individual, and settled for.

_=Laws.=_ The laws that govern the game are almost identical with those
for Bridge.


PREFERENCE.

This is a simplified form of Vint, for three players, with a
thirty-two-card pack. The cards rank: A K Q J 10 9 8 7, and the
suits rank: Hearts, diamonds, clubs, and spades. Hearts are always
_=preference=_. There are no hands played without a trump suit.

If four persons play, the dealer takes no cards. The three active
players make up a pool, each putting in an equal amount at first, and
the bidder putting into it as many as he bids for the privilege of
naming the trump suit.

Any one may deal the first hand, after which the deal passes to the
left. Three cards are given to each player the first round, then two
are laid off for a widow, then four to each player, and then three to
each. Beginning on the dealer’s left, each player in turn may name the
trump if he thinks he can take at least six of the ten tricks to be
played for. Bids outrank one another in the order of the suits, hearts
being preference always. The number of tricks is not mentioned. In case
there are no bids, each in turn has a second chance to bid for the
widow. These bids are made in counters, to be put into the pool. The
highest bidder takes the widow, lays out two cards, and then names the
trump suit.

The players agree upon a value for the tricks won, and payments are
made from the pool accordingly. These payments may vary according to
the rank of the trump suit.




ODD GAMES.


There are quite a number of odd games of cards, which come and go as
favourites from time to time, and pass round the world from one country
to another under many different names. The origin of most of these
games is lost in the weedy undergrowth of variations, but the chief
family trait in some of them can be traced back to the alpha of cards.

Among the oldest of games was Ombre, immortalised by Pope, the only
survivor of which is a variation played by the older Germans, under
the name of Solo; a game which still faintly resists the exterminating
influence of Skat. The ancient and honourable games of Comète, Hoc,
and Nain Jaune survive to the present day in a large and prosperous
family, ranging from Commit to Fan Tan, the latter being to-day quite
a favourite among those who like simple and amusing games, free from
mental effort. Fan Tan is unfortunately named, as many persons confuse
it with the Chinese banking game, and it would be much better under its
older name, Play or Pay.

Among the many games of which everyone has heard, and which many
thousands have been advised to play, is one which, strange to say, is
not to be found described in any work on card games, and that is Old
Maid. There was a time when the result of this game was supposed to
be final and conclusive, and parties of young men have been known to
substitute a Jack or King for the discarded Queen, in order to learn
what the future had in store for them. Under such circumstances the
game became Old Bachelor, of course.

For those who believe in the verdict of the cards, there are other
sources of information. Fortune telling, whether for the purpose of
amusement or self-deception, has undoubtedly interested many persons
in all stations of life ever since Eittella first explained the art,
away back in the sixteenth century. The meanings attached to the cards
individually, and the manner of their arrangement, is all that can
be given in a work of this kind. The qualifications for success in
foretelling the future do not depend so much on the cards as on good
judgment of human nature, unlimited assurance, a glib tongue, and a
certain amount of ingenuity in making a connected story out of the
disjointed sentences formed by the chance arrangement of certain cards,
to which an arbitrary or fanciful meaning is attached.

Speculation is considered by some persons an excellent training school
for the commercial instincts of the younger members of a family,
teaching them to form correct estimates as to the value of certain
articles offered for sale in a fluctuating market. Authors is a very
good game for the family circle, and does not require special cards,
the ordinary pack being easily adapted to the distinctions of the game.

Patience, or Solitaire, has probably claimed the attention of every
card-player at some time or other, and one cannot fail to be impressed
by the number and ingenuity of the patience games which have been
invented. One of the most expensive works on cards ever published is
devoted exclusively to Solitaire.

Among all these odd games one should be able to find something to amuse
all sorts and conditions of card-players. The only apparatus required
in any of them is a pack of cards and a few counters, and for the
latter corn or coffee-beans will form an excellent substitute.


SOLO.

Under the name of Solo, the Germans play a great many variations of
card games, of which the following is the best known.

_=Cards.=_ Solo is played with a pack of thirty-two cards, which rank
A K Q J 10 9 8 7. One suit is always first preference, or _=colour=_,
and the suit usually selected is clubs. Any suit may be made the
trump, but whatever the suit, the club Queen, _=Spadilla=_, is always
the best trump; the Seven of the trump suit, _=Manilla=_, is always
the second-best trump; and the spade Queen, _=Basta=_, is always the
third-best trump.

_=Players.=_ Solo is played by four persons, who throw round the cards
for the first club turned up to deal eight cards to each player; 3-2-3
at a time.

_=Objects.=_ The object of the game is to secure the privilege of
naming the trump suit, and of playing, either alone or with a partner,
to make five tricks, _=solo=_, or eight tricks, _=tout=_. If a partner
is required, he is selected by the player asking for a certain ace, but
the holder of the ace remains unknown until the ace falls, although
from the first he must assist the player who has asked for it. If a
player asks for an ace while holding it himself, he of course plays
without a partner, unknown to the others however, until he plays the
ace asked for.

_=Bidding.=_ The players bid against one another for the privilege of
naming the trump suit, eldest hand having the first say. When no one
will bid any higher, the player who has made the best offer names the
game he wishes to play, with or without a partner.

_=Games.=_ The rank of the various games, the amounts bid on them, and
the payments made for them, are as follows:--

  Simple in suit,            2; in colour,      4.
  Forcée or Solo in suit,    4; in colour,      8.
  Tout in Suit,             16; in colour,     32.

_=Simple Game=_ is to play for five tricks with a partner holding a
designated ace. If the trump is clubs, (in colour,) it is worth double,
4 counters.

_=Solo=_ is five tricks without a partner. With clubs trumps it pays
double, 8 counters.

_=Tout=_ is eight tricks, with or without a partner. If alone, the
single player wins or loses all; if with a partner he must share his
gains or losses.

_=Forcée=_ is when no bid is made, and any player holds both Spadilla
and Basta. He must play a Solo, or call for an ace. If he calls, the
player holding the ace names the trump suit; but the suit so named must
not be the suit of the called ace. Forcée in clubs is worth double, 8
counters.

_=Playing.=_ The trump named, the eldest hand leads any card he
pleases, and the others must follow suit if they can. The highest card
played, if of the suit led, wins the trick, and trumps win all other
suits. The hands are abandoned as soon as the bidder takes five tricks,
if he is playing anything but a tout. If he goes on he must win all
eight tricks, or lose the value of a tout.

_=Payments.=_ A solo player wins from or loses to each of his
adversaries individually the amount of the game in counters. Two
partners pay or receive each from one adversary.

_=HEART SOLO=_ is a game for three players, in which the pack is
reduced to twenty-four cards by deleting the Eight of hearts, and all
the diamonds but the Seven. Diamonds are always colour, and there are
only three trumps in that suit; Spadilla, Manilla, and Basta. The only
play is for the Solo, and if no one will make a bid, the hands are
played in colour, and the winner of the last trick loses the value of a
Solo.


AUTHORS.

This game was originally played with cards bearing the names of various
authors, and other famous personages, arranged in groups, but the game
is much simpler when played with an ordinary pack of fifty-two cards.

Any number of persons can play. The cards are shuffled and spread, and
the person drawing the lowest card deals the first hand. The ace is
low. Each player then deposits a counter in the pool, and the cards are
distributed one at a time until the pack is exhausted. If some players
have a card more than others it makes no difference.

The _=object=_ of the game is to secure tricks consisting of four cards
of the same denomination; such as four 6’s or four K’s, and the player
having the most tricks of this kind wins the pool. Ties divide it.

The player on the left of the dealer begins by _=asking=_ for a certain
card, which must be of the same denomination as one already in his
hand. For instance: He holds the spade Ten. He may ask any one at the
table for either of the three other Tens; but he must designate the
suit, and must ask a particular player for the card wanted. If the
player asked has the card, he must immediately surrender it, and the
player to whom it is given can then ask again--any player for any card,
always provided that the asker has one of the same denomination in his
own hand.

If the person asked has not the card demanded, the privilege of asking
is transferred to him, and he may ask any person at the table for any
card of the same denomination as one already in his own hand. If he has
just been asked for a Ten, for instance, and has a Ten, but not of the
suit asked for, he might turn upon his questioner and get a Ten from
him, if he could guess the right suit.

As soon as any player gets together four cards of the same
denomination, he lays them face down upon the table in front of him,
and they form a trick.

A good memory is necessary to play this game well, as it is very
important to recall who has asked for certain cards, and which players
were unable to supply them. It is a legitimate artifice in the game to
ask for a card you already have in your own hand, although you know it
will lose your guess, because it may be the only way to prevent another
player from drawing several valuable cards from you. For instance: You
hold the Fives of diamonds and spades, and have asked for and received
the Five of clubs. If you ask for the heart Five, and miss it, the
player with that card may draw all yours; but if you ask for the spade
Five, and he gets into the ask, he will at once betray the fact that
he holds the fourth Five by asking you for the club Five; but he will
never think of asking you for the spade Five, because you asked for it
yourself. If you can get into the ask again you can immediately make a
trick in Fives.


SPECULATION.

Any number of persons less than ten can play, each contributing an
agreed number of counters to the pool, the dealer paying double. The
full pack of fifty-two cards is used, and the cards rank from the A K Q
down to the 2.

In _=dealing=_, the cards are distributed from left to right, one at
a time, until each player has received three. The next card on the
top of the pack is turned up, and the suit to which it belongs is the
trump, and forms the basis of speculation for that deal. If the turn-up
card is an ace, the dealer takes the pool immediately, and the deal
passes to the left. If the turn-up is a K Q or J, the dealer offers it
for sale, before a card is looked at, and he may accept or refuse the
amount offered. Whether the card is sold or not, all the cards that
have been dealt out are turned face up, and the highest card of the
turn-up suit wins the pool. If the card is not an honour, the dealer
proceeds to sell it before any player is allowed to look at any of the
cards dealt. If any one buys the dealer’s turn-up card, the purchaser
places it on his own cards, leaving it face up. Whether it is sold or
not, the elder hand proceeds to turn up the top card of his three.
If this is not a trump, the next player on his left turns up his top
card, and so on until a trump is turned that is better than the one
already exposed. The player who possesses the original turn-up, does
not expose any more of his cards until a better trump is shown. As soon
as a better trump appears it is offered for sale, and after it is sold
or refused, the cards are turned up again until a better trump appears,
or all the cards have been exposed. The holder of the best trump at the
end takes the pool.


OLD MAID.

Strange to say, this oft-quoted and continually derided game is not
mentioned in any work on cards, a singular omission which we hasten to
supply.

Any number of young ladies may play, and a pack of fifty-one cards is
used, the Queen of hearts having been deleted. Any player can deal the
cards, which are distributed one at a time until the pack is exhausted;
if every player has not the same number it does not matter. Beginning
with the eldest hand, each player sorts her cards into pairs of the
same denomination; such as two Fives, two Jacks, etc., and all pairs so
formed are laid upon the table face down, without showing them to the
other players. All the cards laid out in this manner are left in front
of the player, in order to discover errors, if any. Three of a kind
cannot be discarded, but four of a kind may be considered as two pairs.

The discarding of pairs complete, the dealer begins by spreading her
remaining cards like a fan, and presenting them, face downward, to
her left-hand neighbour, who must draw one card at random. The card
so drawn is examined, and if it completes a pair, the two cards are
discarded. Whether it forms a pair or not, the player’s cards are
spread and presented to the next player on the left, to be drawn from
in the same manner.

This process of drawing, forming pairs, and discarding is continued
until it is found that one player remains with one card. This card is
of course the odd Queen, and the unfortunate holder of it is the Old
Maid; but only for that deal.


LIFT SMOKE.

The number of players must be limited to six, each of whom deposits a
counter in the pool. A full pack of fifty-two cards is used. The cards
rank from the ace down to the deuce, as at Whist. If there are four
players, six cards are dealt to each, one at a time; if five play, five
cards to each, and if six play, four cards to each. The last card that
falls to the dealer is turned up for the trump, and the remainder of
the pack is placed in the centre of the table as a stock to draw from.

The eldest hand leads for the first trick, and the others must follow
suit if they can. The highest card played, if of the suit led, wins the
trick, and trumps win all other suits. The winner of each trick draws
the top card from the talon, and leads again. When any player’s cards
are exhausted he withdraws from the game, and the others continue. The
player who remains to the end, having a card when his adversary has
none, wins the pool. If two players remain with a card each, the winner
of the trick draws from the stock, and the card so drawn wins the game,
his adversary having none.


EARL OF COVENTRY.

This game is sometimes called Snip Snap Snorem, by those who are not
of a poetical turn of mind. Any number of persons may play, and a full
pack of cards is dealt out, one at a time. If some players have a card
more than others, it does not matter. The eldest hand lays upon the
table any card he pleases, and each player in turn pairs or matches
it, if he can, with another of the same denomination, accompanying
the action with a rhyme. Suppose the first card played is a King; the
person playing it would say: “There’s as good as King can be.” The
first player to lay down another King would say: “There is one as good
as he.” The player holding the third King would say: “There’s the best
of all the three,” and the holder of the fourth would then triumphantly
exclaim: “And there’s the Earl of Coventry.”

The fortunate holder of the Earl of Coventry in each round has the
privilege of leading a card for the next trick, and the first player
to get rid of all his cards wins one counter from the others for every
card they hold. The words, “Snip, Snap, Snorem,” may be substituted for
the foregoing rhymes if time is short.

_=Jig=_ is a variation of Earl of Coventry in which the next higher
in sequence and suit must be played, if the player has it, until four
cards are shown. The one who lays down the last of the sequence of four
cards starts a fresh sequence, and the winner is the one who can first
get rid of all the cards originally dealt him. All the others then pay
him a counter for each card they have left.


COMMIT.

The etymology of this word has been quite overlooked by those who have
described the game. The word is from the French, cométe, a comet; but
instead of being an equivalent in English, it is simply a phonetic
equivalent; Commit, instead of Comet. Tenac informs us that the game
was invented during the appearance of Halley’s comet; and the idea of
the game is that of a string of cards forming a tail to the one first
played, a feature which is common to quite a number of the older games
of cards.

Commit is played by any number of persons, with a pack of fifty-one
cards, the Eight of diamonds having been deleted. The players draw for
positions at the table and for the first deal, and make up a pool.
The cards have no value except the order of their sequence in the
various suits. The ace is not in sequence with the King, but below the
2. The dealer distributes the cards, one at a time to each player in
rotation, as far as they will go, leaving any odd cards on the table
face downward, to form what are known as _=stops=_. As it is desirable
to have a number of these stops, it is usual to give only nine cards to
each when there are five players.

The eldest hand begins by leading any card he pleases which he lays
face upward in the centre of the table. If he holds any other cards
in sequence above it, he must play them, and when he can no longer
continue the series, he says aloud: “Without the Jack,” or whatever the
card may be that he fails on. The player on his left must then continue
the sequence in the same suit, if he can; or he must say: “Without
the Jack.” When the sequence reaches the King, it is stopped, and the
player who held the King receives a counter from each player at the
table. The same player then begins another sequence with any card he
pleases. If a sequence is opened with an ace, a counter may be demanded
from each player at the table.

If a sequence is stopped, which it will be if the card necessary to
continue it is in the stock, or if the diamonds are run up to the
Seven, the person who plays the last card before the stop is entitled
to begin another sequence. Should any player who is unable to continue
a sequence in his proper turn, hold the Nine of diamonds, he may play
that card, and the player following him is then at liberty to continue
the original sequence or to play the Ten of diamonds, following up that
sequence. When the Nine of diamonds is played, the holder receives two
counters from each player at the table; but if it is not got rid of
in play, the holder of it must pay two counters to each of the other
players.

The first player to get rid of all his cards wins the pool, and the
cards remaining in the other hands are then exposed. Any player holding
a King must pay a counter for it to each of the other players.


MATRIMONY.

Any number of persons may play, and a full pack of fifty-two cards is
used. Each player should be provided with an equal number of counters,
to which a trifling value may be attached. A strip of paper is placed
in the centre of the table, marked as follows:--

  +------------+-----------+--------------+-------+-------+
  | Matrimony. | Intrigue. | Confederacy. | Pair. | Best. |
  +------------+-----------+--------------+-------+-------+

Any King and Queen is _=Matrimony=_; any Queen and Jack is
_=Intrigue=_; any King and Jack is _=Confederacy=_; any two cards of
the same denomination form a _=Pair=_, and the diamond ace is always
_=Best=_.

The players draw, and the lowest card deals: ace is low. The dealer
then takes any number of counters he chooses, and distributes them as
he pleases on the various divisions of the layout. Each player then
takes a number of counters one less than the dealer’s, and distributes
them according to his fancy.

The cards are then cut, and the dealer gives one to each player, face
down; and then another, face up. If any of the latter should be the
diamond ace, the player to whom it is dealt takes everything on the
layout, and the cards are gathered and shuffled again, the deal passing
to the left, the new dealer beginning a fresh pool. If the diamond
ace is not turned up, each player in turn, beginning with the eldest
hand, exposes his down card. The first player to discover Matrimony in
his two cards, takes all that has been staked on that division of the
layout. The first to discover Intrigue or Confederacy, takes all on
that, and the first player to expose a Pair takes that pool. The ace of
diamonds is of no value except as one of a pair, if it is one of the
cards that were dealt to the players face down. The pool for it remains
until the card is dealt to some player face up. Any of the pools which
are not won must remain until the following deal, and may be added to.


POPE JOAN.

This game is a combination of the layout in Matrimony, and the manner
of playing in Commit. There are a great many ways of dividing the
layout, but the following is the simplest. Five cards are taken from an
old pack, and are laid out in the centre of the table, or their names
are written on a sheet of paper.

[Illustration:

  🂾 🂭
   🃇
  🃊 🃛
]

The cards are thrown round for the deal, and the first Jack deals. The
cards are distributed one at a time, the full pack of fifty-two cards
being used. The following table will show the number of cards to be
given to each player, and that left in the stock to form stops.

  3 Players, 15 cards each 7 in the stock.
  4    ”     12      ”     4      ”
  5    ”      9      ”     7      ”
  6    ”      8      ”     4      ”
  7    ”      7      ”     3      ”
  8    ”      6      ”     4      ”

Before the deal, the dealer must dress the layout, by putting one
counter upon the Ten, two upon the Jack, three upon the Queen, four
upon the King, and five on the Pope, which is the Seven (or the Nine)
of diamonds.

The eldest hand begins by leading any card he pleases, and if he has
those in sequence and suit with it and above it, he continues to play
until he fails. He then says “No six,” or whatever the card may be that
he stops on. The next player on his left then continues the sequence
if he can, or if he cannot, he says, “No six,” also, and it passes to
the next player. If no one can continue, the card must be in the stock,
which remains on the table face down and unseen. When one sequence _is_
stopped in this manner, the last player has the right to begin another
with any card he pleases.

The object of the game is twofold; to get rid of all the cards before
any other player does so, and to get rid of the cards which appear on
the layout. If the duplicate of any of those cards can be played, the
holder of the card at once takes all the money staked upon it; but if
he fails to get rid of it before some player wins the game by getting
rid of all his cards, the player who is found with one of the layout
cards in his hand at the end must double the amount staked on that
card, to which the next dealer will add the usual contribution.

The player who first gets rid of all his cards collects from the other
players a counter for every card they hold. These cards must be exposed
face up on the table, so that all may see who has to double the various
pools. If any of the layout cards are in the stock, the pool simply
remains, without doubling.

There are a great many variations of Pope Joan. Sometimes a layout very
similar to that in Matrimony is used, Pope taking the place of Pair,
and Game that of Best. A trump is turned by the dealer, and Matrimony
is King and Queen of trumps, Intrigue Queen and Jack of trumps,
Confederacy, King and Jack of trumps. The player holding these cards
will of course be able to play both of them if he can play one in a
sequence, and will take the pool for the combination. If he holds one
card and another player holds the other, they divide the pool. If one
of the cards is in the stock, the pool remains. In some places it is
the custom to remove the Eight of diamonds, as at Commit, to form an
extra and known stop. The player first getting rid of his cards takes
the pool on Game, and the holder of Pope takes that pool if he can get
rid of the card in the course of play, if not, he must double the pool,
just as with the honours in trumps.


NEWMARKET, OR STOPS.

This game, which is sometimes called Boodle, is Pope Joan without
the pope. The four cards forming the layout are the ♡A, ♣K, ♢Q, ♠J;
but there is no ♢7. The dealer names any number of counters that he
is willing to stake, which must be at least four, and each player at
the table must stake a similar amount. The counters are placed on the
layout to suit the players, either all upon one card, or distributed
among the four. The cards are dealt as at Pope Joan, and the same
number must be left in the talon.

Instead of the player being at liberty to begin a sequence with any
card he pleases, he must begin with the lowest card in his hand of the
suit which he selects. He is not restricted as to suit, but must play
all he has in sequence, and then name the card that he fails on. If a
new sequence is opened by any player, he must play the lowest card of
the suit in his hand.

If, in the course of play, any of the four cards on the layout can be
got rid of, the player holding them takes the pool on that card. If
he is left with the card in his hand at the end he is not obliged to
double the pool, as at Pope Joan, but simply loses his chance to win
it, and it remains until the next deal. The first player to get rid of
all his cards receives one counter from the other players for each card
they hold.

_=SPIN=_ is Newmarket, with one variation. The player holding the
diamond ace is allowed to play it in order to get the privilege of
stopping one suit and opening another. For instance: The sequence in
spades has run to the Nine, and one player holds both spade Ten and
diamond ace. If this player saw that another was very likely to win the
game at any moment, and he had a pool card to play, he might stop the
spade sequence by playing both the Ten and the diamond ace together,
announcing _=Spin=_. He can then play a pool card, or begin a new
sequence with the lowest of the suit in his hand. He cannot play the
diamond ace unless he can play to the sequence first.

_=SARATOGA.=_ This varies from Newmarket only in the method of making
up the pool. Instead of leaving the players to distribute their stakes
at pleasure, each is compelled to place an agreed amount on each of the
pool cards, as at Pope Joan.


POCHEN.

This is a round game for any number of players from three to six, with
a thirty-two-card pack. The layout has a centre division for pools and
seven other divisions round it, marked, respectively, A, K, Q, J, 10,
Marriage, Sequence. Each player dresses the layout by placing a counter
in each of the eight divisions. The dealer then gives cards three and
then two at a time, as far as they will go equally, turning up the next
for the trump.

The holders of the five highest trumps show them and take the
corresponding pools, Ace of trumps the A pool, etc. If any player holds
both K and Q of trumps, he takes the pool for marriage. The player
holding the highest and longest sequence in any suit takes the pool for
sequence; but the sequence must be at least three cards. Pools not won
remain until the next deal.

After the pools round the edge are all decided, the players bet for the
centre pool, or pochen. Any player with a pair, or three of a kind,
wishing to bet on them, puts as many counters as he pleases into the
centre pool, and any player willing to bet against him must put in a
like amount. There is no raising these bets, and the players in order
to the left of the dealer have the first say as to betting, or passing.
The higher pair wins. Threes beat pairs, and four of a kind is the best
hand possible.

This pool settled, the play of the cards follows. Eldest hand leads any
card he pleases and each in turn to the left must follow in sequence
and suit, playing the 10 on the 9, the J on the 10, etc., until the K
is reached. The player who has the King, or the highest card, if the
King is in the stock, starts again with any card he pleases. Any player
who cannot continue the sequence in his turn must pass that round.

As soon as one player gets rid of his last card the game is at an end
and every player at the table must pay him a counter for each card
held. The deal then passes to the left and the layout is dressed for
the next hand.


RANTER GO ROUND.

This is a round game for any number of players who make up a pool or
stake to be played for. A full pack of fifty-two cards is used and each
player has three markers. The dealer gives one card to each, face down.
This card is examined and if it is not satisfactory it is passed to the
player on the left, the object being to avoid holding the lowest card
at the table.

If the player on the left holds any card but a king, he is obliged
to exchange. If the one who is forced to exchange gives an ace or a
deuce, he announces it; but the player who demands the exchange is not
allowed to say what he gives, as the card may be passed on. Each player
in turn to the left may exchange, or he may pass, which means that he
is satisfied with his card.

When it comes round to the dealer, he cannot exchange; but he may cut
the pack and take the top card. All the cards are then turned face up,
and the lowest shown loses a counter. The deal passes to the left. When
all the players but one have lost all their markers, the survivor takes
the pool.


FIVE OR NINE.

This game, which is sometimes called Domino Whist, is simply Pope Joan
or Matrimony without the layout. Any number of persons may play, and
the full pack of fifty-two cards is used, the cards being dealt in
proportion to the number of players, as at Pope Joan.

The eldest hand must begin by laying out the Five or Nine of some suit
to start the first sequence. If he has neither of those cards he must
pass, and the first player on his left who has a Five or a Nine must
begin. The next player on the left must then continue the sequence in
the same suit if he can, but he may play either up or down, laying the
card on the right or left of the starter. If a Five is led, he may
play a Four or a Six. Only one card is played at a time by each person
in turn. Any person not being able to continue the sequence may start
another if he has another Five, but he cannot start one with a Nine
unless the first starter in the game was a Nine. He is also at liberty
to start a new sequence with a Five or Nine instead of continuing the
old, but he must play if he can, one or the other. If he is unable to
play, he must pay one counter into the pool, which is won by the first
player who gets rid of all his cards. The winner is also paid a counter
for every card held by the other players.


FAN TAN.

This is the simplest form of Stops, and requires no layout. Any number
of players can take part, and a full pack of fifty-two cards is used.
The players cut for deal and seats, low having the choice. Ace is low.
The players are provided with an equal number of counters, and before
the cards are dealt, each places an agreed number in the pool. All the
cards are dealt out. If some have more than others it does not matter.

The eldest hand begins by playing any card he pleases, and the next
player on his left must either play the card next above it, or put one
counter in the pool. Only one card is played at a time, and after the
sequence has arrived at the King it must be continued with the ace, and
go on until the suit is exhausted. The person who plays the thirteenth
card of any suit must start another sequence, in any suit and with any
card he pleases. The player who first gets rid of all his cards takes
the pool.

The great trick in this game is to provide for the last suit to be
played, and in order to have the selection of the second suit it is
usual for the eldest hand to begin with the higher of two cards next in
value to each other, which will make him the last player in that suit.
Each suit is turned face down as it is exhausted.


SOLITAIRE.

All games of Solitaire are played with the full pack of fifty-two
cards. The games may be roughly divided into two classes; those in
which the result is entirely dependent on chance, and cannot be changed
by the player after the cards have been shuffled and cut; and those
which present opportunities for judgment and skill, the choice of
several ways to the same end being offered to the player at various
stages of the game. The first class is of course the simplest, but the
least satisfactory, as it is nothing more than a game of chance.

Of the many hundreds of patience games, it is possible to give only a
few of the best known.

_=TAKE TEN.=_ Shuffle and cut the cards, and deal out thirteen face
upward in two rows of five each, and one row of three. Any two cards,
the pip value of which equals 10, may be withdrawn from the tableau,
and others dealt from the top of the pack in their places. Only two
cards may be used to form a 10. The K Q J 10 of each suit must be
lifted together, none of these cards being touched until all four of
the same suit are on the table together. When no cards can be lifted,
the game is lost.

The object in most patience games is to arrange the cards in sequences.
An ascending sequence is one in which the cards run from A 2 3 up to
the King; and a descending sequence is one in which they run down
to the ace. Sequences may be formed of one suit or of mixed suits,
according to the rules of the game.

_=THE CARPET.=_ Shuffle and cut the pack. Deal out twenty cards in
four rows of five cards each, face up. This is the carpet. Any aces
found in it are taken out and used to form a fifth row, either at the
bottom or the side. The holes made in the carpet by removing the aces
are then filled up from the pack. Cards are then taken from the carpet
to build upon the aces in ascending sequence, following suit, and the
holes in the carpet are continually filled up with fresh cards from the
top of the pack. As other aces appear they are laid aside to start the
sequence in the suit to which they belong. When you are stopped, deal
the cards remaining in the pack in a pile on the table by themselves,
face upward. If any card appears which can be used in the ascending
sequences, take it, and if this enables you to make more holes in the
carpet, do so. But after having been driven to deal this extra pile,
holes in the carpet can no longer be filled from the pack; they must be
patched up with the top cards on the extra pile until it is exhausted.

_=FOUR OF A KIND.=_ Shuffle and cut the pack, then deal out thirteen
cards face down in two rows of five each and one row of three. Deal
on the top of these until the pack is exhausted, which will give you
four cards in each pile, face down. Imagine that these piles represent
respectively the A 2 3 4 5 in the first row; the 6 7 8 9 10 in the
second, and the J Q K in the third. Take the top card from the ace
pile, turn it face upward, and place it, still face upward, under the
pile to which it belongs. If it is a Jack, for instance, it will go
face up under the first pile in the third row. Then take the top card
from the second pile, and so on, keeping the left hand as a marker on
the pile last drawn from. When you come to a pile which is complete,
all the cards being face up, you can skip it, and go on to the next.
If at the end you find that the last card to be turned up lies on its
proper pile, and needs turning over only, you win; but if you have to
remove it to another pile, you lose.

_=TRY AGAIN.=_ Shuffle and cut the pack, and deal the cards face
upward into four heaps. You are not obliged to deal to each pile in
succession, but may place the cards on any of the four piles, according
to your judgment or pleasure. In dealing out in this manner it is not
good policy to cover one card with a higher, unless you are compelled
to do so. Every time you come to an ace, separate it from the others,
placing it in a new row, as a foundation for an ascending sequence,
which may be continued regardless of the suit of the cards used. The
top cards of the four piles are used to build up the sequence. After an
ace has appeared, the player may examine the cards in any or all of the
piles, but their order must not be disturbed. The object in looking at
the cards is to select the pile which is least likely to stop you, or
the one having the fewest cards in it.

_=TAKE FOURTEEN.=_ Shuffle and cut the pack, and deal the cards one at
a time, face upward, into twelve piles, and continue dealing on the top
of these twelve until the pack is exhausted. This will give you four
piles which contain one card more than the others. Then take off any
two of the top cards which will make 14, reckoning the Jack as 11, the
Queen as _12_ and the King as 13, all the others at their face value.
Only two cards must be used to make 14. If you succeed in taking off
all the cards in this manner, you win. You are at liberty to look at
the underneath cards in the various piles, but you must not disturb
their positions.

_=HELP YOUR NEIGHBOUR.=_ Take from the pack the four aces, and lay
them face upward on the table in a row. These are to be built upon in
ascending sequences, following suit. Shuffle and cut the remaining
forty-eight cards, and deal off four starters in a row, below the aces.
These cards are to be built down on, in descending sequence, regardless
of suit. The remainder of the pack is then taken in the left hand, and
the cards turned up one by one from the top. Any card which can be used
to build up on the ace row, or down on the second row, is placed on its
proper pile at once. If the card is unavailable for either purpose,
it must be placed in a separate and ninth pile, known as the talon,
or deadwood. The ascending sequences may be built up from any of the
three sources; cards from the top of the pack, those on the top of the
various descending sequences, or those on the top of the deadwood.

The top card in any descending sequence may be moved from one pile
to another, or a card may be taken from an ascending sequence and
placed on a descending, always provided that such a card continues
the sequence in the pile to which it is removed. If any of the piles
occupied by the descending sequences are exhausted, new cards may be
placed there at any time the player thinks fit. Such new piles may be
started from the pack, from the deadwood, or from any other pile.


KLONDIKE.

This game is sometimes mistakenly called “Canfield”, but that is a
distinct game, described elsewhere, in which there are separate piles
for stock and foundations.

Shuffle the full pack of fifty-two cards, cut and turn up the top card.
Lay six more cards in a row to the right of the first card, but all
face down. Upon the second card of this row place another card face
up, and then cards face down on the remaining five of the top row. On
the third pile from the left, place another card face up, and then four
more face down to the right. Continue this until you have seven cards
face up, which will give you twenty-eight cards in your layout.

Take out any aces showing, and place them in a row by themselves for
“foundations.” Build up on these aces in sequence and suit to kings. On
the layout, build in descending sequence, red on black, black on red,
turning up the top card when any pile is left without a faced card upon
it. If there is more than one card face up on any pile, they must be
removed together or not at all. Spaces may be filled only with kings.

The stock is run off three cards at a time, and any card showing can
be used. The pack can be run through in this manner until no cards
showing can be used, but there must be no shuffling or rearrangement of
the cards. Sometimes it is the rule to run through the pack once only,
turning up one card at a time.

The object of the game is to see how many cards can be built on the ace
row. A better average can usually be obtained when the pack is run off
three at a time with the privilege of running through again and again
as long as any card can be used.


FORTUNE TELLING.

Whatever the arrangement employed for laying out the tableau in fortune
telling, the result of the reading will always be dependent on the
person’s ability to string together in a connected story the meanings
which are attached to the various cards. According to Eittella, the
father of all fortune telling, only 32 cards should be used, and it
is essential that they should be single heads, because a court card
standing firmly on its feet is a very different thing from one standing
on its head. If single-head cards are not at hand, the lower part of
the double-head cards must be cancelled in some manner.

The following are the interpretations of the various cards, the initial
_=R=_ meaning that the card is reversed, or standing on its head.

_=HEARTS.=_ Ace. The house, or home.

King. A benefactor. _=R.=_ He will not be able to do you much good,
although he means well.

Queen. Everything that is lovely in woman. _=R.=_ You will have to wait
awhile for the realization of your hopes.

Jack. A person who may be useful to you. _=R.=_ He will not prove of
much account.

Ten. A pleasant surprise.

Nine. Reconciliation.

Eight. Children.

Seven. A good marriage. _=R.=_ Fair to middling.

_=CLUBS.=_ Ace. Profits from business or gambling.

King. A just man, who has taken a fancy to you. _=R.=_ Something will
interfere with his good intentions.

Queen. Your best girl. _=R.=_ She is jealous.

Jack. A probable marriage. _=R.=_ It may have to be postponed.

Ten. Success in business. If followed by ♢ 9, the note will not be paid
when it is due; if followed by the ♠ 9 you will lose the entire account.

Nine. Success in love.

Eight. Great anticipations.

Seven. Trifling love affairs. _=R.=_ They will get you into trouble.

_=DIAMONDS.=_ Ace. A letter, or a written notice.

King. A person to beware of. _=R.=_ Will annoy you in any case.

Queen. A shrew or gossip. _=R.=_ She will make you tired.

Jack. A bearer of bad news. _=R.=_ Worse than you expected.

Ten. An unexpected journey.

Nine. That expected money will not come to hand.

Eight. Some surprising actions on the part of a young man.

Seven. Success in lotteries, gambling or speculation. _=R.=_ The amount
will be very small.

_=SPADES.=_ Ace. Love affairs.

King. Police or sheriffs. _=R.=_ Loss of a lawsuit.

Queen. A gay and deceptive widow. _=R.=_ She’s fooling thee.

Jack. Disagreeable young man. _=R.=_ He will do you an injury or
injustice of some kind.

Ten. Prison.

Nine. Vexatious delays in business matters.

Eight. Bad news. If followed by the ♢ 7, quarrels.

Seven. Quarrels which will be lasting unless the card is followed by
some hearts. _=R.=_ Family rows.

_=COMBINATIONS.=_ 4 aces, death; 3 aces, dissipation; 2 aces, enmity.

4 Kings, honours; 3 Kings, success in business; 2 Kings, good advice.

4 Queens, scandal; 3 Queens, dissipation; 2 Queens, friendship.

4 Jacks, contagious diseases; 3 Jacks, idleness; 2 Jacks, quarrels.

4 Tens, disagreeable events; 3 Tens, change of residence; 2 Tens, loss.

4 Nines, good actions; 3 Nines, imprudence; 2 Nines, money.

4 Eights, reverses in business or love; 3 Eights, marriage; 2 Eights,
trouble.

4 Sevens, intrigues; 3 Sevens, pleasure; 2 Sevens, small affairs and
gossip.

_=THE CONSULTATION.=_ There are several ways of telling fortunes, but
one example will suffice. The most important thing is to know what your
client wants to be told, and the next is to be sure that she cuts the
cards with her left hand.

The cards are shuffled, presented to be cut, and then counted off into
sevens, every seventh card being laid face up on the table, the six
intermediates being placed on the bottom of the pack each time. When
twelve cards have been obtained in this manner, they are laid out in
a row, and examined to see if the card representing the questioner is
among them. If not, they must be gathered, shuffled, cut, and dealt
again. A married man with light hair would be the ♢ K, with dark hair,
the ♣ K. If he claims to be single, the ♡ J. If your client is a woman,
the ♡ Q will do for blondes, the ♣ Q for brunettes. Do not ask if she
is married, and take no notice of rings.

Having obtained the necessary twelve cards, the more you know about
the consultant’s history, hopes, and prospects, and the better you can
judge her character, the less attention you need pay to the cards, and
the more satisfactory the result of the consultation will be. It is
not necessary to stick too closely to the meanings of the cards, nor
to their combinations; the great thing is to tell your client what she
wants to hear.

In order to confirm the truth of the pleasing story you have built upon
the twelve cards, they must be gathered together, shuffled, presented
to be cut with the left hand, and then divided into four packets of
three cards each. The first packet is for the Person, the second for
the House, the third for the Future, and the fourth for the Surprise.
Each packet is successively turned up, and its contents interpreted in
connection with the part of the questioner’s life which it represents.
In case there should be nothing very surprising in the last pack, it
is well to have a few generalities on hand, which will be true of a
person’s future six times out of ten. The expert at fortune telling
has a stock of vague suggestions, supposed to be given by the cards,
which are so framed as to draw from the client the drift of her hopes
and fears. The scent once found, most of the fortune telling is in
the nature of confirming the client’s own views of the situation.
Nevertheless, when well done, by a good talker, fortune telling is very
amusing, especially in a small company.




BANKING GAMES.


There are two distinct classes of banking games; those that can be
played without any apparatus but a pack of cards and some counters;
and those which require a permanent establishment and expensive
paraphernalia. Among the first, probably the best known banking games
are: Vingt-et-un, Baccara, Blind Hookey, and Fan Tan, the latter
requiring only one card, the face of which is never seen. In the second
class, which are often called table games, probably the best known are:
Faro, Keno, Roulette, Rouge et Noir, and Chuck Luck.

Each of these games has a number of offshoots, and the distinctions
between the original and the variation are sometimes so minute as to
be hardly worth mentioning. As a matter of reference, and for the
convenience of those who hear these variations spoken of, their names
and chief characteristics are here given.

Banking games, properly so-called, are those in which one player is
continually opposed to all the others. In round games, each player
is for himself, but no player is selected for the common enemy. In
partnership games, the sides are equally divided, and any advantage in
the deal or lead passes alternately from one to the other. In other
games, the single player that may be opposed to two or three others
usually takes the responsibility upon himself, and for one deal only,
so that any advantage he may have is temporary. In banking games, on
the contrary, one player is selected as opposed to all others, and the
opposition is continual. If there is any advantage in being the banker,
it is supposed to be a permanent one, and if the banker has not been
at any special expense in securing the advantages of his position he
is obliged to surrender it from time to time and give other players a
chance. This is the rule in Vingt-et-un, Baccara, and Blind Hookey.
If the banker is not changed occasionally, he retains his position on
account of the expense he has been put to to provide the apparatus for
the play, as in Faro, Keno, Roulette, and Rouge et Noir. To justify
this expenditure he must have some permanent advantage, and if no such
advantage or “percentage” is inherent in the principles of the game,
any person playing against such a banker is probably being cheated.

At Monte Carlo, everything is perfectly fair and straightforward, but
no games are played except those in which the percentage in favour
of the bank is evident, and is openly acknowledged. In Faro there is
no such advantage, and no honest faro bank can live. It is for that
reason that the game is not played at Monte Carlo, in spite of the many
thousands of Americans who have begged the management to introduce it.
The so-called percentage of “splits” at Faro is a mere sham, and any
candid dealer will admit that they do not pay for the gas. Roulette,
Rouge et Noir, Keno, and Chuck Luck are all percentage games, although
the banker in the latter is seldom satisfied with his legitimate gains.

The peculiarity about all percentage banking games is that no system,
as a system, will beat them. The mathematical expectation of loss
is so nicely adjusted to the probabilities of gain that the player
must always get just a little the worst of it if he will only play
long enough. Take any system of martingales, and suppose for the sake
of illustration that in 1000 coups you will win 180 counters. The
mathematical expectation of the game is such that just about once in
a thousand coups your martingale will carry you to a point in which
you will lose 200 counters, leaving you just 20 behind on every 1000
if you keep on playing. Every system has been carefully investigated,
and enormous labour has been expended on the compilation of tables
recording for a long series of time every number rolled at Roulette,
and every coup raked in at Rouge et Noir, and the result of all
systems is found to be the same, the bank succeeds in building up its
percentage like a coral island, while the player’s money disappears
like water in the sand.


VINGT-ET-UN.

Any number of persons may play Vingt-et-un, and a full pack of
fifty-two cards is used. The _=cards=_ have no rank, but a counting
value is attached to each, the ace being reckoned as 11 or 1, at the
option of the holder, all court cards as 10 each, and the others at
their face value.

The cards are thrown round for the first deal, and the first ace takes
it. The dealer is also the banker. Each player is provided with a
certain number of _=counters=_, usually 25 or 50, and a betting limit
is agreed on before play begins. The players on the dealer’s right and
left are known as the pone and the eldest hand respectively.

The _=object=_ of the game is to get as near 21 as possible in the
total pip value of the cards held.

_=Stakes.=_ Before the cards are dealt, each player except the dealer
places before him the amount he bets upon his chances for that deal.
This amount may be either at the option of the player, within the
betting limit, or it may be a fixed sum, such as one counter. In one
variation each player is allowed to look at the first card dealt him
before making his bet, and before receiving a second card. When it
comes to the dealer’s turn, he does not stake anything upon his card,
but he has the privilege of calling upon all the others to _=double=_
the amount they have placed on theirs. Any player refusing to double
must pass over to the dealer the stake already put up, and stand out of
the game for that hand.

Another variation is to allow any player whose second card is of the
same denomination as the first to separate them, and to place upon
the second card a bet equal in amount to that upon his first card,
afterward drawing to each separately, as if they were two different
hands.

_=Dealing.=_ The bets made, the cards are shuffled and presented to the
pone to be cut; four must be left in each packet. Two cards are given
to each player, including the dealer, one at a time in two rounds. If
the dealer gives too many cards to any player, either in the first
deal or in the draw, he must correct the error at once. If the player
has seen the superfluous card he may keep any two he chooses of those
dealt him. If the dealer gives himself too many he must keep them all.
The last card in the pack must not be dealt. If there are not enough
cards to supply the players, the discards must be gathered up, shuffled
together, and cut.

_=Naturals.=_ The cards all dealt, the dealer first examines his
hand. If he has exactly 21, an Ace and a tenth card, which is called
a natural, he shows it at once, and the players must pay him twice
the amount they have staked in front of them, unless they also have a
natural, when it is a stand-off. If the dealer has not a natural, each
player in turn, beginning with the eldest hand, examines his two cards
to see how nearly their total value approaches 21. If he has a natural,
he exposes it immediately, and the dealer must pay him double the
amount staked. It is sometimes the rule for the holder of a natural,
the dealer having none, to take the stakes of all the other players;
but this variation is not in favour.

_=Drawing.=_ No natural being shown, each player in turn may draw
another card, or stand on the two dealt him, which are not shown under
any circumstances. If he is content, he says: “I stand.” If he wants a
card he says: “One,” and the dealer gives it to him, face up. If the
pips on the card drawn, added to those already in his hand, make his
total greater than 21, he is créve, and passes over to the dealer his
stake, throwing his cards in the centre of the table, still face down.
If the total is not 21, he may draw another card, and so on until he
is créve or stands. The first player disposed of in this manner, the
dealer goes on to the next one, and so on until he comes to himself. He
turns his two cards face upward, and draws or stands to suit himself.
If he overdraws, all the other players expose their first two cards
to show that they have 21 or less, and he then pays each of them the
amount they have staked. If he stands, either before or after drawing,
the others expose their cards in the same way, and those that have the
same number are tied, and win or lose nothing. Those who have less than
the dealer lose their stake; those that have more than the dealer, but
still not more than 21, he must pay. When the result is a tie, it is
called _=paying in cards=_.

_=The Banker.=_ The banker for the next deal may be decided upon in
various ways. The old rule was for one player to continue to act as
banker and to deal the cards until one of his adversaries held a
natural, the dealer having none to offset it. When this occurred, the
player who held the natural took the bank and the deal until some one
else held a natural. Another way was to agree upon a certain number of
rounds for a banker, after which the privilege was drawn for again.
Another was for one player to remain the banker until he had lost or
won a certain amount, when the privilege was drawn for again. The
modern practice is for each player to be the banker in turn, the deal
passing in regular rotation to the left. When this is done there must
be a penalty for dealing twice in succession, and it is usually fixed
at having to pay ties, if the error is not discovered until one player
has drawn cards. If before that, it is a misdeal.

_=Pools.=_ Vingt-et-un is sometimes played with a pool. Each player
contributes one counter at the start, and the pool is afterward fed by
penalties. Every player who is créve puts in a counter; all ties with
the dealer pay one, and the dealer pays one for any irregularity in
dealing. The pool may be kept to pay for refreshments, like the kitty
in Poker, or it may be won by the first natural shown, as may be agreed.

_=Probabilities.=_ The only point in the game is for a player to know
what hands to stand on, and what to draw to. The dealer is guided by
the cards dealt to other players, and by what they ask for. The other
players should stand on 17, but draw on 16. In practice it has been
found that the odds are about 2 to 1 in favour of drawing at 16; 3
to 1 for drawing at 15. The rules for drawing, etc., are more fully
described in connection with the very similar game of Baccara.


MACAO.

In this variety of Vingt-et-un only one card is dealt to each player;
court cards and tens count nothing, and the Ace is always worth one.
The number to be reached is 9, instead of 21, and if a player has a 9
natural, he receives from the banker three times his stake; if an 8
natural, he receives double, and for a 7 natural, he is paid. If the
banker has an equal number of points natural, it is a tie; and if the
banker has a 7, 8, or 9 natural he receives from each of the others
once, twice, or three times the amount of their stakes. If none of
these naturals are shown, the players draw in turn, as at Vingt-et-un,
and the dealer receives from those who have less points than he, or who
are créve, and pays those who have more, but have not passed 9.


FARMER.

Any number of persons may play. All the 8’s and all the 6’s but the ♡6
are discarded from a pack of fifty-two cards. All court cards count
for 10, the ace for 1, and all others at their face value. A pool is
then made up by each player contributing one counter. This is the farm,
and it is sold to the highest bidder, who must put into it the price
he pays for it. He then becomes the farmer, and deals one card to each
player, but takes none himself.

The object of the players is to get as near 16 as possible, and each
in turn, beginning on the dealer’s left must take at least one card.
After looking at it he may ask for another, and so on until he is
créve or stands. Should a player overdraw himself, he says nothing
about it until all are helped, when the hands are exposed. Any player
having exactly 16 takes the farm and all its contents. If there is more
than one 16, that which is made with the assistance of the ♡6 wins,
otherwise the one which is made with the fewest cards. If this is a tie
the eldest hand wins. If no one has exactly 16, the farm stays with its
original owner deal after deal, until exactly 16 is held by some player.

Whether any one wins the farm or not, when the hands are exposed all
those who have overdrawn must pay to the one who owned the farm at the
beginning of that deal, as many counters as they have points more than
16. These payments do not go into the farm, but are clear profits.
Those who have less than 16 pay nothing to the farmer; but the one
who is nearest 16 receives a counter from each of the others. Ties
are decided by the possession of the ♡ 6, or the fewest cards, or the
eldest hand, as already described. If the farm remains in the same
hands, the farmer deals again, and collects his profits until he loses
his farm. When the farm is won, it is emptied, and resold as in the
beginning.


QUINZE.

This is a form of Vingt-et-un for two players, but the number to be
reached is 15 instead of 21. Court cards are reckoned as 10, and the
ace as 1 only. Each player stakes an agreed amount every time, and the
dealer then gives one card to his adversary and one to himself. The
pone may stand on the first card, or draw; but he does not say anything
if he overdraws. The dealer then draws or stands, and both show their
cards. The one nearest to 15 wins; but if the result is a tie, or if
both have overdrawn, the stakes are doubled, and another hand is dealt,
the deal passing from player to player in rotation.


BACCARA.

This very popular variation of Vingt-et-un originated in the south
of France, and came into vogue during the latter part of the reign
of Louis Philippe. It is neither a recreation nor an intellectual
exercise, but simply a means for the rapid exchange of money, well
suited to persons of impatient temperament. The word “Baccara” is
supposed to mean “nothing,” or “zero,” and is applied to the hands in
which the total pip value of the cards ends with a cypher.

There are two forms of the game in common use; Baccara a deux tableaux,
and Baccara chemin de fer. The first will be first described.

_=Players.=_ Baccara may be played by any number of persons from three
to eleven. Those first in the room have the preference, and should
immediately inscribe their names. The first eleven form the table, and
the privilege of being the banker is sold to the highest bidder; that
is, to the one that will put up the most money to be played for. The
remaining ten persons draw for choice of seats at the table, the first
choice being for the seat immediately on the right of the banker, then
for the first seat on his left. Five players are arranged on each side
of the banker in this manner, right and left alternately, according
to the order of their choice. Sometimes an assistant or croupier is
seated opposite the banker, to watch the bets, gather and shuffle the
cards, etc. A waste basket is placed in the centre of the table for the
reception of cards that have been used in play.

If no one bids for the bank, it must be offered to the first on the
list of players; if he declines, the next, and so on. The amount bid
for the bank is placed on the table, and none of it can be withdrawn,
all winnings being added to it. If no bid is made, the banker may
place on the table any amount he thinks proper, and that amount, or
what remains of it after each coup, is the betting limit. When the
banker loses all he has, the bank is sold to the next highest bidder,
or offered to the next player on the list. If the banker wishes at any
time to retire, the person taking his place should begin with an amount
equal to that then in the bank.

_=Counters.=_ Each of the players should be provided with a certain
number of counters, all of which must be sold and redeemed by the
banker or his assistant.

_=Cards.=_ Three packs of fifty-two cards each are shuffled together
and used as one. The players shuffle as much as they please, the banker
last, and the banker then presents them to any player he pleases to
have them cut. The banker may burn one or two cards if he pleases; that
is, turn them face upward on the bottom of the pack.

_=Object of the Game.=_ The court cards and Tens count nothing, but all
others, including the Ace, are reckoned at their face value. The object
is to secure cards whose total pip value will most closely approach the
number 8 or 9. An 8 made with two cards is better than a 9 made with
three.

_=Stakes.=_ Each player in turn, beginning with the first one on the
right of the banker, and after him the first one on the left, and so
on, right and left alternately, can bet any amount he pleases until
the total amount bet equals the capital then in the bank. When this
amount is reached it is useless to place further bets, as they may not
be paid. For this reason Baccara is a very slow game when there is not
much money in the bank. After all the players have made what bets they
wish, outsiders may place bets on the result if they choose to do so.

Either the players or the gallery may bet on either side of the table,
which is divided down the middle by a line dividing it into two parts,
right and left; hence the name, Baccara a deux tableaux. A person
wishing to bet on both sides at once places his money _=à cheval=_;
that is, across the line. If one side wins and the other loses, a bet
placed in this manner is a stand-off; if both sides lose, the bet is
lost, and if both win the bet is won. A common form of dishonesty at
Baccara, and one for which a distinguished Englishman was recently
tried, is to place a stake very close to the line, and if it is seen
that the side on which it is placed has probably lost, to push the
stake onto the line, so that it may be saved if the other side wins.
The Englishman in question worked this little game on the Prince of
Wales for some time before he was detected.

When the banker loses, he pays the players in their order, right
and left alternately, beginning with those who hold cards, until
his capital is exhausted. Any further bets are disregarded. If any
player bets on the opposite side of the table to that on which he is
seated, his bet is not paid until all five of the players on that side
have been settled with, because such a bet is regarded as that of
an outsider, not belonging to that side of the table. If the player
actually holding cards is not the one nearest the banker, he is still
the first one to be paid, and then those beyond him in order. For
instance: The third player holds cards; after him the fourth and fifth
are paid, and then the first and second, each alternately with a player
on the other side of the table.

_=Banco.=_ Each player in turn, beginning with the one to whom cards
will be dealt first, has the right to go banco; that is, to challenge
the banker to play for his entire capital at a single coup. Such a
proposition takes precedence of all others. If the bank loses such a
coup, it must be put up to the highest bidder again, or offered to the
next player on the list. If it wins, the same player, or any other
player, may make a similar offer for the next coup, which will now be
for double the first amount, of course; but no player is allowed to
offer banco more than twice in succession.

_=Dealing.=_ The cards cut, the banker takes a convenient number of
them in his hand, or better, spreads them face downward on the table,
and slips off the top card, giving it to the player next him on the
right, face down. The next card he gives to the player on his left, and
the next to himself. He gives another card to the right, to the left,
and to himself, and then the players take them up and examine them. Ten
cards must remain in the stock for the last deal.

_=Irregularities.=_ After the first card is dealt no bets can be
made or changed. The cards must be so held that they shall be at all
times in full view of the players. Any card found faced in the pack
is thrown in the waste basket. Any card once separated from the pack
must be taken. If neither of the players want it, the dealer must
take it himself. If the cards are dealt irregularly the error may be
rectified if they have not been looked at; but any player may amend
or withdraw his bet before the cards are seen. If the error is not
detected in time, the player who holds cards may play the coup or not
as he pleases, and all bets on his side of the table are bound by his
decision. If a player holds one card too many, he may refuse the coup,
or retain whichever two of the three cards he pleases, throwing the
third into the waste basket, not showing it. If the banker has too many
cards, the players may amend their bets, and the banker’s cards are
then exposed, and the one taken from him which will leave him with the
smallest point, the drawn card being thrown in the waste basket. If the
banker gives himself two cards while either player has been given one
only, the player must be given another card, and the banker must also
take another. If the players have not amended their stake before the
error was corrected, the first two cards dealt to the banker are thrown
in the waste basket, and the third is his point for that deal. If the
banker gives the second card to either player before dealing the first
to himself, he must give the second to the other player also, and then
take his own. This single card must then be thrown in the waste basket,
but the banker may play out the hand as if he had two cards which
counted 10 or 20; that is, baccara.

_=Showing.=_ If any of the three persons holding cards finds he has a
point of 8 or 9, it must be shown at once, and the two other hands are
then exposed. If the banker has 8 or 9, and neither of the others has
so many, the bank wins everything on the table. If either player has
more than the banker, all the bets on that side of the table must be
paid. If either player has as many as the banker, all the bets on that
side of the table are a stand-off. If either player has less than the
banker, all the bets on that side of the table are lost. If a player
wrongly announces 8 or 9, he cannot draw cards unless his point was 10
or 20.

_=Drawing.=_ If none of the three can show 8 or 9, the banker must
offer a card to the player on his right. The card must be slipped off
the pack and offered face down. If the player on the right refuses,
it is offered to the player on the left, and if he also refuses, the
banker must take it himself. If the player on the right takes it, the
player on the left may ask for a card also; but whether he does so
or not, the banker is not obliged to draw unless he chooses, after
the first card offered has been taken by either player. When the card
is taken it is turned face up, and left on the table in front of the
person to whom it belongs. Only one card may be drawn by any player,
and all the hands are then exposed. Ties are a stand-off. The banker
pays all bets on the side that is nearer 9 than himself, and wins all
on the side which is not so near 9 as himself. The players on the
opposite sides of the table have nothing to do with each other; each
wins or loses with the banker alone.

It should be observed that if a player had 4 originally, and draws a 9,
his point is not 13, but 3, because all 10’s count for nothing. There
is no such thing as being créve, as at Vingt-et-un.

_=Irregularities.=_ If the banker gives two cards, face up, to the
player on his right, the player may retain which he pleases, throwing
the other into the waste basket. If two cards are given to the player
on the left, he may select which he pleases, and the banker must take
the other.

_=Order of Playing.=_ The coup finished, and all bets paid, the cards
which have been used are all thrown into the waste basket, and the
stakes are placed for the next coup. The banker deals again, from the
top of the stock, without any further shuffling or cutting of the
cards. If the player on the right won the first coup, the banker deals
to him again; but if he lost, the banker deals to the next player
beyond him; that is, the second from the banker, on his right. The
same with the player on the left. If the player on the right or left
wins the second coup, the cards are dealt to him again for the third
coup; if he loses they are dealt to the next player beyond him, and so
on, until all five players have held cards and have lost a coup, after
which the banker deals to the one nearest him again.

It will thus be seen that there are in each coup only two active
players, and that all stakes made upon the game are made upon the
result of their hands.

_=Suggestions for Playing.=_ In justice to those backing him, the
player is supposed to draw or not to draw, according to the laws of
probabilities, which are exactly the same as in Vingt-et-un. If he has
four points, which would be 5 below 9, he should draw; just as he would
if he had 16 at Vingt-et-un, which would be 5 below 21. If he has 5
or more, he should stand; but if he has 5 exactly it is a matter of
judgment, drawing a card being sometimes good play, especially if it is
likely to lead the banker to overdraw himself. In some clubs there is a
law that a player must draw if his point is less than 5, and must stand
if it is more than 5, or he must pay a fine.

As no one is backing the banker, he is at liberty to play as badly as
he pleases, and he is really the only one that has an opportunity to
exercise any judgment in the matter of drawing. If a player refuses a
card, the banker may be able to judge whether or not he has 6 or 7 by
his habit of drawing or not drawing at 5. If he is known to be a player
who draws at 5, it is useless for the banker to stand at 5, unless he
thinks he can beat the player on the other side of the table, and there
is more money on that side. If the player demanding a card has been
given a 10, the banker should stand, even at 3 or 4. If he has been
given an ace, the banker should stand at 4; if a 2 or 3, the banker
should stand at 5; if the player is given a 4, the banker should draw,
even if he has 5. If a player has drawn a 5, 6 or 7, the banker should
draw, even if he has 5 or 6. If the player draws an 8 or 9, the banker
should stand at 4 or 5, sometimes even with 3.

It must be remembered that the banker should have a sharp eye to the
relative amounts staked on each side of the table, which will often
decide which player he should try to beat. For example: The banker has
5, and the player on his right has drawn a 10, the one on his left a 7.
The banker has an excellent chance to win all the bets on the right,
and should have a certainty of standing off with them, and unless those
on the left very much exceeded them, the banker would be very foolish
to risk losing everything by drawing to 5, simply to beat the player on
his left.

_=BACCARA CHEMIN DE FER.=_ In this variation, each player in turn on
the left becomes the banker, taking the deal as soon as the first
banker loses a coup. The banker gives cards only to the player on his
right, and to himself. If this player will not go banco, each of the
others in order beyond him may do so. If no one goes banco, each player
in turn to the right makes what bets he pleases, within the limit of
the bank’s capital. If the banker wins the coup, he deals again, and
so on until he loses, when the deal passes to the player on his left.
The banker, after winning a coup, may pass the deal to the player on
his right, if he chooses to do so, provided that player will put up an
amount equal to that then in the bank. When this player loses a coup,
the bank must go to the player to whom it would have gone in regular
order; that is, the one on the left of the player who transferred his
privilege.

Six packs of cards are generally used in Chemin de Fer, and the cards
are placed in a wooden box, from which each dealer takes as many as he
wants.

_=CHEATING.=_ Baccara is honeycombed with trickery. Dishonest players,
in collusion with the banker, have certain means of informing him of
their point, so that he may win all the money staked upon that side
of the table by the other players. This may be done in many ways. The
player may ask the one sitting next him whether or not he should draw,
which shows that he has 5. Or he may make a movement as if to expose
his first two cards, and then correct himself. This shows the banker
that the player has baccara, and is pretending that he thought he
had 9. In addition to this system of communication, which Parisians
call tiquer, marked cards, second dealing, and prepared stocks which
can be palmed on the true cards, or substituted therefor, are all in
common use. If Baccara is honestly played it is one of the fairest of
all banking games, but the opportunities for cheating are so many and
so easily availed of, and the money to be won and lost is so great,
especially at Chemin de Fer, that few who know anything of cheating at
cards can resist the temptation to practice it at Baccara.

_=The Laws=_ of Baccara are very long and complicated. As no official
code exists, and as each gambling club makes its own house rules, it
is not necessary to give them here, the directions contained in the
foregoing description being sufficient for any honest game.

_=Text Books.=_ The following will be found useful:--

  Théorie Mathematique du Baccara, by Dormoy.
  Baccara Experimental, by Billard.
  Traité Théorique et Pratique Baccara, by Laun.
  _Westminster Papers_, Vols. X. and XI.


BLIND HOOKEY.

This game is sometimes called Dutch Bank. Any number of persons may
play, and a full pack of fifty-two cards is used. The cards rank from
the A K Q down to the deuce. Any player may shuffle, the dealer last.
The pack is then cut, and the reunited parts are placed in the centre
of the table. The players then cut it into several packets, none less
than four cards, all of which remain on the table face down. Some
player then pushes one of the packets toward the dealer, and bets are
then made on the others. Any player, except the dealer, can bet what he
pleases on any packet.

After all the bets are made all the packets, including the dealer’s,
are turned face up, exposing the bottom card of each. Any packet
disclosing a card lower than the dealer’s loses all bets placed upon
it. Any packet showing a card better than the dealer’s wins from him.
The dealer takes all ties. The deal then passes to the next player on
the left. Sometimes only three packets are cut, one of which is pushed
to the dealer.

This game is a great favourite with card-sharpers, especially on ocean
steamers. They use packs in which the cards are trimmed long and short,
so that a confederate may cut them by the ends or by the sides for high
or low cards, afterward pushing one of the high cuts toward the dealer.


CHINESE FAN TAN.

This is apparently the fairest of all banking games, there being
absolutely no percentage in favour of the banker except that the
players have to do the guessing.

The one who is willing to put up the largest amount of money to be
played for is usually selected as the banker. He is provided with
a large bowlful of beans, counters, buttons, small coins, or some
objects of which a large number of similar size and shape can be easily
obtained. An oblong card is placed in the centre of the table, and the
players stake their money upon its corners or upon its edges. These
corners are supposed to be numbered in rotation from 1 to 4, the figure
1 being on the right of the banker.

A bet placed on any of the corners takes in the number it is placed
upon and the next higher also; so that a bet upon the corner 1 would be
upon the numbers 1 and 2; upon 2 it would be upon 2 and 3; and upon 4
it would be upon 4 and 1.

[Illustration:

  +---------------+X
  |3             2|
  |               |
  |4             1|
  +---------------+
]

In the illustration the bet would be upon 2 and 3.

If the bet is placed upon the edge of the card, it takes in the next
higher number only.

[Illustration:

  +---------------+
  |3             2|
  |               |X
  |4             1|
  +---------------+
]

In the illustration the bet is upon the number 2, and no other.

After all the bets have been placed, the banker takes a large handful
of the beans or counters from the bowl, and places them on the table,
counting them off rapidly into fours. The number of odd counters
remaining decides which number wins; if none remain, 4 wins. If there
were 2 or 3 counters over, the banker would pay all bets on the corners
1 and 2, even money. If there were 2 over, he would pay all bets on the
edge of the card between 1 and 2 at the rate of three for one, and so
on. The counters are then returned to the bowl, and bets are placed for
another coup.

Sometimes the banker will draw a handful of beans from the bowl and
place them upon the table, covering them with a saucer or with his cap.
He then bets any player that there will be 1, 2, 3, or 4 left, the
player taking his choice, and being paid three for one if he guesses
correctly.

In spite of the fact that this game is apparently perfectly fair for
all concerned, the author has never seen an American who could win
anything at it while a Chinaman was the banker.


FARO.

This is one of the oldest banking games, and is supposed to be
of Italian origin. It belongs to the same family as Lansquenet,
Florentini, and Monte Bank. Under the name of Pharaon, it was in great
favour during the reign of Louis XIV., and came to America by way of
New Orleans. As originally played, the dealer held the cards in his
left hand, and any bets once put down could not again be taken up until
they were decided. In addition to splits, the dealer took hockelty.

As now played, Faro requires extensive and costly apparatus, the
engraved counters used being often worth more than their playing value.

A full pack of fifty-two cards is shuffled and cut by the dealer, and
then placed face upward in a dealing box, the top of which is open. The
cards are drawn from this box in couples, by pushing them one at a time
through a slit in the side. As the cards are withdrawn in this manner a
spring pushes the remainder of the pack upward. The first card in sight
at the beginning of each deal is called _=soda=_, and the last card
left in the box is _=in hoc=_.

The first card withdrawn is placed about six inches from the box, and
the second is laid close to the box itself.

[Illustration]

Every two cards withdrawn in this manner are called a _=turn=_, and
there are twenty-five turns in each deal, Soda and Hoc being dead
cards. In making the first turn, the Soda begins the pile farther from
the box, and the next card taken out is called a _=loser=_, which is
placed close to the box. The card left face upward in the box is the
_=winner=_ for that turn, so that there must be a winner and a loser
for every turn; the loser outside the box, and the winner left in it.
On the next and all following turns, the winning card on the previous
turn will be placed on the same pile as the Soda, so that it shall be
possible at any time to decide which cards have won, and which have
lost.

The _=Object of the Game=_ is for the players to guess whether the
various cards on which they place their money will win or lose. They
are at liberty to select any card they please, from the ace to the
King, and to bet any amount within the established limit of the bank.

_=The Layout.=_ All bets are made with counters of various colors
and values, which are sold to the players by the dealer, and may be
redeemed at any time. These counters are placed on the layout, which is
a complete suit of spades, enamelled on green cloth, sufficient space
being left between the cards for the players to place their bets. The
ace is on the dealer’s left.

[Illustration:

  +----------------+
  |    🂦 🂥 🂤 🂣 🂢 🂡 |
  |🂧               |
  |    🂨 🂩 🂪 🂫 🂭 🂮 |
  +----------------+
]

There are a great many ways of placing bets at Faro. For instance: A
player may make bets covering twenty-one different combinations of
cards, all of which would play the Ten to win, as follows:--

[Illustration:

        🂥      🂤     🂣
         20   12 13   21
           18   3   19
         14   15 16   17
  🂨10   🂩  2  8🂪9 4  🂫   11🂭
        6       5    7
]

If the first bet is supposed to be flat upon the Ten itself, 2, 3 and
4 would take in the card next the Ten; 5 the cards on each side with
the Ten; 6 and 7 the three cards behind which the bets are placed, the
Ten being one in each instance; 8 and 9 take in the Ten and the card
one remove from it in either direction; 10 and 11 are the same thing,
but placed on the other card; 12 to 17 inclusive take in the various
triangles of which the bet is the middle card; 18 and 19 take in the
four cards surrounding them; 20 and 21 are _=heeled=_ bets, the bottom
counter being flat on the corner of the card, and the remainder being
tilted over toward the card diagonally across from the one on which
the bet is placed, playing both cards to win. In addition to these
twenty-one bets, others might be made by heeling bets that would take
certain cards to lose, and the Ten to win. Bets may also be _=strung=_
behind odd or even cards on the side next the dealer. These show that
the player bets the next case card that comes will win if it is an even
card, and lose if it is odd; that is, if he places his string behind an
even card.

If the player thinks a card will win, he bets it _=open=_, that is,
with nothing but his counters. If he wants to play a card to lose,
he _=coppers=_ it, by placing a checker or button on his chips. If a
player wishes to reach two cards widely separated, such as the deuce
and Seven, and has not money enough to bet on both; he can ask the
dealer for a _=marker=_, which is a flat oblong piece of ivory. This is
placed on the card to be played with the same money, and the dealer may
either trust his memory for the bet, or place another marker on it.

After the dealer has waved his hand preparatory to pushing the top card
from the box, no bet can be made or changed. After the turn is made,
the dealer first picks up all the bets he wins, and then pays all he
loses, after which he waits for the players to rearrange their bets
for the next turn. Between each turn a player may make any change he
pleases. A lookout sits on the right of the dealer to see that he pays
and takes correctly, and to watch that no bets are changed, or coppers
slipped off, during the turn.

_=Splits.=_ If two cards of the same denomination win and lose on the
same turn, it is a split, and the dealer takes half the bets on the
split card, no matter whether it is bet to win or lose. Splits should
come about three times in two deals if the cards are honestly dealt.

_=Keeping Cases.=_ As the cards are withdrawn from the box they are
marked on a case-keeper, which is a suit of thirteen cards, with four
buttons running on a steel rod opposite each of them. As the cards come
out, these buttons are pushed along, so that the player may know how
many of each card are still to come, and what cards are left in for the
last turn. In brace games, when the cards are pulled out two at a time
to change the run of them, the case-keeper is always a confederate of
the dealer, and is signalled what cards have been pulled out under the
cards shown, so that he can secretly mark them up. A bet placed or left
upon a card of which none are left in the box is called a _=sleeper=_,
and is public property; the first man that can get his hands on it
keeps it.

When only one card of any denomination is in the box, it is obvious
that such a card cannot be split, and that the bank has no advantage
of the player. Such cards are called _=cases=_, and the betting limit
on cases is only half the amount allowed on other cards. It is not
considered _comme il faut_ for a player to wait for cases, and those
who play regularly usually make a number of small bets during the early
part of the deal, and then bet high on the cases as they come along.
A player who goes upon the principle that the dealer can cheat those
who bet high, and who follows and goes against the big bets with small
ones, or who plays one-chip bets all over the board, hoping to strike
a good spot to fish on, is called a piker; and when a game runs small
this way, the dealers call it a _=piking game=_.

_=Keeping Tab.=_ In addition to the case-keeper, score sheets are
provided on which the players may keep a record of what cards win and
lose on each turn. These tabs are printed in vertical columns, about
five deals to a sheet. A dot indicates the soda card; a dash, hoc. All
winners are marked with a down stroke, and all losers with a cypher.
The diagram in the margin will give a very good idea of a faro tab for
a complete deal. The Queen was soda, the Five split out, and the Eight
was in hoc.

   A | 0 0 1 0
   2 | 0 1 1 1
   3 | 0 0 1 1
   4 | 1 0 0 0
   5 | 0 0  X
   6 | 1 1 1 1
   7 | 0 1 1 0
   8 | 1 1 0 -
   9 | 0 1 0 1
  10 | 0 0 0 0
   J | 1 1 1 0
   Q | . 0 1 0
   K | 1 0 1 1

_=Systems.=_ On the manner in which the cards will go, a great many
systems of play are based. There are sixteen different ways for a
card to “play,” which are simply the permutations of the stroke and
the cypher arranged in rows of four at a time. If a player is betting
_=three on a side=_, he will take each card as it becomes a case, and
bet that it either wins three times and loses once, or loses once and
wins three times. In the foregoing deal he would have bet on the A 3
4 6 9 J to lose on the fourth card out of the box, and would have bet
on the case cards of the 2 7 8 10 Q K to win. The Soda, it must be
remembered, is really a winning card. Of these bets he would have won
5 out of twelve, taking back his money on the 8, as that card was left
in hoc. Playing _=break even=_, these bets would have been exactly
reversed, as all the cards would have played either to win and lose an
equal number of times, or to _=win=_ or _=lose out=_; that is, to do
the same thing all four times.

Another favourite system is colours. The player takes some definite
card, such as the soda, or the first winner or loser, as his starter,
and whatever the colour of the third card of each denomination,
that is, the card that makes it a case, he plays it to win or lose,
according to the system of colours he is playing. Many players reverse
on the last turn.

When a player bets one card to lose and another to win, and loses both
bets on the same turn, he is _=whipsawed=_.

_=The Last Turn.=_ If three different cards are left in for the last
turn, the players can _=call the turn=_, naming the order in which they
think the cards will be found. Suppose the three cards left in the box
are the 9 8 2, these may come in six different ways:--

  9 8 2   9 2 8   8 9 2   8 2 9   2 9 8   2 8 9

The odds against any one of these ways are 5 to 1; but the dealer pays
4 for 1 only. In calling the turn, the bet is strung from the selected
loser to the selected winner. If the third card intervenes, the bet is
strung away from it, to show that it goes round the layout to the other
card.

If there are two cards of the same denomination in the last turn, it is
called a _=cat-hop=_; and as it can come only three ways, the dealer
pays 2 for 1. Suppose the cards are 8 8 5, they can come:--

  8 8 5   8 5 8   5 8 8

If three cards of the same denomination are left, the call is by the
colour, and is paid 2 for 1. Suppose two black and one red card are
left. These may come:--

  B B R   B R B   R B B

The bets are placed on the dealer’s right for red first; on his left
for black and red, and in front of him for two blacks.

_=CHEATING.=_ If Faro were honestly played, it would be one of the
prettiest banking games in the world; but unfortunately the money to be
made at this game is so great that the richest prizes in the gambling
world are offered to the men who can so handle the cards as to “protect
the money of the house.” All systems are not only worthless, but
dangerous to use, when opposed to the skill of the modern faro dealer.
A first-class “mechanic” can get from one to two hundred dollars a
week, and a percentage of the profits; but it is hardly necessary to
say that he is not paid that amount simply for pulling cards out of a
box. Before venturing to “buck the tiger” get some one to show you how
fifty-three cards are shuffled up, so as to make the last turn come the
way that there is most money in it for the house. Watch the movements
carefully, so that you will know them the next time you see them in a
fashionable house, which you imagine to be “dead square.” If you see a
dealer with a shuffling board as thick as his dealing box, don’t play
against that game. If you see a dealer take up the cards already taken
from the box, slipping them one under the other, as if to straighten
them up, the sooner you cash your chips the better, for you are up
against a brace game, no matter where it is dealt.

The proprietors of some fashionable “clubs,” especially at watering
places, pretend to be above all such things as cheating at faro, and
get indignant at the suggestion of the possibility of there being
anything crooked in their establishments. The author has but one reply
to all such. If it is true that there is nothing unfair in your game,
let me put a type-writer girl in the dealer’s place to shuffle and pull
out the cards, and let your men just see to paying and taking bets.

The boast of all these fashionable gambling houses is that they never
won a man’s money except in a square game. Strange to say, this is
generally true, and the explanation is very simple. If you are losing
there is no necessity to cheat you, so you lose your money in a square
game. If you are winning, it is the bank’s money, and not yours, that
they would win if they started to cheat you; and as the dealer is paid
to “protect the money of the house,” as they call it, he is perfectly
justified in throwing the harpoon into you for a few deals, just to get
his own money back; but he is very careful not to cheat you out of any
of your own money. You may lose if you like, but you cannot win; faro
banks are not run that way.


ROUGE ET NOIR, OR TRENTE-ET-QUARANTE.

The banker and his assistant, called the croupier, sit opposite each
other at the sides of a long table, on each end of which are two large
diamonds, one red and the other black, separated by a square space and
a triangle. Any number of persons can play against the bank, placing
their bets on the colour they select, red or black.

Six packs of fifty-two cards each are shuffled together and used as
one, the dealer taking a convenient number in his hand for each deal.
The players having made their bets, and cut the cards, the dealer
turns one card face upward on the table in front of him, at the same
time announcing the colour he deals for, which is always for _=black
first=_. The dealer continues to turn up cards one by one, announcing
their total pip value each time, until he reaches or passes 31. Court
cards and Tens count 10 each, the ace and all others for their face
value. Having reached or passed 31 for black, the _=red=_ is dealt for
in the same manner, and whichever colour most closely approaches 31,
wins. Suppose 35 was dealt for black, and 38 for red; black would win.
The number dealt must never exceed 40.

The colour of the first card dealt in each coup is noted, and if the
same colour wins the coup, the banker pays all bets placed on the space
marked _=Couleur=_. If the opposite colour wins, he pays all bets in
the triangle marked _=Inverse=_. All bets are paid in even money, there
being no odds at this game.

Although black is the first colour dealt for, both it and inverse are
ignored in the announcement of the result, red and colour being the
only ones mentioned, win or lose.

If the same number is reached for both colours, it is called a
_=refait=_, and is announced by the word, “Après,” which means that
all bets are a stand-off for that coup. If the refait happens to be
exactly 31, however, the bank wins half the money on the table, no
matter how it is placed. The players may either pay this half at once,
or may move their entire stake into the first prison, a little square
marked out on the table, and belonging to the colour they bet upon. If
they win the next coup, their stake is free; if not, they lose it all.
Should a second refait of 31 occur, they would have to lose a fourth of
this imprisoned stake, and the remainder would be moved into a second
prison, to await the result of the next coup, which would either free
it or lose it all.

_=Probabilities.=_ It has been found that of the ten numbers that can
be dealt, 31 to 40, the number 31 will come oftener than any other. The
proportions are as follow:--

  31--13 times,
  32--12 times,
  33--11 times,
  34--10 times,
  35--9 times,
  36--8 times,
  37--7 times,
  38--6 times,
  39--5 times,
  40--4 times.

The 31 refait also comes oftener than any other. Although the odds
against it are supposed to be 63 to 1, the bankers expect it about
twice in three deals, and each deal will produce from 28 to 33 coups.


ROULETTE.

It is probable that more money has been lost at the wheel than at any
other gambling game in the world. In conjunction with Rouge et Noir, it
forms the chief attraction at Monte Carlo, and other public gambling
casinos. The rage for these games was so great, and the trickery
connected with them so common, that they were banished from France
by the law of 18 juillet, 1836, and had to take refuge in Baden and
Homburg. Before that time the public revenue from the gaming houses
amounted to five or six millions a year, all of which was lost by
closing them up. The evil was not exterminated, however, for there are
to-day hundreds of gambling hells in Europe, which make up for the
brevity of their existence by the rapidity with which they fleece their
patrons.

In America, the wheel has always been popular, but Rouge et Noir is
practically unknown, the reason being that in the latter game there
is no variety, and therefore no chance for the player to exercise any
judgment, or to play any “system” in making his bets, as he can in Faro.

_=The Wheel.=_ The roulette wheel is turned by a small cross-bar
rising from its axis. The surface of the wheel slopes from the axis to
the outer edge, which is divided into small square pockets, coloured
alternately red and black, and each having a number just above it, on
the surface of the wheel. These numbers may be in any order, according
to the fancy of the maker of the wheel, and they may run from 1 to
27, to 30, to 33, or to 36. In addition to the numbers there are zero
marks, which are called _=single=_ and _=double 0=_, and _=Eagle
Bird=_. All three of these are used in American wheels, and they are
green, so that they win for neither colour. In some of the European
wheels there are two zeros, the single 0 being red, and the double 0
black. The single 0 also counts as “odd,” and as below 19; while the
double 0 is “even,” and above 18. Bets on odd or even, above and below,
are not paid, however, but must remain on the table until the next
roll, when the player either gets back twice his money or loses it
all. At Monte Carlo there is only one zero, which is green, and takes
everything but bets on itself. The numbers on the wheel are arranged as
follows at Monte Carlo, the heavy type being the black:--

[Illustration]

The pockets on the edge of the wheel are at the bottom of a sort of
circular valley, the centre of which is formed by the revolving wheel,
and the outer slope by a stationary but rising margin or border, at
the top of which is an overhanging edge, under which the banker spins
a small ivory ball, always in the direction opposite to that in which
the wheel is turning. As the ball loses its momentum it strikes some
little brass ridges, which cause it to jump onto the wheel, and then to
run into one of the pockets. The number, the colour, odd or even, and
whether above or below, is immediately announced by the banker, and all
bets are taken and paid accordingly.

_=The Layout.=_ The wheel is sunk in the middle of a long table, on
each end of which is a layout, and on these layouts all bets are
placed. The divisions are as follows:--

The heavy faced type indicates the black numbers:

[Illustration:

                  +------+
                  |   0  |
  +--------+------+------+------+--------+
  |        |   1  |  =2= |   3  |        |
  |        +------+------+------+        |
  |        |  =4= |   5  |  =6= |        |
  | Passe  +------+------+------+ Manque |
  |        |   7  |  =8= |   9  |        |
  |        +------+------+------+        |
  |        | =10= | =11= |  12  |        |
  +--------+------+------+------+--------+
  |        | =13= |  14  | =15= |        |
  |        +------+------+------+        |
  |        |  16  | =17= |  18  |        |
  | Pair   +------+------+------+ Impair |
  |        |  19  | =20= |  21  |        |
  |        +------+------+------+        |
  |        | =22= |  23  | =24= |        |
  +--------+------+------+------+--------+
  |        |  25  | =26= |  27  |        |
  |        +------+------+------+        |
  |        | =28= | =29= |  30  |        |
  | Noir   +------+------+------+ Rouge  |
  |        | =31= |  32  | =33= |        |
  |        +------+------+------+        |
  |        |  34  | =35= |  36  |        |
  +--+--+--+------+------+------+--+--+--+
  | P| M| D|      |      |      | P| M| D|
  |12|12|12|      |      |      |12|12|12|
  +--+--+--+------+------+------+--+--+--+
]

Bets may be made on the following chances:

1. _=En plein.=_ Flat upon any number, which pays 35 for 1. The betting
limit at Monte Carlo is 180 francs.

2. _=A cheval=_, on the line between two numbers, which pays 17 for 1.
Betting limit on this chance is 360 francs.

3. _=Un carré=_, on a cross line, taking in four numbers. This pays 8
for 1. Limit is 750 francs.

4. _=Transversale=_, at the end of any three numbers, and taking them
in horizontally. Pays 11 for 1. Limit is 560 francs.

5. _=Transversale Six=_, placed on the line at the end, taking in the
three numbers horizontally above and below. This pays 5 for 1. Limit is
1,200 francs.

6. _=Bas.=_ At the bottom of any of the three vertical columns, taking
in the twelve numbers. This pays 2 for 1. Limit is 3,000 francs.

7. _=Bas à cheval=_, between any two of these columns. This pays ½ for
1. Limit is 3,000 francs.

8. _=Premier, Milieu, Dernier.=_ Bets placed in the spaces marked P 12,
M 12, and D 12, are upon the first, middle and last twelve numbers;
that is, from 1 to 12, 13 to 24, and 25 to 36 respectively. This pays 2
for 1. Limit is 3,000 francs.

A cheval between any two of the last mentioned, pays ½ for 1.

In addition to the foregoing, all the following chances may be bet
upon. They all pay even money. The limit is 6,000 francs.

9. _=Impair.=_ That the number will be odd.

10. _=Pair.=_ That the number will be even.

11. _=Manque.=_ That the number will be from 1 to 18.

12. _=Passe.=_ That the number will be from 19 to 36.

13. _=Rouge=_ or _=Noir=_. Red or Black.

The foregoing are the payments at Monte Carlo; but wheels with less
numbers are scaled down accordingly. The players can bet on the zero
if they choose, and they will be paid if it comes up, 35 for 1, but
all other bets are lost. In wheels with two zeros, red and black, the
bank wins on the colour which does not come, and the bets on the right
colour are neither paid nor taken, but must remain until the next
turn of the wheel. This is now the practice at Monte Carlo, with the
single-zero wheels.

_=Systems.=_ As at Faro, gamblers at Roulette are never tired of
devising systems to beat the game; but none of them are of any further
use than to afford a little passing amusement to their inventors.
Persons who are interested in systems will find in the New York Sun,
July 5, 1896, a very interesting tabulation of every roll of the ball
at Monte Carlo for seven successive days, 4,012 in all, of which 120
were zeros. If they can find a system that will beat the wheel for
seven days, and have a return ticket, Monte Carlo will take care of all
their spare cash.

One curious fallacy about some systems is to imagine that they will win
if the player will quit when he is a certain amount ahead, and not play
again until next day. Until some rule can be given by which the exact
hour can be fixed to begin play, all such systems must be delusions,
as there is no reason why a second man should not begin where the first
left off, and therefore no reason why the first should not continue
playing all the time.

It is in the interest of the proprietors of all gambling houses to
pretend to be afraid of systems. The word is passed round, and the
deluded gamesters think they have found the thread which has held the
sword of Damocles above the banker’s head so long. As a matter of
fact, there is no one so welcome at a gambling house as a player with
a system. A man may be fortunate enough for a long time to guess right
oftener than he will guess wrong, and a lucky man in good guessing form
is a very dangerous customer, that no cold deck will beat; but a man
with a system surrenders to a double foe; the inevitable percentage of
the game, and the skill of the banker, who can beat any system if the
player will only promise to stick to it.


KENO, OR LOTTO.

This game is played with a large number of cards, on which are printed
various permutations of the numbers 1 to 90, taken five at a time; but
each of the five numbers selected for one combination must be in a
separate division of tens, such combinations as 2 4 8 16 18 not being
allowed on any card, because the 2 4 and 8, for instance, are all
in the first ten numbers of the 90. These cards have each a number,
printed in large red type across the face of the other figures. The
following might be a keno card, No. 325:--

[Illustration:

  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |  1 |    | 26 |    | 45 | 53 |    | 77 |    |
  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |    | 10 | 28 | =3=| =2=| =5=| 62 | 79 | 83 |
  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
  |  4 | 12 |    | 37      |    | 67 |    | 90 |
  +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+
]

Some cards have more than three rows of figures on them, but none have
more than five in one row.

The cards are left on the tables in large numbers, and any number of
persons may play. Each selects as many cards as he wishes, or thinks he
can watch, and places upon them their price, usually twenty-five cents
each. An assistant comes round and calls out the numbers of all the
cards to be played, and they are “pegged” on a large board provided for
the purpose.

Ninety small ivory balls, with flattened surfaces to carry the numbers,
are placed in a keno goose, which looks like a coffee urn with the
spout at the bottom. This spout can be screwed out to put in the
balls, and is controlled with a spring cut-off like a powder horn,
which lets out only one ball at a time. When all the cards have been
pegged, the goose is rapidly revolved several times back and forth, and
then a number is taken out, and placed in a little tray with ninety
depressions in it, numbered in regular order, which hold the balls as
they come from the goose. The keno roller calls each number distinctly,
and the players who find it on their cards cover it with a button. The
first player to get a horizontal row of five numbers covered in this
manner, calls out “Keno!” or bangs the table with a card, and that
stops the game. An assistant comes round to the table and calls out the
number of the card; if it has been paid for and pegged, he proceeds to
call the numbers forming the keno, and these are checked by the roller
from the balls on the tray. If everything is correct, the player is
given all the money paid by the other players for their cards, less the
ten per cent which goes to the house. If two kenos are made on the same
number, they divide the pool equally.

As an illustration of the profitable nature of the game for the house,
it may be remarked that if ten men were to play keno for a dollar a
card, and each of them made keno ten times, they would all be “dead
broke;” because on each of the hundred kenos at ten dollars each, the
bank would have taken out its dollar percentage.


CHUCK-LUCK.

This game is sometimes called _=Sweat=_, and again, but erroneously,
_=Hazard=_. It is played with three dice, which are usually thrown down
a funnel in which several cross-bars are placed. The player is offered
five different forms of betting, all of which appear on the _=Layout=_,
and which cover all the combinations possible with three dice.

[Illustration:

                      +-----------------------+
                      |    Single Numbers.    |
           HIGH.      +---+---+---+---+---+---+         LOW.
                      | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
                      +---+---+---+---+---+---+

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | 18| 17| 16| 15| 14| 13| 12| 11| 10|  9|  8|  7|  6|  5|  4|  3|
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |180| 60| 29| 18| 12|  8|  6|  6|  6|  6|  8| 12| 18| 29| 60|180|
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

                      +-----------------------+
                      |       Raffles.        |
           ODD.       +---+---+---+---+---+---+         EVEN.
                      | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
                      +---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

The Raffles are sometimes indicated by a representation of one face of
a die. Bets on single numbers pay even money, if the number bet on
comes up on the face of any of the three dice. If it comes up on two
of them, such as two deuces, it pays double; but if all three dice are
alike it is a _=raffle=_, and the house takes all bets not placed on
raffles. Bets on the numbers from 18 to 3 are upon the total count of
the pips on the upper faces of the three dice. The small figures under
these numbers show the odds paid; 14, for instance, pays twelve for
one. All raffles pay 180 for one; the same as 18 or 3.

Bets on High and Low, Odd or Even, pay even money. High throws are all
above 10, and low throws are all below 11. This would be perfectly even
betting if the house did not take raffles. Some houses allow a player
to bet on raffles generally; that is, to bet that a raffle of some kind
will come. Such bets are paid 30 for 1.

The percentage of the house, even in a square game, may be seen from
the following table, which gives the odds against the event, and the
odds which the house pays:--

  The odds against  3 or 18 are 215  to 1; the house pays 180
         ”          4  ” 17  ”   71  ”  1        ”         60
         ”          5  ” 16  ”   35  ”  1        ”         29
         ”          6  ” 15  ”   20½ ”  1        ”         18
         ”          7  ” 14  ”   13¼ ”  1        ”         12
         ”          8  ” 13  ”    9¼ ”  1        ”          8
         ”          9  ” 12  ”    7¼ ”  1        ”          6
         ”         10  ” 11  ”    7  ”  1        ”          6

_=Cheating.=_ There are endless ways of swindling at Chuck-luck, the
most modern being to turn the dice over after they have reached the
table through the funnel. This is done by an apparatus under the cloth,
the dealer looking down the funnel to see how the dice lie, and then
adjusting them to suit himself. Another method is to hold out one die,
throwing only two down the funnel, and slipping the third down the
outside, turning it so that when it is combined with the two already
in the funnel it will beat the big bets on the layout. Raffles can be
forced in this way whenever the two dice in the funnel are paired.


RONDEAU.

This game is played on a pocket billiard table. The banker asks for
bets on the _=inside=_ and _=outside=_, and the amounts staked on each
side must balance. So long as they do not balance, the banker must ask
for what he wants: “Give me fourteen dollars on the outside to make
the game,” etc. As soon as the amounts balance, and no more bets are
offered, he says: “Roll. The game is made.”

A round stick, about a foot long, is placed behind nine small ivory
balls. Any person may roll. He takes his stand at one corner of the
table and rolls the balls across the table to the pocket diagonally
opposite him. At least one ball must go into the pocket and one must
be left out, or they must be rolled over again. The number of balls
left outside the pocket, odd or even, decides whether the inside or the
outside bets win; and after the banker has deducted his ten per cent,
the players who have backed the winning side get their money.


MONTE BANK.

The money staked by the banker is piled upon the table, so that all
players may see what is to be won. The banker takes a Spanish pack of
forty cards, shuffles them, and offers them to the players to be cut.
Holding the pack face down, the banker draws two cards from the bottom
and places them on the table, face up, for the “bottom layout.” He then
draws two cards from the top of the pack for the “top layout.”

The players can bet on either layout, and after all the bets are placed
the pack is turned face up. The card that shows is called the “gate.”
If it is of the same suit as either of the cards in the top layout, the
banker pays all bets on that layout. If there is a card of the same
suit as the gate in the bottom layout, the banker pays that also. If
there is no card of the same suit as the gate in either of the layouts,
the banker wins from that layout; so that he may win or lose from
either or both on the same gate.

The pack is then turned face down, the gate is drawn off and thrown
aside and two fresh layouts are made, as before and the bets placed
before the new gate is shown. This is continued until the pack is
exhausted.


THREE-CARD MONTE.

This is a purely gambling game, chiefly useful for separating fools
from their money. The dealer takes three cards, slightly bent
lengthwise, so as to be more easily picked up by the ends. One of these
is shown, and the players are told to watch it. After a few skilful
passes, the three cards come to rest on the layout, and the players are
asked to bet that they can pick out the card shown.

If the dealer will lay two to one, it is a fair gamble; but if he lays
even money only, the player is betting two to one against himself.
There are endless ways of pretending to mark the shown card, so that
it may be known by the back; but the dealer or his confederate always
knows that this is done, and the mark is shifted during the passes.


UNDER AND OVER SEVEN.

This game is played with a layout, divided and marked as follows:--

[Illustration:

  +------+--------+------+
  | _U_  |  _7_   | _O_  |
  | EVEN | 3 TO 1 | EVEN |
  +------+--------+------+
]

The players can bet on any of the three spaces. Two dice are thrown by
the banker, and if the number thrown is _=under=_ seven he pays all
bets upon the U, even money, taking all those upon 7 and O. If the
throw is _=over=_ seven, he pays all bets upon the O, taking all those
upon U and 7. If seven is thrown, he pays all bets upon that number,
three for one, and takes all upon U and O.

As there are 36 possible throws with two dice, 15 being under and 15
over seven, the percentage in favour of the banker is always 21 to 15,
on U and O. As there are only 6 ways out of 36 to throw seven, the
odds against it are 5 to 1; but the banker pays only 3 for 1. In spite
of this enormous percentage in his favour, he frequently adds to his
revenue by skilful cheating.


LANSQUENET.

This is a banking game for any number of players, with a pack of
fifty-two cards. After the pack has been shuffled and cut, the dealer
lays off two cards, face up for “hand cards.” He then deals a card for
himself and one for the players, also face up. If either of these is of
the same denomination as either of the hand cards, it must be placed
with them, and another card dealt; because all bets must be made on
single cards.

Having two cards, one for the players and one for himself, the banker
turns up cards one at a time. If he draws the same denomination as
the players’ card, he wins all the bets upon it. If he draws his own
denomination, he loses all bets upon the other card. If he draws a card
that matches neither, and is not in the hand cards, it is placed on the
table, and the players can bet upon it.

As soon as the players’ card is matched, the banker withdraws both
cards, but he cannot withdraw his own card. All cards matching the hand
cards must be placed with them.




TABLE GAMES.


The common form of folding chess-board provides a field for three
of our best known games; Chess, Checkers, and Backgammon, which are
generally spoken of as “table games,” although, strictly speaking,
Backgammon is the only game of Tables. These three games were probably
played long before history noticed them, and they have survived almost
all ancient forms of amusement.

_=Chess=_ is not only the most important of the three, but the most
widely known, and possesses the most extensive literature. According
to Chatto, it is probable that all games of cards owe their origin
to chess, cards themselves having been derived from an old Indian
variation of chess, known as the Four Kings. Chess is also the most
fascinating of the table games, its charm being probably due to the
fact that, like whist, it is a game that no man ever mastered. Whether
or not this is in its favour is an open question. The amount of study
and practice required to make a person proficient in chess brings a
serious drain upon the time, and the fascinations of the game are such
that once a person has become thoroughly interested in it, everything
else is laid aside, and it is notorious that no man distinguished as a
chess-player has ever been good for anything else.

Mr. Blackburne, the English chess champion, regards the game as a
dangerous intellectual vice which is spreading to rather an alarming
extent. Discussing the matter, after his game with Mr. Bardeleben,
he said: “I know a lot of people who hold the view that chess is an
excellent means of training the mind in logic and shrewd calculation,
provision and caution. But I don’t find these qualities reflected in
the lives of chess-players. They are just as fallible and foolish as
other folks who don’t know a rook from a pawn. But even if it were a
form of mental discipline, which I doubt, I should still object to
it on the ground of its fatal fascination. Chess is a kind of mental
alcohol. It inebriates the man who plays it constantly. He lives in a
chess atmosphere, and his dreams are of gambits and the end of games. I
have known many an able man ruined by chess. The game has charmed him,
and, as a consequence, he has given up everything to the charmer. No,
unless a man has supreme self-control, it is better that he should not
learn to play chess. I have never allowed my children to learn it, for
I have seen too much of its evil results. Draughts is a better game, if
you must have a game.”

Chess is generally believed to have originated in India, and in
its primitive form was called Chaturanga. It is mentioned in the
Hindoo Puranas, at least 3000 years B. C. The game seems to have
spread eastward long before it came West, going through Burmah to
Thibet, Siam, China, Malacca, Java, and Borneo. Owing to the better
preservation of historical records in China, many persons have been
led to credit that country with the invention of chess, but recent
investigations have shown that the Chinese got it from India. At some
remote period of the world’s history the game was taken from China to
Japan, and there are to-day many points in common between the games
played in these two countries, especially in the arrangement of the
pieces, although the Japanese board has eighty-one squares.

Chess came westward through Constantinople, it having passed through
Persia sometime during the sixth century. The Arabs seem to have
learned the game, and taken it to Mecca and Medina, afterward passing
it along to Syria and the Byzantines, sometime during the seventh
century. Disbanded body-guards of the Byzantine emperors carried it to
Scandinavia and the North, while it was gradually spreading over Europe
by way of the Bosphoros and the Danube.

_=Draughts=_, or _=Checkers=_, is sometimes claimed to be an older game
than Chess: but it is much more probable that both are developments of
some still older game, all trace of which is lost. In Egypt and Nubia
there are illustrations of persons playing at draughts twenty centuries
before the Christian era. During recent explorations in Egypt quite a
variety of draughtmen have been found, some of which were used during
the reign of Rameses III. The usual form seems to have been circular,
about an inch in diameter, and surmounted by a round knob, something
like a chess pawn, so that the men could be easily picked up. From the
manner in which the men are shown mixed upon the board, it is evident
that they could not move or take backwards, as in Polish draughts, but
whether they advanced diagonally, as at the present day, there is no
evidence to show. The Japanese game of draughts has lately been revived
in England and America under the name of Go-Bang, but as it requires a
special board of 324 squares, it has never been popular.

_=Backgammon=_ cannot be traced to its origin. Several authorities
have fallen into the error of ascribing the game to a certain country
because the name is derived from a certain language, forgetting that in
ancient times every country invented its own names for games. Chess is
called Choke-choo-hong-ki in China, and Shogi in Japan; but that does
not make it either a Chinese or a Japanese game. Either of these names
might be used for Backgammon, as they have exactly the same meaning.
The Welsh words, bach, and cammen; or the Saxon bac, and gamen,
signify “a little battle;” while the Chinese and Japanese names for
Chess signify “mimic warfare.”

The Welsh and Saxons undoubtedly got Backgammon from the Romans, who
played it under the name of Scripta Duodecimo. They seemed to have got
it from the Greeks, who are known to have used a table called Abacus,
very much like a backgammon board in form, with lines drawn upon it,
and the men were moved from one line to another according to the throws
of the dice.

There is no trace of Backgammon among the games of the Egyptians or the
Hebrews, although the chief factors in the game, the dice, have been
known to all nations, and are probably the oldest gaming instruments in
the world.

As to the respective merits of these table games, there is little to be
said. Curiously enough they are played by entirely different classes of
people. Backgammon has always been highly respectable, and seems likely
to retain its position as the fashionable game. Draughts is peculiarly
the game of the middle classes, popular at the workman’s dinner hour,
in the sitting-rooms of cheap hotels, in country clubs, and in fire
engine stations; the latter being a favourite training ground for our
checker champions. Chess is probably the most universal game of all,
and its general character is understood by almost every educated person
in the world.


CHESS.

Chess is played upon a square board, divided into sixty-four smaller
squares of equal size. These small squares are usually of different
colours, alternately light and dark, and the board must be so placed
that each player shall have a light square at his right, on the side
nearer him.

Each player is provided with sixteen men, eight of which are called
_=pieces=_, and eight _=pawns=_. The men on one side are red or black,
and those on the other side are white or yellow, and they are usually
of a standard pattern, which is known as the Staunton model.

The eight pieces are:

  The King, ♚ The Queen, ♛ Two Rooks or Castles, ♜
  Two Bishops, ♝ and two Knights, ♞

These eight pieces are arranged on the side of the board nearer the
player, and immediately in front of them stand the eight Pawns, ♟.
Diagram No. 1 will show the proper arrangement of the men at the
beginning of a game:--

[Illustration: _No. 1._

                BLACK.
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♜ | ♞ | ♝ | ♛ | ♚ | ♝ | ♞ | ♜ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♚ | ♚ | ♚ | ♚ | ♚ | ♚ | ♚ | ♚ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♖ | ♘ | ♗ | ♕ | ♔ | ♗ | ♘ | ♖ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                WHITE.
]

It will be observed that the two Queens are opposite each other, and
that each Queen stands upon a square of the same colour as herself. For
irregularities in setting up the men, see the Laws of Chess.

The _=players=_ are designated by the colour of the men with which they
play, Black or White, and White always has the first move. In a series
of games each player alternately takes the white men with the first
move. It is usual to draw for the first game, one player concealing
in each hand a pawn of a different colour, and offering the choice of
hands to his adversary. Whichever colour the chosen hand contains is
the one the chooser must take for the first game.

The duplicate pieces of each colour are distinguished by their position
with regard to the King or Queen; those on the King’s side being called
the King’s Bishop, the King’s Knight, and the King’s Rook. Those on the
Queen’s side are the Queen’s Bishop, Queen’s Knight, and Queen’s Rook.
The pawns are designated by the pieces in front of which they stand;
King’s Pawn; Queen’s Knight’s Pawn, etc.

The comparative _=value of the pieces=_ changes a little in the course
of play, the Rooks especially not being so valuable early in the game.
Authorities differ a little as to the exact value of the pieces, but if
we take the Pawn as a unit, the fighting value of the others will be
about as follows:--

  A Knight is worth  3½ Pawns.
  A Bishop is worth  5¼ Pawns.
  A Rook is worth    9½ Pawns.
  A Queen is worth  15  Pawns.
  A King is worth    4½ Pawns.

_=THE MOVES.=_ Each piece has a movement peculiar to itself, and, with
the exception of the Pawns, any piece can capture and remove from the
board any opposing piece which it finds in its line of movement. The
captured piece is not jumped over, but the capturing piece simply
occupies the square on which the captured piece stood. The movement of
each piece should be studied separately.

♟ _=The Pawns=_ move straight forward, one square at a time, except
on the first move, when they have the privilege of moving either one
or two squares, at the option of the player. In capturing, the Pawn
does not take the piece directly in its path, but the one diagonally
in front of it on either side. Such a capture of course takes the Pawn
from the file it originally occupied, and it must then continue to
advance in a straight line on its new file. In Diagram No. 2, the white
Pawns could not capture either of the black Bishops or Rooks, but the
Pawn on the left could take either of the black Knights:--

[Illustration: _No. 2._

  | ♞ |   | ♞ |   |   |   | ♙ | ♜ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ♙ |   |   | ♝ |   | ♜ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | ♙ | ♝ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                WHITE.
]

After a Pawn has crossed the middle line of the board into the
adversary’s territory, it is called a _=passed Pawn=_. If an adverse
Pawn attempts to pass this Pawn by availing itself of the privilege of
moving two squares the first time, that would not prevent the passed
Pawn from capturing it _=en passant=_. In the position shown in Diagram
No. 3, for instance, if the black Queen’s Pawn were to advance two
squares, the white Pawn could capture it en passant, lifting it from
the board, and taking the position that the black Pawn would have
occupied if it had moved only one square the first time; that is,
the first black square in front of the Queen. A Pawn can be taken en
passant only by another pawn, never by any other piece.

[Illustration: _No. 3._

                BLACK.
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♜ | ♞ | ♝ | ♛ | ♚ | ♝ | ♞ | ♜ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♟ | ♟ | ♟ | ♟ |   | ♟ | ♟ | ♟ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | ♟ |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | ♙ |   |   |   |
]

♜ _=The Rook=_ can be moved any number of squares at a time, forward or
backward, but only in vertical or horizontal lines, never diagonally.
The Rook’s movement is of course limited by pieces obstructing its
path, for it cannot jump over anything. At the beginning of the game,
for instance, the Rook cannot move at all.

♝ _=The Bishop=_ can be moved any number of squares at a time, forward
or backward, but only in diagonal lines, never horizontally or
vertically. For this reason the Bishop never leaves the squares of the
same colour as that on which it originally stood. A Bishop is often
spoken of as a white Bishop or a black Bishop, which does not mean that
it is one of White’s Bishops, or one of Black’s; but that it stands
upon a white or black square. Like the Rook, the Bishop cannot jump
over other pieces, and cannot be moved at all until one or other of the
two Pawns diagonally in front of it have opened the way.

♛ _=The Queen=_ combines the movements of the Rook and Bishop, and can
be moved horizontally, vertically, or diagonally, any number of squares
at a time, provided that the path is clear. Like the Rook and Bishop,
she cannot move at all until some of the adjoining pieces have made a
way for her.

♚ _=The King=_ has the same movement as the Queen, but is limited to
one square at a time. The King is not allowed to move to a square which
would expose him to capture by adverse pieces, for reasons which will
presently be explained.

♞ _=The Knight=_ has a very peculiar movement, which is L shaped, and
necessitates his changing the colour of the square he stands on, every
time he moves. The simplest way for the beginner to learn the Knight’s
move is to observe that he must go two squares, neither more nor less,
in a vertical or a horizontal direction, and must then change the
colour of the square he stands on by going one square either to the
right or left, which will complete the L shaped movement. Diagram No.
4 will show that when the Knight is away from the side of the board,
he may go to any one of eight different squares; but when he is in a
corner he can go to two only. For that reason Knights are much more
powerful when placed near the centre of the board.

[Illustration: _No. 4._

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | 8 |   | 1 |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | 7 |   |   |   | 2 |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   | ♞ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | 6 |   |   |   | 3 |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | 5 |   | 4 |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | 1 |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | 2 |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♞ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

The peculiarity of the Knight’s move is that it is not retarded by
other pieces, because the Knight can jump over them, a privilege which
is not given to any other piece on the board. In Diagram No. 5, for
instance, the Knights have been legitimately moved, but no other piece
could be moved until the Pawns had made way for it.

[Illustration: _No. 5._

  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ♘ |   |   | ♘ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♖ |   | ♗ | ♕ | ♔ | ♗ |   | ♖ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

There are one or two peculiar movements which are allowed only under
certain conditions. One of these is _=Castling=_. If there are no
pieces between the King and the Rook, and neither piece has been
moved, the King may be moved two squares toward the Rook, and at the
same time the Rook may be brought round to the other side of the King.
The movement must be made with both hands, each manipulating a piece.
In the position shown in Diagram No. 6, for instance, the King could
castle on either side, with the King’s Rook, or with the Queen’s Rook:--

[Illustration: _No. 6._

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♜ |   |   |   | ♚ |   |   | ♜ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♟ | ♟ | ♟ |   | ♛ | ♟ | ♟ | ♟ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ♞ | ♟ | ♝ | ♞ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ♝ |   | ♟ |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ♗ |   | ♙ |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ♘ | ♙ | ♗ | ♘ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ |   | ♕ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♖ |   |   |   | ♔ |   |   | ♖ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

If an adverse piece commands the square that would be passed over by
the King in castling, the move is not allowed; because a King must not
move into check, nor cross a square that is checked by an adverse piece
nor castle out of check.

In Diagram No. 7 the position that would result from castling with the
Queen’s Rook is shown by the black men.

[Illustration: _No. 7._

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ♚ | ♜ |   |   |   | ♜ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♟ | ♟ | ♟ |   | ♛ | ♟ |   | ♟ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ♞ | ♟ | ♝ | ♞ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ♝ |   | ♟ |   |   |   |
]

_=Queening Pawns.=_ If a passed Pawn succeeds in reaching the last or
eighth square on any file, the player to whom the Pawn belongs may
call it anything he chooses, from a Queen to a Knight. If the piece he
chooses has already been captured, it must be replaced on the board,
and on the square occupied by the Pawn, which is then removed. If not,
some other piece must be put upon the board as a marker; a Rook upside
down, or a Pawn with a ring on it, may represent a second Queen.

_=OBJECT OF THE GAME.=_ If all the pieces could be captured, the object
of the game might be to clear the board of the adversary’s men, as in
Checkers; but the peculiarity of Chess is that one piece, the King,
cannot be captured, and the object is to get the adverse King in such
a position that he could not escape capture if he were a capturable
piece. When that is accomplished the King is said to be _=mated=_, and
the player who first succeeds in giving mate to the adversary’s King
wins the game, regardless of the number or value of the pieces either
side may have on the board at the time the mate is accomplished.

When an adverse piece is moved so that it could capture the King on
the next move, due notice must be given to the threatened King by
announcing “_=Check=_,” and the player must immediately move his King
out of check, interpose a piece or a Pawn, or capture the piece that
gives the check. If he cannot do one of these three things he is mated,
and loses the game. A very simple example of a mate is given in Diagram
No. 8.

[Illustration: _No. 8._

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ♖ |   |   |   | ♚ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♝ |   |   |   |   | ♟ | ♟ | ♟ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♞ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | ♔ |   |   |   |   |
]

The white Rook has just been moved down to the edge of the board,
giving “check.” As the black King can move only one square at a time,
he cannot get out of check by moving, because the only squares to which
he could go would still leave him in check from the Rook. Neither the
Knight nor the Bishop can interpose to shut out the Rook’s attack;
neither of those pieces can capture the Rook; and the Pawns cannot move
backward; so the black King is mated, and White wins the game.

A mate may take place in the middle of the board, as shown in Diagram
No. 9.

[Illustration: _No. 9._

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ♛ | ♚ |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   | ♕ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | ♔ |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ♜ |   |   |   |   |   |   |
]

If the black Queen moves diagonally four squares, placing herself in
front of the white King, and on the same horizontal file as the black
Rook, it will be check-mate, because the white King cannot get out of
one check into another by taking the Queen, which is protected by the
Rook. For the same reason he cannot move, as the only squares open to
him would leave him in check from the Queen, or move him into check
from the black King.

_=Stalemate.=_ If the King is not in check, but cannot move without
going into check, and there is no other piece for the player to move,
it is called a stale-mate, and the game is drawn. In Diagram No. 10,
for instance,

[Illustration: _No. 10._

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   | ♟ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   | ♗ |   | ♟ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   | ♜ | ♟ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ♚ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   | ♙ | ♟ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   | ♔ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
] the black King cannot move without going into check from the Pawn or
the King; none of the black Pawns can move, and Black cannot move the
Rook without putting his own King in check, (from the Bishop,) which is
not allowed.

_=Perpetual Check.=_ If a piece gives check to the adverse King, and
the King moves away, the check may be repeated, and the King must move
again, or interpose a piece, or capture the checking piece. If the
position is such that no matter how often the King moves or is covered
he cannot get out of check, and no matter how much the opposing pieces
move they cannot check-mate him, the game is drawn by perpetual check.
Diagram No. 11 is an illustration of such a position.

[Illustration: _No. 11._

                BLACK.
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♚ | ♛ |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♟ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ♜ | ♟ | ♕ |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ♔ |   |   |   |   |   |   |
]

The only way out of the check is to interpose the Queen, whereupon the
white Queen will move diagonally to the edge of the board and check
again, forcing the black Queen back where she came from, and drawing
the game by perpetual check. If the black Queen moves away from the
King, she will be captured, and White will give check-mate at the same
time.

_=NOTATION.=_ The various moves which take place in the course of a
game are recorded by a system of chess notation, the number of the move
being given first, and then the pieces moved and the direction of their
movement. The names of the pieces themselves are used to distinguish
the various files of squares running vertically from the piece itself
to the opposite side of the board, and the seven squares in front of
each piece are numbered from 2 to 8. No matter how much the pieces
may be moved, the various vertical files still retain the name of the
pieces which stood at the bottom of them when the men were first set
up. In chess notation, only the initials of the pieces are used, K
standing for King, and Kt for Knight. Although the files bear the same
names, the numbers count from the side on which the men are placed, so
that each square has a double name, depending on the colour of the man
placed upon it.

[Illustration: _No. 12._

         |QR |QKt|QB | Q | K |KB |KKt|KR | Black.
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
       8 | ♜ | ♞ | ♝ | ♛ | ♚ | ♝ | ♞ | ♜ |
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
       7 | ♟ | ♟ | ♟ | ♟ |   | ♟ | ♟ | ♟ | 2
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
       6 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | 3
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
       5 |   |   |   |   | ♟ |   |   |   | 4
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
       4 |   |   |   |   | ♙ |   |   |   | 5
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
       3 |   |   |   |   |   | ♘ |   |   | 6
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
       2 | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ |   | ♙ | ♙ | ♙ | 7
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
         | ♖ | ♘ | ♗ | ♕ | ♔ | ♗ |   | ♖ | 8
         +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  White. |QR |QKt|QB | Q | K |KB |KKt|KR |
]

In Diagram No. 12, for instance, both the Pawns that have been moved
would be spoken of as on K 4. The Knight that has been moved is on K
B 3, because it is a white Knight. If it was a black Knight it would
be on K B 6, reckoning from the black side of the board for the black
pieces. In order to test your understanding of this system of notation,
which is very important in following published games or problems,
take the board and men, white side next you, and set up the following
position, remembering that when no number is given, the piece stands
upon the square originally occupied by the piece which gives its name
to the file:--

Black men;--King on Q R’s; Queen on Q Kt’s; Pawns on Q R 2, and Q Kt,
3; Rook on Q R 3.

White men;--King on Q Kt 5; Queen on Q B 6.

Now look at Diagram No 11, and see if you have it right.

In addition to the notation of position, there is that of action. If
a dash is placed between the initials of the piece and the definition
of the square, it shows first the piece moved, and then the square to
which it is moved. In Diagram No 11, for instance, Black’s only move
to cover the check would be given: Q-Q Kt 2; and White’s continuation
would be given; Q-K 8.

The first of these might be abbreviated by saying, Q-Kt 2, because
there is only one Kt 2 to which the Queen could be moved.

The moves of the white pieces are always given first, either in the
left hand of two vertical columns, which are headed “White,” and
“Black” respectively; or above a line which divides the white move from
the black, the latter form being used in text-books, the former in
newspapers. The moves in Diagram No. 11 would be as follows, supposing
the white Queen to arrive from K8 in the first place:--

     _White._    _Black._
  1. Q-B 6, ch     Q-Kt 2               Q-B 6, ch
                            Or this; 1. ---------
  2. Q-K 8, ch     Q-Kt’s               Q-Kt 2

When the abbreviation “ch.” is placed after a move, it means “check.”
If it is a mate, or a drawn game, or the player resigns, the word
follows the move. When the King castles with the King’s Rook, which is
the shorter move for the Rook, it is indicated by the sign O-O. When
the King is castled with the Queen’s Rook, which is the longer move for
the Rook, the sign O-O-O is used.

A cross, x, placed after the piece moved shows that it captured
something, and the letters following the cross do not give the square
to which the piece is moved, but show the piece that is captured. K B x
Q P, for instance, would mean that the adversary’s Queen’s Pawn was to
be taken from the board, and the King’s Bishop was to occupy the square
upon which the captured Queen’s Pawn had stood.

Beginners usually have some difficulty in following the moves of the
Knights, because it frequently happens that the same square can be
reached by either of them. The Bishops cannot be confused in this way,
because they never change the colour of the square they stand upon. In
some sets of chessmen the Knights are distinguished by putting a small
crown on the King’s Knight, but this is never done in the regulation
Staunton model. The beginner will find it very convenient, when
following out the play of published games, to screw off the bottom of
one white and one black Knight, and to exchange the bases. The white
King’s Knight will then have a black base, and the black King’s Knight
will have a white base, and they can be easily identified at any period
of the game.

_=GERMAN NOTATION.=_ Many of our standard chess books, and some of
the best edited chess columns, are in German, and the student should
be familiar with the German notation, which is much simpler than the
English.

The white men are always considered as the side nearer the player; the
vertical columns are designated from left to right by the letters a b
c d e f g h; and the horizontal rows by the numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8,
beginning at the bottom, or white side. The pieces are designated by
one capital letter only, as follows:--

  K for König, or King.
  D for Dame, or Queen.
  T for Thurm, or Rook.
  L for Läufer, or Bishop.
  S for Springer, or Knight.

The Pawn is called a Bauer, but when it is moved no initial is given,
simply the square it comes from. In Diagram No. 12, for instance, the
English notation for the first two moves made by white would be:--P-K
4, and K Kt-B 3, or, Kt-K B 3. The German notation would be:--e 2-e 4;
and S g 1-f 3. The move of the Knight, it will be observed, gives the
initial of the piece and the square upon which it stands, and then the
square to which it is moved. A capture is indicated by the letter “n”
taking the place of the dash. If the white Knight took the black King’s
Pawn in Diagram No. 12, for instance, the move would be recorded: S f 3
n e 5, that is, the Springer at f 3 “nimmt” whatever it found at e 5.
A check is indicated by a plus sign, +, following the move. In Diagram
No. 11, for instance, the last move of the white Queen would be: D e
8-c 6 +; and Black’s reply would be: D b 8-b 7.

_=THE OPENINGS.=_ Time and experience have shown that it is best for
each player to adopt certain conventional openings, in order to develop
his pieces. White always has the advantage, usually believed to be
equal to 55%, counting drawn games as one half. This is because White
can usually take more risks in offering a gambit than Black can in
accepting it, and the best judges say that they would rather give a
Knight and take the white pieces, than give Pawn-and-move and take the
black. _=Gambit=_ is a term used in Italian wrestling, and means that
the adversary is given an apparent advantage at the start, in order
more successfully to trip him up later on.

There are a great many chess openings, all of which have been analysed
as far as the tenth move, including every possible variation on the
way. The student who wishes to study them in detail should procure
Freeborough’s “Chess Openings,” or Cook’s “Synopsis.” In these works,
if either side has an advantage before the tenth move, it is indicated
by a plus sign; if the position is equal, it is so marked.

In studying openings, the student should be careful always to play with
the winning side next him; that is, never study how to play a losing
game. If the variation ends with a plus sign, showing a win for the
white, play it over with the white men next you. In selecting openings
for general use in play, if it is one for the white men, take those
openings that have the greatest number of variations ending in favour
of white. The Ruy Lopez is a very good opening for beginners, and the
Evans’ Gambit may be studied later. The French Defence and the Petroff
are good openings for Black.

The theory of opening is to mobilise your forces for the attack in the
fewest possible moves. Lasker thinks six moves should be enough for
this purpose, and he recommends that only the King’s and Queen’s Pawns
should be moved, after which each piece should be placed at once upon
the square from which it can operate to the best advantage. He thinks
the Knights should be first brought out, and posted at B 3, and then
the K’s B, somewhere along his own diagonal. The great mistake made by
beginners is that they rush off to the attack and try to capture some
of the adverse pieces before they have properly prepared themselves for
re-inforcement or retreat. It should never be forgotten that the game
is not won by capturing the adversary’s pieces, but by check-mating his
King.

Take the board and pieces, arrange them with the white men next you,
and play over the following simple little game. Remember that the
figures above the line are for the white men; those below for the black.

    P-K4   Kt-KB3   Kt-QB3   B-B4
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ------ 4 -----
    P-K4   P-Q3     P-KR3    B-Kt5

The third move made by Black accomplishes nothing, and is simply a
waste of time. He should have continued by bringing his Knights into
play. His fourth move is also a mistake; he should develop the Knights
before the Bishops.

    KtxP   BxKBP ch   Kt-Q5 mate
  5 ---- 6 -------- 7 ----------
    BxQ    K-K2

On his fifth move, Black jumps at the chance to win White’s Queen, but
this is not of the slightest benefit to him, because the object of the
game is not to win the Queen, but to mate the King. At the seventh move
the beginner will see that the black King cannot move out of check,
neither can he move into check by taking the Bishop. He has no piece
that can capture the Knight that gives the check, and nothing can be
interposed, so he is mated, and White wins.

Here is another simple little game. Take the black pieces this time,
but make the white men move first, of course.

    P-K4   Kt-KB3   KtxP
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ------
    P-K4   Kt-KB3   Kt-QB3

You don’t take the King’s Pawn; it is much more important to develop
your pieces rapidly.

    KtxKt   P-Q3    B-Kt5
  4 ----- 5 ----- 6 -----
    QPxKt   B-QB4   KtxP

White’s sixth move is bad, and you immediately take advantage of it. If
he takes your Knight with his Pawn, you will take his K B P with your
Bishop, and say “Check.” If he takes the Bishop you win his Queen. If
he moves his King you check again with your other Bishop, which will
force him to take your black Bishop, and lose his Queen.

    BxQ      K-K2
  7 ------ 8 ----------
    BxP ch   K-Kt5 mate

If the beginner will examine the position, he will find that there is
no way of escape for the King, and Black wins.

Openings are usually divided into five principal classes: Those in
which the first piece developed is the _=King’s Knight=_; those in
which the _=King’s Bishop=_ is the first piece brought into play;
those in which a _=Gambit=_ is offered on the second move, usually a
sacrificed Pawn; those which are called _=Close=_ openings, securing
a good defensive game for the black pieces; and those which are
_=Irregular=_.

In the following outline of fifty of the openings, only the first four
moves are given, and usually only one variation is selected, the object
being more to give the student an idea of the development than to
exhaust the subject. The arrangement is alphabetical, that being more
convenient in a book of reference. For the continuations the student is
recommended to study “Freeborough,” or the “Handbuch des Schachspiels.”

Allgaier Gambit:--

    P-K4   P-KB4   Kt-KB3   P-KR4
  1 ---- 2 ----- 3 ------ 4 -----
    P-K4   PxP     P-KKt4   P-Kt5

Boden-Kieseritzky Gambit:--

    P-K4   B-B4     Kt-KB3   Kt-B3
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ------ 4 -----
    P-K4   Kt-KB3   KtxP     KtxKt

Berlin Defence:--

    P-K4   B-B4     Q-K2     P-QB3
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ------ 4 -----
    P-K4   Kt-KB3   Kt-QB3   B-B4

Blackmar Gambit:--

    P-Q4   P-K4     P-KB3    KtxP
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ------ 4 -----
    P-Q4   PxP      PxP      B-B4

Calabrese Counter Gambit:--

    P-K4   B-B4    P-Q3     P-B4
  1 ---- 2 ----- 3 ------ 4 ----
    P-K4   P-KB4   Kt-KB3   P-Q4

Centre Gambit:--

    P-K4   P-Q4    QxP      Q-K3
  1 ---- 2 ----- 3 ------ 4 --------
    P-K4   PxP     Kt-QB3   B-Kt5 ch

Centre Counter Gambit:--

    P-K4   PxP     Kt-QB3   P-Q4
  1 ---- 2 ----- 3 ------ 4 ------
    P-Q4   QxP     Q-Q sq   Kt-KB3

Classical Defence, to K. B. opening:--

    P-K4   B-B4   P-QB3    P-Q4
  1 ---- 2 ---- 3 ------ 4 ----
    P-K4   B-B4   Kt-KB3   PxP

Cunningham Gambit:--

    P-K4   P-KB4   Kt-KB3   B-B4
  1 ---- 2 ----- 3 ------ 4 -------
    P-K4   PxP     B-K2     B-R5 ch

Cochrane Gambit:--

    P-K4   P-KB4   Kt-KB3   B-B4
  1 ---- 2 ----- 3 ------ 4 -----
    P-K4   PxP     P-KKt4   P-Kt5

Danish Gambit:--

    P-K4   P-Q4    P-QB3   B-QB4
  1 ---- 2 ----- 3 ----- 4 ------
    P-K4   PxP     PxP     Kt-KB3

English Opening:--

    P-QB4   P-B4   P-Q3     Kt-QB3
  1 ----- 2 ---- 3 ------ 4 ------
    P-QB4   P-B4   Kt-KB3   P-Q3

Evans’ Gambit:--

    P-K4   Kt-KB3  B-B4   P-QKt4
  1 ---- 2 ----- 3 ---- 4 -------
    P-K4   Kt-QB3  B-B4   BxKtP

Evans’ Gambit Declined:--

    P-K4   Kt-KB3   B-B4   P-QKt4
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ---- 4 ------
    P-K4   Kt-QB3   B-B4   B-Kt3

Fianchetto Opening:--

    P-K3   P-QB4    Kt-QB3   PxP
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ------ 4 ------
    P-K4   Kt-KB3   P-Q4     KtxP

Fianchetto Defence:--

    P-K4     P-Q4   B-Q3    Kt-K2
  1 ------ 2 ---- 3 ----- 4 ------
    P-QKt3   P-K3   B-Kt2   Kt-KB3

Four Knights:--

    P-K4   Kt-KB3   Kt-B3   B-Kt5
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ----- 4 ------
    P-K4   Kt-QB3   Kt-B3   B-Kt5

French Defence:--

    P-K4   P-Q4   Kt-QB3   B-KKt5
  1 ---- 2 ---- 3 ------ 4 ------
    P-K3   P-Q4   Kt-KB3   B-K2

From Gambit:--

    P-KB4   PxP     PxP     Kt-KB3
  1 ----- 2 ----- 3 ----- 4 ------
    P-K4    P-Q3    BxP     Kt-KB3

Giuoco Piano:--

    P-K4   Kt-KB3   B-B4   P-B3
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ---- 4 -----
    P-K4   Kt-QB3   B-B4   Kt-B3

Greco-Counter Gambit:--

    P-K4   Kt-KB3   KtxP     P-Q4
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ------ 4 ------
    P-K4   P-KB4    Q-B3     P-Q3

Hamppe-Allgaier Gambit:--

    P-K4   Kt-QB3   P-B4    Kt-B3
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ----- 4 ------
    P-K4   Kt-QB3   PxP     P-KKt4

Hungarian Defence:--

    P-K4   Kt-KB3   B-B4   P-Q4
  1 ---- 2 ------ 3 ---- 4 ------
    P-K4   Kt-QB3   B-K2   P-Q3

Irregular Openings:--

    P-K4     P-QB3    Kt-B3     KtxP
  1 ----   2 -----  3 -----   4 ------
    P-K4     P-Q4     PxP       B-Q3

    P-K4     P-Q4     B-Q3      P-QB3
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-Q3     Kt-KB3   Kt-QB3    P-K4

    P-K4     P-Q4     PxP       B-Q3
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-QB3    P-Q4     PxP       Kt-QB3

    P-K4     P-Q4     PxP       P-KB4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    Kt-QB3   P-K4     KtxP      Kt-Kt3

Jerome Gambit:--

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   B-B4      BxP ch
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     Kt-QB3   B-B4      KxB

Kieseritzky Gambit:--

    P-K4     P-KB4    Kt-KB3    P-KR4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     PxP      P-KKt4    P-Kt5

King’s Bishop’s Gambit:--

    P-K4     P-KB4    B-B4      K-B sq
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     PxP      Q-R5 ch   B-B4

King’s Bishop’s Pawn Game:--

    P-KB4    Kt-KB3   P-K3      B-K2
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K3     Kt-KB3   B-K2      P-QKt3

King’s Knight Opening. Irregular Defences:--

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   KtxP      Kt-KB3
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     P-KB3    Q-K2      P-Q4

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   Kt-B3    P-Q4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     Q-B3     P-B3     PxP

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   B-B4      P-Q4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     B-Q3     Kt-KB3    Kt-B3

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   KtxP      P-Q4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     B-B4     Q-K2      B-Kt3

King’s Gambit:--

    P-K4     P-KB4    P-Q4      K-K2
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     PxP      Q-R5 ch   P-Q4

    P-K4     P-KB4    P-KR4     PxP
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     PxP      P-Q4      QxP

    P-K4     P-KB4    Kt-KB3    B-B4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     PxP      P-KKt4    B-Kt2

    P-K4     P-KB4    P-KR4     Kt-KB3
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     PxP      B-K2      Kt-KB3

King’s Gambit Declined:--

    P-K4     P-KB4    PxQP      Kt-QB3
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     P-Q4     QxP       Q-K3

Max Lange’s Attack:--

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   B-B4      Castles
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     Kt-QB3   B-B4      Kt-B3

Muzio Gambit:--

    P-K4     P-KB4    Kt-KB3    B-B4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     PxP      P-KKt4    P-Kt5

Petroff’s Counter Attack:--

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   KtxP       K-KB3
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     Kt-KB3   P-Q3       KtxP

Philidor’s Defence:--

    P-K4     Kt-KB3    P-Q4     KtxP
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     P-Q3      PxP      P-Q4

Pierce Gambit:--

    P-K4     Kt-QB3   P-B4      Kt-B3
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     Kt-QB3   PxP       P-KKt4

Queen’s Pawn Counter Gambit:--

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   PxP       P-Q4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     P-Q4     B-Q3      P-K5

Queen’s Gambit:--

    P-Q4     P-QB4    P-K3      BxP
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-Q4     PxP      P-K4      PxP

    P-Q4     P-QB4    P-K4      P-Q5
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-Q4     PxP      P-K4      P-KB4

    P-Q4     P-QB4    Kt-KB3    P-K3
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-Q4     PxP      P-K3      Kt-KB3

Queen’s Pawn Game:--

    P-Q4     P-K3     Kt-KB3    B-K2
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-Q4     P-K3     Kt-KB3    B-K2

Ruy Lopez:--

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   B-Kt5     B-R4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     Kt-QB3   P-QR3     Kt-B3

Salvio Gambit:--

    P-K4     P-KB4    Kt-KB3    B-B4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     PxP      P-KKt4    P-Kt5

Scotch Game:--

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   P-Q4      KtxP
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     Kt-QB3   PxP       B-B4

Sicilian Defence:--

    P-K4     Kt-QB3   Kt-B3     P-Q4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-QB4    Kt-QB3   P-K3      PxP

Staunton’s Opening:--

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   P-B3      P-Q4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     Kt-QB3   P-B4      P-Q3

Steinitz Gambit:--

    P-K4     Kt-QB3   P-KB4     P-Q4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     Kt-QB3   PxP       Q-R5 ch

Three Knights’ Game:--

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   Kt-B3     P-Q4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     Kt-KB3   P-Q3      PxP

Two Knights’ Defence:--

    P-K4     Kt-KB3   B-B4      Kt-Kt5
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     Kt-QB3   Kt-B3     P-Q4

Vienna Opening:--

    P-K4     Kt-QB3   P-B4      Kt-B3
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K4     B-B4     P-Q3      Kt-KB3

Zukertort’s Opening:--

    Kt-KB3   P-Q4     P-K3      B-K2
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 --------
    P-K3     Kt-KB3   P-QKt3    B-Kt2

_=GAMES AT ODDS.=_ Between unequal players it is a common practice for
the stronger to give the weaker some advantage. Very few are able to
give a Queen, or even a Rook, but a _=Knight=_ is quite common, and one
who can concede a Knight to the weakest players in a club is usually
spoken of as, “a Knight player.” The most common odds between nearly
equal players is _=Pawn and Move=_; and with a player not strong enough
to give a Knight, _=Pawn and Two Moves=_. The Pawn removed in each
instance is Black’s K B P, and the Knight is usually the Q Kt. Here are
a few examples of the openings in games at odds:--

Pawn and Move:--

    P-K4     P-Q4     Q-R5 ch   Q-K5
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
    P-K3     P-Q4     P-KKt3    Kt-KB3

    P-K4     P-Q4     Kt-QB3    P-Q5
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
    P-Q3     Kt-KB3   Kt-B3     Kt-K4

    P-K4     P-Q4     P-K5      B-QKt5
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
    Kt-QB3   P-Q4     B-B4      Q-Q2

    P-K4     P-Q4     PxP       P-KB4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
    Kt-QB3   P-Q4     KtxP      Kt-B2

Pawn and Two Moves:--

    P-K4     P-Q4     B-Q3      P-Q5
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
             P-K3     P-B4      P-Q3

    P-K4     P-Q4     P-QB4     P-Q5
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
             P-K3     P-B4      P-Q3

    P-K4     P-Q4     P-KB4     B-Q3
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
             P-Q3     P-K3      Kt-K2

    P-K4     P-Q4     P-Q5      P-KB4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
             Kt-QB3   Kt-K4     Kt-B2

Odds of Queen’s Knight:--

    P-K4     Kt-B3    PxP       Kt-K5
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
    P-K4     P-Q4     P-K5      QxP

    P-K4     P-KB4    PxQP      Kt-B3
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
    P-K4     P-Q4     QxP       P-K5

Odds of King’s Knight:--

    P-K4     B-B4     Kt-B3     P-Q4
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
    P-K4     P-QB3    Kt-B3     P-Q4

    P-K4     B-B2     P-Q2      0-0
  1 ------ 2 ------ 3 ------- 4 -------
    P-K4     Kt-KB3   B-B4      0-0

In order to give the student an idea of the value and popularity of the
various openings, the following table of the results of 1500 games may
be useful. It is from the chess columns of the New York _Sun_:--

  ---------------------+----------------+--------+---------+---------
                       |     FIRST      | TOTAL  |PER CENT.|PER CENT.
         OPENINGS.     |     PLAYER.    | PLAYED.| WON BY  | TOTAL
                       +----+-----+-----+        | FIRST   | GAMES
                       |WON.|LOST.|DREW.|        | PLAYER. | PLAYED.
  ---------------------+----+-----+-----+--------+---------+---------
  Ruy Lopez            |145 |103  |  58 |    306 |      57 |    20
  Queen’s Pawn(a)      | 97 | 63  |  39 |    199 |      48 |    13
  French Defence       | 84 | 48  |  39 |    171 |      60 |    11
  Vienna               | 47 | 34  |  15 |     96 |      57 |     6
  Sicilian Defence     | 40 | 29  |  10 |     79 |      57 |     5
  King’s Gambit        | 36 | 32  |  11 |     79 |      52 |     5
  Giuoco Piano         | 36 | 32  |  10 |     78 |      52 |     5
  Evans                | 34 | 20  |  12 |     66 |      61 |     4
  Irregular            | 29 | 31  |  14 |     74 |      49 |     5
  Scotch               | 22 | 26  |   9 |     57 |      47 |     4
  Zukertort            | 23 | 17  |  11 |     51 |      56 |     3
  Two Knights Defence  | 16 | 20  |  10 |     46 |      46 |     3
  Staunton’s           | 19 | 15  |   5 |     39 |      55 |     3
  Fianchetto           | 13 | 14  |   2 |     29 |      48 |     2
  Petroff Defence      | 15 |  9  |   3 |     27 |      61 |     2
  Centre Gambit(b)     | 11 | 11  |   4 |     26 |      50 |     2
  Philidor Defence     |  8 |  9  |   3 |     20 |      47 |     1
  Miscellaneous        | 22 | 29  |   6 |     57 |      44 |     4
                       +----+-----+-----+--------+---------+---------
      Total            |697 |542  | 261 |   1500 |         |
  ---------------------+----+-----+-----+--------+---------+---------

The first player won 55.2 per cent. of games played, counting drawn
games as one-half.

(a). Includes Queen’s Gambits and Queen’s Gambits declined.

(b). Includes Centre and Counter Centre Gambits.

_=THE MIDDLE GAME.=_ After a little experience with openings, the
player will usually select one or two which he feels that he can
handle better than others, and will make a specialty of them. Having
mastered a number of variations, and learned the object of them in
forming his pieces for attack or defence, he will naturally be led
to the study of the middle game. In this there are a few general
principles which should be steadily kept in view. For attack, the
player should secure command of a wide range of the board; but for
defence he should concentrate his forces as much as possible. He should
be careful not to get his pieces in one another’s way, and not to
leave pieces where they can be attacked and driven back by inferior
pieces, because that entails a loss of valuable time. A player should
never exchange a man in active service for one that is doing nothing.
If several lines of play are open, the one offering the most numerous
good continuations should be selected. When a player is not ready for
attack, he should develop his pieces, and remember that the more of
them he can get to bear on the enemy’s King, the better. Supporting
pieces should be placed where they are not easily attacked, because
good players attack the supports first, so as to isolate the advance
guard. Beginners are usually in too great a hurry to give check; the
best players do not check until they are ready to follow it up with
a mate, or a winning position, or can gain time in developing their
pieces.

_=END GAMES.=_ There are certain positions in which apparently equal
games are not necessarily drawn, and there are others in which a player
with a decided advantage cannot win, within the fifty moves which are
allowed him, unless he knows exactly how to proceed. If a player is
not well up in endings he may lose many a game which could be won if
he only knew how to win it. The following games may be abandoned as
_=drawn=_:--

  King and Bishop against a King.
  King and Knight against a King.
  King and two Knights against a King.
  King and Queen against two Rooks.
  King and Queen against King and two Bishops.
  King and Rook against King, Rook and Pawn.
  King and Rook against King and Bishop.
  King and Rook against King and Knight.
  King and Rook against King, Rook and Bishop.

The following games can be _=won=_:--

  King and Queen, or King and Rook, against a King.
  King and Queen against King and Rook.
  King and Queen against King and Bishop.
  King and Queen against King and Knight.
  King and Queen against King and Pawn.
  King and two Rooks against King and Rook.
  King and two Bishops against a King.
  King Bishop and Knight against a King.

In order to master all these endings, the student should take up
Staunton’s Handbook, or the Lehrbuch des Schachspiels, in which they
are given very fully. For the beginner only one or two of the most
common and important are necessary.

K and Q, or K and R, against K. All that is necessary is to drive the
King to the edge of the board, which may be done by holding him below
a certain parallel with the Q or R, and then getting your own King in
front of him; a check will then drive him one line further back, and
when he arrives at the edge of the board, and can no longer go back, he
is mated.

K and Q against K and R. Freeborough has devoted an entire volume to
this ending, which may be very much prolonged by a skilful player. The
object is to drive the King to the edge of the board, and then to get
the Rook in such a position that it must be sacrificed to save the
mate, or that the mate can be accomplished with the Rook on the board.
The player with the Queen must be on his guard against stale-mate in
this ending.

K and Q against K and B, K and Kt, or K and P. This is easy enough for
the Queen if the player is careful to avoid stale-mate.

K and two R’s against K and R. This can be won easily by forcing an
exchange of Rooks.

K and two B’s against K. In this position the King must be ruled off
into a corner by getting the Bishops together, protected by their King.
Start with the men in the following position:--

Black K on his own square. White King on K B 6; white Bishops on K B 4
and K B 5. White to move and win. The mate can be accomplished in six
moves, as follows:--

    B-B7        B-Q7       K-Kt6
  1 --------- 2 -------- 3 ---------
    K-B sq      K-Kt sq    K-B sq

    B-Q6 ch     B-K6 ch    B-K5 mate
  4 --------- 5 -------- 6 ---------
    K-Kt sq     K-R sq

K, B and Kt against K. This is one of the most difficult endings for a
beginner, but is very instructive, and should be carefully studied. Set
up the men as follows:--

Black King on K R sq. White King on K B 6, white Bishop on K B 5, and
white Knight on K Kt 5; White to move and win. The object is to drive
the King into a corner of the board which is commanded by the Bishop,
as he cannot otherwise be mated.

     Kt-B7 ch     B-K4         B-R7         Kt-K5
   1 ---------  2 --------   3 ---------  4 --------
     K-Kt sq      K-B sq       K-K sq       K-B sq

     Kt-Q7 ch     K-K6         K-Q6         B-K6 ch
   5 ---------  6 --------   7 ---------  8 --------
     K-K sq       K-Q sq       K-K sq       K-Q sq

     K-B6         B-B7         Kt-Kt7 ch    K-B6
   9 --------- 10 --------- 11 --------- 12 --------
     K-B sq       K-Q sq       K-B sq       K-Kt sq

     K-Kt6        B-K6 ch      Kt-B5        B-Q7
  13 --------- 14 --------- 15 --------- 16 --------
     K-B sq       K-Kt sq      K-R sq       K-Kt sq

     Kt-R6 ch     B-B6 mate
  17 --------- 18 ---------
     K-R sq

If, at the fourth move, the black King does not go back to the Bishop’s
square, but goes on to the Queen’s square, hoping to cut across to the
other black corner of the board, the continuation will be as follows,
beginning at White’s fifth move:--

     K-K6         Kt-Q7        B-Q3         B-Kt5
   5 ---------  6 ---------  7 ---------  8 --------
     K-B2         K-B3         K-B2         K-Q sq

     Kt-K5        Kt-B4        K-Q6         Kt-R5
   9 --------- 10 --------- 11 --------- 12 --------
     K-B2         K-Q sq       K-B sq       K-Q sq

     Kt-Kt7 ch    K-B6         Kt-Q6        K-B7
  13 --------- 14 --------- 15 --------- 16 --------
     K-B sq       K-Kt sq      K-R2         K-R sq

     B-B4         Kt-B8 ch     B-Q5 mate
  17 --------- 18 --------- 19 ---------
     K-R2         K-R sq

_=PAWN ENDINGS.=_ There are a great number of these, many being
complicated by the addition of Pawns to other pieces. The following
example, which is a position that often occurs, should be understood by
the beginner:--

Put the black King on K B square; the white King on K B 6, and a white
Pawn on K 6. If it is Black’s move, White can win easily; but if it is
White’s move it is impossible to win, because whether he checks or not
the black King gets in front of the Pawn and either wins it or secures
a stale-mate.

Put the Pawn behind the King, on K B 5, and White wins, no matter which
moves first, for if Black moves he allows the white King to advance to
the seventh file, which will queen the Pawn. If White moves first, and
the black King keeps opposite him, the Pawn advances. If Black goes in
the other direction, the white King goes to the seventh file and wins
by queening the Pawn.

If the white King and Pawn are both moved one square further back, the
King on K B 5, and the Pawn on K B 4. the win will depend on the move.
If it is White’s move he can win by advancing the King; but if it is
Black’s move he can draw by keeping his King always opposite the white
King. If the Pawn advances, he will get in front of it, and if the
King is afterward advanced, he will get in front of it; winning the
Pawn or securing a stale-mate.

_=THE KNIGHT’S TOUR.=_ Owing to the peculiarity of the Knight’s move,
many persons have amused themselves in trying to cover the entire chess
board with a Knight, touching the same square once only, and returning
to the starting-point again. There are several ways of doing this, one
of the simplest being the following:--

[Illustration:

  +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
  |14|29|34|55|12|27|24|49|
  +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
  |35|56|13|28|33|50|11|26|
  +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
  |30|15|54|51|58|25|48|23|
  +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
  |41|36|57|32|61|52|63|10|
  +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
  |16|31|40|53|64|59|22|47|
  +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
  |37|42| 1|60|19|62| 9| 6|
  +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
  | 2|17|44|39| 4| 7|46|21|
  +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
  |43|38| 3|18|45|20| 5| 8|
  +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
]

_=TEXT BOOKS.=_ Among the very large number of works on Chess there
is abundant room for choice, but the following works are considered
standard authorities on the game:--

  Freeborough’s Chess Openings, 1896.
  Cook’s Synopsis.
  Minor Tactics of Chess, by Young and Howell.
  Modern Chess Instructor, by W. Steinitz.
  Common Sense in Chess, by E. Lasker.
  Walker’s Treatise on Chess, 1841.
  Handbuch des Schachspiels.
  Lehrbuch des Schachspiels, by J. Dufresne.
  Teoria e Practica del Giuoco degli Schacchi.
  British Chess Magazine.
  Chess Player’s Chronicle.
  Chess Monthly.
  _Westminster Papers_, 1868 to 1879.

Of these works, “Minor Tactics” will be found most useful to the
beginner, as it simplifies the openings by grouping them, and
concentrates the attention on the essential points of chess strategy.


CODE OF CHESS LAWS. ADOPTED BY THE FIFTH AMERICAN CHESS CONGRESS.

_=Definitions of Terms Used.=_ Whenever the word “_Umpire_” is used
herein, it stands for any Committee having charge of Matches or
Tournaments, with power to determine questions of chess-law and rules;
or for any duly appointed Referee, or Umpire; for the bystanders, when
properly appealed to; or for any person, present or absent, to whom
may be referred any disputed questions; or for any other authority
whomsoever having power to determine such questions.

When the word “_move_” is used it is understood to mean a legal move or
a move to be legally made according to these laws.

When the word “_man_” or “_men_” is used, it is understood that it
embraces both Pieces and Pawns.

_=The Chess-Board and Men.=_ The Chess-board must be placed with a
white square at the right-hand corner.

If the Chess-board be wrongly placed, it cannot be changed during the
game in progress after a move shall have been made by each player,
provided the men were correctly placed upon the board at the beginning,
_i.e._, the Queens upon their own colours.

A deficiency in number, or a misplacement of the men, at the beginning
of the game, when discovered, annuls the game.

The field of the Standard Chess-board shall be twenty-two inches square.

The Standard Chess-men shall be of the improved Staunton Club size and
pattern.

_=First Move and Colour.=_ The right of first move must be determined
by lot.

The player having the first move must always play with the white men.

The right of move shall alternate, whether the game be won, lost or
drawn.

The game is legally begun when each player shall have made his first
move.

Whenever a game shall be annulled, the party having the move in
that game shall have it in the next game. An annulled game must be
considered, in every respect, the same as if it had never been begun.

_=Concessions.=_ The concession of an indulgence by one player does
not give him the right of a similar, or other, indulgence from his
opponent.

_=Errors.=_ If, during the course of the game, it be discovered that
any error or illegality has been committed, the moves must be retraced
and the necessary correction made, without penalty. If the moves cannot
be correctly retraced, the game must be annulled.

If a man be dropped from the board and moves made during its absence,
such moves must be retraced and the man restored. If this cannot be
done, to the satisfaction of the Umpire, the game must be annulled.

_=Castling.=_ The King can be Castled only:

When neither the King nor the Castling Rook has been moved, and

When the King is not in check, and

When all the squares between the King and Rook are unoccupied, and

When no hostile man attacks the square on which the King is to be
placed, or the square he crosses.

In Castling, the King must be first moved.

The penalty of moving the King prohibits Castling.

_=En Passant.=_ Taking the Pawn “_en passant_,” when the only possible
move, is compulsory.

_=Queening the Pawn.=_ A pawn reaching the eighth square must be at
once exchanged for any piece (except the King) that the player of the
Pawn may elect.

_=Check.=_ A player falsely announcing “check,” must retract the move
upon which the announcement was based and make some other move, or the
move made must stand at the option of the opponent.

No penalty can be enforced for any offence committed against these
rules in consequence of a false announcement of “check,” nor in
consequence of the omission of such announcement, when legal “check” be
given.

_=“J’adoube.”=_ “J’adoube,” “I adjust,” or words to that effect, cannot
protect a player from any of the penalties imposed by these laws,
unless the man or men touched, obviously _need_ adjustment, and unless
such notification be distinctly uttered _before_ the man, or men, be
touched, and only the player whose turn it is to move is allowed so to
adjust.

The hand having once quitted the man, but for an instant, the move must
stand.

Men overturned or displaced accidentally may be replaced by either
player, without notice.

A wilful displacement, or overturning of any of the men, forfeits the
game.

_=Penalties.=_ Penalties can be enforced only at the time an offence is
committed, and before any move is made thereafter.

A player touching one of his men, when it is his turn to play, must
move it. If it cannot be moved he must move his King. If the King
cannot move, no penalty can be enforced.

For playing two moves in succession, the adversary may elect which move
shall stand.

For touching an adversary’s man, when it cannot be captured, the
offender must move his King. If the King cannot move, no other penalty
can be enforced. But if the man touched can be legally taken, it must
be captured.

For playing a man to a square to which it cannot be legally moved, the
adversary, at his option, may require him to move the man legally, or
to move the King.

For illegally capturing an adversary’s man, the offender must move his
King, or legally capture the man, as his opponent may elect.

For attempting to Castle illegally, the player doing so must move
either the King or Rook, as his adversary may dictate.

For touching more than one of the player’s own men, he must move either
man that his opponent may name.

For touching more than one of the adversary’s men, the offender
must capture the one named by his opponent, or if _either_ cannot
be captured, he may be required to move the King or capture the man
which can be taken, at the adversary’s option; or, if _neither_ can be
captured, then the King must be moved.

A player moving into check may be required, by the opposing player,
either to move the King elsewhere, or replace the King and make some
other move--but such other move shall not be selected by the player
imposing the penalty.

For discovering check on his own King, the player must either legally
move the man touched, or move the King at his adversary’s option. In
case neither move can be made, there shall be no penalty.

While in check, for touching or moving a man which does not cover the
check, the player may be required to cover with another piece, or move
the King, as the opposing player may elect.

_=Touching the Squares.=_ While the hand remains upon a man, it may be
moved to any square that it commands, except such squares as may have
been touched by it during the deliberation on the move; but if all the
squares which it commands have been so touched, then the man must be
played to such of the squares as the adversary may elect.

_=Counting Fifty Moves.=_ If, at any period during a game, either
player persist in repeating a particular check, or series of checks,
or persist in repeating any particular line of play which does not
advance the game; or if “_a game-ending_” be of doubtful character as
to its being a win or a draw, or if a win be possible, but the skill to
force the game questionable, then either player may demand judgment of
the Umpire as to its being a proper game to be determined as drawn at
the end of fifty additional moves, on each side; or the question: “Is,
or is not the game a draw?” may be, by mutual consent of the players,
submitted to the Umpire at any time. The decision of the Umpire, in
either case, to be final.

And whenever fifty moves are demanded and accorded, the party demanding
it may, when the fifty moves have been made, claim the right to go on
with the game, and thereupon the other party may claim the fifty move
rule, at the end of which, unless mate be effected, the game shall be
decided a draw.

_=Stale-Mate.=_ A stale-mate is a drawn game.

_=Time Limit.=_ The penalty for exceeding the time limit is the
forfeiture of the game.

It shall be the duty of each player, as soon as his move be made, to
stop his own register of time and start that of his opponent, whether
the time be taken by clocks, sand-glasses, or otherwise. No complaint
respecting an adversary’s time can be considered, unless this rule be
strictly complied with. But nothing herein is intended to affect the
penalty for exceeding the time limit as registered.

_=Abandoning the Game.=_ If either player abandon the game by quitting
the table in anger, or in any otherwise offensive manner; or by
momentarily resigning the game; or refuses to abide by the decision of
the Umpire, the game must be scored against him.

If a player absent himself from the table, or manifestly ceases to
consider his game, when it is his turn to move, the time so consumed
shall, in every case, be registered against him.

_=Disturbance.=_ Any player wilfully disturbing his adversary shall
be admonished; and if such disturbance be repeated, the game shall be
declared lost by the player so offending, provided the player disturbed
then appeals to the Umpire.

_=The Umpire.=_ It is the duty of the Umpire to determine all questions
submitted to him according to these laws, when they apply, and
according to his best judgment when they do not apply.

No deviation from these laws can be permitted by an Umpire, even by
mutual or general consent of the players, after a match or tournament
shall have been commenced.

The decision of the Umpire is final, and binds both and all the
players.


RULES FOR PLAYING THE GAME AT ODDS.

I. In games where one player gives the odds of a piece, or “the
exchange,” or allows his opponent to count drawn games as won, or
agrees to check-mate with a particular man, or on a particular square,
he has the right to choose the men, and to move first, unless an
arrangement to the contrary is agreed to between the combatants.

II. When the odds of Pawn and one move, or Pawn and more than one move
are given, the Pawn given must be the King’s Bishop’s Pawn when not
otherwise previously agreed on.

III. When a player gives the odds of his King’s or Queen’s Rook, he
must not Castle (or more properly speaking leap his King) on the side
from which the Rook is removed, unless before commencing the game or
match he stipulates to have the privilege of so doing.

IV. When a player undertakes to give check-mate with one of his Pawns,
or with a particular Pawn, the said Pawn must not be converted into a
piece.

V. When a player accepts the odds of two or more moves, he must not
play any man beyond the fourth square, _i.e._, he must not cross the
middle line of the board, before his adversary makes his first move.
Such several moves are to be collectively considered as the first move
of the player accepting the odds.

VI. In the odds of check-mating on a particular square it must be the
square occupied by the King mated, not by the man giving the mate.

VII. The player who undertakes to win in a particular manner, and
either draws the game, or wins in some other manner, must be adjudged
to be the loser.

In all other respects, the play in games at odds must be governed by
the regulations before laid down.


RULES FOR PLAYING CORRESPONDENCE AND CONSULTATION GAMES.

I. In playing a game by correspondence or in consultation, the two
parties shall always agree beforehand in writing or otherwise as to the
persons who are to take part in the contest, as to the time and mode
of transmitting the moves, as to the penalties to be inflicted for any
breach of the contract, and as to the umpire or referee.

II. In games of this description each party is bound by the move
dispatched; and in this connection the word move refers to what is
intelligibly written, or delivered _viva voce_.

In any game the announcement of a move which does not include the
actual transfer of a man from one square to another, shall be
considered as a move not intelligibly described within the meaning of
this section.

III. Each party must be bound by the move communicated in writing,
or by word of mouth, to the adversary whether or not it be made on
the adversary’s board. If the move so communicated should prove to be
different from that actually made on the party’s own board, the latter
must be altered to accord with the former.

IV. If either party be detected in moving the men when it is not their
turn to play, or in moving more than one man (except in castling) when
it is their turn to play, they shall forfeit the game, unless they can
show that the man was moved for the purpose of adjusting or replacing
it.

V. If either party has, accidentally or otherwise, removed a man from
the board, which has not been captured in the course of the game, and
made certain moves under the impression that such man was no longer in
play, the moves must stand, but the man may be replaced whenever the
error is discovered.

VI. If either party permit a bystander to take part in the contest,
that party shall forfeit the game.

       *       *       *       *       *

The foregoing laws differ very slightly from those of the British Chess
Association, and it is to be hoped that an international code will be
agreed upon before a second edition of this work is issued.


CHECKERS, OR DRAUGHTS.

_=The Board.=_ Checkers is played upon a board which is not more
than sixteen, nor less than fourteen inches square, and is divided
into sixty-four smaller squares of equal size. These squares are of
different colours, alternately light and dark, and the board must be so
placed that each player shall have a light square at his right on the
side nearer him.

_=The Men.=_ Each player is provided with twelve men, which are
circular in form, one inch in diameter, and three eighths thick. The
men on one side are red or black; those on the other white or yellow.
The men must be placed on the _=black=_ squares.

_=Diagrams.=_ For convenience in illustrating games and problems the
men are always shown as placed on the white squares, type made in that
manner being more easily read. The following diagram will show the
proper arrangement of the men at the beginning of the game, if the
white squares are supposed to be black ones:--

[Illustration:

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

_=Two Move Restriction.=_ It has lately become the custom in important
tournaments to write an opening and second move, such as 10-14, 22-17
on a slip of paper; 10-14, 24-19 on another, and so on for all possible
openings. These are placed in a hat and when the players face each
other, a slip is drawn. If it is 11-15, 22-18, the game must be opened
with those moves. When these players start the second game, the one who
was second player on the first game begins with 11-15, and his opponent
must play 22-18. The same opening is never again used by the same pair,
the object being to diversify the play and drive contestants out of
their favourite ruts.

_=The Players=_ are designated by the colour of the men with which
they play, White or Black, and Black always has the first move. In a
series of games each player in turn takes the black men and the move.
It is usual to draw for the first game, one player concealing in each
hand a man of different colour, and offering the choice of hands to his
adversary. Whichever colour the chosen hand contains the chooser must
take for the first game.

_=The Moves.=_ The men never leave the colour of the squares on which
they are originally set up, so that they always move diagonally. At
the beginning of the game the men move only one square at a time, and
always forward, and can be placed only on squares which are unoccupied.
If an adverse piece stands upon a square to which a man might be moved,
and there is a vacant square beyond, the man must jump over the adverse
piece to the unoccupied square, at the same time removing from the
board the piece so jumped over. In the position shown in Diagram No.
1, for instance, it being White’s turn to move, he must jump over the
black man, removing it from the board. Black will then have a choice
of two jumps, over one man or over two, and will of course select the
jump toward the right of the board first, and then over the second man,
removing both from the board. A man may jump over and capture several
men at one move, provided there are vacant squares between them, and
beyond the last man.

[Illustration: No. 1.

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛀ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   |   |   | ⛀ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

_=Huffing.=_ If a player who can capture a piece neglects to do so, his
adversary has the choice of three things:--To compel the player to take
back his move and capture the piece; to huff (remove from the board,)
the man that should have captured the piece; or to let the move stand,
and go on with his own move. A huff does not constitute a move; the
piece is simply removed from the board as a penalty, but the penalty
must be enforced before the player exacting it makes his own move.

_=Kings.=_ When a man arrives at any of the four squares on the edge
of the board farthest from the side on which he started, he becomes a
King, and is _=crowned=_ by putting another man of the same colour on
the top of him. In diagrams, kings are distinguished by putting a ring
round the single man. ⦾ ⦿. Kings can move either backward or forward,
but only one square at a time. If a man arrives at the king-row by
capturing an adverse piece, that ends the move, and the newly made king
cannot move again, even to capture another piece, until his adversary
has moved. [See notes to Diagram No. 7.]

_=The Object of the Game=_ is to confine your adversary’s pieces so
that he cannot move any of them; or to capture all of them, so that
he has none to move. You may succeed in confining the whole twelve of
your adversary’s men, without capturing any of them, as in Diagram No.
2; or such as are left on the board after a certain number have been
captured, as in Diagram No. 3.

[Illustration: No. 2.

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛂ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛀ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

White to Move.]

[Illustration: No. 3.

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   | ⛂ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | ⛂ |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛂ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |   | ⛀ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛃ |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+

White to Move.]

Diagram No. 2 is the ending of our Illustrative Game No. 7.

In No. 3, White gives away a man, bottling up the three black men, and
then catches the other black man. In both these examples it will then
be Black’s move, and as he cannot move, White wins.

_=Notation.=_ The various moves which take place in the course of a
game are recorded by giving each square on the board a number, and
putting down the number of the square the man is moved from, and the
one it is moved to. Only those squares upon which the men stand are
numbered, and the black men are always supposed to be originally placed
upon the lower numbers, from 1 to 12; the white men being placed upon
the squares numbered from 21 to 32. Diagrams Nos. 4 and 5 show the
method of numbering the board, and the men placed in position.

[Illustration: No. 4.

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | 1 |   | 2 |   | 3 |   | 4 |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | 5 |   | 6 |   | 7 |   | 8 |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | 9 |   |10 |   |11 |   |12 |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |13 |   |14 |   |15 |   |16 |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |17 |   |18 |   |19 |   |20 |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |21 |   |22 |   |23 |   |24 |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |25 |   |26 |   |27 |   |28 |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |29 |   |30 |   |31 |   |32 |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

[Illustration: No. 5.

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |   | ⛂ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

In checker notation the number of the move is never given, as it is
in Chess. The moves of the black men are distinguished from those of
the white men by being hyphenated, but there are no marks to show when
pieces are captured. Letters or figures in the margins are used to
refer to possible variations in the play.

_=Openings.=_ There are a number of standard openings in Checkers which
are formed by the preliminary moves on each side. These openings are
known by various fanciful names, dear to all checker-players. In the
following list they are arranged in alphabetical order for convenience
in reference.

  +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
  |         |AYRSHIRE |         |         |         |         |         |
  |  ALMA.  | LASSIE. |BRISTOL. | CENTRE. | CROSS.  |DEFIANCE.| DENNY.  |
  |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  11-16  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  10-14  |
  |  23 19  |  24 20  |  24 20  |  23 19  |  23 18  |  23 19  |         |
  |   8-11  |   8-11  |  16-19  |   8-11  |         |   9-14  |         |
  |  22 17  |         |         |  22 17  |         |  27 23  |         |
  |   3- 8  |         |         |  15-18  |         |         |         |
  +=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+
  |         | DOUBLE  |         |         |         |         |         |
  |  DYKE.  | CORNER. | DUNDEE. |EDINBURG.|  FIFE.  |GLASGOW. | KELSO.  |
  |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  |  11-15  |   9-14  |  12-16  |   9-13  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  10-15  |
  |  22 17  |         |         |         |  23 19  |  23 19  |         |
  |  15-19  |         |         |         |   9-14  |   8-11  |         |
  |         |         |         |         |  22 17  |  22 17  |         |
  |         |         |         |         |   5- 9  |  11-16  |         |
  +=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+
  |         |         |         |         | SECOND  |         |         |
  | LAIRD   | MAID OF |   OLD   |         | DOUBLE  | SINGLE  |         |
  |AND LADY.|THE MILL.|  14TH.  |PAISLEY. | CORNER. | CORNER. | SOUTER. |
  |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  11-16  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  11-15  |
  |  23 19  |  22 17  |  23 19  |  24 19  |  24 19  |  22 18  |  23 19  |
  |   8-11  |   8-11  |   8-11  |         |         |         |   9-14  |
  |  22 17  |  17 13  |  22 17  |         |         |         |  22 17  |
  |   9-13  |  15-18  |   4- 8  |         |         |         |   6- 9  |
  +=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+
  |         |         | WILL O’ |  WHITE  |                             |
  |SWITCHER.|WHILTER. |THE WISP.|  DYKE.  |     IRREGULAR OPENINGS.     |
  |         |         |         |         |         |         |         |
  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  11-15  |  10-15  |
  |  21 17  |  23 19  |  23 19  |  22 17  |  22 17  |  23 19  |  22 18  |
  |         |   9-14  |   9-13  |   8-11  |   8-11  |   8-11  |  15-22  |
  |         |  22 17  |         |  17 14  |  25 22  |  22 17  |  25 18  |
  |         |   7-11  |         |         |         |         |         |
  +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

_=The Middle Game.=_ The best way for the student to learn the manner
in which the various openings are followed up, is to play over
illustrative games, and in doing so he should be careful always to play
with the winning side next him. In selecting openings, take those
that show the greatest number of wins for the side you propose to
play. In all checker books there are marks at the foot of the column
to show which side has an advantage, if any exists, at the end of each
variation. The Alma, for instance, shows a great many more winning
variations for the black men than for the white, and is consequently
one of the best openings for Black.

Any person who plays correctly can always be sure of avoiding defeat;
that is, no one can beat him if he makes no slips, and the worst he can
get is a draw. It is a common error to suppose that the first move is
an advantage. [See Illustrative Game No. 7.]

The strategy of the game consists in so deploying your men that
alluring openings are left for your adversary. These openings are
always pitfalls of the most dangerous character, and whenever you think
a good player has made a mistake and left you a chance, you should
examine the position with great care, or you will probably walk into a
trap. The first of the example games given in this work is a case in
point. White’s move, 27 24, is apparently the best possible, yet it
immediately and hopelessly loses the game. Sometimes these traps are
set very early in the opening, and sometimes after the pieces have been
pretty well developed.

There are many cases in which a good player may take advantage of
the weakness of an adversary by making moves which are really losing
moves, and which would lead to immediate defeat if he were opposed by
an expert. But if he feels that his adversary is not skilful enough to
take advantage of these losing moves, a winning position may sometimes
be rapidly obtained by departing from the regular development of the
opening.

The beginner should be satisfied with learning only one or two forms of
the openings, committing to memory as many variations as possible. When
he meets with a line of play that beats him, he should study out the
variation in his text books, and see at what point he made the losing
move. To be perfect in any one opening a person must know at least
five hundred variations by heart; but if he finds himself caught in a
variation which he does not remember, or has never learned, he should
trust to good judgment rather than to defective memory.

_=The End Game=_ usually resolves itself into one of four well-known
positions. These four positions are those in which there is a win for
one side or the other owing to the peculiar position occupied by the
opposing forces, although they may be numerically equal. Every checker
player must know these four positions thoroughly, or he may abandon
many a game as drawn which he could win, and may lose many a game which
he could draw. These four positions are here given as they are usually
found in the books, but the player must be able to recognize at once
any position which resembles them, or can be made to lead up to them.
The student will find many games marked as “won” in which he cannot see
any winning position unless he is familiar with the four endings. The
expert strives to exchange his men so as to bring about one of these
positions, after which he knows he has a won game, although his less
skilful adversary may be unconscious of his advantage.

[Illustration: _=First Position.=_

Black to move and win.

                WHITE.
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ⛂ |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛂ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛁ |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                BLACK.
]

[Illustration: _=Second Position.=_

Black to move and win.

                WHITE.
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   | ⛀ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛀ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛁ |   |   |   | ⛂ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ⛂ |   |   |   | ⛃ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                BLACK.
]

[Illustration: _=Third Position.=_

Either to move; White to win.

                WHITE.
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛃ |   | ⛁ |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | ⛁ |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛁ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛃ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                BLACK.
]

[Illustration: _=Fourth Position.=_

Black to play and win. White to play and draw.

                WHITE.
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛁ |   | ⛁ |   | ⛀ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛃ |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | ⛃ |   | ⛃ |   | ⛂ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
                BLACK.
]

The first position is one of the most common endings on the checker
board, and should be very thoroughly understood. The letters in
the margin refer to the variations. There are a great many minor
variations, for which the student must be referred to Janvier’s
Anderson, page 265.

  _=First Position.=_
    27-32
     8 11
    32-27
    11  7
    27-23
     7 10
    22-26
  A 10  6
    26-31
     6  9
    31-26
     9  6
    26-22
     6 10
    23-18
    10  6
    18-14
     6  1
    22-18
     1  6
    18-15
     6  1
    15-10
     1  5
    10- 6
     5  1
    14-13
     1  5
     6- 1
     5  9
     1- 5
     9 13
    10-14
    13  9
    14-18
     9  6
    18-15
    30 25
    15-18
     6 10
     5- 1
    25 21
     1- 5
    10  6
    18-15
    21 17
     5- 1
     6  9
    15-18
    17 13
    18-15
     9 14
     1- 5
    14 17
    15-10
    17 22
    10-14
    22 25
     5- 1
    25 22
     1- 6
    22 25
     6-10
    25 22
    10-15
    22 25
    15-18
    25 21
    B wins
    ------
    Var A.
    30 25
    23-18
    10  6
    18-14
     6  1
    26-30
    25 21
    30-25
     1  5
    25-22
     5  1
    22-18
     1  5
    18-15
     5  1
    15-10
     1  5
    10- 6
     5  1
    14-10
     1  5
     6- 1
     5  9
    10-15
  B  9  5
    15-18
     5  9
     1- 5
     9  6
    18-15
    21 17
     5- 1
     6  9
    15-18
     9  5
    18-22
    17 14
     1- 6
     5  1
     6- 2
     1  5
    22-17
    14  9
    B wins
    ------
    Var B.
     9 14
     1- 5
    21 17
     5- 1
    17 13
     1- 5
    14 17
    15-10
    B wins

  _=Second Position.=_
     1- 5
     8 11
     5- 9
    11 15
     9-14
    15 11
    14-18
    11 16
    18-15
    16 20
    15-11
    20 24
     3- 7
    24 19
     7-10
    19 23
    10-15
    23 27
    15-19
    27 32
    19-24
    32 28
    24-27
    28 32
    27-31
    32 28
    31-27
    28 32
    27-23
    32 28
    23-18
    28 24
    18-14
    24 19
     6-10
    19 23
    10-15
    23 27
    15-19
    27 32
    19-24
    32 28
    24-27
    28 24
    27-32
    24 28
    32-27
    28 32
    27-24
    32 28
    24-19
    28 32
    19-15
    32 28
    15-10
    28 24
    10- 6
    24 19
    14-10
    19 24
    10-15
    24 28
    15-19
    28 32
    19-24
    32 28
    11-16
    28 19
    16-23
    12  8
    23-18
     8  4
    18-14
     4  8
     6- 1
     8 11
    14- 9
    13  6
     1-10
    11 16
    10-15
    16 20
    15-19
    B wins

  _=Third Position.=_
    White to move
    18 15
  A  6- 1
    14  9
    24-28
    23 19
     1- 5
     9  6
  B 28-32
    19 24
     5- 1
    24 19
    W wins
    -----
    Var A.
    24-28
    23 27
     6- 1
    14 10
    28-32
    27 24
     1- 5
    10  6
    W wins
    ------
    Var B.
     5- 1
     6 10
    W wins
    ------
    Black to move
     6- 1
    18 15
  C  1- 6
    14 10
     6- 9
    23 19
    24-27
    15 18
  D 27-32
    19 24
     9- 5
    10 14
    32-28
    24 27
    W wins
    ------
    Var C.
     1- 5
    14 10
    24-28
    23 19
    28-32
    15 18
    32-27
    10  6
    27-32
    19 23
     5- 1
     6  9
    W wins
    ------
    Var D.
     9- 5
    10  6
    27-32
    19 23
     5- 1
     6  9
    32-28
    23 27
    W wins

  _=Fourth Position.=_
    Black to play
    28-24
    32 28
    24-20
    28 32
    22-18
    31 27
    23-19
    27 31
    19-24
    32 27
    24-28
    27 32
    18-22
    31 27
    22-26
    30 23
    28-24
    B wins
    -----
    White to play
    31 27
    23-19
    27 31
    19-24
    32 27
    24-20
    27 32
    22-18
    31 27
    28-24
    27 31
    18-23
    31 26
    Drawn

_=Traps.=_ The beginner should be on his guard against being caught,
“two for one,” especially in such positions as those shown in Diagrams
Nos. 6 and 7.

[Illustration: No. 6.

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |   | ⛂ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛂ |   |   |   |   |   | ⛂ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

[Illustration: No. 7.

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛀ |   |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛂ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | ⛂ |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛂ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | ⛂ |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

In No. 6, White will play 19 16, forcing you to jump, and will then
play 27 23, forcing you to jump again. In No. 7, White will play 30
26, making your man a King. He will then play 32 28, and wait for your
newly made King to jump. This will give him three of your men, and he
will catch the other before it gets to the king row.

Another common form of trap is to get a player into such a position in
the end game, when he has only one or two men, that he cannot get to
the king row without being caught; sometimes because he is driven to
the side of the board by the man following him, and sometimes because
the man meeting him can head him off. The adversary can do this only
when he has “the move.”

_=Theory of the Move.=_ When the position is such that you will be able
to force your adversary into a situation from which he cannot escape
without sacrificing a piece or losing the game, you are said to have
the move; and if he does not change it by capturing one of your men he
must lose the game. As the move is often of the greatest importance in
the end game, every checker-player should understand its theory, so
that he may know when it is necessary to make an exchange of men in
order to secure the move, and when he should avoid an exchange which
would lose it. The move is only important when the number of men on
each side is equal.

In order to calculate the move, the board is supposed to be divided
into two systems of squares, sixteen in each. The first system is
formed by the four vertical rows running from your own side of the
board, as shown by the dotted lines in Diagram No. 8. The second system
runs from your adversary’s side of the board, as shown in Diagram No.
9.

FIRST SYSTEM.

[Illustration: No. 8.

  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
]

SECOND SYSTEM.

[Illustration: No. 9.

  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
]

In order to ascertain if you have the move when it is your turn to
play, add together all the men, both black and white, in one of the
systems, taking no notice of those in the other system, and if the
number is _=odd=_, you have the move. In Diagram No. 10, for instance,
if you have the black men, and it is your turn to play, you will find
three men on your own system, and therefore you have the move, and must
win by playing 10-15. When White moves, there will again be an odd
number of men on your system, and you will still have the move, and he
must sacrifice both his men.

[Illustration: No. 10.

  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . | ⛀ | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | ⛀ |   | ⛂ |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
  | . |   | ⛂ |   | . |   | . |   |
  +-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+
]

[Illustration: No. 11.

  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | ⛀ |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  | ⛀ | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  | ⛂ | . |   | . | ⛀ | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . | ⛂ | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | ⛂ |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
  |   | . |   | . |   | . |   | . |
  +---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+---+-.-+
]

In Diagram No. 11, if you count up the men on either your own or your
adversary’s system, you will find that the number is even, and as you
have not the move you should force an exchange immediately, which will
give it to you, and win the game.

Every single exchange of man for man _=changes the move=_ when only
one of the capturing pieces remains on the board, and the following
rule is given for ascertaining how proposed exchanges in complicated
positions will affect the move:--The capturing pieces of both black and
white in both systems must first be added together, and if the number
agrees--in the matter of being odd or even--with that of the number of
captured pieces in each system, the move will not be changed; but if
one number so found is odd, and the other is even, the move will be
changed.


ILLUSTRATIVE GAMES.

The asterisk shows the losing move.

  +-----------------------+-------------------------------+
  |  Play with Black Men. |      Play with White Men.     |
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
  |  _1_  |  _2_  |  _3_  |  _4_  |  _5_  |  _6_  |  _7_  |
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
  | 11-15 | 11-15 | 10-15 | 11-15 | 11-15 | 11-15 | 10-15 |
  | 22 18 | 23 19 | 22 18 | 24 20 | 22 18 | 23 19 | 23 18 |
  | 15-22 |  8-11 | 15-22 |  8-11 | 15-22 |  8-11 | 12-16 |
  | 25 18 | 22 17 | 25 18 | 28 24 | 25 18 | 26 23 | 21 17 |
  |  8-11 |  3- 8 |  6-10 |  4- 8 |  8-11 |  4- 8 | 16-19 |
  | 29 25 |*17 14 | 29 25 | 23 19 | 29 25 | 30 26 | 17 14 |
  |  4- 8 |  9-18 | 10-15 |* 9-13 |  4- 8 |* 9-13 |  9-13 |
  | 24 20 | 21 17 |*25 22 | 20 16 | 24 20 | 19 16 | 24 20 |
  | 10-15 | 18-22 | 15-19 | 11-20 | 10-15 | 12-19 |  8-12 |
  | 25 22 | 25 18 | 23 16 | 22 17 | 25 22 | 23 16 | 25 21 |
  | 12-16 | 15-22 | 12-19 | 13-22 |* 9-13 | 11-20 | 12-16 |
  |*27 24 | 26 23 | 24 15 | 25  4 | 20 16 | 22 17 | 21 17 |
  | 15-19 |  5- 9 |  9-14 |W wins.| 12-19 | 13-22 |  4- 8 |
  | 24 15 | 17 13 | 18  9 |       | 23 16 | 25  4 | 29 25 |
  | 16-19 | 11-15 | 11-25 |       | 11-20 |W wins.|  6- 9 |
  | 23 16 | 23 18 |B wins.|       | 18  4 |       | 27 24 |
  |  9-14 |  1- 5 |       |       |W wins.|       |  1- 6 |
  | 18  9 | 18 11 |       |       |       |       | 32 27 |
  | 11-25 |  7-23 |       |       |       |       |  6-10 |
  | 28 24 | 27 18 |       |       |       |       | 27 23 |
  |  5-14 |  9-14 |       |       |       |       |  8-12 |
  | 24 19 | 18   9|       |       |       |       | 25 21 |
  |  6-10 |  5-14 |       |       |       |       |  2- 6 |
  |B wins.|B wins.|       |       |       |       | 31 27 |
  |       |       |       |       |       |       |  3- 8 |
  |       |       |       |       |       |       | 30 25 |
  |       |       |       |       |       |       |W wins.|
  +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

_=LOSING GAME.=_ In this variety of Draughts, the object is to give
away all your men before your adversary can give away his, or to block
yourself so that you cannot move. The secret of success in Losing Game
is to get your men on such squares that they cannot be made to jump to
the king row. These squares will be the row next you on your own side
of the board, and every second row from that, horizontally. Get your
men on those squares as soon as possible, and do not be in too great a
hurry to capture your adversary’s men.

_=POLISH DRAUGHTS.=_ Although intended for a special board of 100
squares this game can be played on a common checker board. It differs
from ordinary draughts in two particulars:

Although the men can move only forward, they can take backward, and
Kings can go any distance at one move.

If in taking a piece, a man arrives at the king row, that does not end
the move if he can capture another piece by jumping backward out of the
king row again. As this brings him away from the king row before the
move is complete, he will not be a king until he can get to the king
row at the end of a move.

Kings can go any number of squares in a straight line, and can capture
any piece which is on the diagonal, not protected by another piece
behind it. Kings can also go on for any number of squares beyond the
captured piece, and then turn a corner to capture another piece. In
Diagram No. 12, for instance, the black King could capture all six of
the white men by going over the first one only, and then turning to
the left, and continuing to turn to the left after every capture, as
shown by the squares with the numbers on them, which indicate his five
successive turning-points.

[Illustration: No. 12.

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | 5 |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | 1 |   | ⛀ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | 4 |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | 2 |   |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |   |   | ⛃ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | 3 |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

_=DEVIL AMONG THE TAILORS.=_ This is hardly a variation of the game of
Draughts, although it is played on a checker board. Four white men, the
tailors, are placed upon 29 30 31 and 32; and one black man, the devil,
on 1. The men can move only one square at a time, diagonally; the
white men forward only, the black man forward or backward. There is no
jumping or capturing, and the object of the tailors is to pin the devil
in, so that he cannot move. If the black man can reach the free country
behind the white men, he wins the game.

The game is a certainty for the white men if properly played. At the
end of four moves they should be lined up on squares 25, 26, 27, 28 and
whichever end the devil attacks, the tailors should move in from the
other end.

There are two critical positions.

[Illustration: No. 13.

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | ⛂ |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

[Illustration: No. 14.

  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   | ⛂ |   | ⛀ |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   | ⛀ |   | ⛀ |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
  |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

In Diagram No. 13, if White moves 24 19 he loses, because Black goes to
11, and as the tailors advance to head him off, he goes back to 15 and
18, and then gets round by going to 14. White’s proper play is 22 18,
after which 26 22 will reform his line.

In Diagram No. 14, if White moves 26 22, or 19 15, he loses
immediately. In the first case Black will run to 15 and 11, and either
get round or double back to 18. In the second case Black will get round
by way of 7, or get through.


CHECKER LAWS.

_=1.=_ The Standard board must be of light and dark squares, not less
than fourteen inches nor more than fifteen inches across said squares.

_=2.=_ The board shall be so placed that the bottom corner square, on
the left hand, shall be black.

_=3.=_ The Standard men, technically described as White and Black, must
be light and dark (say white and red, or yellow and black), turned, and
round, not less than one inch, nor more than 1⅛ inches in diameter.

_=4.=_ The men shall be placed on the black squares.

_=5.=_ The black men shall invariably be placed upon the real or
supposed first twelve squares of the board; the white upon the last
twelve squares.

_=6.=_ Each player shall play alternately with the white and black men,
and lots shall be cast for the colour only once, viz., at the beginning
of the play--the winner to have his choice of taking black or white.

_=7.=_ The first play must _=invariably=_ be made by the person having
the black men.

_=8.=_ At the end of five minutes [if the play has not been previously
made], “Time” must be called by the person appointed for that purpose,
in a distinct manner; and if the play is not completed in another
minute, the game shall be adjudged lost through improper delay.

_=9.=_ When there is only _=one way=_ of taking _=one or more=_ pieces,
time shall be called at the end of one minute, and if the play is not
completed in another minute, the game shall be adjudged lost through
improper delay.

_=10.=_ Either player is entitled, on giving intimation, to arrange his
own or his opponent’s pieces properly on the squares. After the first
move has been made, however, if either player touch or arrange any
piece without giving intimation to his opponent, he shall be cautioned
for the first offence, and shall forfeit the game for any subsequent
act of the kind.

_=11.=_ After the pieces have been arranged, if the person whose turn
it is to play _=touch=_ one, he must either play it or forfeit the
game. When the piece is not playable, he forfeits according to the
preceding law.

_=12.=_ If _=any part=_ of a playable piece is moved over an angle of
the square on which it is stationed, the move must be completed in
_=that=_ direction.

_=13.=_ A capturing play, as well as an ordinary one, is completed
whenever the hand has been withdrawn from the piece played, although
one or more pieces should have been taken.

_=14.=_ The Huff or Blow is to remove from the board, before one plays
his own piece, any one of the adverse pieces that might or ought to
have taken but the Huff or Blow never constitutes a play.

_=15.=_ The player has the power to _=huff=_, _=compel the capture=_,
or _=let the piece remain on the board=_, as he thinks proper.

_=16.=_ When a man first reaches any of the squares on the opposite
extreme line of the board, it becomes a King, and can be moved backward
or forward as the limits of the board permit, though not in the same
play. The adversary must crown the new King, by placing a captured man
on the top of it, before he makes his own move.

_=17.=_ A player making a false or improper move forfeits the game to
his opponent.

_=18.=_ When taking, if either player removes one of his own pieces,
_=he=_ cannot replace it; but his _=opponent=_ can either play or
insist on the man being replaced.

_=19.=_ A Draw is when neither of the players can force a Win. When
one of the sides appears stronger than the other, the stronger is
required to complete the Win, or to show a decided advantage over his
opponent within forty of his own moves--to be counted from the point at
which _=notice=_ was given,--failing which, the game must be abandoned
at Drawn.

_=20.=_ Anything which may annoy or distract the attention of the
player is strictly forbidden; such as making signs or sounds, pointing
or hovering over the board, unnecessarily delaying to move a piece
touched, or smoking. Any _=principal=_ so acting, after having been
warned of the consequence and requested to desist, shall forfeit the
game.

_=21.=_ While a game is pending, neither player is permitted to leave
the room without giving a sufficient reason, or receiving the other’s
consent or company.

_=22.=_ A player committing a breach of any of these laws must submit
to the penalty, which his opponent is equally bound to exact.

_=23.=_ Any spectator giving warning, either by sign, sound, or remark,
on any of the games, whether played or pending, shall be expelled from
the room.

_=24.=_ Should any dispute occur, not satisfactorily determined by the
preceding laws, a _=written statement of facts=_ must be sent to a
disinterested arbiter having a knowledge of the game, whose decision
shall be final.


TEXT BOOKS.

  Spayth’s Checkers for Beginners.
  Game of Draughts, John Robertson.
  Janvier’s Anderson.
  Bowen’s Bristol.
  Bowen’s Cross.
  Bowen’s Fife.
  E.T. Baker’s Alma.
  Scattergood’s Game of Draughts.
  Lyman’s Selected Problems.
  Backgammon and Draughts, by Berkeley.
  Anderson’s Checkers.
  Dunne’s Draught Proxis.
  Kear’s Sturges.


BACKGAMMON. OR TRIC-TRAC.

Backgammon is played by two persons, each of whom is provided with
fifteen men, two dice, and a dice-box. The men on each side are of
different colours, black and white, and the players are distinguished
by the colour of the men with which they play. The board is divided
into two tables, _=inner=_ and _=outer=_, and at the beginning of the
game the men may be set up in either of the positions shown in the
diagram.

[Illustration:

        +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
        |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|   |⛂| | | |⛀| ||⛀| | | | |⛂|
        |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|   |⛂| | | |⛀| ||⛀| | | | |⛂|
        | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|   |⛂| | | |⛀| ||⛀| | | | | |
        | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|   |⛂| | | | | ||⛀| | | | | |
        | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|   |⛂| | | | | ||⛀| | | | | |
  LIGHT |   INNER   ||   OUTER   |   |   OUTER   ||   INNER   | LIGHT
        | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|   |⛀| | | | | ||⛂| | | | | |
        | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|   |⛀| | | | | ||⛂| | | | | |
        | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|   |⛀| | | |⛂| ||⛂| | | | | |
        |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|   |⛀| | | |⛂| ||⛂| | | | |⛀|
        |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|   |⛀| | | |⛂| ||⛂| | | | |⛀|
        +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+   +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
]

It will be observed that the black men on any point have exactly the
same number of white men standing opposite them. In one table there are
only two upon one point, and in the other there are only three upon one
point. The table with the two men is always the _=inner table=_ while
the one with three is always the _=outer table=_. This distinction
is important, and may be remembered by observing that the number of
letters in the words _=in=_ and _=out=_ are two and three respectively.

In setting up the men the inner table is always placed _=toward the
light=_, whether it be a window or the gas. Each player must always
have the majority of his men, five and three, on the side nearer him;
and the minority, five and two, on the side farther from him. The side
of the _=inner table=_ which is nearer the player will always be his
_=home table=_. In all the illustrations in this work you are supposed
to be playing with the black side next you, and with your inner or home
table on your _=left=_ hand.

The raised portion or hinge of the board, which divides the inner from
the outer tables, is known as the _bar_, and the points, or flèches,
in each player’s home table are numbered from 1 to 6, reckoning from
the outer edge toward the bar. These six points are spoken of as the
Ace, Deuce, Trey, Four, Five and Six points respectively, and they
correspond to the six faces on a single die. The points in the outer
tables have no numbers, but the one next the bar on each side is called
the _=bar point=_. In giving the moves of the men in a game, the names
of the six points in the home tables are disregarded, and each player,
Black and White, numbers the board from 1 to 24, starting from the
square on which he has only two men. The notation for the black moves
would be as shown in the margin; that for white being exactly opposite,
of course.

[Illustration:

  +---+---+---+---+---+---++---+---+---+---+---+---+
  | ⛂ |   |   |   |   | ⛀ ||   | ⛀ |   |   |   | ⛂ |
  | ⛂ |   |   |   |   | ⛀ ||   | ⛀ |   |   |   | ⛂ |
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛀ ||   | ⛀ |   |   |   | ⛂ |
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛀ ||   |   |   |   |   | ⛂ |
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛀ ||   |   |   |   |   | ⛂ |
  | 1   2   3   4   5   6 || 7   8   9  10  11  12 |
  |24  23  22  21  20  19 ||18  17  16  15  14  13 |
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛂ ||   |   |   |   |   | ⛀ |
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛂ ||   |   |   |   |   | ⛀ |
  |   |   |   |   |   | ⛂ ||   | ⛂ |   |   |   | ⛀ |
  | ⛀ |   |   |   |   | ⛂ ||   | ⛂ |   |   |   | ⛀ |
  | ⛀ |   |   |   |   | ⛂ ||   | ⛂ |   |   |   | ⛀ |
  +---+---+---+---+---+---++---+---+---+---+---+---+
]

The men on each side are always moved in the direction of their
notation numbers. In all the following illustrations the black men move
round the board from right to left, like the hands of a clock, while
the white men go in the opposite direction; so that the two opposing
forces are continually meeting and passing, like the people in the
street.

The _=Object of the Game=_ is for each player to move his men from
point to point in order to get them all into his home table. It does
not matter what part of the home table they reach, so that they get
across the bar. The men are moved according to the throws of the dice,
each player in turn having a throw and a move. After the men on either
side are all home, they are taken off the board according to the throws
of the dice, and the player who is the first to get all his men off the
board in this manner wins the game.

If each player has taken off some of his men, the player getting all
his off first wins a _=hit=_, which counts as a single game. If one
player gets off all his men before his adversary has thrown off a
single man, it is a _=gammon=_, and counts as a double game. If the
loser has not only taken off none of his men, but has one or more men
left on the side of the board farther from him when his adversary
throws off his last man, it is a _=backgammon=_, and counts as a triple
game. In America, gammons and backgammons are seldom played, every game
being simply a hit. This spoils some of the fine points of the game,
and entirely alters the tactics of the players, as will be seen when we
come to the suggestions for good play.

_=The Dice.=_ Although it is usual for each player to be provided
with two dice, some players insist on the same pair being used by
each player alternately; the claim being that luck will then run more
evenly. At the beginning of the game each player makes a cast, either
with one die or with two, as may be agreed, and the higher throw has
the first play. In some clubs the player making the higher throw is
allowed the option of playing the first cast, or of throwing again; but
the general practice is to insist that the first cast is simply for the
privilege of playing first, and that the dice must be cast again for
the first move.

After each throw the dice must fall within the borders of the table on
the caster’s right, and each die must rest fairly and squarely on one
of its faces. If it is _=cocked=_ against a man, the edge of the board,
or the other die, or if it jumps over the edge of the table in which it
is thrown, both dice must be taken up and cast again. The caster must
announce his throw as soon as made.

_=The Moves.=_ As the men on each side are moved round the board in
opposite directions to reach their respective homes, they are of course
obliged to meet and pass a number of the adversary’s men, and they must
pick their way among them by going to points which are unoccupied by
the enemy; for if there are two or more of the enemy in possession
of any point, that point is said to be _=covered=_, and must be
jumped over. If only one adverse man occupies a point, it is called a
_=blot=_, and the man may be captured, as will presently be explained.

The numbers that appear on the upper faces of the two dice, when they
are thrown, are the number of points that each of any two men, or that
any one man may be moved at a time. If a player throws four-deuce, for
instance, he may either move one man four points and another two; or
he may move a single man four points and two points, or two points and
four points. He cannot lump the throw and call it six points, because
if the fourth point from where the man stood was covered by two or
more of the enemy, the four could not be played with that man. If the
second point from where the man stood was also covered, he could not
be moved at all, although the sixth point from where he stood might
be unoccupied. If Black’s first throw is five-deuce, for instance, he
cannot move one of the two men on his adversary’s ace point for the
five, because the fifth point thence is covered. Neither could he move
one of them two and then five, because the seventh point is covered
also.

If a player throws _=doublets=_, that is, the same number on each die,
he plays the throw twice over. If a player throws double fours, for
instance, he can either move one man four points four times; or one man
four points once, and another man four points three times; or two men
four points twice; or two men four points each, and then two other men
four points, always provided that the points moved to at the end of
each four are not covered by the enemy.

If there is only one of the adversary’s men on any point which can be
reached by a throw of the dice, the blot may be hit, a man being moved
to that point, and the adverse man taken from the board and placed upon
the bar. In the diagram in the margin, for instance, it is White’s
play, and he has thrown six-four. Black has left a blot on White’s
four-point, and the single white man in the outer table can reach this
with the six throw, taking up the black man, and placing it upon the
bar. White now has a blot on his four point, which he should cover by
playing in a man four points from the outer table, it being better to
leave a blot there than at home.

[Illustration:

  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  | | |⛀|⛂|⛀|⛀||⛀|⛀| |⛀| |⛂|
  | | |⛀| |⛀|⛀||⛀|⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | | ||⛀| | | | | |
  | | | | | | || | | | | | |
  | | | | | | || | | | | | |
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | | || | | | | | |
  | | | | | | || | | | | | |
  | | |⛂| | |⛂|| | | | | | |
  |⛂| |⛂| | |⛂||⛂|⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛂| |⛂| | |⛂||⛂|⛂| | |⛀|⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
]

When a player has a man that has been hit, and placed upon the bar by
the adversary, he must re-enter that man before he moves any others.
He may choose for the purpose either of the numbers on the next throw
of the dice, and must place his man on the point in the adversary’s
home table which agrees with the number selected. Suppose that in the
foregoing example, Black’s next throw is five-deuce. He cannot enter
the man on the five-point, because it is covered by the enemy: so he
must enter upon the deuce point, which is not covered, and must move
some other man five points for the throw upon the other die. If both
the five and deuce points were covered, Black could not enter on either
of them, and as he cannot play until the man on the bar is entered,
the throw would be lost, and he would have to wait until his adversary
threw and moved in his turn. If two men are upon the bar, both must be
entered before any man can be moved. A man may enter and hit a blot at
the same time.

If a player could get his men round the board without any of them being
hit, seventy-seven points on the dice thrown would bring them all home;
but as every man hit has to start all over again from his adversary’s
home table, it may take a great many throws to get all the men home.
For this reason it is obvious that each player should leave as few
blots as possible, in order to save his men from being hit; and at the
same time he should strive to cover as many points as possible, in
order to prevent his adversary from moving round the board freely. It
is still more important to cover points in the home table, so that when
an adverse man is hit he will have fewer points upon which to enter. It
is, of course, unnecessary to say that one can always enter or play on
points covered by his own men.

[Illustration:

  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  | |⛀|⛀|⛀|⛀|⛀|| | | | | | |
  | |⛀|⛀|⛀|⛀|⛀|| | | | | | |
  | | | |⛀| |⛀|| | | | | | |
  | | | | | | || | | | | | |
  |⛂| | | | | || | | | | | |
  |⛂          ||           |
  |⛂| | | | | || | | | | | |
  |⛂| | | | | || | | | | | |
  |⛂| | |⛂|⛂| || | | | | | |
  |⛂|⛀|⛂|⛂|⛂| || | | | | | |
  |⛂|⛀|⛂|⛂|⛂| || | | | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
]

_=Throwing Off.=_ When either player has succeeded in getting all
his men home, he removes them from the board two or four at a time,
according to the throws of the dice, provided he has men on the points
in his home table corresponding to the numbers thrown. If not, he must
move his men up toward the ace point. Doublets may take off four men if
there are so many on the point. If there are no men on a number thrown,
and the number is so high that the man farthest from the ace point
cannot be moved up, that man may be taken off. In the diagram in the
margin, for instance, Black has all his men home, and is ready to throw
them off. If he threw six-deuce, having no men on either point he would
have to move up the deuce; but the farthest man from the ace point
cannot be moved up six, so he can throw that man off. This must result
in leaving a blot, no matter which man is played up the two Points, and
White may hit this blot on his next throw. Should he do so, Black would
have to throw an ace to re-enter, as all the other points in White’s
home table are covered, or “made up.” Black could not throw off another
man until the one hit had not only been re-entered, but had made the
circuit of the board and got home again.

A player is not obliged to throw off a man if he prefers to move, but
he must do one or the other. In the foregoing diagram, for instance, if
Black threw three-ace, he would be very foolish to take off two men,
leaving a blot on his three point. He should move the ace from his four
to his three point, and then take off the three, leaving no blots.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ Always see that the men are properly set
up. It would be a great help to many persons if the manufacturers of
backgammon boards would print upon them a small diagram of the correct
position of the men.

The first thing for the beginner to learn is the proper manner of
playing the opening throws, and this should be practised with a board
and men. In some cases there are several ways to play the same throw;
double fours, for instance, it is said cannot be played wrong. All
possible throws of the dice, from double six to double ace, and the
various ways of playing them, are shown in the diagrams. Black men only
are moved, and those with white centres have been brought from the
points marked with a small cross x.

The best throws are those which cover the most points, take possession
of your own or your adversary’s five point, make up your own bar point,
or make up points in your home table.

[Illustration:

  ⚅⚅
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  | | | | | |⛀||⛂|⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀||⛂|⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |x          ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂||⛂|⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂||⛂|⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚅⚄
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |x          ||          ⛂|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚅⚃
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | |⛂|⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |x          ||           |
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚅⚂
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| |⛂| |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |x          ||           |
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚅⚁
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |           ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚅⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |           ||  x        |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂||⛂|⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂||⛂|⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
]

[Illustration:

  ⚄⚄
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| |⛂| | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| |⛂| | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚄⚃
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| |⛂| |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |x          ||           |
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚄⚂
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |           ||           |
  |          x||  x        |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  |⛀| |⛂| | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| |⛂| | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚄⚁
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | |⛂|⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚄⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |          x||           |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚄⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂|⛂| | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |x          ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚃⚃
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚃⚃
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  | | | | |⛂|⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | |⛂|⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |x          ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂|⛂| | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂|⛂| | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚃⚂
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂|⛂|⛂| |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚃⚁
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |           ||           |
  |          x||  x        |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | |⛂| |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | |⛂| |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚃⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |          x||           |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂|⛂| | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚃⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂|⛂| | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |x          ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂|⛂| | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
]

[Illustration:

  ⚂⚂
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |           ||           |
  |          x||  x        |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  |⛀| |⛂| |⛂|⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  |⛀| |⛂| |⛂|⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚂⚂
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  | | | |⛂| |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | |⛂| |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |x          ||           |
  |           ||  x        |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚂⚂
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂||⛂|⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂||⛂|⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚂⚁
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| |⛂|⛂|⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚂⚁
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| |⛂| | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |x          ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| |⛂| |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚂⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |           ||           |
  |          x||  x        |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚁⚁
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |          x||           |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | |⛂| |⛂|| |⛂| | |⛂|⛀|
  |⛀| | |⛂| |⛂|| |⛂| | |⛂|⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚁⚁
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  | | |⛂| | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | |⛂| | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |x          ||           |
  |          x||           |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | |⛂| |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | |⛂| |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚁⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |          x||           |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂| | |⛂|⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚁⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂|⛂| | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |x          ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | |⛂|⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚁⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |           ||           |
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| |⛂| |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚀⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  |           ||           |
  |          x||  x        |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂||⛂| | | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂||⛂|⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
]

Double aces are the best, because they make up two of the most
important points at once. A first-class player will sometimes give an
adversary the odds of a first throw of double aces. Double sixes is the
next best, and five-ace is considered one of the worst.

Three of these throws require special mention, all of which would
be very bad openings in the American game, for reasons which will
presently be explained. These throws are five-ace, four-ace, and
deuce-ace, when played as follows:--

[Illustration:

  ⚄⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |          x||           |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚃⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |          x||           |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂|⛂| | |⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+

  ⚁⚀
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  |⛂| | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| |⛀| | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | |⛂|
  | | | | | |⛀|| | | | | | |
  |           ||          x|
  |          x||           |
  | | | | | | || | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| | | | | |⛀|
  | | | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | | |⛂|| |⛂| | | |⛀|
  |⛀| | | |⛂|⛂|| |⛂| | |⛂|⛀|
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
]

These are all unfortunate opening throws, five-ace being especially
bad, and the English players think the best, perhaps because the
boldest, way to play them is to leave one or two blots, one of which,
however, lays the foundation for possession of your five-point on the
next throw, always a great advantage if you can secure it. If neither
of the blots are hit, the Englishman pushes forward in the hope of
gammoning his adversary, and so winning a double game. In America,
where gammons count no more than hits, nothing is to be gained by
taking such chances, and the foregoing methods of playing these three
throws would therefore be considered very bad.

_=The English Game.=_ When the players count double and triple games,
it is not an uncommon thing to play for the gammon, especially against
inferior adversaries, or when one gets a decided advantage at the
start. The first thing is to secure your own or your adversary’s
five point, or both, and if you succeed in that you should play a
very forward game, and endeavour to gammon your opponent. After the
five-points, secure your bar point, so as to prevent your opponent from
“running” with double sixes. Some players think the bar point better
than the five point, but it must be remembered that points in the home
table are usually better than any outside. If you get the five and bar
points made up, try for the four point, and after that you may take
some risks to get your men home, and do not take up your opponent’s men
if you are ahead of him, because they may give you trouble when they
re-enter in your home table.

_=The American Game.=_ When a gammon or backgammon counts you nothing
more if you win it, and costs you nothing more if you lose it, the
tactics of the game are entirely changed. It is folly to take any risks
for the sake of a gammon, and any plays which leave unnecessary blots
are very bad; for which reason the three throws shown in the foregoing
diagram would be absurd in the American game. On the other hand, you
may risk being gammoned, or even backgammoned, if it is the only way to
save the game. An Englishman cannot take this risk, for he might lose a
triple game in attempting to save a single.

Secure the five point in your own and your adversary’s home table as
soon as possible, and then the bar and four points. After the first few
throws the player should take a general survey of the board, in order
to see whether he is ahead or behind, or if he has any advantage of
position. He must then decide whether he will play a _=backward=_ or a
_=forward=_ game. A glance at the relative positions of the men will
usually show if one side is much more advanced than the other, without
going into any minute calculations as to how many points nearer home
one side _may_ be.

If, at the beginning of the game, one player makes two or three large
throws in succession, while his adversary gets small throws only, the
latter will have little chance of winning the game simply by running
for home, whereas the former’s best chance will be to follow up his
early advantage and get home as fast as possible. The only hope for
the man who is behind is that he can pick up some of his opponent’s
men, setting them back, and in order to do this he must keep behind his
adversary, so as to meet as many of his men as possible.

This enables us to formulate the great principle of the American game,
which is that when a player is ahead he should go ahead as fast as he
can; and when he is behind, he should stay behind as long as he can.
In the first place he is playing a forward, and in the second place a
backward game.

_=The Forward Game.=_ The great point in this game, after having
obtained the advantage of several good throws in the opening, is to get
home as rapidly as possible without unnecessarily exposing your men by
leaving blots. Do not take up your adversary’s men if you can help it,
because by so doing you place obstacles in your own path, and assist
him by allowing him to stay behind, which is just his game. Get past
all his men if possible, especially if he has moved his two men out of
your home table.

_=The Backward Game.=_ Exactly the opposite tactics are of course the
best for the player who is behind. He should keep two or three men in
his adversary’s home table, preferably on the ace and deuce points, in
the hope of catching some of the enemy, and setting them back. The
result of these tactics, if successful, will be to offset the advantage
of the adversary’s high throws early in the game, because every man
captured not only has to start his journey over again, but is liable to
be picked up a second or third time. As it is to the advantage of the
forward player to avoid picking up men, the one who is behind can leave
blots with great freedom, and may even spread his men so that some of
them must be taken up. This intense back game is peculiarly American,
for in the English game such tactics would usually result in a gammon,
and often in a backgammon, and the player dare not risk so much just
to save a hit. In the back game it is very important to spread the men
freely, so that they may act as _=catchers=_.

[Illustration:

  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
  |⛀|⛀|⛂|⛀|⛀| ||⛂| | | | |⛂|
  |⛀|⛀|⛂|⛀|⛀| ||⛂| | | | |⛂|
  |⛀|⛀| | | | || | | | | | |
  |⛀| | | | | || | | | | | |
  | | | | | | || | | | | | |
  |           ||      X   X|
  |           ||      X   X|
  | | | | | | || | | | | | |
  | | | | | | || | | | | | |
  | | | | | | || | | | | | |
  | |⛂| |⛂|⛂|⛂|| | | | | | |
  |⛂|⛂|⛀|⛂|⛂|⛂|| | | | | | |
  +-+-+-+-+-+-++-+-+-+-+-+-+
]

In the position shown in the margin, for instance, White has already
thrown off three of his men, but one has been caught and set back. It
is impossible for Black to win unless he can catch this man again, or
capture one or two of those in White’s home table, keeping White from
throwing off any more men until Black gets home.

Suppose that in this position Black threw double threes. His play
would be to separate all his men in the outer table, so that no matter
what White might throw he could hardly escape being caught. The black
men might be placed on the points marked with small crosses, and then
if the white man cannot be caught and set back long enough for Black
to get home, the game cannot be saved. If Black succeeds in picking
up this man, he should then complete his home table as rapidly as
possible, still keeping his outside men spread, and not disturbing the
two men on White’s trey point until necessary.

_=Throwing Off.=_ Always throw off every man possible; never move up
instead of throwing off, unless there are some adverse men in your home
table. If you make a throw which will not take off a man, do not move
two men, but move up and take off one man if possible.

_=Chances.=_ Some players profess to attach great importance to the
chances of the dice, but such matters are of little practical value
except in a general way. It may be interesting to know that the odds
were thirty-five to one against a certain throw, but that knowledge
does not prevent your adversary from winning the game.

It should always be remembered that it is more difficult for your
adversary to hit a man that is very close to him or very far from him,
than one that is about half way. The odds against being hit by a given
number, either on one or on both dice, are given in the margin. The
throws given in the second column cannot be made without counting both
dice, and a player is therefore safer when it takes “double dice” to
hit him.

  +------------------+-------------------+
  |_Single Die._     |_Double Dice._     |
  | 25 to 11 ag’st 1 | 30 to 6 ag’st  7  |
  | 24 to 12 ag’st 2 | 30 to 6 ag’st  8  |
  | 22 to 14 ag’st 3 | 31 to 5 ag’st  9  |
  | 21 to 15 ag’st 4 | 33 to 3 ag’st 10  |
  | 21 to 15 ag’st 5 | 34 to 2 ag’st 11  |
  | 19 to 17 ag’st 6 | 35 to 1 ag’st 12  |
  +------------------+-------------------+


LAWS.

_=1.=_ If the men are wrongly set up, the mistake may be remedied if
the player in error has not moved a man, otherwise they must stand as
set up.

_=2.=_ If a player begins with less than the proper number of men, the
error cannot be rectified after the player has made a throw for his
move.

_=3.=_ The players must each cast a single die for the privilege of
first move, the higher winning. Ties throw again.

_=4.=_ By mutual consent it may be agreed to let the higher throw play
the points on his own and his adversary’s die for the first move;
otherwise he must throw again with two dice.

_=5.=_ Each player must throw the dice into the table on his right
hand, and if either die jumps into the other table, or off the board,
both dice must be taken up and thrown again.

_=6.=_ To constitute a fair throw, each die must rest flat upon the
board, and if either die is “cocked” against the other, or against the
edge of the board or of a man, both dice must be taken up and thrown
again.

_=7.=_ If the caster interferes with the dice in any way, or touches
them after they have left the box, and before they come absolutely to
rest and the throw is called by the caster, the adversary may place
face upward on the die or dice so interfered with, any number he
chooses, and the caster must play it as if thrown.

_=8.=_ Before playing, the throw must be announced by the caster, and
if the throw is played as called it stands good, unless an error in the
call is discovered before the dice have been touched for the purpose of
putting them in the box again.

_=9.=_ If a player moves a man a wrong number of points, the throw
being correctly called, the adversary must demand that the error be
rectified before he throws himself, or the erroneous move stands good.

_=10.=_ If a man wrongly moved can be moved correctly, the player in
error is obliged to move that man. If he cannot be moved correctly, the
other man that was moved correctly on the same throw must be moved on
the number of points on the second die, if possible. If the second man
cannot be so moved onward, the player is at liberty to move any man he
pleases.

_=11.=_ Any man touched, except for the purpose of adjusting it, must
be moved if the piece is playable. A player about to adjust a man must
give due notice by saying, “J’adoube.” A man having been properly
played to a certain point and quitted, must remain there.

_=12.=_ The numbers on both dice must be played if possible. If there
are two ways to play, one of which will employ the numbers on both
dice, the other only one of them, the former must be played. If either,
but only one, of the two numbers thrown can be played, the larger of
the two must be selected.

_=13.=_ If a player throws off men before all his men are at home, the
men so thrown off must be placed on the bar, and re-entered in the
adversary’s home table, just as if they had been captured in the course
of play. The same penalty attaches to throwing off men while one is on
the bar.


RUSSIAN BACKGAMMON.

In this variety of the game, no men are placed upon the board at
starting, but each player enters his men by throws of the dice, and
both players enter upon the same table, so that all the men on both
sides move round the board in the same direction, and both players have
the same home table, which is always the one opposite the entering
table.

After having entered two men on the first throw, the player is at
liberty either to continue entering his men with any subsequent throws,
or to play the men already entered. In moving or in entering a player
may capture any blots left by his adversary; but he cannot enter upon a
point covered by two or more of the adversary’s men. If a player cannot
enter a fresh man with the throw made, he must play a man if he can.
When a man is captured, he must be re-entered before any other man can
be moved.

Except on the first throw of the game, doublets give the player a great
advantage. He can not only play the upper faces of the dice twice over,
as in the ordinary game, but the faces opposite them also, and can then
throw again before his adversary. Should he again throw doublets, he
would play both faces of the dice, and throw again, and so on. As the
opposite face is always the complement of seven, it is not necessary
to turn the dice over to see what it is. A player throwing double four
knows that he has four fours and four threes to play and will then get
another throw. The upper faces of the dice must be played first, and if
all four cannot be played the opposites and the second throw are lost.
If the upper faces can be played, but not all the opposites, the second
throw is lost.

If the first throw of the game made by either player is a doublet, it
is played as in the ordinary game, without playing the opposite faces
or getting a second throw.

The chief tactics of the game are in getting your men together in
advance of your adversary, and covering as many consecutive points as
possible, so that he cannot pass you except singly, and then only at
the risk of being hit. After getting home, the men should be piled on
the ace and deuce points unless there is very little time to waste in
securing position.


TEXT BOOKS.

  Backgammon, by Kenny Meadows, 1844.
  Backgammon and Draughts, by Berkeley.
  Pocket Guide to Backgammon, by “Cavendish.”
  Bohn’s Handbook of Games.


REVERSI.

This game requires a special board of sixty-four squares. Two players
are each provided with thirty-two men which are red on one side and
black on the other. The first player sets a man on any of the four
squares in the middle of the board, and then his opponent places
another man in the same four squares, each player having his own colour
uppermost.

After the first move on each side, the object of each player is so
to set his men that they shall be next to an opposing man, but with
one of his own men in a direct line on the other side, horizontally,
vertically, or diagonally, no matter how far off the man in line may be.

When a player succeeds in doing this, he reverses the colour of all the
intervening men, turning them to his own side. A man placed at an angle
may turn more than one line at a time. As soon as the board is filled,
each man counts up his colour, and the one that has the majority wins
the game.


HALMA.

This is played on a board with 256 squares, each player having nineteen
men of distinguishing colours. At the start the men are placed in an
enclosure at the corner of the board, called a “yard.” The object
of the player is to get his men out of his own yard and into his
adversary’s.

The men move one square at a time, like a king at chess, unless a man
gets to the square adjoining that occupied by another man with a space
beyond it. Whether the adjoining man is his own or his adversary’s, the
player can hop over it into the vacant space beyond, and he can make as
many hops as there are men and spaces. This being so, a player will try
to make “ladders” with his own men, placing them in a line diagonally,
with a space between each, and will then hop his men over them all.
As soon as he gets all his men into his adversary’s yard the game is
ended. Special directions always come with the apparatus.


GO-BANG.

This is played on a board of 361 squares. Each player has his own
coloured counters, and they draw for the first move. Each places a
man in turn, and the first to get five men in a row, horizontally,
vertically, or diagonally, wins the game.


MORELLES, OR NINE MEN’S MORRIS.

This game, sometimes called _=The Mill=_, is played on a board ruled
off into compartments, as follows:

[Illustration:

  +----------+----------+
  |          |          |
  |   +------+------+   |
  |   |      |      |   |
  |   |   +--+--+   |   |
  |   |   |     |   |   |
  +---+---+     +---+---+
  |   |   |     |   |   |
  |   |   +--+--+   |   |
  |   |      |      |   |
  |   +------+------+   |
  |          |          |
  +----------+----------+
]

Each player has nine men, of distinguishable colours. They draw for
first move, and each in turn places a man on any one of the corners
or intersections of the lines. As soon as either player gets three
men in line, he can remove from the board any one of his adversaries’
pieces that he pleases, provided the piece is not one of three that
are already in a line. If there are no other men on the board, he can
remove one of a line.

After entering all nine of his men, the player can shift them about,
one at a time, but no man can be moved farther than to the adjoining
corner or intersection, and that must be vacant. As soon as a new line
is formed in this way, an adverse man can be lifted. It is possible for
one man to move back and forth in such a manner as to continually form
and reform a line of three. When one player has only three men left, he
can jump any of them to any vacant space on the board, no matter how
far off. As soon as either player is reduced to two men, the game is
over and he has lost.


DOMINOES.

Although properly a game for two persons, Dominoes is sometimes played
by four, two being partners against the other two. There are also some
round games in which any number from three to six may play, each for
himself.

_=The Sets.=_ A set of dominoes is a number of pieces of bone, usually
about 1½ inches by ¾, and ⅜ thick. These bones have upon their faces
the permutations of the numbers from six to blank, taken two at a time.
Some sets begin at double nine, and others at double twelve; but the
standard set is double six, and is composed of twenty-eight pieces.

_=The Suits.=_ All the dominoes with the same number upon either end
belong to the same suit; the seven bones with a 4 forming the 4 suit;
those with a 6 the 6 suit, and so on. The number of pips in each suit
may be easily remembered by observing that the ace suit has the same
number of pips as the pieces in the set, 28; and that each suit above
the ace has seven pips more than the number of pieces in the set, while
the blank suit has seven pips less, so that each suit progresses in
regular order, seven pips at a time, as shown in the margin.

  Blank  21
  Ace    28
  Deuce  35
  Trey   42
  Four   49
  Five   56
  Six    63

_=Shuffling and Cutting.=_ Dominoes are provided with a small brass
pin in the centre of the face, which enables one to spin them round,
push them about on the table, and so to shuffle them thoroughly. There
are three methods of determining who shall have the first play, or
_=set=_, as it is called: _=1.=_ The player having the higher double;
or, failing any double in either hand, the _=heavier=_ domino, that
is, one with a greater number of pips on its face than any held by his
adversary. _=2.=_ One player selects any two dominoes, face down, and
pushes them toward his adversary, who chooses one. Both are then turned
up, and whichever gets the lighter domino has the first set. _=3.=_
Each player draws a domino, face down, and the one getting the lower
double sets first. If neither draws a double the lighter domino sets.

The dominoes are then shuffled again by both players, and each draws
the number of pieces required by the game they are about to play.
The dominoes remaining on the table are left face down, and form the
_=stock=_ or _=bone-yard=_. Each player should sort his dominoes into
suits, and either leave them standing on their edges on the table with
their faces toward him, or hold them in his hand. Few persons can hold
more than six dominoes in this way, so the seventh is left upon the
table, or is the first one set.

[Illustration]

_=Matching.=_ All games of dominoes are based upon the principle of
matching, or following suit; which requires that each domino played
shall belong to the same suit as one of the exposed ends of the line
of dominoes already played, and exposed upon the table. In playing a
domino, it must be so placed that the end of it shall match and adjoin
the exposed end of the line; a six being played to a six, a four to a
four, and so on. Each domino, as played, is laid face upward on the
table, the ends abutting, and doublets being laid across, or at right
angles to the line.

The principal games are divided into two classes; those in which the
object is to _=block=_ a player, so that he cannot follow suit, and
those in which the object is to make the ends of the line some multiple
of _=five=_ or _=three=_. The Block Game will be described first.

_=THE BLOCK GAME.=_ Each player draws seven dominoes, and the one whose
turn it is to set lays down any domino he pleases. If a good player,
he will select one of his longest suit, especially if he has three
or more, and his object will be to get the line back to his suit as
often as possible. If a player had to set with the hand of dominoes
shown in the foregoing diagram, he would select the 5-0, because he
has four of the 5 suit, and three of the 0 suit. This would compel his
adversary to play some domino having upon it a 5 or a 0. Let us suppose
this adversary to hold the following dominoes: 6-6, 6-3, 6-1, 6-0,
5-1, 5-0. He would of course play the 6-0, in order to bring the line
round to his long suit of 6’s. As this would close the blank end of the
line, the first player, whom we shall call A, would have to play on
the 5 end, as he has no 6. In order to get the line back to his second
longest suit, the blanks, he would play the 5-2, hoping to play 2-0
next time. His adversary, B, would play on this end if he could, but
being unable to do so, he gets rid of his heaviest domino, playing the
double six. A plays 2-0, and B should now bring in his suit of aces by
playing 6-1, which would win the game; but for the sake of illustration
we shall suppose that he foolishly plays 6-4. A plays his double four,
and the dominoes on the table present the following appearance:--

[Illustration]

B, having neither 4 nor 0 on any of his remaining dominoes, says:
“_=Go=_,” which signifies that he is blocked, and cannot play. A can
now play at either end, and with either of two dominoes; but it would
be bad policy to play the 4-5, because his adversary might be able to
play to the 5; but it is a certainty that he cannot play to either 0 or
4. If A plays the 4-5, B gets rid of all his dominoes before A can play
again. If A plays the 4-0 on the blank end, he will have to play again
with his 4-5; but if he plays it on the 4 end he blocks himself.

Whether to block the game or not depends on the probable comparative
value of the dominoes held by A and B. If A blocks the game by making
both ends blank, both players show their remaining dominoes, and the
one with the greater number of pips loses as many points as he has pips
in excess of the other player. In order to judge whether to block or
play, it should be remembered that as there are 147 pips in the entire
set, the average value of each domino will be 5¼. If A blocks the game,
he will have 17 pips left in his hand, which is above the average value
of two dominoes; but his adversary will have four dominoes to count,
and it is probable that they will be worth about 21 points. The fact
that the seven dominoes already played are 13 pips above the average
will reduce the probable value of B’s dominoes to about 20. On the
other hand, A knows that B has no blanks, which would slightly increase
the weight of B’s dominoes.

If A blocks the game, as he should do with the odds in his favour, he
will win 7 points, the difference between his 17 and B’s 24. If he does
not block, he must follow the 4-0 with the 5-4. This will bring in B’s
ace suit, bringing him back to his long suit of 6’s. When the 5-1 was
played, A would have to say, “go,” and B would continue with 1-1, 1-6,
6-3, claiming _=domino=_, all his pieces being exhausted. Although
A can now play, it is too late, for when one player makes domino he
counts all the pips remaining in his adversary’s hand; in this case, 8
points for B.

Had B played properly, by putting down 6-1, instead of 6-4, A would
have been compelled to play his 4-0, and B would have made both ends
6’s, A saying, “go.” By then playing his double ace, B would have made
certain of domino next time by playing the 6-3, for even if A could
play to the 3, he could not shut B out of the ace, and B’s 5-1 would
make, him domino, winning 17 points.

The Block Game is sometimes played 50 or 100 points up, and at the end
the winner takes the stakes, if any, or settles at so much a point for
the difference between the scores.

In the _=Four-handed Block Game=_ the players cut for partners, the two
lowest playing against the two highest, and the lowest cut having the
first set. Each player draws four bones, and the play goes round from
right to left. When any player is blocked, and says “go,” the one on
his left must play or say “go,” also. The game is at an end when one
player gets rid of all his dominoes, or all four players are blocked.
The pips remaining in the hands of the partners are then reckoned, and
the side having the lower number wins the difference.

Another variation is for each to play for himself, but instead of
playing only one domino at a time in each round, a player may go on as
long as he can follow suit to either end of the line.

_=DRAW GAME.=_ In this variation of the Block Game, each player has the
option of drawing any number of dominoes from the bone-yard except the
last two, which must always remain in stock. He may draw while he is
still able to play, or not until he is blocked; but when he is blocked
he is compelled to draw until he obtains a domino that can be played,
or has drawn all but the last two in the bone-yard.

_=MATADORE GAME.=_ This is another variety of the Block Game. Each
player takes seven bones, and the highest double or the heaviest
domino sets. The object is not to follow suit to the ends, but to play
a number which will make the end and the number played to it equal
_=seven=_. If the end is a 3, a 4 must be played; a 2 must be played
to a 5, and an ace to a 6. Four dominoes in the set are trumps, or
Matadores. These are the double blank, and the three dominoes that
have seven on their faces; 6-1, 5-2, and 4-3. Any of these trumps
may be played at any time on either of the ends, in order to prevent
a block; but the following player, if he does not play a trump also,
must play the complement of seven to whichever end of the matadore is
left exposed. Doublets are not placed crosswise, and count only for
the suit to which they belong; a double three cannot be played to an
ace, because it counts as three only. The trumps are usually placed at
right angles to the line. The game is decided and settled for as in the
ordinary Block Game.

_=SEBASTOPOL.=_ In this variety of the Block Game, four persons play.
Each takes seven bones, and the double six sets. Nothing but sixes can
be played until both sides and both ends of the first set have been
played to. When these five dominoes have been set, any of the four ends
may be played to. Each player in turn must play or say, “go.” The game
is decided and settled for as in the ordinary Block Game.

_=BERGEN GAME.=_ Two persons play, each of whom draws six bones. The
highest double sets, and scores two points for the _=double header=_.
Two points are scored by the player making both ends of the line the
same. If there is a doublet at one end, and one of the same suit at the
other, it is a triple header, and counts three. Fifteen points is game.
In addition to the headers, domino counts one. If both players are
blocked, the bones are shown, and the one having the smallest number of
pips and no doublet counts one toward game. If he holds a doublet, his
adversary scores one; but if both hold doublets, the lower number of
pips wins the point.

_=DOMINO POOL.=_ Any number from three to six can play, and a pool is
made up. They draw for the first set, and after shuffling again, each
player takes such an equal number of bones as will leave at least eight
in the stock. The leader plays anything he pleases for the first set,
and each following player must follow suit if he can, to one end or the
other. If a person cannot play, he says “go,” and the player on his
left plays or passes also. When one makes domino he wins the pool. If
all are blocked, the smallest number of pips left in hand wins; ties
divide.

_=MUGGINS, OR ALL FIVES.=_ This is a game for two, three, or four
players. The object is to make the two ends of the line some multiple
of five, and for every five so made the player scores five points
toward game, which is usually 100 up. If only one point is scored for
each five, 20 or 21 may be game. Each player draws seven bones, and
the highest double sets, each person afterward playing in turn. If
double five is the first set it counts 10. The 5-0 played to this would
count 10 for the second player, because one end of the line being 10
and the other 0, the total value of the two ends is still 10. Double
blank played to this would count 10 more. If 5-6 is now played on one
end, and 0-4 on the other, the count will be 10 again, as shown on the
diagram. The figures show the order in which the dominoes were played.

[Illustration]

The highest possible score is 20 points, made with the 4-4 and 6-6,
at different ends. If either player makes a multiple of five without
noticing or claiming it, his adversary says, “_=muggins=_,” and scores
it himself. If a player makes an erroneous score, it must be taken
down, and his adversary marks it as penalty.

When a player cannot follow suit, he must draw from the bone-yard until
he gets a domino that can be played; but the last two in the stock must
never be drawn. When one player gets rid of all his bones, he calls
_=domino=_, and scores the nearest multiple of five that is found in
the dominoes remaining in his adversary’s hand. Remainders of 3 or 4
count as 5; those of 1 or 2 as nothing; so that 12 pips would count as
10; but 13 would count as 15. The players usually settle at the end of
the game for the difference between their scores.

Muggins is sometimes varied by playing from both ends of the first
doublet set, as well as from the sides. It is not necessary to play on
the ends of the first set until one cannot play on the line; but any
of the four points may be played to at any time. The end of the first
doublet does not count in making multiples of five, but the ends of any
dominoes played to it must be counted. If only one end of the first
doublet has been played to, there will be three ends to count to make
multiples of five; and if both ends of the first doublet have been
played to, there will be four ends. Every count must take in all the
ends that are in play. The highest count possible is 35; all four lines
open, with the 6-6, 4-4, 5-5, and 0-5 at the ends.

_=ALL THREES.=_ Muggins is sometimes played by making the object to get
multiples of three at the ends, instead of multiples of five. Otherwise
the game is the same as All Fives.

There are several _=card games=_ with dominoes, but they are little
used, and hardly worth description in a work of this kind.


DICE.

Dice are probably the oldest gambling instruments in the world. Chatto
thinks that man acquired the passion for gambling as soon as he could
distinguish odd from even, or a short straw from a shorter. Simple
gambling instruments were probably very early articles of manufacture,
and Chatto says that it is not unlikely that after a simple dinner
of mutton some enterprising gamester may have taken the small bones
from between the shank and the foot, and after burning spots in them
to distinguish one from the other, put them into _a_ cow’s horn and
shaken them up, afterward rolling them upon the ground. From some such
beginning Astragali was developed, a game which Dr. Thomas Hyde thinks
was known at the time of the Deluge. Later on, other instruments were
used in connection with dice, and so the earliest forms of Backgammon
were developed.

Dice are still the favourite implements for deciding any matters of
pure chance, such as raffling off a horse or a gold watch; but the
rules governing such lotteries are but imperfectly understood by people
in general. There are also a number of smaller matters, such as the
payment for refreshments or cigars, which are settled by thousands of
persons every day, simply by throwing dice. The various methods of
throwing, and the rules governing all such games are as follows:--

_=THE DICE.=_ Although dice may be of any size, the standard pattern
are half an inch square, of ivory or bone, with black spots one tenth
of an inch in diameter. The opposite sides of the die always equal
seven, and if the die is placed upon the table with the ace uppermost
and the deuce nearest you, the four will be on the left and the three
on the right. The positions of the three and four are sometimes
reversed to enable sharpers to distinguish fair dice from those which
have been doctored.

At the beginning of any dice game, it is quite unnecessary to examine
the dice to be used, because they are always fair. Crooked dice are
_=rung in=_ during the game, and the player should make it a point
to examine the dice frequently if he has any suspicions. First
see that each die has all six figures upon it, for some dice are
_=dispatchers=_, made with double numbers, so as to secure higher
throws than the natural average. Double fives are great favourites
with backgammon sharps. The next thing is to place the dice together
in pairs, to be sure that they are exactly the same height each way.
If dice are not square they can be made to roll over and over on the
same faces. The faces should then be tested to see that they are not
convex, even in the slightest degree. Shaped dice are usually flat on
the ace and six faces, especially in crap shooting. Each die should
be held between the thumb and forefinger at its longest diameter, to
see if it has any tendency to swing on a pivot, for if it does it is
loaded. Even if the dice are transparent, it is no guarantee that they
are not loaded in the spots. Loaded ivory dice soon get discoloured,
and the presence of any darkness in the corners is usually a sign of
the presence of mercury. It is a mistake to suppose that loaded dice
will always throw high or low; all they will do is to beat averages.
Finally, the dice should be tested with a magnet, as they are sometimes
made to work in connection with a battery concealed under the table.

_=DICE BOXES.=_ Although the dice may be perfectly fair, the box may
be “crooked.” A fair box may be of leather, perfectly smooth inside,
or it may be of bone, ivory or wood, with the interior “screwed” or
grooved. If the upper edge of the inside presents a sloping flat
surface, slightly roughened with sand paper, it will be just as well to
refuse to allow such a box to be used, as your adversary _is_ probably
an expert at _=securing=_, which is a method of holding one of the
dice securely against this upper edge while the others are shaken
and rattled about in the usual manner. A person who is securing dice
can be detected by the manner in which he holds the box, keeping his
fingers, instead of his palm, over the mouth. When he turns the box
face downward on the table, he will still have his fingers under it,
and will withdraw them in regular order, the second and third fingers
being first separated.

_=THROWING DICE.=_ There are three methods of throwing dice: The
first is to shake them in the box with the palm over the top, and
then to shift the hold to the sides, completely exposing the mouth.
The box is then turned mouth downward on the table, leaving all the
dice completely covered. The box must be lifted by the person who is
recording the throws, in a raffle, for instance, after the spectators
have had time to assure themselves that all the dice are covered. If
the caster has his fingers over the mouth of the box when he turns it
over, or lifts the box himself, the throw is foul.

The second method is known as rolling, or the _=long gallery=_, and is
generally used in poker dice and such games. After the box has been
shaken, the caster holds it by the side, and gives it a twist and a
push, which causes the dice to pour out, and roll along the table.

The third method is called _=shooting=_, and is always employed in
craps. No box is used, the dice being held in the hand and rolled
along the table or the ground. The crap shooter is obliged to shake
the dice in his hand to show that he is not holding them with certain
faces together, which is a common way of preventing or getting certain
throws, especially with shaped dice.

Whichever method is employed, each die must lie flat upon one of its
own faces after the throw, neither resting upon nor _=cocked=_ against
any other die or any obstruction upon the table or the ground. If any
of the dice are cocked, all of them must be taken up and thrown again.

RAFFLING.

In a raffle for prizes of any kind, each player has three throws with
three dice. The rules already given for throwing dice from a box must
be followed, the scorer placing the dice in the box before each throw,
and lifting the box after it. The total of the three throws is recorded
opposite the name of each player, and the highest throw wins. The odds
against throwing a certain number or higher are shown in the margin.

  +--------------------------------+
  |IT IS ABOUT     AGAINST THROWING|
  +---------------------+----------+
  |             Even    |32 or more|
  |              9 to 7 |33   ”    |
  |             11 to 6 |34   ”    |
  |            28 to 11 |35   ”    |
  |              3 to 1 |36   ”    |
  |              5 to 1 |37   ”    |
  |              7 to 1 |38   ”    |
  |             10 to 1 |39   ”    |
  |             16 to 1 |40   ”    |
  |             24 to 1 |41   ”    |
  |             39 to 1 |42   ”    |
  |             66 to 1 |43   ”    |
  |            116 to 1 |44   ”    |
  |            215 to 1 |45   ”    |
  |            422 to 1 |46   ”    |
  |            886 to 1 |47   ”    |
  |           2016 to 1 |48   ”    |
  |           5032 to 1 |49   ”    |
  |          14093 to 1 |50   ”    |
  |          45809 to 1 |51   ”    |
  |         183229 to 1 |52   ”    |
  |        1007768 to 1 |53   ”    |
  |       10077695 to 1 |54        |
  +---------------------+----------+

Suppose the prize in a raffle is a horse which would be worth a hundred
dollars to you. The highest throw so far is 42, and there are only
twenty more chances to be thrown. It is 2 to 1 that 42 is not beaten
or equalled because it is 39 to 1 that 42 is not thrown, and there are
only 20 more chances to throw it. If 45 had been thrown, and there were
still 21 chances to be thrown, you would be safe in paying liberally
for the 45 chance. The great mistake that people make in buying or
selling chances on throws already made in raffles is in thinking that
because a certain number has not been thrown, that therefore it is
likely to be. If there are 116 chances, they argue that 44 or better
should be thrown, because that number or higher should come once in
116 times. This is quite right at the beginning of the raffle, but it
is not right to assume that because 100 of the 116 chances have been
thrown without reaching 44, that the odds are only 15 to 1 that 44 will
not be thrown in the remaining 16 chances. The odds are still 116 to
1 against 44, just as they were before the raffle began. If you are
going back to take into account the previous throws of the dice, you
should know the 100 throws that were made with those dice before the
raffle began.


CRAP SHOOTING.

This game is a simple form of Hazard, and when played “on the square,”
is one of the fairest of all games, the percentage in favour of either
side being very small. It is rapidly replacing Faro as the gambling
game of America.

Any number of persons may play, and any one may be the caster for the
first throw. Two dice are used. The players bet a certain amount of
money, and the caster covers it, or as much of it as he can. If the
caster does not take all the bets offered, players may back him against
the other players. The bets made, the caster shoots. If the total of
the two dice on the first throw is seven or eleven, it is called a
_=nick=_, or _=natural=_, and the caster immediately wins the stakes.
If the first throw is two, three or twelve, it is a _=crap=_, and
the caster immediately loses. If the caster throws any number, 4, 5,
_6_, 8, 9, or 10, that number is his _=point=_, and he must continue
throwing until he throws the same number again, in which case he wins;
or throws a seven, in which case he loses.

Two dice may come up in thirty-six different ways, each of which will
produce one or more of eleven possible throws, running from 2 to 12.
The most common throw is seven, because there are six ways that the two
dice may come that will make seven; 6-1, 5-2, 4-3, 3-4, 2-5 and 1-6.
The most uncommon are two and twelve, because there is only one way
for each of them to come; double aces or double sixes. The numbers of
different ways in which each throw may come are as follows:--

  7 may come 6 different ways.
  6 or 8 may come 5 different ways.
  5 or 9 may come 4 different ways.
  4 or 10 may come 3 different ways.
  3 or 11 may come 2 different ways.
  2 or 12 can come 1 way only.

When the caster makes his first throw, he has 8 chances out of 36 to
get 7 or 11, which will win for him; and 4 chances out of 36 to throw
2, 3 or 12, which will lose for him. It does not follow from this that
the odds are 2 to 1 in favour of the caster, because there are only
12 throws out of the 36 possible that will bring any “action” on the
bets; so that the odds are 2 to 1 that the first throw will not settle
the bets either way. After the first throw, the caster’s chances vary
according to his point. If his point was six, he would have 5 chances
out of 36 to throw it again, while the players would have 6 chances out
of 36 to get a seven. If the player’s point is four or ten, the odds
will be 6 to 3 against him; because there are only three ways to get
his point, while there are six ways to get a seven.

If the caster wins he shoots again, but when he loses he passes the
dice to the next player in turn.

The old game of Hazard was a very complicated affair compared to
modern craps, an intimate knowledge of odds and probabilities being
requisite for success. The game was generally against the caster, and
certain throws were barred when a certain number was the point. Those
interested in the subject will find it exhaustively treated in George
Lowbut’s “Game of Hazard Investigated.”


POKER DICE.

If ordinary dice are used, the aces rank above the sixes, the deuces
being the lowest. Any number of persons may play, and five dice are
used. Each in turn takes the box and has three throws, the first being
made with all five dice. After the first throw the caster may lay aside
any of the five dice he chooses, putting the others back in the box for
a second throw. The same process of selection is allowed for the third
throw, any or all five of the dice being available for the last throw.
The second and third throws have the same effect as the draw at Poker,
except that the dice player may draw twice if he wishes to, and may put
back all or any of the dice that he kept on the first or second throws,
or he may stand pat on any throw.

The object of the game is to secure pairs, triplets, full hands, and
four or five of a kind. Straights do not count in Poker Dice. Suppose
the player’s first throw to be a pair of sixes. He places them on one
side, and picks up the three other dice, throwing them over again. If
the second throw produced another six, it would be placed with the
first pair, making a triplet, and the two remaining dice would be
thrown again. Whatever they produced would be the final value of his
hand. The player is not obliged to throw again, if he is satisfied with
his first or second throw; neither is he obliged to leave any pairs or
triplets. A player getting two small pairs on the first throw may put
either or both of them back in the box again if he chooses.

In throwing for drinks or cigars, it is usual to throw _=horse and
horse=_; that is, if several persons are in the game the highest man
on each round goes out, ties shake it off immediately, one hand each.
After it gets down to two men, they shake for the best two out of three
hands, and if each wins a hand they are horse and horse, and throw a
third to decide it. The last person to throw on each round follows his
lead, throwing the first hand on the next round.


TEN PINS WITH DICE.

Any number can play, and the score sheet is ruled off for ten frames,
just as in ten pins. Only two dice are used, and they are rolled from
a box. Sixes count nothing, and are “off the alley.” Each player has
three balls or rolls, and he can leave either one or both dice at the
end of any throw. If he leaves one he picks up the other and throws
it again, but he must abide by the figures appearing on the two dice
at the end of his third throw. Suppose he throws double fives on his
first throw; that is a _=strike=_, and is so scored, and the total pips
appearing on the two dice at the end of his second throw on the next
frame will count on the strike. Suppose he rolls five-deuce the first
time. He leaves the five and rolls the other die again, getting another
five. That is a _=spare=_, and the total pips on his first throw on the
next frame will count on the spare. If he does not get a spare, it is a
_=break=_, and the total pips on his two dice at the end of his third
throw are scored.

It is usual to take up anything but fives on the first throw, on the
chance of getting a spare. If a spare is not thrown on the second
throw, most players leave anything as good as threes, and always leave
fours; but ace and treys are always thrown again.


BASE BALL WITH DICE.

There are two forms of this game. In the simpler any number of persons
may play, and three dice are used. Each player throws in turn, the
three dice representing his three strikes. Nothing but aces count, but
each of them is a run; and as long as a player makes runs he goes on
throwing. When each player has had nine innings the game is ended, and
the highest score wins.

The more complicated form of the game is to have a rough diagram of a
base-ball diamond. The players take sides, and each is provided with
three markers of different colours, such as red and white poker chips.
Only one die is used, and it is thrown from a box. The captains of the
teams throw for the first time at the bat, the higher throw winning the
choice. Each player in turn of the side at the bat has one throw, and a
marker is placed on the base he reaches. Ace, deuce, and trey count for
first, second, and third bases respectively; four is a home run. When
a five or six is thrown, the result depends on the number of men on
bases, but the striker is always out. If there are no men on bases, or
if all the bases are full, the player is out if he throws five or six.
If there is only one man on the bases and a five is thrown, the striker
is _=caught out=_, and the man on the base is also caught. If six is
thrown, only the striker is caught out, and the man holds his base. If
there are two men on bases, they must be in one of three positions: on
first and second; on first and third; or on second and third. In any
position, only the striker is out on six thrown. In the last position,
if five is thrown, the striker only is out, as the men cannot run. If
there are men on first and second, and five is thrown, the striker is
out, and the man on second is caught trying to steal third; while the
man on first holds his base. If five is thrown when there are men on
first and third, the striker is out, and the man on third is safe, but
the man on first is caught trying to steal second.

When bases are thrown, they are safe hits, and all the men on bases are
advanced as many as the man at the bat throws. As soon as three men on
each side have struck or been caught out by throwing five or six, the
side is out, and all men left on bases count for nothing. As long as
three men are not out, the side continues to send its men to the bat in
regular order.


GOING TO BOSTON.

This game is known in the colonies as Yankee Grab, or Newmarket. Each
player has three throws with three dice, and the highest die in each
throw is laid aside. If two are equally high, only one is retained. The
others are returned to the box and thrown again. The higher of these
two is retained, and the third die is thrown again. The final total
of the three dice is the player’s score, and the highest wins. In the
colonies the ace counts as seven. The game is usually played for a pool.


ACE IN THE POT.

Any number can play, and two dice are used. The game is for a pool,
which is won by the final possessor of a single counter. At the
beginning each player has two counters, and each in turn throws the
two dice. If he throws an ace he pushes one of his counters into the
pot; two aces gets rid of both. If he throws a six on either die, he
passes a counter to his left-hand neighbour, who will have the next
throw. Two sixes passes both counters if the caster still has so many.
The players throw in turn until all the counters but one have been
placed in the pot. If a player has no counters, the throw passes him
to the next player on his left who has counters in front of him. The
last counter of all cannot be put in the pot by throwing an ace; but it
must be passed along to the left when a six is thrown. The player with
the last counter in front of him must throw both dice three times in
succession, and if he succeeds in avoiding a six, he keeps the counter
and wins the pool. If he throws a six, the player who gets the counter
must throw three times, and so on, until some one throws three times
without getting a six. Instead of a pool, it is sometimes agreed that
the final holder of the last counter shall pay for the refreshments.


MULTIPLICATION.

Any number can play, and three dice are used. Each player throws in
turn, and the highest die is left on the table; if two are equally
high, only one remains. The two other dice are thrown again, and the
higher left. The sum of these two is then added together, and the third
die is thrown as a multiplier, the result of the multiplication being
the player’s score.


ROUND THE SPOT.

Any number can play, and three dice are used. Nothing counts but the
spots that surround a centre one; so that ace, deuce, four, and six
count as blanks. The trey counts as 2, and the five as 4. Each player
has three throws with the three dice, and the highest total wins.


VINGT-ET-UN.

Any number of persons can play, making up a pool for the winner. A
single die is used, and each player in turn throws as often as he
pleases. The object is to get as near twenty-one as possible without
passing it, and it is usually considered best to stand at 18, but to
throw again at 17. If a player goes beyond 21, he is out of it. The one
getting nearest 21 takes the pool; ties divide it.


CENTENNIAL.

Two persons or sides play with three dice. The object of the game is
to secure pips on the dice, or multiples of pips, which will make the
figures from 1 to 12 in numerical order, and afterward the numbers from
12 to 1 again. The first side to accomplish this wins the game. There
must be an ace in the first throw or nothing counts; that obtained,
any following numbers may be made singly, or by adding two or more
together. Suppose the first throw is 4, 2, 1. The 1 and 2 will make 1,
2 and 3. Then the 4, 1, 2 will make 4, 5, 6 and 7. Each side continues
to throw until it fails to score, when the box must be passed to the
adversary. If a combination is overlooked by one side, the other may
count it if it continues the sequence on their side.


HELP YOUR NEIGHBOUR.

Six persons play, with three dice, and five points is Game. Each player
has a number, from 1 to 6, and is provided with five counters, and the
first to get rid of them wins. Each player in rotation has one throw,
and no matter what he throws, the player whose number appears on the
upper face of any die thrown counts one point toward game. If No. 2
should throw a four and two sixes, for instance, he would count nothing
himself, but No. 4 would count 1, and No. 6 would count 2 points toward
game.


PASSE DIX.

Any player can be the banker for the first round, and he holds his
position as long as he wins. When he loses, he passes the box to the
player on his left hand. He has three dice, which he throws in one
cast, after the players have made their bets. If he gets ten or more,
he wins. If he gets less than ten, he loses. His advantage lies in
winning when he gets ten exactly; because that gives him nine throws
that win for him out of the sixteen possible with three dice.


SHUFFLE BOARD.

Shuffle Board is played on a table 30 feet long and 20 inches wide,
with a gutter running all round it. The board is sprinkled with very
fine sand. Four weights are used by each side, marked A and B to
distinguish them. These weights are of iron or brass, 2½ inches in
diameter, and ½ inch thick. Five inches from each end of the board and
parallel with it is the deuce line.

The object of the game is to push the weights from one end of the board
to the other, each side playing one weight alternately until all four
weights on each side are played. All pieces over the deuce line count
2, but if a piece hangs over the end of the board it is a _=ship=_, and
counts 3. If there are no ships or deuces, the weight lying nearest to
the deuce line counts one point. Only one ship or deuce can be counted
in each round, so that only one side can score. The ship that overhangs
the most, or the deuce nearest the edge, counts. Twenty-one points is
game. The sides play from each end alternately.

_=On ship board=_, the pieces are wooden disks, six inches in diameter,
marked with oughts and crosses. These are pushed along the deck with
long sticks that have enlarged and flattened ends to fit the pieces.
The object is to get each piece to settle fairly and squarely within
the borders of some one of a number of spaces which are chalked out on
a diagram about 10 feet by 6, which is about 30 feet from the player.
These spaces are numbered from 1 to 10, and some of them are marked
“minus.” Each side has four shots with four separate pieces. Fifty
points is game.




BILLIARDS.


_=THE TABLE.=_ The standard American billiard table for championship
games is ten feet by five; but that in common use is nine by four and a
half. The old tables for the four-ball game had only four pockets, but
all modern pool tables have six. The English billiard tables are all
twelve feet by six, with six pockets, which are used for both billiards
and pool. The head of the table is the end from which the players make
their opening shots, and the foot is that on which the red ball is
spotted. The baulk is the space at the head of the table behind a line
drawn from the second diamonds or “sights” through the white spot. The
“D” is the semicircle on the baulk line on English tables.

American tables are made more difficult for championship games by
drawing baulk lines 8 or 14 inches from the cushions, barring the rail
nurse and the anchor shot. The English game is made difficult by making
the cushions higher, the pockets narrower, and barring the spot stroke.
The push shot is allowed in the English game, but in America it is
permitted only in pool; never in the carrom game.

The American carrom game cannot be played on an English table on
account of the pockets. If the English game is played on an American
pool table the red spot should be only nine inches from the bottom
rail, and the “D” should be drawn with a radius of eleven inches from
the white spot on the baulk line. The D is never marked on an American
table, but the opening shot in the three-ball game must be made from
within a semicircle of six inch radius from the white spot. In the
four-ball game, and in all forms of American Pool, the player may place
his ball anywhere within the baulk line.

_=THE BALLS.=_ The American standard balls are 2⅜ inches in diameter,
while the English are only 2-1/16. Billiard balls should be carefully
protected from sudden changes in temperature by being laid away in bran
or sawdust in cold weather. It is a mistake to soak the balls in oil;
all they need is to be wiped off with a damp cloth, and polished with
chamois skin. The three balls employed in both the English and American
games are known as the _=red=_, _=white=_, and _=spot white.=_ In play
they are distinguished as the _=cue ball=_, which is the one struck
by the player; the _=object ball=_, which is the one that the cue ball
first comes into contact with; and the _=carrom ball=_, which is the
second ball struck by the cue ball in making a carrom.

_=THE SHOTS.=_ There are three shots common to billiards: The
_=carrom=_ or _=cannon=_, in which a count is made by the cue ball
striking both the other balls on the table. The _=winning hazard=_,
in which the object or the carrom ball is driven into a pocket. The
_=losing hazard=_, in which the cue ball goes into a pocket after
contact with another ball. There are five ways of making the principal
shots at billiards, and they should be thoroughly mastered by every
player. These are: The force, the follow, the draw, the massé, and the
side stroke.

[Illustration]

The first great principle in billiards is that the cue ball will always
travel in the _=direction=_ in which the cue is pointed. Holding the
cue upward, downward or sidewise makes no difference; the line of
travel will be a prolongation of the line of the cue. In the three ways
of striking the cue ball shown in the diagram in the margin, the ball
will go in the direction of the arrow in each instance.

[Illustration]

If the cue is held nearly level with the surface of the table the ball
will be pushed or rolled along; but if the cue is held perpendicularly,
and the ball is struck directly on the top, the ball will be
_=pinched=_ to the table, as in the first figure in the margin, and
will not move. If the ball is struck off the centre, as in the second
figure, it will travel only a short distance, as a result of the cue’s
being forced past it toward the cloth, and will then return with a very
strong retrograde motion after touching the object ball. If the cue
strikes too near the top, the pinch will be too strong for the cue ball
to reach the object ball, and if the cue is not held perpendicularly,
the ball will not return. If the cue points toward the centre of the
ball, as in the third figure, the ball will be driven forward, without
any tendency to return after striking the object ball. The latter shot
is useful in making a “close follow,” to avoid making a foul.

_=The Force Shot.=_ The beginner at billiards should strike his ball
always exactly in the centre, until he learns the angles. With
moderate strength the effect of the stroke is to cause the ball to roll
naturally along the cloth until it reaches the object ball, after which
it will be deflected from its original course according to the angle
at which the object ball is struck. If the cue ball is struck very
hard, however, and very slightly below the centre, it will slide for a
certain distance before beginning to roll, and if it reaches the object
ball before this sliding motion ceases it will simply come to a stop,
or go off at a right angle if the object ball is not struck exactly in
the centre. This method of forcing a ball to go off at a right angle is
called “screwing” in England.

[Illustration]

_=The Follow Shot.=_ If the cue ball is struck above the centre, the
rolling motion is set up at once, no matter how hard the ball is
struck, and the effect of contact with the object ball is simply to
check the motion for a moment, after which the cue ball rolls forward
again, deflected only by the angle at which the object ball was struck.
The great art in making follow shots is to let the cue follow the ball,
the tip passing at least three inches beyond where the ball stood, as
shown by the dotted lines in the diagram. When the balls are very close
together the cue must be lifted, and the ball struck very much on one
side, the cue being behind the centre, as shown in the third position
in the diagram of pinch shots.

[Illustration]

_=The Draw Shot.=_ This is exactly the reverse of the follow shot, the
ball being struck below the centre, and the cue passing at least three
inches beyond where the ball stood, as shown in the diagram. This gives
the cue ball a retrograde motion, similar to that imparted to a child’s
hoop by spinning it backward while throwing it forward, so as to make
it return. If the object ball is reached before this retrograde motion
is exhausted, the effect will be to stop the forward motion of the cue
ball, and to give what is left of the retrograde motion full play,
making the cue ball return. The two great mistakes made by beginners in
playing draw shots are that they pull the cue back, instead of driving
it clear through the ball aimed at, and that they strike so hard that
the forward motion of the cue ball is too strong for the retrograde
motion to overcome it, or the object ball to stop it. It is never
necessary to strike harder than sufficient to reach the object ball and
get back to the carrom ball, unless one is playing for position.

When the balls are so close together that to run the cue through the
ball would make a foul shot, the draw may still be made by pointing
the cue off to the side, and pushing it past the cue ball, instead of
through it. This will secure the retrograde motion, but accompanied by
a great deal of twist, which must be calculated for if the cue ball is
to strike a cushion. A short draw may also be made by using the pinch.

[Illustration]

_=The Massé.=_ Most players imagine this to be a very difficult shot,
but it is extremely simple if the principle of the direction of the cue
and the effect of the pinch are kept in view. If we place the three
balls in a straight line, about four inches apart, we have the simplest
form of the massé. To find the exact spot at which the cue ball must be
struck, join the centres of the cue and object balls by an imaginary
line A-B. At right angles to this will be a line A-E, and no matter
which side of the ball B you wish to massé upon, your cue must strike
the ball A somewhere on the line A-E. Suppose you wish to massé to the
left, as shown in the diagram. The pinch must be made on the ball about
a quarter from the top, the cue being pointed in the direction in which
you want the ball to go, which will be to the extreme edge of B, on the
line C-D. The cue must be held at an angle of about 70 degrees. A firm
but light blow with a well chalked cue will pinch your ball toward E;
but the direction of the cue will propel it toward D. If the cue has
been held at the right angle, and you have not struck too hard, the
ball will feel the effect of these two forces equally, which will make
it move toward a point half way between D and E, which will be F. The
retrograde motion being stronger than the propulsion of the pinch, will
gradually overcome it, and the ball will return toward G. Contact with
the ball B will cause it to lose all but the forward motion, and it
will roll easily toward H, making the carrom.

_=The Side Stroke.=_ It is a popular delusion that the only way to
change the course of a ball is by giving it “twist,” “English,” or
“side.” Side has little or no influence on the cue ball until it
touches a cushion. Striking above or below the centre is all that is
necessary. If it is required to vary the angle at which the object
ball is to be struck, the distance below the centre will change the
angle of direction in the cue ball without any side stroke. The art
of accomplishing this is called _=compensation=_, an illustration of
which is given in the diagram, A being the cue ball, and B the object
ball. This is a half draw or force shot, the ball being struck about
half way between its centre and the cloth. If we draw imaginary lines
connecting the centres of A-B and B-C, and bisect the angle, we get the
point D, which the cue ball must strike to make the carrom. This will
drive the object ball in the direction D-E; but if it is desirable that
the object ball should go more in the direction G-F, so as to secure
a better position for the next shot, the cue ball will have to strike
at G, which will make a draw shot, bringing it back in the direction
H, securing the position, but missing the count. In this position the
ignorant player puts on side, but all that is necessary to compensate
for this deviation in the point of impact is to approach the point of
the cue toward the centre of the ball the exact distance that the point
G is from the point D. The higher the point of the cue is raised, the
further the ball will go from the line D-H. If struck much above the
centre, it will follow through the object ball, passing beyond the ball
C altogether.

[Illustration]

When side is put upon a ball, it spins in that direction. If it is
struck on the left, and then goes to a cushion directly in front of it,
it will tend to fly off the cushion toward the left, making the angle
wider. If a ball spinning to the left goes to a cushion on the left,
it will tend to make the angle smaller, and the effect so produced is
called _=reverse English=_, which tends to slow the cue ball.


THE AMERICAN GAME.

In the American game every carrom counts one point, and the number of
points that will constitute a game must be agreed upon before play
begins. The players string for the lead, the one bringing his ball
nearer the head cushion having the choice of balls and of the first
shot.

The great art in the American game is to keep the balls in front of
you, so as to leave yourself a comparatively easy shot. Every time
you get the cue ball between the two others you will find yourself in
difficulties; but whenever both the balls are in front of the cue ball,
there will be some chance to score. When there is a choice of several
ways of making a shot, the balls being wide apart, it will usually be
found that one of them will bring the balls into better position than
the others, and for that reason it is called a _=gathering shot=_.
The expert tries to get the balls on the rail by a series of these
gathering shots, and if any of the three positions shown in the diagram
can be arrived at, a large run may be made by the _=rail nurse=_.
When the balls are not left in one of these positions they are said
to _=break=_, but there are several positions in which they may be
recovered by a kiss or a massé shot. In No. 4, the player must be
careful to come back on the proper side of the carrom ball, so as to
get back to position 2, if possible.

[Illustration]

[Illustration]

[Illustration]

When the player reaches the corner, there are three principal positions
for accomplishing the turn. In the first shown, the spot white must
be touched very lightly on the left side, the cue ball going to
the cushion with a strong English on the right side. In the second
position, the red ball is barely touched. The third position is a light
force shot but would be a half follow if the spot white were further
out.


BAULK-LINE BILLIARDS.

Professionals became so skilful in rail nursing that the baulk-line was
introduced to keep the balls away from the rail. This is a chalk line,
10, 12, 14, or 18 inches from the cushions, according to agreement,
dividing the table into eight baulk spaces, as shown in the diagram.

[Illustration]

It is foul if more than two successive shots are made on balls both of
which are within any one of the eight interdicted spaces. Both balls
being within the space, the striker can play on them once without
sending either out; his next stroke must send at least one out. Should
it return, and both balls be again inside, he can play one shot, as
before, without sending either out. This process may be repeated _ad
libitum_. Should the second stroke fail to send a ball out it does not
count, the striker’s hand is out, and the next striker plays at the
balls as he finds them.

[Illustration]

The great art in baulk-line nursing is to get the object and carrom
balls astride the line, and then to follow the principle of the rail
nurse. The _=anchor=_ shot is now barred in championship games. It
consisted in getting two balls frozen to the cushion astride of one end
of a line, and then just rubbing their faces with the cue ball. In the
baulk-line nurse there are three principal positions, and two turns,
as shown in the diagram. In No. 3 the red ball must be driven to the
rail and back with great accuracy, leaving the balls in position No. 1
again. The turns are very difficult.


CUSHION CARROMS.

This is a variety of the three-ball game in which a cushion must be
touched by the cue ball before the carrom is completed. The cushion
may be struck first, and the object ball afterward, or the object ball
first, and then the cushion. In the _=Three-cushion Carrom Game=_,
three cushions must be touched by the cue ball before completing the
count. In the _=Bank-shot Game=_, the cue ball must strike at least one
cushion before touching the object ball.

The _=Four-ball Game=_ is now obsolete. It was first played on a table
with corner pockets, and afterward on a carrom table, two red balls
being used, one spotted on the red and the other on the white spot. Two
carroms could be made on one shot.

The following are the most important _=LAWS=_ of the carrom game,
and are copied by permission from the 1908 edition of the “Laws of
Billiards,” published by the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co.


AMERICAN BILLIARD LAWS.

_=1.=_ The game is begun by stringing for the lead; the player who
brings his ball nearest to the cushion at the head of the table winning
the choice of balls and the right to play first or to compel his
opponent to play. Should the striker fail to count, his opponent makes
the next play, aiming at will at either ball on the table.

_=2.=_ A carrom consists in hitting both object-balls with the cue-ball
in a fair and unobjectionable way; each carrom will count _one_ for the
player. A penalty of _one_ shall also be counted against the player for
every miss occurring during the game.

_=3.=_ A ball forced off the table is put back on its proper spot.
Should the player’s ball jump off the table after counting, the count
is good, the ball is spotted, and the player plays from the spot.

_=4.=_ If in playing a shot the cue is not withdrawn from the cue-ball
before the cue-ball comes in contact with the object-ball, the shot is
foul, the player loses his count, and his hand is out.

_=5.=_ If the balls are disturbed accidentally through the medium of
any agency other than the player himself, they must be replaced and the
player allowed to proceed.

_=6.=_ If in the act of playing the player disturbs any ball other than
his own, he cannot make a counting stroke, but he may play for safety.
Should he disturb a ball after having played successfully, he loses
his count on that shot; his hand is out, and the ball so disturbed is
placed back as nearly as possible in the position which it formerly
occupied on the table, the other balls remaining where they stop.

_=7.=_ Should a player touch his own ball with the cue or otherwise
previous to playing, it is foul, the player loses one, and cannot play
for safety. It sometimes happens that the player after having touched
his ball gives a second stroke, then the balls remain where they stop,
or are replaced as nearly as possible in their former position at the
option of his opponent.

_=8.=_ When the cue-ball is very near another, the player shall not
play without warning his adversary that they do not touch, and giving
him sufficient time to satisfy himself on that point.

_=9.=_ When the cue-ball is in contact with another, the balls are
spotted and the player plays with his ball in hand.

_=10.=_ Playing with the wrong ball is foul. However, should the player
using the wrong ball play more than one shot with it, he shall be
entitled to his score just the same as if he had played with his own;
as soon as his hand is out, the white balls must change places, and the
game proceed as usual.

ON FOUL STROKES.--It is a foul, and no count can be made:

_=1.=_ If a stroke is made except with the point of the cue.

_=2.=_ If the cue is not withdrawn from the cue-ball before the latter
comes in contact with an object-ball.

_=3.=_ If the striker, when in hand, plays from any position not within
the six-inch radius.

_=4.=_ If, in the act of striking, he has not at least one foot
_touching_ the floor.

_=5.=_ If he strikes while a ball is in motion, unless it has come to a
rest, as provided in Sec. 10 on Foul Strokes.

_=6.=_ If he plays with the wrong ball, except as provided in foregoing
Law 10.

_=7.=_ If the player touches the cue-ball more than once in any way, or
hinders or accelerates it in any other way than by a legitimate stroke
of the cue; or if, during a stroke or after it, he in any way touches,
hinders, or accelerates an object-ball, except by the one stroke of the
cue-ball to which he is entitled.

_=8.=_ As touching any ball _in any way_ is a stroke, a second touch is
a foul.

_=9.=_ It is a foul against the striker if any ball be disturbed,
hastened, or hindered by an opponent or any one but himself, whether
the ball or balls are at rest while he is aiming or striking, in motion
after he has struck, or at rest again after he has struck, and pending
his again taking aim.

_=10.=_ Should a ball that has once come to a standstill move without
apparent cause, while the player is preparing to strike, it shall be
replaced. Should it move before he can check his stroke, it, and all
other balls set in motion by that stroke, shall be replaced, and the
player shall repeat his shot, inasmuch as but for the moving of the
ball, he might have counted where he missed, or missed where he counted.

_=11.=_ It is a foul if the striker plays directly at any ball with
which his own is in fixed contact, and the striker must in this
instance play from balls spotted, as in the opening stroke of the game.

_=12.=_ It is a foul to place marks of any kind upon the cloth or
cushions as a guide to play; also foul to practise the banking shot for
the lead-off upon the plea of testing the balls.

_=13.=_ It is a foul against the non-striker, and the striker cannot
make a count on the ensuing shot, if a ball in play is lifted from
the table, except it be unavoidable in those cases in which it is
provided that, because of foul or irregular strokes, the balls shall be
transposed or replaced.

_=14.=_ In order to restrict deliberate playing for safety, it shall be
optional with the non-striker, if his opponent makes a miss in each one
of three successive innings, to accept the third miss or to reject it
and force his antagonist to hit at least one object-ball; and for this
purpose that antagonist’s ball shall be replaced by the referee. Should
two balls be hit by this stroke, there shall be no count.


FIFTEEN-BALL POOL.

The most successful pool player is not the one who can make difficult
winning hazards with the greatest accuracy, but he who thoroughly
understands playing for position. If he is familiar with the principles
of the force, the follow, the draw, and the side stroke, he should
invariably be able to leave himself in a good position for each
succeeding shot; but unless he plans for position in advance, he can
never hope to be more than an average player. To attain to proficiency
in this there is no better training than playing so many balls or “no
count.”

There are some shots peculiar to winning hazards which should be
understood by every pool player, and they are illustrated in the
accompanying diagrams.

[Illustration]

_=No. 1=_ is the _=stirabout=_, and is a combination of the pinch and
push shots. It is used when the cue and object balls are both very
close to the pocket, but not in such a position as to allow the player
to “cut” the ball in. The cue is held perpendicularly, and as low down
on the ball as it will hold without slipping off. The ball is then
slowly rolled over with the point of the cue until the cue begins to
descend on the other side. The cue ball is then pushed against the
object ball, still with the point of the cue. _=No. 2=_ will drive the
spot white into the pocket if it is frozen to the red ball. No. _=3=_
is a very useful push shot when the balls are close together. The cue
is kept steadily on the cue ball until the object ball has been pushed
to one side. The moment the latter is at the proper angle to run into
the pocket the cue is applied sharply, and then withdrawn. _=No. 4=_
is a push shot used when the balls are frozen to the cushion. The cue
ball must be kept in contact with the object ball until the latter
has acquired sufficient momentum to reach the pocket. _=No. 5=_ is a
shot which was thought impossible until a few years ago. It depends on
the communication of side to the object ball. The cue ball is struck
very much on the side, almost like a massé, the spin thus given being
communicated to the object ball and from that to the second ball, to
which it must be frozen. The result will be that the second ball will
make a slight curve on its way to the pocket.

_=False Angles.=_ In playing bank shots it is sometimes necessary to
make the object ball come back from the cushion at a smaller angle
than the natural one. Some players imagine this can be done by putting
side on the cue ball, but such is not the case. It is accomplished
by striking so hard that the ball buries itself in the cushion, the
result of which is that the angle of reflection is less than that of
incidence. It is possible to drive an object ball to the rail at an
angle of 60 degrees with such force that after crossing the table twice
it will come off at a perfect right angle from the cushion. This is a
very useful shot in banking for the side pockets, and also in playing
for the 1 or 4 pin at Pin Pool.

The following _=LAWS=_ for Fifteen-Ball Pool are copied, by
permission, from the 1908 edition of the rules published by the
Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co.

_=1.=_ The game of Fifteen-Ball Pool is played with fifteen balls
numbered from one to fifteen, respectively, and one white ball not
numbered. The latter is the cue-ball, and at the opening of the game,
the player plays with it from within the string at the head of the
table, at any of the numbered balls, and afterward as he finds it on
the table, his object being to pocket as many of the numbered balls
as he can, the number on each ball he pockets being scored to his
credit; so that not he who pockets the largest number of balls, but he
whose score, when added up, yields the largest total, wins the game.
Before commencing the game these fifteen balls are placed in the form
of a triangle upon the table--a triangular frame being employed for
this purpose to insure correctness. The ball numbered fifteen is so
placed upon the table as to form the apex of the triangle, pointing
upward toward the head of the table, and in forming the triangle the
fifteen-ball should rest as nearly as possible upon the spot known
as the deep-red spot in the Three-Ball Game. The other balls should
have their places in the triangle so that the highest numbers shall be
nearest the apex, the lowest numbers forming the base.

_=2.=_ The player who makes the opening stroke must play from within
the string from the head of the table and must strike the pyramid
of object-balls with such force as to make at least two of the
object-balls strike a cushion, or at least one object-ball go into a
pocket. Should he fail to do either he forfeits three points and the
next player plays. All balls pocketed on the opening stroke count for
the player, and it is not necessary for him to call the numbers of the
balls he intends pocketing before making the opening stroke.

_=3.=_ Before making any other stroke except the opening stroke the
player must _distinctly_ call the number of the ball he intends to
pocket, but he need not designate the particular pocket into which
he intends to put it. Unless he calls the ball pocketed it does not
count for him, and must be placed on the deep-red spot, or if that be
occupied, as nearly below it as possible. The player loses his hand but
does not forfeit any points, and the next player plays. Should he call
more than one ball he must pocket all the balls he calls, otherwise
none of them can be counted for him.

_=4.=_ After the opening stroke each player must either pocket a ball,
make an _object_-ball strike a cushion, or the cue-ball strike a
cushion after contact with an object-ball, under penalty of forfeiture
of three points. Three forfeitures in succession loses the game for the
player making them.

_=5.=_ Should the player pocket, by the same stroke, more balls than he
calls, he is entitled to the balls he pockets, provided he pockets the
called ball.

_=6.=_ A forfeiture of three points is deducted from the player’s score
for making a miss; pocketing his own ball; forcing his own ball off
the table; failing to make the opening stroke, as provided in Rule 2;
failing either to make an object-ball strike a cushion or go into a
pocket, as provided in Rule 4; striking his own ball twice; playing
out of his turn, if detected doing so before he has made more than one
counting stroke.

_=7.=_ A ball whose centre is on the string line must be regarded as
within the line.

_=8.=_ If the player pocket one or more of the object-balls, and his
own ball goes into a pocket, or off the table from the stroke, he
cannot score for the numbered balls, which must be placed on the spot
known as the deep-red spot, or if it be occupied as nearly below it as
possible on a line with that spot.


AMERICAN PYRAMID POOL.

The fifteen balls are numbered from one to fifteen respectively, and
are usually colored red, but the numbers on the balls are used simply
for convenience in calling the number of each ball which the player
intends to pocket and do not in any way affect the score of the player,
which is determined by the number of balls pocketed. Scratches pay one
ball, which must be placed on the deep red spot.


CONTINUOUS POOL.

In Continuous Pool, the scoring of the game is continued until all
the balls in each frame have been pocketed, and the game may consist
of any number of balls or points up which may be agreed upon. Each
ball pocketed scores one point for the striker and the game is usually
scored upon the string of buttons over the table, as in regular
billiards. Penalties are paid through deducting points from the
offending player’s score or string of buttons, instead of forfeiting a
ball to the table as in regular pyramid pool. The numbers on the balls
are simply used for convenience in calling the number of each ball
which the player intends to pocket, and do not in any way affect the
score of the player.


ENGLISH PYRAMID POOL.

This differs from the American game in several points. There are no
“call shots,” the player being entitled to every ball he pockets,
whether he played for it or not. All balls in hand must be played
from a D, 21 to 23 inches in diameter. There is no rule about driving
two balls to the cushion on the opening shot. When all the red balls
but one are pocketed, the red and white balls are used as cue balls
alternately. If there are only two players, and only two balls on the
table, the red and white, if either player makes a miss or goes in the
pocket himself, that ends the game; but if there are more than two
players another red ball is spotted, as in the American game. The baulk
line is no protection, a player in hand being allowed to play on any
ball on the table, even if it is behind the D.


SHELL OUT.

This game should not be confounded with Black Pool. It is simply
English Pyramids, but instead of making the player with the lowest
score at the end pay for the table, each player equally shares the
expense, and the balls are pocketed for so much apiece. If the amount
of the shell-out was a shilling, and there were six players, any person
pocketing a ball would receive a shilling from each of the others, and
would play again. A losing hazard or a miss would compel the striker to
pay a shilling to each of the others, instead of putting a ball back on
the table. The last ball pays double.


HIGH-LOW-JACK-GAME.

This game is played with a set of balls the same as used in
Fifteen-Ball Pool.

Any number of persons may play, the order of play being determined by
the rolling of the small numbered balls.

The fifteen-ball is High; the one-ball is Low; the nine-ball is Jack;
and the highest aggregate is Game. Seven points generally constitute a
game.

In cases where players have one and two to go to finish game, the first
balls holed count out first, be they High, Low, or Jack.

In setting up the pyramid the three counting balls--High, Low,
Jack--are placed in the centre, with High at the head of the three
named balls, the other balls as in regular Fifteen-Ball Pool.

When players have each one to go, instead of setting up an entire frame
of pyramids, a ball is placed at the foot of the table, in direct line
with the spots, and at a distance from the lower cushion equal to the
diameter of another of the pool balls. This ball must be pocketed by
banking it to one or more cushions. The player who pockets the ball
wins the game.


FORTY-ONE POOL.

Forty-One Pool is played with a regular Fifteen-Ball Pool set of balls,
the object of play being to pocket a sufficient number of the pool
balls which added to the private small ball shall score exactly 41.


CHICAGO POOL.

This game is played with the numbered pool balls from 1 to 15 and a
white cue-ball, as in Fifteen-Ball Pool, the object being to play upon
and pocket the balls in their numerical order.

The table is laid out for the game by placing the one ball against
the end cushion at the first right-hand diamond sight at the foot of
the table, the two-ball is placed at the centre diamond sight on same
cushion; the remaining thirteen balls are placed in the order of their
numbers at the succeeding diamond sights. The three sights on the end
rail at head of the table are not occupied by any ball.

The opening stroke _must_ be to strike the _one_-ball. If that ball is
holed it is placed to the credit of the player, and he continues his
hand until he fails to score, but in continuing he must play each time
upon the ball bearing the lowest number on the table. After playing
upon that ball, however, should any other be pocketed by the same
stroke, irrespective of its number, it shall be placed to the player’s
credit so pocketing it.

If the line of aim at the ball required to be hit is covered by another
ball, the player may resort to a bank play or massé, etc., but should
he fail to hit the required ball he forfeits three, receiving a scratch.


COW-BOY POOL.

1. The game is played by two or more contestants, on a pool table, with
one cue ball and three colored balls numbered respectively 1, 3 and 5.

2. At the commencement of the game the ball numbered 1 shall be placed
on the spot at the head of the table, the ball numbered 5 shall be
placed on the centre spot, and the ball numbered 3 shall be placed on
the lower spot, and whenever any object ball is pocketed or forced off
the table it shall be replaced on the original spot, except as provided
for in Rule No. 12.

3. The opening player may play from any point within the string line
he may choose, but must play upon the No. 3 ball before striking any
other, or forfeit his hand.

4. The winner is the player who first accomplishes the main object of
the game, which is to score 101 points by the “Cow-Boy method,” which
is that the first 90 points may be scored by either carroms or the
pocketing of one or more of the numbered balls, which shall count that
number for the player; the scoring of a single carrom shall count 1,
and a double 2.

5. On arriving at the exact number of 90 points, the contestant must
next obtain 10 more points by carroms only; and having arrived at
the score of 100, the last point must be obtained by playing the cue
ball onto the No. 1 ball and thence into any pocket he may designate,
without touching either of the other balls, however, and should the cue
ball enter any other pocket, the hand is out and the run, if any, lost.

6. Any point made by a player and scored for him by either the marker
or himself at the completion of any hand can never be lost; but
should a player at any time make a scratch, miss or foul, any points
previously made by him in that hand shall be lost and the hand shall
pass.

7. At the completion of the first 90 points all the balls must come to
rest on the table before the player makes his next stroke; otherwise
the following stroke shall be a foul.

8. At the completion of 100 points the balls must all come to rest
before the player makes his next stroke; otherwise the stroke is foul.

9. Should a player pocket the cue ball twice in succession without
striking any object bail, he shall forfeit the game.

10. Should a player while upon his carroms pocket any ball, the hand is
out, and he loses any points he may have made on that run.

11. Whenever, except on the final stroke, the cue ball is pocketed or
forced off the table, the hand is out, the points scored on that run
are lost, and the cue ball is in hand for the following player, who
must play on a ball outside the string line, or else on some point of
the cushion outside the line.

12. Should the spot on which any pocketed ball belongs be occupied,
said ball shall be left off the table until the spot is free and the
balls are at rest, with this exception--that should the 1 ball be
pocketed, and its spot occupied, any player who is exactly 100, and
whose turn it is to play, may demand that all the object balls be
spotted and he shall play with ball in hand.

13. It is a foul if the player touch any ball with his person or
clothing. It is a foul if he strike the cue ball twice or with anything
but the point of the cue. It is a miss if he shoot without causing the
cue ball to strike any object ball. It is a scratch if he cause the cue
ball to enter a pocket except on the 101st point, or leave the table.

14. Carroms obtained by pushing during the first 90 points are
legitimate, but not during the following ten points; and the 101st shot
must be a clean stroke, and a push shot will not be allowed.

15. When a player is 100, should he fail to strike the 1 ball his hand
is out and his run, if any, forfeited.

16. During the first 90 points, should the cue ball be frozen to an
object ball, and if by a push causes the object ball to move, any
resulting carrom shall be valid. If, however, the frozen object ball
fails to move, it shall be considered as not having been touched except
that should the cue ball strike a cushion, it shall not be a scratch.

17. Any cases not covered by these rules shall be governed as far as
possible by the accepted rules of pool and four-ball billiards.


SNOOKER POOL.

1. The game of Snooker’s Pool is played by two or more players, either
all against all or in partnership, with fifteen red balls, six pool
balls, and one white ball as hereafter described. Any rest may be used.

2. To decide the order of play, as many pool balls as there are players
or sides shall be put into a basket, shaken, and given out to the
players by the marker.

The players play in the order in which the colors appear on the pool
marking board. A player pocketing a ball scores its value as against
each of the other players, and when penalized, pays the penalty to each
of them. In a game where sides are formed a player either scores for
his own side, or is penalized to the opposing side or sides.

3. When commencing a game the fifteen red balls shall be placed as in
the game of Pyramids. For each of these balls pocketed, according to
rule, the striker shall score one point. The pool balls to be used are
the yellow, green, brown, blue, pink, and black, which shall be spotted
as follows at the commencement of the game, and have the appended
values when pocketed according to rule:

    The Yellow ball shall be placed on the right hand spot of the
    baulk line and count two points;

    The Green ball shall be placed on the left hand spot of the
    baulk line and count three points;

    The Brown ball shall be placed on the middle spot of the baulk
    line and count four points;

    The Blue ball shall be placed on the spot between the two
    middle pockets and count five points;

    The Pink ball shall be placed at the apex of the pyramid and
    count six points;

    The Black ball shall be placed on the billiard spot and count
    seven points.

    The White ball shall be used in rotation by the various players
    taking part in the game solely as the striker’s ball, and shall
    be played from the “D” at the start of a game by the first
    player, and at any other period of the game, after it has been
    off the table from any cause whatever.

4. The ball shall be struck with the point of the cue and not “pushed.”
If, after the striker’s ball has been forced against an object ball,
the point of his cue remain or come in contact with his ball, the
stroke is foul. There is no difference between the act of striking and
the act of aiming.

5. The “baulk” is no protection.

6. The striker must pocket a red ball before playing upon a pool
ball; otherwise the stroke is foul, and after pocketing a red ball he
must play upon a pool ball, an order of play that must be observed
throughout each break so long as a red ball remains upon the table.

7. After pocketing a red ball the striker is at liberty to select the
pool ball upon which he will play, but when there is no longer a red
ball on the table, the pool balls must be played at and taken in their
order of value from lowest to highest, save that the player pocketing
the last red ball shall be allowed to select the first pool ball upon
which he plays, which, if pocketed, shall be respotted and the pool
balls played at in their order of value.

8. When playing on a pool ball the striker, if asked the question by a
player taking part in the game, shall “declare” the ball selected.

9. Any number of red balls may be taken in one stroke; but, if a pool
ball is taken in conjunction with a red ball, the stroke is foul. After
pocketing a red ball only the pool ball aimed at may be taken.

10. A red ball once off the table shall not be brought into play again
under any circumstances; but all pool balls pocketed shall be respotted
in their original positions (save that the pink ball shall be placed on
the pyramid spot), until Rule 7, as to playing upon the pool balls in
rotation, comes into force. When the pool balls are being played upon
in rotation, they shall not be respotted after being pocketed in proper
order and according to rule.

11. No ball shall, under any circumstances, be taken up.

12. Should the spot allotted to any pool ball be occupied when it
becomes necessary to respot it, it shall be placed upon the _nearest
unoccupied spot_, and, failing that, as near as possible to its proper
spot in the direction of the centre spot. If the middle spot of the
baulk line is occupied, the brown ball after being pocketed shall,
if possible, be placed on the left-hand spot of the baulk line, and,
failing that, the rule as above applies.

13. If the striker’s ball is touching another, such ball not being
playable, and he disturb the ball touching his own, the stroke is foul.

14. Should the striker’s ball be so placed that he cannot play direct
on the object ball, he is said to be “snookered.”


FOUL STROKES AND PENALTIES.

15. Foul strokes are made or penalties incurred by (1) “Pushing”
instead of striking the ball, or striking the ball more than once;
(2) Playing out of turn; (3) Playing with both feet off the floor;
(4) Playing before all the balls have become stationary, when off
the table, or wrongly spotted; (5) Playing with the wrong ball; (6)
Touching or moving any ball, except in the legitimate manner set forth
in these rules; (7) Forcing any ball off the table; (8) Wilfully
interfering with an opponent, or the run of the balls, and refusing to
obey the referee’s decision; (9) Missing, running a coup, striking the
wrong ball, or pocketing the white ball; (10) Playing at or pocketing
any ball except in the proper rotation; (11) Striking two balls, other
than two red balls, simultaneously; (12) Giving an intentional miss;
(13) Pocketing more than one ball--other than red balls--by one stroke.

16. If the striker “push” his ball or strike it more than once, he
cannot score, but is subject to any other penalty that he may incur by
the stroke.

17. If a player play out of turn, he shall forfeit his next turn,
otherwise the sequence of turns shall not be altered. If the error be
discovered during his break, he cannot score from the last stroke made,
and the balls shall be replaced by the marker as nearly as possible in
the positions they occupied before the stroke objected to. The striker
shall be credited with any previous scores, but is subject to any other
penalty he may incur.

18. The striker cannot score by a stroke made with both feet off the
floor, but is subject to any penalty he may otherwise incur.

19. If the striker play before all the balls have ceased rolling, or
before a pool ball has been respotted, or whilst any pool ball has
been wrongly spotted, he cannot score, and the next player in rotation
shall proceed from the position in which the balls have been left. The
striker is subject to any penalty he may otherwise incur.

20. If the striker play with the wrong ball, he shall be penalized in
the value of the black ball.

21. If the striker touch a ball in play otherwise than in the proper
manner laid down in these Rules, he cannot score and the balls shall be
replaced. After the balls are replaced the stroke must be played, if
the striker was still in play when the ball was moved or touched, and
he is subject to any other penalty he may incur. Should he touch a ball
after the completion of any stroke, _i.e._, when the balls have become
stationary, his scores from previous strokes shall hold good.

22. If the striker force any of the red or pool balls off the table,
he shall be penalized in the value of the ball or balls so forced off.
Should the ball or balls forced off the table be struck out of order,
or of inferior value to the ball that should have been struck, the
latter ball shall govern the penalty. Should he force his own ball off
the table, he shall be penalized in the value of the ball aimed at,
unless another ball of higher value be first struck, in which case such
higher ball shall govern the penalty.

23. If a player refuse to continue the game when called upon to do so,
or intentionally obstruct an opponent, or wilfully interfere with the
running of the balls, he shall be penalized in the total value of all
the balls remaining in play.

24. If the striker miss the object ball, or run a coup, or pocket
the white ball, he shall be penalized in the value of the ball aimed
at; but, if he strike another ball or balls, he shall be penalized
in the value of the first ball so struck, unless the ball so struck
is of lower value than the ball aimed at and missed, in which case
the penalty is governed by the value of the ball aimed at. Should the
striker in pocketing any ball hole the white, he cannot score, and
is penalized in the value of the ball pocketed. Should the striker
(excepting as provided in _Rule_ 9) pocket a ball other than the one
aimed at, he cannot score, and is penalized in the value of such ball
unless the ball pocketed is of lower value than the ball aimed at, in
which case the penalty is governed by the value of the ball aimed at.

25. If the striker play at or pocket a ball except in the proper
rotation, he shall be penalized in the value of the ball so played at
or pocketed unless the ball so played at be of lower value than the
ball which should have been selected, in which case the penalty is
governed by the latter ball.

26. If the striker strike simultaneously a pool ball and a red ball, or
two pool balls, he shall be penalized in the value of the higher ball.

27. If the striker pocket the white ball after contact with another, he
shall be penalized in the value of the ball struck, unless the object
ball so struck be out of order, in which case the penalty shall be
governed by the ball of the higher value.

28. Should the striker give an intentional miss, he shall be penalized
in the value of the black ball, and be compelled to play the stroke
again. No score can accrue from such stroke, but the striker shall be
subject to any further penalty he may incur.

29. If the striker pocket more than one ball, other than red balls,
in one stroke, he cannot score, and is penalized in the value of the
highest ball pocketed.

30. In the absence of a referee the marker of the room shall decide
all disputes that may arise; and, if he does not know of the matter in
dispute, the majority of the onlookers shall decide.


ENGLISH POOL.

This game is known in England as Colom-Ball, or Following Pool. The
balls are placed in a pool bottle, and shaken up by the marker, who
then gives one to each candidate for play in rotation. The player who
receives the white ball places it on the spot, and the one who gets
the red ball plays from within the D at the head of the table. The
marker calls the colour of the player whose turn it is, and notifies
him which ball will play on him, so that he may play for safety if he
can. The following are Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co.’s rules:

The WHITE BALL is spotted.

  RED BALL plays upon WHITE.
  YELLOW        ”     RED.
  GREEN         ”     YELLOW.
  BROWN         ”     GREEN.
  BLUE          ”     BROWN.
  PINK          ”     BLUE.
  SPOT-WHITE    ”     PINK.
  SPOT-RED      ”     SPOT-WHITE.
  SPOT-YELLOW   ”     SPOT-RED.
  SPOT-GREEN    ”     SPOT-YELLOW.
  SPOT-BROWN    ”     SPOT-GREEN.
  SPOT-BLUE     ”     SPOT-BROWN, and
  WHITE         ”     SPOT-BLUE.

_=1.=_ When coloured balls are used, the players must play
progressively, as the colours are placed on the pool marking-board, the
top colour being No. 1.

_=2.=_ Each player has _three_ lives at starting. No. 1 places his ball
on the “winning and losing” spot, No. 2 plays at No. 1, No. 3 at No. 2,
and so on--each person playing at the last ball, unless the striker’s
ball be in hand, when he plays at the nearest ball.

_=3.=_ When a striker loses a life the next in rotation plays at the
ball nearest to his own; but if this player’s ball be in hand, he plays
at the ball nearest to the centre of the baulk-line, whether it be in
or out of baulk.

_=4.=_ When any doubt arises as to the nearest ball, the marker
measures the distance, and the player strikes at the ball declared to
be nearest his own.

_=5.=_ The baulk is no protection.

_=6.=_ The player loses a life by pocketing his own ball off another,
by running a coup, by missing the ball played on, by forcing his ball
off the table, by playing _with_ the wrong ball, by playing _at_ the
wrong ball, by playing out of his turn, by striking the wrong ball, or
by having his ball pocketed by the next striker.

_=7.=_ Should the striker pocket the ball he plays at, and by the same
stroke pocket his own or force it over the table, _he_ loses a life and
not the person whose ball he pocketed.

_=8.=_ Should the player strike the wrong ball, he pays the same
forfeit to the person whose ball he should have played at as he would
have done if he had pocketed it himself.

_=9.=_ If the striker miss the ball he ought to play at, and by the
same stroke pocket another ball, _he_ loses a life, and not the person
whose ball he pocketed; in which case the striker’s ball must be taken
up, and both balls remain in hand until it be their several turns to
play.

_=10.=_ If the player inquire as to which is his ball, or if it be his
turn to play, the marker or the players must give him the information
sought.

_=11.=_ If the striker, while taking aim, inquire which is the ball he
ought to play at, and should be misinformed by the marker or by any of
the company, he does not lose a life. His ball must in this case be
replaced and the stroke played again.

_=12.=_ When a ball or balls touch the striker’s ball, or are in line
between it and the ball he has to play at, so that it will prevent
him hitting _any part of the object-ball_, such ball or balls must be
taken up until the stroke be played, and, after the balls have ceased
running, they must be replaced.

_=13.=_ If a ball or balls are in the way of a striker’s cue, so that
he cannot play at his ball, he can have them taken up.

_=14.=_ When the striker _takes_ a life, he continues to play on as
long as he can pocket a ball, or until the balls are all off the table,
in which latter case he places his own ball on the spot as at the
commencement.

_=15.=_ The first player who loses his three lives is entitled to
purchase, or _star_, by paying into the pool a sum equal to his
original stake, for which he receives lives equal in number to the
lowest number of lives on the board.

_=16.=_ If the player first out refuse to star, the second player out
may do so; but if the second refuse, the third may star, and so on,
until only two players are left in the pool, when the privilege of
starring ceases.

_=17.=_ Only one star is allowed in a pool.

_=18.=_ If the striker move his own or any other ball _while in the act
of striking_, the stroke is foul; and if, by the same stroke, he pocket
a ball or force it off the table, the owner of that ball does not lose
a life, and the ball so pocketed must be placed on its original spot.
But if by that foul stroke the player pocket his own ball or force it
off the table, _he_ loses a life.

_=19.=_ If the striker’s ball touch the one he has to play at, he is
at liberty either to play at it or at any other ball on the table, and
such stroke is not to be considered foul; in such a case, however, the
striker loses a life by running his ball into a pocket or forcing it
over the table.

_=20.=_ If, after making a hazard, the striker takes up his ball, or
stops it before it has done running, he cannot claim the life for the
ball pocketed.

_=21.=_ If, before a star, two or more balls, each having one life, are
pocketed by the same stroke, the owner of the first ball struck can
star; but if he refuse, the other player whose ball was pocketed may
star.

_=22.=_ Should the striker’s ball stop on the place from which a ball
has been taken up, the ball which has been removed must remain in hand
until the spot is unoccupied, when it is to be replaced.

_=23.=_ Should the striker’s ball miss the ball played at, no person
except the striker is allowed to stop the ball till it has ceased
running or struck another ball.

_=24.=_ Should the striker have his next player’s ball removed, and his
own ball stop on the spot it occupied, the next player must give a miss
from baulk, for which miss he does not lose a life.

_=25.=_ When a ball has been taken up, and any other than the next
player’s ball stop on the spot it occupied, the ball so taken up must
remain in hand till it can be replaced. But if it be the turn of the
ball in hand to play before the one occupying its proper place, the
latter must be taken up till there be room to replace it.

_=26.=_ If the corner of the cushion should prevent the striker from
playing in a direct line, he can have any ball removed for the purpose
of playing at the object-ball from a cushion.

_=27.=_ When three players, each with one life, remain in a pool, and
the striker make a miss, the other two divide without a stroke.

_=28.=_ Neither of the last two players can star, but if they are
left with an equal number of lives each they may divide the pool; the
striker, however, is entitled to his stroke before the division.

_=29.=_ All disputes are to be decided by the marker; but if he be
interested in the game, they shall then be settled by a majority of the
players.


BLACK POOL.

This is a variation of English Colour-Ball Pool. A black ball is placed
on the centre spot. The colours follow one another just as in English
pool, until all the balls have come upon the table. After that, any
ball on the table may be played at, and if it is pocketed, the player
has the option of playing at the black ball. If he pockets it, each
player pays him the amount of a life, so that the player whose ball was
first pocketed would have to pay two, one for his own ball and one
for the black. If a ball is pocketed before the balls are all on the
table, the player may play on the black; but the following players must
play on their colours until the first round is complete. No one is ever
dead, and the game may be continued indefinitely, although half an hour
is the usual limit. The players share the expense of the table, as at
Shell-out.


ENGLISH BILLIARDS.

This game is played with three balls, one red and two white. Every
winning hazard off the red counts 3; hazards off the white count 2, and
all carroms count 2. If a player makes a carrom and a losing hazard
on the same stroke, it counts 5 if the red was the object ball; 4 if
the white was the object ball. A player may make 10 on one stroke by
playing on the red, making a carrom, and pocketing all three balls. A
miss counts one for the adversary; but if the player who makes a miss
runs into a pocket or jumps off the table, his adversary counts 3.

The secret of success in the English game is not in gathering shots
or rail nursing, but in repeated position; that is, playing shots so
that the object ball returns to its position, the cue ball falling
into a pocket and being played again from an advantageous position in
the D. If the red ball is left in a good position for a losing hazard
in either of the side pockets, the player should place his own ball
in such a position in the D that he can drive the red to the bottom
cushion and back again, leaving himself another easy hazard in the side
pockets.

If the red is near a bottom pocket, and the player’s ball is in hands,
the beginner will invariably leave the red ball in baulk, even if he
makes the hazard. The reason is that he strikes with just force enough
to reach the red and go into the pocket, and this force is just enough
to drive the red about the same distance in the opposite direction,
leaving it where the cue ball came from--in baulk.

The English do not understand gathering shots, nursing, and cushion
carroms so well as the Americans, and play chiefly for the winning
and losing hazards. The objective point of the expert is the _=spot
stroke=_, which consists in getting exactly behind the red ball when it
is on its spot, and then driving it into the corner pocket, returning
the cue ball to its position with a light draw shot. If the cue ball
fails to come back exactly behind the red the position may be recovered
in several ways, some of which are shown in the diagrams.

[Illustration]

No. 1 is the perfect position for the spot stroke; the dotted lines in
the others show the course that must be followed by the cue ball to
recover the initial position.

_=Man-of-war Game=_ is a variety of English billiards in which there
are three white balls, each belonging to different players.

The following _=LAWS=_ are taken, by permission, from the rules
published by the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co.


ENGLISH BILLIARD LAWS.

_=1.=_ The choice of balls and order of play shall, unless mutually
agreed upon by the two players, be determined by stringing; and the
striker whose ball stops nearest the lower [or bottom] cushion, after
being forced from baulk up the table, may take which ball he likes, and
play, or direct his opponent to play first, as he may deem expedient.

_=2.=_ The red ball shall, at the opening of every game, be placed on
the top [or red] spot, and replaced after being pocketed or forced off
the table, or whenever the balls are broken.

_=3.=_ Whoever breaks the balls, i. _e_., opens the game, must play out
of baulk, though it is not necessary that he shall strike the red ball.

_=4.=_ The game shall be adjudged in favour of whoever first scores
the number of points agreed on, when the marker shall call “game”; or
it shall be given against whoever, after having once commenced, shall
neglect or refuse to continue when called upon by his opponent to play.

_=5.=_ If the striker scores by his stroke he continues until he ceases
to make any points, when his opponent follows on.

_=6.=_ If when moving the cue backward and forward, and prior to a
stroke, it touches and moves the ball, the ball must be replaced to the
satisfaction of an adversary, otherwise it is a foul stroke; but if the
player strikes, and grazes any part of the ball with any part of the
cue, it must be considered a stroke, and the opponent follows on.

_=7.=_ If a ball rebounds from the table, and is prevented in any way,
or by any object except the cushion, from falling to the ground, or if
it lodges on a cushion and remains there, it shall be considered off
the table, unless it is the red, which must be spotted.

_=8.=_ A ball on the brink of the pocket need not be “challenged”: if
it ceases running and remains stationary, then falls in, it must be
replaced, and the score thus made does not count.

_=9.=_ Any ball or balls behind the baulk-line, or resting exactly upon
the line, are not playable if the striker be in hand, and he must play
out of baulk before hitting another ball.

_=10.=_ Misses may be given with the point or butt of the cue, and
shall count one for each against the player; or if the player strike
his ball with the cue more than once a penalty shall be enforced, and
the non-striker may oblige him to play again, or may call on the marker
to place the ball at the point it reached or would have reached when
struck first. [The butt may also be used for playing a ball in hand up
the table in order to strike a ball in baulk.]

_=11.=_ Foul strokes do not score to the player, who must allow his
opponent to follow on. They are made thus: By striking a ball twice
with the cue; by touching with the hand, ball, or cue an opponent’s
or the red ball; by playing with the wrong ball; by lifting both feet
from the floor when playing; by playing at the striker’s own ball and
displacing it ever so little (except while taking aim, when it shall be
replaced, and he shall play again).

_=12.=_ The penalty for a foul stroke is losing the lead, and, in
case of a score, an opponent must have the red ball spotted, and
himself break the balls, when the player who made the foul must follow
suit, both playing from the D. If the foul is not claimed the player
continues to score, if he can.

_=13.=_ After being pocketed or forced off the table the red ball must
be spotted on the top spot, but if that is occupied by another ball the
red must be placed on the centre spot between the middle pockets.

_=14.=_ If in taking aim the player moves his ball and causes it to
strike another, even without intending to make a stroke, a foul stroke
may be claimed by an adversary. (See Rule Fifteenth.)

_=15.=_ If a player fail to hit another ball, it counts one to his
opponent; but if by the same stroke the player’s ball is forced over
the table or into any pocket it counts three to his opponent.

_=16.=_ Forcing any ball off the table, either before or after the
score, causes the striker to gain nothing by the stroke.

_=17.=_ In the event of either player using his opponent’s ball and
scoring, the red must be spotted and the balls broken again by the
non-striker; but if no score is made, the next player may take his
choice of balls and continue to use the ball he so chooses to the end
of the game. No penalty, however, attaches in either case unless the
mistake be discovered before the next stroke.

_=18.=_ No person except an opponent has a right to tell the player
that he is using the wrong ball, or to inform the non-striker that his
opponent has used the wrong ball; and if the opponent does not see the
striker use the ball, or, seeing him, does not claim the penalty, the
marker is bound to score to the striker any points made.

_=19.=_ Should the striker [whose ball is in hand], in playing up the
table on a ball or balls in baulk, either by accident or design, strike
one of them [with his own ball] without first going out of baulk, his
opponent may have the balls replaced, score a miss, and follow on; or
may cause the striker to play again, or may claim a foul, and have the
red spotted and the balls broken again.

_=20.=_ The striker, when in hand, may not play at a cushion within the
baulk (except by going first up the table) so as to hit balls that are
within or without the line.

_=21.=_ If in hand, and in the act of playing, the striker shall move
his ball with insufficient strength to take it out of baulk, it shall
be counted as a miss to the opponent, who, however, may oblige him to
replace his ball and play again. [Failing to play out of baulk, the
player may be compelled to play his stroke over again.]

_=22.=_ If in playing a pushing stroke the striker pushes more than
once it is unfair, and any score he may make does not count. His
opponent follows by breaking the balls.

_=23.=_ If in the act of drawing back his cue the striker knocks the
ball into a pocket, it counts three to the opponent, and is reckoned a
stroke.

_=24.=_ If a foul stroke be made while giving a miss, the adversary may
enforce the penalty or claim the miss, but he cannot do both.

_=25.=_ If either player take up a ball, unless by consent, the
adversary may have it replaced, or may have the balls broken; but if
any other person touches or takes up a ball it must be replaced by the
marker as nearly as possible.

_=26.=_ If, after striking, the player or his opponent should by any
means obstruct or hasten the speed of any ball, it is at the opponent
or player’s option to have them replaced, or to break the balls.

_=27.=_ No player is allowed to receive, nor any bystander to offer
advice on the game; but should any person be appealed to by the marker
or either player he has a right to offer an opinion; or if a spectator
sees the game wrongly marked he may call out, but he must do so prior
to another stroke.

_=28.=_ The marker shall act as umpire, but any question may be
referred by either player to the company, the opinion of the majority
of whom shall be acted upon.


PIN POOL.

The game of Pin Pool is played with two white balls and one red,
together with five small wooden pins, which are set up in the middle of
the table, diamond fashion, each pin having a value to accord with the
position it occupies.

[Illustration:

       4*
  3*   5*   2*
       1*
]

The pin nearest the string line is No. 1; that to the right of it is
No. 2; to the left, No. 3; the pin farthest from the string line is No.
4; and the central or black pin, No. 5. These numbers may be chalked on
the cloth in front of each particular pin.

Neither carroms nor hazards count; for pocketing a ball (when playing
on a pocket table), or causing it to jump off the table or lodge on the
cushion, or for missing altogether, nothing is forfeited other than
the stroke. The only penalty is that the ball so offending shall be
spotted upon the white-ball spot at the foot of the table, or if that
be occupied then on the nearest spot thereto unoccupied.

When the pins are arranged, the rotation of the players is determined
in like manner as in Fifteen-Ball Pool, after which each player
receives from the marker a little numbered ball which is placed in the
player’s cup on the pool board, and the number of which is not known to
any of his opponents.

The object of the player is to knock down as many pins as will count
exactly thirty-one when the number on the small ball held by him is
added to their aggregate; thus, if the small ball is No. 9, the player
will have to gain twenty-two points on the pins before calling game,
and whoever first gets exactly thirty-one points in this manner wins
the pool.

A white ball is spotted five inches from the lower end of the table, on
a line drawn down the centre; and the red ball placed upon its own spot
at the foot of the table.

Player No. 1 must play with the remaining white ball from any point
within the string-line at the head of the table at either the red or
white ball, or place his own on the string spot. Player No. 2 may play
with any ball on the table--red or white. After the first stroke has
been played, the players, in their order, may play with or at any ball
upon the board.

Unless the player has played on some ball upon the board before
knocking down a pin, the stroke under all circumstances goes for
nothing, and the pin or pins must be replaced and the player’s ball
put upon the white-ball spot at the foot of the table or if that be
occupied, on the nearest unoccupied spot thereto. But should two balls
be in contact the player can play with either of them, direct at the
pins, and any count so made is good.

If a player, with one stroke, knocks down the four outside pins and
leaves the black one standing on its spot, it is called a Natural, or
_=Ranche=_, and under any and all circumstances it wins the game.

When a player gets more than 31, he is _=burst=_, and he may either
play again immediately with the same ball he has in the pool rack,
starting at nothing of course, or he may take a new ball. If he takes a
new ball he may either keep it or keep his old one, but he cannot play
again until it comes to his turn.


THE LITTLE CORPORAL.

This game is the regular Three-Ball Carrom Game with a small pin
added, like those used in Pin Pool, which is set up in the centre of
the table. The carroms and forfeits count as in the regular Three-Ball
Game, but the knocking down of the pin scores five points for the
striker, who plays until he fails to effect a carrom or knock down the
pin. A ball must be hit by the cue-ball before the pin can be scored;
playing at the pin direct is not allowed. The pin must be set up where
it falls; but in case it goes off the table or lodges on the top of the
cushion it must be placed upon the centre spot. The pin leaning against
the cushion must be scored as down, and when the pin lodges in the
corner of the table, so that it cannot be hit with the ball, it is to
be set up on the centre spot. One hundred points generally constitute a
game, but any number of points may be agreed upon.


THE SPANISH GAME OF BILLIARDS.

This game is played in the South, California, and in Mexico and Cuba,
and is played with two white and one red ball, and five pins placed
similar to those in Pin Pool. The red ball is placed on the red-ball
spot, and the first player strikes at it from within the baulk
semicircle. The game is scored by winning and losing hazards, carroms,
and by knocking over the pins. It is usually played thirty points up.

The player who knocks down a pin after striking a ball gains _two_
points, if he knocks down two pins he gains _four_ points, and so on,
scoring two points for each pin knocked down. If he knock down the
middle pin alone he gains _five_ points. The player who pockets the red
ball gains _three_ points and two for each pin knocked down by the same
stroke. The player who pockets the white ball gains two points, and
two for each pin knocked over with the same stroke. Each carrom counts
two. The player who knocks down a pin or pins with his own ball before
striking another ball loses two for every pin so knocked down. The
player who pockets his own ball without hitting another ball forfeits
three points; for missing altogether he forfeits one point. The striker
who forces his own ball off the table without hitting another ball
forfeits _three_ points, and if he does so after making a carrom or
pocket he loses as many points as he would otherwise have gained. The
rules of the American Carrom Game, except where they conflict with the
foregoing rules, govern this game also.


BOTTLE POOL.

The game of Bottle Pool is played on a pool table with one white ball,
the 1 and 2 ball, and pool-bottle. The 1 and 2 balls must be spotted,
respectively, at the foot of the table, at the left and right diamond
nearest each pocket, and the pool-bottle is placed standing on its neck
on the spot in the centre of the table, and when it falls it must be
set up, if possible, where it rests.

Carrom on the two object-balls counts 1 point; Pocketing the 1 ball
counts 1 point; Pocketing the 2 ball counts 2 points; Carrom from ball
and upsetting bottle counts 5 points. The game consists of 31 points.
The player having the least number of points at the finish of the game
shall be adjudged the loser.

Any number of persons can play, and the rotation of the players is
decided as in ordinary pool. Player No. 1 must play with the white
ball from any point within the string at the head of the table, at
either the 1 or 2 ball at his option. The player who leads must play
at and strike one of the object-balls before he can score a carrom on
the pool-bottle. If a player carrom on the bottle from either of the
object-balls, in such a way as to seat the bottle on its base, he wins
the game, without further play.

Should the 1 or 2 ball in any way, during the stroke, touch the bottle
and the bottle is in the same play knocked over or stood on its base
by the cue-ball, the stroke does not count. If the player forces the
bottle off the table or into a pocket, the bottle must be spotted on
its proper spot in the centre of the table, the player loses his shot
and forfeits one point, and the next player plays.

A player who makes more than 31 points is burst, and must start his
string anew; all that he makes in excess of 31 points count on his new
string, and the next player plays.


BILLIARD TEXT BOOKS.

_=American Game=_:--

  Modern Billiards, Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co.
  Billiard Laws,        ”       ”       ”      ”
  Manuel du Biliard, by Vignaux.
  Garnier’s Practice Shots.

_=English Game=_:--

  Billiards Simplified, Burroughs and Watts.
  Billiards, by W. Cook.
  Billiards, by Joseph Bennet.
  Billiards, by Maj.-Gen. Drayson.
  Practical Billiards, by W. Dufton.
  The Spot Stroke, by Joseph Bennet.




CHANCE AND PROBABILITY.


In calculating the probability of any event, the difficulty is not,
as many persons imagine, in the process, but in the statement of the
proposition, and the great trouble with many of those who dispute on
questions of chance is that they are unable to think clearly.

The chance is either for or against the event; the probability is
always for it. The chances are expressed by the fraction of this
probability, the denominator being the total number of events possible,
and the numerator the number of events favourable. For instance:
The probability of throwing an ace with one cast of a single die is
expressed by the fraction ⅙; because six different numbers may be
thrown, and they are all equally probable, but only one of them would
be an ace. Odds are found by deducting the favourable events from the
total, or the numerator from the denominator. In the example, the odds
against throwing an ace are therefore 5 to 1. The greater the odds
against any event the more _=improbable=_ it is said to be, and the
more _=hazardous=_ it is to risk anything upon it.

When an event happens which is very improbable, the person to whom it
happens is considered _=lucky=_, and the greater the improbability, the
greater his luck. If two men play a game, the winner is not considered
particularly lucky; but if one wanted only two points to go out and the
other wanted a hundred, the latter would be a very lucky man if he won.

It is a remarkable fact that luck is the only subject in the world on
which we have no recognised authority, although it is a topic of the
most universal interest. Strictly speaking, to be lucky simply means to
be successful, the word being a derivative of _gelingen_, to succeed.
There are a few general principles connected with luck which should be
understood by every person who is interested in games of chance. In the
first place, luck attaches to persons and not to things. It is useless
for an unlucky man to change the seats or the cards, for no matter
which he chooses the personal equation of good or bad luck adhering to
him for the time being cannot be shaken off. In the second place, all
men are lucky in some things, and not in others; and they are lucky or
unlucky in those things at certain times and for certain seasons. This
element of luck seems to come and go like the swell of the ocean. In
the lives of some men the tide of fortune appears to be a long steady
flood, without a ripple on the surface. In others it rises and falls
in waves of greater or lesser length; while in others it is irregular
in the extreme; splashing choppy seas to-day; a storm to-morrow that
smashes everything; and then calm enough to make ducks and drakes with
the pebbles on the shore. In the lives of all the tide of fortune is
uncertain; for the man has never lived who could be sure of the weather
a week ahead. In the nature of things this must be so, for if there
were no ups and downs in life, there would be no such things as chance
and luck, and the laws of probability would not exist.

The greatest fallacy in connection with luck is the belief that certain
men _are_ lucky, whereas the truth is simply that they _have been_
lucky up to that time. They have succeeded so far, but that is no
guarantee that they will succeed again in any matter of pure chance.
This is demonstrated by the laws governing _=the probability of
successive events=_.

Suppose two men sit down to play a game which is one of pure chance;
poker dice, for instance. You are backing Mr. Smith, and want to know
the probability of his winning the first game. There are only two
possible events, to win or lose, and both are equally probable, so 2 is
the denominator of our fraction. The number of favourable events is 1,
which is our numerator, and the fraction is therefore ½, which always
represents equality.

Now for the successive events. Your man wins the first game, and they
proceed to play another. What are the odds on Smith’s winning the
second game? It is evident that they are exactly the same as if the
first game had never been played, because there are still only two
possible events, and one of them will be favourable to him. Suppose he
wins that game, and the next, and the next, and so on until he has won
nine games in succession, what are the odds against his winning the
tenth also? Still exactly an even thing.

But, says a spectator, Smith’s luck must change; because it is very
improbable that he will win ten games in succession. The odds against
such a thing are 1023 to 1, and the more he wins the more probable it
is that he will lose the next game. This is what gamblers call the
_=maturity of the chances=_, and it is one of the greatest fallacies
ever entertained by intelligent men. Curiously enough, the men who
believe that luck must change in some circumstances, also believe in
betting on it to continue in others. When they are _=in the vein=_ they
will “follow their luck” in perfect confidence that it will continue.
The same men will not bet on another man’s luck, even if he is “in the
vein,” because “the maturity of the chances” tells them that it cannot
last!

  GAMES.     ODDS.
  One        1 to 1
  Two        3 to 1
  Three      7 to 1
  Four      15 to 1
  Five      31 to 1
  Six       63 to 1
  Seven    127 to 1
  Eight    255 to 1
  Nine     511 to 1
  Ten     1023 to 1

If Smith and his adversary had started with an agreement to play ten
games, the odds against either of them winning any number in succession
would be found by taking the first game as an even chance, expressed
by unity, or 1. The odds against the same player winning the second
game also would be twice 1 plus 1, or 3 to 1; and the odds against his
winning three games in succession would be twice 3 plus 1, or 7 to 1,
and so on, according to the figures shown in the margin.

  GAMES.
  1st   2nd
  1      1
  1      0
  0      1
  0      0

That this is so may easily be demonstrated by putting down on a sheet
of paper the total number of events that may happen if any agreed
number of games are played, expressing wins by a stroke, and losses by
a cipher. Take the case of two games only. There are four different
events which may happen to Smith, as shown in the margin. He may win
both games or lose both; or he may win one and lose the other, either
first. Only one of these four equally probable events being favourable
to his winning both games, and three being unfavourable, the odds are
3 to 1 that he does not win both; but these are the odds _=before he
begins to play=_. Having won the first game, there are only two events
possible, those which begin with a win, and he has an equal chance to
win again.

  GAMES.
  1st 2nd 3rd
  1   1   1
  1   1   0
  1   0   1
  1   0   0
  0   0   0
  0   0   1
  0   1   0
  0   1   1

If the agreement had been to play three games, there would have been
eight possible events, one of which must happen but all of which were
equally probable. These are shown in the margin. If Smith wins the
first game, there are only four possible events remaining; those in
which the first game was won. Of these, there are two in which he may
win the second game, and two in which he may lose it, showing that it
is still exactly an even thing that he will win the second game. If he
wins the second game, there are only two possible events, the first
two on the list in the margin, which begin with two wins for Smith.
Of these he has one chance to win the third game, and one to lose it.
No matter how far we continue a series of successive events it will
always be found that having won a certain number of games, it is still
exactly an even thing that he will win the next also. The odds of 1023
to 1 against his winning ten games in succession existed only before
he began to play. After he has won the first game, the odds against
his winning the remaining nine are only 511 to 1, and so on, until it
is an even thing that he wins the tenth, even if he has won the nine
preceding it.

In the statistics of 4000 coups at roulette at Monte Carlo it was found
that if one colour had come five times in succession, it was an exactly
even bet that it would come again; for in twenty runs of five times
there were ten which went on to six. In the author’s examination of
500 consecutive deals of faro, there were 815 cards that either won or
lost three times in succession, and of these 412 won or lost out. In
a gambling house in Little Rock a roulette wheel with three zeros on
it did not come up green for 115 rolls, and several gamblers lost all
they had betting on the eagle and O’s. When the game closed the banker
informed them that the green had come up more than twenty times earlier
in the evening. They thought the maturity of the chances would compel
the green to come; whereas the chances really were that it would not
come, as it had over-run its average so much earlier in the evening.
The pendulum swings as far one way as the other, but no method of
catching it on the turn has ever yet been discovered.

_=Compound Events.=_ In order to ascertain the probability of compound
or concurrent events, we must find the product of their separate
probability. For instance: The odds against your cutting an ace from a
pack of 52 cards are 48 to 4, or 12 to 1; because there are 52 cards
and only 4 of them are aces. The probability fraction is therefore
1/13. But the probabilities of drawing an ace from two separate packs
are 1/13 × 1/13 = 1/169, or 168 to 1 against it.

Suppose a person bets that you will not cut a court card, K Q or J,
from a pack of 52 cards, what are the odds against you? In this case
there are three favourable events, but only one can happen, and as
any of them will preclude the others, they are called _=conflicting
events=_, and the probability of one of them is the sum of the
probability of all of them. In this case the probability of any one
event separately is 1/13, and the sum of the three is therefore 1/13 +
1/13 + 1/13 = 3/13; or ten to 3 against it.

In order to prove any calculation of this kind all that is necessary is
to ascertain the number of remaining events, and if their sum, added to
that already found, equals unity, the calculation must be correct. For
instance: The probability of turning a black trump at whist is 13/52
+ 13/52 = 26/52; because there are two black suits of 13 cards each.
The only other event which can happen is a red trump, the probability
of which is also 26/52, and the sum of these two probabilities is
therefore 26/52 + 26/52 = 52/52, or unity.

Another fallacy in connection with the maturity of the chances is shown
in betting against two successive events, both improbable, one of which
has happened. The odds against drawing two aces in succession from a
pack of 52 cards are 220 to 1; but after an ace has been drawn the odds
against the second card being an ace also are only 16 to 1, although
some persons would be mad enough to bet 1000 to 1 against it, on the
principle that the first draw was a great piece of luck and the second
ace was practically impossible. While the four aces were in the pack
the probability of drawing one was 4/52. One ace having been drawn, 3
remain in 51 cards, so the probability of getting the second is 3/51,
or 1/17. Before a card was drawn, the probability of getting two aces
in succession was the product of these fractions; 1/13 × 1/17 = 1/221.
On the same principle the odds against two players cutting cards that
are a tie, such as two Fours, are not 220 to 1, unless it is specified
that the first card shall be a Four. The first player having cut, the
odds against the second cutting a card of equal value are only 16 to 1.

_=Dice.=_ In calculating the probabilities of throws with two or more
dice, we must multiply together the total number of throws possible
with each die separately, and then find the number of throws that will
give the result required. Suppose two dice are used. Six different
throws may be made with each, therefore 6 × 6 = 36 different throws
are possible with the two dice together. What are the odds against one
of these dice being an ace? A person unfamiliar with the science of
probabilities would say that as two numbers must come up, and there
are only six numbers altogether, the probability is 2/6, or exactly
2 to 1 against an ace being thrown. But this is not correct, as will
be immediately apparent if we write out all the 36 possible throws
with two dice; for we shall find that only 11 of the 36 contain an
ace, and 25 do not. The proper way to calculate this is to take the
chances against the ace on each die separately, and then to multiply
them together. There are five other numbers that might come up, and the
fraction of their probability is ⅚ × ⅚ = 25/36, or 25 to 11 in their
favour.

Take the case of three dice: As three numbers out of six must come up,
it might be supposed that it was an even thing that one would be an
ace. But the possible throws with three dice are 6 × 6 × 6 = 216; and
those that do not contain an ace are 5 × 5 × 5 = 125; so that the odds
against getting an ace in one throw with three dice, or three throws
with one die, are 125/216, or 125 to 91 against it.

To find the probability of getting a given total on the faces of
two or three dice we must find the number of ways that the desired
number can come. In the 36 possible throws with two dice there are 6
which will show a total of seven pips. The probability of throwing
seven is therefore 6/36, or 5 to 1 against it. A complete list of the
combinations with two dice were given in connection with Craps.

_=Poker.=_ In calculating the probability of certain conflicting
events, both of which cannot occur, but either of which would be
favourable, we must make the denominator of our fraction equal in both
cases, which will, of course, necessitate a proportionate change in our
numerator. Suppose a poker player has three of a kind, and intends to
draw one card only, the odds against his getting a full hand are 1/16;
against getting four of a kind, 1/48. To find the total probability of
improvement, we must make the first fraction proportionate to the last,
which we can do by multiplying it by 3. The result will be 3/48 + 1/48
= 4/48; showing that the total chance of improvement is 1 in 12, or 11
to 1 against it.

_=Whist.=_ To calculate the probable positions of certain named cards
is rather a difficult matter, but the process may be understood from
a simple example. Suppose a suit so distributed that you have four to
the King, and each of the other players has three cards; what are the
probabilities that your partner has both Ace and Queen? The common
solution is to put down all the possible positions of the two named
cards, and finding only one out of nine to answer, to assume that
the odds are 8 to 1 against partner having both cards. This is not
correct, because the nine positions are not equally probable. We must
first find the number of possible positions for the Ace and Queen
separately, afterward multiplying them together, which will give us
the denominator; and then the number of positions that are favourable,
which will give us the numerator.

As there are nine unknown cards, and the Ace may be any one of them, it
is obvious that the Queen may be any one of the remaining eight, which
gives us 9 × 8 = 72 different ways for the two cards to lie. To find
how many of these 72 will give us both cards in partner’s hand we must
begin with the ace, which may be any one of his three cards. The Queen
may be either of the other two, which gives us the numerator, 3 × 2 =
6; and the fraction of probability, 6/72, = 1/12; or 11 to 1 against
both Ace and Queen.

If we wished to find the probability of his having the Ace, but not
the Queen, our denominator would remain the same; but the numerator
would be the three possible positions of the Ace, multiplied by the
six possible positions of the Queen among the six other unknown cards,
in the other hands, giving us the fraction 18/72. The same would be
true of the Queen but not the Ace. To prove both these, we must find
the probability that he has neither Ace nor Queen. There being six
cards apart from his three, the Ace may be any one of them, and the
Queen may be any one of the remaining five. This gives us 6 × 5 = 30,
and the fraction 30/72. If we now add these four numerators together,
we have:--for both cards in partner’s hand, 6; for Ace alone, 18; for
Queen alone, 18; and for neither, 30; a total of 72, or unity, proving
all the calculations correct.

In some of the problems connected with Whist, it is important to
know the probability of the suits being distributed in various ways
among the four players at the table; or, what is the same thing, the
probable distribution of the four suits in any one hand. The author is
indebted to Dr. Pole’s “Philosophy of Whist” for these calculations. As
an example of the use of this table, suppose it was required to find
the probability of any other player at the table holding four or more
trumps if you had six. Take all the combinations in which the figure 6
appears, and add together the number of times they will probably occur.
That will be your denominator, 166. The numerator will be the number of
times that the combinations occur which contain a figure larger than 3,
in addition to the 6. This will be found to be 74, and the probability
will therefore be 74/166.

  DISTRIBUTIONS. TIMES IN
                  1000.

  8 2 2 1          2
  8 3 1 1          1½
  8 3 2 0          1
  8 4 1 0          ½
  8 5 0 0          0

  7 2 2 2          5
  7 3 2 1         19
  7 3 3 0          3
  7 4 1 1          4
  7 4 2 0          3
  7 5 1 0          1
  7 6 0 0          0

  6 3 2 2         57
  6 3 3 1         35
  6 4 2 1         47
  6 4 3 0         13
  6 5 1 1          7
  6 5 2 0          6
  6 6 1 0          1

  5 3 3 2        155
  5 4 2 2        106
  5 4 3 1        130
  5 4 4 0         12
  5 5 2 1         32
  5 5 3 0          9

  4 3 3 3        105
  4 4 3 2        215
  4 4 4 1         30

_=MARTINGALES.=_ Many gamblers believe that as the science of
probabilities teaches us that events will equalise themselves in time,
all that is necessary is to devise some system that will keep a person
from guessing, so that he may catch the pendulum as it swings; and to
add to it some system of betting, so that he will have the best of
it in the long run. Some content themselves with playing a “system”
against banking games, which is merely a guide to the placing of the
bets, the simplest example of which would be to bet always on heads if
a coin was tossed a thousand times, or to bet on nothing but red at
Roulette. Others depend more on martingales, which are guides to the
amount of the bets themselves, irrespective of what they are placed on.

The most common form of martingale is called _=doubling up=_, which
proceeds upon the theory that if you lose the first time and bet double
the amount the next time, and continue to double until you win, you
must eventually win the original amount staked. If there was no end to
your capital, and no betting limit to the game, this would be an easy
way to make money; but all banking games have studied these systems,
and have so arranged matters that they can extend their heartiest
welcome to those who play them.

In the first place, by simply doubling up you are giving the bank
the best of it, because you are not getting the proper odds. If you
double up five times you are betting 16 to 1; but the odds against five
successive events are 31 to 1, as we have already seen, and the bank
should pay you 31 instead of 16. You should not only double, but add
the original amount of the stake each time, betting 1, 3, 7, 15, 31,
63, and so on. If you do this, you will win the amount of your original
stake for every bet you make, instead of only for every time you win.
This looks well, but as a matter of fact doubling up is only another
way of borrowing small sums which will have to be paid back in one
large sum when you can probably least afford it.

Suppose the game is Faro, the chips five dollars a stack, and the
limit on cases twenty-five dollars. The limit on cases will then be
400 chips. If eight successive events go against your “system,” which
they will do about once in 255 times, your next bet will be beyond the
limit, and the banker will not accept it. At Monte Carlo the smallest
bet is a dollar, and the limit is $2,400. They roll about 4,000 coups
a week, and if you were to bet on every one of them, doubling up, you
would win about $1,865, one dollar at a time, and would lose $4,092
simply through being unable to follow your system beyond the limit
of the game during the two or three occasions, in the 4,000 coups,
that your system would go against you for eleven or more coups in
succession. It is useless to say it would not go against you so often,
for probabilities teach us that it would be more wonderful if it did
not than if it did.

It must never be forgotten that the most wonderful things that happen
are not more wonderful than those that don’t happen. If you tossed
a coin a thousand times, and did not once toss heads eight times in
succession, it would be four times more surprising than if you tossed
heads ten times in succession.

     Bets
  Won. Lost.
  10     -
   9     -
   8     -
   -     7
   -     8
   9     -
   -     8
   -     9
  10     -
   -     9
  ----------
  46    41

_=Progression.=_ This is a favourite martingale with those who have
not the courage or the money to double up. It consists in starting
with a certain amount for the first bet, say ten dollars, and adding a
dollar every time the bet is lost, or taking off a dollar every time
a bet is won. If the player wins as many bets as he loses, and there
is no percentage against him, he gets a dollar for every bet he wins,
no matter how many bets he makes, or in what order the bets are won
and lost, so that the number won equals the number lost. That this is
so may be easily demonstrated by setting down on a sheet of paper any
imaginary order of bets, such as the ten shown in the margin, five of
which are won, and five lost; the net profit on the five bets won being
five dollars. No matter how correctly the player may be guessing, and
how much the luck runs his way, he wins smaller and smaller amounts,
until at last he is “pinched off.” But if a long series of events goes
against him his bets become larger and larger, but he must keep up the
progression until he gets even. If ten bets go his way he wins $55; if
ten go against him he loses $145.

It is said that Pettibone made a fortune playing progression at Faro,
which is very likely, for among the thousands of men who play it
the probabilities are that one will win all the time, just as the
probabilities are that if a thousand men play ten games of Seven
Up, some man will win all ten games. At the same time it is equally
probable that some man will lose all ten.

Some players progress, but never pinch, keeping account on a piece of
paper how many bets they are behind, and playing the maximum until they
have won as many bets as they have lost. Against a perfectly fair game,
with no percentage and no limit, and with capital enough to follow the
system to the end, playing progression would pay a man about as much as
he could make in any good business with the same capital and with half
the worry; but as things really are in gambling houses and casinos, all
martingales are a delusion and a snare. It is much better, if one must
gamble, to trust to luck alone, and it is an old saying that the player
without a system is seldom without a dollar. It is the men with systems
who have to borrow a stake before they can begin to play.

Such matters as calculating the probability of a certain horse getting
a place, the odds against all the horses at the post being given, would
be out of place in a work of this kind; but those interested in such
chances may find rules for ascertaining their probability in some of
the following text books.


TEXT BOOKS.

  Calcul de Probabilité, by Bertrand.
  Philosophy of Whist, by Dr. Pole.
  Winning Whist, by Emory Boardman.
  Chance and Luck, by R.A. Proctor.
  Complete Poker Player, by John Blackbridge.
  Bohn’s Handbook of Games.
  Betting and Gambling, by Major Churchill.




TEN PINS.


The standard American game of Ten Pins is played upon an _=alley=_ 41
or 42 inches wide, and 60 feet long from the head pin to the foul or
scratch line, from behind which the player must deliver his ball. There
should be at least 15 feet run back of the foul line, and the gutters
on each side of the alley must be deep enough to allow a ball to pass
without touching any of the pins standing on the alley.

[Illustration:

  7 8 9 10
   4 5 6
    2 3
     1
]

_=The Pins=_ are spotted as shown in the margin, the centres 12 inches
apart, and those of the back row 3 inches from the edge of the pit. The
regulation pins are 15 inches high, 2¼ diam. at the base, 15 inches
circumference 4½ from the bottom, and 5¼ at the neck. _=The Balls=_
must not exceed 27 inches in circumference in any direction, but
smaller balls may be used.

_=Frames.=_ Each player rolls ten frames or innings, in each of which
he is supposed to have three balls, although as a matter of fact he
rolls two only. In match games, two alleys are used, and the players
roll one inning on each alternately.

_=A Strike=_ is made when all ten pins are knocked down with the first
ball of the innings, and it is scored on the blackboard with a cross,
the number of pins made with the three balls being filled in afterward.
_=A Spare=_ is made when all ten pins are knocked down with the two
balls of one inning, and it is marked with a diagonal stroke. If the
player fails to get either a strike or a spare, it is a _=Break=_,
marked with a horizontal line, under which is written the actual number
of pins down. After each ball is rolled any pins that have fallen on
the alley are called _=deadwood=_, and must be removed before the
second ball is rolled.

_=Counting.=_ If a player makes a strike in one inning, all that he
makes on the next two balls rolled, whether in one inning or not,
counts also on the strike, so as to give him the total score on three
balls for the frame. Three successive strikes would give him 30 points
on the first frame, with a ball still to roll to complete the second
frame, and two balls to roll to complete the third. If he got two
strikes in succession, and 5 pins on the first ball of the third frame,
4 on the second ball, the first frame would be worth 25, the second
frame 19, and the break on the third frame 9; making his total score 53
for the three frames.

If the player makes a spare in one inning, all the pins knocked down by
the first ball of the next inning count also on the spare. Suppose a
spare to be followed by a strike, the frame in which the spare was made
would be worth 20. If he made 5 pins only, the spare would be worth 15.

Although the player is supposed to have three balls in each inning, and
is allowed to count all he makes on three balls if he gets a strike
or a spare, he is not allowed to roll three balls on a break. It was
formerly the custom to let him roll the third ball on the chance of
getting a break of 10. This was afterward changed to giving him 10
pins, without rolling for them, if he got 9 on two balls; but the
present rule is to call it a break if he does not get a strike or a
spare in two balls, and not to waste time in rolling the third ball.

_=Scoring.=_ Instead of putting down the amount made in each inning,
the total of the frame is added to the total of the previous score, so
that the last figure put down shows the total score up to and including
that frame. The following illustration shows the total score of a
player for ten innings. The top line of figures gives the number of the
frame. The second shows the number of pins knocked down by each ball
rolled, and the third line shows how the scores would be actually put
down on the blackboard, the strike, spare, and break marks being placed
above the figures. With the exception of the second line of figures,
which is put in for purposes of illustration only, this might be a copy
of an actual score.

  Frames  | 1 | 2 | 3| 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10
  --------+---+---+--+---+---+---+---+---+---+-----
  Pins    |8-2|5-5|10|9-0|7-2|8-2|10 |8-2|8-1|7-3-9
  --------+---+---+--+---+---+---+---+---+---+-----
          | \ | \ | X| - | - | \ | X | \ | - | \
  Score   |15 |35 |54|63 |72 |92 |112|140|149|168

As the player made a spare on the last frame, he had another ball to
roll, on what was practically a new frame, with which he made 9 pins.

_=Averages.=_ If a team is playing a match, and one of the players
is unavoidably absent, it is the custom to give him credit for his
average, according to the records of his previous games during the
tournament or the season. This is considered better than appointing a
substitute to play for him.

There are a great many varieties of Ten Pins, the most interesting
of which will be found described in the following Laws of the
game, which are reprinted here by the kind permission of the
Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co., from their 1908 edition of the “Bowler’s
Guide.”


BOWLING ALLEY LAWS. RULES AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE GAME OF
AMERICAN TEN PINS.

_Revised at Louisville, Ky., March 19-21, 1906. In effect Sept. 1,
1906._

The alleys upon which the game shall be played shall not be less than
41 nor more than 42 inches in width. The length from the centre of No.
1 pin spot to the foul line shall be 60 feet. Back of the foul line
there shall be a clear run of not less than 15 feet. The pin spots
shall be clearly and distinctly described on or imbedded in the alleys
and shall be so placed 12 inches apart from centre to centre. They
shall be 2¼ inches in diameter. The pin spots numbered 7, 8, 9 and 10
shall be placed 3 inches from the pit edge of the alleys, measuring
from the edge to the centre of such pin spots.

The pins shall be spotted on the pin spots placed upon the alleys
according to the following diagram, and the pins and spots shall be
known by the numbers as follows:

[Illustration:

  7 8 9 10
   4 5 6
    2 3
     1
]

The pins shall be of the following design and measurements: 15
inches in height, 2¼ inches in diameter at their base, 15 inches in
circumference at a point 4½ inches from their base, 11⅝ inches in
circumference at a point 7¼ inches from their base, 5¼ inches in
circumference at the neck, a point 10 inches from the base; 8 inches in
circumference at the head, a point 13½ inches from the base. The taper
from point to point shall be gradual, so that all lines shall have a
graceful curve.

The balls shall not in any case exceed 27 inches in circumference nor
exceed 16 pounds in weight. Any sized ball of less circumference or
weight may be used.

Two alleys immediately adjoining each other shall be used in all games.
The contesting teams shall successively and in regular order roll one
frame on one alley, and for the next frame alternate and use the other
alley, so alternating each frame until the game is completed.

In delivering the ball the player must not permit any part of his foot,
while any portion thereof is in contact with the alleys, to rest or
extend on, over or beyond the foul line, nor shall any part of his
person be permitted to come in contact with any part of the alleys
beyond the foul line, at any time before the delivered ball shall have
reached the pins. A ball delivered contrary to the provisions of this
rule shall be a foul ball, and shall be so declared by the umpire
immediately such ball so becomes foul.

No count shall be made on a foul ball, and any pins which are knocked
down or displaced thereby shall be at once respotted. A foul ball shall
count as a ball rolled against the player.

Pins which are knocked down or displaced by a ball which leaves the
alley before reaching the pins, or from a ball rebounding from the rear
cushions, do not count, and they shall be immediately respotted.

Every ball delivered, unless it be declared a dead ball by the umpire,
shall be counted against the player.

Pins which are knocked down by another pin rebounding in the play from
the side partition or rear cushion are counted as pins down.

Pins which are knocked down or displaced from any cause except by a
fairly delivered ball shall in all cases be respotted.

Should a player by mistake roll on the wrong alley, or out of his turn,
or be interfered with in his play by another bowler or spectator, or
should any of the pins at which he is playing be displaced or knocked
down in any manner before his delivered ball reaches the pins, or
should his ball come in contact with any foreign obstacle on the
alleys, then the ball so delivered by him shall be immediately declared
a dead ball by the umpire, and such ball shall not count, and shall be
immediately re-rolled by the player after the cause for declaring such
ball dead has been removed.

Pins which are knocked down by a fair ball, and which remain lying on
the alley or in the gutters, are termed dead wood, and shall be removed
before the next ball is rolled.

Should a standing pin fall by removing dead wood, such pin or pins
shall be at once respotted.

Should a pin be broken or otherwise badly damaged during the game, it
shall be at once replaced by another as nearly uniform with the set in
use as possible. The umpire shall in all such cases be the sole judge
in the matter of replacing such pin or pins.

Each player shall roll two balls in each frame except when he shall
make a strike, or when a second strike or spare is made in the tenth
frame, when the player shall complete that frame by rolling a third
ball. In such cases the frame shall be completed on the alley on which
the first strike or spare is made.

A strike is made when the player bowls down the ten pins with his first
ball delivered in any frame and is credited and designated in the score
by an X in the upper right hand corner of the frame, and the count in
such frame is left open until the player shall have rolled his next two
balls, when all pins made, counting ten for a strike, shall be credited
therein.

A spare is made when the player bowls down all the pins with his second
ball in any frame, and is credited and designated with / in the upper
right hand corner of the frame in which it is made. The count in such
frame is left open until such player shall roll his next ball in the
succeeding frame, when the number of pins rolled down thereby shall
be added to the ten represented by his spare, and the total shall be
credited therein.

A break is made in all cases where the player does not secure either a
strike or a spare in a frame, and in such cases only the number of pins
knocked down are credited in the frame where the break is made.

If at the end of the tenth frame the team scores shall be a tie,
another frame shall be immediately bowled, and play is so continued
until at the close of even frames one of the teams shall have a greater
number of pins than their opponents, which shall conclude the game.


COCKED HAT.

The game is played with a head pin and the right and left corner pins
as shown in the following diagram:

[Illustration:

  O   .   .   O
    .   .   .
      .   .
        O
]

Balls not exceeding six inches must be bowled, and they must be rolled
down the alley (not cast or thrown). The rules of American Ten Pins
except in St. Louis, where there is a special association with local
rules, generally govern this game also, with the exception of three
balls instead of two to the frame, but strikes and spares count three
instead of ten, and each pin counts one as in Ten Pins. If the bowler
knocks down three pins with the ball which is first bowled, in any
frame in the game of Cocked Hat, it is a strike, and counts three,
and is marked on the blackboard the same as in Ten Pins. What pins the
bowler knocks down in the second frame with his first two balls must
be reckoned as in Ten Pins, i.e., one for each pin bowled down, which
pin or pins must be added to the strike and placed to the credit of
the player in the inning where the strike was scored (the strike being
computed as three); such strike must be added to pins knocked down with
the two succeeding spare balls; thus, should the bowler score a strike,
and should he in the next new frame knock down but one pin with his
two spare balls, the strike and pin scored must be computed as 4--the
strike counting 3 and the pin 1.

Poodles, or balls rolled down the gutter, are fair balls, and any pin
or pins which they may get must be counted and placed to the credit of
the bowler; dead wood is removed from the alley, and any pins knocked
down through dead wood remaining on the alley cannot be placed to the
credit of the bowler. The maximum number which can be bowled is 90.


COCKED HAT AND FEATHER.

[Illustration:

  O   O
    O
    O
]

The pins are spotted as above, the centre pin being the feather.

Ten innings constitute a game, and three balls (not exceeding 6 inches
in size) must be used in each inning.

All the pins except the feather have to be bowled down or the inning
goes for naught.

If the feather is left standing alone, the innings count one.

There are no penalties. The dead wood must be removed. Any pins knocked
down through dead wood remaining on the alley cannot be placed to the
credit of the bowler.

The maximum is 10.


THE BATTLE GAME.

THE PINS ARE SET UP THE SAME AS FOR THE GAME OF TEN PINS.

Four or six innings constitute a battle or game, except in the case of
a tie, when another inning is played. In case that inning should result
in a tie also, still another inning is played--in fact, until the
scores are unequal. In any inning where a tie occurs the score stands
over until the next inning, when each point is counted double. If the
two innings result in a tie, the score is tripled. Should the total
score result in a tie, sufficient innings are played to make the grand
score unequal.

The team having the largest score in the previous inning must bowl the
first ball, so that the weaker party will have the last ball.

Three balls of regulation size (27 inches in circumference) or under
are allotted to each player in each inning.

Each pin bowled down counts 1, including the king pin.

If all the pins except the king pin are bowled down, it counts 12.

The pins are set up as soon as the nine pins are knocked down, or the
king pin is the only one left standing.

The alleys are changed alternately.

The dead wood is removed after each ball is rolled.

In case of uneven teams the Dummy or Blind is filled by any substitute
the captain may pick out to bowl. He can select any one of his men he
chooses, without regard to rotation, or he himself can bowl, but no man
can take the place of the blind twice until every member of the team
has acted as the substitute.

Poodles count as balls rolled. Any pin or pins knocked down by such
balls are set up again in their former positions.

A rebounding ball does not count, and any pin or pins knocked down by
it are set up, as in the case of a poodle ball.

When a ball has left the hand and touched the alley, it goes as a
rolled ball.


NINE UP AND NINE DOWN.

THE PINS ARE SET UP THE SAME AS FOR THE GAME OF AMERICAN TEN PINS.

Three balls (not exceeding 6 inches in size) are bowled in each inning.

The player must knock down a single pin, which counts 1; then with two
remaining balls he endeavors to leave one pin standing, which counts 1.
Failure to do either, the inning goes for nothing.

No penalties are attached. Dead wood must be removed. Any pins knocked
down through the dead wood remaining on the alley cannot be placed to
the credit of the player.

Ten innings constitute a game.

The maximum is 20.


HEAD PIN AND FOUR BACK.

[Illustration:

  O   O   O   O
    .   .   .
      .   .
        O
]

The pins are set up as above.

Three balls (not exceeding 6 inches in size) are allowed in each
inning.

If the four back pins are bowled down and the head pin is left
standing, the score is 2. If all the pins are bowled down, the score is
1.

There are no penalties. The dead wood must be removed. Any pins knocked
down through the dead wood remaining on the alleys cannot be placed to
the credit of the player.

Ten innings constitute a game.

The maximum is 20.


FOUR BACK.

[Illustration:

  4  3  2  1
  O  O  O  O
]

The pins are spotted as above.

Three balls (not exceeding 6 inches in size) are allotted to each
inning.

Each pin counts as spotted, and only one pin can be made at a time; if
more than one pin is made with one ball, it is termed a break, and the
player loses that inning and scores nothing.

There are no penalties. The dead wood must be removed. Any pins knocked
down through the dead wood remaining on the alley cannot be placed to
the credit of the players.


TEN PINS--HEAD PIN OUT.

ALSO KNOWN AS AMERICAN NINE PINS.

[Illustration:

  O   O   O   O
    O   O   O
      O   O
]

The pins are set as in the diagram.

Ten innings constitute a game.

Three balls (not exceeding 6 inches in size) are bowled.

One pin of the frame must be left standing, or the inning goes for
nothing.

There are no penalties. The dead wood must be removed. Any pins knocked
down through the dead wood remaining on the alley cannot be placed to
the credit of the player.

The maximum is 10.


FIVE BACK.

[Illustration:

  O   O   O   O
    .   .   O
      .   .
        .
]

The pins are set as shown in the diagram.

Three balls (not exceeding 6 inches in size) are bowled in each inning.

Should a left-handed bowler be bowling, the second quarter pin can be
set up on the left quarter spot.

Strikes and spares count five each.

No penalties are attached. Dead wood must be removed. Any pins knocked
down through dead wood remaining on the alley cannot be placed to the
credit of the player.

Ten innings constitute a game.

The maximum is 150.


THE NEWPORT GAME.

THE PINS ARE SET UP THE SAME AS FOR THE GAME OF AMERICAN TEN PINS.

Three balls (not exceeding 6 inches in size) are allowed in each inning.

Ten frames constitute a game. The object of the game is to bowl down
an exact number of pins from 1 to 10, but not necessarily in routine
order. The player who, in ten innings, scores the least number of
winning innings is the loser. For instance: A bowls down 2, 5, 7, 8 and
10; B bowls down 1, 6, 8 and 9. Here B loses, as A has one more inning
to his credit than B.

Note.--As the larger number of pins are easy to obtain, the superior
skill lies in picking out the small numbers. For this reason the pony
ball is used, and the small numbers are the points of attack from
the start. When the player has bowled down a certain number of pins
corresponding with any score he has made, and his remaining ball
or balls will be of no avail, an (X) is placed under that number,
indicating that the inning goes for naught, as he has already made that
score.

Only one score is allowed to each inning. Players alternate in the use
of alleys.

Balls bounding from the cushions go for naught.


DUCK PIN GAME.

THE PINS ARE SPOTTED THE SAME AS THE AMERICAN GAME OF TEN PINS.

A regulation Duck Pin shall be 9 inches high, 1½ inches in diameter at
the top, 3½ inches in diameter at the body of the pin, and 1⅜ inches
in diameter at the base; shall taper gradually from the bottom to the
largest part of the body, and shall be as near uniform in weight as
possible.

No ball exceeding 4½ inches in diameter can be used in games.

Each player to roll three balls to each frame, and each player to roll
two frames at a time.

A line shall be drawn ten feet beyond the regular foul line, and any
ball delivered beyond the first named line shall be declared foul.

All other rules of the American Bowling Congress govern.


KINSLEY CANDLE PIN.

The Count--Two balls shall be allowed for frame.

Strikes--A strike is credited when a player bowls over the ten pins
with the delivered ball.

Spares--A spare is credited whenever a player clears the alley with the
first and second ball.

Breaks--A break is charged to a player at all times when neither a
strike nor spare is made.

The Ball--The ball shall not exceed 5½ inches in diameter in any
direction, but smaller balls may be used.


A FEW DON’TS.

Don’t try to learn in a day.

Don’t use too much speed at first.

Don’t grip the ball too tight.

Don’t loft the ball.

Don’t play the side ball until you have mastered the centre delivery.

Don’t swing the ball more than once before delivering it.

Don’t start with a jump; walk one and run two steps.

Don’t deliver the ball with the right foot in front.

Don’t step on or over the foul line.

Don’t think you can change the course of the ball after it has left
your hand.

Don’t expect a “strike” every time you hit the head pin.

Don’t blame the pin boys if you get a split. They will spot any pin you
call their attention to.

Don’t throw away a “spare” because you think you were entitled to a
“strike.”

Don’t use any unnecessary motions.

Don’t exert yourself. Take it easy. A slow accurate ball is better than
a swift wild one.

Don’t put your whole thumb in the finger hole. One joint is enough.

Don’t use a large finger hole. Big holes make a ball lop-sided.

Don’t roll a ball down the alley when there is a ball in the pit.

Don’t use a wide grip if you have a small hand, or two narrow for a big
hand.

Don’t use chalk on your shoes. It not only cracks the leather, but
leaves the runway in bad condition for whoever follows you.

Don’t think your wrist is gone if it hurts after bowling a few games.
Change your grip and throw the strain somewhere else.

Don’t bend your back when delivering the ball. With your feet far apart
and knees bent you can start the ball with little or no sound.

Don’t be superstitious--13 is a better start than 12.

Don’t think it necessary to be a Sandow. Many lightweights bowl well.

Don’t get discouraged, you can learn. Any able-bodied person, with
ordinary nerve and a good eye, can become quite expert with little
practice.

Don’t let an alley owner use pins that are worn out.

Don’t think you can sandpaper a ball without injuring it. It takes an
expert mechanic to true up a lignum-vitæ ball.

Don’t lay a lignum-vitæ ball away DRY, if you don’t want it to crack.




GENERAL LAWS, FOR ALL CARD GAMES.


Very few games have their own code of laws, and only one or two of
these have the stamp of any recognised authority. In minor games,
questions are continually arising which could be easily settled if the
players were familiar with a few general principles which are common to
the laws of all games, and which might be considered as the basis of a
general code of card laws. The most important of these principles are
as follows:--

_=Players.=_ It is generally taken for granted that those first in
the room have the preference, but if more than the necessary number
assemble, the selection must be made by cutting. A second cut will then
be required to decide the partnerships, if any, and the positions at
the table, the latter being important only in games in which the deal,
or some given position at the table, is an advantage or the reverse.
The usual method of cutting is to spread the cards face downward on
the table, each player drawing one. In some games the cards are thrown
round by one of the players.

_=Shuffling, Cutting and Dealing.=_ In all games in which the cards are
shuffled at all, each player has the right to shuffle, the dealer last.
In English speaking countries the cards are always cut by the player
on the dealer’s right, who is called the “pone.” In cutting to the
dealer in any game there must be as many cards left in each packet as
will form a trick; or, if the game is not one of tricks, as many cards
as there will be in any player’s hand; four, for instance, at Whist,
and five at Poker. The cards are always distributed to each player in
rotation from left to right, and each must receive the same number of
cards in the same round. In games in which the cards are dealt by two
and threes, for instance, it is illegal to give one player two and
another three in the same round.

_=Misdeals.=_ In all games in which the deal is an advantage, a misdeal
loses the deal; but in all games in which the deal is a disadvantage,
or some position is more advantageous than that of the dealer, such
as the “age” at Poker, a misdeal does not lose the deal. The only
exception to this rule is in Bridge, in which there are no misdeals,
and Cribbage, which has a fixed penalty.

_=Bidding.=_ In all games in which there is any bidding for the
privilege of playing or of making the trump, or any betting on the
value of the hands, the privilege must be extended to each player in
turn, beginning on the dealer’s left. Any bid or any bet once made
can neither be taken back nor amended. If any bid is made out of turn
in any partnership game, it must be assumed that undue information is
conveyed, and the player in error, or his partner, must lose his bid.
In round games there is no penalty.

_=Exposed Cards.=_ No player can exact a penalty for his own error,
so that if an adversary of the dealer exposes one of his own cards he
cannot claim a misdeal, but the dealer’s side may. There should be no
penalty for a player’s having exposed a card unless he can derive some
benefit from the exposure, such as from his partner’s having seen it.
If there is no partner, there should be no penalty, because the player
injures himself only. All exposed cards must be left on the table, and
may be called upon by the adversaries to be led or played.

The same principles apply to _=Leading out of Turn=_. If the player
in error has no partner, or his partner is a dummy, and the lead is
taken back, no harm is done except to the player himself, and there
should be no penalty. If the adversaries fail to observe that the lead
was irregular, they are equally at fault with the player, who must be
assumed to have erred unintentionally. In games in which a lead out of
turn conveys information to a partner, the usual penalty is to call a
suit.

If a player is led into error through a previous error on the part of
an adversary, he should not suffer any penalty for it, but may take
back his card. This is particularly true of following suit to erroneous
leads, or playing after a revoke which is afterward amended.

_=Irregularities in the Hands.=_ In all games in which the player need
not follow suit unless he chooses, such as Seven-up, there should be no
penalty if the player has not his full complement of cards, because he
cannot possibly gain anything by playing with a short hand. But in all
such games as Whist, where the absence of a card in plain suits might
enable a player to trump, a penalty must be enforced for playing with
less than the proper number of cards. In all such games as Poker, it
is only to the player’s own disadvantage to play with too few cards,
provided he is not allowed to call four cards a flush or a straight,
and there should be no objection to his playing with a short hand.
Many good players “squeeze” their cards, and if they find a good pair
in the first two, they put up the ante without looking further. It is
manifestly unfair to bar them out of the pool because the dealer has
given them only four cards, which gives them no possible advantage, but
rather the reverse. This is in accordance with common sense, and is the
law in Cribbage and Piquet.

_=Discrimination.=_ No person should be allowed any advantage over
another which is not compensated for in some way. In Seven-up, for
instance, the non-dealer counts game if it is a tie; an advantage which
is offset by the dealer’s counting Jack if he turns it. In Auction
Pitch the dealer has no such advantage, because no trump is turned, and
therefore the non-dealer cannot count ties for game. It is a common
error among Cassino players to hold that a player cannot build on his
own build, but that his adversary may do so. A player holds two deuces,
an Eight and a Ten, and builds a Six to an Eight. It is claimed that
an adversary may increase this build to ten, but the original builder
may not. This is manifestly unfair, because there is no compensating
advantage to the player that is denied the privilege to justify its
being allowed to his adversary.

_=Benefiting by Errors.=_ No player should be allowed to win a game by
committing a breach of the laws. If a person revokes, for instance,
there is a certain penalty, but in addition to the penalty it is always
stipulated that the revoking player cannot win the game that hand.

_=Double Penalties.=_ No person can be subjected to two penalties for
one offence. If a player leads out of turn, and a suit is called, the
card played in error cannot be also claimed as exposed and liable to
be called. If a player revokes, and his adversary wins ten tricks, the
revoke penalty adds three tricks to the ten already won; but these
thirteen tricks will not entitle the player to score any points for a
slam, because that would be exacting a double penalty; the tricks for
the revoke, and the points for the slam.

_=Intentional Error.=_ In all games it must be assumed that the
player’s intentions are honest, and that any errors that arise are
committed through inadvertence. Some of our law-makers have attempted
so to adjust their codes as to provide against the manœuvres of the
blackleg. This is simply impossible. Laws are made for gentlemen, and
when it is obvious that a player does not belong to that class the
remedy is not to appeal to the laws of the game for protection, but to
decline to play with him.

_=Etiquette.=_ It should be quite unnecessary to legislate against
acts which annoy or do injustice to individuals, but there should be
some provision in the laws of every game which will secure to each
individual equal rights with others in the enjoyment of the game. Some
games are especially selfish; Boston, for instance, in which the four
players originally forming the table may monopolise the game for the
entire evening, without offering newcomers any chance to cut in. All
such games should be limited to a certain number of tournées, at the
conclusion of which fresh candidates should be allowed to cut into the
table.




Technical Terms.

G. stands for German; F. for French.


  Abnehmen or Abheben, G., to cut.

  Abwerfen, G., to discard.

  À cheval, across the line; betting on both sides at once.

  Adversary, (G., Feind). In Mort or Bridge, those who play
  against the Dummy and his partner.

  Affranchir, F., to establish a suit.

  Age, the eldest hand; sometimes erroneously spelt Edge.

  Albany Lead, a lead in Whist, to show four trumps and three of
  each plain suit.

  American Leads, leads that show the number of cards in the
  suit led, at Whist.

  Ames Ace, double aces thrown with dice.

  Anchor Shot, getting the object balls against the cushion and
  astride the line at baulk-line billiards.

  Ante, a bet made before playing, but after seeing the hand.

  Antepenultimate, the lowest but two of a suit.

  Après, the announcement of a refait at Rouge et Noir.

  Arroser, F., to be compelled to play a trump which will not win
  the trick.

  Ask for Trumps, playing an unnecessarily high card, when no
  attempt is made to win the trick.

  Auf die Dörfer gehen, to run for home; to make all your aces
  and kings, instead of leading trumps.

  A. Y. B. Z., the letters used to distinguish the positions of the
  four players at Whist; A-B being partners against Y-Z., and Z.
  having the deal.

  Backgammon. If a player throws off all his men before his
  adversary has thrown off any, and while one or more of the adversary’s
  men are still on the side of the board next the winning
  player, it is a backgammon, or triple game.

  Bath Coup, holding up Ace Jack on a King led by an adversary.

  Battre, F., to shuffle.

  Bedienen, G., to follow suit.

  Bekommen, G., to win.

  Bekennen, G., to follow suit.

  Belle, F., the last game of the rubber.

  Bidding to the Board, means that the points bid for a certain
  privilege are not to be credited to any player, but are simply the
  announcement of the value of an undertaking.

  Biseautes (cartes) F., wedges or strippers.

  Blätter, G., playing cards.

  Blocking a Suit, keeping a high card of it, so that the player
  with a number of smaller cards cannot win tricks with them.

  Blue Peter, the ask for trumps.

  Blind, a bet made before seeing the cards.

  Blinden, G., a widow, an extra hand dealt at any game.

  Board’s the Play, a card once played cannot be taken back.

  Bobtail, a four-card flush or straight, which is accompanied by a
  worthless card.

  Bone-yard, the stock at dominoes.

  Book, the first six tricks taken by either side at Whist which do
  not count toward game.

  Both Ends against the Middle, a system of trimming cards for
  dealing a brace game of Faro.

  Brace Game, a conspiracy between the dealer and the case-keeper
  at Faro, so that cards improperly taken from the dealing
  box shall be properly marked by the case-keeper.

  Break. In Billiards, a succession of counting shots made by
  one player, usually called a “run” in America. In Ten Pins, a
  break is a failure to make either a strike or a spare.

  Break Even, a system of playing Faro, betting each card to win
  or lose an even number of times.

  Brelan, F., three cards of the same denomination.

  Brelan Carré, F., four cards of the same denomination.

  Bringing in a Suit, making tricks in a plain suit after the adverse
  trumps are exhausted.

  Brûler, F., to burn a card.

  Bûche, F., cards that count for nothing, such as the tens and
  court cards in Baccara; equivalent to the G. Ladons, or Fehlkarten.

  Bucking the Tiger, playing against the bank at Faro.

  Bumblepuppy, playing Whist in ignorance or defiance of conventionality.

  Bumper, a rubber of eight points at English Whist.

  Burnt Cards, cards which are turned face upward on the bottom
  of the pack, usually in banking games.

  Calling for Trumps, the ask for trumps.

  Cannon, (Am. carrom,) a count made at billiards by causing
  the cue ball to touch two object balls.

  Capot, F., winning all the tricks.

  Cards, the number of tricks over six at Whist, such as “two by
  cards.” The majority of cards at Cassino.

  Carrer, (se) to straddle the blind. Contre-carrer, to over-straddle.

  Carrom, see cannon.

  Cartes, F., playing cards.

  Carte Blanche, a hand which does not contain K, Q or J.

  Carte Roi, F., the best card remaining of a suit.

  Cases, when three cards of one denomination have been withdrawn
  from the box at Faro, the fourth is a case.

  Case-keeper, a board for recording the cards as they are withdrawn
  from the box at Faro. The word is sometimes applied to
  the person who keeps cases.

  Cat-hop, two cards of the same denomination left in for the last
  turn at Faro.

  Cave, F., the amount a player places in front of him at the
  beginning of play; table stakes.

  Checks, the counters at Poker are checks; at Faro they are chips.

  Chelem, F., a slam.

  Chip Along, to bet a single counter and wait for developments.

  Chouette, à la, taking all the bets.

  Close Cards, those which are not likely to form sequences with
  others, especially at Cribbage.

  Club Stakes, the usual amount bet on any game in the club.

  Cogging Dice, turning one over with the finger after they have
  been fairly thrown.

  Cold Deck, a pack of cards which has been pre-arranged, and is
  surreptitiously exchanged for the one in play.

  Colours, a system of playing Faro according to the colour of the
  first winner or loser in each deal.

  Command, the best card of a suit, usually applied to suits
  which the adversary is trying to establish.

  Couper, F., to cut the cards; also to ruff a suit.

  Couleur, F., a suit of cards, such as hearts or clubs.

  Coup, a master stroke or brilliant play; a single roll of the wheel
  at Roulette, or a deal at Rouge et Noir.

  Compass Whist, arranging players according to the points of the
  compass at Duplicate Whist, and always retaining them in their
  original positions.

  Conventional Play, any method of conveying information, such as
  the trump signal, which is not based on the principles of the game.

  Coppered Bets, bets that have a copper or checker placed upon
  them at Faro, to show that they play the card to lose.

  Court Cards, the K, Q and J; the ace is not a court card.

  Covering, playing a higher card second hand than the one led,
  but not necessarily the best of the suit.

  Créve, F., one who is temporarily out of the game, such as one
  who has overdrawn his hand at Vingt-et-un; as distinguished from
  one who has lost all his money. The latter would be spoken of as
  décavé.

  Crossing the Suit, changing the trump from the suit turned up
  to one of a different colour, especially in Euchre.

  Cross-ruff, two partners alternately trumping a different suit.

  Cul levé, (jouer à) playing one after another, by taking the place
  of the loser. A vulgar expression.

  Cutting, dividing the pack when presented by the dealer; or
  drawing lots for choice of seats and deal.

  Cutting In and Out, deciding by cutting which players shall give
  way to fresh candidates.

  Curse of Scotland, the nine of diamonds.

  Cut Shots, very fine winning hazards.

  Dealing Off, the same dealer dealing again.

  Deck-head, an Irish name for the turned trump at Spoil Five.

  Deadwood, the pins that fall on the alley, in bowling.

  Décavé, F., frozen out; the entire amount of the original stake
  being lost.

  Défausser, se, F., to discard.

  D’emblée, F., on the first deal; before the draw.

  Despatchers, dice which are not properly marked, having two
  faces alike, such as double fives.

  Devil’s bed posts, the four of clubs.

  Discarding, getting rid of a card in plain suits when unable to
  follow suit and unwilling to trump.

  Donne, (avoir la) to have the deal. Donne, the time occupied
  in playing the cards distributed during a deal, but “coup” is the
  term generally used.

  Double Pairs Royal, four cards of the same denomination.

  Doubleton, two cards only of a suit.

  Doubling Up, betting twice the amount of a lost wager.

  Doubtful Card, a card led by the player on your right, which
  your partner may be able to win.

  Draw Shot, any shot which makes the ball return toward the
  cue; in English, a “screw-back.”

  Duffer, one who is not well up in the principles of the game
  he is playing.

  Dummy, the exposed hand in Dummy Whist, Bridge, or Mort.

  Duplicate Whist, a form of Whist in which the same hands are
  played by both sides, and as nearly as possible under the same
  conditions.

  Dutch It, to cross the suit at Euchre.

  Ecarter, F., to discard.

  Echoing, showing the number of trumps held when partner leads
  or calls; in plain suits, showing the number held when a high card
  is led.

  Edge, a corruption of the word “age,” the eldest hand.

  Eldest Hand, the first player to the left of the dealer in all English
  games; to his right in France.

  Encaisser, F., to hand the stakes to the banker.

  Entamer, F., to lead.

  Established Suits, a suit is established when you or your partner
  can take every trick in it, no matter who leads it.

  Étaler, F., to expose a card.

  Exposed Cards, cards played in error, or dropped face upward
  on the table, or held so that the partner can see them.

  Face Cards, K, Q and J.

  Faire les Cartes, F., to shuffle; or to make the majority of cards
  or tricks in a game.

  Fall of the Cards, the order in which they are played.

  False Cards, cards played to deceive the adversary as to the
  true holding in the suit.

  Fattening, discarding counting cards on partner’s tricks.

  Feind, G., an adversary; Gegner is the more common word.

  Figure, F., K, Q or J.

  Fille, F., see Widow.

  Finesse, any attempt to take a trick with a card which is not the
  best of the suit.

  First, Second, or Third Hand, the positions of the players on any
  individual trick.

  Five Fingers, the five of trumps at Spoil Five.

  Flèches, the points upon a backgammon board.

  Fluke, making a count that was not played for.

  Flush, cards of the same suit.

  Flux, F., only one suit in the player’s hand; a flush.

  Force, to compel a player to trump a trick in order to win it.

  Forced Leads, leads which are not desirable, but which are
  forced upon the player to avoid those which are still less advantageous.

  Fordern, G., to lead trumps.

  Fourchette, the two cards immediately above and below the one
  led, such as K J in the second hand on a Q led.

  Four Signal, a method of showing four trumps, without asking
  for them; usually made by playing three small cards, such as 4 6
  2, in that order.

  Fourth-best, the fourth card of a suit, counting from the top. The
  modern substitute for the terms penultimate, and antepenultimate.

  Front Stall, one who makes acquaintances for gamblers to
  fleece.

  Frozen, balls touching at billiards.

  Frozen Out, a player who has lost his original stake, and cannot
  continue in the game.

  Fuzzing, milking the cards instead of shuffling them.

  Gallery, the spectators who are betting on the game.

  Gambling, risking more than one can well afford to lose on any
  game of chance.

  Gambler’s Point, the count for “game” at Seven-up.

  Gammon. When a player throws off all his men before his
  adversary throws off any, it is a gammon, or double game.

  Gathering Shots, getting the balls together again after driving
  them round the table. See Nursing.

  Geben, G., to deal the cards. Sometimes “Vertheilung der
  Karten” is used.

  Gegner, G., the adversary.

  Grand Coup, trumping a trick already won by partner; or playing
  a small trump on a trick which he has already trumped.

  Greek, (grec) a card sharp.

  Guarded Cards, cards which cannot be caught by higher cards
  unless they are led through.

  Hand, the cards dealt to one player; the distribution of the
  cards in any one deal. A “remarkable hand” might be the play
  of an entire deal at Whist, for instance.

  Heading a Trick, playing a better card than any already played
  to the trick, but not necessarily the best in the hand.

  Heeled Bets, bets at Faro which play one card to win and
  another to lose, but do not win or lose double the amount if both
  events come on the same turn.

  Hinterhand, G., the last player on the first trick, (Skat).

  His Heels, the Jack turned up for a starter at Cribbage.

  His Nobs, Jack of the same suit as the starter at Cribbage.

  Hoc, or Hockelty, the last card in the box at Faro.

  Honours, usually the highest cards in the suit, such as A K Q J,
  and sometimes the 10. In Calabrasella the 3 and 2 are honours,
  and in Impérial the lowest card is an honour.

  Horse and Horse, each player having one game to his credit
  when they are playing best two out of three.

  Hustling, inveigling persons into skin games.

  Impair, the odd numbers at Roulette.

  Impasse, F., to finesse.

  Imperfect Fourchette, two cards, one immediately above the
  one led, and the other one remove below it; such as K 10 second
  hand on a Q led.

  Imperfect Pack, one in which there are duplicate cards, missing
  cards, or cards so marked that they can be identified by the backs.

  Indifferent Cards, cards of the same value, so far as trick taking
  is concerned, such as Q and J.

  Inside Straights, sequences which are broken in the middle.

  Intricate Shuffles, butting the two parts of the pack together at
  the ends, and forcing them into each other.

  Invite, F., leading a small card of the long suit.

  Irregular Leads, leads which are not made in accordance with
  the usual custom, as distinguished from forced leads.

  Jack Strippers, two bowers, trimmed to pull out of the pack.

  Jenny, a fine losing hazard, made off an object ball close to
  the cushion, between the side pocket and the baulk.

  Jetons, F., the counters which represent money at any game.

  Jeu, F., derived from jocus, a game. The word is variously
  applied to the game itself; to the player’s expectation of success;
  to his plan of campaign; or to the cards in his hand.

  Jeux de Régle, hands which should be played in a certain way
  on account of their mathematical expectations, (Écarté).

  Keeping Tab, keeping a record of the cards that win and lose
  as they are dealt at Faro.

  King Card, the best card remaining unplayed of the suit.

  King Row, the four squares on the checker board which are
  farthest from the player’s own side.

  Kitty, the percentage taken out of a pool to pay for refreshments,
  or for the expenses of the table.

  Knight Player, one who can give the odds of a Knight to weak
  players, at Chess.

  Last Trick, an expression used to distinguish the last trick
  when all the cards are played from the last when all the cards are
  not played, especially in Bézique and Sixty-six.

  Last Turn, the three cards left in the box at the end of the deal
  at Faro, the order of which may be bet upon.

  Lead, to play the first card in any trick.

  Levée, F., a trick. (Tric, is the odd trick.)

  Liées, F., to play rubbers.

  Limit, the amount by which one player may increase his bet
  over that of another.

  Long Cards, the dregs of a suit which has been led several
  times, and exhausted in the hands of the other players.

  Long Suits, those containing four or more cards, at Whist.

  Lose Out, a card that loses four times in one deal, at Faro.

  Losing Cards, those that would lose tricks if they were led.

  Losing _Hazard_, pocketing the cue ball.

  Losing Trump, one which is not the best, when only one or
  two remain.

  Love-all, nothing scored on either side.

  Lurched, not half way toward game.

  Main, F., with avoir this expression is indefinite, and may
  refer to the deal or the lead. With être, to be in the lead. Dans
  la main, applies to the possibilities of the hand. Placer la main,
  to place the lead.

  Make-up, to get the cards ready for the next deal.

  Make the Pass, to put the two parts of the pack back as they
  were before the cut.

  Maldonne, F., misdeal.

  Manche, F., one game of the rubber.

  Manque, the numbers from 1 to 18 at Roulette. See Passe.

  Marque, F., a score which is kept upon the table by means of
  counters.

  Martingale, any system which controls the amounts wagered on
  a series of events. (See chapter on Chance and Probability.)

  Massé, a shot made with the cue held nearly perpendicular.

  Master Card, the best card remaining of a suit which has been
  played.

  Matsch, G., to win all the tricks, a slam.

  Mechanic, a dealer who can make the cards come any way he
  pleases at Faro.

  Melden, G., to announce, claim, or show any counting combination
  of cards.

  Méler, F., to shuffle.

  Memory Duplicate, playing over the same hands at the same
  table; the players who held the N and S cards getting the E and
  W for the overplay.

  Menage, F., gathering and arranging the cards for the succeeding
  deal when two packs are used.

  Milking, taking a card from the bottom and the top of the pack
  at the same time with the forefinger and thumb.

  Mischen, G., to shuffle.

  Misdeal, any failure to distribute the cards properly.

  Mise, F., the layout, or the original pool.

  Misère Ouverte. There is no such expression as this in French;
  the proper term is Misère sur table. See Boston.

  Mittelhand, G., the second player on the first trick, in Skat.

  Mixed Pair, a lady and gentleman playing as partners.

  Mort, F., the dummy hand at Whist or Bridge.

  Mouth Bets, those made without putting up the money. One
  who fails to pay mouth bets is a welcher.

  Muggins, to take a score which has been overlooked by an adversary,
  especially in Cribbage and Dominoes.

  Natural, anything which wins the stake immediately; 7 or 11 at
  Craps; 21 at Vingt-et-un; 8 or 9 at Baccara.

  Natural Points, those which must be made every deal, such as
  big and little cassino, high, low, etc.

  Navette, F., a cross ruff.

  Neben Farbe, G., plain suits.

  Next, the suit of the same colour as the turned trump at Euchre.
  Diamonds are “next” to hearts.

  Nick, a natural at Craps; 7 or 11 on the first throw.

  Nicknames for Cards: The ♢9 is the curse of Scotland; the ♣4
  is the devil’s bedposts; the ♣A is the Puppy-foot; the Jack of
  trumps at Spoil Five is the Playboy, and the Five of trumps is the
  Five Fingers.

  N. E. S. W., letters used to distinguish the players at Duplicate
  Whist. N always leads, unless otherwise specified.

  Nursing, keeping the balls together at Billiards, as distinguished
  from gathering, which brings them together.

  Odd Trick, the seventh won by the same partners at Whist.

  Open Bets, bets at Faro which play cards to win.

  Openers, cards which entitle a player to open a jack-pot.

  Original Lead, the opening lead of a hand at Whist.

  Pair, F., the even numbers at Roulette. See Impair.

  Pairs, in Duplicate Whist, the partners sitting N and S, or E and
  W. Any two cards of the same denomination.

  Pairs Royal, any three cards of the same denomination.

  Partie, F., a game which requires a number of deals to decide it.

  Pass, to decline any undertaking in a game.

  Passe, F., the numbers from 19 to 36 at Roulette.

  Pat Hands, those which are played without discarding or exchanging
  any of the cards originally dealt.

  Pausirenden, G., one who shares in the fortunes of the game,
  although not actually playing, as the dealer in four-handed Skat.

  Paying in Cards. When the banker and the player’s point is
  equal, the latter is said to “pay in cards.”

  Penultimate, the lowest but one of a suit at Whist.

  Phaser, F., to change the pack.

  Philosopher, a card sharp.

  Piano Hands, hands which run along smoothly at Whist, and
  yield no opportunities for loss or gain.

  Piking, making small bets all over the layout at Faro.

  Playboy, the Jack of trumps at Spoil Five.

  Plain Suits, those which are not trumps.

  Point, F., the suit containing the greatest number of pips.

  Pone, the player on the dealer’s right, who cuts the cards.

  Ponte, F., one who plays against the banker.

  Post Mortems, discussions as to what might have been at
  Whist, sometimes called, “If you hads.”

  Pot, strictly speaking, the amount to be played for when a pool
  has exceeded a certain limit, especially in Spoil Five and Boston.

  Premier en Cartes, F., the first to play.

  Private Conventions, any system of giving information by the
  play which could not be understood by a partner unless explained
  to him.

  Probabilities, the odds in favour of any event.

  Progression, a martingale which increases a bet a certain amount
  every time it is lost, and decreases it every time it is won.

  Proil, or Prial, Pairs Royal.

  Puits, F., only one to go, the whiskey hole.

  Punters, those who play against the banker.

  Puppy-foot, the ace of clubs.

  Quart, the English equivalent of the French word quatrième, a
  sequence of four cards.

  Quart Major, A K Q J of any suit.

  Quatorze, F., four cards of the same denomination.

  Quatrième, F., a sequence of four cards.

  Queue, F., the points added for winning the rubber.

  Quinte, F., a sequence of five cards.

  Quitted. A trick is quitted when the fingers are removed from it
  after it is turned down. In Duplicate, a trick is not quitted until
  all four players have removed their fingers from it. A score is
  quitted when the fingers are removed from the counters, the peg,
  or the pencil.

  Raffles, the same number appearing on all the dice thrown.

  Ranche, leaving the black pin standing alone at Pin Pool.

  Re-entry Cards, cards in other suits which bring in long suits at
  Whist.

  Reizen, G., to draw a person on; to irritate or provoke him to
  bidding more than he should.

  Rejoué, duplicate whist.

  Renege, failure to follow suit, having none. See Revoke.

  Renounce, same as renege.

  Rentrant, F., the player who takes the place of the loser in a
  previous game.

  Renvier, F., to raise the bet, to improve.

  Retourne, F., any card turned on the talon, or for a trump.

  Revoke, failure to follow suit when able to do so, as distinguished
  from a renounce or renege.

  Ring In, to exchange any unfair for fair gambling implements
  during the progress of the game. See Cold Deck.

  Robbing, exchanging a card in the hand for the turn-up trump,
  or discarding several for the trumps remaining in the pack. See
  Cinch and Spoil Five.

  Rooking, hustling, inveigling a person into a game for the purpose
  of cheating him.

  Round, a round is complete when each player has had equal
  advantages with regard to deal, dummy, etc.

  Round Games, those which do not admit of partnerships.

  Rubber, winning two out of three games. F., Robre.

  Rubiconed, lurched, defeated before getting half way.

  Ruffing, trumping a suit.

  Run, a succession of counting shots at Billiards.

  Schnitt, G., a finesse.

  Schneiden, G., to finesse. Schinden is sometimes used.

  Scratch, a fluke, a score which was not played for.

  Screw Shot, a force shot at Billiards.

  Second Dealing, dealing the second card from the top of the
  pack, keeping back the top card until it can be dealt to yourself or
  your partner.

  See Saw, a cross ruff.

  Sequence, three or more cards next in value to one another.
  The word is sometimes used for two cards only.

  Short-card Player, a poker player; usually a sharper also.

  Short Suits, those containing less than four cards.

  Short-stop Billiards. Short-stop players are those who are good
  enough to play in halls hired for the purpose, but who stop short
  of the championship class.

  Shuffling, any method of disarranging the cards so that no trace
  remains of their order during the previous deal or play.

  Sights, the diamonds on the rail of an American billiard table.

  Signalling for Trumps, playing a higher card before a lower in a
  plain suit, when no attempt is made to win the trick.

  Singleton, one card only of any suit.

  Skin Games, those in which a player cannot possibly win.

  Skunked, whitewashed, schwartz, beaten without having been
  able to score a single point.

  Slam, winning all the tricks. Little Slam, winning 12 out of 13
  possible.

  Sleeper, a bet left or placed on a dead card at Faro.

  Sneak, a singleton which is led for the especial purpose of ruffing
  the second round of the suit.

  Snowing the Cards, milking or fuzzing them.

  Soda, the first card at Faro, exposed face upward in the box before
  any bets are made.

  Splits, two cards of the same denomination coming on the same
  turn at Faro.

  Spot Stroke, a series of winning hazards with the red ball at
  English billiards.

  Square Game, one in which the cards are perfectly square, and
  have not been trimmed for wedges, strippers, etc.

  Squeezers, cards with indicators on the edges.

  Stack of Chips, twenty. A “stack of whites” is $5.

  Starter, the cut card at Cribbage.

  Stechen, G., to trump.

  Still Pack, the one not in play when two are used.

  Stock, cards left after the deal is complete, but which are to be
  used in the following play.

  Stool Pigeon, a hustler.

  Straight Whist, playing a hand and immediately shuffling the
  cards for another deal, as distinguished from Duplicate.

  Strength in Trumps, enough to justify a player in passing a
  doubtful trick; usually four or five at least.

  Strengthening Cards, those which are of no practical trick-taking
  value to the leader, but which may be useful to the partner;
  usually restricted to Q J 10 9.

  String Bets, those that take all the odd or all the even cards to
  play one way, win or lose, at Faro.

  Strippers, cards trimmed so that certain ones may be pulled out
  of the pack at will.

  Strohman, G., the dummy at Whist or Bridge.

  Strong Suits, those in which a number of tricks can be made
  after the adverse trumps are out of the way.

  Sub Echo, a trump signal in a plain suit, made after partner has
  led trumps, and the player has not echoed on the trump lead.

  Sub-sneak, a two-card suit which is led for the sole purpose of
  getting a ruff on the third round.

  Sweating Out, winning a game without taking any risks, by
  waiting for the trifling points that fall to your share.

  Systems, any guide that keeps a player from guessing in the
  distribution of his bets; as distinguished from a martingale, which
  controls the amount of the wager itself.

  Table Games, Chess, Checkers, and Backgammon.

  Tables, the ancient name for Backgammon.

  Taille, F., a number of packs shuffled together, which are not to
  be reshuffled or cut until all have been used.

  Talon, the same as Stock.

  Team Playing, requiring every member of a team to play with
  every other an equal number of times, at Whist.

  Tenace. The major tenace is the best and third best cards remaining,
  or unplayed, in any suit, such as A Q. The minor tenace
  is the second and fourth best, such as K J.

  Têtes, Kings, Queens and Jacks.

  Three-card Monte. A game in which three cards are dexterously
  thrown on the table by a gambler, and the victim is induced
  to bet that he can pick out one which has been previously
  named and shown.

  Three-echo, an echo on a trump lead when holding three only.

  Three-on-a-side, a system of playing Faro, in which cards are
  bet to win or lose an odd number of times.

  Tournée, F., see Round.

  Trailing, playing a card which accomplishes nothing.

  Trash, to discard.

  Tric, F., the odd trick at Whist or Mort.

  Tricon, F., three cards of the same denomination.

  Tric-Trac, the European name for Backgammon.

  Trump-showing Leads, a system of private conventionalities in
  leading plain suits at Whist, to show the number of trumps held
  by the leader.

  Unblocking, getting out of your partner’s way when he has
  more cards of the suit than you have.

  Underplay, leading a card which is not the best of a suit, when
  the best would naturally be led; or holding up the best card to let
  another player win the trick.

  Vade, F., the pool to be played for.

  Vergeben, G., misdeal.

  Verleugnen, or Verläugnen, G., to revoke.

  Vivant, F., Dummy’s partner.

  Vole, F., winning all the tricks, a slam.

  Vorhand, G., the eldest hand, at Skat.

  Vorwerfen, G., to play out of turn.

  Weak Trumps, not enough to justify a player in passing a
  doubtful trick.

  Wedges, cards trimmed to taper toward one end, so that if
  certain ones are reversed they can be easily pulled out.

  Welcher, one who makes mouth bets, and afterward fails to pay.

  Whipsawed, losing two different bets on the same turn.

  Whiskey Hole, only one to go.

  Whitewashed, defeated without having scored a point.

  Wide Balls, those which are near the corner of the table, and
  are almost sure to be hit by a ball coming from either cushion.

  Wide Cards, those which are too far apart to be likely to form
  sequences. See Close Cards.

  Widow, any extra hand dealt in any game.

  Wimmeln, G., to bunch the points together; to fatten a trick
  for the partner.

  Wimmelfinte, G., leading a card which is calculated to induce
  the second hand to fatten the trick for his partner.

  Winning Hazards, pocketing the object ball.

  Winning Out, a card that wins four times in the same deal at
  Faro.

  Yarborough, a hand at Whist containing no card higher than
  a Nine; the odds against it are 1827 to 1.

  Younger Hand, the one not the leader in two-handed games.

  Zange, G., a fourchette or tenace.

  Zwickmuhle, G., a cross ruff.


DRIVE WHIST.

There are several methods of playing Drive Whist; the most popular
being to fill as many tables as possible with the players that present
themselves, regardless of any order further than that partners should
sit opposite each other. The players may select their own partners, or
they may be determined by lot, according to the decision of the hostess.

Straight whist is played; the cards being shuffled and cut afresh for
every hand. Each deal is a game in itself.

_=Drawing for Partners.=_ If there is an equal number of ladies
and gentlemen, and the number is less than fifty-two, a sufficient
number of red and black cards should be sorted out, and the ladies
asked to draw from the red, the men from the black; those getting the
same denominations being partners. For instance: 16 couples present
themselves for play. The thirteen Hearts and the A 2 3 of Diamonds
should be put into one hat for the ladies; the thirteen Clubs, and A
2 3 of Spades being put into another for the men. Those drawing the
same denomination of Hearts and Clubs, or of Spades and Diamonds are
partners.

Before play begins, the number of hands which it is proposed to play
should be announced, or a time set for adjournment.

_=Driving.=_ There is no rank attached to the tables, but they should
be arranged in such a manner that players may know which table to go
to next. The partners seat themselves wherever they please, and at the
tap of the bell at the head of the table the deal is cut for, and play
begins. The winners of the majority of the thirteen tricks at each
table go to the next table. Here they may either continue to play as
partners, or may divide, which ever has been the style of play decided
upon by the hostess. When the partnerships have been drawn for, it is
usual to preserve them for the evening.

The losing gentleman at each table has the deal for the next hand.

_=Scoring.=_ Every hand must be played out for all it is worth, both
winners and losers scoring all the tricks they take. If the same
partners play together throughout the evening, one score-card will
do for the couple. If they divide, each individual must have his or
her own score-card. The winners are those who have taken the greatest
number of tricks in the agreed number of hands, or during the time
limit. When partners divide as they drive on, there should be two
prizes, one for ladies, and one for gentlemen.


BID WHIST.

This is a popular game on trains, or wherever it may be necessary to
stop at the end of a deal without finishing the game. Thirteen cards
are dealt to each player, one at a time, but no trump is turned.
Partners sit opposite each other, and the player to the left of the
dealer makes the first bid.

_=BIDDING.=_ The bidding goes round until no one will go any higher.
The eldest hand starts by naming the number of points he will make if
allowed to name the trump and lead to the first trick, but he does not
name the suit he purposes picking out. It is not necessary to lead a
trump.

There are two ways to bid. In some places there are seventeen points
to be played for in each deal; one for each trick of the thirteen and
one for each of the four honours, ace king queen and jack, in the trump
suit. Honours count to the side winning them, and not to the original
holders, so that a player holding the four top honours in any suit
could safely bid eight; four tricks and four honors being a certainty,
but if that was all he made he would lose on the deal, as the other
side would score nine points out of the seventeen.

In other places, it is the rule that the bidder must make the odd
trick or he cannot count honours or anything else. There are then only
eleven points to be played for in each deal; seven odd tricks and four
honours. Any player bidding four would have to win the odd and three
honors, or two odd and two honours, or something to make up his bid.

_=SCORING.=_ No matter how many more than his bid he makes, he can
score it all. If he fails, he is set back the amount of his bid. If his
adversaries win the odd trick or more, they count one point for each
trick over the book in addition to the amount by which they set the
bidder back.

When there are seventeen points in play each deal, it is usual to take
the lower score from the higher and score the difference only, but when
the bidder fails, he is not set back, but simply gets nothing at all,
while his opponents score all they make, without any deductions.


NORWEGIAN WHIST.

_=CARDS.=_ This variety of whist is played with a full pack of
fifty-two cards, which rank from the A K Q down to the deuce. In
cutting, the ace is low.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Four persons cut for partners, the two highest playing
against the two lowest, the lowest cut having the choice of seats and
cards and dealing the first hand.

_=DEALING.=_ The cards shuffled and cut, thirteen are given to each
player, one at a time in rotation to the left. No trump is turned, as
every hand is played without a trump.

_=MISDEALING.=_ In case of any irregularity in the deal, the same
dealer must deal again. The laws governing misdeals are the same as at
whist or bridge.

_=OBJECTS OF THE GAME.=_ The play is for tricks alone, but whether the
players try to win them or to lose them depends on the declaration. In
Grands it is to win; in Nullos, it is to lose.

_=BIDDING.=_ The player to the left of the dealer makes the first bid.
He may offer to play grand or nullo or he may pass. The moment either
grand or nullo is named, the bidding ends. If the first player passes,
the next to the left must declare himself. If all pass without a bid,
the hand is played as a nullo. Any player bidding out of turn loses 20
points, and is barred from bidding on that deal.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ If the game is grand, the player to the _right_
of the bidder leads any card he pleases. If the game is nullo, the
player to the _left_ of the bidder leads. If no bid is made, the player
to the left of the dealer leads. Either partner may take in the tricks
won by his side, keeping them separate, so that they may be easily
counted.

_=SCORING.=_ The game is 50 points. Each trick over the first six
counts four in grands, but in some places only two in nullos. This
must be agreed upon before play. Tricks over the book count for the
bidder’s side in grands, but against him in nullos. If the bidder and
his partner fail to get the odd trick in a grand, his opponents count
double for each trick they win over the book, but in nullos there is no
double value.

_=PENALTIES.=_ In case of a revoke, the side in fault gives three
tricks to its opponents in grands, or receives three if it is a nullo.
The penalty for a lead out of turn is to call a suit.


RUM.

There are several varieties of this game, and quite a number of ways of
playing them, but the standard method, as adopted by the best clubs, is
that here given. The principal divisions of the game are those played
with the single pack, and those played with the double pack and two
jokers.


SINGLE-PACK RUM.

_=CARDS.=_ The full pack of fifty-two cards is used, ranking from the K
Q J down to the ace, the suits having no rank. The ace may also be used
in sequence with the king as the top of a sequence.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Any number from two to six may play, but four or five
makes the best game.

_=CUTTING.=_ The cards are spread and drawn for choice of seats and
first deal. The lowest cut has first choice, the next lowest sitting on
his left and so on round the table.

_=DEALING.=_ When two play, ten cards are given to each. When three
play, seven to each. When four play, six to each. The cards are dealt
one at a time until all are helped and the next card is turned face
up on the table as a starter for the discard pile. The stock is left
beside this card, face down.

_=OBJECT OF THE GAME.=_ The aim of the players is to get rid of the
cards dealt them and those they draw from the stock by laying face
upward on the table any combinations of three of a kind, or three in
sequence and suit.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The player to the left of the dealer begins by
taking into his hand the card that is face up, if it suits him, or the
top card of the stock. If he takes the top of the stock, he puts it
into his hand without showing it. He may then lay out any combination
of three cards that he holds, but he is not obliged to do so. Whether
he lays out anything or not, he must discard a card, face up, to take
the place of the one drawn. This discard is always placed beside the
stock, and of course covers up any card already there.

_=LAYING OUT.=_ After drawing from the stock and before discarding,
a player may lay out any three cards, but no more than three at one
time. Or he may add one card from his hand to any combination already
laid out by another player, but he cannot add more than one card in
this way. He may add a card to a combination laid out by himself if he
wishes to.

_=CALLING OUT.=_ Each player in turn to the left draws, lays out and
discards in this manner until some player gets rid of his last card,
when he calls out, and the game comes to an end. The last card in a
player’s hand may be got rid of by laying it out in combination, or by
discarding it if it is the only card left.

_=SCORING.=_ As soon as any player calls out it is too late for any
other player to lay down any combinations he may hold. Each player in
turn to the left shows his hand and the winner gets credit for the pip
value of his cards, jacks being worth 11, queens 12, kings 13.

It sometimes happens that the stock is exhausted before any player
calls out. In this case the discards are turned face down without
shuffling them and the pile drawn from as if it were the stock.

_=SPLASHES.=_ The game is sometimes played with the condition that
if any player chooses to risk holding his hand until he can lay it
all down at once, or lay down all but the one which he is allowed to
discard, he wins double from each of the others. This prompts a player
with a good hand to hold it up for a round or two on the chance of
getting down a splash, but the player who sees there is no chance for
him should get rid of as many cards as he can before the splash comes,
and in many cases some player will get rid of all his cards in two or
three rounds, and win without a splash.


POKER RUM.

_=CARDS.=_ In this variety of the game, the A K Q J are worth ten
points each, the ace eleven, and the remaining cards their face value.
The ace may be used as the top of a sequence Q K A, or the bottom of A
2 3, but not as part of a round-the-corner, K A 2.

_=DEALING.=_ Ten cards are always given to each player, no matter how
many are in the game. If there are more than three at the table, the
double pack must be used, so as to leave cards enough for the stock.

_=OBJECT OF THE GAME.=_ The aim of the player is to draw cards from the
stock or discard pile until the pip value of the unmatched cards in his
hand amounts to 15 or less. Sequences may run to any length, and four,
five, or six of a kind is in order. The cards in hand that do not fit
any combination of three or more are deadwood, and the object is to
reduce this deadwood to less than fifteen.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ Each player in turn to the left of the dealer
draws a card from the stock or the discard pile and discards one in
its place, face up. No player is allowed to lay down anything until he
can show his whole hand, and then only when his deadwood is fifteen or
less, and he is not obliged to lay down even then if he prefers to wait
until he can reduce his deadwood still further.

_=THE SHOW-DOWN.=_ As soon as any player can show down his hand, the
game is at an end. He lays out his combinations and pushes them aside.
Then he announces the pip value of his deadwood, after discarding a
card in place of the one drawn. Suppose he draws the seven of hearts,
and lays down the 6 7 8 9 of that suit; J Q K of clubs; discards the
king of spades and leaves two deuces and a five for his deadwood. That
is nine points.

Each of the other players in turn to the left then lays down his hand
and pushes aside all combinations held. If the pip value of his
deadwood is more than that of the player calling for the show-down, he
pays the difference. If any player has less than the caller, then he is
the winner, and each one at the table pays him, the caller paying him
double as a penalty. In case of ties for low, they divide the losses of
the others.


POKER GIN.

This is a variety of poker rum in which the deadwood must not exceed
ten points and each player is allowed not only to put aside his own
combinations after the call for a show-down comes, but may add any of
his odd cards to the combinations laid out by the one who calls for a
show-down.

Suppose that in the example given for poker rum, the caller showing 6 7
8 9 of hearts, J Q K of clubs, and nine in his deadwood, another player
has in his ten cards the 7 8 9 of diamonds; 6 7 8 of spades, two fours
and the tens of clubs and hearts.

When the show-down is called for, he has twenty-eight points in his
deadwood; but by adding his club ten to the caller’s sequence of J Q K,
and the heart ten to the caller’s 6 7 8 9 in that suit, he reduces his
deadwood to eight points, the pair of fours, and beats the caller out
by a point.

_=PENALTIES.=_ If any player turns out to have less in his deadwood
than the caller, as in the example just given, the caller forfeits
ten points to him, in addition to having to pay for the difference.
Should a player call for a show-down when he has more than ten in his
deadwood, he loses five points to each of the others at the table and
takes up his cards again.


DOUBLE-PACK RUM.

_=CARDS.=_ This game is always played with two full packs of fifty-two
cards each and two jokers, all shuffled together and used as one. The
ace may be high or low in sequences.

_=DEALING.=_ Ten cards are given to each player, one at a time, and the
next card is turned up and laid beside the stock to start the discard
pile.

_=LAYING OUT.=_ Sequences in suit may run to any length, and any number
of cards or combinations may be laid out at one time. Five, six or
seven of a kind may be shown, and four of a kind may be of any suits.
There is no obligation to lay out anything, but the player who lays out
can do so only in his proper turn, after drawing a card. He may add
as many cards as he pleases to any combinations already on the table,
either of his own or other players.

_=THE JOKERS.=_ These two cards have peculiar privileges. A joker may
be called anything the holder pleases. If it is used as the interior of
a sequence, such as _6_ joker 8 of hearts, it must remain there, but
if it is placed at the end of a sequence, any player has the right to
remove it to the other end, placing it crossways, to show that it has
been moved, provided he can put a card in its place, or add one to the
sequence below the joker. A joker once moved cannot be moved again.

Suppose some player has laid out the 6 7 joker of clubs. The joker
stands for the 8 of clubs. Another player holding the actual 8 of clubs
could move the joker to the position of the 5 and add his 8. Or if he
had the 4 of clubs, he could move the joker to represent the 5 and add
his 4 to the sequence, or he might add both 8 and 4 if he held those
cards.

On account of the privilege of laying out as many cards at a time as
the player pleases, and adding as many as he can to other combinations,
this is a much livelier game than the ordinary single-pack rum. The
settling is the same, the winner getting the pip value of each player’s
hand. In case no one has all his cards down before the stock is
exhausted, which is very unusual, however, the discards are turned face
down and drawn from again.


CANFIELD.

This form of solitaire is often confused with Klondike, but there is a
marked difference both in the layout and the play.

The full pack of fifty-two cards is used. After it has been thoroughly
shuffled and properly cut, thirteen cards are counted off, face down,
and placed at the player’s left, face up. This is the stock. The
fourteenth card is then turned face up and is the foundation for that
deal. Let us suppose it is a seven. It is placed by itself, furthest
from the player, waiting for the three other sevens to appear to form
three other foundations, each in a different suit.

Four cards are then dealt off from left to right, face up, for the
layout. Holding the remaining thirty-four cards in the left hand, face
down, the player counts off three at a time and turns them face up on
the table, but so that the top card only is seen. If this card can be
used, the card under it is available. If not, the three are left on the
table and three more turned up in the same way.

Let us suppose this is the appearance of the table:

[Illustration:

  The Foundation:-- 🂷

  The Stock:-- 🃔

  The Layout:-- 🃖 🃁 🂢 🂹

  The top card of the three:-- 🃅
]

The player can make several changes at once. The five of diamonds will
go on the club six, the club four on the five, the ace of diamonds on
the deuce of spades, leaving a space which must be filled from the top
of the stock, using the card that was under the four of clubs. Another
card is exposed and available under the five of diamonds.

Cards built on the foundations must be in the same suit, and build
upward, nothing but eights being available on the sevens. On the
layout, sequences are built down, and must change colour each time.
Any time that there is a space in the four columns of the layout, the
top card of the stock may be used to fill the space, but the stock
itself must never be added to. If there are only two cards in any of
the four columns of the layout at any time, and the top one can be used
on another pile, it may be taken for that purpose. Suppose the nine of
hearts were built on down to a black six, the five of diamonds could be
removed to that pile to release the six of clubs.

After running through the entire pack, three cards at a time, the
cards that have not been used in the process, and which are lying on
the table face up, are taken up again and turned face down, without
shuffling them, and run through again, three at a time. As long as any
card can be used it must alter the run of the cards that will turn up
in threes after that, and the player may continue to go through the
pack in this way until he is stopped by being unable to use any card
that shows at the top of the three he turns up.

The betting is against the player getting eleven cards in his
foundation piles. If the pack is purchased for $52, he gets $5 for
every card in his foundations. It is almost impossible to get out the
whole fifty-two for $260, but it is done occasionally.


I DOUBT IT.

This is a good round game, any number taking part. The full pack of
fifty-two cards is dealt round, one card at a time as far as it will
go equally, the remainder being left in the centre of the table, face
down. Any one can deal.

The player to the left of the dealer starts the game by taking from
his hand any three cards he pleases and laying them on the table in
front of him face down. He then announces, “These are three jacks,” or
anything he likes to call them, there being no obligation to tell the
truth about it, so the cards might actually be a six four and a deuce.

Each player in turn to the left can doubt the statement that the cards
are three jacks, or he can pass. If any player in his proper turn
says, “I doubt it,” the three cards are at once turned face up. If the
statement is not correct, the three cards are at once taken back into
the player’s hand, together with all the cards lying face down in the
centre of the table at the time. Should the statement turn out to be
true, the player who doubted it must take the three jacks and all the
cards on the table.

That settled, the next player to the left lays out three cards and
announces that they are three of a kind of something or other, each
player to the left passing or doubting it. If no one questions the
correctness of a statement, no explanation is given by the player who
laid out the cards. He simply pushes them to the centre of the table
with the others, face down. If he shows them, or any one of them, as
some may do in a spirit of bravado, he must take all three back into
his hand and all on the table with them. The object of doubting is
simply to prevent a player from getting rid of three cards, but toward
the end of the game one must be careful, as triplets are gradually
gathered for that stage.

If any player has less than three cards in his hand when it comes to
his turn to lay down, he must draw from the table, face down, enough to
make three. He may look at what he draws before announcing. If there
are no cards on the table, he must pass his turn.

The first to get rid of all his cards gets a chip from each of the
others for each card they hold.


JASS.

This is popularly supposed to be the progenitor of the American game of
pinochle, and is still very popular in Switzerland.

_=CARDS.=_ Jass is played with the thirty-six card pack, the 5 4 3 2 of
each suit being thrown out. The cards rank from the A K Q down to the
6, both in cutting and in play. The cards have a pip value in scoring,
aces 11, tens 10, kings 4, queens 3 and jacks 2. In the trump suit, the
jack is the highest card, and is worth 20 points instead of 2. The nine
of trumps comes next, being worth 14 points, and is called “Nell.” The
remaining trumps rank as in plain suits.

The jack of trumps has the special privilege of being allowed to
renege, even when the holder of the jack can follow suit.

_=MARKERS.=_ The score is usually kept on a slate.

_=PLAYERS.=_ Any number from two to four can take part, but each is
always for himself. The rules for two-hand differ slightly from those
for three or four. (See Two-hand Jass.)

_=CUTTING.=_ The first deal is cut for, high wins. The cards rank as in
plain suit, and ties cut again, to decide the tie.

_=DEALING.=_ When the pack is cut, at least four cards must be left
in each packet. (In Switzerland they cut to the left and deal to the
right; but in America this is not necessary.) The cards are dealt three
at a time for three rounds, so that each player receives nine cards.
When four play, the last card must be turned up for the trump. When
three play, the twenty-eighth card is the trump.

_=OBJECT OF THE GAME.=_ The play is to win tricks with cards of pip
value in them, especially aces and tens, called game points, and also
to meld certain combinations of cards that are found in the player’s
hand.

When three play, the dealer may exchange his nine cards for the nine
that are left on the table, but he must surrender the turned up trump
among those nine cards to any player that holds the six. If the dealer
does not wish to exchange, each player in turn to the left may do so.
In making the exchange, no card of the nine originally dealt to the
player may be kept, not even the six of trumps.

The pip value of the cards won in tricks count for the player at the
end of the hand. The following values are for the melds:

  Four jacks are worth                    200
  Four aces, kings, queens, or tens       100
  Five cards of any suit in sequence      100
  Four cards of any suit in sequence       50
  Three cards of any suit in sequence      20
  King and queen of trumps                 20

The melds are made after the player has played his card to the first
trick, whether he wins that trick or not, but the melds are not
credited to him on the slate unless he wins at least one trick during
the play of the hand.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ When four play it is sometimes permissible for
one to pass out, each in turn to the left having the right. The first
thing is for the holder of the six of trumps to exchange it for the
turned-up trump. The player to the left of the dealer then leads any
card he pleases, and each player in turn must follow suit and must head
the trick if he can; by trumping if he has none of the suit led. As
soon as a card is played, the player makes his meld, announcing its pip
value. The winner of the last trick scores five points for it.

_=SCORING.=_ Sometimes 1,000 points is a game, as in pinochle, and
the first player to call out wins if he is correct; if not he loses.
Sometimes in three or four-hand, it is agreed to play some number of
deals divisible by four, usually 12 or 16. These are indicated by cross
marks on the slate, each arm representing a deal. The two players with
the higher scores at the end of the hand each rub off a mark and the
one who is first to rub off all his marks is the winner, or the last to
wipe off is stuck, according to agreement. Any one failing to get as
many as 21 points in meld and play is set back a mark.


TWO-HAND JASS.

When only two play, the game closely resembles American pinochle,
the winner of each trick drawing a card from the top of the stock,
the loser drawing the next one. All melds are made immediately after
winning a trick and before drawing from the stock, only one meld at
a time being allowed. It is not necessary to follow suit to anything
until the stock is exhausted, after which all melds cease and the
second player to each trick must win it if he can, but the jack of
trumps still has the privilege of renouncing if a plain suit is led.


PATIENCE POKER

As its name implies, this is a form of solitaire, but it may be managed
so as to provide a pleasing competition for any number of players. Both
forms of the game will be described, the solitaire first.

_=CARDS.=_ The full pack of fifty-two cards is shuffled and cut.
Keeping it face down in the left hand, the top card is turned up and
laid upon the table. The next card is turned up and laid in such a
position that it touches the first one, either on one of its four
edges, or one of its four corners. The third card must touch one or
other of the two already on the table in the same manner, and so on
until twenty-five cards have been drawn and placed, but the twenty-five
must be so arranged as to form a square of five cards each way.

As no card can be moved from its original position, as soon as there
are cards enough in either direction, up and down, or from left to
right, to make a row of five, no more cards can be laid beyond that
point, as it would transgress the limits of the square.

_=OBJECT OF THE GAME.=_ The aim of the player is to place each card as
it comes from the top of the pack in the most advantageous position for
combining with other cards, either already there or hoped for, so that
each row of five cards, up and down, or right to left, shall be a poker
hand of some value.

_=VALUE OF THE HANDS.=_ The various hands possible in poker are given
a counting value, supposed to be in proportion to the difficulty of
getting them. There are three systems of counting in common use, the
English differing slightly from the American, both in value and in
rank. The various scoring values are here given:

  One pair             2       1       1
  Two pairs            5       2       3
  Triplets            10       7       6
  Straights           15       9      12
  Flushes             20       5       5
  Full hands          25      12      10
  Four of a kind      50      20      16
  Straight flush      75      30      30
  Royal flush        100      50      30

The first column given is the American system of counting by fives,
after one pair, retaining the regular poker rank of the hands. The
second column is the American system that puts the straight next to the
full hand, and the flush between two pairs and a triplet. The third
column is the English system, which ranks the straight above the full
hand.

As no person has as yet come forward with any figures to show which
combination is easier to get in patience poker, nor the proportion of
one hand to the other, these figures are all guess work; and players
may adopt any values they please.

As soon as the tableau is complete, with five rows of five cards each,
the value of each of the ten hands the tableau contains is found and
the total put down. The object of the solitaire player usually is to
see how many tableaus he needs to reach a grand total of 500 points.

_=SUGGESTIONS FOR GOOD PLAY.=_ Experience has shown that it pays to
keep certain classes of hand in one section, either left to right or up
and down. Many players put all the flushes in the vertical columns, and
build the pairs, triplets and fours from right to left. Straights are
uncertain quantities unless they are flush also and are seldom played
for.

Each card has a double value, and it may help to make up two hands of
high scoring power, if well placed. The highest possible point value
for a tableau would probably be five hands of four of a kind and five
straight flushes, four of which would be royal, like this:

[Illustration:

  🂱 🃑 🃁 🂡 🃉
  🂾 🃞 🃎 🂮 🃈
  🂽 🃝 🃍 🂭 🃇
  🂻 🃛 🃋 🂫 🃆
  🂺 🃚 🃊 🂪 🃅
]

The odds against the cards coming from the stock in such order as to
make a tableau like this possible would be enormous, but there are
many sets of twenty-five cards that can be rearranged so as to make a
much higher count than that actually arrived at in the solitaire. The
player’s skill consists in anticipating the possibilities that certain
cards will be drawn and in so arranging his table that if the hoped for
card comes out, the most advantageous place will be found open for it.

_=TWO OR MORE PLAYERS.=_ Any number can play this game, the only
limitation being the number of packs available and space enough on the
table for each one to lay out his own tableau. One player is selected
as the “caller” and he shuffles his pack and presents it to be cut.
In the meantime each of the others sorts his individual pack into
sequence and suit, so as to be able to pick out any named card without
unnecessary delay.

_=METHOD OF PLAYING.=_ The caller starts by taking off his top card and
placing it face up on the table, at the same time announcing aloud its
suit and rank, as “Seven of clubs.” This makes it unnecessary for the
others to watch the cards the caller draws.

Each player picks out his seven of clubs and places it on the table in
front of him, face up, as a starter for his tableau. Suppose the next
card called is the ten of diamonds. As each player can place that card
in any one of eight different positions with regard to the seven of
clubs, and the next card after that in any one of a dozen positions, it
must be evident that although the twenty-five cards called will be the
same for every tableau, the resulting poker combinations may be vastly
different.

_=SCORING.=_ Each player is credited with the value of his tableau, and
then the duty of being caller passes to the left. The game is at an end
when an agreed number of deals have been played, or at the expiration
of a specified time, the highest total score being the winner.


SOLITAIRE CRIBBAGE.

This game may be played by one person or by several, two to four making
an interesting game, either as partners or each for himself.

The individual player takes a full pack of fifty-two cards, shuffles
and cuts, and deals off three for himself, two for his crib, and then
three more for himself. Taking up the six, he sorts them and discards
for the crib, just as if the two cards already there had been laid off
by an opponent. The pack is then cut for the starter.

There is no play, and the hand is turned up and counted, scoring it
on a regular cribbage board. The crib is then counted and scored.
Leaving the starter still face up on the top of the pack, the eight
cards in hand and crib are thrown aside. For the next deal, the player
gives himself three cards from the top of the pack, one of which was
the starter on the last deal, then two for the crib and three more
for himself, discarding for the crib, cutting a starter, counting and
scoring hand and crib as before.

This is continued until only four cards are left, one of them being the
starter for the last deal. Turn up these four cards and count them as a
hand.

The game is usually 91 points, and the object of the solitaire player
is to see if he can reach the game hole without going through the pack
more than once. If he does not reach with six hands and cribs, each
with a starter, and one hand of four cards without a starter, he has
failed to get the solitaire.

_=WHEN TWO OR MORE PLAY.=_ The object is now to see which player or
partnership can get the greatest number of points in going through the
pack once, each playing his own solitaire with his individual pack, but
keeping level with his opponents in the matter of hands and deals.

It is usual for each to cut the starter for the other and then to
verify the count of the other’s hands and cribs. If one reaches 91
before the other gets round past 60, it is reckoned as a double game.
If neither side reaches 91 before the pack runs out, the player that
comes nearer to it wins. When two play against two as partners, each
takes an adversary and plays against him individually, the scores being
balanced at the end by adding those of the partners together.