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                           IGNORANT ESSAYS.




                         _IGNORANT_

                                 _ESSAYS._

                    [Illustration: text decoration]

                                LONDON:

                           WARD AND DOWNEY,

                 12, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C.

                                 1887.

                       [_All Rights Reserved._]

                        RICHARD CLAY AND SONS,

                          LONDON AND BUNGAY.




CONTENTS.


                                PAGE

THE ONLY REAL GHOST IN FICTION     1

THE BEST TWO BOOKS                30

LIES OF FABLE AND ALLEGORY        55

MY COPY OF KEATS                  83

DECAY OF THE SUBLIME             117

A BORROWED POET                  132

THE ENGLISH OPIUM-EATER          160

A GUIDE TO IGNORANCE             175





IGNORANT ESSAYS.




THE ONLY REAL GHOST IN FICTION.


My most ingenious friend met me one day, and asked me whether I
considered I should be richer if I had the ghost of sixpence or if I had
not the ghost of sixpence.

“What side do you take?” I inquired, for I knew his disputatious turn.

“I am ready to take either,” he answered; “but I give preference to the
ghost.”

“What!” I said. “Give preference to the ghost!”

“Yes. You see, if I haven’t the ghost of sixpence I have nothing at
all; but if I have the ghost of a sixpence----”

“Well?”

“Well, I am the richer by having the ghost of a sixpence.”

“And do you think when you add one more delusion to those under which
you already labour”--he and I could never agree about the difference
between infinity and zero--“that you will be the better off?”

“I have not admitted a ghost is a delusion; and even if I had I am not
prepared to grant that a delusion may not be a source of wealth. Look at
the South Sea Bubble.”

I was willing, so there and then we fell to and were at the question--or
rather, the questions to which it led--for hours, until we finally
emerged upon the crystallization of cast-iron, the possibility of a
Napoleonic restoration, or some other kindred matter. How we wandered
about and writhed in that talk I can no more remember than I can recall
the first articulate words that fell into my life. I know we handled
ghosts (it was broad day and in a public street) with a freedom and
familiarity that must have been painful to spirits of refinement and
reserve. I know we said much about dreams, and compared the phantoms of
the open lids with the phantoms of the closed eyes, and pitted them one
against another like cocks in a main, and I remember that the case of
the dreamer in Boswell’s Johnson came up between us. The case in Boswell
submitted to Johnson as an argument in favour of a man’s reason being
more acute in sleep than in waking, showed the phantom antagonistic able
to floor the dreamer in his proper person. Johnson laughed at such a
delusion, for, he pointed out, only the dreamer was besotted with sleep
he would have perceived that he himself had furnished the confounding
arguments to the shadowy disputant. That is very good, and seems quite
conclusive as far as it goes; but is there nothing beyond what Johnson
saw? Was there no ghostly prompter in the scene? No _suggeritore_
invisible and inaudible to the dreamer, who put words and notes into the
mouth of the opponent? No thinner shade than the spectral being visible
in the dream? If in our waking hours we are subject to phantoms which
sometimes can be seen and sometimes cannot, why not in our sleeping
hours also? Are all ghosts of like grossness, or do some exist so fine
as to be beyond our carnal apprehension, and within the ken only of the
people of our sleep? If we ponderable mortals are haunted, who can say
that our insubstantial midnight visitors may not know wraiths finer and
subtler than we, may not be haunted as we are? In physical life
parasites have parasites. Why in phantom life should not ghosts have
ghosts?

The firm, familiar earth--our earth of this time, the earth upon which
we each of us stand at this moment--is thickly peopled with living
tangible folk who can eat, and drink, and talk, and sing, and walk, and
draw cheques, and perform a number of other useful, and hateful, and
amusing actions. In the course of a day a man meets, let us say, forty
people, with whom he exchanges speech. If a man is a busy dreamer, with
how many people in the course of one night does he exchange speech? Ten,
a hundred, a thousand? In the dreaming of one minute by the clock a man
may converse with half the children of Adam since the Fall! The command
of the greatest general alive would not furnish sentries and vedettes
for the army of spirits that might visit one man in the interval between
one beat of the pendulum of Big Ben and another!

Shortly after that talk with my friend about the ghost of the sixpence,
I was walking alone through one of the narrow lanes in the tangle of
ways between Holborn and Fleet Street, when my eye was caught by the
staring white word “Dreams” on a black ground. The word is, so to speak,
printed in white on the black cover of a paper-bound book, and under the
word “Dreams” are three faces, also printed in white on a black ground.
Two of the faces are those of women: one of a young woman, purporting to
be beautiful, with a star close to her forehead, and the other of a
witch with the long hair and disordered eyes becoming to a person of her
occupation. I dare say these two women are capable not only of
justification, but of the simplest explanation. For all I know to the
contrary, the composition may be taken wholly, or in part, from a
well-known picture, or perhaps some canon of ghostly lore would be
violated if any other design appeared on the cover. About such matters I
know absolutely nothing. The word “Dreams” and the two female faces are
now much less prominent than when I saw the book first, for, Goth that I
am, long ago I dipped a brush in ink and ran a thin wash over the
letters and the two faces; as they were, to use artist’s phrases, in
front of the third face, and killing it.

The third face is that of a man, a young man clean shaven and handsome,
with no ghastliness or look of austerity. His arms are resting on a
ledge, and extend from one side of the picture to the other. The left
arm lies partly under the right, and the left hand is clenched softly
and retired in half shadow. The right arm rises slightly as it crosses
the picture, and the right wrist and hand ride on the left. The fore and
middle fingers are apart, and point forward and a little downward,
following the sleeve of the other arm. The third finger droops still
more downward, and the little finger, with a ring on it, lies directly
perpendicular along the cuff of the sleeve beneath. The hand is not well
drawn, and yet there is some weird suggestiveness in the purposeless
dispersion of the fingers.

Fortunately upon my coming across the book, the original cost of which
was one shilling, I had more than the ghost of a sixpence, and for
two-thirds of that sum the book became mine. It is the only art purchase
I ever made on the spur of the moment; I knew nothing of the book then,
and know little of it now. It says it is the cut-down edition of a much
larger work, and what I have read of it is foolish. The worst of the
book is that it does not afford subject for a laugh. Thomas Carlyle is
reported to have said in conversation respecting one of George Eliot’s
latest stories that “it was not amusing, and it was not instructive; it
was only dull--dull.” This book of dreams is only dull. However, there
are some points in it that may be referred to, as this is an idle time.

“To dream you see an angel or angels is very good, and to dream that you
yourself are one is much better.” The noteworthy thing in connection
with this passage being that nothing is said of the complexion of the
angel or angels! Black or white it is all the same. You have only to
dream of them and be happy. “To dream that you play upon bagpipes,
signifies trouble, contention, and being overthrown at law.” Doubtless
from the certainty, in civilised parts, of being prosecuted by your
neighbours as a public nuisance. I would give a trifle to know a man who
did dream that he played upon the bagpipes. Of course, it is quite
possible he might be an amiable man in other ways.

“To dream you have a beard long, thick, and unhandsome is of a good
signification to an orator, or an ambassador, lawyer, philosopher or any
who desires to speak well or to learn arts and sciences.” That
“ambassador” gleams like a jewel among the other homely folk. I remember
once seeing a newspaper contents-bill after a dreadful accident with the
words “Death of fifty-seven people and a peer.” “To dream that you have
a brow of brass, copper, marble, or iron signifies irreconcilable hatred
against your enemies.” The man capable of such a dream I should like to
see--but through bars of metal made from his own sleep-zoned forehead.
“If any one dreams that he hath encountered a cat or killed one, he will
commit a thief to prison and prosecute him to the death; for the cat
signifies a common thief.” Mercy on us! Does the magistrate who commits
usually prosecute, and is thieving a hanging matter now? This is
necromancy or nothing; prophecy, inspiration, or something out of the
common indeed.

“To dream one plays or sees another play on a clavicord, shows the death
of relations, or funeral obsequies.” I now say with feelings of the most
profound gratitude that I never to my knowledge even saw a clavicord. I
do not know what the beastly, ill-omened contrivance is like. The most
recondite musical instrument I ever remember to have performed on is the
Jew’s harp; and although there seems to be something weak, uncandid and
treacherous in the spelling of “clavicord,” I presume the two are not
identical. In any case I am safe, for I have never dreamed of playing
even on the Jew’s harp. Here however is a cheerful promise from a
painful experience--one wants something encouraging after that
terrifying “clavicord.” “For a man to dream that his flesh is full of
corns, shows that a man will grow rich proportionately to his corns.” I
can breathe freely once more, having got away from outlandish musical
instruments and within the influence of the familiar horn.

As might be expected, it is not useful to dream about the devil. Let
sleeping dogs lie. “To dream of eating human flesh” is also a bad way of
spending the hours of darkness. It is lucky to dream you are a fool. You
see, even in sleep, the virtue of candour brings reward. “To dream that
you lose your keys signifies anger.” And very naturally too. “To dream
you kill your father is a bad sign.” I had made up my mind not to go
beyond the parricide, but I am lured on to quote this, “To dream of
eating mallows, signifies exemption from trouble and dispatch of
business, because this herb renders the body soluble.” I will not say
that Nebuchadnezzar may not at one time have eaten mallows among other
unusual herbs, but I never did. That however is not where the wonder
creeps in. It is at the reason. If you eat mallows you will have no
trouble _because_ this herb renders the body _soluble_. Why is it good
to render the body soluble, and what is the body soluble in? One more
and I am done. “To dream one plays, or sees another play, upon the
virginals, signifies the death of relations, or funeral obsequies.” From
bagpipes, clavicords, and virginals, we hope we may be protected. And
yet if these are the only instruments banned, a person having an
extensive acquaintance with wind and string instruments of the orchestra
may be musical in slumber without harm to himself or threat to his
friends.

In the interpretation of dreams Artemidorus was the most learned man
that ever lived. He gave the best part of his life to collecting matter
about dreams, and this he afterwards put together in five books. He
might better have spent his time in bottling shadows of the moon.

It was however for the face of the man on the cover that I bought and
have kept the book. The face is that of a man between thirty and
thirty-five years of age. It is regular and handsome. The forehead leans
slightly forward, and the lower part of the face is therefore a little
foreshortened. It is looking straight out of the picture; the shadows
fall on the left of the face, on the right as it fronts you. The nose is
as long and broad-backed as the nose of the Antinous. The mouth is large
and firm and well-shaping with lips neither thick nor thin. The interval
between the nostrils and verge of the upper lip is short. The chin is
gently pointed and prominent. The outline of the jaws square. The
modelling of the left cheek is defectively emphasised at the line from
above the hollow of the nostrils downward and backward. The brows are
straight, the left one being slightly more arched than the right. The
forehead is low, broad, compact, hard, with clear lines. The lower line
of the temples projects beyond the perpendicular. The hair is thick and
wavy and divided at the left side, depressed rather than divided, for
the parting is visible no further up the head than a splay letter V.

The eyes are wide open, and notwithstanding the obtuse angle made by the
facial line in the forward pose of the head, they are looking out level
with their own height upon the horizon. There is no curiosity or
speculation in the eyes. There is no wonder or doubt; no fear or joy.
The gaze is heavy. There is a faint smile, the faintest smile the human
face is capable of displaying, about the mouth. There is no light in the
eyes. The expression of the whole face is infinitely removed from
sinister. In it there is kindliness with a touch of wisdom and pity. It
asks no question; desires to say no word. It is the face of one who
beyond all doubt knows things we do not know, things which can scarcely
be shaped into words, things we are in ignorance of. It is not the face
of a charlatan, a seer, or a prophet.

It is the face of a man once ardent and hopeful, to whom everything that
is to be known has lately been revealed, and who has come away from the
revelation with feelings of unassuageable regret and sorrow for Man. It
says with terrible calmness, “I have seen all, and there is nothing in
it. For your own sakes let me be mute. Live you your lives. _Miserere
nobis!_”

My belief is that the extraordinary expression of that face is an
accident, a happy chance, a result that the artist never foresaw. Who
drew the cover I cannot tell. No initials appear on it and I have never
made inquiries. Remember that in pictures and poems (I know nothing of
music), what is a miracle to you, has in most cases been a miracle to
the painter or poet also. Any poet can explain how he makes a poem, but
no poet can explain how he makes poetry. He is simply writing a poem and
the poetry glides or rushes in. When it comes he is as much astonished
by it as you are. The poem may cost him infinite trouble, the poetry he
gets as a free gift. He begins a poem to prepare himself for the
reception of poetry or to induce its flow. His poem is only a
lightning-rod to attract a fluid over which he has no control before it
comes to him. There may be a poetic art, such as verse-making, but to
talk about the art of poetry is to talk nonsense. It is men of genteel
intellects who speak of the art of poetry. The man who wrote the _Art of
Poetry_ knew better than to credit the possible existence of any such
art. He himself says the poet is born, not made.

I am very bad at dates, but I think Le Fanu wrote _Green Tea_ before a
whole community of Canadian nuns were thrown into the most horrible
state of nervous misery by excessive indulgence in that drug. Of all the
horrible tales that are not revolting, _Green Tea_ is I think the most
horrible. The bare statement that an estimable and pious man is haunted
by the ghost of a monkey is at the first blush funny. But if you have
not read the story read it, and see how little of fun is in it. The
horror of the tale lies in the fact that this apparition of a monkey is
the only _probable_ ghost in fiction. I have not the book by me as I
write, and I cannot recall the victim’s name, but he is a clergyman,
and, as far as we know to the contrary, a saint. There is no reason _on
earth_ why he should be pursued by this malignant spectre. He has
committed no crime, no sin even. He labours with all the sincerity of a
holy man to regain his health and exorcise his foe. He is as crimeless
as you or I and infinitely more faultless. He has not deserved his fate,
yet he is driven in the end to cut his throat, and you excuse _that_
crime by saying he is mad.

I do not think any additional force is gained in the course of this
unique story by the importation of malignant irreverence to Christianity
in the latter manifestations of the ape. I think the apparition is at
its best and most terrible when it is simply an indifferent pagan,
before it assumes the _rôle_ of antichrist. This ape is at his best as a
mind-destroyer when the clergyman, going down the avenue in the
twilight, raised his eyes and finds the awful presence preceding him
along the top of the wall. There the clergyman reaches the acme of
piteous, unsupportable horror. In the pulpit with the brute, the priest
is fighting against the devil. In the avenue he has not the
strengthening or consoling reflection that he is defending a cause,
struggling against hell. The instant motive enters into the story the
situation ceases to be dramatic and becomes merely theatrical. Every
“converted” tinker will tell you stirring stories of his wrestling with
Satan, forgetting that it takes two to fight, and what a loathsome
creature he himself is. But the conflict between a good man and the
unnecessary apparition of this ape is pathetic, horribly pathetic, and
full of the dramatic despair of the finest tragedy.

It is desirable at this point to focus some scattered words that have
been set down above. The reason this apparition of the ape appears
probable is _because_ it is unnecessary. Any one can understand why
Macbeth should see that awful vision at the banquet. The apparition of
the murdered dead is little more than was to be expected, and can be
explained in an easy fashion. You or I never committed murder,
therefore we are not liable to be troubled by the ghost of Banquo. In
your life or mine Nemesis is not likely to take heroic dimensions. The
spectres of books, as a rule, only excite our imaginative fears, not our
personal terrors. The spectres of books have and can have nothing to do
with us any more than the sufferings of the Israelites in the desert.
When a person of our acquaintance dies, we inquire the particulars of
his disease, and then discover the predisposing causes, so that we may
prove to ourselves we are not in the same category with him. We do not
deny our liability to contract the disease, we deny our likelihood to
supply the predisposing causes. He died of aneurysm of the aorta: Ah, we
say, induced by the violent exercise he took--we never take violent
exercise. If not of aneurysm of the aorta, but fatty degeneration of the
heart: Ah, induced by the sedentary habits of his latter years--we take
care to secure plenty of exercise. If a man has been careful of his
health and dies, we allege that he took all the robustness out of his
constitution by over-heedfulness; if he has been careless, we say he
took no precautions at all; and from either of these extremes we are
exempt, and therefore we shall live for ever.

Now here in this story of _Green Tea_ is a ghost which is possible,
probable, almost familiar. It is a ghost without genesis or
justification. The gods have nothing to do with it. Something, an
accident due partly to excessive tea-drinking, has happened to the
clergyman’s nerves, and the ghost of this ape glides into his life and
sits down and abides with him. There is no reason why the ghost should
be an ape. When the victim sees the apparition first he does not know it
to be an ape. He is coming home in an omnibus one night and descries two
gleaming spots of fire in the dark, and from that moment the life of the
poor gentleman becomes a ruin. It is a thing that may happen to you or
me any day, any hour. That is why Le Fanu’s ghost is so horrible. You
and I might drink green tea to the end of our days and suffer from
nothing more than ordinary impaired digestion. But you or I may get a
fall, or a sunstroke, and ever afterwards have some hideous familiar.
To say there can be no such things as ghosts is a paltry blasphemy. It
is a theory of the smug, comfortable kind. A ghost need not wear a white
sheet and have intelligible designs on personal property. A ghost need
not be the spirit of a dead person. A ghost need have no moral mission
whatever.

I once met a haunted man, a man who had seen a real ghost; a ghost that
had, as the ape, no ascertainable moral mission but to drive his victim
mad. In this case too the victim was a clergyman. He is, I believe,
alive and well now. He has shaken off the incubus and walks a free man.
I was travelling at the time, and accidentally got into chat with him on
the deck of a steamboat by night. We were quite alone in the darkness
and far from land when he told me his extraordinary story. I do not of
course intend retailing it here. I look on it as a private
communication. I asked him what brought him to the mental plight in
which he had found himself, and he answered briefly, “Overwork.” He was
then convalescent, and had been assured by his physicians that with
care the ghost which had been laid would appear no more. The spectre he
saw threatened physical harm, and while he was haunted by it he went in
constant dread of death by violence. It had nothing good or bad to do
with his ordinary life or his sacred calling. It had no foundation on
fact, no basis on justice. He had been for months pursued by the figure
of a man threatening to take away his life. He did not believe this man
had any corporeal existence. He did not know whether the creature had
the power to kill him or not. The figure was there in the attitude of
menace and would not be banished. He knew that no one but himself could
see the murderous being. That ghost was there for him, and there for him
alone.

Respecting the Canadian nuns whose convent was beleaguered and infested
by ghostly enemies that came not by ones or twos but in battalions, I
had a fancy at the time. I do not intend using the terminologies or
theories of the dissecting room, or the language of physiology found in
books. I am not sure the fancy is wholly my own, but some of it is
original. I shall suppose that the nerves are not only capable of
various conditions of health and disease, but of large structural
alteration in life; structural alteration not yet recorded or observed
in fact; structural alteration which, if you will, exists in life but
disappears instantly at death. In fine, I mean rather to illustrate my
fancy than to describe anything that exists or could exist. Before
letting go the last strand of sense, let me say that talking of nerves
being highly strung is sheer nonsense, and not good nonsense either. The
muscles it is that are highly strung. The poor nerves are merely
insulated wires from the battery in the head. Their tension is no more
affected by the messages that go over them, than an Atlantic cable is
tightened or loosened by the signals indicating fluctuations in the
Stock Exchanges of London and New York.

The nerves, let us suppose, in their normal condition of health have
three skins over the absolute sentient tissue. In the ideal man in
perfect health, let us say Hodge, the man whose privilege it is to “draw
nutrition, propagate, and rot,” the three skins are always at their
thickest and toughest. Now genius is a disease, and it falls, as ladies
of Mrs. Gamp’s degree say, “on the nerves.” That is, the first of these
skins having been worn away or never supplied by nature, the patient
“sees visions and dreams dreams.” The man of genius is not exactly under
delusions. He does not think he is in China because he is writing of
Canton in London, but his optic nerve, wanting the outer coating, can
build up images out of statistics until the images are as full of line
and colour and as incapable of change at will as the image of a barrel
of cider which occupies Hodge’s retina when it is imminent to his
desires, present to his touch. The sensibility of the nerves of genius
is greater than the sensibility of the nerves of Hodge. Not all the
eloquence of an unabridged dictionary could create an image in Hodge’s
mind of a thing he had never seen. From a brief description a painter of
genius could make a picture--not a likeness of course--of Canton,
although he had never been outside the four corners of these kingdoms.
The painting would not, in all likelihood, be in the least like Canton,
but it would be very like the image formed in the painter’s mind of that
city. In the painter such an image comes and goes at will. He can either
see it or not see it as he pleases. It is the result of the brain
reacting on the nerve. It relies on data and combination. It is his
slave, not his master. Before it can be formed there must be great
increase of sensibility. Hodge is crude silver, the painter is the
polished mirror. The painter can see things which are not, things which
he himself makes in his mind. His invention is at least as vivid as his
memory.

I suppose then that the man of genius, the painter or poet, is one who,
having lost the first skin, or portion of the first skin of his nerves,
can create and see in his mind’s eye things never seen by the eye of any
other man, and see them as vividly as men of no genius can see objects
of memory.

Now peel off the second skin. The more exquisitely sensitive or the
innermost skin of the nerve is exposed. Things which the eye of genius
could not invent or even dream of are revealed. A drop of putrid water
under the microscope becomes a lake full of terrifying monsters large
enough to destroy man. Heard through the microphone the sap ascending a
tree becomes loud as a torrent. Seen through a telescope nebulous spots
in the sky become clusters of constellations. Divested of its second
skin the nerve becomes sensitive to influences too rare and fine for the
perception of the optic nerve in a more protected state. Beings that
bear no relation whatever to weight or the law of impenetrability, float
about and flash hither and thither swifter than lightning. The air and
other ponderable matter are nothing to them. They are no more than the
shadows or reflections of action, the imperishable progeny of thought.
Here lies disclosed to the partly emancipated nerve the Canton of the
painter’s vision. Here the city he made to himself is as firm and sturdy
and solid and full of life as the Canton of this day on the southern
coast of China. Here throng the unrecorded visions of all the poets.
Here are the counterfeits of all the dead in all their phases. Here
float the dreams of men, the unbroken scrolls of life and action and
thought complete of all beings, man and beast, that have lived since
time began. In the world of matter nothing is lost; in the world of
spirit nothing is lost either.

If instead of taking the whole of this imaginary skin off the optic
nerve, we simply injure it ever so slightly, the nerve may become alive
to some of these spirits; and this premature perception of what is
around all of us, but perceived by few, we call seeing ghosts. It may be
objected that all space is not vast enough to afford room for such a
stupendous panorama. When we begin to talk of limits of space to
anything beyond our knowledge and the touch of our inch-tape, we talk
like fools. There is no good in allotting space with a two-foot rule. It
is all the same whether we divide zero into infinity or infinity into
zero. The answer is the same; “I don’t know how many times it goes.”
Take a cubic inch of air outside your window and see the things packed
into it. Here interblent we find all together resistance and light and
sound and odour and flavour. We must stop there, for we have got to the
end, not of what _is_ packed into that cubic inch of air, but to the end
of the things in it revealed to our senses. If we had five more senses
we should find five more qualities; if we had five thousand senses, five
thousand qualities. But even if we had only our own senses in higher
form we should see ghosts.

If the third skin were removed from the optic nerve all things we now
call opaque would become transparent, owing to the naked nerve being
sensitive to the latent light in every body. The whole round world would
become a crystal ball, the different degrees of what we now call opacity
being indicated merely by a faint chromatic modification. What we now
regard as brilliant sunlight would then be dense shadow. Apocalyptic
ranges of colour would be disclosed, beginning with what is in our
present condition the least faint trace of tint and ascending through a
thousand grades to white, white brighter far than the sun our present
eyes blink upon. Burnished brass flaming in our present sun would then
be the beginning of the chromatic scale descending in the shadow of
yellow, burnished copper of red, burnished tin of black, burnished steel
of blue. So intense then would the sensibility of the optic nerve become
that the satellites attendant on the planets in the system of the suns,
called fixed stars, would blaze brighter than our own moon reflected in
the sea. To the eye matter would cease to be matter in its present,
gross obstructive sense. It would be no more than a delicate transparent
pigment in the wash of a water-colour artist. The gross rotundity of the
earth would be, in the field of the human eye, a variegated transparent
globe of reduced luminousness and enormous scales and chords of colour.
The Milky Way would then be a concave measureless ocean of prismatic
light with pendulous opaline spheres.

The figures of dreams and ghosts may be as real as we are pleased to
consider ourselves. What arrogance of us to say they are our own
creation! They may look upon themselves as superior to us, as we look
upon ourselves as superior to the jelly-fish. No doubt we are to ghosts
the baser order, the spirits stained with the woad of earth, low
creatures who give much heed to heat and cold, and food and motion. They
are the sky-children, the chosen people. They are nothing but
circumscribed will wedded to incorporeal reasons of the nobler kind, and
with scopes the contemplation of which would split our tenement of clay.
They are the arch-angelic hierarchs of man, the ultimate condition of
the race, the spirit of this planet distilled by the sun.




THE BEST TWO BOOKS.


In no list I met of the best hundred books, when that craze took the
place of spelling-bees and the fifteen puzzle, do I recollect seeing
mention made of my two favourite works. These two books stand completely
apart in my esteem, and if I were asked to name the volume that comes
third, I should have to make a speech of explanation. The first of them
is not in prose or verse, it is not a work of theology or philosophy or
science or art or history or fiction or general literature. It is at
once the most comprehensive and impartial book I know. This paragraph is
assuming the aspect of a riddle. Being in a mild and passionless way a
lover of my species, I am a loather of riddles. So I will go no further
on the downward way, but declare the name, title, and style of my book
to be Nuttall’s _Standard Dictionary_.

I am well aware there is a great deal to be said against Nuttall’s
_Dictionary_ as a dictionary, but I am not speaking of it in that sense.
I am treating it as a dear companion, a true friend, a _vade mecum_. Let
those who have a liking for discovering spots in the sun glare at the
orb until they have a taste for nothing else but spots in the sun. I
find Nuttall so close to my affections that I can perceive no defects in
him. I cannot bear to hold him at arm’s length, for critical
examination. I hug him close to me, and feel that while I have him I am
almost independent of all other books printed in the English language.

Cast your eyes along your own bookshelves of English authors; every
word, liberally speaking, that is in each and every volume on your
shelves is in my Nuttall! Here is the juice of the language, from
Shakespeare to Huxley, in a concentrated solution. Here is a book that
starts by telling you that A is a vowel, and does not desert you until
it informs you that zythum is a beverage, a liquor made from malt and
wheat; a fact, I will wager, you never dreamed of before! And between A
and zythum, what a boundless store of learning is disclosed! This is the
only single-volume book I know of which no man living is or ever can be
the master. Charles Lamb would not allow that dictionaries are books at
all. In his days they were white-livered charlatans compared with the
full-blooded enthusiast, Nuttall.

If such an unkind thing were desirable as to diminish the conceit of a
man of average reading and intelligence, there is no book could be used
with such paralysing effect upon him as this one. It is almost
impossible for any student to realise the infinite capacity for
ignorance with which man is gifted until he is brought face to face with
such a book as Nuttall. The list of words whose meanings are given
occupies 771 very closely printed pages of small type in double column.
The letter A takes up from 1 to 52. How many words unfamiliar to the
ordinary man are to be found in this fifteenth part of the dictionary!
On the top of every folio there occur four words, one at the head of
each column. Barring the right of the candidates in ignorance to guess
from the roots how many well-informed people know or would use any of
the following words--absciss, acidimeter, acroteleutic, adminicular,
adminiculator, adustion, aerie, agrestic, allignment, allision,
ambreine, ampulla, ampullaceous, android, antiphonary, antiphony,
apanthropy, aponeurosis, appellor, aramaic, aretology, armilla,
armillary, asiarch, assentation, asymptote, asymptotical, aurate,
averruncator, aversant, axotomous, or axunge? And yet all these are at
the heads of columns under A alone! Take, now, one column haphazard
perpendicularly, and with the same reservation as before, who would use
antimaniac, antimask, antimasonic, antimeter, antimonite, antinephritic,
antinomian, antinomy, antipathous, antipedobaptist, antiperistaltic,
antiperistasis, or antiphlogistic? The letter A taken along the top of
the pages or down one column is not a good letter for the confusion of
the conceited; because viewed across the top of the page it is pitifully
the prey of prefixes which lead to large families of words, and viewed
down the column (honestly selected at haphazard), it is the bondslave of
one prefix. When, however, one starts a theory, it is not fair to pick
and choose. I have, of course, eschewed derivatives in coming down the
column; across the column I did not do so, as the chance of a prime word
being at the bottom of one column and its derivate at the top of the
next ought to count two in my favour. I am aware this claim may be
disputed; I have disputed it with myself at much too great length to
record here, and I have decided in my own favour.

Of course the mere reading of the dictionary in a mechanical way would
produce no more effect than the repetition of numerals abstracted from
things. There is no greater suggestiveness in saying a million than in
saying one. But what an enlargement of the human capacity takes place
when a person passes from the idea of one man to the idea of a million
men. Take the first word quoted from the head of the column. I had
wholly forgotten the meaning of absciss. I cannot even now remember
that I ever knew the meaning of it, though of course I must, for I was
supposed to have learned conic sections once. Why any one should be
expected to learn conic sections I cannot guess. As far as I can now
recall, they are the study of certain possible systems and schemes of
lines in a wholly unnecessary figure. I believe the cone was invented by
some one who had conic sections up his sleeve, and devised the miserable
spinning of the triangle merely to gratify his lust of cruelty to the
young. The only one use to which cones are put, as far as I am aware, is
for a weather signal on the sea coast. The only section of a cone put to
any pleasant use is a frustum when it appears in the bark of the cork
tree; and even this conic section is not of much use to pleasure until
it is removed from the bottle. Conic sections are reprehensible in
another way. They are, in the matter of difficulty, nothing better than
impostors. They are really “childlike and bland,” and will, when you
have conquered your schoolboy terror of them, be found agreeable
after-dinner reading.

But I must return to Nuttall. The systematic study of the book is to be
deplored. It is, like the Essays of Elia, not to be read through at a
sitting, but to be dipped into curiously when one is in the vein. The
charm of Lamb is in the flavour; and one cannot reach the more remote
and finer joys of taste if one eats quickly. There is no cohesion, and
but little thought in Nuttall. It is as a spur, an incentive, to thought
I worship the book, and as a storehouse for elemental lore. You have
known a thing all your life, let us say, and have called it by a
makeshift name. You feel in your heart and soul there must be a more
close-fitting appellation than you employ for it, and you endure a sense
of feebleness and dispersion of mind. One day you are idly glancing
through your Nuttall, and suddenly the clouds, the nebulous mists of a
generalized term, roll away, and out shines, clear and sharply defined,
the particular definition of the thing. From childhood I have, for
example, known a pile-driver, and called it a pile-driver for years and
years. All along something told me pile-driver was no better than a
loose and off-hand way of describing the machine. It partook of the
barbarous nature of a hieroglyphic. You drew, as it were, the figure of
a post, and of a weight descending upon it. The device was much too
pictorial and crude. Moreover, it was, so described, a thing without a
history. To call a pile-driver a pile-driver is no more than to describe
a barn-door cock onomatopoetically as cock-a-doodle-doo--a thing
repellent to a pensive mind. But in looking over Nuttall I accidentally
alighted on this: “Fistuca, fis’--tu-ka, _s._ A machine which is raised
to a given height by pulleys, and then allowed suddenly to fall on the
head of a pile; a monkey (L. a rammer).” Henceforth there is, in my
mind, no need of a picture for the machine. So to speak, the abstract
has become concrete. I would not, of course, dream of using the word
fistuca, but it is a great source of internal consolation to me.
Besides, I attain with it to other eminences of curiosity, which show me
fields of inquiry I never dreamed of before.

I have not met the word monkey in this sense until now. I look out
monkey in my book, and find one of the meanings “a pile-driver,” and
that the word is derived from the Italian “_monna_, contraction for
_madonna_.” Up to this moment I did not know from what monkey was
derived, although I had heard that from monkey man was derived. All this
sets one off into a delicious doze of thought and keeps one carefully
apart from his work. For “who would fardels bear to groan and sweat
under a weary” load of even pens, when he might lie back and close his
eyes, and drift off to the Rome of Augustus or the Venice of to-day?
Philology as mere philology is colourless, but if one uses the records
of verbal changes as glasses to the past and present, what panchromatic
hues sweep into the pale field of the dictionary! What myriads of dead
men stand up out of their graves, and move once more through scenes of
their former activities! What reimpositions of old times on old earth
take place! What bravery of arms and beauty of women are renewed; what
glowing argosies, long mouldered, sparkle once more in the sun! What
brazen trumpets blare of conquest, and dust of battle roll along the
plain! What plenitude of life, of movement, of man is revealed! A
dictionary is to me the key-note in the orchestra where mankind sit
tuning their reeds for the overture to the final cataclysm of the world.

My second book would be Whitaker’s _Almanack_. Owing to miserable
ill-luck I have not been able to get a copy of the almanac for this
year. I offered fair round coin of the realm for it before the Jubilee
plague of ugliness fell upon the broad pieces of her most gracious
Majesty. But, alas! no copy was to be had. I was too late in the race.
All the issue had been sold. The last edition of which I have a copy is
that for 1886. I have one for each year of the ten preceding, and I
cannot tell how crippled and humiliated I feel in being without one for
1887.

This is another of the books that Charles Lamb classes among the
no-books. As in the case of Nuttall, there was no Whitaker in his day,
and certainly no almanac at all as good. At first glance this book may
seem dry and sapless as the elm ready sawn for conversion into parish
coffins. But how can anything be considered dry or dead when two hundred
thousand of its own brothers are at this moment dwelling in useful amity
among our fellowmen? It in one way contrasts unfavourably with almanacs
which can claim a longer life, there are no vaticinations in it. But if
the gift of prophecy were possessed by other almanacs, why did they not
foretell that they would be in the end known as humbugs, and cut their
conceited throats? I freely own I am a bigot in this matter; I have
never given any other almanac a fair chance, and, what is worse, I have
firmly made up my mind not to give any other one any chance at all. What
is the good of being loyal to one’s friends if one’s loyalty is at the
beck of every upstart acquaintance, no matter how great his merits or
how long his purse? I place my faith in Whitaker, and am ready to go to
the stake (provided it is understood that nothing unpleasant takes place
there) chaunting my belief and glorying in my doom.

If you took away Whitaker’s _Almanack_ from me I do not know how I
should get on. It is a book for diurnal use and permanent reference. One
edition of it ought to be printed on bank note paper for the pocket, and
another on bronze for friezes for the temple of history. It is worth all
the Livys and Tacituses that ever breathed and lied. It is more truthful
than the sun, for that luminary is always eight minutes in advance of
where it seems to be. It is as impartial and veracious as fossilising
mud. It contains infinitely more figures than Madame Tussaud’s, and
teaches of everything above and under the sun, from stellar influences
to sewage.

How is the daily paper to be understood lacking the aid of Whitaker? Who
is the honourable member for Berborough, of whom the Chanceller of the
Exchequer spoke in such sarcastic terms last night? For what place sits
Mr. Snivel, who made that most edifying speech yesterday? How old is
the Earl of Champagne, who has been appointed Governor of Labuan? Where
is Labuan? What is the value in English money of £T97,000, and 2,784,000
roubles? What are the chances of a man of forty (yourself) living to be
a hundred? and what is the chance of a woman of sixty-four (your
mother-in-law) dying next year? How much may one deduct from one’s
income with a view to income tax before one needs begin to lie? What
annuity ought a man of your age be able to get for the five thousand
pounds you expect on the death of your mother-in-law? How much will you
have to pay to the state if you article your son to a solicitor or give
him a little capital and start him in an honest business as a
pawnbroker? How old is the judge that charged dead against the prisoner
whom the jury acquitted without leaving the box? What railway company
spends the most money in coal? legal charges? palm oil? Is there
anything now worth a gentleman’s while to smuggle on his return from the
Continent? What is the tonnage of the ironclad rammed yesterday morning
by another ironclad of the Channel squadron? When may one begin to eat
oysters? What was the most remarkable event last year? How much longer
is it likely to pay to breed farmers in England?

These are only a few, very few, of the queries Whitaker will answer
cheerfully for you. Indeed, you can scarcely frame any questions to
which it will not make a reply of some kind or other. It contains,
moreover, either direct or indirect reference to every man in the United
Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. If you occupy a prominent
official position in any walk in life, you will find yourself herein
mentioned by name. If you are a simple and prudent trader, you will have
your name and your goods described elaborately among the advertisements.
If you come under neither of these heads you are sure to be included,
not distinguished perhaps personally, under the statistics of the Insane
or Criminal classes.

All the information on the points indicated may be said to lie within
the parochial domain of the book. But it has a larger, a universal
scope, and takes into view all the civilized and half civilized nations
of all the earth. It contains multitudinous facts and figures about
Abyssinia, Afghanistan, Annam, Argentine Republic, Austro-Hungary,
Baluchistan, Belgium, Bokhara, Bolivia, Borneo, Brazil, Bulgaria,
Eastern Roumelia, Burmah, Corea, Central America, Chili, China, Cochin
China, Colombia, Congo State, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador,
Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hawaiian Islands, Hayti, Italy, Japan,
Liberia, Madagascar, Mexico, Montenegro, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands,
Oman, Orange Free State, Paraguay, Persia, Peru, Portugal, Roumania,
Russia, Sarawak, Servia, Siam, Sokoto, Spain, Sweden and Norway,
Switzerland, Tibet, Transvaal, Tripoli, Tunis, Turkey, United States,
Uruguay, Venezuela, and Zanzibar!

The list takes away one’s breath. The mere recital of it leaves one
faint and exhausted. Passing the most elementary knowledge of these
nations and countries through the mind is like looking at a varying
rainbow while the ears are solicited by a thousand tunes. The names, the
mere names, of Mexico and Brazil stop my heart with amazement. The
Aztecs and the Amazon call up such visions of man in decay and nature in
naked strength that I pause like one in a gorgeous wood held in fear by
its unfamiliarity. What has the Amazon done in the ages of its
unlettered history? What did the Aztecs know before they began to revert
to birds? Then Morocco and Tripoli, what memories and mysteries of man!
And Sokoto--of which little is known but the name; and that man was here
before England was dissevered from the mainland of Europe. Turkey, as it
even now lies crippled and shorn, embraces within its stupendous arms
the tombs of the greatest empire of antiquity. Only to think of China is
to grow old beyond the reach of chroniclers. Compared with China,
Turkey, India, and Russia, even Greece and Rome are mushroom states, and
Germany and France virgin soil.

But when I am in no humour for contemplation and alarms of eld I take up
my Whitaker for 1886, and open it at page 285. There begins the most
incredible romance ever written by man, and what increases its
incredibility is that it happens to be all true.

At page 285 opens an account of the British Empire. The first article is
on India, and as one reads, taking in history and statistics with
alternate breaths, the heart grows afraid to beat in the breast lest its
motion and sound might dispel the enchantment and bring this “miracle of
rare device” down about one’s head. The opening statement forbids
further progress for a time. When one hears that “the British Empire in
India extends over a territory as large as the continent of Europe
without Russia,” it is necessary to pause and let the capacity of the
mind enlarge in order to take in this stupendous fact with its
stupendous significances.

Here are 254 millions of people living under the flag of Britain! Here
is a vast country of the East whose history goes back for a thousand
years from this era, which knew Alexander the Great and was the scene of
Tamerlane’s exploits, subject to the little island on the western verge
of modern Europe. Here, paraded in the directest and most prosaic
fashion, are facts and figures that swell out the fancy almost
intolerably. Here is one feudatory state, one dependent province, almost
as populous as the whole empire over which Don Pedro II. reigns in South
America. Here is a public revenue of eighty millions sterling a year,
and Calcutta, including suburbs, with a population close upon a million.
Here are no fewer than fifty-three towns and cities of more than fifty
thousand people each. Here is a gross number of seven hundred and
fourteen thousand towns and villages! Is not this one item incredible?
Just three quarters of a million, not of people or even houses, but of
“towns and villages!” The population of Madras alone is five-sixths of
that of the United Kingdom, that of the North-West Provinces and Oudh
considerably more, and that of Bengal nearly twice as much as England,
Ireland, Scotland, and Wales together. The Native States have many more
inhabitants than any country in Europe, except Russia. Bombay equals
Spain. The Punjaub exceeds Turkey in Asia. Assam exceeds Turkey in
Europe. The Central Provinces about equal Belgium and Holland together;
British Burmah, Switzerland. Berar exceeds Denmark, and all taken
together contain more than the combined populations of the United States
of America, Austria, Germany, France, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Portugal,
Holland, and Belgium! All ours absolutely, or in the feudatory leash;
with more Mohammedans than are to be found in the Sultan’s dominions,
and a larger revenue than is enjoyed by any country on earth except
England, France, United States of America, Austria, and Russia!

These are facts and figures enough to set one dreaming for a month. This
is not an age for epic poetry. It is exceedingly unlikely any poet in
the present age will seek the framework for his great work in the past.
The past was all very well in its own day until it was found out.
Certitudes in bygone centuries have been shaken. The present time is
wildly volcanic. Now the hidden, throbbing, mad, fierce, upheaving fires
bulge out the crust of earth under fabrics whilom regarded as
indestructible, and split their walls, and warp their pillars, and
choke their domes. It was a good thing for Milton and Dante they lived
and wrote long ago, for the iconoclasts of to-day are trying to build a
great wall across heaven and tear up the sacred pavement of hell. They
tell us the Greek armies were a mob of disorderly and timid cits, and
that speculations as to the reported dealings of Dr. Faustus with any
folk but respectable druggists are too childish for the nursery or
Kaffirs. The golden age is no longer the time that will never come
again. The past is a fire that has burnt out, a flame that has vanished.
To kneel before what has been is to worship impotent shadows. Up to this
man has been wandering in the desert, and until now there have not been
even trustworthy rumours of the land of promise. But to us has come a
voice prophesying good things. The Canaan of the ages is in the future
of time. Taking this age at its own estimate I have long thought the
subject for the finest epic lying within possibility in our era is the
building of the railway to India. Into a history of that undertaking
would flow all the affluents of the ancient world. The stories of
Baalbec and Nineveh that are finished, and of Aleppo and Damascus that
survive, would fall into this prodigious tale of peaceful conquest. The
line would have for marge Assyria on one hand, Egypt on the other; it
would reach from the land of the Buddhist through the land of the
Mohammedan to the land of the Christian. It would be a work undertaken
in honour of the modern god, Progress, through the graves of the oldest
peoples, to link the three great forms of faith. All the action of the
epic would take place on earth, and all the actors would be men. There
would be no need for evolving the god from the machine, for the machine
itself would be the god. It would be the history of man from his birth
till this hour. It would be most fitly written in English, for English
is the most capacious and virile language yet invented by man.

But a mere mortal, such as I, cannot stay in India always, or even abide
for ever by the way. Although I have _Whitaker’s Almanack_ before me
all the time, I have strayed a little from it. In thinking of the lands
through which that heroic line of railway would pass, I have almost
forgotten the modest volume at my elbow. Yet fragile as it looks, one
volume similar to it will last as long as the Pyramids, will come in
time to be as old as the oldest memory is now; that is, if the ruins of
England endure as long as those of Egypt, for a copy of it lies built up
under Cleopatra’s Needle.

I turn over the last page of “British India” in my _Almanack_. We are
not yet done with orient lands and seas. The article over-leaf is headed
“Other British Possessions in the East.” Here, if one wants incitement
towards prose or verse, dreaming or doing, commerce or pillage, is
matter to his hand. The places one may read of are--Aden, Socotra,
Ceylon, Hong-Kong, Labuan, British North Borneo, and Cyprus. Then in my
book comes “The Dominion of Canada,” with its territory “about as large
as Europe”! and a revenue equal to Portugal, which discovered and once
held India. After Canada come “Other American Possessions,” including
British Guiana, which, except for the sugar of Demerara, is little heard
of; it occupies a space of earth as large as all Great Britain. So
little do people of inferior education know of this dependency, that
once, when a speaker in the House of Commons spoke of the “island of
Demerara,” there was not a single member present who knew that Demerara
was not an island, but part of the mainland of South America. Last in
the list comes British Honduras, about as big as Wales.

After America, we have our enormous outlying farm in the southern
hemisphere, “British Possessions in Australasia.” There the land owned
by England is again about the size of Europe! Then follow “British
Possessions in the West Indies,” small in mileage, great in fertility
and richness of produce, and with a population twice that of Eastern
Roumelia. The “British Possessions in Africa” are considerably larger
than France, with about half as many inhabitants as Denmark. The
territories owned in the Southern Atlantic are Ascension, the Falkland
Islands, South Georgia, and St. Helena. This prodigious list ends with
the European Possessions, namely, Malta, Gibraltar, Heligoland, the
Channel Islands, and Isle of Man.

By this time the hand is tired writing down the mere names of the riches
belonging to Great Britain. Towards the close of my list from Whitaker
my energy drooped, and a feeling of enervating satiety came upon me. I
am surfeited with splendours, and, like a tiger filled with flesh, I
must sleep. But in that sleep what dreams may come! How the imagination
expands and aspires under the stimulus of a page of tabulated figures!
How the fancy is excited, provoked, by the spectacle of an endless sea
in which every quarter of the globe affords a bower for Britannia when
it pleases her aquatic highness to adventure abroad upon the deep, into
the farthest realms of the morning, into the regions of the dropping
sun. Here, in my best two books, are the words of the most copious
language that man ever spoke, and the facts and figures of the greatest
realm over which man ever ruled. _Civis Romanus sum!_ I will sleep. I
will dream that I am alone with my two books. I will speak in this
imperial, this dominant dialect, as I move by sea and land among the
peoples who live under the flag flying above me now. Who would encumber
himself with finite poetry or romance when he may take with him the
uncombined vocabulary, with its infinite possibilities of affinities,
and the history of the countries and the peoples that lie beneath this
flag, and bear in his heart the astounding and exalting
consciousness--_Civis Romanus sum!_




LIES OF FABLE AND ALLEGORY.


Some little while ago the battered and shattered remains of an old
bookcase with the sedimentary deposit of my own books, reached me after
a journey of many hundred miles from its former resting place. The front
of the bookcase is twisted wirework, which, when I remember it first,
was lined with pink silk. Not a vestige, not a shred of the silk remains
and the half dozen shelves now depend for preservation in position on a
frame as crazy as Her Majesty’s ship _Victory_, and certainly older. The
bookcase had belonged to my grandfather before Trafalgar, and some of
the books I found in it among the sediment were printed before the Great
Fire of London. In all there were about a couple or three hundred books,
none of which would be highly valued by a bibliophile. Owing to my
being in a very modest way a wanderer on the face of the realm, these
books had been out of my possession for nearly twenty years, and dusty
and dilapidated as they were when they reached me I took them in my arms
as long-lost friends. I had finished the last sentence with the word
children, but that would not do for two reasons. These books were not
mine as this one I am now writing is, and long-lost children change more
than they have changed, or more than friends change. Children grow and
outpace us and leave us behind and are not so full of companionable
memories as friends. There is hardly time to make friends of our adult
children before we are beckoned away. The friends we make and keep when
we are young have always twenty years’ start of our children in
friendship. A man may be friendly with his son of five but a father and
son cannot be full friends until the son is twenty years older.

Again, as to the impropriety of speaking of the books as long-lost
children I have another scruple. I am in great doubt as to whether the
recovery of a long-lost child is at all desirable. A long-lost child
means a young girl or boy of our own who is lost when under ten years of
age and recovered years afterwards. I do not know that the recovery of
the missing one is a cause of gratitude. Remember it is not at all the
child we lost. It is a child alleged or alleging itself to be the child
we lost. It is more correctly not a child at all, but a lad or lass whom
we knew when young, and whose acquaintance we have to make over again.
Our personality has become dim to it, and we have to occupy ourselves
seriously in trying to identify the unwieldy bulk of the stranger with
our memory of the wanderer. When the boy went from us we mourned for him
as dead, and now he comes back to us from the tomb altered all out of
memory. He is not wholly our child. There is an interregnum in our reign
over him and we do not know what manner of king has held sway in our
stead, or, if knowing the usurper, we cannot measure the extent or force
of his influence. How much of this young person is really our very own?
how much the development of untoward fate? Is the memory of our lost one
dearer than the presence of this lad who is half stranger? What we lost
and mourned was ours surely; how much of what we have regained belongs
to us?

With books no such question arises. They are our very own. They have
suffered no increment, but rather loss. What we remember of them and
find again in them fills us with joy; what we have forgotten and recall
excites a surprise which makes us feel rich. We reproach ourselves with
not having loved them sufficiently well, and swear upon them to endow
them with warmer affection henceforth. In turning over the books in the
old case I lighted upon one which I believe to be the volume that came
earliest into my possession. It is Cobbett’s _Spelling-Book_, and by the
writing on the title page I see it was given to me by my father on the
second of February, 1854. It is in a very battered and tattered
condition. I find a youthful autograph of my own on the fly-leaf, the
Christian name occupying one line, the surname the second; on a third
line is the name of the town, and on a fourth the number of the street
and part of the name of the street, the last being, I blush to say,
ill-spelt. Surely there never was a book hated as I hated this one! At
that time I had declared my unalterable determination of never learning
to read. I possessed, until recently, a copy of Valpy’s Latin Grammar of
about the same date, and I remember I worshipped the Latin Grammar
compared with the Spelling-Book. I knew _rosa_ before I could read words
of two syllables, and at this moment I do not know much more Latin than
I did then. The Spelling-Book was published by Anne Cobbett, at 137,
Strand, in 1849. It is almost incredible that so short a time ago the
atrocious woodcuts could be got in England for love or money. There is
no attempt whatever at overlaying in the printing; the cut pages are all
what are called “flat pulls.” Here and there through the pages of
chilling columns of words of one, two, three or more syllables are
pencil marks indicating the limits of a day’s lesson. What a ruthless
way they had with us children in those days! When I look at those
appalling columns of arid words I applaud my childish determination of
never learning to read if the art were to be acquired only by traversing
those fearful deserts of unintelligible verbiage. Fancy a child of
tender years confronted with antitrinitarian, consubstantiality,
discontinuation, excommunication, extraordinarily, immateriality,
impenetrability, indivisibility, naturalization, plenipotentiary,
recapitulation, supererogation, transubstantiation, valetudinarian, and
volatilization, not one of which is as difficult to spell as one quarter
the words of one syllable, and not one of which could be understood by a
child or would be used by a single man out of a thousand in all his
life. The country had penal settlements then, why in the name of mercy
did they not send children to the settlements and give them a chance to
keep their reason and become useful citizens when their time of
punishment had expired? I am happy to say I find no pencil marks among
those leviathan words above. I suppose I never got into the deep waters
where they “wallowing unwieldy in their gait tempest the ocean.”

I wonder was the foundation of a lifelong dislike to Cobbett’s writings
laid in me at that early time of my existence? Anyway I do not remember
the day when I did not dislike everything I read of Cobbett’s, and I
dislike everything of his I read now. I wonder, also, was it at that
early date the seed of my hatred of fable or allegory was sown? To me
the fables in the back of that Spelling-Book were always odious, now
they are loathsome. With the cold-blooded “morals” attendant upon them
they are the worst form of literary torture I know. I am aware that the
bulk of them are not original, but Cobbett inserted them in his book,
and I give him full credit for evil intention. Yet in later years it was
not his taste for fable that repelled me but his intense combativeness.
He is never comfortable unless he is mangling some one. It was a pity he
ever left the army. He would have been a credit to his corps at close
quarters with a clubbed musket. Even in the Spelling-Book, intended for
young children, his “Stepping-Stone to Cobbett’s English Grammar” takes
the form of a dialogue, in which he, the “Teacher,” smashes the
unfortunate Scholar and Mr. William. Cobbett sprang from the people and
was a Saxon pure and simple, and the Saxon is the element in the English
people which has been most undistinguished when unmingled with other
blood. The Saxon of fifteen hundred years ago is the yokel of to-day,
and he never was more than a yokel intellectually. The enormous
intellectual fertility of England is owing to successive invasions, and
chiefly to the Norman Conquest. All the great and noble and sweet faces
in English history are Norman, or largely Norman. The awful faces of the
Gibbon type make periods of English history like a night spectral with
evil dreams.

Does any one past the condition of childhood really like fables? Mind, I
do not say past the years of childhood. But does any one of fully mature
intellect like fables or pleasantly endure allegories? I think not. In
the vigour of all lives there must be _lacunæ_ of intense indolence,
backwaters of the mind, where one is willing to float effortless and
take the things that come as though they were good things rather than
work at the oars in pursuit of novelties. At such times it is easier to
persuade ourselves we are amused by books that we admired when we lacked
experience and discernment than to break new ground and encounter fresh
obstacles. I am leaving out of account the dull worthy people who say
they like a book because other people say they like it. These good
people live in a continual state of self-justification. They are much
more serenely secure in what they imagine to be their opinions than
those travailing souls that really have opinions of their own. Their
life is easy, and in lazy moments one sighs for the repose they enjoy.
But do not the people with active minds often adhere to childish likings
merely from indolence? A certain question they settled in their own
minds when they were ten; it is too much trouble to treat it as an open
matter at thirty. Consistency in a politician is invariably a sign of
stupidity, because no man (outside fundamental questions of morals) can
with credit to his sense remain stationary in opinion for thirty years
where all is change. The very data on which he based an opinion in the
year one are vapourized in the year thirty. The foundation of all
political theories is first principles of some kind, and the only
support a philosophic mind rejects with disdain is a first principle of
any kind. Now, the fables we tolerate, nay, admire as children, are in
imaginative literature what first principles are in that branch of
imaginary philanthropy called politics. It is much easier to say every
man has a right to eight shillings a day than to find out what each
particular man has a right to, or if man has a right to anything at all.
It is much easier to say one does like Fontaine than at thirty years of
age to acquire a disgust of him and his fables.

The lying insincerity of fables and their morals always shocks me, and
the gross blindness of the fabulist to any view of transactions but that
adopted by him to point his precept, fills me with contempt for him as
an artist. In the Spelling-Book I do not feel myself at liberty to
select the fables as I choose. I will take only one, the first that
comes. It is about the swallow and the sparrow. It is a very bad
specimen for my contention, but as I am the challenger I have not the
choice of weapons, and I accept the first presented by Cobbett.

A swallow coming back to her old nest in the spring finds it occupied by
a sparrow and his brood of young ones. The swallow demands possession on
the grounds of having built the nest and brought up three broods in it.
The sparrow will not budge. The swallow summons a number of swallows,
and they wall up the sparrow and he and his brood die of hunger.

The first notice of bias the reader gets is that the swallow is called
she, and the sparrow he. Why? For the dishonest purpose of enlisting
sympathy with the swallow. There is no evidence or statement the sparrow
was aware when taking possession of the nest that it would be reclaimed
by the swallow. How was the sparrow to know that the swallow was not
dead and buried by the mole? The nest was derelict. Again, when the
swallow returned the sparrow had young ones, which it would be dangerous
to remove from the nest. How was the sparrow to know the swallow was
telling the truth, and that the nest was hers? Then, even supposing the
sparrow to be all in the wrong, the punishment was out of all proportion
to the offence. The sparrow had done no harm beyond intruding. He had
not injured the furniture, or burned any of the swallow’s gas, or broken
into the wine-cellar. Justice would have been vindicated by the
expulsion of the intruder and his brood. But what takes place instead?
The door is built up, and the sparrow with his innocent young is
murdered! Surely if this is a fruitful fable, the moral is immoral. This
is the old Mosaic theory of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth,
and a little, or rather a great deal more. It is hideously un-Christian.
I believe Cobbett professed Christianity. Why did he put this odious
vengeful story in the forefront of his exemplars of righteous doing?

But the worst part of the story is in the Moral. “Thus it always is with
the unjust,” says the Chorus of the fabulist. He means that the unjust
are always nailed up in their houses with their blameless children and
starved to death. Now neither Cobbett nor any other sane preacher
believes anything of the kind. This is a lie, pure and simple; a lie no
doubt told with a good object, but a lie all the same. Cobbett had too
much common-sense not to know that it is not always “thus” with the
“unjust.” As a rule, the unjust go scot free when they stop short of
crime. The people who say otherwise are yielding to a feminine,
sentimental weakness. Poetic justice no doubt does exist--in poetry.
Most men are as unjust as they dare be, and most men get on comfortably
from their cradles to their graves. It is only the fools, the men of
ungovernable passions and impulses and the blunderers who suffer. Man is
at heart a rapacious brute. All his centuries of civilization have not
quelled the predatory spirit in him. Any man will become a thief if he
only be sufficiently tempted when he is sufficiently desperate. The
crime of the sparrow in appropriating the swallow’s nest is
intelligible, the crime of the swallow in murdering the sparrow and his
brood is intelligible, the crime of lying committed by the moralist is
abominable. When the child to whom Cobbett lied grows up, he will know
the lie, despise the liar, and have nothing left of the precious fable
but a shaken faith in the words of all men, whether they be liars like
Cobbett and the other moralists, or truth-tellers like the ordinary
everyday folk, who do not pose as teachers and latter-day prophets. It
is very improving to reflect on the freedom these teachers give
themselves in act when enforcing their theories in writing. In order
that Cobbett might exemplify his principles against the credit system,
he signed his name across the face of acceptances for seventy thousand
pounds!

Cobbett’s Grammar was written for sailors and soldiers and such men. I
gave the only copy of it I ever had to a sailor who had abandoned living
on the sea to live by the sea, who had eschewed the paint-pot and the
stage aboard the merchant service for the palette and stool of the
studio. It is years since I have seen the book, but I remember the
contemptuous way in which the ex-soldier disposes of prosody. He says to
his pupil in effect: You need pay no attention to this branch of
grammar, as it deals only with the _noise_ made by words. Cobbett’s
treatment of prosody does not occupy more than one line or one line and
a half of print. It is briefer than Dr. Johnson’s Syntax:

     “The established practice of grammarians requires that I should
     here treat of the Syntax; but our language has so little inflexion,
     or variety of terminations, that its construction neither requires
     nor admits many rules. Wallis, therefore, has totally neglected it;
     and Jonson, whose desire of following the writers upon the learned
     languages made him think a syntax indispensably necessary, has
     published such petty observations as were better omitted.

     “The verb, as in other languages, agrees with the nominative in
     number and person; as _Thou fliest from good; He runs to death_.

     “Our adjectives are invariable.

     “Of two substantives the noun possessive is the genitive; as _His
     father’s glory; the sun’s heat_.

     “Verbs transitive require an oblique case; as _He loves me; You
     fear him_.

     “All prepositions require an oblique case: _He gave this to me; He
     took this from me; He says this of me; He came with me_.”

That is all the merciful Dr. Samuel Johnson has to say about syntax. Oh,
Lindley Murray! Oh, memories of youth! Does it seem possible that
Johnson could have enjoyed the luxury of speaking in this light and airy
and debonair way of English grammar in his day, and that Lindley Murray
could have matured his awful Grammar in so few years afterwards?
Recollect there were not forty years between the lexicographer and the
grammarian. Could not Lindley Murray have left the unfortunate English
language alone? Johnson says no one need bother about syntax, and
Cobbett says no one need bother about prosody. Thus we have only
orthography and etymology to look after, when in comes Murray and spoils
all! It is doubtful if the language will ever recover the interference
of that Yankee merchant who invented syntax and made the life of dull
school boys and girls a path of thorns and agony.

An allegory is a fable for fools of larger growth. I am writing in an
off-hand way, and I will not pause to examine the question nicely; but
is there any such thing as a successful allegory? I have no experience
of one. I seem to hear a loud shout of “_The Pilgrim’s Progress_.” Well,
I never could read the book through, and I have tried at least twenty
times. I have put the reading of that book before myself in the most
solemn manner. I have told myself over and over again that I ought to
read it as an educational exercise. In vain. How any man with
imagination can bear the book I do not know. Bunyan had inexhaustible
invention, but no imagination. He saw a reason for things, not the
things themselves. No creation of the imagination can lack consequence
or verisimilitude. On almost every page of the _Progress_ there is
violation of sequence, outrage against verisimilitude. Christian has a
great burden on his back and is in rags. He cannot remove the burden.
(Why?) He is put to bed (with the burden on his back), then he is
troubled in his mind (the burden is forgotten, and the vision altered
completely and fatally); again we are reminded that he has the burden
on his back when he tells Evangelist of it. Why can he not loose the
burden on his back? How is it secured so that he cannot remove it? He
cannot see a wicket gate across a very wide field, but he sees a shining
light (where?), and then he begins to run (burden and all) away from his
wife and children (which is immoral and abhorrent to the laws of God and
man). For the mere selfish ease of his body he deserts his wife and
children, who must be left miserably poor, for is he not in rags? The
neighbours come out and mock at him for running across a field. Why? How
do they know why he runs, and what neighbours are there to come out and
mock at one when one is running across a large field? The Slough of
Despond is in this field (for he has not passed through the wicket
gate), and he does not seem to know of the Slough, or think of avoiding
it. Fancy any man not knowing of such a filthy hole within a field of
his home! How is it that Pliable and Obstinate have no burdens on their
backs? It is not the will of the King that the Slough should be
dangerous to wayfarers: this surely is blasphemy. The whole thing is
grotesquely absurd and impossible to imagine. There is no sobriety in
it, no sobriety of keeping in it; and no matter how wild the effort or
vision of imagination may be there must always be sobriety of keeping in
it or it is delirium not imagination, disease not inspiration. As far as
I can see there is no trace of imagination, or even fancy, in the
_Pilgrim’s Progress_. The story never happened at all. It is a horrible
attempt to tinkerise the Bible.

One of the things I cannot understand about Macaulay is that he stands
by Bunyan’s silly book. Macaulay was a man of vast reading and
acquirements and of common-sense tastes. He was not a poet, but he was
very nearly one, and ought to have responded in sympathy with poets. In
politics he belonged to that most melancholy of all sects, the Whigs,
and it may be that the spirit of political compromise to which he had
familiarised himself in public life had slipped unknown to him into his
literary briefs. Anyway, he himself says that the _Pilgrim’s Progress_
is the only book which was promoted from the kitchen to the
drawing-room. There is no difficulty in accounting for the fact that the
book was popular among scullions and cooks, but how it ever gained
currency among people of moderate education and taste cannot be
explained. It is the most dull and tedious and monstrous book of any
note in the English language, and how any man with a gleam of
imagination can like it is more than I can understand. If one has been
familiar with it when young, one may tolerate it on the score of
tenderness--tenderness for memories and laziness in new enterprises; but
I never yet knew any one with even fancy who, meeting it for the first
time after the dawn of adolescence, could even endure it.

It is like celebrating one’s own apotheosis to drop Bunyan and take up
Spenser. Here we share the air with an immortal god and not a bilious
enthusiast. When I have laid aside the _Spelling-Book_ and the
_Pilgrim’s Progress_, and opened the _Faerie Queen_, I feel as though
the leaden clouds of the north had rolled away, disclosing the blue of
Ægean skies; as though for squalid porridge and buttermilk had been
substituted ambrosia and nectar; as though for fallow and stubble had
drifted under my feet soft meadow-grass dense with flowers; as though
the moist and clayey crags had changed into purple hills, the
green-mantled pools to azure lakes, the narrow waters of a stagnant mere
to the free imperial waves and tides of the ocean. It is better than
escaping out of an East-end slum into the green lanes and roads of
Warwickshire.

And yet, melancholy truth! the _Faerie Queen_ is most unpopular and most
unreadable. It has with justice, I think, been said that of ten thousand
people who begin the _Faerie Queen_, not ten read half way through it,
and only one arrives at the end. I find by a mark in my copy that I have
got a good deal more than half through it, but that I have not reached
the last line of this most colossal fragment of a poem. What a mercy the
rest of it was drowned in the Irish sea! My _Faerie Queen_ occupies 792
pages of five stanzas to the page; that is, between thirty-five and
thirty-six thousand verses, two hundred and sixty to seventy thousand
words, or equal in length to a couple of ordinary three-volume novels!
And still it is _unperfite_! I find that although I have owned the book
for twenty years, I have got no further than page 472, so that I have
read only three-fifths of the fragment of this stupendous poem.

It is not the length alone that defeats the reader. In all the field of
English verse there is no poem of great length that comes upon the mind
with more full and easy flow. The stanza after a long while becomes, no
doubt, monotonous, but it is the monotony of a vast and freightful river
that moves majestically, bearing interminable argosies of infinite
beauty and variety and significance. After one hundred pages one might
put down the book, wearied by the melodious monotony of the imperial
chords. I have never been able to read anything like a hundred, anything
like fifty pages at a time. I think I have rarely exceeded as many
stanzas. Spenser is the poets’ poet, and the _Faerie Queen_ the poets’
poem, and yet even the poets cannot read it freely and fully, as one
reads Milton or Shakespeare or Shelley or Keats or the readable parts of
Coleridge, all of whom are poets’ poets also.

The allegory bars the way. One reads on smoothly and joyously about a
wood or a nymph, or a knight or a lady, or a castle or a dragon, and is
half drunk on the wealthy poet’s mead (is not Spenser the wealthiest of
English poets?), when suddenly Dan Allegory comes along and assures you
that it is not a wood or a nymph, or a knight or lady, or a castle or
dragon, but a virtue or a vice posing in property clothes; that in fact
things are not what they seem, but visions are about. Cobbett intended
his fables for little children, and Bunyan his allegory for the company
of the stewpans, but Spenser’s story is for the ears of ladies and of
knights; why then does he try to spoon-feed them with virtuous
sentiment? There is not, as far as I know, a trace of dyspepsia in all
the _Faerie Queen_, and yet he has sicklied it over “with the pale cast
of thought.” In this Vale of Tears there are quite as many virtuous
persons as any reasonable man can desire. Why should our poets--those
rare and exquisite manifestations of our possibilities--turn themselves
into moralists, who are, bless you, as common as grocers, as plentiful
as mediocrity. In fact, nine-tenths of the civilised race of man are
moralists. But poets ought not to be theorists. They are not sent to us
for the purpose of converting us, but for the purpose of delighting us.
They ought to be catholic and pagan. They are among the settled property
of joy to which all mankind are heirs. They come in among the flowers
and colours of the sky and earth, and the vocal rapture of the birds,
and the perfumes of the breeze, and the love of woman and children and
friends and kind. They are sent to us for our mere delight. They never
grow less or fade away or change. They have nothing to do with dynasties
or creeds or codes of manners. They are apart from all bias and strife.
The will of Heaven itself is against poets preaching, for no poet has
ever written hymns that were not a burden upon his reputation as a
singer, and did not weigh him to the ground, compared with his flight
when free and catholic and pagan.

After entertaining the nightmares of dulness born of Cobbett and Bunyan,
how one’s shoulders swing back, one’s chest opens, and one’s breath
comes with large and ample coolness and joy as one reads--

    “The ioyous day gan early to appeare;
     And fayre Aurora from the deawy bed
     Of aged Tithone gan herselfe to reare
     With rosy cheekes, for shame as blushing red:
     Her golden locks, for hast, were loosely shed
     About her eares, when Una her did marke
     Clymbe to her charet, all with flowers spred,
     From heven high to chace the chearelesse darke;
     With mery note her lowd salutes the mountain larke.”

Or again here--

    “Then forth he called that his daughter fayre,
     The fairest Un’, his onely daughter deare,
     His onely daughter and his onely hayre;
     Who forth proceeding with sad sober cheare,
     As bright as doth the morning starre appeare
     Out of the east with flaming lockes bedight,
     To tell that dawning day is drawing neare
     And to the world does bring long wished light:
     So fair and fresh that lady shewd herselfe in sight.”

Is it not a miserable destiny to be obliged to read stanza after stanza
redolent of such rich perfumed words about the lady, and then to find
that Una is not a mortal or a spirit even--but Truth! An abstraction! A
whim of degrading reason! A figment of a moralist’s heated and
disordered brain. Any Lie of a poet is better than any Truth of a
moralist. Why did Spenser stoop to run on the same intellectual plain as
the accidental teacher? The teacher would have done admirably for Truth,
but all the worthy essayists of England in the “spacious days of Queen
Elizabeth,” put together, could not have written the stanzas about Una
as Spenser saw her. This poaching of poets on the preserves of moralists
is one of the most shameful things in the history of art.

There are few poets it is harder to select quotations from than Spenser.
The fact is, all the _Faerie Queen_ ought to be quoted except the
blinding allegory. I find that in years of my movement from the opening
of the poem to page 472, the limit I have reached, I have marked a
hundred passages at least, some of them running through pages. In no
other poem--except Shelley’s _Alastor_--do I notice such grievous,
continuous pencil scores. What is one to do? Whither is one to turn? As
I handle the book I am lost in a deeper forest of delight than ever
knight of Gloriana’s trod. Here I find a passage of several stanzas
marked. I am much too lazy to copy them, and the spelling is troublesome
often. But who can resist this?--

                        “---- And, when she spake,
    Sweete wordes, like dropping honny, she did shed,
    And twixt the perles and rubins softly brake
    A silver sound, that heavenly musicke seemed to make.

        *       *       *       *       *

    Upon her eyelids many graces sate
    Under the shadow of her even browes.”

I have quoted the three lines and a half of the earlier stanza merely
that they may act as an overture to the last two lines. Surely there are
no two lovelier lines in the language! In the last line the words seem
to melt together of their own propinquity.

Here is an alexandrine that haunts me night and day--

    “Sweete is the love that comes alone with willingnesse.”

As a rule, I hate writing with the books I am speaking of near me; they
fetter one cruelly when they are at hand. There is a tendency to verify
one’s memory, and read up the context of favourite lines. This is
checking to the speed and chilling to the spirits. When I was saying
something about the _Spelling-Book_ and the _Pilgrim’s Progress_, I had
the copies within arm’s length, for I did not know either well enough to
trust to memory. Since I got done with them I have placed them in
distant safety. But one likes to handle Spenser--to have it nigh. My
copy is lying at my left elbow in the blazing sun as I write now. It
seems to me I shall never again look into the _Spelling-Book_ or the
_Pilgrim’s Progress_. Fables and allegories are only foolishnesses fit
for people of weak intellect and children. Well, when I put down this
pen, and before this ink is dry, I shall have resumed my interrupted
reading of the _Faerie Queen_ at page 473. My intellect is too weak and
my heart too childish to resist the seduction of Spenser’s verse. So
much for my own theory of allegory and my respect for my own theory.




MY COPY OF KEATS.


The only copy of Keats I ever owned is a modest volume published by
Edward Moxon and Co. in the year 1861. By writing on its yellow fly-leaf
I find it was given to me four years later, in September 1865. At that
time it was clean and bright, opened with strict impartiality when set
upon its back, and had not learned to respond with alacrity to hasty
searches for favourite passages.

The binding is now racked and feeble from use; and if, as in army
regulations, service under warm suns is to be taken for longer service
in cooler climes, it may be said that to the exhaustion following
overwork have been added the prejudices of premature age.

It is not bound as books were bound once upon a time, when they
outlasted the tables and chairs, even the walls; ay, the very races and
names of their owners. The cover is simple plain blue cloth; on the back
is a little patch of printing in gold, with the words Keats’s _Poetical
Works_ in the centre of a twined gilt ribbon and twisted gilt flowers.
The welt at the back is bleached and frayed; the corners of the cover
are battered and turned in. There is a chink between the cover and the
arched back; and the once proud Norman line of that arc is flattened and
degraded, retaining no more of its pristine look of sturdy strength than
a wheaten straw after the threshing.

In a list of new books preceding the biography of the poet I find the
volume I speak of under the head “POETRY--_Pocket Editions_;” described
as “Keats’s _Poetical Works_. With a Memoir by R. M. Milnes. Price 3_s._
6_d._ cloth.” It was from no desire to look my gift-horse in the mouth I
alighted upon the penultimate fact disclosed in the description. When I
become owner of any volume my first delight in it is to read the
catalogue of new books annexed, if there be any, before breaking my fast
upon the subject-matter of the writer in my hand--as a poor gentleman
in a spacious restaurant, who, having ordered luncheon, consisting of
bread and cheese, butter, and a half-pint of bitter ale, takes up the
bill of fare and the list of wines, and designs for his imagination a
feast his purse denies to his lips.

If any owner of a cart of old books in Farringdon Street asked you a
shilling for such a copy of Keats as mine, you would smile at him. You
would think he had acquired the books merely to satisfy his own taste,
and now displayed them to gratify a vanity that was intelligible; you
would feel assured no motive towards commerce could underlie ever so
deeply such a preposterous demand.

My copy will, I think, last my time. Already it has been in my hands
more than half the years of a generation; and I feel that its severest
trials are over. In days gone by it made journeys with me by sea and
land, and paid long visits to some friends, both when I went myself, and
when I did not go. Change of air and scene have had no beneficial effect
upon it. Journey after journey, and visit after visit, the full cobalt
of the cloth grew darker and dingier, the boards of the cover became
limper and limper, and the stitching at the back more apparent between
the sheets, like the bones and sinews growing outward through the flesh
of a hand waxing old.

Once, when the book had been on a prolonged excursion away from me, it
returned sadly out of sorts. Had it been a dear friend come back from
India on sick-leave, after an absence from temperate skies of twenty
years, I could not have observed a more disquieting change. The cover
was darkened so that the original hue had almost wholly disappeared,
save at the edges, that, like the Indian veteran’s forehead, were of
startling and unwholesome pallor. Its presence in such guise aroused a
gnawing solicitude which undermined all peace. I could not endure the
symptoms of its speedy decline, the prospect of its dissolution; and to
shield its case from harm and my sensibilities from continual assault, I
wrapped it with sighs and travail of heart in a gritty cover of
substantial brown paper.

For a while, the consciousness that my book was safe compensated for
the unfamiliarity of its appearance and my constitutional antipathy to
contact with brown paper, even a lively image of which makes me cringe.

But as days went on the brown paper entered into my soul and rankled.
What! was my Keats to be clad in that wretched union garb, that livery
of poverty acknowledged, that corduroy of the bookshelf? Intolerable!
Should I, who had, like other men, only my time to live, be denied all
friendly sight of the natural seeming of my prime friend? My Keats would
last my time; and why should I hide my friend in an unparticularised
garb, the uniform of the mean or the needy, merely that those who came
after me might enjoy a privilege of which senseless timidity sought to
rob me? No; that should not be. I would cast away the badge of beggary,
and, like a man, face the daily decay of my old companion. I tore the
paper off, threw it upon the fire, and set my disenthralled Keats in its
own proper vesture on the shelf among its comrades and its peers.

There is no man, how poor soever, who has not some taste which, for his
circumstances, must be regarded as expensive; and in that “sweet
unreasonableness” of human nature, not at all limited to “the Celt,” men
take a kind of foolish pride in their particular extravagances. You know
a man that declares he would sooner go without his dinner than a clean
shirt; another who would prefer one good cigar to a pound of cavendish;
one who would rather travel to the City of winter mornings by train
without an overcoat than by vulgar tramcar in fur and pilot cloth; a
fourth who would more gladly give his right hand than forget his Greek;
a fifth who pays the hire of a piano and does without the beer which as
a Briton is his birthright; a sixth who starves himself and stints his
family for the love of a garden. For my own part, I felt the using of my
Keats without protection of any kind to be beyond my means, but I
gloried in this extravagance. It seemed rich to be thus hand and glove
with the book: to touch it when and where I would, and as much as ever I
liked: to feel assured that even with free using and free lending it
would outlast my short stay here, as the blossoms of the roses in a
friend’s hedge outlast your summer visit. Was it not fine, did it not
strike a chord of kingly generosity, to be able to say to a friend,
“Here is my copy of Keats. Take it, use it, read it. There is plenty of
it for you and me”? I would rather have the lending of my Keats than the
bidding to a banquet.

So it fell out that my favourite went more among my friends than ever,
and accumulated at a usurious rate all manner of marks and stains, and
defacements, and dog-ears, and other unworded comments, as well as
verbal comments expressed in pencil and ink. It is true that a rolling
stone gathers no moss, but a rolling snowball gathers more snow, and
moss and snow are of about equal value. Oliver Wendell Holmes says, if I
may trust my memory, that only three things improve with years: violins,
wine, and meerschaum pipes. He loves books, and knows books as well as
any man now living--almost as well as Charles Lamb did when he was with
us; and yet Dr. Holmes does not think books worthy of being included in
the list of things that time ripens. Is this ingratitude or
carelessness, or does it mean that books dwell apart, and are no more to
be classed with mere tangible things than angels, or mathematical
points, or the winds of last winter? Is a book to him an ethereal record
of a divine trance? an insubstantial painting of a splendid dream? the
music of a yesterday fruitful in heavenly melody? the echo of a syren’s
song haunting a sea shell?

Does not De Quincey tell us that, having lent some books to Coleridge,
the poet not only wrote the lender’s name in them, but enriched the
margins with observations and comments on the texts? Who would not give
a tithe of the books he has for one volume so gloriously illuminated? I
remember when I was a lad, among lads, a friend of ours picked up
secondhand Cary’s Dante, in which was written the name of a poet still
living, but who is almost unknown. We loved the living poet for his
work, and when the buyer told us that the Dante bore not only the poet’s
name, but numerous marginal notes and hints in his handwriting, we all
looked upon the happy possessor with eyes of envious respect. The
precious volume was shown to us, not in groups, for in gatherings there
is peril of a profaning laugh, or an unsympathetic sneer. One by one we
were handed the book, on still country roads, upon the tranquil heights
of hills, where we were alone with the brown heather and the plover, or
on some barren cliff above the summer sea. The familiar printed text
sank into insignificance beside the blurred pencil lines. Any one might
buy a fair uncut copy for a crown piece. The text was common
property--“’twas mine, ’tis his, and has been slave to thousands.” But
here before us lay revealed the private workings of a poetic
imagination, fired by contact with a master of the craft. To us this
volume disclosed one of our heroes, clad in the homely garb of prose,
speaking in his own everyday speech, and lifting up his voice in
admiration, wonder, awe, to the colossal demi-god, in whose presence we
had stood humiliated and afeard.

My Keats has suffered from many pipes, many thumbs, many pencils, many
quills, many pockets. Not one stain, one gape, one blot of these would
I forego for a spick and span copy in all the gorgeous pomp of the
bookbinder’s millinery. These blemishes are aureolæ to me. They are
nimbi around the brows of the gods and demi-gods, who walk in the
triumph of their paternal despot on the clouds metropolitan that
embattle the heights of Parnassus.

What a harvest of happy memories is garnered in its leaves! How well I
remember the day it got that faint yellow stain on the page where begins
the _Ode on a Grecian Urn_. It was a clear, bright, warm, sunshiny
afternoon late in the month of May. Three of us took a boat and rowed
down a broad blue river, ran the nose of the boat ashore on the gravel
beach of a sequestered island and landed. Pulling was warm work, and we
all climbed a slope, reached the summit, and cast ourselves down on the
long lush cool grass, in the shade of whispering sycamores, and in a
stream of air that came fresh with the cheering spices of the hawthorn
blossom.

One of our company was the best chamber reader I have ever heard. His
voice was neither very melodious nor very full. Perhaps he was all the
better for this because he made no effort at display. As he read, the
book vanished from his sight, and he leaned over the poet’s shoulder,
saw what the poet saw, and in a voice timid with the sense of
responsibility, and yet elated with a kind of fearing joy, told of what
he saw in words that never hurried, and that, when uttered, always
seemed to hang substantially in the air like banners.

He discovered and related the poet’s vision rather than simulated
passion to suit the scene. I remember well his reading of the passage:

    “Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave
     Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare;
     Bold lover, never, never canst thou kiss,
     Though winning near the goal--yet, do not grieve;
     She cannot fade though thou hast not thy bliss,
     For ever wilt thou love and she be fair!”

He rehearsed the whole of the ode over and over again as we lay on the
grass watching the vast chestnuts and oaks bending over the river, as
though they had grown aweary of the sun, and longed to glide into the
broad full stream.

As he read the lines just quoted, he gave us time to hear the murmur,
and to breathe the fragrance of those immortal trees. “Nor ever can
those trees be bare,” in the text has only a semicolon after it. Yet
here he paused, while three wavelets broke upon the beach, as if he
could not tear himself away from contemplating the deathless verdure,
and realising the prodigious edict pronounced upon it. “Bold lover,
never, never canst thou kiss, though winning near the goal.” At the
terrible decree he raised his eyes and gazed with heavy-lidded, hopeless
commiseration at this being, who, still more unhappy than Tithonus, had
to immortality added perpetual youth, with passion for ever strong, and
denial for ever final.

“Yet do not grieve.” This he uttered as one who pleads forgiveness of a
corpse--merely to try to soothe a conscience sensible of an obligation
that can never now be discharged. “She cannot fade, though thou hast not
thy bliss, for ever wilt thou love, and she be fair!” Here the reader,
with eyes fixed and rayless, seemed by voice and pose to be sunk,
beyond all power of hope, in an abyss of despair. The barren
immutability of the spectacle appeared to weigh upon him more
intolerably than the wreck of a people. He spoke the words in a long
drawn-out whisper, and, after a pause, dropped his head, and did not
resume.

I recollect that when the illusion he wrought up so fully in my mind had
passed away in that long pause, and when I remembered that the fancy of
the poet was expending itself, not on beings whom he conceived
originally as human, but on the figures of a mere vase, I was seized
with a fierce desire to get up and seek that vase through all the world
until I found it, and then smash it into ten thousand atoms.

When I had written the last sentence, I took up the volume to decide
where I should recommence, and I “turned the page, and turned the page.”
I lived over again the days not forgotten, but laid aside in memory to
be borne forth in periods of high festival. I could not bring myself
back from the comrades of old, and the marvels of the great magician, to
this poor street, this solitude, and this squalid company of my own
thoughts--thoughts so trivial and so mean compared with the imperial
visions into which I had been gazing, that I was glad for the weariness
which came upon me, and grateful to gray dawn that glimmered against the
blind and absolved me from further obligation for that sitting.

On turning over the leaves without reading, I find _Hyperion_ opens most
readily of all, and seems to have fared worst from deliberate and
unintentional comment. Much of the wear and tear and pencil marks are to
be set down against myself; for when I take the book with no definite
purpose I turn to _Hyperion_, as a blind man to the warmth of the sun.
Some qualities of the poem I can feel and appreciate; but always in its
presence I am weighed down by the consciousness that my deficiency in
some attribute of perception debars me from undreamed-of privileges.

I recall one evening in a pine glen, with one man and _Hyperion_. It
would be difficult to match this man or me as readers. I don’t think
there can be ten worse employing the English language to-day. I not
only do not by any inflection of voice expound what I utter, but I am
often incapable of speaking the words before me. I take in a line at a
glance, see its import with my own imagination apart from the verbiage,
which leaves not a shadow of an impression on my mind. When I come to
the next line I grow suddenly alive to the fact that I have to speak off
the former one. I am in a hurry to see what line two has to show; so,
instead of giving the poet’s words for line one, I give my own
description of the vision it has conjured up in my mind. This is bad
enough in all conscience; but the friend of whom I speak now, behaves
even worse. His plan of reading is to stop his voice in the middle of
line one, and proceed to discuss the merits of line two, which he had
read with his eye, but not with his lips, and of which the listener is
ignorant, unless he happen to know the poem by rote.

On that evening in the glen I pulled out Keats, and turned, at my
friend’s request, to _Hyperion_, and began to read aloud. He was more
patient than mercy’s self; but occasionally, when I did a most
exceptionally bad murder on the text, he would writhe and cry out, and I
would go back and correct myself, and start afresh.

He had a big burly frame, and a deep full voice that shouted easily, and
some of the comments shouted as I read are indicated by pencil marks in
the margin. The writing was not done then, but much later, when he and I
had shaken hands, and he had gone sixteen thousand miles away. As he was
about to set out on that long journey, he said, “In seven years more
I’ll drop in and have a pipe with you.” It had been seven years since I
saw him before. The notes on the margin are only keys to what was said;
for I fear the comment made was more bulky than the text, and the text
and comment together would far exceed the limits of such an essay as
this. I therefore curtail greatly, and omit much.

I read down the first page without meeting any interruption; but when I
came in page two on

              “She would have ta’en
    Achilles by the hair and bent his neck,”

he cried out, “Stop! Don’t read the line following. It is bathos
compared with that line and a half. It is paltry and weak beside what
you have read. ‘Ta’en Achilles by the hair and bent his neck.’ By Jove!
can you not see the white muscles start out in his throat, and the look
of rage, defeat and agony on the face of the Greek bruiser? But how flat
falls the next line: ‘Or with a finger stay’d Ixion’s wheel.’ What’s the
good of stopping Ixion’s wheel? Besides, a crowbar would be much better
than a finger. It is a line for children, not for grown men. It exhausts
the subject. It is too literal. There is no question left to ask. But
the vague ‘Ta’en Achilles by the hair and _bent_ his neck’ is perfect.
You can see her knee in the hollow of his back, and her fingers twisted
in his hair. But the image of the goddess dabbling in that river of hell
after Ixion’s wheel is contemptible.”

He next stopped me at

    “Until at length old Saturn lifted up
     His faded eyes, and saw his kingdom gone.”

“What an immeasurable vision Keats must have had of the old bankrupt
Titan, when he wrote the second line! Taken in the context it is simply
overwhelming. Keats must have sprung up out of his chair as he saw the
gigantic head upraised, and the prodigious grief of the grey-haired god.
But Keats was not happy in the matter of full stops. Here again what
comes after weakens. We get no additional strength out of

    “‘And all the gloom and sorrow of the place
      And that fair kneeling Goddess.’

The ‘gloom and sorrow’ and the ‘goddess’ are abominably
anticlimacteric.”

    “Yes, there must be a golden victory;
     There must be gods thrown down and trumpets blown
     Of triumph calm, and hymns of festival
     Upon the gold clouds metropolitan,
     Voices of soft proclaim, and silver stir
     Of strings in hollow shells; and there shall be
     Beautiful things made new, for the surprise
     Of the sky-children; I will give command:
     Thea! Thea! Thea! where is Saturn?”

“Read that again!” cried my friend, clinging to the grass and breathing
hard. “Again!” he cried, when I had finished the second time. And then,
before I could proceed, he sprang to his feet, carrying out the action
in the text immediately following:

      “This passion lifted him upon his feet,
    And made his hands to struggle in the air.”

“Come on, John Milton,” cried my friend, excitedly sparring at the
winds,--“come on, and beat that, and we’ll let you put all your
adjectives behind your nouns, and your verb last, and your nominative
nowhere! Why man,”--this being addressed to the Puritan poet--“it
carried Keats himself off his legs; that’s more than anything you ever
wrote when you were old did for you. There’s the smell of midnight oil
off your later spontaneous efforts, John Milton.

“When Milton went loafing about and didn’t mind much what he was writing
he could give any of them points”--(I deplore the language) “any of
them, ay, Shakespeare himself points in a poem. In a poem, sir” (this
to me), “Milton could give Shakespeare a hundred and one out of a
hundred and lick the Bard easily. How the man who was such a fool as to
write Shakespeare’s poems had the good sense to write Shakespeare’s
plays I can never understand. The most un-Shakesperian poems in the
language are Shakespeare’s. I never read Cowley, but it seems to me
Cowley ought to have written Shakespeare’s poems, and then his obscurity
would have been complete. If Milton only didn’t take the trouble to be
great he would have been greater. As far as I know there are no English
poets who improved when they ceased to be amateurs and became
professional poets, except Wordsworth and Tennyson. Shelley and Keats
were never regular race-horses. They were colts that bolted in their
first race and ran until they dropped. It was a good job Shakespeare
gave up writing rhymes and posing as a poet. It was not until he
despaired of becoming one and took to the drama that he began to feel
his feet and show his pace. If he had suspected he was a great poet he
would have adopted the airs of the profession and been ruined. In his
time no one thought of calling a play a poem--that was what saved the
greatest of all our poets to us. The only two things Shakespeare didn’t
know is that a play may be a poem and that his plays are the finest
poems finite man as he is now constructed can endure. It is all nonsense
to say man shall never look on the like of Shakespeare again. It is not
the poet superior to Shakespeare man now lacks, but the man to apprehend
him.”

I looked around uneasily, and found, to my great satisfaction, that
there was no stranger in view. My friend occupied a position of
responsibility and trust, and it would be most injurious if a rumour got
abroad that not only did he read and admire verse, but that he held
converse with the shades of departed poets as well. In old days men who
spoke to the vacant air were convicted of necromancy and burned; in our
times men offending in this manner are suspected of poetry and
ostracized.

As soon as my friend was somewhat calmed, and had cast himself down
again and lit a pipe, I resumed my reading. He allowed me to proceed
without interruption until I came to:

                      “His palace bright,
    Bastion’d with pyramids of glowing gold,
    And touch’d with shade of bronzed obelisks,
    Glared a blood-red through all its thousand courts,
    Arches, and domes, and fiery galleries;
    And all its curtains of Aurorian clouds
    Flushed angerly: while sometimes eagles’ wings,
    Unseen before by Gods or wondering men,
    Darken’d the place; and neighing steeds were heard,
    Not heard before by Gods or wondering men.”

“Prodigious!” he shouted. “Go over that again. Keep the syllables wide
apart. It is a good rule of water-colour sketching not to be too nice
about joining the edges of the tints; this lets the light in. Keep the
syllables as far apart as ever you can, and let the silentness in
between to clear up the music. How the gods and the wondering men must
have wondered! Do you know, I am sure Keats often frightened, terrified
himself with his own visions. You remember he says somewhere he doesn’t
think any one could dare to read some one or another aloud at midnight.
I believe that often in the midnight he sat and cowered before the
gigantic sights and sounds that reigned despotically over his fancy.”

                  “O dreams of day and night!
    O monstrous forms! O effigies of pain!
    O spectres busy in a cold, cold gloom!
    O lank-ear’d Phantoms of black-weeded pools!
    Why do I know ye? why have I seen ye? why
    Is my eternal essence thus distraught
    To see and to behold these horrors new?
    Saturn is fallen, am I too to fall?
    Am I to leave this haven of my rest,
    This cradle of my glory, this soft clime,
    This calm luxuriance of blissful light,
    These crystalline pavilions, and pure fanes,
    Of all my lucent empire? It is left
    Deserted, void, nor any haunt of mine.
    The blaze, the splendour, and the symmetry
    I cannot see--but darkness, death and darkness.
    Even here, into my centre of repose,
    The shady visions come to domineer,
    Insult, and blind and stifle up my pomp--
    Fall!--No, by Tellus and her briny robes!
    Over the fiery frontier of my realms
    I will advance a terrible right arm
    Shall scare that infant thunderer, rebel Jove,
    And bid old Saturn take his throne again.”

“What more magnificent prelude ever was uttered to oath than the portion
of this speech preceding ‘No, by Tellus’! What more overpowering,
leading up to an overwhelming threat, than the whole passage going
before ‘Over the fiery frontier of my realms I will advance a terrible
right arm’! What menacing deliberativeness there is in this whole
speech, and what utter completeness of ruin to come is indicated by
those words, ‘I will advance a terrible right arm’! You feel no sooner
shall that arm move than ‘rebel Jove’s’ reign will be at an end, and
that chaos will be left for Saturn to rule and fashion once more into
order. Shut up the poem now. That’s plenty of _Hyperion_, and the other
books of it are inferior. There is more labour and more likeness to
_Paradise Lost_.” And so my friend, who is 16,000 miles away, and I
turned from the Titanic theme, and spoke of the local board of
guardians, or some young girl whose beauty was making rich misery in the
hearts of young men in those old days.

There is no other long poem in the volume bearing any marks which
indicate such close connection with any individual reader as in the case
of _Hyperion_. _Endymion_ boasts only one mark, and that expressing
admiration of the relief afforded from monotony of the heroic couplets
by the introduction in the opening of the double rhyming verses:

    “Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing
     Therefore, on every morrow, are we wreathing--”

The friend to whom this mark is due never handled the volume, never even
saw it; but once upon a time when he, another man, and I had got
together, and were talking of the “gallipot poet,” the first friend said
he always regarded this couplet as most happily placed where it appears.
So when I reached home I marked my copy at the lines. Now, when I open
the volume and find that mark, it is as good to me as, better than, a
photograph of my friend; for I not only see his face and figure, but
once more he places his index-finger on the table, as we three sit
smoking, and whispers out the six opening lines, ending with the two I
have quoted. Suppose I too should some day go 16,000 miles away from
London, and carry this volume with me, shall I not be able to open it
when I please, and recall what I then saw and heard, what I now see and
hear, as distinctly as though no long interval of ocean or of months lay
between to-night and that hour?

Can I ever forget my burly tenor friend, who sang and composed songs,
and dinted the line in _The Eve of St. Agnes_,

    “The silver, snarling trumpets ’gan to chide,”

and declared a hundred times in my unwearied ears that no more happy
epithet than snarling could be found for trumpets? He over and over
again assured me, and over and over again I loved to listen to his fancy
running riot on the line, how he heard and saw brazen and silver and
golden griffins quarrelling in the roof and around his ears as the
trumpets blared through the echoing halls and corridors. He, too, marked

    “The music, yearning like a God in pain.”

“Keats,” he would say, “seems to have got not only at the spirit of the
music, but at the very flesh and blood of it. He has done one thing for
me,” my friend continued. “Before I read these lines, and others of the
same kind, in Keats, my favourite tunes always represented an emotion of
my own mind. Now they stand for individual characters in scenes, like
descriptions of people in a book. When I hear music now I am with the
Falstaffs or the Romolas, with Quasimodo or Julius Cæsar.”

I have been regarding the indentures in the volume chronologically. The
next marks of importance in the order of the years occur, one in _The
Eve of St. Agnes_, the other in the _Ode to a Nightingale_. These marks,
more than any others, I regard with grateful memory. They are not the
work of the hand of him for whom I value them. I have good reason to
look on him as a valid friend. For months between him and me there had
existed an acquaintance necessarily somewhat close, but wholly
uninformed with friendship. We spoke to one another as Mr. So-and-so.
Neither of us suspected that the other had any toleration of poets or
poetry. Our commerce had been in mere prose. One day, in mid-winter,
when a chilling fog hung over London, I chanced to go into a room where
he was writing alone. After a formal greeting, I complained of the cold.
He dropped his pen and looked up. “Yes,” he said, “very cold and dark as
night. Do you know the coldest night that ever was?” I answered that I
did not. “It was St. Agnes’s Eve, when

    “‘The owl, for all his feathers, was a-cold.’”

And so we fell to talking about Keats, and talked and talked for hours;
and before the first hour of our talk had passed we had ceased
“Mistering” one another for ever. The fire of his enthusiasm rose higher
and higher as the minutes swept by. He knew one poet personally, for
whose verse I had profound respect, and this poet, he told me,
worshipped Keats. Often in our talks I laid plots for bringing him back
to the simple sentence, “You should hear M. talk about Keats.” The
notion that any one who knew M. could think M. would talk to me about
Keats intoxicated me. “He would not let me listen to him?” I said half
fearfully. “M. would talk to any one about Keats--to even a lawyer.” How
I wished at that moment I was a Lord Chancellor who might stand in M.’s
path. I have, in a way, been near to that poet since. I might almost
have said to him,

    “So near, too! You could hear my sigh,
     Or see my case with half an eye;
     But must not--there are reasons why.”

So this friend I speak of now and I came to be great friends indeed. We
often met and held carnivals of verse, carnivals among the starry lamps
of poetry. He had a subtle instinct that saw the jewel, however it might
be set. He owned himself the faculty of the poet, which gave him ripe
knowledge of all matters technical in the setting.

    “Now more than ever seems it rich to die,
     To cease upon the midnight with no pain.”

He would quote these two lines and cry, “Was ever death so pangless as
that spoken of here? ‘To _cease_ upon the midnight!’ Here is no
struggle, no regret, no fear. This death is softer and lighter and
smoother than the falling of the shadow of night upon a desert of
noiseless sand.”

For a long time the name of one man had been almost daily in my ears. I
had been hearing much through the friend to whom I have last referred
about his intuitive eye and critical acumen. That friend had informed me
of the influence which his opinion carried; and of how this man held
Keats high above poets to whom we have statues of brass, whose names we
give to our streets. My curiosity was excited, and, while my desire to
meet this man was largely mingled with timidity, I often felt a jealous
pang at thinking that many of the people with whom I was acquainted knew
him. At length I became distantly connected with an undertaking in which
he was prominently concerned. Through the instrumentality of one
friendly to us both, we met. It was a sacred night for me, and I sat and
listened, enchanted. After some hours the talk wheeled round upon
sonnets. “Sonnets!” he cried, starting up; “who can repeat the lines
about Cortez in Keats? You all know it.” Some one began to read or
repeat the sonnet. Until coming upon the words, “or like stout Cortez.”
“That’s it, that’s it! Now go on.”

    “Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes
       He stared at the Pacific--and all his men
     Look’d at each other with a wild surmise--
       Silent, upon a peak in Darien.”

“‘And all his men looked at each other with a _wild_ surmise,’” he
repeated, “‘_silent_ upon a peak in Darien.’ The most enduring group
ever designed. They are standing there to this day. They will stand
there for ever and for ever; they are immutable. When an artist carves
them you may know that Buonarotti is risen from the dead and is once
more abroad.”

That portion of a book which is called a preface and put first, is
always the last written. It may be human, but it is not logical, that
when a man starts he does not know what he has to say first, until he
finds out by an elaborate guess of several hundred pages what he wants
to say last. It would be unbecoming of me in a collection of ignorant
essays to affect to know less than a person of average intelligence; but
I am quite sincere when I say I am not aware who the author is of the
great aphorism that “After all, there is a great deal of human nature in
man.” There is, I would venture to say, more human nature than logic in
man. My copy of Keats is no exception to the general rule of books. The
preface ought to precede immediately the colophon. Yet it is in the
forefront of the volume, before even the very title page itself. It
forms no integral part of the volume, and is unknown to the printer or
publisher. It was given to me by a thoughtful and kind-hearted friend at
whose side I worked for a considerable while. One time, years ago, he
took a holiday and vanished, going from among us I knew not whither. On
coming back he presented each of his associates with something out of
his store of spoil. That which now forms the preface to my copy he gave
me. It consists of twelve leaves; twelve myrtle leaves on a spray. When
he was in Rome he bore me in mind and plucked this sprig at the grave of
the poet. It is consoling to remember Keats is buried so far away from
where he was born, when we cannot forget that the abominable infamy of
publishing his love-letters was committed in his own country--here in
England. His spirit was lent to earth only for a little while, and he
gave all of it to us. But we were not satisfied. We must have his
heart’s blood and his heart too. The gentlemen who attacked his poetry
when he was alive really knew no better, and tried, perhaps, to be as
honest as would suit their private ends. But the publication of the dead
man’s love-letters, fifty years after he had passed away, cannot be
attributed even to ignorance. If any money was made out of the book it
would be a graceful act to give it to some church where the burial
ground is scant, and the parish is in need of a Potter’s Field.

When I take down my copy of Keats, and look through it and beyond it, I
feel that while it is left to me I cannot be wholly shorn of my friends.
It is the only album of photographs I possess. The faces I see in it
are not for any eye but mine. It is my private portrait gallery, in
which hang the portraits of my dearest friends. The marks and blots are
intelligible to no eye but mine; they are the cherished hieroglyphics of
the heart. I close the book; I lock up the hieroglyphics; I feel certain
the book will last my time. Should it survive me and pass into new
hands--into the hands of some boy now unborn, who may pluck out of it
posies of love-phrases for his fresh-cheeked sweetheart--he will know
nothing of the import these marginal notes bore to one who has gone
before him; unless, indeed, out of some cemetery of ephemeral literature
he digs up this key--this Rosetta stone.




DECAY OF THE SUBLIME.


The sublime is dying. It has been pining a long time. At last
dissolution has set in. Nothing can save it but another incursion of
Goths and Huns; and as there are no Goths and Huns handy just now, the
sublime must die out, and die out soon. You can know what a man is by
the company he keeps. You can judge a people by the ideas they retain
more than by the ideas they acquire. The philology of a tongue, from its
cradle to its grave, is the social history of the people who spoke it.
To-day you may mark the progress of civilisation by the decay bf the
sublime. Glance at a few of the nations of earth as they stand. Italy
and Spain still hold with the sublime in literature and art, although,
being exhausted stocks, they cannot produce it any longer. France is
cynical, smart, artistic, but never was and never can be sublime, so
long as vanity rules her; and yet, by the irony of selection, sublime is
one of her favourite words. Central Europe has had her sublime phases,
but cannot be even thought of now in connection with the quality; and
Russia and Turkey are barbarous still. If we come to the active pair of
nationalities in the progress of current civilisation, the United States
and England, we find the sublime in very poor case.

Young England across the water is the most progressive nation of our
age, because it is the most practical. If ever there was a man who put
his foot on the neck of the sublime, that man is Uncle Sam. His
contribution to the arts is almost nothing. His outrages against
established artistic canons have been innumerable. He owns a new land
without traditions. He laughs at all traditions. He has never raised a
saint or a mummy or a religion (Mormonism he stole from the East), a
crusader, a tyrant, a painter, a sculptor, a musician, a dramatist, an
inquisition, a star chamber, a council of ten. All his efforts have
been in a strictly practical direction, and most of his efforts have
been crowned with success. He has devoted his leisure time, the hours
not spent in cutting down forests or drugging Indians with whisky, to
laughing at the foolish old notions which the foolish old countries
cherish. He had a wonderfully fertile estate of two thousand million
acres, about only one fourth of which is even to this day under direct
human management. In getting these five hundred million acres of land
under him he had met all kinds of ground--valley, forest, mountain,
plain. But in none of these did he find anything but axes and whisky of
the least use. No mountain had been sanctified to him by first earthly
contact with the two Tables of the Law. No plain had been rendered
sacred as that upon which the miraculous manna fell to feed the chosen
people. No inland sea had been the scene of a miraculous draught of
fishes. All the land acquired and cultivated by Uncle Sam came to him by
the right of whisky and the axe. The mountain was nothing more than so
much land placed at a certain angle that made it of little use for
tillage. The plains, the rivers, and inland seas had a simply commercial
value in his eyes. He had no experience of a miracle of any kind, and he
did not see why he should bow down and respect a mountain, that, to him,
was no more than so many thousand acres on an incline unfavourable to
cultivation. Such a condition of the ground was a bore, and he would
have cut down the mountain as he had cut down the Indian and the forest,
if he had known how to accomplish the feat. He saw nothing mystic in the
waters or the moon. Were the rivers and lakes wholesome to drink and
useful for carriage, and well stocked with fish? These were the
questions he asked about the waters. Would there be moonlight enough for
riding and working? was the only question he asked about that “orbèd
maiden with white fire laden whom mortals call the moon.” His notions,
his plains, his rivers, his lakes, were all “big,” but he never thought
of calling them sublime. On his own farm he failed to find any present
trace of the supernatural; and he discovered no trace of the
supernatural in tradition, for there was no tradition once the red man
had been washed into his grave with whisky. Hence Uncle Sam began
treating the supernatural with familiarity, and matters built on the
supernatural with levity. Now without the supernatural the sublime
cannot exist any length of time, if at all.

It may be urged it is unreasonable to hold that the Americans have done
away with the sublime, since in the history of all nations the earlier
centuries were, as in America, devoted to material affairs. There is one
fact bearing on this which should not be left out of count, namely, that
America did not start from barbarism, or was not raised on a site where
barbarism had overrun a high state of civilisation. The barbarous hordes
of the north effaced the civilisation of old Rome, and raised upon its
ashes a new people, the Italians, who in time led the way in art, as the
old Romans had before them. The Renaissance was a second crop raised off
the same ground by new men. The arts Rome had borrowed from Greece had
been trampled down by Goths, who, when they found themselves in the land
of milk and honey, sat down to enjoy the milk and honey, until suddenly
the germs of old art struck root, and once more all eyes turned to Italy
for principles of beauty. But America started with the civilisation of a
highly civilised age. She did not rear her own civilisation on her own
soil. She did not borrow her arts from any one country. She simply
peopled her virgin plains with the sons of all the earth, who brought
with them the culture of their respective nationalities. She has not
followed the ordinary course of nations, from conflict to power, from
power to prosperity, from prosperity to the arts, luxury, and decay. She
started with prosperity, and the first use she made of her prosperity
was, not to cultivate the fine arts in her own people, but to laugh at
them in others. In the individual man the sense of humour grows with
years. In nations the sense of humour develops with centuries. The
literature of nations begins with battle-songs and hymns, and ends with
burlesques and blasphemies.

Now although America has begun with burlesques and blasphemies, no one
can for a moment imagine that America is not going to create a noble
literature of her own. She is destined not only to found and build up a
noble literature, but one which will be unique. When she has time, when
she has let most of those idle one thousand five hundred million acres,
she will begin writing her books. By that time she will have running in
her veins choice blood from every race on earth, and it is a matter of
certainty she will give the world many delights now undreamed of. No
other nation on earth will have, or ever has had, such an opportunity of
devoting attention to man in his purely domestic and social relations.
The United States of to-day has, for practical purposes, no foreign
policy. She has no foreign rivals, she is not likely to have foreign
wars, while in her own country she has large bodies of men from every
people on the world. She owns the largest assorted lot of mankind on the
globe, and as years go by we may safely conclude she will add to the
variety and number of her sons. In all this appears no hope for the
sublime. There is no instance in literature of a nation going back from
laughter to heroics. The two may exist side by side. But that is not the
case in America. Up to this hour only one class of transatlantic writers
has challenged the attention of Europe, and that class is humorous and
profane. Emerson, Bryant, Cooper, Poe, Hawthorne, Lowell, Holmes, and
Irving are merely Europeans born in America. But Ward, Harte, Twain, and
Breitmann are original and American.

America is undoubtedly the literary promise-land of the future. It has
done nothing up to this. Its condition has forbidden it to achieve
anything, but great triumphs may be anticipated from it. Crossing the
Atlantic, what do we find in the other great branch of the
English-speaking race? Religious publications head the list by a long
way. They have nothing to do with this subject save in so far as they
are in the line of the sublime. All forms of the Christian and Jewish
creeds are sublime. Looking at the other walks of literature, we find
the death sentence of the sublime written everywhere. With the
exception of Mr. Browning, here or there we have no poet or dramatist
who attempts it. We have elegant trifles and beautiful form in many
volumes of second-rate contemporary verse. There never was a time when
the science of poetry was understood until now. Our critics can tell you
with mathematical certainty the number of poems as distinguished from
pieces of verse every well-known man has written. But we are not
producing any great poetry, and none of the sublime kind. This is the
age of elegant poetic incentive, of exquisite culture, but it is too
dainty. We do not rise much above a poem to a shoe, or an ode to a
ringlet, perfumed with one of Mr. Rimmel’s best admired distillations.
We have a few poets who are continually trying to find out who or what
the deuce they are, and what they meant by being born, and so on; but
then these men are for the eclectic, and not the herd of sensible
people. We have two men who have done noble work, Browning and Tennyson;
but, speaking broadly, we find the sublime nowhere. It is true you
cannot force genius as you force asparagus; and these remarks are not
intended to indict the age with having no poetic faculty or aspiration.
Abundance of poetry of a new and beautiful kind does exist, but it is
not of the lofty kind born to the men of old.

Turning eyes away from literature, take a few more of the arts. Before
we go farther, let us admit that one art at least never reached sublimer
recorded heights than to-day. The music of the generation just past is,
I believe, in the front rank of the art. It is an art now in the throes
of an enormous transformation. Not using the phrase in its slangy
meaning, the music of the future is sure to touch splendours never
dreamed of by that Raphael of the lyre, Mozart. The only art-Titans now
wrestling are the musicians; not those paltry souls that pad the poor
words of inane burlesques, but the great spirits that sit apart, and
have audiences of the angels. These men, out of their own mouths, assure
us that they catch the far-off murmurs of such imperial tones as never
filled the ear of man yet. They cannot gather up the broken chords they
hear. They admit they have heard no more than a few bars of the great
masters who are close upon us; but, they say, if they only reproduce the
effect these preluding passages have upon them, “Such harmonious madness
from their lips would flow, the world should listen then as they are
listening now.”

Go to the Royal Academy and look round you. How pretty! How nice! How
pathetic! But would you like to lend your arm to Michael Angelo, and go
round those walls with him? He would prefer the rack, the gridiron of
St. Laurence. It is true there is no necessity for the sublime; but
those men who have been in the awful presence of such dreams as _Night_
and _Morning_, by that sculptor, must be pardoned if they prefer it to
the art you find in Burlington House. One of our great English poets
said, speaking of the trivial nature of conversation at the beginning of
this century, that if Lord Bacon were alive now, and made a remark in an
ordinary assembly, conversation would stop. If casts of _Night_ and
_Morning_ were placed at the head of the staircase of Burlington House,
no one with appreciation of art would enter the rooms; the strong would
linger for ever round those stupendous groups, and the feeble would be
frighted away. Of course, the vast crowd of art-patrons would pass the
group with only a casual glance, and a protest against having plaster
casts occupying ground which ought to be allotted to original work.

Read any speech Burke or Grattan ever spoke, and then your _Times_ and
the debate last night. How plain it becomes that from no art has the
sublime so completely vanished as the orator’s. Take those two speakers
above, and run your eye over Cicero and Demosthenes, the four are of the
one school, in the great style. Theirs is the large and universal
eloquence. It is as fresh and beautiful, as pathetic, as sublime now as
when uttered, although the occasions and circumstances are no longer of
interest to man. The statistician and the poltroon and the verbatim
reporter have killed the orator. If any man were to rise in the House
and make a speech in the manner of the ancients, the honourable members
would hurry in from all sides to laugh. A few sessions ago a member rose
in his place, and delivered an oration on a subject not popular with the
House, but in a manner which echoed the grand old style. At once every
seat for which there was a member present at the time was occupied; and
the next morning the daily papers had articles which, while disposing of
the speaker’s cause in a few lines, devoted columns to the manner in
which he had pleaded it.

To discover what has led to the decay of the sublime is not difficult,
and even in an ignorant essay like this, it may be briefly indicated.
Roughly speaking, it is attributable to the accumulation of certainties.
Any handbook that cribs from Longinus or Burke will tell you the vague
is essential to the sublime. To attain it there must be something half
understood--not fully known, only partly revealed. To attain it detail
must be lost, and only a totality presented to the mind. For instance,
if a great lover of Roman history were suddenly to find himself on the
top of the Coliseum, the most sublime result to be obtained from the
situation would be produced by repeating to himself the simple words,
“This is Rome.” By these words the totality of the city’s grandeur,
influence, power, and enterprises would be vaguely presented to a
scholar’s mind dim in the glow of a multitude of half-revealing
side-lights. If a companion whispered in the scholar’s ears, “This place
would at one time seat a hundred thousand people,” then the particular
is reached, and the sublime vanishes like sunshine against a cloud. Most
of North America has been explored. Africa and Australia have been
traversed. The source of the Nile has been found. We can read the
hieroglyphics. We know the elements now flaming in the sun. Many of the
phenomena in all branches of physiology which were mysteries to our
fathers are familiar commonplaces of knowledge now. We have learned to
foretell the weather. We travel a thousand miles for the hundred
travelled by our fathers. We have daily newspapers to discuss all
matters, clear away mysteries. We have opened the grave for the sublime
with the plough of progress. Though the words stick in my throat, I
must, I daresay, cry, “God speed the plough!”




A BORROWED POET.


Twenty years ago I borrowed, and read for the first time, the poems of
James Clarence Mangan. I then lived in a city containing not one-third
as many people as yearly swell the population of London. The friend of
whom I borrowed the volume in 1866 is still living in his old home, in
the house from which I carried away the book then. I saw him last winter
and he is almost as little aged as the hills he has fronted all that
time. I have had in those years as many homes as an Arab nomad. He still
stays in the old place, and in the gray twilight of dark summer mornings
wakes to hear as of yore the twitter of sparrows and the cawing of rooks
from the other side of the river, and the hoarse hooting of the
steamboat hard by.

The volume of Mangan now by me I borrowed of another old friend, who
passes most of his day within sight of that familiar river not quite a
hundred yards from the house of the lender of twenty years back. In the
meantime I have seen no other copy of Mangan.

This latest fact is not much to be wondered at, for I am not
enterprising in the matter of books--rarely buy and rarely borrow, and
have never been in the reading room of the British Museum in my life.
The book may be common to those who know much about books; but I have
seen only the two copies I speak of, and these are of the same edition
and of American origin. I believe a selection from the poems was issued
a few years ago in Dublin, but a copy has not drifted my way. The
title-page of the volume before me is missing, but in a list of
publications at the back I find “_The Poems of James Clarence Mangan_.
Containing German Anthology, Irish Anthology, Apocrypha, and
Miscellaneous Poems. With a Biographical and Critical Introduction, by
John Mitchel. 1 vol. 12mo. Printed on tinted and calendered paper.
Nearly 500 pages. $1.” Beyond all doubt this is the book, and it was
published by Mr. P. M. Haverty, of New York.

As far as I know, this is the only edition of Mangan which pretends to
be even comprehensive. It does not lay claim to completeness. At the
time the late John Mitchel wrote his introduction he was aware of but
one other edition of Mangan’s poems--the German Anthology, published in
Dublin many years ago. I am nearly sure that since the appearance of
Mitchel’s edition there have been no verses of Mangan’s published in
book form on this side of the Atlantic, except the selections I have
already mentioned, and I do not think any edition whatever has been
published in this country.

During the twenty years which have elapsed since first I made the
acquaintance of the poems of James Clarence Mangan, I have read much
verse and many criticisms of verse, and yet I don’t remember to have
seen one line about Mangan in any publication issued in England. I
believe two magazine articles have appeared, but I never saw them.
Almost during these years, or within a period which does not extend
back far beyond them, criticism of verse has ceased to be a matter of
personal opinion, and has been elevated or degraded, as you will, into
an exact science. The opinions of old reviewers--the Jeffreys and
Broughams--are now looked on as curiosities of literature. There is as
wide a gulf between the mode of treating poetry now and eighty years ago
as there is between the mode of travelling, or the guess-work that makes
up the physician’s art; and if in a gathering of literary experts any
one were now to apply to a new bard the dogmas of criticism quoted for
or against Byron, Shelley, Keats, and the Lakers in their time, a
silence the reverse of respectful would certainly follow.

This is not the age of great poetry, but it is the age of “poetical
poetry,” to quote the phrase of one of the finest critics using the
English language--one who has, unfortunately for the culture of that
tongue and those who use it, written lamentably little. The great danger
by which we stand menaced at present is, that our perceptions may become
too exquisite and our poetry too intellectual. This, anyway, is true of
poetry which may at all claim to be an expression of thought. There are
in our time supreme formists in small things, carvers of cameos and
walnut shells, and musical conjurors who make sweet melodies with richly
vowelled syllables. But unfortunately the tendency of the poetic men of
to-day is towards intellectuality, and this is a humiliating decay. In
the times of Queen Elizabeth, when all the poets were Shakespeares, they
cared nothing for their intellects. The intellectual side of a poet’s
mind is an impertinence in his art.

I do not presume to say what place exactly James Clarence Mangan ought
to occupy on the greater roll of verse-writers, and I am not sure that
he is, in the finest sense of the phrase, a “poetical poet;” but he is,
at all events, the most poetical poet Ireland has produced, when we take
into account the volume and quality of his song. I shall purposely avoid
any reference to him as a translator, except in acting on John Mitchel’s
opinion, and treating one of his “translations” from the Arabic as an
original poem; for during his lifetime he confessed that he had passed
off original poems of his own as translations; and Mitchel assures us
that Mangan did not know Arabic. As this essay does not profess to be
orderly or dignified, or anything more than rambling gossip, put into
writing for no other reason than to introduce to the reader a few pieces
of verse he may not have met before, I cannot do better than insert here
the lines of which I am now speaking:


THE TIME OF THE BARMECIDES.


I.

    “My eyes are filmed, my beard is grey,
       I am bowed with the weight of years;
     I would I were stretched in my bed of clay
       With my long-lost youth’s compeers!
     For back to the past, though the thought brings woe,
       My memory ever glides--
     To the old, old time, long, long ago,
       The time of the Barmecides!
     To the old, old time, long, long ago,
       The time of the Barmecides.


II.

    “Then youth was mine, and a fierce wild will,
       And an iron arm in war,
     And a fleet foot high upon Ishkar’s hill,
       When the watch-lights glimmered afar,
     And a barb as fiery as any I know
       That Khoord or Beddaween rides,
     Ere my friends lay low--long, long ago,
       In the time of the Barmecides;
     Ere my friends lay low--long, long ago,
       In the time of the Barmecides.


III.

    “One golden goblet illumed my board,
       One silver dish was there;
     At hand my tried Karamanian sword
       Lay always bright and bare;
     For those were the days when the angry blow
       Supplanted the word that chides--
     When hearts could glow--long, long ago,
       In the time of the Barmecides;
     When hearts could glow--long, long ago,
       In the time of the Barmecides.


IV.

    “Through city and desert my mates and I
       Were free to rove and roam,
     Our diapered canopy the deep of the sky,
       Or the roof of the palace dome.
     Oh, ours was the vivid life to and fro,
       Which only sloth derides:
     Men spent Life so--long, long ago,
       In the time of the Barmecides;
     Men spent Life so--long, long ago,
       In the time of the Barmecides.


V.

    “I see rich Bagdad once again,
       With its turrets of Moorish mould,
     And the Kalif’s twice five hundred men
       Whose binishes flamed with gold.
     I call up many a gorgeous show
       Which the Pall of Oblivion hides--
     All passed like snow, long, long ago,
       With the time of the Barmecides;
     All passed like snow, long, long ago,
       With the time of the Barmecides.


VI.

    “But mine eye is dim, and my beard is grey,
       And I bend with the weight of years--
     May I soon go down to the House of Clay,
       Where slumber my Youth’s compeers!
     For with them and the Past, though the thought wakes woe,
       My memory ever abides,
     And I mourn for the Times gone long ago,
       For the Times of the Barmecides!
     I mourn for the Times gone long ago,
       For the Times of the Barmecides!”

This is the poem claimed by Mangan to be from the Arabic. I have no
means of knowing whether it is or not. There is one translation from the
Persian, one from the Ottoman, and according to Mitchel, one from the
Coptic. But seeing that he turned into verse a great number of Irish
poems from prose translations done by another, and that he did not know
a word of that language, I think it may be safely assumed that _The Last
of the Barmecides_ is original. This poem is so old a favourite of mine
that I cannot pretend to be an impartial judge of it. When I hear it (I
can never see a poem I know well and love much) I listen as to the
unchanged voice of an old friend; I wander in a maze of memories; “I see
rich Bagdad once again;” I am once more owner of the magic carpet, and
am floating irresponsibly and at will on the intoxicating atmosphere of
the poets over the enchanted groves, and streams, and hills, and seas of
fairyland, or harkening to voices that years ago ceased to stir in my
ears, gazing at the faces that have long since moulded the face cloth
into blunted memories of the face for the grave.

On the 20th of June, 1849, Mangan died in the Meath Hospital, Dublin.
Having been born in 1803, he was, in 1849, eight years older than Poe,
who died destitute and forlorn at Baltimore in the same year. Both poets
had been in abject poverty, both had been unfortunate in love, both had
been consummate artists, both had been piteously unlucky in a thousand
ways, and both had died the same year, and in common hospitals. Two more
miserable stories it is impossible to find anywhere. I would recommend
those of sensitive natures to confine their reading to the work these
men did, and not to the misfortunes they laboured under, and the follies
they committed. I think, of the two, Mangan suffered more acutely; for
he never rose up in anger against the world, or those around him, but
glided like an uncomplaining ghost into the grave, where, long before
his death, all his hopes lay buried. He had only a half-hearted pity for
himself. Poe, in his _Raven_, is, all the time of his most pathetic and
terrible complaining, conscious that he complains as becomes a fine
artist. But the raven’s croak does not touch the heart. It appeals to
the intellect; it affects the fancy, the imagination, the ear, the eye.
When Mangan opens his bosom and shows you the ravens that prey upon him,
he cannot repress something like a laugh at the thought that any one
could be interested in him and his woes. See:


THE NAMELESS ONE.


BALLAD.


I.

    “Roll forth, my song, like the rushing river,
       That sweeps along to the mighty sea;
     God will inspire me while I deliver
                     My soul of thee!


II.

    “Tell thou the world, when my bones lie whitening
       Amid the last homes of youth and eld,
     That there was once one whose veins ran lightning
                     No eye beheld.


III.

    “Tell how his boyhood was one drear night-hour,
       How shone for _him_, through his griefs and gloom,
     No star of all heaven sends to light our
                     Path to the tomb.


IV.

    “Roll on, my song, and to after ages
     Tell how, disdaining all earth can give,
     He would have taught men from wisdom’s pages
                     The way to live.


V.

    “And tell how, trampled, derided, hated,
       And worn by weakness, disease, and wrong,
     He fled for shelter to God, who mated
                     His soul with song--


VI.

    “With song which alway, sublime or vapid,
       Flowed like a rill in the morning beam,
     Perchance not deep, but intense and rapid--
                     A mountain stream.


VII.

    “Tell how the Nameless, condemned for years long
       To herd with demons from hell beneath,
     Saw things that made him, with groans and tears, long
                     For even death.


VIII.

    “Go on to tell how, with genius wasted,
       Betrayed in friendship, befooled in love,
     With spirit shipwrecked and young hopes blasted,
                     He still, still strove.


IX.

    “Till, spent with toil, dreeing death for others,
       And some whose hands should have wrought for _him_
     (If children live not for sires and mothers),
                     His mind grew dim.


X.

    “And he fell far through the pit abysmal,
       The gulf and grave of Maginn and Burns,
     And pawned his soul for the devil’s dismal
                     Stock of returns.


XI.

    “But yet redeemed it in days of darkness,
       And shapes and signs of the final wrath,
     Where death in hideous and ghastly starkness
                     Stood in his path.


XII.

    “And tell how now, amid wreck and sorrow,
       And want and sickness and houseless nights,
     He bides in calmness the silent morrow
                     That no ray lights.


XIII.

    “And lives he still, then? Yes! old and hoary
       At thirty-nine, from despair and woe,
     He lives enduring what future story
                     Will never know.


XIV.

    “Him grant a grave to, ye pitying noble,
       Deep in your bosoms! There let him dwell!
     He, too, had tears for all souls in trouble,
                     Here and in hell.”

The burden of all his song is sad, and in his translations he has chosen
chiefly themes which echoed the harpings of his own soul. He began life
as a copying clerk in an attorney’s office, and had for some time to
support wholly, or in the main, a mother and sister. In Mitchel’s
preface there are many passages almost as fine as the verse of the poet.
Here is one, long as it is, that must find a place. Mitchel is speaking
of the days when Mangan was in the attorney’s office:--

     “At what age he devoted himself to this drudgery, at what age he
     left it, or was discharged from it, does not appear; for his whole
     biography documents are wanting, the man having never, for one
     moment, imagined that his poor life could interest any surviving
     human being, and having never, accordingly, collected his
     biographical assets, and appointed a literary executor to take care
     of his posthumous fame. Neither did he ever acquire the habit,
     common enough among literary men, of dwelling upon his own early
     trials, struggles, and triumphs. But those who knew him in after
     years can remember with what a shuddering and loathing horror he
     spoke--when at rare intervals he could be induced to speak at
     all--of his labours with the scrivener and attorney. He was shy and
     sensitive, with exquisite sensibilities and fine impulses; eye,
     ear, and soul open to all the beauty, music, and glory of heaven
     and earth; humble, gentle, and unexacting; modestly craving nothing
     in the world but celestial, glorified life, seraphic love, and a
     throne among the immortal gods (that’s all); and he was eight or
     ten years scribbling deeds, pleadings, and bills in Chancery.”

There is, I believe, but one portrait of him in existence, and a copy of
it hangs on the wall of the room in which I am writing, a few feet in
front of my eyes. It is not a face easy to describe. Beauty is the chief
characteristic of it. But it is not the beauty that men admire or that
inspires love in women. It is not the face of a poet or a visionary or a
thinker. There is no passion in it; not even the passionate sadness of
his own verse. It is not the face of a man who has suffered greatly, or
rejoiced in ecstasy. It is the face of a fleshless, worn man of forty,
with hair pressed back from the forehead and ear. I have been looking at
it for a long time, trying to find out something positive about it, and
I have failed. It is not interesting. It is the face of a man who is
done with the world and humanity. It is the face of a dead man whose
spirit has passed away, while the body remains alive. The eyes are open,
and have light in them; the face would be more complete if the light
were out, and the lids drawn down and composed for the blind tomb.

He gives a picture of his mental attitude at about the time this
portrait was taken:--


TWENTY GOLDEN YEARS AGO.


I.

    “Oh, the rain, the weary, dreary rain,
       How it plashes on the window-sill!
     Night, I guess too, must be on the wane,
       Strass and Gass around are grown so still.
     Here I sit with coffee in my cup--
       Ah, ’twas rarely I beheld it flow
     In the tavern where I loved to sup
       Twenty golden years ago!


II.

    “Twenty years ago, alas!--but stay--
       On my life, ’tis half-past twelve o’clock!
     After all, the hours _do_ slip away--
       Come, here goes to burn another block!
     For the night, or morn, is wet and cold;
       And my fire is dwindling rather low:
     I had fire enough, when young and bold
       Twenty golden years ago.


III.

    “Dear! I don’t feel well at all, somehow:
       Few in Weimar dream how bad I am;
     Floods of tears grow common with me now,
       High-Dutch floods that Reason cannot dam.
     Doctors think I’ll neither live nor thrive
       If I mope at home so--I don’t know--
     _Am_ I living _now_? I _was_ alive
       Twenty golden years ago.


IV.

    “Wifeless, friendless, flagonless, alone,
       Not quite bookless, though, unless I choose;
     Left with naught to do, except to groan,
       Not a soul to woo, except the Muse.
     Oh, this is hard for _me_ to bear--
       Me who whilom lived so much _en haut_--
     Me who broke all hearts like china-ware,
       Twenty golden years ago.


V.

    “Perhaps ’tis better;--time’s defacing waves
       Long have quenched the radiance of my brow--
     They who curse me nightly from their graves
       Scarce could love me were they living now;
     But my loneliness hath darker ills--
       Such dun duns as Conscience, Thought, & Co.,
     Awful Gorgons! Worse than tailors’ bills
       Twenty golden years ago.


VI.

    “Did I paint a fifth of what I feel,
       Oh, how plaintive you would ween I was!
     But I won’t, albeit I have a deal
       More to wail about than Kerner has!
     Kerner’s tears are wept for withered flowers;
       Mine for withered hopes; my scroll of woe
     Dates, alas! from youth’s deserted bowers,
       Twenty golden years ago.


VII.

    “Yet, may Deutschland’s bardlings flourish long!
       Me, I tweak no beak among them;--hawks
     Must not pounce on hawks: besides, in song
       I could once beat all of them by chalks.
     Though you find me, as I near my goal,
       Sentimentalising like Rousseau,
     Oh, I had a great Byronian soul
       Twenty golden years ago!


VIII.

    “Tick-tick, tick-tick!--not a sound save Time’s,
       And the wind gust as it drives the rain--
     Tortured torturer of reluctant rhymes,
       Go to bed and rest thine aching brain!
     Sleep!--no more the dupe of hopes or schemes;
       Soon thou sleepest where the thistles blow;
     Curious anti-climax to thy dreams
       Twenty golden years ago!”

I find myself now in a great puzzle. I want, first of all, to say I
think it most melancholy that Mangan, when of full age and judgment,
should have thought Byron had “a great Byronian soul.” Observe, he does
not mean that he had a soul greatly like Byron’s, but that he had a soul
like the great soul of Byron. I do not believe Byron had a great soul at
all. I believe he was simply a fine stage-manager of melodrama, the
finest that ever lived, and that as a property-master he was unrivalled;
but that to please no one, himself included, could he have written the
play. I am not descending to so defiling a depth as to talk about
plagiarism. What I wish to say is, that whether Byron stole or not made
not the least difference in the world, for he never by the aid of his
gifts or his thefts wrote a poem. I wanted further to say of Byron that
there was nothing great about him except his vanity. Suddenly I
remembered some words of the critic of whom I spoke a while back, in
dealing with the question of poetical poetry and poems. I took down the
printed page, where I found these lines:--

     “Mr. Swinburne’s poetry is almost altogether poetical. Not all the
     poetry of even the Poets is so, and to one who loves this dear and
     intimate quality of which we speak, Coleridge, for instance, is a
     poet of some four poems, Wordsworth of some sixteen, Keats of five,
     Byron of none, though Byron is _great and eloquent_, but the thing
     we prize so much is far away from eloquence. Poetical poetry is the
     inner garden; there grows the ‘flower of the mind.’”

Now, my difficulty is plain. My critic, who is also a poet, says Byron
is great, and I find fault with Mangan for saying Byron had a great
Byronian soul. Here are two of my select authors against me. Plainly,
the best thing I can do is say nothing at all about the matter!

_Twenty Golden Years Ago_ is by no means a poetical poem, but there is
poetry in it. There is no poetical poem by Mangan. But he has written no
serious verses in which there is not poetry.

After giving Mangan’s own verse account of what he was like in his own
regard at about forty years of age, I copy what Mitchel saw when the
poet was first pointed out to him:--

     “Being in the College Library [Trinity, Dublin], and having
     occasion for a book in that gloomy apartment of the institution
     called the ‘Fagal Library,’ which is the innermost recess of the
     stately building, an acquaintance pointed out to me a man perched
     on the top of a ladder, with the whispered information that the
     figure was Clarence Mangan. It was an unearthly and ghostly figure,
     in a brown garment; the same garment (to all appearance), which
     lasted till the day of his death. The blanched hair was totally
     unkempt; the corpse-like features still as marble; a large book was
     in his arms, and all his soul was in the book. I had never heard of
     Clarence Mangan before, and knew not for what he was celebrated,
     whether as a magician, a poet, or a murderer; yet took a volume and
     spread it on a table, not to read, but with the pretence of reading
     to gaze on the spectral creature on the ladder.”

I never met any one who had known Mangan. Mitchel did not know the name
of the woman who lured him on with smiles that seemed to promise love.
He always addressed her in his poems as Frances. Some time ago the name
of the woman was divulged. It is ungallant of me to have forgotten it,
but such is the case. The address at which Mangan visited her was in
Mountpleasant Square, Dublin. At the time I saw the name of the lady I
looked into a directory of 1848 which I happened to have by me, and
found a different name at the address given in the Square. I know the
love affair of the poet took place years before his death in 1849, but
people in quiet and unpretentious houses in Dublin, or correctly
Ranelagh, often live a whole generation in the same house.

Here I find myself in a second puzzle. So long as I thought merely of
writing this rambling account of “My Borrowed Poet,” I decided upon
trying to say something about the stupidity of women and poets in
general. But I don’t feel in case to do so when I glance up at the face
of Mangan hanging on the wall, and bring myself to realise the fact
that this face now looking so dead and unburied was young and bright and
perhaps cheerful when he went wooing in Ranelagh.

Instead of saying anything wise and stupid and commonplace about either
poets or women, let me quote here stanzas which must have been written
some day when he saw sunshine among the clouds:--


THE MARINER’S BRIDE.

    “Look, mother! the mariner’s rowing
         His galley adown the tide;
     I’ll go where the mariner’s going,
         And be the mariner’s bride!

    “I saw him one day through the wicket,
         I opened the gate and we met--
         As a bird in the fowler’s net,
     Was I caught in my own green thicket.
     O mother, my tears are flowing,
         I’ve lost my maidenly pride--
     I’ll go if the mariner’s going,
         And be the mariner’s bride!

    “This Love the tyrant winces,
         Alas! an omnipotent might,
     He darkens the mind like night,
         He treads on the necks of Princes!
     O mother, my bosom is glowing,
         I’ll go whatever betide,
     I’ll go where the mariners going,
         And be the mariner’s bride!

    “Yes, mother! the spoiler has reft me
         Of reason and self-control;
         Gone, gone is my wretched soul,
     And only my body is left me!
     The winds, O mother, are blowing,
         The ocean is bright and wide;
     I’ll go where the mariner’s going,
         And be the mariner’s bride.”

This appears among the Apocrypha, and is credited by Mangan to the
“Spanish;” but it is safe to assume when he is so vague that the poem is
original. It is one of the most bright and cheerful he has given us. The
only touch of sorrow we feel is for the poor mother who is about to lose
so impulsive and vivacious a daughter. The time of this delightful
ballad is not clearly defined, but we may be absolutely certain that we
of this moribund nineteenth century will never meet except at a function
of a recondite spiritual medium even the great grandchild of the
Mariner’s Bride. How much more is our devout gratitude due to a good and
pious spiritualist than to any riotous and licentious poet! The former
can give us intercourse with the illustrious defunct of history; the
latter can give us no more than the image of a figment, the phantom of a
shade, the echo of sounds that never vibrated in the ear of man. All
persons who believe the evidence adduced by poets are the victims of
subornation.

A saw-mill does not seem a good subject for a “copy of verses.” Mangan
died single and in poverty, and was buried by his friends. Listen:--


THE SAW-MILL.

    “My path lay towards the Mourne again,
       But I stopped to rest by the hill-side
     That glanced adown o’er the sunken glen
       Which the Saw-and Water-mills hide,
               Which now, as then,
       The Saw-and Water-mills hide.

    “And there, as I lay reclined on the hill,
       Like a man made by sudden _qualm_ ill,
     I heard the water in the Water-mill,
       And I saw the saw in the Saw-mill!
               As I thus lay still
       I saw the saw in the Saw-mill!

    “The saw, the breeze, and the humming bees,
       Lulled me into a dreamy reverie,
     Till the objects round me--hills, mills, trees,
       Seemed grown alive all and every--
               By slow degrees
       Took life as it were, all and every!

    “Anon the sound of the waters grew
       To a Mourne-ful ditty,
     And the song of the tree that the saw sawed through
       Disturbed my spirit with pity,
               Began to subdue
       My spirit with tenderest pity!

    “‘Oh, wanderer, the hour that brings thee back
       Is of all meet hours the meetest.
     Thou now, in sooth art on the Track,
       And nigher to Home than thou weetest;
               Thou hast thought Time slack,
       But his flight has been of the fleetest!

    “‘For this it is that I dree such pain
       As, when wounded, even a plank will;
     My bosom is pierced, is rent in twain,
       That thine may ever bide tranquil.
               May ever remain
       Henceforward untroubled and tranquil.

    “‘In a few days more, most Lonely One!
       Shall I, as a narrow ark, veil
     Thine eyes from the glare of the world and sun
       ’Mong the urns of yonder dark vale--
               In the cold and dun
       Recesses of yonder dark vale!

    “‘For this grieve not! Thou knowest what thanks
       The Weary-souled and Meek owe
     To Death!’ I awoke, and heard four planks
       Fall down with a saddening echo.
               _I heard four planks_
       _Fall down with a hollow echo._”

This was the epithalamium of James Clarence Mangan sung by himself.




THE ENGLISH OPIUM-EATER.


I bought my copy new for fourpence-halfpenny, in Holywell Street. It was
published by George Routledge and Sons, of the Broadway, London. The
little volume is made up of a “Preface,” by Thomas de Quincey;
“Confessions of an English Opium-eater;” and “Notes from the Pocket-book
of a late Opium-eater;” including “Walking Stewart,” “On the Knocking at
the Gates in _Macbeth_,” and “On Suicide.” When it last left my hands it
boasted a paper cover, on which appeared the head of the illustrious
Laker. At my elbow now it lies, divested of its shield; and I sit face
to face with the title-page, as though my author had taken off his hat
and overcoat, and I were asking him which he preferred, clear or thick
soup, while the servant stood behind filling his glass with
Amontillado. How that cover came to be removed I do not know. The last
borrower was of the less destructive sex, and I am at a great loss to
account for the injury.

I object to the presence of “Walking Stewart,” and “On Suicide,”
otherwise I count my copy perfect. With the exception of _Robinson
Crusoe_ and Poe’s _Tales_ I have read nothing so often as the
_Opium-eater_. Only twice in my life up to five-and-twenty years of age
did I sit up all night to read a book: once when about midnight I came
into possession of _Enoch Arden_, and a second time when, at the same
witching hour I drew a red cloth-bound edition of the _Opium-eater_ out
of my pocket, in my lonely, dreary bedroom, five hundred miles from
where I am now writing. The household were all asleep, and I by no means
strong of nerve. The room was large, the dwelling ghostly. I sat in an
embrasure of one of the windows, with a little table supporting the
candles on one side, and on the other a small movable bookcase. Thus I
was in a kind of dock, only open on one side, that fronting the room. It
was in the beginning of autumn, and a low, warm wind blew the
complaining rain against the pane on a level with my ear. At that time I
had not seen London, and I remember being overpowered and broken before
the spectacle of that sensitive and imaginative boy in the text, hungry
and forlorn, in the unsympathetic mass of innumerable houses, every door
of which was shut against him.

As I read on and the hour grew late, the succession of splendours and
terrors wrought on my imagination, until I felt cold and exhausted, and
had scarcely strength to sit upright in my chair. My hand trembled, and
my mind became tremulously apprehensive of something vague and awful; I
could not tell what. Sounds of the night which I had heard a thousand
times before, which were as familiar to me as the bell of my parish
church, now assumed dire, uncertain imports. The rattling of the sash
was not the work of the wind, not the work of ghostly hands, but worse
still, of human hands belonging to men in some more dire extremity than
the approach of death. The beating of the rain against the glass was
made to cover voices trying to tell me secrets I could not hear and
live, and which yet I would have given my life to know.

I cannot tell why I was so exhilarated by terror. The _Confessions_
alone are not calculated to produce inexplicable disturbance of the
mind. It may be I had eaten little or nothing that day; it may be I had
steeped myself too deeply in nicotine. All I know for certain is that I
was in such a state of abject panic I had not courage to cross the room
to my bed. It was in the dreary, pitiless, raw hour before the dawn I
finished the book. Then I found I durst not rise. I put down the book
and looked at the candles. They would last till daylight.

I would have given all the world to lie on that bed over there, with my
back secure against it, warmed by it, comforted by it. But that open
space was more terrible to me than if it were filled with flame. I
should have been much more at my ease in the dark, yet I could not bring
myself to blow out the lights; not because I dreaded the darkness, but
because I shrank from encountering the possibilities of that awful
moment of twilight between the full light of the candles and the blank
gloom.

When I thought of blowing out the lights and imagined the dread of
catching a glimpse of some spectacle of supreme horror, I imprudently
gave my imagination rein, and set myself to find out what would terrify
me most. All at once, and before I had made more than the inquiry of my
mind, I saw in fancy between me and the bed, a thing of unapproachable
terror; I had not been recently reading _Christabel_, and yet it must
have been remotely from that poem I conjured the spectre which so awed
me. I placed out in the open of the room on the floor, between me and
the door, and close to a straight line drawn between me and the bed, a
figure shrouded in a black cloak, from hidden shoulder to invisible
feet. Over the head of this figure was cast a cowl, which completely
concealed the head and face. At any moment the cloak might open and
disclose the body of that figure. I knew the body of that figure was a
“thing to dream of, not to see.” I felt sure I should lose my reason if
the cloak opened and discovered the loathsome body. I had no idea what I
should see, but I knew I should go mad.

In my dock by the window, and with the light behind my eyes I felt
secure. But at that moment no earthly consideration, no consideration
whatever, would have induced me to face that ghostly form in the flicker
of expiring light. I was not under any delusion. I knew then as well as
I know now that there was no object on which the normal human eye could
exercise itself between me and the bed. I deliberately willed the figure
to appear, and although once I had summoned it I could not dismiss it, I
had complete and self-possessed knowledge that I saw nothing with my
physical eye. Moreover, full of potentiality for terror as that figure
was in its present shape and attitude, it had no dread for me. I was
fascinated by considering possibilities which I knew could not arise so
long as the present circumstances remained unchanged. In other words, I
knew I could trust my reason to keep my imagination in subjection, so
long as my senses were not confused or my attention scared. If I
attempted to extinguish the candles that figure might waver! if I moved
across the floor it might get behind my back, and as I caught sight of
it over my shoulder, the cloak might fall aside! Then I should go mad.
Thus I sat and waited until daylight came. Then I fell asleep in my
chair.

As I have said, the copy of the _Opium-eater_ I then had was bound in
red cloth. It was a much handsomer book than the humble one published by
Routledge. Since that memorable night many years ago in my high, dreary,
lonely bedroom, I cannot tell you all the copies of the _Opium-eater_
which have been mine. I remember another, bound in dark blue cloth, with
copious notes. There was a third, the outside seeming of which I forget,
but which I think formed part of two volumes of selections from De
Quincey. I love my little sixpenny volume for one reason chiefly. I can
lend it without fear, and lose it without a pang. Why, the beggarliest
miser alive can’t think much of fourpence-halfpenny! I have already
dispensed a few copies of the _Opium-eater_, price fourpence-halfpenny.
As it lies on my table now, I take no more care of it than one does of
yesterday’s morning paper. When I read it I double it back, to show to
myself how little I value the gross material of the book. Any one coming
in likely to appreciate the book, and who has not read it is welcome to
carry it off as a gift. Yet if I am free with the volume, I am jealous
of the author. I do not mention his name to people I believe unwilling
or unable to worship him becomingly.

But when I meet a true disciple what prodigal joy environs and suffuses
me! What talks of him I have had, and speechless raptures in hearing of
him! How thick with gold the air of evenings has been, spent with him
and one who loved him! I recall one glorious summer’s day, when an old
friend and I (we were then, alas! years and years younger than we are
to-day), had toiled on through mountain heather for hours, until we were
half-baked by the sun and famished with thirst. Suddenly we came upon
the topmost peak of all the hills, and saw, many miles away, the
unexpected sea. As we stood, shading our eyes with our hands, my
companion chanted out, “Obliquely to the right lay the many-languaged
town of Liverpool; obliquely to the left ‘the multitudinous sea.’”
“Whose is that?” I asked eagerly, notwithstanding my drought. “What
isn’t Shakespeare’s is De Quincey’s.” “Where did you find it?” “In the
_Opium-eater_.” I remember cursing my memory because I had forgotten
that passage. When I got home I looked through the copy I then had, and
could not find the sentence. I wrote to my friend, saying I could not
come upon his quotation. He answered that he now believed it did not
occur in the body of the _Confessions_, but in a note in some edition,
he could not remember which. What a sense of miserable desolation I had
that this edition had never come my way!

There are only three marks of any kind in my present copy of the
_Confessions_, one dealing with the semi-voluntary power children have
over the coming and going of phantoms painted on the darkness. This mark
is very indistinct, and, as I remember nothing about it, I think it must
have been made by accident. The part indicated by it is only
introductory to an unmarked passage immediately following which has
always fascinated my imagination. It is in the “Pains of Opium,” and
runs:--

     “In the middle of 1817, I think it was, that this faculty became
     positively distressing to me: at night, when I lay awake in bed,
     vast processions passed along in mournful pomp, friezes of
     never-ending stories, that to my feelings were as sad and solemn as
     if they were stories drawn from times before Œdipus and
     Priam--before Tyre--before Memphis. And at the same time a
     corresponding change took place in my dreams: a theatre seemed
     suddenly opened and lighted up within my brain, which presented
     nightly spectacles of more than earthly splendour.”

How thankful we ought to be that it has never been our fate to sit in
that awful theatre of prehistoric woes! There is surely nothing more
appalling in the past than the interminably vain activities of that
mysterious atomie, Egyptian man. Who could bear to look upon the three
hundred thousand ant-like slaves swarming among the colossal monoliths
piled up in thousands for the pyramid of Cheops! The bare thought makes
one start back aghast and shudder.

I find the next mark opposite another awful passage dealing with
infinity, on this occasion infinity of numbers, not of time:--

     “The waters now changed their character,--from translucent lakes,
     shining like mirrors, they now became seas and oceans. And now came
     a tremendous change, which, unfolding itself slowly like a scroll,
     through many months, promised an abiding torment; and, in fact, it
     never left me until the winding-up of my case. Hitherto the human
     face had mixed often in my dreams, but not despotically, not with
     any special power of tormenting. But now, that which I have called
     the tyranny of the human face began to unfold itself. Perhaps some
     part of my London life might be answerable for this. Be that as it
     may, now it was that upon the rocking waters of the ocean the human
     face began to appear: the sea appeared paved with innumerable
     faces, upturned to the heavens--faces imploring, wrathful,
     despairing, surged upwards by thousands, by myriads, by
     generations, by centuries.”

Upon closer looking, I see an attempt has been made to erase the mark
opposite this passage. Joining the fact with the faintness of the line
opposite the former quotation I am driven to the conclusion that there
is only one “stetted” note of admiration in the book. It is a whole page
of the little volume. It begins on page 91, and ends on page 92. To show
you how little I care for my copy of the _Confessions_, I shall cut it
out. Even a lawyer would pay me more than fourpence-halfpenny for
copying a page of the book, and, as I have said before, the volume has
no extrinsic value for me. Excepting the Bible, I am not familiar with
any finer passage of so great length in prose in the English language:--

     “The dream commenced with a music which now I often heard in
     dreams; a music of preparation and awakening suspense; a music like
     the opening of the Coronation Anthem, and which, like _that_, gave
     the feeling of a vast march--of infinite cavalcades filing off--and
     the tread of innumerable armies. The morning was come of a mighty
     day--a day of crisis and of final hope for human nature, then
     suffering some mysterious eclipse, and labouring in some dread
     extremity. Somewhere, I knew not where--somehow, I knew not
     how--by some beings, I knew not whom--a battle, a strife, an agony
     was conducting, was evolving like a great drama, or piece of music;
     with which my sympathy was the more insupportable from my confusion
     as to its place, its cause, its nature, and its possible issue. I,
     as is usual in dreams (where, of necessity, we make ourselves
     central to every movement), had the power and yet had not the
     power, to decide it. I had the power, if I could raise myself, to
     will it; and yet again had not the power, for the weight of twenty
     Atlantics was upon me, or the oppression of inexpiable guilt.
     ‘Deeper than ever plummet sounded,’ I lay inactive. Then, like a
     chorus, the passion deepened. Some greater interest was at stake;
     some mightier cause than ever yet the sword had pleaded or trumpet
     had proclaimed. Then came sudden alarms; hurryings to and fro;
     trepidations of innumerable fugitives, I knew not whether from the
     good cause or the bad; darkness and lights; tempest and human
     faces; and at last, with the sense that all was lost, female forms,
     and the features that were all the world to me, and but a moment
     allowed, and clasped hands, and heart-breaking partings, and
     then--everlasting farewells! and with a sigh such as the caves of
     hell sighed when the incestuous mother uttered the abhorred name of
     death, the sound was reverberated--everlasting farewells! and again
     and yet again reverberated--everlasting farewells! And I awoke in
     struggles, and cried aloud, ‘I will sleep no more!’”

Upon reading this passage over I am glad I am not familiar with any
finer one in English prose--it would be impossible to endure it. In
these sentences it is not the consummate style alone that overwhelms
one, the matter is nearly as fine as the manner. How tremendously the
numbers and sentences are marshalled! How inevitable, overbearing,
breathless is the onward movement! What awful expectations are aroused,
and shadowy fears vaguely realized! As the spectral pageant moves on
other cohorts of trembling shades join the ghostly legion on the blind
march! All is vaporous, spectral, spiritual, until when we are wound up
to the highest pitch of physical awe and apprehension, we stop suddenly,
arrested by failure of the ground, insufficiency of the road, and are
recalled to life and light and truth and fellowship with the kindly race
of man by the despairing human shriek of incommunicable, inarticulable
agony in the words, “I will sleep no more!” In that despairing cry the
tortured soul abjectly confesses that it has been vanquished and driven
wild by the spirit-world. It is when you contrast the finest passages
in Macaulay with such a passage as this, that you recognise the
difference between a clever writer and a great stylist.




A GUIDE TO IGNORANCE.


For a long time I have had it in my mind to write a guide to ignorance.
I have been withheld partly by a feeling of diffidence and partly by a
want of encouragement from those to whom I mentioned the scheme. I have
submitted a plan of my book to a couple of publishers, but each of these
assured me that such a work would not be popular. In their
straightforward commercial way they told me they could see “no money in
the idea.” I differ from them; I think the book would be greeted with
acclaim and bought with avidity.

Novelties are, I know, always dangerous speculations except in the form
of clothes, when they are certain of instant and immense adoption. The
mind of man cannot conceive the pattern for trousers’ cloth or the
design for a bonnet that will not be worn. There is nothing too high or
too low to set the fashion to men and women in dress. Conquerors were
crowned with mural wreaths, of which the chimney-pot hat is the lineal
descendant; pigs started the notion of wearing rings in their noses, and
man in the southern seas followed the example; kangaroos were the
earliest pouch-makers and ladies took to carrying reticules.

But an innovation in the domain of education or thought is a widely
different thing from a frolic in gear. It is easy to set going any craze
which depends merely or mostly on the way of wearing the hair or the
height of the cincture. Hence æstheticism gained many followers in a
little time. But remember it took ages and ages to reconcile people to
wearing any clothes at all. Once you break the ice the immersion in a
new custom may become as rapid as the descent of a round shot into the
sea. The great step was, so to speak, from woad to wampum, with just an
Atlantic of time between the two. If you went to Poole any day this
week and asked him to make you a suit of wampum he would plead no
insuperable difficulty. If you asked him to make you a suit of woad he
would certainly detain you while he inquired as to your sanity and sent
for your friends. Yet it is only one step, one film, from woad to
wampum.

Up to this time in the history of man there has, with few exceptions,
been an infatuated pursuit of this will-o’-the-wisp, knowledge. Why
should not man now turn his glance to ignorance, if it were only for a
little while and for the sake of fair play? The idea is of course
revolutionary, so also is every other new idea revolutionary, and (I am
not now referring to politics) it is only from revolutionary ideas we
derive what we regard as advantages. The earth and heavens themselves
are revolutionary. Why then should we not fairly examine the chance of a
revolution in the aim of man?

The disinclination to face new attitudes of thought comes from the
inherent laziness of man, and hence at the outset of my career towards
that guide I should find nearly the whole race against me. Humboldt, who
met people of all climes and races and colours, declares laziness to be
the most common vice of human nature. Hence the initial obstacle is
almost insuperable. But it is only almost, not quite insuperable. Men
can be stirred from indolence only by a prospect of profit in some form.
Even in the Civil Service they are incited to make the effort to
continue living by the hope of greater leisure later in life, for with
years comes promotion and promotion means less labour.

By a little industry in the pursuit of ignorance greater repose would be
attained in the immediate future. It would be very difficult to prove
that up to this hour progress has been of the slightest use or pleasure
to man. Higher pleasures, higher pains. Complexities of consciousness
are merely a source of distraction from centralisation. The jelly fish
may, after all, be the highest ideal of living things, and we may, if
the phrase be admitted, have been developing backward from him. Of all
the creatures on earth man is the most stuck up. He arrogates
everything to himself and because he can split a flint or make a bow or
gun-barrel he thinks he centres the universe, and insists that the
illimitable deeps of space are focused upon him. Astronomers, a highly
respectable class of people, assert there are now visible to us one
hundred million fixed stars, one hundred million suns like our own. Each
may have its system of planets, such as earth, and each planet again its
attendant satellites. With that splendid magnanimity characteristic of
our race, man would rather pitch the hundred million suns into chaos
than for a moment entertain the idea that he is a humbug and of no use
whatever. And yet after all the jelly-fish may be a worthier fellow than
the best of us.

I do not of course insist on reversion to the jelly-fish. In this
climate his habits of life are too suggestive of ague and rheumatism. In
fact I do not know that I am urging reversion to anything, even to the
flocks of pastoral man. But I am saying that as myriads of facilities
are given for acquiring knowledge, one humble means ought to be devised
for acquiring ignorance. If I had anywhere met with the encouragement
which I think I merited, I should have undertaken to write the book
myself.

I should open by saying it was not until I had concluded a long and
painful investigation that I considered myself in any way qualified to
undertake so grave and important a task as writing a guide to ignorance:
that I had not only inquired curiously into my own fitness, but had also
looked about carefully among my friends in the hope of finding some one
better qualified to carry out this important undertaking. But upon
gauging the depth of my own knowledge and considering conscientiously
the capacity of my acquaintances, I came to the conclusion that no man I
knew personally had so close a personal intimacy with ignorance as
myself. There are few branches, I may say no branch, of knowledge except
that of ignorance in which any one of my friends was not more learned
than myself. I was born in such profound ignorance that I had no
personal knowledge of the fact at the time. I had existed for a long
time before I could distinguish between myself and things which were
not.

As a boy I was averse from study; and since I have grown to manhood I
have acquired so little substantive information that I could write down
in a bold hand on one page of this book every single fact, outside facts
of personal experience, of which I am possessed.

I know that the Norman invasion occurred in 1066, and the Great Fire in
1666. I know that gunpowder is composed of saltpetre, sulphur, and
charcoal, and sausages of minced meat and bread under the name of Tommy.
I am aware Milton and Shakespeare were poets, and that needle-grinders
are short lived. I know that the primest brands of three-shilling
champagnes are made in London. I can give the Latin for seven words, and
the French for four. I can repeat the multiplication table (with the
pence) up to six times. I know the mere names of a number of people and
things; but, as far as clear and definite information goes, I don’t
believe I could double the above brief list. I am, I think, therefore,
warranted in concluding that few men can have a more close or exhaustive
personal acquaintance with ignorance. If you want learning at secondhand
you must go to the learned: if you want ignorance at first hand you
cannot possibly do better than come to me.

In the first place let us consider the “Injury of Knowledge.” How much
better off the king would be if he had no knowledge! Suppose his mental
ken had never been directed to any period before the dawn of his own
memory, he would have no disquieting thoughts of the trouble into which
Charles I. or Richard II. drifted. He would be filled with no envy of
the good old King John, who, from four or five ounces of iron in the
form of thumb-screws, and a few hundredweight of rich Jew, filled up the
royal pockets as often as they showed any signs of growing empty. And,
above all, he would be spared the misery of committing dates to memory.
How it must limit the happiness of a constitutional sovereign to know
anything about the constitution! Why should he be burdened with the
consciousness of rights and prerogatives? Would he not be much happier
if he might smoke his cigar in his garden without the fear of the
Speaker or the Lord Chancellor before his eyes? The Commons want their
Speaker, the Lords want their Lord Chancellor--let them have them. The
king wants neither. Why should he be troubled with any knowledge of
either? Although he is a king is he not a man and a brother also? Why
should he be worried out of his life with reasons for all he does? The
king feels he can do no wrong. That ought to be enough for him. Most men
believe the same thing of themselves, but few others share the faith.
The king can do no wrong, then in mercy’s name let the man alone.
Suppose it is a part of my duty to look out of the oriel window at dawn,
noon, and sunset, why should I be bored with cause, reason, and
precedent for this? Let me look out of window if it is my duty to do so;
but, before and after looking out of the window, let me enjoy my life.

Take the statesman. How knowledge must hamper him! He is absolutely
precluded from acting with decision by the consciousness of the
difficulties which lay in the path of his predecessors. He has to make
up his subject, to get facts and figures from his subordinates and
others. He has to arrange the party manœuvres before he launches his
scheme, by which time all the energy is gone out of him, and he has not
half as much faith in his bill as if he had never looked at the _pros_
and _cons_. “Never mind manœuvring, but go at them,” said Nelson. The
moment you begin to manœuvre you confess your doubtfulness of
success, unless you can take your adversary at a disadvantage; but if
you fly headlong at his throat, you terrify him by the display of your
confidence and valour.

The words of Nelson apply still more closely to the general. His
knowledge that fifty years ago the British army was worsted on this
field, unnerves, paralyses him. If he did not know that shells are
explosive and bullets deadly, he would make his dispositions with twice
the confidence, and his temerity would fill the foe with panic. His
simple duty is to defeat the enemy, and knowing anything beyond this
only tends to distract his mind and weaken his arm. In the middle of one
of his Indian battles, and when he thought the conflict had been decided
in favour of British arms, a messenger rode hastily up to the general in
command, who was wiping his reeking forehead on his coat-sleeve: “A
large fresh force of the enemy has appeared in such a place; what is to
be done?” Gough rubbed his forehead with the other sleeve, and shouted
out, “Beat ’em!” Obviously no better command could have been given. What
the English nation wanted the English army to do with the enemy was to
“beat ’em.” In the pictures of the Victoria Cross there is one of a
young dandy officer with an eyeglass in his eye and a sword in his hand,
among the thick of the foe. He knows he is in that place to kill some
one. He is quite ignorant of the fact that the enemy is there to kill
him, and he is taking his time and looking through his eyeglass to try
to find some enticing man through whom to run his sword. One of
Wellington’s most fervent prayers was, “Oh, spare me my dandy officers!”
Now dandies are never very full of knowledge, and yet the greatest Duke
thought more of them than of your learning-begrimed sappers or your
science-bespattered gunners.

If an advocate at the bar knew one quarter of the law of the land, he
could never get on. In the first place, he would know more than the
judges, and this would prejudice the bench against him. With regard to a
barrister, the best position for him to assume, if he is addressing a
jury, is, “Gentlemen, the indisputable facts of the case, as stated to
you by the witnesses, are so-and-so. In presence of so distinguished a
lawyer as occupies the bench in this court, I do not feel myself
qualified to tell you what the law is; that will be the easy duty of his
lordship.” Even in Chancery cases, the barrister would best insure
success by merely citing the precedent cases, in an off-hand way, “Does
not your lordship think the case of Burke _v._ Hare meets the exact
conditions of the one under consideration?” The indices are all the
pleader need look at. The judge will surely strain a point for one who
does not bore him with extracts and arguments, but leaves all to
himself, and lets the work of the court run smoothly and just as the
president wishes.

Knowledge is an absolute hindrance to the doctor of medicine. Supposing
he is a man of average intelligence (some doctors are), he is able to
diagnose, let me say, fever. You or I could diagnose fever pretty
well--quick pulse, dry skin, thirst, and so on. But as the doctor leans
over the patient, he is paralysed by the complication of his knowledge.
Such a theory is against feeding up, such a theory against slops, such a
theory against bleeding, such a theory in favour of phlebotomy; there
are the wet and the dry, the hot and the cold methods; and while the
doctor is deliberating, vacillating, or speculating, the patient has
ample opportunity of dying, or nature of stepping in and curing the man,
and thus foiling the doctor. Is there not much more sense and candour in
the method adopted by the Irish hunting dispensary doctor, who, before
starting with the hounds, locked up all drugs, except the Glauber’s
salts, a stone or two of which he left in charge of his servant, with
instructions it was to be meted out impartially to all comers, each
patient receiving an honest fistful as a dose? It is a remarkable fact
that within this century homœopathy has gained a firm hold on an
important section of the community, and yet, notwithstanding the growth
of what the allopathists or regular profession regard as ignorant
quackery, the span of human life has had six years added to it in eighty
years. Still homœopathy is a practical confession of ignorance; for
it says, in effect, “We don’t know exactly what Nature is trying to do,
but let us give her a little help, and trust in luck.” Whereas allopathy
pretended to know everything and to fight Nature. Here, in the result of
years added to man’s life by the development of the ignorant system, we
see once more the superiority of ignorance over knowledge.

How full of danger to the unwedded men is knowledge owned by the widow!
She has knowledge of the married state, in which she was far removed
from all the troubles and responsibilities of life. She had her
pin-money, her bills paid, stalls taken for her at the opera, agreeable
company around her board, no occasion to face money difficulties. Now
all that is changed. There is no elasticity in her revenue, no margin
for the gratification of her whims; she has to pay her own bills, secure
her own stalls; she cannot very well entertain company often, and all
the unpleasantnesses of business matters press her sorely. Her knowledge
tells her that, if she could secure a second husband, all would be
pleasant again. It may be said that here knowledge is in favour of the
widow. Yes; but it is against the “Community.” Remember, the “Community”
is always a male.

There is hardly any class or member of the community that does not
suffer drawback or injury from knowledge. As I am giving only a crude
outline of a design, I leave a great deal to the imagination of the
reader. He will easily perceive how much happier and more free would be
the man of business, the girl, the boy, the scientist, the
controversialist, and, above all, the literary man, if each knew little
or nothing, instead of having pressed upon the attention from youth
accumulated experiences, traditions, discoveries, and reasonings of many
centuries.

To the “Delights of Ignorance,” I should devote the consideration of man
devoid of knowledge under various circumstances and in various
positions.

By the sea who does not love to lie “propt on beds of amaranth and moly,
how sweet (while warm airs lull, blowing lowly), with half-dropt eyelids
still, beneath a heaven dark and holy, to watch the long bright river
drawing slowly his waters from the purple hill--to hear the dewy echoes
calling from cave to cave through the thick-twined vine--to watch the
emerald-coloured waters falling through many a woven acanthus wreath
divine! Only to see and hear the far-off sparkling brine, only to hear
were sweet, stretched out beneath the pine.” Just so! Is not that much
better than bothering about gravitation and that wretched old clinker
the moon, and the tides, and how sea-water is made up of oxygen and
hydrogen and chloride of sodium and bromide of something else, and fifty
other things, not one of which has a tolerable smell when you meet it in
a laboratory? Isn’t it better than thinking of the number of lighthouses
built on the coast of Albion, and the tonnage which yearly is reported
and cleared at the custom-houses of London, Liverpool, and that
prosperous seaport of Bohemia! Isn’t it much better than improving the
occasion by reading a hand-book on hydraulics or hydrostatics? Who on
the seashore wants to know anything? There will always, down to the last
syllable of recorded time, be finer things unknown about the sea than
can be said about all other matters in the world. Trying to know
anything about the sea is like shooting into the air an arrow attached
to a pennyworth of string with a view to sounding space. If we threw all
the knowledge we have into the ocean the Admiralty standards of
high-water mark would not have to be altered one-millionth part of a
line.

What a blessing ignorance would be in an inn! Who would not dispense
with a knowledge of all the miseries that follow in the wake of the vat
when one is thirsty, and has before him amber sunset-coloured ale, and
in his hand a capacious, long, cool-meaning churchwarden? Who would at
such a moment cumber his mind with the unit of specific gravity used by
excisemen in testing beer? Who would at such a moment care to calculate
the toll exacted by the Chancellor of the Exchequer before each cool
gulp may thrill with amazing joy the parched gullet?

Who, when upon a journey, would care to know the precise pressure
required to blow the boiler of the engine to pieces, or the number of
people killed in collisions during the corresponding quarter of last
year? Should we not be better in sickness for not knowing the exact
percentage of deaths in cases of our class? In adversity should we not
be infinitely happier were we in ignorance of the chance we ran of
gaining a good position or of cutting our throats? Should we not enjoy
our prosperity all the more if we were not, morning and evening,
exercised by the fluctuations of the share-list, fluctuations in all
likelihood destined never to increase or diminish our fortunes one
penny? And oh, for ignorance in sleep! For sleep without dream, or
nightmare, or memory! For sleep such as falls upon the body when the
soul is done with it and away!

But all this is only rambling talk and likely to come to nothing. I fear
I shall never find a publisher for my great work. Upon reading over what
I have written I am impressed by the faintness of the outline it
displays of the book. In fact there is hardly any outline at all. It is
no more clear than the figures thrown by a magic-lantern upon a fog. I
have done nothing more than wave the sacred lamp of ignorance before
your eyes. I daresay my friend the jelly-fish would shake his fat sides
with laughter if he became aware of this futile effort to show how far
we are removed from his state of blissful calm. I feel infinitely
depressed and discouraged. I feel that not only will I not be hailed as
a prophet in my own country, but that the age will have nothing to do
with my scheme. It may be thought by many that there is something like
treason in thus enrolling oneself under the banner of the jelly-fish.
Egypt, Assyria, Greece, Carthage, and Rome have gone back from
knowledge, and even the jelly-fish does not flourish on their sites. But
is the condition of their sites the worse for lacking the jelly-fish?
Perhaps the “silence, and desolation, and dim night” are better in those
places than the blare of trumpets and the tramp of man. So far as we
know man is the only being capable of doing evil or offending heaven.
His absence may by nature be considered very good company. Whatever part
of earth he can handle and move he has turned topsy-turvy. One day earth
will turn on him and wipe him out altogether.

For me and my great scheme for the book there is no hope. Man has always
been accounted a poor creature when judged by a fellow man whom he does
not appreciate. How can I be expected to go on taking an interest in
man when not the most credulous or the most crafty publisher in London
will as much as look at my _Guide to Ignorance_? I feel that my life is
wasted and that my functions have been usurped by the School Board. I
cool the air with sighs for the days when a philosopher might teach his
disciples in the porch or the grove. I feel as if I could anticipate
earth and turn on man. But some of the genial good nature of the
jelly-fish still lingers in my veins. I will not finally desert man
until man has finally deserted me. I had by me a few scattered essays in
the style of the book I projected in vain. If in them the reader has not
found ample proof of my fitness to inculcate the philosophy of Ignorance
I shall abandon Man to his fate. I have relieved my mind of some of its
teeming store of vacuity. I can scarcely hope I have added to the
reader’s hoard. But it would be consoling to fancy that upon laying down
this book the reader’s mind will if possible be still more empty than
when he took it up.

                        RICHARD CLAY AND SONS,
                          LONDON AND BUNGAY.


Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:

the face of a charletan=> the face of a charlatan {pg 13}

acccording to Mitchel=> acccording to Mitchel {pg 140}

are focussed upon him.=> are focused upon him. {pg 179}