E-text prepared by Brian Coe, Chris Pinfield, and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)



Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
      file which includes the original map.
      See 53093-h.htm or 53093-h.zip:
      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53093/53093-h/53093-h.htm)
      or
      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/53093/53093-h.zip)


      Images of the original pages are available through
      Internet Archive. See
      https://archive.org/details/TheDefenceOfLucknow


Transcriber's note:

      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).

      Small capitals have been replaced by full capitals.






[Illustration:

PLAN OF
THE ENTRENCHED POSITION
OF THE BRITISH GARRISON
AT LUCKNOW.

1857.

Published by Smith, Elder & Co., Cornhill London 1858.]




THE DEFENCE OF LUCKNOW.

A Diary Recording the Daily Events during the Siege of the European
Residency

From 31st May to 25th September, 1857.

BY A STAFF OFFICER

With a Plan of the Residency.

SECOND EDITION.







London:
Smith, Elder, and Co., 65 Cornhill.
1858.

The right of translation is reserved.

London
Printed by Spottiswoode and Co.
New-Street Square.




ADVERTISEMENT.


The Author of this work desiring, for military reasons, to withhold his
name, the Publishers feel it due to the public to vouch for the
authenticity of the "Diary," by stating that the Author is an officer of
the Staff of the Anglo-Indian Army, and was in Lucknow during the whole
of the siege; as, indeed, will be apparent from the full details he has
given of all that transpired in the garrison.

They beg to add that the only alteration made by them is the
substitution of the most recent and complete list of the killed and
wounded during the defence, as given in the "Homeward Mail," for the
list appended to the MS. They have also added the eloquent despatch of
Brigadier Inglis, recording the services of the garrison.

 65, CORNHILL:
 _Feb. 25th, 1858_.




 DIARY OF
 EVENTS AT LUCKNOW.


For about ten days previous to the outbreak, daily reports were made
that an _émeute_ was intended, and Sir H. M. Lawrence had ordered all
kinds of stores to be purchased and stored in the "Muchee Bhawun" and
the City Residency. But latterly the intelligence began to excite less
attention, as so many days had passed away which had been named for the
outbreak. On the evening of the 30th May, however, a sepoy of the 13th
Native Infantry, who had shortly before received a reward from Sir Henry
Lawrence for having assisted in the capture of a spy, came to Captain
Wilson of the 13th Native Infantry, Assistant Adjutant-General, and said
he could not help reporting that there would be a rising amongst the
sepoy regiments, to be commenced in the lines of the 71st Native
Infantry that evening at about 8 or 9 P.M.; but he was not certain at
what hour. His manner in giving this information was _earnest_ and
_impressive_.

On that evening everything went on as usual; all remained quiet in the
cantonments, where Sir Henry Lawrence was residing. Some days previously
the ladies and children had been removed to the Residency in the city,
which place had already been occupied by a party of the 32nd Foot and
two guns. The 9 P.M. gun was fired, and was evidently the preconcerted
signal for the mutiny; for a few minutes after, whilst Sir Henry
Lawrence and his staff were at dinner at the Residency, a sepoy came
running in and reported a disturbance in the lines. Two shots were heard
in the 71st lines. The horses of the staff were at once ordered, and
they proceeded to the lines. On the way, more dropping shots were heard
from the left of the 71st lines. The party arrived in the camp, where
about 300 men of Her Majesty's 32nd, with four guns of Major Kaye's
battery, and two guns of the Oude Irregular Force were posted, and found
them all on the alert. These were posted in a position on the extreme
right of the 71st lines (the whole front of which they swept), and they
were also contiguous to the road leading from cantonments to the city.

Sir Henry Lawrence immediately took two guns and a company of the 32nd
with him on the road leading to the town, and there took post; thereby
blocking up the road, and effectually cutting off all access to the
city. He sent back soon after for reinforcements of the Europeans and
for two more guns. In the meantime, the officers of the several
regiments had proceeded at once to their respective lines. Bands of
insurgents had meanwhile made their way amongst the officers' bungalows,
keeping up as they went a desultory fire, which prevented many from
passing the roads towards the lines. One of the first of these parties
made straight for the mess house of the 71st Native Infantry, whence the
officers had escaped but a few minutes before. They exhibited great
bloodthirstiness, making every search for the officers, and ending by
firing the house. On several shots being fired from the 71st lines on
the 32nd Foot and guns, the order was given to open with grape; on which
a rush was made by the sepoys to the rear; when they passed the infantry
picket, which is situate in the centre of cantonments. The picket was
under the command of Lieutenant Grant of the 71st Native Infantry. His
men remained with him till the mutineers were close upon him. They then
broke; but the subadar of the guard, and some men of the 13th and 48th
Regiments, composing the guard, tried to save him by placing him under a
bed. A man of the 71st Native Infantry, who was on guard with him,
however, discovered the place of his concealment to the mutineers, and
he was there brutally murdered--receiving no less than fifteen bayonet
wounds, besides some from musket balls.

From the first, Lieutenant Hardinge, taking with him some few sowars of
his Irregular Cavalry, patrolled up and down the main street of the
cantonments, and went to the officers' messes on the chance of saving
any lives. In the compound of the 71st mess, he was fired at by a
mutineer, who then rushed upon him with his bayonet, which pierced his
arm. More than once the cantonments were thus patrolled by Lieutenant
Hardinge under a smart fire, with the same humane intentions; but not in
sufficient force to prevent the burning and plundering of the officers'
bungalows, and of the bazaars. The excitement in the lines continued;
while the 32nd remained quietly in position, awaiting the advent of the
remnants of the regiments who had remained true to their colours. A
remnant of the 13th Native Infantry, about 200 men, with colours and
treasure, came up; and, according to previous arrangement, joined and
fell in on the right of the 32nd. A small portion of the 71st, without
being able to save their colours or their treasure, (through the
disaffection of the native officer on duty,) also came up and took post
next the 32nd Foot. Of the 48th, nothing was heard till 10 A.M. next
day. About 10 o'clock P.M. many of the mutineers had made their way up
to some empty artillery lines, outside the 71st Native Infantry lines,
whence they commenced firing. Brigadier Handscomb, who had come up from
the rear of the 71st lines, was killed by a stray shot from this place:
just as he had reached the left flank of the 32nd, he fell dead off his
horse. The bungalows throughout the cantonments were most of them on
fire. No attempt was subsequently made to attack the position. To secure
the Residency bungalow, and that portion of the cantonment next the city
road, 4 guns and a company and a half were taken up to the cantonment
Residency, and the guns placed at each gate. All was now quiet, and the
remainder of the night passed away without any further event. Nothing
had been seen or heard of the 48th Native Infantry. Many officers had
most wonderful escapes from death. Lieutenant and Adjutant Chambers of
the 13th Native Infantry, was severely wounded in the leg, whilst
effecting his escape from the magazine where he had taken a guard of his
regiment.


_May 31st._--At daylight, the force, consisting of some companies of Her
Majesty's 32nd Foot, and the remnants of the native regiments, about 100
men 71st, and 220 men 13th Native Infantry, with part of the 7th
Cavalry, and four guns, advanced down the parade in front of the lines
of the several regiments. From the lines of the 13th Native Infantry
about fifty men came, and said they had saved the magazine of that
regiment. Hearing that the body of the rebels had retired towards the
race course, where they had plundered the lines of the 7th Cavalry, and
murdered Cornet Raleigh of that regiment (who had been left there sick)
the whole force of cavalry and infantry, with four guns, proceeded
thither, leaving Colonel Case with a portion of the 32nd in position in
cantonments. On arriving in the open plain, a body of about 1200 men
were seen in line in the distance, drawn up to the race course. Many of
the cavalry galloped over at once to the insurgents. The guns then
opened with round shot, which dispersed them, and they made the best of
their way across country, followed immediately by the cavalry and guns,
and, at a greater distance by the infantry. No opportunity offered for
the guns to again open, owing to the celerity of their flight; but the
cavalry hovered round and took about sixty prisoners, who were brought
into cantonments. The pursuit continued in the same order until the guns
were stopped by a nullah, over which they could not cross. The cavalry,
however, continued their pursuit; and kept it up for some ten miles. By
10 A.M. the force had returned to cantonments, as the heat was excessive.

As most of the bungalows were burned (the officers having lost
everything) the troops were moved into camp,--the 32nd and guns into the
position they held formerly; the native regiments next them on the
right; and in the following order:--13th next the 32nd, the 71st next,
then the 48th, with the 7th Cavalry on the extreme right. The usual
guards were kept by the native regiments, and the cantonments regularly
occupied. Owing to this, the neighbouring country seemed to be
reassured. Supplies came in regularly, and in plenty. The exertions of
all were redoubled to complete the defences, and collect stores and
supplies in Muchee Bhawun and the city Residency. The former post,
originally occupied by the dependants of the late king, had been
selected by Sir Henry Lawrence as a fitting place of security and
retreat, in case matters took an unfavourable turn. On the 16th of May,
immediately on the receipt of intelligence from Meerut of the
commencement of the outbreak, this stronghold, then in a very
dilapidated condition, was occupied by the light company of the 13th and
some guns, and measures were taken for its thorough cleansing. Supplies
continued to be brought in and stored.

On the evening of the day on which the troops returned from the pursuit
of the rebels, an insurrection took place in the city towards
Hosainabad; the standard of the prophet was raised, and other means of
religious persuasion used to excite the populace. The police of the
city, under the energetic superintendence of Captain Carnegie, behaved
well, and the movement was at once quelled, and the standard taken. News
of the _émeute_ at this place had by this time reached the district, and
the rising of the neighbouring stations was to be looked for.

On the afternoon of the 4th June, parties of ladies and officers of the
41st Native Infantry, escorted by about twenty-five men of the regiment,
who had remained faithful, came in, bringing the news of the mutiny at
Seetapore, and of the deaths of Lieutenant-Colonel Birch, commanding the
regiment there, of Mr. Christian, and of other civilians and ladies. On
the 5th, news came of the mutiny at Cawnpore, but no particulars.
Reports of all kinds were rife among the Bazaars; but no authentic
intelligence could be procured, as the telegraph wire was cut. From
Benares the news came in of the 37th Native Infantry having mutinied,
and of their having been overpowered by the rest of the force there. But
nothing further transpired, for from that day to the 10th instant, the
communication was _in toto_ interrupted.


_June 10th._--The defences at the city Residency, as well as the Muchee
Bhawun, were increased, and houses and buildings around them began at
once to be demolished. Large stacks of firewood were made, and houses
and tents set apart for the occupation of the European refugees, who
were arriving from the districts daily. Provisions of all sorts
continued to be stored, including 110 hogsheads of beer just arrived
from Cawnpore.

Besides the two important posts noted above, the range of buildings
towards the Hosainabad quarter of the town were occupied by 2000 police
under the direction of Captain Carnegie; a thousand more were ordered to
be raised, and officers of the 41st were put in command of each of the
police battalions. This day we heard, by native report, that General
Wheeler was defending himself in the entrenchments at Cawnpore; but no
letter was received.


_June 11th._--Early this morning a false alarm was brought in from the
Cawnpore road, that the enemy was upon us. Captain Evans, who had been
sent out to gain information, returned with the above report, which
created for a short period some needless alarm. We continued hard at
work getting in supplies and adding to our defences. Many vague reports
of disturbances were in circulation to-day.


_June 12th._--On this day an instance of disaffection from within the
camp occurred. The regiment of military police, commanded by Captain
Orr, mutinied in a body, rushed to their lines, seized their arms, and
then set off in the direction of Cawnpore, giving themselves no time to
inflict any damage in their quarter of the city. So great was their
haste, that they failed to empty their own barracks, and left behind
them their clothes and baggage. Information of this was given to
headquarters; on which two guns of Major Kaye's battery, two companies
of Her Majesty's 32nd, and some seventy Seikhs of the 1st Oude Irregular
Cavalry, the whole under the command of Colonel Inglis, were despatched
after them. They were pursued for some eight miles before they were come
up with, and it was only by pushing on the cavalry and guns, without
waiting for the slower movements of the infantry, that they were
overtaken at all.

The guns opened fire as soon as practicable; they had come up well over
some difficult ground, but their horses were, in consequence, so done
up, that there was some difficulty in taking up the most desirable
position. Once the cavalry charged well, but neither the result of their
charge, nor of the practice of the artillery, was such as might have
been expected. The enemy's loss was not exactly ascertained, but it was
supposed that they had some twenty killed, and ten prisoners were
brought in. Of Captain Forbes's men, two Pathans were killed on the
spot; and some others, including a gallant old native officer, wounded.
Mr. Thornhill, of the civil service, charging with them, was also
wounded. All this time the infantry were far behind, unable to get up. A
village lay to the front, in which many of the insurgents had taken
refuge. Colonel Inglis forbade its bombardment, as it would have
entailed much injury to innocent villagers; and the evening was, by that
time, so far advanced, that the measure would probably not have sufficed
to dislodge the mutineers.

About an hour remained to sunset; the guns and cavalry were a long way
from the infantry, and many miles further from home. A return movement
was therefore ordered, and accomplished successfully: the whole force
returned about 8 o'clock, having gone over some sixteen or eighteen
miles of ground.

The Europeans had marched well to the front. It was a hard day's work
for them, and two men were lost from apoplexy, for the heat was dreadful.

On this day the horses of the men of the 7th Cavalry were brought down
and picketed close to the Baillie Guard; as, with a very few exceptions,
the 13th, 48th, and 71st Regiments of Native Infantry and 7th Cavalry
had been ordered to proceed on leave till October, and their arms and
accoutrements were brought down and deposited in the Residency. (Vide
No. 1 in the Appendix.)


_June 13th._--Shot and shell both brought down to the garrison from
Muchee Bhawun (about three-quarters of a mile). Unabated exertions to
add to the defences of the garrison.

The 13th Regiment of Native Infantry, 170 rank and file, came down from
cantonments and encamped in the Residency compound. Ineffectual efforts
to blow down the _Furrahd Buksh_ Gateway. Three or four cases of cholera
occurred at Fort Muchee Bhawun. Officers' servants began to desert.
Intelligence was received from Fyzabad of the mutiny of all the troops
there. Heat beyond endurance. Garrison in good spirits, and much elated
at the brush after the Police Corps. Little reliance was placed in
natives, and every possible precaution was taken to prevent any
treachery. The native gunners, both in the Residency and at the Muchee
Bhawun, were so posted as to be under the immediate fire of the
Europeans, who watched them carefully both day and night. An officer was
on duty at the gate all day long, to observe all incomers, and to
prevent arms being brought in by others than those who had received
passes.


_June 14th._--Supplies of shot and shell brought in from Muchee Bhawun.
Every exertion made to increase the defences of the garrisons. No
reliable intelligence was procurable of the state of affairs at
Cawnpore. Many idle rumours afloat, but not corroborated, with regard to
a reinforcement of Europeans having arrived at that station from the
north-west. Heat excessive. Several cases of cholera and smallpox. A few
cases of the former disease proved fatal in Muchee Bhawun. Hardinge's
corps still steady. About 200 of the Oude Irregular Cavalry deserted
last night.


_June 15th._--A hundred barrels of gunpowder brought from the Muchee
Bhawun, and buried in the Residency enclosure. Shot and shell continued
to be brought into garrison from Muchee Bhawun. Uncovenanted
servants were drilled with muskets. A tragic event occurred this
day:--Serjeant-major K., 7th Light Cavalry, shot with a pistol,
Riding-master Edridge, 7th Light Cavalry, in the heat of an argument.
The riding-master died a few hours after. No reliable intelligence was
procured from Cawnpore, though vague reports were in circulation. The
death of Lieutenant-Colonel Fisher, commanding 15th Irregular Cavalry,
by the hands of his own men, was reported.

Captain Gall's servant returned to the garrison this day, reporting his
master's death, which took place by stratagem, and by the hands of his
own men. Captain Gall was proceeding in disguise _en route_ to
Allahabad, with twelve sowars of his own corps, and had proceeded about
fifty miles on his way, when his murder took place. All officers of the
cantonments were ordered down to the garrison, with the exception of the
commanding officers and regimental staff. Twenty-three lacs of rupees
were buried close in front of the Residency, for security, and to avoid
the necessity of guards and sentries over it. Rum and porter (one-half)
was received into the Residency from Muchee Bhawun. Fever was prevalent.
The Seikhs of the 13th Native Infantry, numbering about fifty men, were
formed, at their own request, into a company, under the command of
Captain Germon, and sent to Muchee Bhawun. Spare clothing of the 13th
was brought in from cantonments. Continued efforts were made to blow up
the Furrah Buksh Gate. The flooring of the first story fell in this day.


_June 16th._--A quantity of shot and shells came in from Muchee Bhawun;
also an 18-pounder gun. The shot was piled, as far as possible. On this
date, there were seven 18-pounders in position. The whole day was
expended in working hard at a battery in a position commanding the
Cawnpore-road, and in unroofing houses, burying powder, &c. The gate
leading into the Furrah Buksh came down in the course of the forenoon
with a great crash, after many futile attempts had been made for its
destruction. This was an important point gained, as the Residency
compound was quite commanded from the top of this gate.

This morning, twenty-two conspirators, emissaries from Benares and
elsewhere, who had been sent to corrupt the troops at this place, were
captured in a house in the centre of the city. Information having been
given to Captain Hughes, commanding the 4th Irregular Infantry, he
directed two staunch native officers to put themselves on the watch, and
to pretend participation in the disaffection. This they did, and by this
means, with Captain Carnegie's assistance, Captain Hughes was enabled to
effect the capture of these inciters to mutiny. They were forthwith
brought to a drum-head court-martial and the whole of them condemned to
death.


_June 17th._--This morning, four of the men sentenced yesterday, were
hanged at the Muchee Bhawun; the remaining eighteen were liberated, as
some doubts were entertained of their guilt.

Vague and most contradictory rumours came in this day about Cawnpore,
but no authentic intelligence could be gained. The intelligence
department, under the supervision of Mr. Gubbins, with two assistants,
seemed to experience great difficulty in procuring reliable
intelligence. Amongst others, Colonel Palmer, commanding the 48th
Regiment Native Infantry, came in from the cantonments, waited on the
Brigadier-General, and reported large assemblies of men near
cantonments, the immediate abandonment of which he most earnestly
advocated.

Although there yet remained some twenty-five lacs in the treasury, the
expenditure had been on such an enormous scale during the last week,
that cash payments were suspended, unless in exceptional cases. The
money rewards, &c., promised to men of the several infantry regiments,
whose good behaviour had been conspicuous on the night of the mutiny,
were discharged by promissory notes. Major Apthorp of the 41st Native
Infantry had an advance made to him to pay up and discharge twenty-five
of his men who had escorted in the officers and ladies from Seetapore;
as it was reported by one of his drummers, that even these faithful few,
who had all been promised promotion by Sir Henry Lawrence for their
fidelity on that occasion, had expressed themselves to the effect that
if Rajah Maun Singh came against them, they would all have to go over,
and would murder their officers.


_June 18th._--The force at the Residency, consisting of the regular
troops, civilians, volunteers of all sorts, and, in fact, every man
within the defences not incapacitated by sickness, were ordered by Sir
Henry Lawrence to parade at sunrise. Every man was to be at the post he
was to occupy in case of an attack; and those to whom no posts had been
assigned mustered in front of the Residency, for the purpose of having a
post or duty assigned them. The Brigadier-General inspected the whole of
them, and visited all the outposts and picquets.

In the evening of the same day the force was paraded a second time, and
minutely inspected by Colonel Inglis. A body of fifty volunteers,
belonging to the several offices, had been trained and drilled to use
firearms. To them was entrusted the defence of two outposts near the
Post-office, which place had been made a very strong position. The
officers comprising the volunteer corps of cavalry were also given arms,
to be able to make a stand and defend themselves within their own
quarters. They furnished sentries at night, and exercised a supervision
over some seventy Seikh sowars, the remains of the Oude Irregular
Cavalry. These, as well as the body of clerks, &c., mentioned above,
were in all respects armed and accoutred like private soldiers. Besides
this, many of the volunteers and officers were instructed in gun drill;
and, at the Muchee Bhawun, by Sir Henry's directions, some fifty or
sixty of the 32nd Foot were told off for the same work. A very strong
battery (the Redan) was commenced this day; it completely commanded the
iron bridge and the road leading to cantonments.

The servants of Captains Staples, 7th Cavalry, and Burmester, 48th
Native Infantry, returned and reported the murder of those officers
whose heads, they stated, were carried to the Nana at Cawnpore; and that
Lieutenant Boulton, of the 7th-Cavalry, jumped his horse into the river,
and nothing further had been heard of him. Owing to the want of rain,
the heat had now become intense. Cholera and dysentery were on the
increase; chiefly at the Muchee Bhawun.

Reports came in of some bodies of the enemy being at a place called
Nawab Gunge, about eighteen miles from Lucknow, and Captain Forbes, with
twenty Sikhs and ten of the volunteer cavalry corps, was sent out there
to ascertain the presence or otherwise of the enemy. They returned in
the evening bringing information that there was no one. The company of
the 10th Oude Irregular Force was brought down from the Dâk Bungalow to
the jail. This regiment was the last to give way at Seetapore, and it
was reported they did not molest their officers.

Quantities of bhoosa were collected and stored within the Racket Court,
which was now half full.


_June 19th._--This morning Sir Henry Lawrence inspected the Muchee
Bhawun minutely. More small arm ammunition was brought in from thence to
the Residency.

A fresh case of smallpox occurred today (Mr. Bird, who was immediately
removed to a tent in the compound). The uncovenanted volunteers were
again minutely inspected this afternoon. The engineer officers were very
hard at work completing the batteries and defences. Upwards of 3000
coolies were at work unroofing houses in the vicinity of our defences.

From cantonments all the spare baggage, &c. was brought in, and every
preparation made to prevent confusion in case the position there should
be abandoned. In the city of Lucknow everything remained perfectly
quiet,--the administration of justice was in no way impeded. Grain was
stored in large quantities in the church.


_June 20th._--This day, "the Redan" was completed. It consisted of one
18-pounder gun and one 9-pounder, with two mortars in their rear--the
whole commanding the iron bridge and open country across the river. The
Cawnpore 18-pounder battery was very nearly finished, and an expense
magazine establishment near it.

A letter bearing date the 18th instant was received from Cawnpore,
written by Captain Moore of Her Majesty's 32nd Foot, by direction of
General Wheeler,--it informed us, at last, of occurrences at that place.
All the numerous previous reports regarding the reinforcements of
European troops said to have been received, were thereby falsified. No
such reinforcements had ever been received. The letter informed us of
their ability to hold out for some fifteen days more. The dreadful news
of a boat load of European ladies, women, and children, from Futteghurh,
having been intercepted at Cawnpore and assassinated there, was
confirmed by natives.

Supplies continued to be stored, but they were collected with difficulty
and at increased prices.

Large stacks of firewood, which had been stored in case of difficulties,
were regularly arranged in a semicircle, protecting the front of the
Residency, and covered with earth; these formed an embankment six feet
in height, and embrasures were cut through them for the guns, of which
there were four 9-pounders on that side.


_June 21st._--Two hundred guns, many of large calibre, were found in the
gardens of the Seish Mahul, behind the Dowlut Khana (a large building on
the north side of the city). There were no carriages to them. This
startling discovery was luckily made in time. Twenty-seven guns were at
once brought in, and arrangements made for parking the remainder.

In the evening, as the church was full of grain, divine service was
performed in Mr. Gubbins's garden; and, during the night, Sir Henry
himself once more visited the outposts, which had, by this time, been
brought to a satisfactory state. The guards of the uncovenanted service
were well on the alert, and prepared for any emergency. The difficulty
of procuring all kinds of grain daily increased. Many rumours of a
strong force marching on Lucknow from Fyzabad. The force in cantonments
held in readiness to march at one hour's notice, to the Residency and
the Muchee Bhawun.


_June 22nd._--This morning Captain Radcliffe's troop of volunteer
cavalry were despatched, at 1 A.M., towards Nawab Gunge, to patrol the
roads in that direction, in conjunction with the Seikhs, in order to
gather information. About 4 o'clock A.M. a thunderstorm from the east,
with the much wished for rain, came on. It lasted no very long time, and
afforded only a temporary relief from the excessive heat.

Sir Henry Lawrence made an excursion as far as the Husainabad Kolwallee,
garrisoned by nearly 3000 police and others, and inspected them and the
defences of that place. He also visited the Dowlut Khana, an old
magazine, and on his return went over the Muchee Bhawun defences. All
our available spare carts, hackeries, and wagons, were to-day employed
in bringing in the guns found yesterday. Many of them were of large
size. The unroofing and clearing away of houses continued without
intermission, and every exertion was made to remove anything which might
afford cover in the immediate vicinity of our defences.


_June 23rd._--Two men executed this morning at the Muchee Bhawun,--the
one a mutineer (a naick of the 71st Native Infantry), the other a man
who had, on the night of the mutiny, threatened the life of Mr. Yarbury,
a merchant.

A large battery traced out, looking to the westward. It was to consist
of at least two heavy guns, and to be raised so as to bombard the town
in that direction. A considerable amount of labour would have been
required to raise it to the necessary elevation. Altogether it was the
most extensive work of the kind we had yet undertaken. An 8-inch
howitzer, which had been discovered with the other guns at the Seesh
Muhal, was mounted and placed in the Redan battery.

Captain Radcliffe's troop of volunteers, numbering forty sabres, were
drilled and exercised daily; and now that the majority of the Irregular
Cavalry had deserted, and the remainder were not considered trustworthy,
the troops supplied two mounted orderlies every morning to escort Sir
Henry Lawrence into the city.

The commanding officer of the 71st Regiment Native Infantry reported the
remnant of the Seikhs of his regiment (about twenty men, who had
remained true on the night of the _émeute_) as being in an insubordinate
state, and no longer to be trusted. Sir Henry Lawrence desired them to
be sent to him, and spoke to them. They had asked for their discharge
before, and had very precipitately been disarmed by their commanding
officer, without sufficient authority. After being spoken to by the
Brigadier-General, they professed themselves quite willing to continue
their services: they were taken at their word, their arms restored, and
were kept at the Residency under the command of an officer.

A letter was received yesterday from Cawnpore, written under the
direction of General Sir H. M. Wheeler, K.C.B., giving very bad news
indeed. It stated that the enemy shelled them for the last eight days,
which had had fearful effect within their crowded trenches, and one
third of their number had been killed.

In the meantime, the Muchee Bhawun garrison had not been idle at their
defences, and Sir Henry was constant in his visits there, as well as to
the Seesh Muhal, and Dowlut Khana. On the westward side of the Muchee
Bhawun, a heavy tower was commenced; a work of great labour, from which
a flanking fire could be given. In the vicinity of the fort, as at the
Residency, houses were unroofed, and walls pulled down, so as to leave
as little shelter as we could. Magazines were constructed, and the
powder placed in safety.


_June 24th._--Heavy clouds, and every appearance of rain throughout the
day, but none fell. Heat excessive. Sir Henry Lawrence proceeded at
daybreak as usual, attended by his staff and two orderlies from the
volunteer cavalry, and inspected the Dowlut Khana, Seesh Muhal,
Imaumbarah Kolwallee, and Muchee Bhawun; and in the evening he proceeded
five miles on the Fyzabad road, to ascertain if there was a good
position we could take up, in case of an advance of the rebels in that
direction.

The last of the guns discovered in the Seesh Muhal garden were brought
in to-day. Four of them were of very large calibre--two being
32-pounders. _Native_ reports describe the force at Cawnpore as being
hard pressed. Native reports from Allahabad were good. Much progress
made in knocking down and unroofing the houses in the _immediate_
vicinity of the Muchee Bhawun and Residency. The Racket Court was now
filled with bhoosa for the cattle, and thatched in. We were supposed to
have nearly three months' supply of provisions now stored. The mutineers
were reported to have arrived at Nawabgunge (eighteen miles distant),
and were said to have with them some sixteen guns.


_June 25th._--The tower at the Muchee Bhawun was carried on this day
with great ardour. Crowds of coolies were employed under the direction
of Lieutenant Innes of the Engineers. This defence was to command the
stone bridge, the Imaumbara, and a number of high mosques facing that
side of the Muchee Bhawun. Elephants were yoked to one of the heaviest
guns,--luckily there was some gear for the purpose, and the experiment
turned out successful.

A native rumour reported the arrival of a strong force of mutineers at
Nawabgunge, where it was said they were to remain till they had
consolidated their force. Good news came in to-day from Allahabad in a
letter from the officer commanding the 1st Madras Fusileers, dated the
18th of June, in answer to one despatched from this place on the 15th
instant. Colonel Neil's letter gave little or no detail, beyond stating
that he assumed command of the fort on the 11th instant; that there had
been much fighting, but all the mutineers were entirely broke and
dispersed, and the cantonments reoccupied. Cholera broke out on the 18th
among the Fusileers, who in two days had had amongst them 100 cases,
forty of which had proved fatal. Every effort was being made to push on
troops to Cawnpore, but the road was not open, and carriage was
difficult to procure: also that Her Majesty's 84th were close at hand,
and that the telegraphic communication had been re-established between
Calcutta and Allahabad. No authentic intelligence from Cawnpore, and
much anxiety was felt regarding the force there.

All appearance of rain had gone off, and the heat was almost
insupportable. The river had risen about a foot and a half, and was no
longer fordable. A letter was received from Mrs. Dorin, stating that she
was residing in a hut close to Seetapore, soliciting money and
assistance, and reporting the murder of her husband. Numbers of
gun-barrels and locks were brought in from the old magazine, where a
great quantity of crowsfeet were found, and ordered to be brought in
to-morrow. Behind Mr. Ommanney's house, a very large battery was
commenced by Lieutenant Hutchinson. Quantities of grass and stores were
brought in.


_June 26th._--This morning Sir Henry Lawrence, accompanied by his staff,
as usual inspected the principal buildings in the vicinity of the Muchee
Bhauwn and the new round tower, at which great progress had been made,
and in which not less than 300 coolies were at work. Proceeding thence
he inspected the newly completed defences opposite the Kolwallee. On his
return, Sir H. Lawrence received a letter from Major Raikes at
Mynpoorie, giving intelligence of the capture of the city of Delhi on
the 13th instant (this afterwards turned out to be a false report). A
royal salute was ordered to be fired from the Residency, Muchee Bhawun,
and cantonments, and a _feu-de-joie_ was fired by the Irregulars, who
were quartered in the Dowlut Khana, under the command of Brigadier Gray.
Many useful stores, consisting of unwrought materials, rope, and
platforms, were brought in from the old magazine. Considerable progress
was made in a new battery for heavy guns, which had been commenced in
the rear of Mr. Ommanney's house.

In the afternoon, a letter, dated June 23rd, was received from Colonel
Neil, commanding at Allahabad, reporting all well there; that 750
Europeans had arrived, and that 1000 more would be with him on the next
day; that every effort was being made to despatch 400 Europeans, two
guns, and 300 Seikhs to Cawnpore, but that much difficulty was
experienced in procuring carriage.

Also, at sunset, a letter was received from Sir H. M. Wheeler, K.C.B.,
dated the 24th instant, detailing his losses, and giving an account of
the outbreak, and stating that he had supplies for only eight or ten
days at the farthest. His letter was replied to at once, and he was
informed by Sir Henry Lawrence of the news received from Allahabad, and
also that in ten days at the farthest he would receive aid from
Allahabad, and that he must husband his resources as much as possible;
that the force at Lucknow was threatened by an attack from eight or ten
regiments, three or four of which were within twenty miles.

A reward of one lac of rupees was offered this day for the capture,
within a week, dead or alive, of the Nana, at Cawnpore, and means were
taken to have the proclamation widely disseminated. With the larger
battery commenced to the south, behind Mr. Ommanney's house, we had
three large batteries in progress, and were also busily employed in
destroying, as far as possible, any buildings that might give cover in
the vicinity. Five or six elephants were in course of training to drag
heavy guns, so as to enable us to move out without delay, should
circumstances require a heavy gun to be taken out.


_27th June._--This morning a letter from Lieutenant Burnes, Adjutant of
the 10th Regiment Oude Irregular Infantry, late at Seetapore, was
received. It gave an account of the mutiny at that place, and of the
escape of himself, Sir M. Jackson, Bart., and sisters (one of whom had
been carried off for some days by the sepoys and brought back), and some
others, to a place called Mitowlee, where they claimed and received the
protection (charily given) of a rajah: they were then all in the
jungles, suffering the _greatest_ hardships. It also mentioned the
safety of another party with Captain Hearsey; who, however, were also in
the jungles. Many of these seem to have had the most hairbreadth
escapes. No rain had yet fallen, and the heat was most oppressive. The
cholera had abated during the past few days, but several cases of
smallpox had, however, occurred. The river was reported to have fallen a
foot since yesterday.

A report was in circulation early in the day, that General Wheeler had
made terms with "the Nana," at Cawnpore; but few believed it, and in the
evening it was reported incorrect, as heavy firing had been heard
yesterday at Cawnpore from Bunnee. Three boxes of crow's feet and a
great number of musket-barrels and unwrought stores were brought in from
the old magazine at the Dowlut-Khana; also a very large quantity of gun
carriage-wheels. The force at Nawabgunge was said to be increasing, but
very undecided as to what to do. A great force of coolies were at work,
and much progress was made in the defences at Muchee Bhawun and the
Residency.


_28th June._--This morning, at about 3 A.M., we had a heavy fall of
rain, which continued with slight intervals till 7 A.M. Sir Henry
Lawrence proceeded to Hosainabad and examined the defensive preparations
made there; returning by the Muchee Bhawun, he found that the buildings
occupied by the 32nd had hardly leaked at all. Divine service was
performed in the City Hospital (brigade mess), occupied by the officers
of the 7th Cavalry, 13th, 48th, and 71st Native Infantry, at 7 A.M.
Spies stated that the 17th Regiment Native Infantry, numbering between
250 and 300 men, had gone with five lacs of rupees to Onao on the
Cawnpore road--it was believed with the intention of proceeding to
Cawnpore.

It having been reported that there were many jewels and valuables in the
king's palace, which might fall into the hands of the mutineers, a party
under Major Banks, consisting of fifty of the 13th, twenty Seikhs 71st
Native Infantry, and the European Volunteer Cavalry, were sent out to
fetch them in; which they did about 6 P.M., and reported that they had
discovered a large gun.

About 7 P.M. three different natives brought in the very sad and
distressing news that the Cawnpore force, having no more ammunition
left, had entered into a treaty with their enemies, after which they had
all been treacherously murdered, as they embarked in boats to proceed
down the river to Allahabad.

Mrs. Dorin, wife of Lieutenant Dorin, who lately commanded the 10th
Regiment Oude Irregular Forces, arrived this evening in a country cart,
disguised as a native, and accompanied by some clerks. She was for very
many days secreted in a village close to Seetapore, and her escape is
wonderful. The Serjeant-Major's wife of the 9th Regiment Oude Irregular
Infantry also arrived in a doolie, severely wounded. From 8 to 10
o'clock P.M. it rained heavily. A letter, dated the 21st June, received
from Benares from Mr. Gubbins, giving an account of the number of
Europeans coming up the country, and describing the state of Benares and
Allahabad; reporting also an action at Delhi on the 8th instant, when
the British troops captured twenty-six guns. News also received from
Agra by letter from Captain Nixon, political agent.


_June 29th._--This morning, a brass gun, a 21-pounder which had been
accidentally discovered yesterday by the party who had been despatched
under Major Banks, to bring in valuables from the palace (called the
"Kiser Bagh,") was brought in, carriage and waggon all completely ready
for immediate service. Some grape shot and powder, chiefly damaged, was
also discovered in an adjacent house.

The people in charge of the palace, without giving a thought to
resistance as it was at first expected they might do, nevertheless
showed an evident reluctance to give information where the arms, &c.
were stored. However, it came out at last, that there were more arms
within the palace, and a party was despatched to secure them. Seven
cart-loads were brought in; chiefly flint muskets, with a few spears,
&c.: 4 small guns were also discovered and brought in.

A small party of volunteers, cavalry (twelve men including officers),
were sent along the Cawnpore road to bring in information. After going
some twelve miles, they returned, having learnt that there were some two
or three regiments not far off them. Captain Forbes, with the Seikh
Cavalry, was sent off at sunrise to patrol the Nawabgunge road. Six men
were also sent on the Sultanpore road to gain information. Both the
parties returned at sunset, Captain Forbes bringing intelligence that
the enemy were at Chinât, nine miles off.

Our defences progressed, but labour was not so easy to procure as it had
been some days before.

       *       *       *       *       *

The enemy being in strength so near, it was deemed advisable to withdraw
the troops from cantonments, which was quietly done at sunset; and it
being expected that the enemy would march on Lucknow, Sir Henry Lawrence
thought it advisable to move out with a strong force, hoping to meet and
oppose them before they entered the suburbs of the city. In order to
prevent any notice reaching the enemy of the intended movement, the
orders were not given out publicly till 3 o'clock on the following
morning, and at the same hour twenty Seikhs under Lieutenant Birch were
to be sent to the Iron Bridge, in order to prevent any one crossing over
with intelligence of the movement to the enemy.


_June 30th._--Pursuant to orders, a force, comprising 150 of the 32nd
from the Muchee Bhawun, 130 of the 13th Native Infantry, forty Seikhs of
the 13th Native Infantry, the 48th, numbering fifty bayonets, the
European cavalry thirty-six strong, the Oude Irregular Cavalry, about
ninety men, four of the guns of Kaye's battery (Europeans), two of
Alexander's guns (natives), two of Bryce's guns (natives), and an
eight-inch howitzer, found in the town a few days ago, and which was
drawn by two elephants, assembled at the iron bridge at 5·45 A.M. The
advance guard was composed of twenty-five Seikh Cavalry, and fifteen
European Cavalry; twenty Seikh Infantry, and twenty of the 32nd
Regiment, the whole under the command of Captain Stevens of the 32nd
Foot.

The eight-inch howitzer, two guns of Alexander's battery, two of Kaye's
battery, the 13th Native Infantry, two of Bryce's guns, and the
detachment of the 32nd Foot, formed the main body, and marched in the
above order. The rear guard was composed of the 48th Native Infantry,
under Colonel Palmer; the whole force being under the personal command
of Sir Henry Lawrence. It was the Brigadier-General's original intention
only to proceed to the end of the Pucka road, to the village of
Kocaralee; and on their arrival there, our force was halted, and the
Brigadier-General, with the advanced guard, proceeded about a mile to
the front, whence no one was to be seen. The force was on the point of
being ordered to return, when it was decided to make a further
reconnaissance; and soon after the enemy were fallen in with, in
overwhelming numbers, and the force was compelled to retire with the
loss of the eight-inch howitzer, and three 9-pounders.

The enemy came boldly on, and invested us on all sides, firing from all
the houses round, which they rapidly loopholed; they also erected a
hasty battery for the eight-inch howitzer across the river, from which
they threw several well-directed shells; and they began to collect boats
for a bridge across the river, the iron bridge being under fire from the
Redan.


_July 1st._--The enemy threw in a very heavy fire of musketry all day
and night. Early in the morning they advanced to attack, but were
repulsed on all sides with considerable loss from our shells, guns, and
musketry. Mr. McRae, of the Civil Engineers Department, and Lieutenant
Dashwood, 48th Native Infantry, were wounded, while assisting in working
an 18-pounder in the Post Office Battery.

During the day attempts were made to get messengers to cross over to the
Muchee Bhawun fort; two or three men started, but as their success was
very doubtful, it was determined to work the telegraph on the top of the
Residency. This had been previously arranged by the engineer in concert
with one on the Muchee Bhawun; it simply consisted of one post with a
bar at the top, from which were suspended in one row black stuffed bags,
each having its own pulley to work it. After having attracted the
attention of the Muchee Bhawun Garrison, the greatest difficulty was
found in working the telegraph, from various causes; the chief of which
was the tremendous fire which the enemy opened on the spot directly they
saw our people on the flat open roof of the Residency. It rained rifle
balls, principally from the top of the jail, and some few of the ropes
of the bags were actually cut by them; then the pulleys went wrong, and
twice the whole machine had to be taken down, and after readjustment put
up again. After three hours' hard work under a broiling sun and a heavy
fire, the transfer of messages was at last completed.

The message was simply an order to blow up the place and come to the
Residency at 12 P.M., bringing the treasure and guns, and destroying as
much as possible all spare ammunition. The night was anxiously looked
for, as the retreat of the retiring force might be intercepted, and the
enemy had the advantage of position. To help the movement, the
Brigadier-General gave orders that shortly before 12 P.M., the different
mortars and guns from our batteries should open fire, in order to
distract the attention of the enemy. This was carried out; especially
towards the iron bridge, by which the force must pass.

The movement was most successfully performed; and so quick and noiseless
was the march, that at 12·15 the head of the column was at the Lower
Water Gate. Here there was some little delay, as the force not being so
quickly expected, the gates had not been opened. A very serious accident
had nearly happened in consequence of this, for the leading men, finding
the gates closed, shouted out "Open the gates," and the artillerymen at
the guns above, which, loaded with grape, covered the entrance, mistook
the words for "Open with grape," and were already at the guns, when an
officer put them right. The whole force came in without a shot being
fired.

The explosion had not yet taken place; but soon, a shake of the earth, a
volume of fire, a terrific report, and an immense mass of black smoke
shooting far up into the air, announced to Lucknow, that 240 barrels of
gunpowder, and 594,000 rounds of ball and gun ammunition, had completed
the destruction of Muchee Bhawun, which we had with so much labour
provisioned and fortified.


_July 2nd._--Arrangements were made for posting and stationing the
Muchee Bhawun force which came in last night, and placing the
field-pieces in position; all of which Sir H. Lawrence himself
personally superintended. About 8 A.M. Sir Henry returned to the
Residency, and, being much fatigued, laid down on his bed. Soon after an
eight-inch shell from the eight-inch howitzer of the enemy, entered the
room at the window, and exploding, a fragment struck the
Brigadier-General on the upper part of the right thigh near the hip,
inflicting a fearful wound. Captain Wilson, who was standing alongside
the bed with one knee on it at the time, reading a memorandum to Sir
Henry, was knocked down by falling bricks and slightly wounded in the
back by a piece of shell. Sir H. Lawrence's nephew, Mr. Lawrence, had an
equally narrow escape, being on another bed close by: he was not hurt;
the fourth individual in the room was a native servant, who lost one of
his feet by a fragment of the shell. It was at once pronounced that Sir
Henry Lawrence's wound was mortal, and his sufferings were great. He
immediately sent for Major Banks, and appointed him to succeed him as
Chief-Commissioner, and appointed Colonel Inglis to command the troops.
He was then removed to Dr. Fayrer's house, which was somewhat less under
fire. About noon this day, a round shot came into a room on the lower
story of the residency, and shattered the thigh of Miss Palmer (daughter
of Colonel Palmer, 48th Regiment, Native Infantry) so dreadfully, that
instant amputation was obliged to be resorted to. All the garrison were
greatly grieved, and the Natives much dispirited at our severe loss, in
that popular and very distinguished officer, Sir Henry Lawrence.

A perfect hurricane of jinjal, round shot, and musketry all day and all
night. Probably not less than 10,000 men fired into our position from
the surrounding houses; the balls fell in showers, and hardly any place
was safe from them. Many of the garrison were hit in places which,
before the siege, it was considered would be perfectly safe; but the
enemy fired some of them from a great distance out of the town, from the
tops of high houses, and the balls fell everywhere.


_July 3rd._--It is difficult to chronicle the proceedings of these few
days, for everywhere confusion reigned supreme. That unfortunate day of
Chinât precipitated everything, inasmuch as we were closely shut up
several days before anything of the kind was anticipated. People had
made no arrangements for provisioning themselves: many indeed never
dreamt of such a necessity; and the few that had were generally too
late. Again, many servants were shut out the first day, and all attempts
to approach us were met by a never-ceasing fusilade. But though they
could not get in, they succeeded in getting out; and after a few days,
those who could boast of servants or attendants of any kind formed a
very small and envied minority. The servants in many instances eased
their masters of any superfluous article of value, easy of carriage. In
fact, the confusion can be better imagined than described.

The head of the Commissariat had, most unfortunately for the garrison,
received a severe wound at Chinât, which effectually deprived them of
his valuable aid. His office was all broken up; his goomastahs and
baboos were not with us, and the officers appointed to assist him were
all new hands. Besides all this, the first stores opened were
approachable only by one of the most exposed roads, and very many of the
camp followers preferred going without food to the chance of being shot.
Some did not know where to apply, so that for three or four days, many
went without rations; and this in no small degree added to the number of
desertions. Owing to these desertions, the commissariat and battery
bullocks had no attendants to look after them, and went wandering all
over the place looking for food; they tumbled into, wells, were shot
down in numbers by the enemy, and added greatly to the labour which fell
on the garrison, as fatigue parties of civilians and officers, after
being in the defences all day repelling the enemy's attack, were often
employed six and seven hours burying cattle killed during the day, and
which from the excessive heat became offensive in a few hours. The
artillery and other horses were everywhere to be seen loose, fighting
and tearing at one another, driven mad for want of food and water; the
garrison being too busily employed in the trenches to be able to secure
them.

Poor Sir H. Lawrence suffered somewhat less to-day, but was sinking
fast, and at times his mind wandered. A tremendous fire all day, more
particularly on the Baillie Guard and Dr. Fayrer's house where Sir Henry
was lying. We thus early in the siege learnt that all our proceedings
inside were known (through some party or other) to our enemies. Miss
Palmer died to-day, and Mr. Ommanney of the Civil Service, was
dangerously wounded under the ear by a grape shot, while in the Redan
battery.


_July 4th._--A tremendous fire all night; but no effort was made to
storm our position. To the great grief of our garrison, Sir Henry
Lawrence died this morning about 8 o'clock, from the effects of his
wound. Shortly before his death, Mr. G. H. Lawrence while standing in
the front verandah of Dr. Fayrer's house, was wounded by a musket-ball
through his right shoulder.

At night, there was a great uproar in the city, which evidently
underwent a thorough plundering. Notwithstanding this, the same heavy
fire was kept up throughout the night. Every one at work trying to throw
up some shelter for himself. In the course of the day, a 9-pounder,
brought by the insurgents and placed behind a small mosque close to our
furthest water-gate, was spiked by a private of the 32nd and four others
from Innes' post, who shot four of the enemy. The enemy were taken by
surprise while at their dinner.


_July 5th._--From 2 till 6 o'clock A.M., heavy rain; and extremely heavy
firing all day. Several casualties among our garrison. A soldier of the
32nd was said to have killed five men in ten shots from the Cawnpore
battery, which was subjected to a very severe musketry fire. Continued
efforts were made to collect all the horses and secure them, but it was
impossible to do anything during the day. The fire was so heavy, and the
night was so dark, it was difficult to get hold of the animals, who were
half mad; added to which four or five horses were killed daily, which
had to be buried at night by parties of officers, who, after being
exposed to a fearful sun in the trenches all day, were often out in the
rain till 12 and 1 o'clock in the morning, engaged in burying horses and
bullocks, in order to prevent the dreadful stench which would otherwise
have been increased, and which had already become almost insupportable.


_July 6th._--The usual amount of musketry and cannon fire all the
morning: about 2 o'clock in the afternoon it became very severe,
especially towards the Baillie Guard, which seemed the favourite point
to-day for the heaviest fire. A heavy cannonade heard about three miles
off for about half an hour. About 4 _P.M._ the flashes of the guns were
distinctly seen. The cause was unknown. The enemy digging trenches in
all directions. The carriage of one of our 9-pounders was disabled by
the enemy.


_July 7th._--A heavy fire all the morning.

A sortie was made by fifty of the 32nd and twenty Sikhs, led by Captain
Lawrence, Captain Mansfield, Ensign Green, 13th Native Infantry, and
Ensign Studdy,--the latter led. The storming took place at noon. The
object was to examine M. Johannes' house, and discover if the enemy were
driving mines: it was perfectly successful, and fifteen or twenty of the
enemy were killed. Our loss was one Seikh and one 32nd slightly, and one
32nd severely wounded.

This afternoon a very sad event occurred. Major Francis, 13th Native
Infantry, who had commanded at the Muchee Bhawun, and who was in command
of the brigade mess square, was struck in the legs by a round shot,
which completely fractured both legs, rendering amputation of one
_immediate_, and great fears were entertained for the other. He was a
brave, good officer, and much respected by all, and one in whom Sir
Henry Lawrence had much confidence. The calm manner in which he bore his
misfortune, gained him the sympathies of all. Not a murmur escaped him;
his only anxiety being a hope that the authorities would bear testimony
that he had performed his duty. The Rev. Mr. Polehampton, military
chaplain, was severely wounded in the side this day, by a rifle ball,
while in hospital. One of the walls of the Racket Court, now used as a
bhoosa gadown, fell in, and a quantity of the bhoosa became exposed in
consequence. All spare tarpaulings were immediately supplied to cover,
it, and officers and men worked hard for two hours, in a deluge of rain.
The rains, so long expected, seem now fairly set in. It commenced
raining heavily at 2 P.M., and continued pouring down the whole night.


_July 8th._--All very much as usual, and very heavy rain fell, which
somewhat abated the enemy's fire. Every effort was made to put the place
in some kind of order and to feed the bullocks.

Poor Major Francis insensible and sinking: he died at 7 P.M.; and was
buried by a party of officers close to Mr. Ommanney's grave. Every
effort was made to curtail the expenditure of provision, and officers
were placed on half rations every third day. Very few servants remained,
and most of the officers had none. All were on duty thirteen and twenty
hours a day; and constant alarms took place at night, rendering it
necessary for all to stand to their arms. Fears were entertained of the
bhoosah stack taking fire, as the outer wall of the Racket Court had
fallen down and left it exposed. All available officers and men worked
hard, in heavy rain, to get it covered in again with tarpaulins. Twelve
Seikhs of the 13th Native Infantry deserted last night. All the Hindoos
and Mussulmans of the 13th, 48th, and 71st behaved nobly.


_July 9th._--Much rain fell during the morning. About 4 A.M. the enemy
made an attack on the Baillie Guard Gate, and about 300 showed
themselves, shouting and sounding the "Advance," on the bugle; but being
received with a few rounds of grape, and a steady fire from the 13th,
they speedily disappeared. Very much the same thing occurred soon after
at the Cawnpore battery. Continued firing all day.

This was now the tenth day of the siege, and the heavy musketry fire on
every side had never for an instant ceased night or day; and at times
the fire was terrific. Many casualties occurred, and our want of
protection at the different crossings over from one side of the
Residency compound to the other, was very much felt. To-day, an
excellent soldier, and a man greatly respected, Mr. Bryson, formerly
Serjeant-major of the 16th Lancers, was shot through the head, while
endeavouring to strengthen his post. The enemy appeared to have had some
excellent marksmen. The commissariat began to work well, and all were
well supplied. The officers were placed, however, on half rations every
third day as a precautionary measure. Lieutenant Dashwood of the 48th
Native Infantry, died of cholera after a few hours' illness.


_July 10th._--This morning the enemy's fire was continued much as usual.
A sepoy of the 13th was killed early in the morning, and later in the
day a private of the 32nd Foot and an artilleryman were wounded. The
horses of the cavalry and the artillery, which, during the first days of
the siege, were loose and driven nearly mad from hunger and thirst,
galloping about and creating the greatest confusion, had now been nearly
all turned out, though not without much trouble; and fifty of the best
were retained, and secured in the Seikh square. All the bullocks were
now also secured, and arrangements made for feeding and watering them;
but numbers of horses and bullocks died, and their burial at night by
working parties, in addition to nightly fatigue parties for the purpose
of burying the dead, carrying up supplies from exposed positions,
repairing entrenchments, draining, and altering the position of guns, in
addition to attending on the wounded, caused excessive fatigue to the
thin garrison, who had but little rest night or day: there were few
officers with more than one servant, and one third certainly had _none_.
In all duties, the officers equally shared the labours with the men,
carrying loads and digging pits for putrid animals, at night, in heavy
rain. All exerted themselves to the utmost, alternately exposed to a
burning sun and heavy rain. Towards the middle of the day, the enemy
fired less than they had previously done on any occasion since the siege
commenced.

We received no news from any quarter, but sent off many letters. Every
exertion was made to grind up the wheat in store by hand-mills; and this
day thirteen maunds and two seers were ground. The firing towards the
afternoon to-day was very slack, comparatively speaking. There was a
comparatively slight cannonade. An injured 9-pounder in the Cawnpore
battery was removed by us and replaced by another.


_July 11th._--About 1 o'clock this morning the whole force stood to
their arms, in consequence of some information which was received,
reporting that an attack was immediately intended. The force remained
prepared till daylight, when, as usual, a smart firing on all sides
began. An artilleryman was killed at Captain Simmons's battery. The
enemy fired several round shot, and were most persevering in keeping us
on the alert, and worrying us as much as possible. Their fire had never
yet ceased day or night: sometimes it was heavier than at others, but it
never abated altogether on any side.

At night the officers buried a horse which had died close to the brigade
square; the night was intensely hot and close, and the labour was
excessive:--the horse having died on the Pucka road, had to be dragged
to a considerable distance before a grave could be dug. A great many of
the stores were also brought up from the church by the assistance of a
fatigue party of officers, who had all the carts to load and unload. Two
of the 32nd Foot were killed during the night, which passed off with a
heavy fire.


_July 12th._--The heat still excessive, and the fatigue of the garrison
was _very_ great. Enemy were most persevering, and loopholed every place
within fifty or sixty yards of our defences. They were evidently
determined to do their best to get into the position, and had closed in
on every side. We had no intelligence from any quarter; for though we
had sent out many messengers, not one returned.

About 8 o'clock in the evening the enemy made an attempt to attack the
Baillie Gate; but fell back, on being received with shells and musketry.
About 12 P.M. they renewed their efforts on Mr. Gubbins's side with
similar effect. They repeatedly sounded the advance, and were frequently
heard abusing each other for not advancing. In half an hour they
retired, and for the rest of the night they contented themselves with a
heavy fire on the Cawnpore battery.


_July 13th._--The heat was dreadful, and garrison were greatly fatigued.
The enemy reoccupied Johannes's house, and fired smartly down the
street, killing two sepoys and wounding a conductor: they also pushed
close up under the Redan, and greatly annoyed our outposts. Lieutenant
Charlton of the 32nd Foot was shot through the head in the church, and
very dangerously wounded. Several shells were fired into Johannes's
house, and the walls of the house opposite to it were loopholed.
Nevertheless we could not dislodge them, and they annoyed us greatly.
The Havildar-major of the 13th was wounded through the thigh to-day.

The enemy possessed many excellent marksmen, and fired so many shots
from every point that it was exceedingly dangerous to be seen anywhere,
even for an instant: they fired several logs of wood bound with iron,
and were evidently at this period hard up for round shot. In the evening
they fired several carcases, and succeeded once in setting the Residency
on fire; but it was soon extinguished. All the European officers
laboured hard to get the supplies out of the church.


_July 14th._--Heavy rain, thunder and lightning, and night intensely
dark. No alarms, and less firing than usual. Heavy rain at daybreak,
which cleared off at 9 o'clock, when the enemy assembled in force. They
were apparently undecided how to act, for they moved about in various
directions, and in about half an hour retired altogether; but they fired
many carcases, shot, and logs of wood shod with iron, and displayed
several new batteries. We threw up a traverse near the Post-office gate,
in order to save our people from the fire from Johannes's house, which
was very sharp. Our sharp-shooters killed four of the enemy in
Johannes's house. Four Seikhs of the 13th deserted, leaving their arms
and accoutrements. Still no information of any kind.

Enemy erecting new batteries; one of which opened about 5 P.M. with a
9-pounder on the gable end of the brigade mess, occupied by the ladies
and children, and the roof of which was held by a party of officers,
assisted by six men of the 32nd. At the first discharge, a soldier of
the 32nd had his thigh fractured, rendering amputation necessary. They
fired several iron shot, which tore away the parapet; but fortunately no
one else was hurt. The night was very dark, and the enemy fired a great
deal; more particularly on Mr. Gubbins's post, where Lieutenant Lester
was mortally wounded: towards daylight the fire abated. Several cases of
cholera. The enemy's fire to-day destroyed a 9-pounder of ours, smashing
the axle tree all to pieces.


_July 15th._--The enemy opened fire from their 9-pounder battery,
situated about fifty yards from the end of the brigade mess, and fired
many shots; but the garrison laid close, and up to 3 P.M. no casualties
occurred. Towards the middle of the day, the enemy's fire lulled to a
greater extent than it had ever done since the siege commenced.

The stores out of Anderson's house got in; the house being entirely
destroyed by round shot; though still nobly held by the garrison. A
mortar moved down to the gate of the Post-office, behind the traverse,
and several shells were thrown into Johannes's house. All much as usual.
The enemy fired three rounds of grape into the Redan battery during the
night, but fortunately hit no one.


_July 16th._--The heat during the night was fearful. A slight alarm
about 2 A.M., but it was soon over. The enemy fired smartly throughout
the night, and in the morning sent several round shot through the roof
of the brigade mess, and hit the Residency. They were busy, besides,
making batteries in the garden of Johannes's house, and opposite the
13th and the Cawnpore battery.

We shelled the enemy heavily during the forenoon, throwing them far into
the town and across the river. Lieutenant Bryce was badly wounded in the
thigh early this morning; and later in the day, Lieutenant O'Brien of
the 84th was shot through the arm. In the evening the enemy kept up a
heavy fusilade, and we shelled them smartly; they fired a shell which
narrowly escaped falling into our bhoosah stack. At half-past 11
o'clock, they fired a good deal on the Cawnpore battery, and made a
feint of attacking, but finding us well on the alert did not do so. Our
wheat-grinding operations continued, and we now had hand-mills
sufficiently well worked to grind twenty maunds of atta daily. During
the night we threw up a stockade and traverse, as a protection against
the musketry which swept the entrance of the Residency.


_July 17th._--The heat excessive. A very heavy fire during the night,
and the garrison kept on the alert, preventing rest and greatly
fatiguing all. Several cases of cholera and deaths of children occurred.
Twenty-two maunds of wheat were ground.

To-day a bad accident occurred: Lieutenant Alexander, of the Artillery,
and Captain Barlow, 50th Native Infantry, in firing a mortar, were most
severely burnt by the piece going off at the time of loading. The enemy
sent two shells into the Residency which exploded, but fortunately
caused no loss of life. The stench from putrid animals was most
offensive. Painful boils about the head were very prevalent. The wounded
doing well. The prisoners and main guard removed to another place, in
order to give more room at the hospital.

The enemy were busy making more batteries and intrenchments. In the
night about 12 o'clock, the enemy made an attack on Mr. Gubbins's
position, but were received with a steady fire, and soon driven back.


_July 18th._--Rain began falling about 4 A.M. and continued to do so
till 8 A.M., when the heat became insufferable. The enemy fired several
round shot, which hit the brigade mess; and they also took up an
annoying position in one of the towers which remained of the Ferad Buksh
gate. They were, however, speedily dislodged by a few exceedingly
well-directed shots from Lieutenant Bonham, from an 18-pounder in the
Post-office. Two children died of cholera. In the evening the enemy
fired many round shot into the Post-office, Dr. Fayrer's, Mr. Gubbins's
and the brigade mess house: they evidently had been reinforced in guns.
At night, Brigadier Inglis, Captain Wilson, Lieutenant Innes, and Ensign
Birch, proceeded to the gate with eight Europeans, and dragged in a body
that was seen lying near the gate, and which it was supposed might be
the body of one of our spies shot coming in. It was safely brought in,
and found to be the corpse of a woman. Nothing was found on the body.
The enemy got into the turret on the top of Mr. Johannes' house, and
fired into the Cawnpore battery: fortunately no casualties occurred, and
the night, which was fearfully oppressive, passed away with a heavy fire
from the enemy.


_July 19th._--Dreadful heat: cloudy, but no rain. Enemy fired round shot
all the morning. About half-past 9 a large shot passed through a room in
the Residency, in which the officers were at breakfast, fracturing the
leg of Lieutenant Harmer, 32nd Foot, but providentially injuring no one
else; about the same time Lieutenant Arthur, 7th Cavalry, was shot dead
(through the heart) in the Cawnpore battery. Our 18-pounder fired
several shots, and we threw several shells. The enemy seemed to be at
work at the Muchee Bhawun, probably looking for shot which had been
buried in the ruins.

About 12 o'clock to-day the enemy sounded the advance, and threatened an
attack on the Redan. A few shells, however, soon made them give up all
idea of coming on. They got into Johannes' house in force, and fired
steadily into the cook-house of the brigade mess.

Much drunkenness prevailed amongst a few of the garrison, who had stolen
quantities of liquor, which could not be discovered. From the
commencement of the siege, the large quantities of liquor in the hands
of the merchants caused much anxiety, and every possible endeavour was
made to get it all into safe custody. One or two alarms during the early
part of the night. Mr. Polehampton (wounded and in hospital) died this
day from cholera.


_July 20th._--From midnight the enemy remained unusually quiet, and at
daylight all seemed much as usual. About half-past 8 A.M. it was
reported that a very large body of men could be seen marching about in
different directions within a few hundred yards of our position. A sharp
look-out was kept, and the garrison stood to their arms. At a
quarter-past 10, the enemy sprung a mine inside the water gate, and
about twenty-five yards from our inner defences: the explosion was
great, and was evidently intended to have blown up our Redan battery,
and also to act as a signal; for immediately the dust and smote
subsided, a very heavy fire of round shot was commenced from every gun
that the enemy possessed, followed immediately almost by a terrific fire
of musketry, under which the enemy made an attempt to storm the Redan
and Innes' house. The garrison were ready, and every one at his post,
and the attack was coolly met and repulsed; however the enemy advanced
boldly and came up within twenty-five yards of the battery in immense
force, but were unable to withstand the fire of our men.

They made a similar attempt on Innes' house, but were similarly repulsed
by the garrison, consisting of twelve men of the 32nd, twelve of the
13th Native Infantry, and a few uncovenanted gentlemen, under Ensign
Loughnan (who distinguished himself greatly): very great loss was
inflicted on the enemy, who repeatedly tried to advance, but were driven
back each time with much slaughter. Finding their efforts useless, the
enemy fell back, and contented themselves with throwing in a terrific
storm of musketry; from which we shielded our men as much as possible,
by keeping them laid under our defences. Almost at the same time an
attack was made on the Cawnpore Battery, but the enemy's standard-bearer
(who advanced bravely) being shot in the ditch of the battery, the rest
fell back. The enemy now moved towards Lieutenant Anderson's house and
Captain Germon's post, with scaling-ladders, but were well received and
fell back with much loss. The attack was now over, though for the rest
of the day, until 4 P.M., the enemy threw in a heavy fire; when it
gradually subsided: the attack was mostly confined to the points above
noted.

In the afternoon they succeeded in making a lodgment in some pucka
cook-houses inside our abattis, and began to use a crowbar, which was
distinctly heard. We made a hole through to them from above, through
which they fired, injuring no one; but on our throwing down some hand
grenades, they fled across the road, two being shot by the officers who
were watching from above. The 13th, 71st, and 48th sepoys all behaved
well, and the manner in which the outposts were held, was beyond all
praise. The uncovenanted distinguished themselves greatly. We had
fortunately only four men killed, and some twelve wounded: Captain
Forbes, Lieutenant Grant, Lieutenant Edmonstone, and Mr. Hely, were
wounded. All were under arms from eight in the morning until eight at
night, and greatly fatigued and worn out.


_July 21st._--All very quiet during the night. The enemy were probably
fatigued with their exertions yesterday, for throughout the night only a
few round shot were thrown in. About 10 A.M. the enemy lodged themselves
in some force in the low buildings between the Seikh courtyard and Mr.
Gubbins's post, but were driven out by a few shells, and were fired on
by the officers of the brigade mess, as they ran across a small lane:
they did not attempt to reoccupy the position during the day. About 12
o'clock, Major Banks was killed by a musket-shot through the head, as he
was reconnoitring from the top of an outhouse. Mr. Gubbins's garrison
was fired on smartly during the morning, and many round shot were sent
into Mr. Gubbins's house; the garrison of which had many alarms during
the day. Painful boils very prevalent. A dreadful stench pervaded the
place in consequence of the number of dead horses and bullocks, which,
lying direct under the fire of the enemy, we were unable to remove.
Excessive heat, and several cases of cholera. Great fatigue; no news.
Poor Dr. Brydon severely wounded in Mr. Gubbins's house. Two Europeans
killed, and two wounded; also one of the 13th sepoys.


_July 22nd._--Very heavy rain began to fall at 1 A.M., and continued
till 8 A.M., when it cleared off. During the heavy rain, the enemy only
fired slightly. After 8 A.M. it became more brisk, and they fired
several round shot, but were not very active during the forenoon.
Cholera still prevalent. Our numerical strength much diminished, as we
had had 151 casualties in the 32nd Regiment alone. The enemy moved the
8-inch howitzer from its old position, and brought it across the river
by elephants, with a tumbril behind it. Up to this date, we had no
intelligence of any kind from any quarter, and, indeed, we had received
none since the 27th ultimo. Many messengers were sent with letters, but
not a single line did we receive in reply. A letter was sent off to
Cawnpore to-day, and conveyed by a man named Ram Singh, a Seikh subadar
of the 63rd Native Infantry. The enemy steadily loop-holing all the
houses close round about, and evidently up to some new attempt at our
position.

At dusk heavy rain; we got out a strong working party, and opened our
large powder magazine, and after much labour and exertion got up 150
barrels out of the 240 we had buried. The night was pitch dark, and the
rain fell heavily, and the work being outside of our entrenchment, over
which all the barrels had to be handed out of mud knee deep, rendered
the work fearfully fatiguing. Many of the officers and civilians worked
for five hours at this work. Only a few shots during the night. Boils
still very prevalent. A Seikh from the cavalry deserted. One or two
cases of cholera. Mortification having set in, Mr. Hely's arm was
amputated.

The buildings outside Mr. Gubbins's position were shelled at sunset, and
after we had driven the enemy out, we made a sortie through the wall (in
which we had cut a large hole), and rushed out and examined the houses
in which the enemy had been. We failed to find any trace of mining. We
lost one man of the 32nd, killed. Mrs. Dorin was killed dead by a musket
ball in Mr. Gubbins's house to-day.


_July 23rd._--Very heavy rain during the night. About 2 A.M. the enemy
sounded the "turn out," and at 3 the "assembly." About 1 A.M. a native
pensioner, who left us on the 27th to gain information, came in, and
said he had been confined by the enemy thirteen days, but had been to
Cawnpore and left it two days ago,--that a British force with twelve
guns was there; that they had fought three times with the Nana's troops,
and had completely beaten them, taking many guns, and that they were
crossing the river preparatory to advancing to our assistance. He stated
that he had not brought a letter, for fear of being detained by the
enemy; he vouched to the truth of his statement, declined a pecuniary
reward, and was urgent to go back quickly while it rained heavily and
all was quiet comparatively. He left in two hours, taking a small note
for the officer commanding the forces.

At daylight there were fewer of the enemy than we had yet seen about,
and those less active; though they still fired smartly all around.
Stench from dead animals in some parts dreadful; as we had very few
servants of any kind and our fighting men were so few and so harassed,
that we were helpless to bury them. Heavy showers both day and night,
keeping the garrison constantly drenched to the skin, and making all
most uncomfortable; particularly as few had a change of clothes. Enemy
fired slackly during the afternoon. Cannonaded their bridge of boats,
which was broken by our 18-pounder shot. Several cases of smallpox. Sick
and wounded much crowded. The upper story of the hospital being under
fire of round shot, the wounded were, from the commencement of the
siege, confined to the ground floor, which with difficulty contained
their beds. At night it rained hard; and in spite of all difficulties,
we succeeded in getting up the remaining ninety barrels of powder, and
safely deposited them in the centre of our position. A false alarm about
12 o'clock at night, that the enemy had got into the churchyard.


_July 24th._--Morning fair and cloudy. The enemy endeavoured to repair
the bridge of boats, but were prevented by the fire of our 18-pounder.
The heat and stench terrible, and the flies were beyond endurance,
contesting every particle of food with us, and preventing all attempts
at rest during the day. Only a few round shot thrown, but the enemy
actively at work about forty yards from the Redan battery, in a deep
trench. Advantage taken of the temporary lull to repair some of our
defences, which had sunk a great deal in consequence of the heavy rain;
but our men, reduced in numbers and harassed to death day and night,
were not capable of any prolonged exertion. Every possible effort was
made to grind wheat, and from twenty-five to thirty hand-mills were kept
steadily at work, producing an average of twenty maunds of flour daily.
The 48th Regiment Native Infantry have had seven, and the 71st Regiment,
upwards of fifty desertions, since the commencement of the siege.

About dusk, the enemy, for the first time, sent in many shells; which,
however, caused no loss, fortunately. The commissariat department busy
with the stores, getting ghee up from the Round House; while a fatigue
party of officers, under Captain Radcliffe, threw up earth, and
heightened the traverse across the road, near the Post-office gate.
Lieutenant Hutchinson, of the Engineers, accompanied by Lieutenant
Birch, crept down in the dark, and examined, as well as they could, the
enemy's works in the immediate vicinity of the Redan. Night dark and
cloudy.


_July 25th._--The night passed away tolerably quietly; the enemy firing
several 18-pound shot into the Cawnpore battery. At daylight they were
tolerably quiet, contenting themselves with musketry; but about 8 A.M.
they fired an 8-inch shell, which fell through the centre of the roof of
the Post-office, and lodged on the table on which the officers of that
post breakfasted; fortunately it did not explode, and no mischief was
done. Immediately after, several shells, apparently thrown out of
mortars, were thrown in, and continued to be so during the forenoon. One
fell in the verandah of the Post-office, and shattered the hand of an
artilleryman. Two men of the 32nd were shot this morning by the enemy's
sharp-shooters. Still not one word of intelligence from any quarter,
though this was now the twenty-sixth day we had been besieged. We knew
nothing; but the most absurd rumours were afloat amongst the natives,
and indeed among many of the Europeans, who were credulous enough to
believe them. Removed the powder out of the place in which we had it, to
a tykhana under the Begum Kotee which the engineers considered safer
than where it was first removed to. Very slight firing on the river
side, but the enemy still very active near the Redan. Much difference of
opinion existed as to the object of the work; the majority believed that
they were mining, while the engineers thought they were only making a
trench. Although the earlier part of the morning had been quiet enough,
towards 11 and 12 o'clock, a very sharp fire was opened and maintained
on the side of the Post-office and Cawnpore battery.

The casualties on this side alone amounted to six, besides three others
in different places, which made the total of the day's casualties one of
the heaviest on record. Towards evening the enemy commenced shelling us.
Seven shells were sent in, but did no damage. Opinions differed whether
they were discharged from howitzers or mortars.

About 11 P.M. a pensioner, who had been sent out from this on the 22nd
instant with a letter, effected his entrance into Mr. Gubbins's
compound, and produced a letter which he had brought back from the camp.
He was at once brought to Brigadier Inglis and examined. The
letter proved to be one from Lieutenant-Colonel Fraser Tytler,
Quartermaster-General with General Havelock's force. It was determined
to transmit to General Havelock by this man a plan of our position and
of the roads approaching it, with memoranda drawn up by the engineers.


_July 26th._--At daybreak cloudy and sultry: enemy tolerably quiet, but
about 8 A.M. they threw in several shells. From 11 to 1 very heavy rain,
and a partial cessation from firing, during which Lieutenant Lewin of
the Artillery, who was reconnoitring from the Cawnpore battery, was shot
dead by one of the enemy's sharp-shooters. Enemy recommenced shelling
from the city side: few of them to be seen, all being under cover.
Supposed to be mining at the Cawnpore battery. A countermine commenced
by us, out of the house next the battery; but having no workmen except
our harassed soldiers, the work was slow; however, as the engineers
seemed to entertain little or no doubt but that the enemy were mining,
it was necessary to endeavour to counteract them. Little musketry fire
during the afternoon; the enemy throwing in heavy shot, fired at a great
elevation (apparently out of howitzer). One or two cases of cholera.
Garrison in good spirits at the prospect of early relief.

A letter and plan of our position forwarded at night by a messenger to
the officer commanding the relieving force: 5000 rupees promised the
messenger if he brought a reply. Suddenly at 10 P.M. the enemy commenced
a heavy fire along the whole of the city front of our position; but
nothing came of it, as after a few shells had been thrown amongst them,
their fire gradually subsided, and all became tolerably quiet again.
During this heavy firing, a sad accident occurred; Lieutenant Shepherd
of the 7th Cavalry being shot dead in the brigade square, by a shot
fired from the top of the brigade mess by one of our garrison. This was
the only casualty of the night.


_July 27th._--From midnight all quiet, save the usual musketry fire.
Cloudy, sultry weather. About 7 A.M. two planks were observed laid
across the road in front of Johannes' house. They were not seen the
night before, and being carefully watched, a man's hand was seen coming
up from below; and soon after some eight feet of earth fell in, showing
the direction of a mine of the enemy right across the road, and pointing
direct for our stockade, within six feet of which it had apparently
reached. This was a most fortunate discovery for us: they had evidently
kept this mine too near the surface, and the heavy rain had broken it
in. Our mine continued to be pushed on as rapidly as possible, and our
sharp-shooters from the top of the brigade mess kept up so hot a fire on
the enemy's sap from above, that they could make no attempt to repair
the mischief. Much fever prevalent, consequent on being constantly wet
day and night.

Towards the afternoon, the enemy again covered their trench with boards;
but we got a mortar under our wall, and after one or two failures, a
shell fell right into the hole and blew all the planks away, leaving the
remains of the trench exposed to view, giving us no further anxiety.
Fine weather in the afternoon. Enemy heard mining towards the brigadier
mess; on which a shaft was commenced by the officers, and the enemy
ceased working. Late in the evening, the enemy were very distinctly
heard mining towards the Seikh lines; on which the Seikhs, under
Lieutenant Hardinge, commenced and sunk an eight feet shaft; hearing us,
the enemy seemed to stop working. All quiet, with the exception of the
usual amount of firing. Fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, and painful boils,
from constant wet and exposure, still prevalent amongst the garrison.
Mrs. Grant (wife of Lieutenant Grant) died of cholera. Captain Boileau,
7th Cavalry, was wounded to-day.


_July 28th._--Much shouting and bugling amongst the enemy during the
early part of the morning: heavy rain at daylight. Made repairs to the
Redan battery, also made a small field work for a 9-pounder. Sickness
much increased, and for many days past only one engineer officer was
available for duty: hard work, privation, and exposure day and night to
wet and heat, few could long stand against. We had no further news of
our coming friends, but trusted that to-day they would reach Bunnee.

The enemy threw in several shells, also a number of stink-pots, which
were a very curious composition of large pieces of our exploded iron
shell sewn up in canvas, and surrounded by flax and resin, with dry
powder in the centre: these, from the commencement of the siege, had
been thrown in daily from a howitzer; they made a fearful hissing noise
and great stench, and finally exploded. They were not very dangerous,
unless they exploded _very_ close to a person. We also had a few rockets
thrown in, but not many; and lately a number of shrapnel shells, fired
apparently from a howitzer with a very great elevation. The enemy's
miners could now be distinctly heard working close to the Seikh Square
sap.

The room in the Residency containing the jewellery and valuables
belonging to the late King of Oude, was broken into last night by some
of the garrison, and most of them stolen. Enemy tolerably quiet in the
afternoon. About 5 P.M. our sap in the Seikh Square, which had been
going on as fast as we could push it in the direction of the enemy's,
met theirs, which they continued to work to the last moment. On our
crowbar, however, going through into their gallery, they instantly fled
out of it, and commenced to fill in their shaft. We immediately made use
of their gallery, and blew the whole up with 100 lbs. of powder, which
brought down all the adjacent houses, &c. After this the enemy tolerably
quiet. Good progress made in our Cawnpore sap.


_July 29th._--A fine moonlight night. Enemy fired many round shot about
daylight, and also musketry from the houses across the road; they also
threw in many carcases, which nearly all fell in the vicinity of the
Cawnpore battery. No intelligence. All were anxious for the relieving
force, which we thought could not be far off. Our Cawnpore sap loaded
with 200lbs. of powder, ready to explode whenever it might be thought
most advisable. Colonel Halford, 71st Regiment Native Infantry, who had
been long ill, died this morning.

A few convalescents joined the ranks, giving more room in the hospital,
which was greatly overcrowded in consequence of all the patients being
obliged to be kept on the ground floor, as also the state prisoners and
their servants; the round shot passing so frequently through the upper
story as to make it impossible to make use of it. Rumour stated that the
enemy had gone out in force to meet our coming army, and had left two or
three regiments of infantry, and a body of military police, to keep us
in; but it was most difficult to tell what force we had opposed to us,
as the enemy seldom or never showed in any number, but kept in the
houses under cover, occasionally yelling, bugling, and throwing in a
heavy fire, then subsiding into the usual steady fire which went on
night and day.

Firing of cannon heard in the direction of Cawnpore. We hoped it was our
friends. All anxious, but all conjecture. Enemy recommenced mining
towards our mine in the Cawnpore battery. About 6 P.M., a heavy firing
was heard for about five minutes in the road from Cawnpore, and in about
half an hour, several guns were heard in the direction of cantonments;
this made us think it was a salute fired by the enemy for some reason or
other; probably to reassure themselves. However, all is conjecture; but
it threw our garrison into a great state of excitement, and many (indeed
most) stoutly maintained it was our force. About 300 or 400 sepoys were
seen at the same time running across the iron bridge towards cantonments
in great haste. We fired two shots at them with an 18-pounder.

The excitement gradually cooled down; the enemy keeping up their usual
fire. Another mine was discovered this evening, by a portion of it
falling in: it was running in the direction of Sago's house. Lieutenant
Grant of the Bombay army, whose wife and child died a few days ago of
cholera, died in hospital this night, from the effects of his wound: his
right hand had been blown off by a hand-grenade. A fine moonlight night.


_July 30th._--From 2 A.M. till daylight heavy rain. Enemy got in close
under the wall of the Seikh lines, and began some kind of operations
against it; they were so close that no musket could be fired, being
under a projecting piece of the wall; they were, however, dislodged by a
few pistol shots, and ran off. No further incident occurred during the
night, beyond that there was the usual amount of firing into our
position, and bugling on the part of the enemy. After daylight enemy
fired slackly. Terrible stench in many parts of the garrison from
half-buried corpses and animals, which we had no time or means to bury
properly. Several cases of fever, cholera, and smallpox.

About 9 A.M. a number of sepoys and matchlockmen were seen coming along
the Cawnpore road, and for about an hour and a half a continuous stream
of men came in in detached parties of twenty and thirty: some sepoys
were among them. Slack firing during the forenoon, only a few shells and
musketry. In the afternoon, heavy rain for an hour. Unable to discover
what the enemy were about. Considerable progress made in a sap, which we
had sunk in an outhouse close to the corner of the brigade mess-house,
where most of the children and ladies were located. At first the enemy
were heard mining towards us, but since yesterday we had not heard them.
We continued, however, to steadily push our sap, hoping either to come
across that of the enemy or succeed in getting under Johannes' house;
from which they fired all day long on any one who showed himself.
Yesterday an artillery sergeant, who incautiously crossed the road
commanded from Johannes' house, was shot through both legs. The enemy
had many riflemen, and some of them were most expert shots, firing
through our loopholes.

About 8 P.M., as Captain Wilson, Lieutenant Barwell, Lieutenant James,
and Mr. Lawrence were sitting on the chubootra of the Begum Kotee, a
shell came in and exploded as it struck the parapet of the wall under
which they sat, bringing it down. Lieutenant James, who was lying
wounded on his bed, had a most wonderful escape. A large piece of
masonry, weighing upwards of a hundred weight, fell on his bed, breaking
it to pieces, and bringing him down on the ground; but he was uninjured.
Mr. Lawrence received a severe contusion on the back and head from
falling masonry; and this was the extent of the damage. Mrs. Clarke,
wife of Lieutenant Clarke of the 21st Native Infantry, died this
evening: bad food, privation, confinement, and smells of all kinds,
worked their effects.


_July 31st._--A fine night, and the usual firing. At daylight, the enemy
commenced firing heavily on the Church and Residency, from a 24-pounder
planted in the neighbourhood of the iron bridge. They also threw in many
shells, and fired their guns from the Clock Tower Gate. Our 18-pounders
and mortars were employed until 10 A.M. in silencing the enemy's fire.
Our sap from the brigade mess made good progress across the road,
towards the outhouses occupied by the enemy. Several children have
lately died: privation the chief cause. We had received no information
whatever since the 26th instant, the date on which we received the only
letter we had yet received since the 27th of June. Our reinforcements
were due to-day, and their non-arrival led us to suppose that the enemy
had succeeded in breaking down the bridge at Bunnee, and arresting the
progress of our friends. The flies dreadful,--preventing all rest during
the day, and disputing our food with us. The enemy continued to throw in
shells all the forenoon, till 2 P.M. when we had a heavy shower: after
that, the firing continued as before. In the evening we repaired our
defences as far as we could, as, owing to the heavy rain, the earth had
settled very considerably. A fine moonlight night, and all quiet, save
the usual amount of round shot and musketry.


_August 1st._--Still no intelligence of any kind, which caused much
anxiety, more particularly as some of our supplies for natives were
likely to be at an end in twenty days' time. Weather very hot and
sultry; small painful boils, covering nearly the whole body, very
prevalent. Many deaths among the children, and sickness on the increase.
Great inconvenience felt in the hospital for want of space; the sick and
wounded sadly crowded, and the building very badly ventilated, as the
lower story was hardly safe from shots. Enemy threw in many shells this
morning, and fired unusually sharp with their heavy guns, till about 10
A.M., keeping our guns and mortars fully employed in keeping down their
fire. Heat very great; fire gradually slackened off towards noon, but
recommenced sharply again about 5 P.M. Many round shot, shell, and
carcases came in. One of the latter fell into the courtyard of the Begum
Kotee, within a few feet of the table at which the staff and
commissariat officers were at dinner; but no one was hurt. Several cases
of cholera occurred to-day. Efforts made to improve and strengthen our
defences during the moonlight nights; but the engineer officers were all
sick, and little was done. Our sap in the brigade mess was pushed
steadily on, and had attained thirty-eight feet from the shaft this
evening.


_August 2nd._--Fine moonlight night. Sharp firing during some portion of
it. Many rockets were thrown in early in the morning. Mr. Hely of the
7th Cavalry died this day of the wound he received on the 20th ult. An
artillery sergeant was mortally wounded this morning in the Redan. Enemy
fired a salute of some forty guns about 11 A.M. A Seikh sowar of the 3rd
Irregular Cavalry deserted to the enemy this morning. The Bhoosa stack
fell down to-day, burying ten or twelve bullocks; which, after much
labour, were got out. Seven of them were unfortunately dead; thus
entailing more labour, as at night we had to bury them: no slight task
in such weather, with our jaded and harassed garrison. Towards the
evening a heavy cannonade was kept up on both sides. About 5·30 P.M. an
eight-inch shell from the enemy struck the Begum Kotee, and, breaking
right through the outside wall, exploded in the room in which Lieutenant
James of the Commissariat and Mr. Lawrence of the Civil Service were
lying on their beds wounded, with one or two servants in the room;
providentially all escaped, though the room was set on fire. Heavy
firing till midnight.


_August 3rd._--Smart firing till daylight. Every possible effort was
made to strengthen our position and raise the height of our defences. A
soldier of the 32nd Foot was shot dead this morning in the centre room
of the hospital; showing how little safety anywhere existed against the
enemy's fire.

A new loophole on the top of the brigade mess, which it was discovered
commanded a distant and much frequented lane in the city, was made use
of by Lieutenant Sewell, armed with his Enfield rifle; the distance
being not above 750 yards, the conical bullets most effectually cleared
the lanes of the sepoys, as they lounged up it, and quickened the paces
of the citizens as they crossed and recrossed.

Enemy unusually slack in firing after dark till about 10 P.M., when they
recommenced firing, and continued it during the night. The engineers
continued their endeavours to strengthen our position, by heightening
the abattis near the Redan. A fine moonlight night. Several cannon shots
were heard in the distance, but no intelligence of any kind reached us.


_August 4th._--The enemy fired a great number of rounds from their guns
at intervals during the night. Musketry fire was slack this morning. No
news of any kind. Could get no messengers to go out with a letter,
though it was made so small that it went into half a quill; but it had
been spread abroad that the enemy would kill any one leaving the
garrison, and this deterred any one from endeavouring to carry a letter
to our friends, no matter how great the reward might be that was held
out.

Many officers and men are laid up with fever and dysentery. Our stored
attah was nearly expended, and in a few days' time we should have to
commence that which we had ground, which now amounted to about 500
maunds. At 2 P.M. the firing of all kinds was very slack; indeed, for
long intervals, not a shot was to be heard. The officers, also, who
relieve one another as look-outs on the top of the Residency, reported
that a smaller number of men than usual were to be seen on the move. An
Eurasian attached to the party working Dr. Fayrer's guns, was shot dead
while working the 18-pounder guns this day, by a man said to be not
sixty yards off. Several convalescents have been moved from the hospital
to other quarters, and with happy results both as regards themselves and
those left in the hospital, which greatly wanted a free circulation of
air. Towards dusk many shells came in, and one exploded in the second
brigade square; fortunately, it was seen coming, and no harm ensued. The
powder magazine was made as secure as possible, by putting heavy beams
across the roof, and covering them with two feet of earth. A fine night,
but very much firing till midnight.


_August 5th._--Sent off another letter to the officer commanding the
relieving force, of which we could gain no intelligence; though we
conjecture the advance of our force had been arrested by the enemy at
the bridge of Bunnee. Heavy showers during the day. Musket-proof
shutters were completed for the embrasure of the 18-pounders to the left
of the hospital. Many of the convalescent patients removed to the Thug
Gaol Barracks, which gave them a slight change, and created more room in
the hospital. Efforts made to clear some of the drains, and reduce the
stench which pervades the garrison. At sunset the enemy were seen at a
distance in some force, with drums and fifes playing, marching from the
direction of the river towards the Cawnpore road. Soon after, they threw
many shells into us, and continued to do so for some time. About 8 P.M.
all became tolerably quiet.


_August 6th._--The enemy fired several shots, from a 24-pounder, at the
Residency, one of which unfortunately fractured the arm of Ensign Studdy
of the 32nd Foot, as he sat down to breakfast; rendering amputation
necessary. This gun caused us great annoyance, from its calibre, and
firing so frequently as it did into the Residency. Unfortunately its
distance from our position, and its situation in the midst of buildings,
rendered it impossible to take it by the bayonet; neither could our
gunners see it, so that to shell it was our only resource.

Less firing than usual. The enemy again ascended into the upper story of
Johannes' house, and from thence caused much annoyance to the position
of the brigade mess, where the cooking went on. They succeeded in
killing a sweeper. Terrible heat; Brigadier Inglis suffered from its
effects. Various rumours afloat in the garrison; some of which seemed to
have originated either with a servant of Mr. Gubbins, or some member of
his post. The Residency is at last to be entirely vacated by the
officers of the 32nd and others now resident there. Last night was spent
in earthing in the magazine, as several shots had lately gone
unpleasantly near, A carcase came into the Begum Kotee in the afternoon,
into the room in which Lieutenant James (wounded), Mr. Lawrence
(wounded), and Ensign Keir (sick), were lying; it set some of the things
in the room on fire, but was speedily extinguished without injury to any
one. Much bugling, drumming, and firing towards evening. After dark the
enemy fired heavily from their guns in front of the Residency. Our
engineers and a working party were busy all this night at Innes' house,
making a battery for an 18-pounder, to be moved down in order to
endeavour to silence a 24-pounder of the enemy's, which had been doing
much mischief by firing through the church and Residency. About 9 P.M. a
sepoy of the 1st Oude Irregular Infantry, who took out a letter to the
officer commanding the relieving force, came in; he stated that he had
delivered it, and that he had received a letter in reply which he had
lost in coming in to us. Half-an-hour later, another man, a sepoy of the
48th, who had been sent into the town two days previously to try and
gain intelligence, returned, and stated he had been confined several
days by the enemy; and he in a great measure corroborated the statement
of the sepoy of the 1st Oude Irregular Infantry: this loss of the letter
was a great mortification to us, as it might have explained what was at
this time inexplicable--the retirement towards Cawnpore of General
Havelock's force, after apparently the greatest success on this side the
Ganges.


_August 7th._--We worked hard at our new battery at Innes' house, and
got it ready; an 18-pounder was taken down and in position by daylight,
whence it commenced firing, and soon silenced the enemy's guns. The
enemy, however, fired heavily from some others, and about 8 A.M. a shell
burst close to the Residency and mortally wounded two of the best men in
the 32nd, the one a colour-sergeant and the other an orderly-room clerk.
Captain Waterman of the 13th was wounded through the hand by a musket
ball at Innes' post this morning. Several cases of cholera. Every effort
made to increase the number of men to grind wheat for the force.
Exceedingly heavy rain during the middle of the day. The hose into our
mine near Johannes's house got damped, and required all the tamping to
be removed. Our position greatly flooded, which rendered it most
wretched for those who had to be in trenches night and day. The
artillery canteen closed, in consequence of the gross irregularities
which prevailed, and its contents removed to the canteen of the 32nd
Regiment, from which the artillery were in future supplied. The heavy
rain seemed to make the stench which pervaded the place worse, and this
evening it was fearful. Several cases of cholera occurred to-day. The
enemy's cannon knocked down a portion of the verandah of the Residency,
also the verandah of Delprat's house at the Cawnpore battery: a few
shells came in in the evening.


_August 8th._--A tolerably quiet night. Dr. McDonnell, of the 41st
Native Infantry, died early this morning of cholera. A soldier of the
32nd was shot, and a native woman-servant of Mrs. Banks had her thigh
broken by musketry at Mr. Gubbins's post this forenoon.

A heavy smoke was distinctly seen in the far distance in the direction
of the Cawnpore road. Many reports were made of heavy firing being heard
in the same direction: a Sikh attached to the cavalry brought repeated
accounts of it, but no European, save Captains Forbes and Hawes, of Mr.
Gubbins's post, could say he heard it. The natives (some of them) very
anxious about the arrival of the reinforcements, of whom we could hear
nothing.

In the afternoon, a regiment of infantry, about 600 strong, with drums
beating, marching in quarter distance column with colours, was seen
marching through the city, in the direction of the Cawnpore road.

Seven hundred yards from the brigade-mess was a street in the city which
was commanded by Lieutenant Sewell's double Enfield rifle, and on which
spot he had killed several sepoys and others: this was this afternoon
barricaded right across, which was a nuisance, as it entirely obstructed
our view of what passed along. Lieutenant Bryce of the artillery, who
had been severely wounded, died of cholera.

No intelligence came in this evening, and much anxiety as to our
reinforcements was evinced by some of our native troops and servants.
Rice was served out to most of the natives in lieu of flour, and wheat
to the native camp-followers, in order to husband our stock of flour.
All the tea and coffee for the Europeans expended; the last issue being
made yesterday. This was the first day on which we had no casualty.


_August 9th._--The heat excessive, and children sank rapidly under the
effects of want of good air, food and exercise: several deaths occurred
among them, both yesterday and to-day. The enemy fired heavily in the
morning, but providentially, no one was hurt. Ensign Studdy, who had had
his arm amputated from the effects of a 24-pounder shot, died this
morning. The enemy were thought to have recommenced mining near the
Redan battery.

Divine service was performed in the brigade mess-house to all officers
not on duty. No signs or symptoms of our reinforcements. In the middle
of the day Ensign Loughnan of the 13th (on duty at Innes' house) went
out with a few men and quietly spiked a small gun of the enemy's, and
returned without any loss. A very heavy shower in the evening, which
filled our trenches. One or two doolies were seen going across the
Goomtee, accompanied by sepoys. About 9 P.M. a Seikh sowar of the 3rd
Oude Irregular Cavalry came in by the Seikh battery. His having been
permitted to pass the enemy's outposts induced a belief that he had come
in to try and make the other Seikhs desert; consequently he was placed
under British bayonets, and not allowed to converse with any one.


_August 10th._--About 10 A.M. a great number of sepoys, probably 1600,
were seen, with two guns, marching up our left flank and across the
Cawnpore road, behind their trenches. Very shortly after, a large force
was seen to be approaching the bridge of boats from cantonments; and, in
consequence, all were quickly at their posts. About half an hour after,
the enemy fired a shell into the Begum Kotee, which appeared to be a
signal; for the instant after, a mine was sprung opposite to Johannes's
house, which blew in a great portion of the house occupied by Mr.
Schilling and the Martiniere boys, and entirely destroyed our pallisades
and defences for the space of sixty feet. One of the heaviest timbers
was pitched right on the top of the brigade mess-house, among the
officers and men of the 32nd, who occupied the post. As soon as the
smoke blew away, the enemy pushed up, under a tremendous musketry fire,
right into Johannes's house and garden, and into all the buildings close
round the Cawnpore battery; but all their efforts to enter our position
were met with such a steady fire, that they fell back, and kept up an
incessant fire of musketry on our defences. About thirty of them,
however, lodged themselves in the ditch of the Cawnpore battery, within
a few feet of our guns. A hand grenade was rolled over right into the
centre of them, on which they bolted and ran back, exposed to a sharp
fusillade from our people on the top of the brigade-mess.

While this was going on, a very sharp attack was made on Mrs. Sago's
house, where the enemy blew up a mine, which destroyed some of the
outhouses and blew two soldiers out into the road, outside our defences:
extraordinary to relate, they fell unhurt, and got safely back to their
posts. The enemy then made their attack, but were soon driven back with
considerable loss, and confined themselves to keeping up a tremendous
storm of round shot and musketry on our position, which after two hours,
in a great measure, subsided. About 5 P.M., they made a sudden rush on
Captain Saunders's post. One of the enemy even seized a bayonet of one
of the 84th Foot, and tried to wrench it off through a loophole, but was
instantly shot; after a smart fusillade, which lasted for about 25
minutes, they withdrew, and gradually the fire ceased.

About 9 P.M. a third attack was made, and was similarly repulsed; nor
were these efforts confined to the places above noted. At Innes' house,
Anderson's, and Mr. Gubbins's post, large bodies of men came forward,
bringing up large scaling-ladders, several of which they abandoned.
During the day, we lost three Europeans and two sepoys killed, and about
twice that number wounded. Our garrison were under arms the entire day,
the heat was excessive, and all were greatly exhausted; nevertheless,
every officer and man remained under arms all night: after 10 o'clock
all became tolerably quiet. Captain Power, of the 32nd, who had been
wounded early in the siege, died in hospital to-day, and Major Anderson,
chief engineer, was reported very dangerously ill. The enemy must have
had a considerable loss this day, as a great number of them were seen to
fall; and we threw 150 shells, besides great quantities of round shot
and grape, from which also many casualties must have occurred.


_August 11th._--A slight alarm about 2 A.M., after which all subsided
into the usual routine firing. A very fine morning, very little to be
seen of the enemy, who however were not idle, as they were to-day busily
employed constructing earthworks and trenches in various directions
close to our position. Early in the morning the enemy fired many round
shot, some of which struck the Residency, already much shattered; and
about noon a very distressing accident took place. There was a high
wind, and it brought down a great portion of the left wing, on the
ground floor of which, in a room, six men of the 32nd were asleep. They
were completely buried in the ruins. Two were got out alive after very
great exertions, but the remaining four were left under the ruins.
Immediate arrangements made for the removal of the few European women
and children who still occupied one of the rooms on the ground floor.

Major Anderson, chief engineer, died during the afternoon. He had been
ailing before the siege, but on the commencement rallied somewhat, owing
to the excitement and novelty of the position. Latterly he fell off
again, and to-day expired; his death no doubt hastened by the
impossibility of any change of air or diet. The look-out officers
yesterday reported having seen some few doolies going across the river
with sepoys after the day of attack, and to-day some dead and wounded
were also seen being conveyed away. The enemy were busy close under Mr.
Gubbins's ramparts, whence they had once before been expelled by some
hand grenades. At the corner of the Seikh square also, from across the
road, they amused themselves by pushing out over the wall bamboos with
lighted straw at the end; but with what object was not very clear: in
the meanwhile not one of them showed themselves, but kept well under
cover. Smart firing in the evening. The corpse of a soldier of the 32nd
was extricated from the ruins of the Residency; three others still
remained.


_August 12th._--A fine moonlight night. About 3·30 A.M. the enemy
suddenly commenced a very heavy fire of round shot and musketry, which
lasted for three-quarters of an hour. We kept close, and hardly fired a
shot, beyond throwing a few shells. At day light, they commenced a very
heavy cannonade and musketry fire on the Cawnpore battery; this
gradually became so sharp, that it was impossible to work our guns, or
even remain in the battery; and we were obliged to withdraw every one
but the sentry, as the enemy's round shot had destroyed our musketry
shutters, and completely swept the battery: later in the day, our
sentry, the only man in the battery, was killed by a round shot. This
portion of our position caused us great anxiety, as we were quite unable
to hold it as it should be held; we would not withdraw our guns, for
fear of giving the enemy confidence. The enemy were busily employed
to-day also in digging close to Sago's house. In order to see what they
were about, at 12 o'clock a sortie was made with twelve Europeans of the
32nd Foot under Lieutenant Clery, accompanied by Lieutenant Hutchinson
of the Engineers. The enemy were, however, well on the alert, and had a
large covering party over their work, and as our men appeared, they
threw in such a heavy fire that our people were compelled to retire;
this brought on a very great fire from all that side of the enemy's
attack, and they kept up a smart fire of round shot and musketry for
fully an hour, when it gradually subsided. Finding we were unequal to
meet the enemy by a sortie, we determined to push on our mine as fast as
possible, and continue working all day and night, hoping to blow them up.

In the evening we had as strong working parties of Europeans as we could
afford, and removed from the Cawnpore battery, a 9-pounder which had
been disabled by a round shot of the enemy. We also dug a trench and
threw up earth on the top of our parapets, and endeavoured to our utmost
to repair the damage the enemy had done, and make the place as strong as
possible. Several shells came in after dusk. The heat throughout the day
was excessive, and there were several fatal cases of cholera, and also
several deaths among the children, who were all greatly emaciated.

In the evening, a letter to General Havelock, rolled up and put inside a
quill, was despatched by the hands of an old woman; she left our
position about 9 P.M., and we hoped, would be permitted to pass the
enemy's sentries without being stopped. During the past forty-five days,
we had sent by different hands, in a similar manner, some twenty
letters, to only one of which was any reply received. The garrison, very
greatly harassed and fatigued from continued exertion night and day and
want of rest.


_August 13th._--An excessively hot night. During the early part of the
morning the enemy threw in a very heavy fire, which lasted for nearly
half an hour, when all subsided into the usual routine firing.

Our mine near Sago's house was pushed on all night with the greatest
possible speed. Every possible means was adopted by the enemy to prevent
our miners working, and as only a wall and a few feet of ground divided
the two parties, they resorted to squibs, rockets, brickbats, and lights
at the end of bamboos, to annoy our workmen. As the latter were thrust
forward with the hope of setting fire to our tiled outhouses, the ends
were successively cut off by us. Several reports alive in the garrison,
but on what grounds, or how stated, no one could say. However, as these
were all more or less favourable to us, and encouraging to the natives,
if credited, no harm was done.

Shortly before 10 A.M. the engineers reported our countermine as ready;
the neighbouring outposts and garrisons were duly warned, and the mine
fired, with the happiest results: the brick house in which the enemy
was, and from which they had started their mine, settled down, burying
all inside; the earth was thrown up to a considerable height, and only
one outhouse of our own, of no consequence, destroyed. Up to the last
moment, the people inside the enemy's mine were hard at work, and after
the explosion the groans of the sufferers were plainly audible. In the
course of the day, some few of the enemy were shot from Sago's post. In
the afternoon, after several shells had been thrown in to drive as many
out as possible, it was determined to go out and see what the enemy were
doing near Mr. Gubbins's post. A hole being cut in the wall out of our
defences, a party of Europeans, with the engineer officers, went out and
found a deep trench dug through the outhouses for some distance towards
our position. The work was not deemed of any great importance, and after
it had been well examined, the party withdrew.

Many cases of fever to-day, and four deaths in hospital among the
Europeans. Enemy very quiet during the evening; unusually so, till about
10 P.M., when they threw an 8-inch shell into our position. This
appeared to be a signal; for instantly they commenced a tremendous fire
with round shot and musketry, which lasted half an hour, and completely
lit up the darkness around. They were busy mining us in several places,
and their workmen could be distinctly heard at work. Our engineers were
hard at work, trying with the best means at their disposal to frustrate
their efforts; but our people were so harassed that they were not
capable of any prolonged exertion. A shaft, however, for a mine was made
in Mr. Anderson's house, and sunk to the extent of eight feet, in view
to running a sap to meet the enemy. Heat very great, and mosquitoes,
bugs, and fleas most troublesome.


_August 14th._--Enemy unusually quiet all the morning; more so than they
had yet been. Our people were all busy preparing new sandbags, as the
old ones were so rotten, from long exposure to the rain, that they would
bear no removal: also in countermining the enemy from out of a corner of
Anderson's house. A Mater came in this morning, but could give no
information. Provision for the cattle growing short; and every means
adopted to reduce the daily consumption. The various look-outs reported
no movement of the enemy: in a word, it was the quietest day we had yet
had. About 4 P.M. they began a more brisk fire. Many cases of fever and
several deaths amongst the children. Many rumours abroad regarding our
relieving force; but all was conjecture. Most of our outpost houses were
now so riddled with round shot, that it was a wonder how any of them
stood up at all: indeed most of them were in ruins, and at Mr.
Anderson's house part of the garrison had been twice pulled out of the
ruins which had suddenly fallen on them; nevertheless, these posts, in
spite of many casualties, were held with the same courage and devotion
as was displayed the first day of the siege. At dusk we had a severe
thunderstorm, with exceedingly heavy rain, which lasted for several
hours, falling in a complete deluge; the night was exceedingly dark,
with extremely vivid lightning. Captain Fulton and Lieutenant Hutchinson
of the Engineers went down and examined all the outhouses in Dr.
Fayrer's premises, to see if any mining operations could be heard. They
afterwards went down to the Buxee Khana, and examined the wall in front
to some distance.


_August 15th._--Heavy rain till about 3 A.M., when it cleared away, and
the morning was beautifully clear and fine. The enemy fired salvos of
two and three 18-pounders at once into the Cawnpore battery, and brought
down all the outer wall of the house alongside it, which we used as a
guardroom; making the place so hot we were obliged to retire our men
from it during the heaviest part of the cannonade. Lieutenant Bonham
received a severe contusion, from bricks knocked out on him by an
18-pound shot; and later in the day the sentry left in the front part of
the battery was killed by a round shot. Lieutenant James Alexander was
shot through the arm while laying an 18-pounder in the Hospital battery.
Several servants and six bheesties of the 32nd deserted last night. At
night, advantage taken of the dark to repair as much as possible the
damage done to-day to the Cawnpore battery. About 9 P.M. a pensioner
named Ungud, who had been sent out with a letter, returned, bringing a
letter from Cawnpore. This was the first night since the siege began
that no burial took place.


_August 16th._--Great progress made in our mine out of Lieutenant
Anderson's house, which had now reached a distance of twenty-five feet
from the shaft. Also much done in the way of making the Cawnpore battery
more secure. Brigadier Inglis slept in it himself. In the early morning
the enemy fired a great many round shot, and brought a new gun into
position, to play on the corner of the brigade mess-house; also one
which fired on Mr. Gubbins's post, but which was soon silenced by a
9-pounder placed in position against it. Divine service performed in the
brigade-mess to a few officers who were off duty, and to the ladies.
Much round shot fired during the day, but fewer sepoys in sight than
usual. Every possible effort was made to curtail the expenditure of our
provisions, and make them last as long as possible. The enemy threw in
three 8-inch shells during the evening, and fired several round shot
during the night.


_August 17th._--The remaining portion of the Residency was deemed unsafe
by the engineers, from the number of round shot that had come through
it; and arrangements were made to remove the Europeans. The heat
extreme, a heavy cannonade from daylight till 9 A.M., when it gradually
slackened. A few round shot were fired through the Residency during the
morning. Much progress was made in the mine out of Lieutenant Anderson's
house, and a new shaft sunk in the Martiniere School, in view to running
a sap towards Johannes' house. The Seikhs mined well, and the payment in
cash of two rupees per man for each night's work made the work popular.
Between 4 and 5 P.M. the enemy recommenced a slight cannonade, doubtless
stirred up by some shells which were thrown during the afternoon.
Towards dusk the enemy threw in several shells, and at midnight an
8-inch, which nearly hit our laboratory.


_August 18th._--At daylight the enemy exploded a large mine under one of
our principal posts in the outer square, occupied by the Seikhs; the
three officers and three sentries on the top of the house, were blown up
into the air and fell among the debris. The guard below were all,
however, buried in the ruins, and lost their lives: they were two
bandsmen of the 41st, two of the 13th, and a sepoy of the 48th Native
Infantry. The officers, though much stunned, on recovering themselves
ran away, and all three escaped unhurt.

When the smoke had blown away, we discovered that a clear breach had
been made into our defences, to the extent of thirty feet in breadth.
One of the enemy's leaders sprung on the top of the breach, brandishing
his sword and calling on others to follow; but he fell dead instantly
from the flank fire of the officers on the top of the brigade-mess.
Another instantly followed and shared the same fate, when the rest of
the force declined making a home rush. On the first springing of the
mine, our garrison was at once under arms, and the reserve of the 84th
Foot (eighteen men) were immediately sent down and placed in a position
which commanded the breach from the right; while boxes, doors, planks,
tents, &c., were rapidly carried down to make as much cover as possible
to protect our men against musketry: also a house was pulled down and a
road made for a gun; and, after incredible exertions, a 9-pounder was
got into a position which commanded all the breach, and was loaded with
a double charge of grape. The enemy, by means of some barricaded lanes,
contrived to creep up and get possession of the right flank wall of the
Seikh square; but our mortar and a 24-pounder howitzer drove the main
body off, and a sudden rush at noon cleared away the rest. We reoccupied
all the ground we had lost in the morning, and also took possession of
the houses previously held by the enemy, and which were situated between
the Seikh square and Mr. Gubbins's house. No time was lost in destroying
them, and by sunset 400lbs. of gunpowder had cleared away many of the
houses from which the enemy had most annoyed us. By this time the breach
was securely barricaded against any sudden rush, and at night a working
party completed it. In addition to the eight men lost in the explosion,
we had this day one of the 32nd killed, and a volunteer (M. De Prât) and
three of the 32nd wounded. Nothing could exceed the zeal with which
_all_ the natives worked to secure the breach, and make a road for a
gun. The heat was fearful, and this was one of the most harassing days
we had, all ranks being hard at work from daylight till dark, under a
dreadful sun. Lieutenant Fletcher, 48th Regiment Native Infantry, on
look-out duty at the top of the Residency, was shot through the arm, and
had his telescope shivered by a rifle-ball, while reconnoitring.
Lieutenant Graham was also hit on the chest with a spent ball. For
further accounts of the explosion of the mine, see the report of the
disaster by an eye-witness, marked (II.) in the Appendix.


_August 19th._--The enemy rather lively with their large guns this
morning. Firing more particularly at the guard-rooms on the top of the
brigade-mess, which were by this time well-riddled. About 2 P.M. the
engineers, Messrs. Fulton, Hutchinson, and Anderson, with a small party,
went out on the premises which we yesterday seized, for the purpose of
blowing up some more houses and buildings. This party was supported by
some Europeans and Seikhs, kept inside the square. The enemy showed
nowhere, and save for a few dropping shots, their presence would not
have been known.

It is worthy of notice, that even through the Pucka buildings, the enemy
dug communicating trenches, probably to escape the effects of our
shells; which, however, they had not always been successful in doing, as
several pools of blood showed us. In the afternoon we experienced a
smart cannonade, and about dusk had a heavy shower which stayed it for a
while, and after 8 P.M. it subsided nearly entirely into a musketry fire.


_August 20th._--A heavy fire of musketry towards daylight, when the
enemy began the heaviest cannonade we had yet had; particularly on the
Cawnpore battery, in front of which they had put another gun in
position. For three hours they fired continually, and a great portion of
Mons. De Prât's house fell in. Their round shot came in through the Thug
Jail, and enfiladed it; fortunately it struck high, and no casualty
occurred: they also threw some shrapnel, as yesterday. Our guard rooms
on the top of the brigade mess were now entirely demolished by round
shot, which came through them almost unceasingly. An 8-inch shell went
into the Residency, and exploded on the staircase. A soldier of the 32nd
Foot was killed in the 18-pounder battery, at Dr. Fayrer's, by a
musket-ball which struck him in the head. We were busy all night at our
mine, which was now completed, and we hope to be able to load it and
have it ready to fire by daylight to-morrow morning. Many men were seen
in the early part of the day, moving about in the bazaar (most of them
sepoys). It was difficult to say what they were about, as they were
moving both ways. Lieutenant Cunliffe of the artillery was slightly
wounded this morning in the knee by a musket ball. Great mortality
amongst the children in the garrison, and a great deal of sickness
prevailed, particularly fever. All the tea and sugar for the Europeans
had been for some time expended, save a small supply which had been
reserved for the use of the sick and wounded. The enemy again commenced
to undermine the lane running from the Cawnpore battery behind the
brigade-mess, and were also engaged in some other work to the right of
Johannes' house. Much firing during the evening. Captain Lowe of the
32nd Foot, had a very narrow escape; an eight-inch shell burst close to
him in the trenches, and slightly wounded him in the hand, and cut off
the arm of a soldier alongside him. The enemy made an attempt to burn
down the gates at the Baillie Guard, by eluding the vigilance of the
sentries and piling up logs of wood and combustibles outside the gate.
It burnt fiercely, but was soon extinguished by the water-carriers of
the 13th, without damage to the gates: the fire was the signal for a
heavy fusillade, which lasted nearly half an hour.


_August 21st._--At daybreak all was prepared and ready for the
blowing-up of our mine, and the simultaneous sortie of fifty Europeans
under Captain M'Cabe and Lieutenant Browne (divided into two parties),
for the purpose of spiking the enemy's guns which fired into the mess
house, and in order to hold Johannes' house while the engineer officers
blew it up. Precisely at 5 P.M. the mine, containing 400 lbs. of powder,
was sprung, and as soon as the dust and smoke had in a measure subsided,
the party ran out, drove the enemy (who were taken by surprise, and made
but a slight show of resistance) from their guns (two), and spiked them
both, and retained possession of Johannes' house, while the engineers
made arrangements for blowing it up. These were soon completed, and the
party withdrawn. A slow match was applied, and the house laid in ruins.
Our losses were one of the 84th killed, one sergeant (84th) mortally
wounded, one of the 32nd dangerously wounded, one slightly wounded, and
a sergeant of the artillery killed. The operation was entirely
successful, and rid us of a house from which the enemy had, from the
commencement of the siege, annoyed us greatly. Captain Barlow, of the
50th Native Infantry, died somewhat suddenly in hospital this morning.
The grass and jungle all round had grown to a very great height, and
would have given cover to a number of men to approach close up to our
position unobserved. In the afternoon, a boy about twelve years of age
was seen close to the Baillie Guard gate, picking up bullets that had
been fired. A sepoy of the 13th on sentry-duty saw him, covered him with
his musket, and compelled him to come in. An eight-inch shell fell on
the top of the Residency about 9 P.M., and exploded, fortunately without
injuring any one.


_August 22nd._--Mrs. Green, of the 48th Native Infantry, died early this
morning. There had been also many deaths among children during the few
previous days. Many of our supplies were entirely expended, and the
garrison were put to great inconvenience for the want of tobacco, of
which for some time past there had been none to issue. Still more
stringent measures adopted to prevent the consumption of flour; and
wheat was issued to all non-combatants who had time to grind it. A fine
clear night, with less musketry and more cannon firing than usual. Many
of our defences were greatly injured from the late heavy rain and the
incessant cannonade of the enemy. Last night repairs were made to the
Cawnpore and Redan batteries, both of which still required much to be
done to them. To-day an European sentry inside the Baillie Guard gate,
was shot dead by a rifleman: the ball went through some sand bags put up
for his protection. A sepoy of the 13th was also hit in the knee this
morning from the same loophole. Arrangements were made to knock the
place down to-morrow morning at daylight with a 24-pounder howitzer.
Sergeant Ryder, of the artillery, was killed dead by a musket ball
to-day in the churchyard. Up to this date, we had lost since the siege
commenced on the 30th of June, by killed, wounded, and sickness: 101 men
of the 32nd Foot, not including officers; and of the detachment of the
84th, consisting originally of fifty men, eleven had been killed and
died of wounds and disease since the above date. Reports of distant
firing being heard, vague rumours were afloat; but these excited little
attention _now_, so often had they been in circulation, giving rise to
false hopes of our reinforcements being near.

Captain Hawes, of the 63rd Native Infantry, was wounded this afternoon
by a musket ball through the side and arm, while on the look-out from
the top of the defences at Mr. Gubbins's post. After dark we had two
eight-inch shells and several shrapnell sent in. One of the former
carried off the leg of a native (who died soon after), and slightly
wounded another. Repairs continued in the Cawnpore and Redan batteries.
The want of tea and sugar much felt, and very large prices offered for
stores of any kind.


_August 23rd._--A heavy cannonade from the enemy, from daylight till
about 10 P.M., when it slackened. Their principal efforts were against
the brigade-mess house and Cawnpore battery; the former they seriously
damaged, and succeeded in entirely levelling the guard-houses on the
top; both of which had fallen in, and there was no longer any cover for
our musketry to fire from. Our ranks were rapidly thinning. Two men were
again this morning mortally wounded by musketry fire. The enemy were
busily employed in digging on all sides, more particularly in front of
the Redan; but it was very difficult to say what their object was, as
they dug deep trenches in all directions. Continued reports of distant
firing being heard. The enemy fired heavily from their guns in the
afternoon, and did considerable damage to our defences. A working party
employed after dark, making a magazine for the powder and shells lodged
in the Post-office.

We had work nightly for at least 300 men; as we had the defences to
repair daily, supplies to remove from godowns which were fallen in from
the effects of the enemy's shot, mines to countermine, guns to remove,
barricades to erect, corpses to bury, and rations to serve out; but with
our weak, harassed, and daily diminishing garrison, we could seldom
produce as working parties more than three fatigue parties of eight or
ten men each relief; and the Europeans were capable of but little
exertion, as from want of sleep, hard work night and day, and constant
exposure, their bodily strength was greatly diminished. The enemy threw
in an 8-inch shell about 9 P.M. and fired all the evening. Divine
service was performed at the brigade-mess in the morning, and in the
afternoon, at Dr. Fayrer's; the sacrament was administered on both
occasions.


_August 24th._--This morning, at about 2 o'clock, the enemy opened a
very heavy fire, both of round shot and musketry; commencing and
concluding the same apparently on the signal of a fireball thrown up on
each occasion. The Judicial Garrison house, under command of Captain
Germon, being in a most dangerous state from the effects of round shot,
all the women and wounded men, also children, were removed from that
post, as well as from all the other outposts in that quarter, into the
Begum Kotee in the neighbourhood. A sergeant of the 84th was dangerously
wounded coming up from Mrs. Sago's house, by a sharp-shooter. Lieutenant
Bonham, of the artillery, was busily employed perfecting his
arrangements for using an 8-inch mortar as a howitzer. The experiment
succeeded very well yesterday evening.

The verandah of the Residency on the west side came entirely down this
morning. The commissariat stores in the godown underneath were removed
in the evening, as some of the arches of the lower story were cracked,
and a heavy cannonade would have brought the whole place down.
Arrangements were made this day for still further reducing the rations
of Europeans. A kitmutghar came in from the city last night: his account
was so suspicious, that he was placed under an European guard, as he
might have tampered with the natives. To-day we threw two shells a long
way into the city, in the direction of the palace. The enemy tolerably
quiet; towards the middle of the day confining themselves to
sharp-shooting at every one they saw move about in our position. Mr.
MacRae of the Civil Engineer Department was very badly hit in the
shoulder this afternoon, while assisting in laying a mortar in the
Post-office; and a sergeant and a private were badly wounded early in
the day, while going to their post. The enemy possessed many excellent
rifle shots, and fired out of their loopholes from the houses around
with great certainty; occasioning us a daily loss of from three to five
men. Two sepoys of the 13th were also slightly wounded by random shots
before daybreak this morning. Several shells came in this evening; and
about 12 P.M. the enemy opened a tremendous fire on all sides, of round
shot, grape, and musketry, which lasted for an hour: the fire was very
heavy, but they made no effort to storm, though their bugles sounded the
advance repeatedly.


_August 25th._--There was the usual heavy cannonade this morning from
the enemy, which continued from 5 to 9 A.M., when it slackened. All the
remaining porter in store (thirty-nine casks) was got out of the
Residency, and removed to another place, consequent on the unsafe state
of the building; nearly one half of which had fallen from round shot,
and the remaining portion was likely to follow. The magazine for the
Post-office battery completed. In the night two sepoys of the 11th were
slightly wounded by random shots. Several coolies were seen coming
through the bazaar from the direction of the Cawnpore road.
Sharp-shooting all day long from the enemy, who had also got a new gun
in position to the right of Mr. Gubbins's post. One mine completed, and
three others steadily progressing; the enemy digging on all sides.


_August 26th._--The enemy commenced the day with a very heavy fire of
round shot and musketry a little before daylight, which subsided in a
great measure in about half an hour. Their earthworks had been added to
during the night; but it was difficult to distinguish new work, as the
whole of our position was now surrounded with them on every side quite
close up to us. A jemadar of the 71st was shot dead near the Redan this
morning by one of the enemy's riflemen. The house of Innes was reported
to be in a dangerous state, in consequence of the repeated round shots
through it. Also reports were made of the enemy mining at the Redan. The
enemy unusually quiet, and very little firing went on during the middle
of the day, but they were busily employed in making trenches round us in
every direction, and worked particularly hard in front of the Redan,
with many coolies. No intelligence whatever. One or two servants
deserted last night, and there were reports that all the servants were
thinking of leaving us, unless our reinforcements arrived soon.


_August 27th._--A good deal of rain during the night. A heavy cannonade
from the enemy, and the usual amount of musketry fire all the morning.

To-day, the supplies of the late Brigadier-General Sir Henry Lawrence,
K.C.B., were sold by auction. The brandy realised from 140 to 160 rupees
(16_l._) per dozen; beer averaged from 60 to 70 rupees (7_l._); sherry
70 rupees; hermetically sealed hams from 70 to 75 rupees (7_l._ 10_s._)
each; a bottle of honey 45 rupees (4_l._ 10_s._); rifle gunpowder, 16
rupees per lb. (1_l._ 12_s._); small cakes of chocolate, from 30 to 40
rupees (3_l._ to 4_l._); and other things in proportion. Sugar (had
there been any for sale) would have commanded almost any price.

The enemy brought another gun into position opposite the racket court,
and where we had no means of replying to them. A soldier of the 32nd was
very seriously wounded this morning by a musket-ball, while sitting in
the verandah of Dr. Fayrer's house. In the evening a 3-pounder shot
killed a soldier of the 32nd and carried away the arm of another. A
native officer of the 13th was wounded through the foot by a
musket-ball. Our miners (working in the gallery we had run out
thirty-three feet to the right of the brigade mess-house) heard the
enemy distinctly mining towards us. Their sap seemed to run for the
centre of the brigade mess.


_August 28th._--Heavy rain nearly all night, which considerably injured
our sap to the right of the brigade mess, in consequence of it leaking;
the rain ceasing at daylight, we set to work, and in a few hours got if
cleared out, and had our people at work again. A good deal of fever
prevalent, and great mortality among the children, who faded away
rapidly from want of proper food. A smart cannonade at daylight from the
enemy, who fired heavily with two guns on Mr. Gubbins's house;
fortunately no casualties occurred. Last night, three men deserted to
the enemy from Mr. Gubbins's post. One, a chuprassee of Mr. G.'s, took
with him 400 rupees (40_l._) belonging to different people; four
servants belonging to officers also deserted.

Lieutenant Bonham fired his mortar, equipped as a howitzer, fourteen
times during the day, against the new battery erected against Mr.
Gubbins's post, and with considerable success, having struck it ten
times; but their battery was of great strength, and required a good deal
more battering to do it much mischief. We waited with impatience for the
enemy's miners to break through our gallery, and were obliged to stop
our own men, as the enemy left off work immediately they heard our
people's pickaxe.

This night we learnt, by a letter from General Havelock, dated Cawnpore,
the 24th instant, that we had no hope of being relieved for another
twenty-five days.


_August 29th._--Cooler weather. Our miners busily employed endeavouring
to break into the enemy's gallery, which, though quite close to our own,
had not yet been found. The magazine sergeants at work, making an
expence magazine in the Begum Kotee. The upper story of Mr. Gubbins's
house was no longer safe, owing to the numbers of round shot through it,
and the ladies were removed. Much difficulty was experienced in finding
quarters for them, every place being so crowded, and the ladies were
already four and five together in very small badly ventilated native
buildings; dreadful smells pervading the whole place, from the
half-buried bodies of men, horses, and bullocks, and also from the
drains--some of which were fearfully offensive, as we had no means of
attending to them. Several more servants deserted last night; which
caused the very greatest inconvenience, as already very few officers had
any. About 10 A.M. our miners broke into the enemy's gallery, which they
immediately abandoned, and began to fill in the shaft; we as instantly
applied a barrel of powder at the farther end of their sap, and blew up
their work altogether. Our men brought away their lantern, tools, and a
bottle of oil, which in their haste they had left. Very heavy rain all
the forenoon.

Sickness became daily more prevalent, and a number of officers and "the
uncovenanted" were daily placed on the sick list. To-day it was decided
to issue one month's pay after the 1st proximo, for the month of July.
The heavy rain caused one of the enemy's mines, running towards the
outpost called Mrs. Sago's house, to fall in. This mine was never known
to us, or even suspected. Many and grave doubts and suspicions were
entertained that the enemy were running a mine towards the Redan
battery. Captain Fulton, Garrison Engineer, did not, however, share in
this opinion. A native artilleryman, who belonged to a number
entertained by Mr. Gubbins, deserted from his post while on sentry over
one of the guns in Mr. G.'s compound. A European sentry fired at him,
but did not succeed in hitting him.

Now that it appeared evident that the siege must last in all probability
another month, increased care and vigilance in the issuing of all stores
was observed. The rain cleared off towards evening. A considerable
cannonade all through the night.


_August 30th._--A heavy cannonade all night. Four half-castes
(Christians) one of whom had been made a local sergeant, and was
head-writer in Captain Weston's office, deserted to the enemy; having
broke open the door in the barrier they had to defend, and left the post
unprotected. He took with him, in addition to Captain Boileau's gun,
five drummers, formerly in the king of Oude's service, two drummers of
the 48th, and some ten native servants. An eight-inch shell burst in the
native hospital this morning, killing one native and wounding two
others. An attack was expected to-day, and everything was prepared as
far as possible to repel it. A good many cases of fever. Divine service
was performed at the brigade mess at noon, and at Mr. Gubbins's house at
2 P.M., when the sacrament was administered, and at Dr. Fayrer's house
at half-past 5 P.M. To-day, Lieut. Bonham, of the artillery, was very
severely wounded by a musket-ball, while sitting in the doorway of the
Post-office: he was a very great loss to the garrison, having very
greatly distinguished himself throughout the siege; particularly in the
accuracy with which he used his mortars, and the excellent practice he
had made with a mortar which he had made to act as a howitzer. This was
the third time he had been wounded since hostilities began on the 30th
of June. Very little firing during the middle of the day, and not much
movement observable among the enemy. A European soldier of the 32nd died
very suddenly to-day; he lost the use of his side from sleeping in the
wet trenches, and died in hospital a few hours after. Europeans and
natives all greatly distressed on account of the want of tobacco, of
which we have had none left for distribution for a considerable time
past. Great difficulty was experienced in getting shelter for women and
children; so many houses had been destroyed by the round shot and shells
of the enemy: all suffered greatly from being crowded together in low,
small, badly ventilated buildings. The dreadful stench which pervaded
that part of the defences held by the commissariat officers and the
uncovenanted service, exceeded all belief. It arose from the decayed
entrails of the bullocks and sheep daily killed by the butchers, and of
which we had no means of disposing, but by throwing them over the
defences: the decayed boosah and vegetable matter which here also
abounded, assisting in creating a stench which was probably never
exceeded. Nearly every officer who slept at this post was laid up with
fever at one time or another; but as it was one of the weakest parts of
our defences, it was absolutely requisite that two officers should be
ever with the party occupying it. A false alarm at sunset, and a heavy
cannonade brought the day's proceedings to a close.


_August 31st._--The enemy fired at intervals very hard, both guns and
musketry, particularly towards daylight. Then we found they had got
another very large gun, apparently a 32-pounder, in position under the
Lutkun Durwaza, and about 100 yards from the Baillie Guard gates, on
which it fired several times, smashing two ammunition waggons with which
the gates were barricaded. Towards the middle of the day the enemy were
unusually quiet, confining themselves to sharp-shooting. An excellent
artillery sergeant was killed at Mr. Gubbins's post, by a rifle-ball,
which struck him in the side.

The heat excessive. In the evening, the kitmutghar of the late Captain
Hayes, military secretary, who had come in some ten days before, and was
believed to be a spy, escaped from the 84th Guard during the night, and
contrived to get clear away. He had been kept in confinement from the
time of his coming in, and had not been allowed to converse with any
one; and therefore could give little or no information. About 10 P.M.
the enemy very suddenly opened from nearly all their guns, and threw in
a heavy fire of musketry, which subsided in about half an hour. All the
13th Native Infantry employed in making a new sunken battery to the
right of the guard-room, in order to oppose the battery of the enemy
which was located in the Lutkun Durwaza. Our people in the Redan battery
had a narrow escape from an 8-inch shell, which just cleared the parapet
and exploded outside.


_September 1st._--A fine breezy morning. Not very much firing; but a
great deal of bugling was heard among the enemy's troops during the
early part of the morning. Rumours that the half-caste Christians who
deserted had been murdered. The enemy's 24-pounder fired several shots
during the morning, which took effect on the gates, smashing them
considerably. The enemy reported to be running another mine towards the
brigade mess.

Our third sap from Anderson's post nearly completed, and considerable
progress made in the one commenced out of Sago's house. All the boys in
garrison above ten years of age were collected and set to work with
hand-mills, to assist in grinding flour for the use of the garrison.
Sickness showed itself amongst the bullocks; and in the last two days
two bullocks had to be suddenly killed, in order to save the meat. This
was most unfortunate, as the stock in hand would not last (even at the
reduced rate of rations) the time we might probably be besieged.
Arrangements were made to have some artillery and irregular cavalry
horses that were wounded, or from want of condition were unserviceable,
turned out on this evening. The last cook-boy of the artillery absconded
last night. This put the men to much inconvenience, as they had now to
draw their rations with Her Majesty's 32nd Regiment; but it was better
for the service, as now there was no excuse for any of the guns' crews
leaving their batteries for their food. This morning some fresh beef was
accidentally removed from the slaughter-yard in one of the magazine
carts. As these carts were used also for transporting grain, it excited
remark amongst some Seikhs. The cart in question was immediately marked
in the presence of the Commissariat Establishment, and strict orders
were given that it should not be used again. This shows how careful we
had to be with all the natives about their castes.

In the evening, about dusk, two European artillerymen were struck in the
Post-office battery by an 18-pounder shot, which killed both. Great
progress was made in the battery which was erected by the 13th Native
Infantry, for the 18-pounder to be placed in at the Baillie Guard gate.
Two 8-inch shells exploded in the vicinity of our magazine, but without
doing any injury. Our third mine from Anderson's house completed, but
not charged, it being retained as a listening gallery. Another shaft for
a mine was struck out from Captain Saunders' post, to be ready to meet
the enemy's so soon as it could be ascertained which way they were
mining. The cook-boys of two companies of the 32nd Foot deserted to-day,
which caused extreme inconvenience.


_2nd September._--Sounds of mining heard near the slaughter-house. This
was quite a new direction for the enemy to commence this work at; but it
had not yet been ascertained for a certainty, and appeared most
unlikely. Last night three men of Her Majesty's 32nd Regiment died in
hospital.

About 9 A.M. this morning a mine of the enemy was discovered within
thirty feet of Captain Saunders' post: they came up to a well, and, not
knowing what it was, made a hole in the surface; when the smoke from
their lamp became apparent. A countermine was immediately commenced and
run out sixteen feet, and within two feet of the enemy; it was quickly
loaded and tamped for about fourteen feet, and the head of their gallery
was blown in. Their miners were heard at work when the hose of our mine
was ignited; and it was believed they must have sustained some loss.
Another of the enemy's mines was also discovered this morning, coming
for the centre of the brigade mess-house; but we had a shaft and gallery
ready to frustrate their efforts. One of the sepoys of the 13th Regiment
Native Infantry was severely wounded this morning while standing sentry.
We had a heavy cannonade from the enemy in the afternoon, and some
alteration was made in the position of some of their guns on the
Cawnpore side of our position. The advance of a month's pay, which had
been offered to all natives, was declined by the 13th, 48th, and 71st,
and pensioners, and only four rupees each was received by the Seikh
Cavalry, as all preferred to receive it in arrears hereafter. This spoke
volumes for their faithfulness.

This evening a very sad event occurred. Lieut. Birch, of the 59th
Regiment Native Infantry, attached to the Engineer department, went out
at dusk, accompanied by four other officers, to explore some old ruins
quite close to the north side of our position, in order to see if there
were any traces of mining. The work had been most satisfactorily
performed, and the party were returning, when a sentry of the 32nd
Regiment, who, unfortunately, had not received the caution that a party
was going out and to be careful not to fire, seeing objects moving in
the dark outside our limits, fired his musket; lamentable to relate, it
took effect, and the bullet passed through the lower part of the belly
of Lieutenant Birch, who died two hours after. He was a gallant and
efficient officer, and had only been married six months. His loss was
greatly deplored by the garrison. Our miners were all hard at work all
day, countermining the enemy, who still persevered in their efforts to
blow us up.


_September 3rd._--About 2 A.M. a very heavy cannonade from the enemy
till 9 A.M. Unbarricaded a door leading out of our position, and turned
loose during the night sixteen horses and a mule, which had been
wounded, and were unfit for use. Further efforts made to limit the
supply of flour, and issue wheat in lieu thereof. Advances of pay made
to officers, ladies, the civil and uncovenanted service, and a few
natives who desired it.

The sun particularly powerful, and as during the nights a heavy dew
fell, and occasionally the mornings were very cool, great fears were
entertained for the health of our men; especially as nearly all had to
sleep in the trenches. Consequently search was everywhere made for tents
to shelter them; but the majority of these had been used as barricades
and other defences, and were now, from exposure to the rain, &c.,
completely rotten and useless.

The enemy commenced mining at Sago's garrison, and a shaft and gallery
were made to meet them. In the evening there was a heavy cannonade on
Mr. Gubbins's post. A soldier of the 32nd was dangerously wounded at
Innes' house by an 18-pounder shot, and another slightly wounded by
grape shot. Much heavy firing from the enemy. Very severe work at
mining, as our people were employed at four different points. After 10
P.M. an exceedingly heavy cannonade accompanied by musketry. The enemy
were distinctly heard repairing their batteries, and moving a heavy gun
with elephants, in the direction of the Cawnpore battery.


_September 4th._--The usual cannon and musketry throughout the night,
which greatly increased after daylight, but gradually subsided after 9
A.M. into a few solitary discharges of cannon. The outer wall of the
mess house was greatly injured by the constant firing from the enemy's
guns, although it was of great solidity. Between 9 and 10 A.M. an
unusual commotion was observable in the town, and the streets were much
crowded, for which we were unable to account; whatever it was, the crowd
gradually dispersed, and by 11 A.M. all was tranquil, and the enemy's
guards were relieved as usual at that hour.

Towards the middle of the day there was very little firing from the
enemy: they could be distinctly heard in three of our listening
galleries, sapping steadily towards us. A 32nd soldier was severely
contused to-day by a round shot, while on duty in the Cawnpore battery,
and another wounded by a musket-ball. About 4·30 P.M. Major Bruère,
commanding the 13th Regiment Native Infantry, went on the top of the
brigade mess to endeavour to pick off some of the enemy's gunners.
Unfortunately, in his anxiety to get a shot at some riflemen, he
somewhat unnecessarily exposed himself, and was hit by a rifle-ball
through the chest, which almost immediately proved fatal. His death was
very greatly lamented by the sepoys of the 13th, with whom he was very
popular: they insisted on carrying his remains to the grave, and his
funeral was attended by all the men of the 13th who could be permitted
to leave their trenches. The eighteen-pounder battery made by the sepoys
of the 13th, was now nearly completed, and was sixteen feet thick,
besides the wall in front; the eighteen-pounder intended for it was got
down, and put in position. The enemy were evidently aware of what we
were about, as two shells fell quite close; one just inside, and the
other outside the new battery.

The outer wall and buildings on the top of the mess house fell in this
evening, with a great crash, consequent on the outer wall having been
completely breached; fortunately no one was hurt, and several ladies and
children still clung to the inner rooms for shelter, preferring the
chance of a round shot or musket-ball to the fetid close atmosphere of
an already overcrowded hovel in the interior of our position; which,
after all, was perhaps hardly any safer from the fire of the enemy.


_September 5th._--A fine moonlight morning. Soon after daylight, the
enemy commenced the severest cannonade we had yet had. About 8000
infantry and about 500 horse were by sunrise seen moving about round our
position, and evidently preparing for an attack. The garrison were
soon--every man--on the alert, and remained patiently under a tremendous
fire of cannon, awaiting the enemy's onset. They soon opened fire from a
new battery of two guns across the river; and about 10 A.M. exploded two
mines, one (a large one), close to the 18-pounder battery, and the
other, a smaller one, at the brigade-mess (which we had countermined and
were about to blow up.) Providentially, the enemy had miscalculated
their distance in both instances, and were just short of our defences,
and neither explosion did us any harm. As soon as the cloud of dust and
smoke had cleared away, they advanced under cover of a tremendous fire
on several points--particularly at Mr. Gubbins's post--where they came
on resolutely and planted an enormous ladder against the bastion to
mount it. Several reached the top, but were so steadily received with
musketry and hand grenades, that none could gain a footing: and after
several leaders had fallen, the rest fell back to the cover of the
neighbouring houses, where they kept up a tremendous fire. Their loss
was very heavy, as they showed themselves well; particularly in the
garden close to the brigade-mess and Sikh square, where they fell
rapidly to our rifles and muskets. Long after the action, they could be
seen carrying away their killed and wounded over the bridges.

During the attack we only had one havildar of pensioners and two sepoys
of the 13th killed, and one soldier of the 32nd wounded (loss of hand),
from round shot. Eight sepoys of the 13th Native Infantry, assisted by
three artillerymen, loaded and worked the 18-pounder in the 13th
battery, and after three or four rounds succeeded in silencing the
18-pounder opposed to them. The sepoys were very proud of this battery,
which was entirely under their charge, and constructed solely by them,
under the superintendence of the Engineers. A fearfully hot-day, and a
broiling sun, to which all were exposed for nearly the entire day.
During last night another shaft, eight feet deep, was sunk by the
officers of the brigade-mess as a listening gallery, in case the enemy
should run a sap in that direction.

In the evening, the enemy seemed disgusted with their want of success in
the morning, and confined themselves to a few shots now and then from
their batteries. An 18-pounder came right through the hospital from
their new work across the river, and passed through the whole length of
the building, which was crowded with patients, and very slightly wounded
Lieutenant Charlton and a soldier of the 32nd, both of whom were lying
there wounded. Passing as it did through the entire length of such a
crowded space, it was perfectly extraordinary that this ball did not do
more harm.

After all attacks, the enemy were most determined in their efforts to
carry off their dead, and generally contrived to do so at night. To-day,
as usual, the leading men were most of them knocked over, which greatly
discouraged their followers. All reports from positions which commanded
any views of the enemy retreating, agreed in saying that they seemed
to-day more thoroughly beaten than ever.

Lieutenant James Graham, of the 4th Cavalry, shot himself through the
head this morning with his revolver, in a fit of temporary insanity: he
left a wife and child.


_September 6th._--At 12 o'clock midnight, the garrison was aroused by a
heavy cannonade from all sides, and much bugling and shouting; but it
all gradually subsided in about half an hour, without any reply from our
side: during it a soldier of the 32nd lost his leg from a round shot.
This morning, the enemy were unusually quiet, and their guns more silent
than it was remembered for a long time.

The rains seemed to have cleared off, and the sun was most powerful. Our
live stock was now fast diminishing in numbers, and had any disease
broke out amongst them, it would have been a most serious loss. Our
stock of rum and porter was also fast running very low. Now that the
stagnant water was fast drying up, the miasmatic stenches in various
parts of the garrison were of a morning almost insupportable; and it was
greatly feared would produce much fever and other illness. About 1 P.M.,
the Engineers made a small sortie from Innes' post, and blew down a
house which yesterday the enemy commenced to loophole; and which, had
they succeeded in doing, would have been a most serious matter to Innes'
garrison, in the present shattered and dilapidated state of the house
they occupy, caused by the effects of round shot, which had steadily for
the last month been fired into it from guns of heavy calibre. Captain
Fulton of the Engineers was slightly contused by an explosion to-day.
About 10 P.M. the enemy sent two men with loads of combustibles, to
place under the entrance gates, to set fire to them; they were seen, and
one was shot dead by the sentry, on which the other fled. An hour later,
they made a very smart attack on the Baillie Guard gate, but were
quickly driven back: during this affair, a very excellent native officer
(a subadar), of the 13th Regiment Native Infantry, was killed in the
13th battery.


_September 7th._--The enemy were unusually quiet with their cannon this
morning, contenting themselves with mining, while we as busily
endeavoured to countermine them. An unusual commotion among them: large
numbers crossing and re-crossing the bridge of boats; and about 11 A.M.
a regiment, with colours, and band playing, and about 1000 matchlockmen,
passed from right to left of our position. About 5000 men passed during
the afternoon from right to left; many of them seemed as though they had
marched in from a distance. Heavy showers during the afternoon; the
garrison constantly wet.

Our miners, both European and native, were greatly done up with their
day and night exertions, which were absolutely requisite for our
preservation. In all these operations the Seikhs and Hindoostanee sepoys
worked remarkably well.


_September 8th._--Captain Simons of the Artillery, who had been long
suffering from his wounds, died early this morning. A tolerable
cannonade kept up all night. The enemy had now completed a breach in the
wall enclosing the courtyard of the Martiniere School, broad enough for
four or five men to pass through abreast, and which we were obliged to
retrench and stockade. Nearly one-half of the officers were on the sick
list, with fever and dysentery.

The shot fired in by the enemy were yesterday collected, and 280 round
shot, varying in size from a 24 to a 3-pounder, were gathered from the
roof of the brigade-mess alone! In the evening we had heavy rain and a
moderate cannonade.


_September 9th._--During the night a shell exploded in a room occupied
by a lady and some children, and though almost every article in the room
was destroyed, yet all providentially escaped.

Finding this morning that the enemy were rapidly mining towards the
Cawnpore battery, it was deemed advisable that our mine, containing 200
lbs. of powder, which had been ready and charged for upwards of a month,
should be exploded; and accordingly, at 10 A.M., it was sprung. The
effect was tremendous, and it evidently astonished the enemy, whose
miners must have been destroyed. They immediately beat to arms, and
opened on us from most of their batteries on that side of our position.
When the smoke and dust (which were tremendous) had blown away, it was
seen that the explosion had destroyed all the front face of the
outhouses opposite our battery.

In the evening a body of 3000 men moved up to our right flank, which
caused us all to keep particularly on the alert. About 11 P.M. very
heavy rain began to fall, and the early part of the night passed away
quietly. For the third time since the siege commenced there was no
funeral on this day.


_September 10th._--The rain cleared away towards morning, and all was
moderately quiet till 6 A.M., from which hour till 10 A.M. an unusually
heavy cannonade was kept up, and replied to by our guns and mortars. All
the state jewels were brought over from the Residency, and put into the
Begum Kotee for better security.

Owing to the necessity for blowing up the Muchee Bhawun, the officers
brought in with them nothing but the clothes they wore. Many others in
this garrison had lost everything when their bungalows in cantonments
were burnt; and a few better off had shared their wardrobes with them.
As time went on, however, clothes wore out, and there were no means of
providing others; and by this time officers might have been seen wearing
the most extraordinary costumes; few, if any, had any semblance of a
military uniform, and very many were in shirts, trowsers, and slippers
only; one gallant civilian having found an old billiard-table cloth, had
contrived to make himself a kind of loose coat out of it, while an
officer wore a shirt made out of a floor cloth. All carried muskets, and
were accoutred like the soldiers. At the auction of the effects of an
officer recently killed, a single bottle of brandy realised seventeen
rupees (thirty-four shillings). The soldiers had for a month past all
been out of tobacco, and had taken to smoking dried tea and common
leaves. Not very much firing in the evening.


_September 11th._--This was a quieter night than usual with the
garrison. Much disturbance was heard among the enemy, and the noise of
elephants was distinctly heard, as if they were moving some of their
guns into other positions. About sunrise, two sides of Innes' house,
which had been steadily cannonaded daily with 18-pounder shot, fell in,
and the two sentries on that side escaped with difficulty; the post was,
however, still nobly held, and preparation made for making some kind of
a defence out of the debris. Many bodies of armed men were seen moving
about, and we had the usual three hours' morning cannonade. About 10
A.M., as our mine out of the Seikh square (which had been charged with
200 lbs. of powder) was ready, it was determined to explode it, as the
enemy's miners could be very distinctly heard sapping quite close; it
was very successful, completely destroying all their excavations, and
buried the party who were at work, the groans and moans of some of whom
were heard for some time after. Later in the day, another mine of the
enemy was discovered in the churchyard. A sortie was made under Captain
Fulton of the Engineers (the ground being open), and the working party
were driven off and their work examined. It proved to be shaft and
gallery, fully five feet high, and extended twenty-four feet, running in
a straight line to the church: two barrels of powder were separately
exploded in it, and completely destroyed the entire work. Two of the
enemy were shot by Lieutenant Sewell this afternoon.

At dusk, the enemy threw in (apparently from a howitzer) five hollow
iron cylinders, filled with a composition (similar to that with which we
are accustomed to fill our carcases) done up in strong canvas. On
reaching the ground, the apparatus burst, and the five cylinders spouted
forth fire without any further explosion: this, perhaps, was the most
curious and complicated projectile that had yet been received by the
garrison. At 7 P.M. very heavy rain, which lasted an hour and a half.


_September 12th._--A tremendous row and noise in the city all night. A
shaft sunk in the centre of the brigade-mess, in view to running a sap
out across the road into the garden, in front of the enemy's battery.
Rather less firing all day than usual. Very large bodies of matchlockmen
were seen moving about, but a smaller proportion of sepoys. A soldier of
the 32nd and an uncovenanted man were wounded; the former in the head,
the latter through the hand. During the past few days no case of cholera
occurred. In the evening after dark, the 71st sepoys were employed under
Lieutenant Langmore in bringing in some tents which were piled up in the
Residency garden; while so employed, one of the enemy came up, evidently
having mistaken our party for one of his own. He was immediately seized
by two sepoys and brought in. An European sentry was killed to-day
through a small loophole in the Redan, out of which he was looking, and
another in the same battery was wounded during the night.


_September 12th._--A smart cannonade at daylight. Considerable progress
was made in our new mines out of the Cawnpore battery and brigade-mess.
Captain Mansfield was seized with cholera early this morning, and died a
few hours after. A great number of matchlockmen seen moving about in the
bazaar. Enormous prices offered in the garrison for all kinds of
supplies. A small fowl was to-day purchased by a gentleman for his sick
wife for 20 rupees (2_l._) A bottle of Curaçoa sold at auction a day or
two ago for 16 rupees, and the same price was freely offered for two
pounds of sugar. Divine service performed at the brigade-mess, and at
Dr. Fayrer's to all who were able to attend. A man came in about 8 P.M.
from the city. He could not or would not give any information, was
looked upon as a spy, ironed and placed in the main-guard. A tolerably
quiet evening.


_September 14th._--A good many matchlockmen were seen coming into the
town during the day, both over the stone bridge and the bridge of boats.
For the last two days, the bugles of the enemy had not been heard, which
led us to conclude that the head-quarters of regiments had probably left
the city. A few doolies were seen passing down the Cawnpore road, and a
man (apparently of some consequence) was observed haranguing a mob in
the city. There was the usual amount of firing and sharp-shooting all
day.

A grievous occurrence took place in the afternoon. Captain Fulton of the
Engineers, while reconnoitring from a battery in Mr. Gubbins's post, was
killed dead by a round shot, which struck him on the head. He had
conducted all the engineering operations of the siege for a considerable
time previous to the death of his chief (Major Anderson). He was a
highly gifted, cool, brave, and chivalrous officer, fertile in
resources, and a favourite with both officers and men. His loss was
acutely felt.


_September 15th._--The 18-pounder battery beyond Innes' house fired
heavily, and reduced Innes' house to almost a heap of ruins; the shot
came right across the entire open space round the Residency, and one
soldier of the 32nd was mortally and another slightly wounded. The
breach in the Seikh square made by the enemy was now tolerably
retrenched. The inner square was well loopholed and barricaded, so that
even if the enemy had made their way in, they would have been unable to
make a lodgment. The vicinity of the houses to our defences in the outer
square rendered mining easy, and we took and blew up three of the
enemy's mines at this point alone. Lieutenant Fullerton of the 16th
Regiment Native Infantry, died in hospital this morning.

To-day the verandah of the Residency fell in with a great crash, from
the effects of the battering it had received from the enemy's 18-pound
shot. This afternoon, a mortar, equipped as a howitzer (on Lieutenant
Bonham's principle), was put in position against the 18-pounder battery
opposite Innes' house, and fired several shots, which kept the enemy's
gun in check; and one shell having blown away most of their parapet,
they did not fire again from it during the evening. Under the direction
of the garrison engineer, a shaft was commenced in the Baillie Guard
gate by the sepoys of 13th Regiment Native Infantry, in order to run a
sap out in the direction of the Lutkun Durwaza; eight feet and a half
were this evening accomplished. It is intended as a safeguard, to cut
off any mine that the enemy may be running towards the gateway.


_September 16th._--A very sharp cannonade from daylight, for three
hours. An 8-inch shell fell in the rear of the 13th battery, (for the
second time since the commencement of hostilities) and mortally wounded
a sepoy, and slightly wounded a subadar. Enemy were very busy erecting
(apparently) a new battery, to the right of our Cawnpore battery; but it
was difficult at the time to say what it was intended for: the people
working at it were greatly annoyed by our shells, and it made but little
progress, except during the night. They were also very hard at work in
front of the Redan battery, where they had made deep trenches in all
directions.

Ungud, pensioner and spy, was sent out at about 10 P.M. with a letter,
done up in a piece of quill, to take to General Havelock at Cawnpore,
and was promised a large reward if he brought a reply. Preparations made
for getting the mortar howitzer into the courtyard in rear of the
brigade-mess, by cutting a road through the intermediate walls. The mine
out of the brigade-mess building, and that out of the Cawnpore battery,
were worked all night, and considerable progress was made in both. The
rains seemed quite over, the sun was very powerful, and much fever
prevailed. Not so much firing as usual in the evening, and only one
shell came in. Much bugling among the enemy during the night.


_September 17th._--All very much as usual, with rather less firing. Many
vague rumours were abroad in the garrison, all without foundation. The
mortar howitzer was got into position behind the brigade mess; the
second shell thrown from it severely wounded two of our servants, in
consequence of the shell having exploded before it cleared our defences.
After the range was, however, once got, the practice was good, and
several shells exploded in the embrasure of the enemy's battery. The
mine out of the brigade-mess and that out of the Cawnpore battery,
damaged during the day by round shot, was also repaired by a working
party of sepoys from the 48th regiment Native Infantry. The sentry of
the 32nd Foot, on duty at the church, had his head carried off by a
round shot. Exactly at midnight the enemy made a demonstration on
Saunders's post, and fired heavy volleys of musketry, but made no
attempt to advance; in about half an hour, after a few shells had been
thrown among them, they retired.

Many cases of fever and dysentery. Two sepoys of the 13th died in
hospital of their wounds. The Seikh cavalry sowars, under Lieutenant
Hardinge, worked at the barricade across the breach in the third Seikh
square, and still further strengthened it.


_September 18th._--Nothing new to record. Each day passed away much like
its predecessor, with the same amount of cannonading and musketry fire.

Throughout the siege, a regular system of look-out was organised from
the top of the tower in the Residency, which commanded a view of the
river, the three bridges, and the open country beyond; and also from the
roof of the Post-office, from which a great part of the city and the
road to Cawnpore could be observed. At the former post the officers were
relieved every two hours, and at the latter hourly. At each post a book
was kept, in which whatever had been observed was noted down, and if
anything unusual, or any new work of the enemy was seen, a report of it
was instantly forwarded for Brigadier Inglis's information. A new truck
was constructed to enable us to fit out another mortar as a howitzer,
for it would be impossible to say how greatly we felt throughout the
siege the want of a couple of 8-inch howitzers. To-day, the enemy threw
in (evidently from a 13-inch mortar) a piece of wood of very great
weight, which measured twelve inches in diameter and eighteen in length!
It made a prodigious noise as it passed through the air.

In consequence of the very small stock of rum left in store, all the
Europeans were reduced to one dram each per day. This was perhaps the
quietest day of the siege up to this date, as we had nothing but a few
stray cannon shots and a slight musketry fire throughout the twenty-four
hours. About 11 P.M. a very considerable noise was heard in the town,
together with much bugling and shouting.


_September 19th._--This morning, almost before daylight, we commenced a
heavy cannonade from the Post-office on the battery in the square house
opposite. During the morning the enemy kept up also a heavy fire all
around; particularly on the Residency, which now wore a most desolate
tumbledown and dilapidated appearance, from the effect of round shot
which had been steadily poured into it daily from the commencement of
the siege. About 10·30 A.M. the enemy's battery in the square house,
opposite the Post-office was set on fire by our shot, and a pretty sharp
fusillade and cannonade was kept up by us to prevent the enemy from
distinguishing it; the fire however soon died out. An auction was held
this day in the Residency of the property (clothes, &c.) of deceased
officers, and the prices that all useful articles fetched was enormous:
for instance, a new flannel shirt was knocked down for forty rupees,
while five old ones were sold for 112 rupees, and a bottle of brandy
brought twenty rupees. A man of the 84th was shot dead at Sago's post
early this morning. During the day the enemy threw into our position,
probably from an enormous mortar, six pieces of wood about the size and
shape of a large oyster barrel; they were thrown up in the air to an
enormous height, and came down with almost incredible force.


_September 20th._--At 1 A.M. a smart musketry fire and cannonade took
place, which lasted for about half an hour. At daylight discovered two
new batteries, which the enemy had very nearly completed, and one of
which contained a 32-pounder. We opened on them with a howitzer and an
18-pounder, but did them little mischief; the batteries having been made
excessively strong, with enormous beams of wood and earth. We however,
entirely prevented them from working at either battery during the
ensuing night. The Cawnpore battery was repaired, and the centre mine
from the brigade mess was connected with the one we had previously run
out from the left. The guard-room at Anderson's house was lowered by
digging out the floor, so as to keep the guard clear of the round shot
which passed through it; the 13th mine was also worked eighteen feet
further. A very considerable noise was heard in the city for some hours
after dark. During the day nearly as many men as usual seen moving
about. A private of Her Majesty's 32nd at Innes' post was killed by a
round shot.


_September 21st._--Between 12 and 1 o'clock A.M. the enemy suddenly
began a very smart musketry fire all along the city side of our
position, and opened from their guns. We threw a few shells amongst
them; and their fire soon subsided into the usual steady fire which had
gone on every night of the siege.

About 4 A.M., we had very heavy rain which lasted till about 11 A.M. The
heavy rain seemed to keep the enemy quiet, and there was little firing
on either side till 1 P.M., when one of our 18-pounders at the
Post-office opened on the enemy's new 32-pounder battery, and knocked
their parapet about, leaving the gun greatly exposed; which enabled
Captain Saunders's garrison to pick off two of the enemy's gunners at
the gun, and keep it silent for the rest of the day. In the afternoon,
the enemy battered down a great portion of the wall enclosing the
building occupied by the Martiniere school-boys, and killed a
water-carrier who was drawing water at the time, and who was knocked
dead into the well; which was a great misfortune, as none of the natives
would again use it. The body was got up soon after. Not many armed men
were seen in the morning beyond the enemy's regular relief of guards and
pickets. At 10 P.M. heavy rain came on. About 11 P.M. the enemy were
reported to be in unusual strength near the Seikh square, on which all
were kept well on the alert. A shell was thrown among them, but nothing
further took place.


_September 22nd._--Continued heavy rain, which fell without cessation
till about 3 P.M. The garrison were in a great state of discomfort, as
little shelter was to be had anywhere; the roofs of all the buildings
were so injured from eighty-four days' constant cannonading that but few
could boast of a waterproof residence. Lieutenant Cunliffe of the
Artillery, died early this morning from fever; he had previously been
wounded. A Seikh sepoy of the 13th, a native artilleryman, two private
servants, and three grass-cutters deserted during the night; and in the
course of the morning four cook boys contrived to desert during the
heavy rain. The rain did considerable damage to various parts of our
defences, washing down many of the fascines in the batteries, and
causing several parts of the defences at Mr. Gubbins's and Innes' post
to fall down. A great part of the outside wall of the brigade mess also
fell from the same cause. Towards evening the enemy opened their guns,
and we dismounted one of their 9-pounders by a shell, which fell on the
top of one of them and killed two gunners. About 11 P.M. Ungud,
pensioner, returned, bringing us a letter containing the glad tidings
that our relieving force, under General Outram, had crossed the Ganges,
and would arrive in a few days. His arrival, and the cheering news he
brought of speedy aid, was well-timed; for neither our fast diminishing
stores, the vague and uncertain rumours of the advent of reinforcements,
nor the daily sights and sounds by which we were surrounded, were
calculated to inspire confidence and check desertion among the servants
and camp followers. All the garrison were greatly elated with the news,
and on many of the sick and wounded, the speedy prospect of a change of
air and security exercised a most beneficial effect. Heavy rain fell
about 11 P.M.


_September 23rd._--About 3 A.M. the rain cleared off, and at 11 A.M. the
sun came out and the clouds dispersed, and gave promise of fair weather.
A smart cannonade was heard in the direction of Cawnpore; several
imagined they also heard musketry, and the sound was listened to with
the most intense and even painful anxiety by the garrison, who felt
assured it must be their friends advancing to their assistance. But it
was hardly expected that our force could have advanced so far, owing to
the heavy rain which had fallen, and the state in consequence that the
roads and country were in; however at 5 P.M. another distant cannonade
was heard which lasted for half an hour, and which appeared much nearer
than before: this elicited many and divers opinions, and created the
greatest possible excitement.

Throughout the day, large bodies of troops with guns and ammunition
waggons were seen moving about in the city, in the early part of the day
to the right, and later, in large bodies to the left. In the afternoon,
the enemy placed a gun in position facing down the Kass bazaar street,
with what object it was impossible to say. We threw many shells into the
city during the day among the parties of the enemy seen moving about. At
9 P.M. heavy rain began and fell for two hours.


_September 24th._--Everything most unusually quiet throughout the night,
and only one or two cannon shot were fired early in the morning. A
considerable body of cavalry were seen moving to the right through the
city, and about 8·30 A.M. a distant cannonade was heard, which continued
nearly all day.

We had no news of any kind, and the anxiety of the garrison was very
great. During the morning, large bodies of the enemy were seen moving
through the city to the right and left. Ensign Hewitt, of the 41st
Regiment Native Infantry, was slightly contused on the head by bricks
struck out of a wall by a round shot. At 8 P.M. the enemy made a false
attack on the Cawnpore battery, keeping up a heavy cannonade and
musketry fire which lasted for about half an hour, after which all
became moderately quiet. During the night guns were heard in the
direction of the Cawnpore road, and the flash of them could be very
distinctly seen; they were supposed to be about seven miles distant.


_September 25th._--A very unquiet night. Two alarms, one at 1·30 A.M.
and another at 4 A.M. The whole garrison were under arms nearly the
whole night. A very great disturbance in the city, in the direction of
Mr. Gubbins's post especially. To the very great regret of the garrison,
Captain Radcliffe of the 7th Light Cavalry was dangerously wounded while
in command of the Cawnpore battery. About 10 A.M. a messenger came in
bringing in a letter of the 16th instant from General Outram, dated
Cawnpore, announcing his being about to cross over to this side of the
Ganges, and march on to Lucknow. The messenger could give no account of
our force, beyond its having reached the outskirts of the city.

About 11 A.M. nearly all sound of firing had ceased, but increased
agitation was visible among the people in the town, in which two large
fires were seen. An hour later, the sound of musketry and the smoke of
guns was distinctly perceived within the limits of the city. All the
garrison was on the alert, and the excitement amongst many of the
officers and soldiers was quite painful to witness. At 1·30 P.M. many of
the people of the city commenced leaving, with bundles of clothes, &c.
on their heads, and took the direction of cantonments across the
different bridges. At 2 P.M. armed men and sepoys commenced to follow
them, accompanied by large bodies of Irregular Cavalry. Every gun and
mortar that could be brought to bear on the evidently retreating enemy,
was fired as fast as possible, for at least an hour and a half. The
enemy's bridge of boats had evidently been destroyed and broken away,
for many were seen swimming across the river, most of them cavalry with
their horses' bridles in their hands. Strange to relate, during all this
apparent panic, the guns of the enemy in position all round us kept up a
heavy cannonade, and the matchlockmen or riflemen never ceased firing
from their respective loopholes.

At 4 P.M. report was made that some officers dressed in shooting coats
and solah caps, a regiment of Europeans in blue pantaloons and shirts,
and a bullock battery were seen near Mr. Martin's house and the Motee
Muhal. At 5 P.M. volleys of musketry, rapidly growing louder, were heard
in the city. But soon the firing of a minié ball over our heads gave
notice of the still nearer approach of our friends; of whom as yet
little or nothing had been seen, though the enemy were to be seen firing
heavily on them from many of the roofs of the houses. Five minutes
later, and our troops were seen fighting their way through one of the
principal streets; and though men fell at almost every step, yet nothing
could withstand the headlong gallantry of our reinforcements. Once
fairly SEEN, all our doubts and fears regarding; them were ended: and
then the garrison's long pent-up feelings of anxiety and suspense burst
forth in a succession of deafening cheers; from every pit, trench and
battery--from behind the sandbags piled on shattered houses--from every
post still held by a few gallant spirits, rose cheer on cheer--even from
the hospital! Many of the wounded crawled forth to join in that glad
shout of welcome to those who had so bravely come to our assistance. It
was a moment never to be forgotten.

Soon all the rear-guard and heavy guns were inside our position; and
then ensued a scene which baffles description. For eighty-seven days the
Lucknow garrison had lived in utter ignorance of all that had taken
place outside. Wives who had long mourned their husbands as dead, were
again restored to them; others, fondly looking forward to glad meetings
with those near and dear to them, now for the first time learnt that
they were alone. On all sides eager inquiries for relations and friends
were made. Alas! in too many instances the answer was a painful one.

The force under the command of General Sir James Outram, G.C.B., came to
our assistance at a heavy sacrifice to themselves. Of 2600 who left
Cawnpore, nearly one-third was either killed or wounded in forcing their
way through the city: indeed, the losses were so heavy that they could
effect nothing towards our relief; as the enemy were in overpowering
force, and the position having been extended, in order to accommodate as
far as possible our great increase in numbers, and the guns that were in
our vicinity having been captured at considerable loss to ourselves, we
remained on three-quarter rations, as closely besieged as before, until
the 22nd November; when the garrison were finally relieved by the army
under the Commander-in-Chief.




APPENDIX.


No. I.

CAPTAIN RADCLIFFE'S (7th Light Cavalry) NARRATIVE.

On the evening of the 30th May, about 9 o'clock, shots were heard at
Moodkeepore (the cavalry station), in the direction of the infantry
lines in Lucknow. The 7th Cavalry, consisting of about 150 sabres,
immediately were turned out by their officers, and placed in three
troops. On wheeling into line, about 30 men rushed out of the ranks, and
rode furiously towards cantonments: they were not seen again. The corps
advanced towards the race-course, towards the Residency, at a canter,
which place they reached about half-past 9 or a quarter to 10. The
regiment received orders to patrol round the Residency, and in the rear
of Colonel Halford's house, which was done accordingly, and they
afterwards formed up in rear of the lines stationed on the city road.

About 11 o'clock the 7th Cavalry marched down to the Baillie Guard,
patrolled towards Muchee Bhawun, and, finding all safe, returned _viâ_
the stone bridge through Mukka Gunge, warned all on duty at the elephant
sheds to be on the alert, and reached the Residency in cantonments about
2 in the morning. At 3 o'clock the 4th troop arrived from Chinahut,
under the command of Captain T. Boileau. At a quarter after gunfire the
cavalry marched off with the two artillery guns from the Residency, and
took up a position on the right of the line on the 32nd parade ground.
The 7th were directed to move towards Moodkeepore, which place was
reported to have fallen into the hands of the mutineers. The corps
advanced at a canter, and on reaching the plain close to the
race-course, a large body of armed infantry, amounting to some 1000 men,
were seen advancing in skirmishing order towards the cavalry. The report
was, as regarded Moodkeepore, too true, for the Standard Guard was
looted, public and private property destroyed, and the 2nd Squadron
standard was actually seized from the hands of the jemadar in charge,
and dashed to pieces.

Lieutenant Raleigh, who had lately joined the corps, was brutally
murdered at 5 A.M. in front of the first troop lines. This officer was
sick, and unable to join the regiment the night before when ordered out.
The officer commanding ordered his men to form line to the front, which
was done rather sullenly; but on his ordering the line to take ground to
the right, a number of men broke out from the ranks, crying out that
they _would_ charge, as their children, etc., were being murdered; they
rode away towards the mutineers, having been beckoned to come over by a
leader riding a horse and bearing a standard. Some thirty-five or forty
men left their officers. At this time an officer was sent back towards
cantonments to request Sir Henry Lawrence to send up some guns, as the
small body of cavalry that were left alone in front of the insurgents
were in danger of being driven back.

The guns soon afterwards came up, and after a few rounds dispersed the
enemy. The 7th Cavalry, in concert with the Irregulars, followed up the
retreating mutineers, killed one or two, and sent in some ten or twelve
prisoners. The corps returned to Moodkeepore about 10 o'clock, and
marched into cantonments in the evening, and took up a position on the
right of the line. Some 105 men remained with their officers up to the
12th June, on which date, by authority, they were given two months' pay,
and allowed a furlough to their homes till the 15th October. The men
remaining after the mutiny behaved admirably in quarters, and when told
they were to go to their homes obeyed the order, quietly lodging their
arms, and moving quietly homewards. The horses of the corps were marched
down to the Residency at noon of the 12th, and in the evening the
European and native officers, with the standards, repaired to the
Baillie Guard, opposite to which the cavalry horses were ordered to be
picketed.


No. II.

ACCOUNT OF THE EXPLOSION AT THE SEIKH SQUARE ON 18TH OF AUGUST.

 (Dated) Lucknow, 19th August, 1857.

Yesterday morning, between the hours of 5 and 6, the enemy sprung a mine
at the Seikh Square, blowing down the corner house, on the top of which
Lieutenant Mecham and Captain Orr, with two sentries, were on the look
out from the loopholes, Lieutenant Soppitt being below at the time.

A few minutes before the explosion not a single individual was to be
seen in the quarter occupied by the enemy. Suddenly, however, one man
was discovered by a sentry, and Lieutenant Mecham fired at him, but
missed; and immediately after the mine exploded, sending four of us,
viz., Lieutenant Mecham, Band-sergeant Curtain, of the 41st Native
Infantry, Drummer Ford, of the 13th Native Infantry, and Captain Orr up
in the air, and burying underneath the ruins of the battery six drummers
and one sepoy, _i. e._, Wiltshire, Williams, 13th Native Infantry, E.
Curtain, A. Nugent, Rowlan, 41st Native Infantry, Fife-major Shipley,
4th Oude Irregular Force, and sepoy Heerah Sing, 48th Regiment Native
Infantry. Of the former, I regret to state that Band-sergeant Curtain
was thrown on the enemy's side and killed; Lieutenant Mecham and Drummer
Ford were almost unhurt, and Captain Orr escaped with a few bruises.

Every precaution had been taken by Lieutenants Mecham, Soppitt, and
Captain Orr to guard against all contingencies, Lieutenant Mecham
remaining at night with the sentries, Lieutenant Soppitt and Captain Orr
being below with the guard, and occasionally visiting the sentries.
Since on duty at the Seikh Battery we had already discovered two mines,
one of which we countermined, and the other we found to be an abortive
attempt at one. The above discoveries had the effect of making us doubly
vigilant on this point.

The new mine, which occasioned the calamity of yesterday, must have been
worked by the enemy with sharp and noiseless tools; as--though a shaft
was already sunk beneath the battery, over which a sentry was posted,
and into which, during our respective tour of duty, we each occasionally
descended for the purpose of listening whether mining was carried on by
the enemy--not the slightest sound which in any way led us to suppose
the same was the case, ever reached us.

There was never perfect silence in the square, owing to the Seikhs'
horses being picketed therein, the tramping of whose feet on the ground
had more than once previously deceived us.

The smoke and dust thrown up enveloping us for some moments in complete
darkness, and the sudden shock of the explosion, prevented my personally
knowing what subsequently happened.


No. III.

DIVISION ORDERS BY MAJOR-GENERAL SIR J. OUTRAM, G.C.B.

 Head Quarters, Lucknow, 5th October, 1857.

The incessant and arduous duties which have devolved on Brigadier Inglis
and his staff, since the arrival of the relieving force, had hitherto
prevented him from furnishing to the Major-General Commanding the usual
official documents relative to the siege of the garrison.

In the absence of these the Major-General could not, with propriety,
have indulged in any public declaration of the admiration with which he
regards the heroism displayed by Brigadier Inglis and the glorious
garrison he has so ably commanded during the last three months, and he
has been reluctantly obliged therefore to defer so long the expression
of the sentiments he was desirous to offer.

But the Major-General having at length received Brigadier Inglis's
reports, is relieved from the necessity of further silence, and he
hastens to tender to the Brigadier, and to every individual member of
the garrison, the assurance of his confidence that their services will
be regarded by the Government under which they are immediately serving,
by the British nation, and by Her Gracious Majesty, with equal
admiration to that with which he is himself impressed.

The Major-General believes that the annals of warfare contain no
brighter page than that which will record the bravery, fortitude,
vigilance, and patient endurance of hardships, privation, and fatigue,
displayed by the garrison of Lucknow; and he is very conscious that his
unskilled pen must needs fail adequately to convey to the Right
Honourable the Governor-General of India, and his Excellency the
Commander-in-Chief, the profound sense of the merits of that garrison
which has been forced on his mind by a careful consideration of the
almost incredible difficulties with which they have had to contend.

The term "illustrious" was well and happily applied by a former
Governor-General of India to the garrison of Jellalabad; but some far
more laudatory epithet--if such the English language contains--is due,
the Major-General considers, to the brave men whom Brigadier Inglis has
commanded with undeviating success and untarnished honour through the
late memorable siege. For while the devoted band of heroes who so nobly
maintained the honour of their country's arms under Sir R. Sale were
seldom exposed to actual attack, the Lucknow garrison, of inferior
strength, have, in addition to a series of fierce assaults, gallantly
and successfully repulsed, been for three months exposed to a nearly
incessant fire from strong and commanding positions, held by an enemy of
overwhelming force, possessing powerful artillery, having at their
command the whole resources of what was but recently a kingdom, and
animated by an insane and bloodthirsty fanaticism.

It is a source of heartfelt satisfaction to the Major-General to be
able, to a certain extent, to confer on the native portion of the
garrison an instalment of those rewards which their gallant and grateful
commander has sought for them, and which he is very certain the
Governor-General will bestow in full; and though the Major-General, as
regards the European portion of the garrison, cannot do more than give
his most earnest and hearty support to the recommendations of the
Brigadier, he feels assured that the Governor-General of India will
fully and publicly manifest his appreciation of their distinguished
services, and that our beloved Sovereign will herself deign to convey to
them some gracious expression of royal approbation of their conduct.

Brigadier Inglis has borne generous testimony to the bravery, vigilance,
devotedness, and good conduct of all ranks; and to all ranks, as the
local representative of the British Indian Government, the Major-General
tenders his warmest acknowledgments,--he would fain offer his special
congratulations and thanks to the European and Eurasian portion of the
garrison whom Brigadier Inglis has particularly noticed, but, by doing
so, he would forestall the Governor-General in the exercise of what, the
Major-General is assured, will be one of the most pleasing acts of his
official life.


No. IV.

FROM BRIGADIER INGLIS, COMMANDING GARRISON OF LUCKNOW, TO THE SECRETARY
TO GOVERNMENT MILITARY DEPARTMENT, CALCUTTA.

 Lucknow, September 26th, 1857.

SIR,

In consequence of the very deeply-to-be-lamented death of
Brigadier-General Sir H. M. Lawrence, K.C.B., late in command of the
Oude Field Force, the duty of narrating the military events which have
occurred at Lucknow since the 29th of June last has devolved upon myself.

On the evening of that day several reports reached Sir Henry Lawrence
that the rebel army, in no very considerable force, would march from
Chinhut (a small village about eight miles distant, on the road to
Fyzabad) on Lucknow on the following morning; and the late
Brigadier-General therefore determined to make a strong reconnaissance
in that direction, with the view, if possible, of meeting the force at a
disadvantage, either at its entrance into the suburbs of the city, or at
the bridge across the Gokral, which is a small stream intersecting
Fyzabad road, midway between Lucknow and Chinhut.

The force destined for this service, and which was composed as follows,
moved out at 6 A.M. on the morning of the 30th of June:--

_Artillery._--Four guns of No. -- Horse Light Field Battery, four guns
of No. 2 Oude Field Battery, two guns of No. 3 Oude Field Battery, and
an 8-inch howitzer.

_Cavalry._--Troop of Volunteer Cavalry, and 120 troopers of detachments
belonging to the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Regiments of Oude Irregular Cavalry.

_Infantry._--Three hundred of Her Majesty's 32nd, 150 of the 13th Native
Infantry, 60 of the 48th Native Infantry, and 20 of the 71st Native
Infantry (Sikhs).

The troops, misled by the reports of wayfarers--who stated that there
were few or no men between Lucknow and Chinhut--proceeded somewhat
farther than had been originally intended, and suddenly fell in with the
enemy, who had up to that time eluded the vigilance of the advanced
guard, by concealing themselves behind a long line of trees in
overwhelming numbers. The European force and the howitzer, with the
native infantry, held the foe in check for some time, and had the six
guns of the Oude Artillery been faithful, and the Sikh cavalry shown a
better front, the day would have been won, in spite of an immense
disparity in numbers. But the Oude artillerymen and drivers were
traitors. They overturned the guns into ditches, cut the traces of their
horses, and abandoned them, regardless of the remonstrances and
exertions of their own officers, and of those of Sir Henry Lawrence's
staff, headed by the Brigadier-General in person, who himself drew his
sword upon these rebels. Every effort to induce them to stand having
proved ineffectual, the force, exposed to a vastly superior fire of
artillery, and completely outflanked on both sides by an overpowering
body of infantry and cavalry, which actually got into our rear, was
compelled to retire with the loss of three pieces of artillery, which
fell into the hands of the enemy, in consequence of the rank treachery
of the Oude gunners, and with a very grievous list of killed and
wounded. The heat was dreadful, the gun ammunition was expended, and the
almost total want of cavalry to protect our rear made our retreat most
disastrous.

All the officers behaved well, and the exertions of the small body of
Volunteer Cavalry--only forty in number--under Captain Radcliffe, 7th
Light Cavalry, were most praiseworthy. Sir Henry Lawrence subsequently
conveyed his thanks to myself, who had, at his request, accompanied him
upon this occasion (Colonel Case being in command of Her Majesty's
32nd). He also expressed his approbation of the way in which his
Staff--Captain Wilson, officiating deputy assistant adjutant-general;
Lieutenant James, sub-assistant commissary-general; Captain Edgel,
officiating military secretary; and Mr. Couper, C.S.--the last of whom
had acted as Sir Henry Lawrence's A.D.C. from the commencement of the
disturbances,--had conducted themselves throughout this arduous day. Sir
Henry further particularly mentioned that he would bring the gallant
conduct of Captain Radcliffe and of Lieutenant Bonham, of the Artillery,
(who worked the howitzer successfully until incapacitated by a wound,)
to the prominent notice of the Government of India. The manner in which
Lieutenant Birch, 71st Native Infantry, cleared a village with a party
of Sikh skirmishes, also elicited the admiration of the
Brigadier-General. The conduct of Lieutenant Hardinge, who, with his
handful of horse, covered the retreat of the rear-guard, was extolled by
Sir Henry, who expressed his intention of mentioning the services of
this gallant officer to his Lordship in Council. Lieutenant-Colonel
Case, who commanded Her Majesty's 32nd Regiment, was mortally wounded
whilst gallantly leading on his men. The service had not a more
deserving officer. The command devolved on Captain Steevens, who also
received a death-wound shortly afterwards. The command then fell to
Captain Mansfield, who has since died of cholera.

It will be in the recollection of his Lordship in Council that it was
the original intention of Sir Henry Lawrence to occupy not only the
Residency, but also the fort called Muchee Bhawun--an old dilapidated
edifice, which had been hastily repaired for the occasion, though the
defences were, even at the last moment, very far from complete, and
were, moreover, commanded by many houses in the city. The situation of
the Muchee Bhawun, with regard to the Residency, has already been
described to the Government of India.

The untoward event of June the 30th so far diminished the whole
available force that we had not a sufficient number of men remaining to
occupy both positions. The Brigadier-General, therefore, on the evening
of July the 1st signalled to the garrison of the Muchee Bhawun to
evacuate and blow up that fortress in the course of the night. The
orders were ably carried out, and at 12 P.M. the force marched into the
Residency, with their guns and treasure, without the loss of a man; and
shortly afterwards the explosion of 240 barrels of gunpowder and
6,000,000 ball cartridges, which were lying in the magazine, announced
to Sir Henry Lawrence and his officers, who were anxiously awaiting the
report, the complete destruction of that post and all that it contained.
If it had not been for this wise and strategic measure, no member of the
Lucknow garrison, in all probability, would have survived to tell the
tale; for, as has already been stated, the Muchee Bhawun was commanded
from other parts of the town, and was, moreover, indifferently provided
with heavy artillery ammunition; while the difficulty, suffering, and
loss which the Residency garrison, even with the reinforcement thus
obtained from the Muchee Bhawun, has undergone in holding the position,
is sufficient to show that if the original intention of holding both
posts had been adhered to, both would have inevitably fallen.

It is now my very painful duty to relate the calamity which befell us at
the commencement of the siege. On the 1st July an 8-inch shell burst in
the room in the Residency in which Sir H. Lawrence was sitting. The
missile burst between him and Mr. Couper, close to both; but without
injury to either. The whole of his staff implored Sir Henry to take up
other quarters, as the Residency had then become the special target for
the round shot and shell of the enemy. This, however, he jestingly
declined to do, observing that another shell would certainly never be
pitched into that small room. But Providence had ordained otherwise, for
on the very next day he was mortally wounded by the fragment of another
shell which burst in the same room exactly at the same spot. Captain
Wilson, deputy assistant adjutant-general, received a contusion at the
same time.

The late lamented Sir H. Lawrence, knowing that his last hour was
rapidly approaching, directed me to assume command of the troops, and
appointed Major Banks to succeed him in the office of Chief
Commissioner. He lingered in great agony till the morning of the 4th
July, when he expired, and the Government was thereby deprived, if I may
venture to say so, of the services of a distinguished statesman and a
most gallant soldier. Few men have ever possessed to the same extent the
power he enjoyed of winning the hearts of all those with whom he came in
contact, and thus ensuring the warmest and most zealous devotion for
himself and for the Government which he served. The successful defence
of the position has been, under Providence, solely attributable to the
foresight which he evinced in the timely commencement of the necessary
operations, and the great skill and untiring personal activity which he
exhibited in carrying them into effect. All ranks possessed such
confidence in his judgment and his fertility of resource, that the news
of his fall was received throughout the garrison with feelings of
consternation only second to the grief which was inspired in the hearts
of all by the loss of a public benefactor and a warm personal friend.
Feeling as keenly and as gratefully as I do the obligations that the
whole of us are under to this great and good man, I trust the Government
of India will pardon me for having attempted, however imperfectly, to
portray them. In him every good and deserving soldier lost a friend and
a chief capable of discriminating, and ever on the alert to reward
merit, no matter how humble the sphere in which it was exhibited.

The garrison had scarcely recovered the shock which it had sustained in
the loss of its revered and beloved General, when it had to mourn the
death of that able and respected officer, Major Banks, the officiating
chief commissioner, who received a bullet through his head while
examining a critical outpost on the 21st July, and died without a groan.
The description of our position, and the state of our defences when the
siege began, are so fully set forth in the memorandum furnished by the
garrison engineer, that I shall content myself with bringing to the
notice of his Lordship in Council the fact that when the blockade was
commenced, only two of our batteries were completed, part of the
defences were yet in an unfinished condition, and the buildings in the
immediate vicinity, which gave cover to the enemy, were only very
partially cleared away. Indeed, our heaviest losses have been caused by
the fire from the enemy's sharp-shooters stationed in the adjoining
mosques and houses of the native nobility, the necessity of destroying
which had been repeatedly drawn to the attention of Sir Henry by the
staff of engineers. But his invariable reply was, "Spare the holy
places, and private property too, as much as possible;" and we have
consequently suffered severely from our very tenderness to the religious
prejudices and respect to the rights of our rebellious citizens and
soldiery. As soon as the enemy had thoroughly completed the investment
of the Residency, they occupied these houses, some of which were within
easy pistol-shot of our barricades, in immense force, and rapidly made
loopholes on those sides which bore on our post, from which they kept up
a terrific and incessant fire day and night, which caused many daily
casualties, as there could not have been less than 8,000 men firing at
one time into our position. Moreover, there was no place in the whole of
our works that could be considered safe, for several of the sick and
wounded who were lying in the banqueting hall, which had been turned
into a hospital, were killed in the very centre of the building, and the
widow of Lieutenant Dorin and other women and children were shot dead in
rooms into which it had not been previously deemed possible that a
bullet could penetrate. Neither were the enemy idle in erecting
batteries. They soon had from twenty to twenty-five guns in position,
some of them of very large calibre. These were planted all round our
post at small distances, some being actually within fifty yards of our
defences, but in places where our own heavy guns could not reply to
them, while the perseverance and ingenuity of the enemy in erecting
barricades in front of, and around, their guns in a very short time,
rendered all attempts to silence them by musketry unavailing. Neither
could they be effectually silenced by shells, by reason of their extreme
proximity to our position, and because, moreover, the enemy had recourse
to digging very narrow trenches about eight feet in depth in rear of
each gun, in which the men lay while our shells were flying, and which
so effectually concealed them, even while working the gun, that our
baffled sharp-shooters could only see their hands while in the act of
loading.

The enemy contented themselves with keeping up this incessant fire of
cannon and musketry until the 20th July, on which day, at 10 A.M., they
assembled in very great force all round our position, and exploded a
heavy mine inside our outer line of defences at the Water Gate. The
mine, however, which was close to the Redan, and apparently sprung with
the intention of destroying that battery, did no harm. But as soon as
the smoke had cleared away, the enemy boldly advanced under cover of a
tremendous fire of cannon and musketry, with the object of storming the
Redan. But they were received with such a heavy fire, that after a short
struggle they fell back with much loss. A strong column advanced at the
same time to attack Innes' post, and came on to within ten yards of the
palisades, affording to Lieutenant Loughnan, 13th Native Infantry, who
commanded the position, and his brave garrison, composed of gentlemen of
the Uncovenanted Service, a few of Her Majesty's 32nd Foot and the 13th
Native Infantry, an opportunity of distinguishing themselves, which they
were not slow to avail themselves of, and the enemy were driven back
with great slaughter. The insurgents made minor attacks at almost every
outpost, but were invariably defeated, and at 2 P.M. they ceased their
attempts to storm the place, although their musketry fire and
cannonading continued to harass us unceasingly as usual. Matters
proceeded in this manner until the 10th August, when the enemy made
another assault, having previously sprung a mine close to the brigade
mess, which entirely destroyed our defences for the space of twenty
feet, and blew in a great portion of the outside wall of the house
occupied by Mr. Shilling's garrison. On the dust clearing away, a breach
appeared, through which a regiment could have advanced in perfect order,
and a few of the enemy came on with the utmost determination, but were
met with such a withering flank fire of musketry from the officers and
men holding the top of the brigade mess, that they beat a speedy
retreat, leaving the more adventurous of their numbers lying on the
crest of the breach. While this operation was going on, another large
body advanced on the Cawnpore battery, and succeeded in locating
themselves for a few minutes in the ditch. They were, however, dislodged
by hand-grenades. At Captain Anderson's post they also came boldly
forward with scaling ladders, which they planted against the wall; but
here, as elsewhere, they were met with the most indomitable resolution,
and the leaders being slain, the rest fled, leaving the ladders, and
retreated to their batteries and loopholed defences, from whence they
kept up, for the rest of the day, an unusually heavy cannonade and
musketry fire. On the 18th August the enemy sprang another mine in front
of the Sikh lines with very fatal effect. Captain Orr (unattached),
Lieutenants Mecham and Soppitt, who commanded the small body of drummers
composing the garrison, were blown into the air; but providentially
returned to earth with no further injury than a severe shaking. The
garrison, however, were not so fortunate. No less than eleven men were
buried alive under the ruins, from whence it was impossible to extricate
them, owing to the tremendous fire kept up by the enemy from houses
situated not ten yards in front of the breach. The explosion was
followed by a general assault of a less determined nature than the two
former efforts, and the enemy were consequently repulsed without much
difficulty. But they succeeded, under cover of the breach, in
establishing themselves in one of the houses in our position, from which
they were driven in the evening by the bayonets of Her Majesty's 32nd
and 84th Foot. On the 5th of September the enemy made their last serious
assault. Having exploded a large mine, a few feet short of the bastion
of the 18-pounder gun, in Major Apthorp's post, they advanced with large
heavy scaling ladders, which they planted against the wall, and mounted,
thereby gaining for an instant the embrasure of a gun. They were,
however, speedily driven back with loss by hand-grenades and musketry. A
few minutes subsequently they sprung another mine close to the brigade
mess, and advanced boldly; but soon the corpses strewed in the garden in
front of the post bore testimony to the fatal accuracy of the rifle and
musketry fire of the gallant members of that garrison, and the enemy fed
ignominiously, leaving their leader--a fine-looking old native
officer--among the slain. At other posts they made similar attacks, but
with less resolution, and everywhere with the same want of success.
Their loss upon this day must have been very heavy, as they came on with
much determination, and at night they were seen bearing large numbers of
their killed and wounded over the bridges in the direction of
cantonments.

The above is a faint attempt at a description of the four great
struggles which have occurred during this protracted season of exertion,
exposure, and suffering. His Lordship in Council will perceive that the
enemy invariably commenced his attacks by the explosion of a mine,--a
species of offensive warfare, for the exercise of which our position was
unfortunately peculiarly situated; and had it not been for the most
untiring vigilance on our part, in watching and blowing up their mines
before they were completed, the assaults would probably have been much
more numerous, and might, perhaps, have ended in the capture of the
place. But by countermining in all directions, we succeeded in detecting
and destroying no less than four of the enemy's subterraneous advances
towards important positions, two of which operations were eminently
successful, as on one occasion not less than eighty of them were blown
into the air, and twenty suffered a similar fate on the second
explosion. The labour, however, which devolved upon us in making these
counter-mines, in the absence of a body of skilled miners, was very
heavy. The Right Honourable the Governor-General in Council will feel
that it would be impossible to crowd, within the limits of a despatch,
even the principal events, much more the individual acts of gallantry,
which have marked this protracted struggle. But I can conscientiously
declare my conviction, that few troops have ever undergone greater
hardships, exposed as they have been to a never-ceasing musketry fire
and cannonade. They have also experienced the alternate vicissitudes of
extreme wet and intense heat, and that too with very insufficient
shelter from either, and in many places without any shelter at all. In
addition to having to repel real attacks, they have been exposed night
and day to the hardly less harassing false alarms which the enemy have
been constantly raising. The insurgents have frequently fired very
heavily, sounded the advance, and shouted for several hours together,
though not a man could be seen, with the view, of course, of harassing
our small and exhausted force; in which object they succeeded, for no
part has been strong enough to allow of a portion only of the garrison
being prepared in the event of a false attack being turned into a real
one. All, therefore, had to stand to their arms, and to remain at their
posts until the demonstration had ceased; and such attacks were of
almost nightly occurrence. The whole of the officers and men have been
on duty night and day during the eighty-seven days which the siege had
lasted, up to the arrival of Sir J. Outram, G.C.B.

In addition to this incessant military duty, the force has been nightly
employed in repairing defences, in moving guns, in burying dead animals,
in conveying ammunition and commissariat stores from one place to
another, and in other fatigue duties too numerous and too trivial to
enumerate here. I feel, however, that any words of mine will fail to
convey any adequate idea of what our fatigue and labours have
been--labours in which all ranks and all classes, civilians, officers,
and soldiers, have all borne an equally noble part. All have together
descended into the mine; all have together handled the shovel for the
interment of the putrid bullock; and all, accoutred with musket and
bayonet, have relieved each other on sentry, without regard to the
distinctions of rank, civil or military. Notwithstanding all these
hardships, the garrison has made no less than five sorties, in which
they spiked two of the enemy's heaviest guns, and blew up several of the
houses from which they had kept up the most harassing fire. Owing to the
extreme paucity of our numbers, each man was taught to feel that on his
own individual efforts alone depended in no small measure the safety of
the entire position. This consciousness incited every officer, soldier,
and man to defend the post assigned to him with such desperate tenacity,
and fight for the lives which Providence had intrusted to his care with
such dauntless determination, that the enemy, despite their constant
attacks, their heavy mines, their overwhelming numbers, and their
incessant fire, could never succeed in gaining one inch of ground within
the bounds of this straggling position, which was so feebly fortified,
that had they once obtained a footing in any of the outposts, the whole
place must inevitably have fallen.

If further proof be wanting of the desperate nature of the struggle
which we have, under God's blessing, so long and so successfully waged,
I would point to the roofless and ruined houses, to the crumpled walls,
to the exploded mines, to the open breaches, to the shattered and
disabled guns and defences, and lastly to the long and melancholy list
of the brave and devoted officers and men who have fallen. These silent
witnesses bear sad and solemn testimony to the way in which this feeble
position has been defended. During the early part of these vicissitudes,
we were left without any information whatever regarding the posture of
affairs outside. An occasional spy did indeed come in with the object of
inducing our sepoys and servants to desert; but the intelligence derived
from such sources was, of course, entirely untrustworthy. We sent our
messengers, daily calling for aid and asking for information, none of
whom ever returned until the 26th day of the siege, when a pensioner
named Ungud came back with a letter from General Havelock's camp,
informing us that they were advancing with a force sufficient to bear
down all opposition, and would be with us in five or six days. A
messenger was immediately despatched, requesting that on the evening of
their arrival on the outskirts of the city, two rockets might be sent
up, in order that we might take the necessary measures for assisting
them in forcing their way in. The sixth day, however, expired, and they
came not; but for many evenings after officers and men watched for the
ascension of the expected rockets, with hopes such as make the heart
sick. We knew not then, nor did we learn until the 29th of August--or
thirty-five days later--that the relieving force, after having fought
most nobly to effect our deliverance, had been obliged to fall back for
reinforcements, and this was the last communication we received until
two days before the arrival of Sir James Outram on Sept. 25th.

Besides heavy visitations of cholera and smallpox, we have also had to
contend against a sickness which has almost universally pervaded the
garrison. Commencing with a very painful eruption it has merged into a
low fever, combined with diarrhoea; and although few or no men have
actually died from its effects, it leaves behind a weakness and
lassitude which, in the absence of all material sustenance, save coarse
beef and still coarser flour, none have been able entirely to get over.
The mortality among the women and children, and especially among the
latter, from these diseases and from other causes, has been perhaps the
most characteristic of the siege. The want of native servants has also
been a source of much privation. Owing to the suddenness with which we
were besieged, many of these people who might perhaps have otherwise
proved faithful to their employers, but who were outside of the defences
at the time, were altogether excluded. Very many more deserted, and
several families were consequently left without the services of a single
domestic. Several ladies have had to tend their children, and even to
wash their own clothes, as well as to cook their scanty meals entirely
unaided. Combined with the absence of servants, the want of proper
accommodation has probably been the cause of much of the disease with
which we have been afflicted. I cannot refrain from bringing to the
prominent notice of his Lordship in Council the patient endurance and
the Christian resignation which have been evinced by the women of this
garrison. They have animated us by their example. Many, alas! have been
made widows and their children fatherless in this cruel struggle. But
all such seem resigned to the will of Providence, and many, among whom
may be mentioned the honoured names of Birch, of Polehampton, of Barbor,
and of Gall, have, after the example of Miss Nightingale, constituted
themselves the tender and solicitous nurses of the wounded and dying
soldiers in the hospital.

It only remains for me to bring to the favourable notice of his Lordship
in Council the names of those officers who have most distinguished
themselves, and afforded me the most valuable assistance in these
operations. Many of the best and bravest of these now rest from their
labours. Among them are Lieutenant-Colonel Case and Captain Radcliffe,
whose services have already been narrated. Captain Francis, 13th Native
Infantry--who was killed by a round shot--had particularly attracted the
attention of Sir H. Lawrence for his conduct while in command of the
Muchee Bhawun; Captain Fulton, of the Engineers, who also was struck by
a round shot, had, up to the time of his early and lamented death,
afforded me the most invaluable aid; he was indeed indefatigable; Major
Anderson, the chief Engineer, though, from the commencement of the
siege, incapable of physical exertion from the effects of the disease
under which he eventually sank, merited my warm acknowledgments for his
able counsel. Captain Simons, commandant of artillery, distinguished
himself at Chinhut, where he received the two wounds which ended in his
death; Lieutenants Shepherd and Arthur, 7th Light Cavalry, who were
killed at their posts; Captain Hughes, 57th Native Infantry, who was
mortally wounded at the capture of a house which formed one of the
enemy's outposts; Captain M'Cabe, of the 32nd Foot, who was killed at
the head of his men while leading his fourth sortie, as well as Captain
Mansfield, of the same corps, who died of cholera--were all officers who
had distinguished themselves highly. Mr. Lucas too, a gentleman
volunteer, and Mr. Boyson, of the Uncovenanted Service--who fell when on
the look-out at one of the most perilous outposts--had earned themselves
reputations for coolness and gallantry.

The officers who commanded outposts--Lieutenant-Colonel Master, 7th
Light Cavalry; Major Apthorp, and Captain Sanders, 41st Native Infantry;
Captain Boileau, 7th Light Cavalry; Captain Germon, 13th Native
Infantry; Lieutenant Aitkin, and Lieutenant Loughnan, of the same corps;
Captain Anderson, 25th Native Infantry; Lieutenant Graydon, 44th Native
Infantry; Lieutenant Langmore, 71st Native Infantry; and Mr. Schilling,
principal of the Martiniere College--have all conducted ably the duties
of their onerous position. No further proof of this is necessary than
the fact which I have before mentioned, that throughout the whole
duration of the siege, the enemy were not only unable to take, but they
could not even succeed in gaining, one inch of the posts commanded by
these gallant gentlemen. Colonel Master commanded the critical and
important post of the brigade mess, on either side of which was an open
breach, only flanked by his handful of riflemen and musketeers.
Lieutenant Aitkin, with the whole of the 13th Native Infantry, which
remained to us with the exception of their Sikhs, commanded the Baillie
Guard--perhaps the most important position in the whole of the defences;
and Lieutenant Langmore, with the remnant of his regiment (the 71st),
held a very exposed position between the Hospital and the Water Gate.
This gallant and deserving young soldier and his men were entirely
without shelter from the weather, both by night and by day.

My thanks are also due to Lieutenants Anderson, Hutchinson, and Innes,
of the Engineers, as well as Lieutenant Tulloch, 58th Native Infantry,
and Lieutenant Hay, 48th Native Infantry, who were placed under them to
aid in the arduous duties devolving upon that department. Lieutenant
Thomas, Madras Artillery, who commanded that arm of the service for some
weeks, and Lieutenants Macfarlane and Bonham, rendered me the most
effectual assistance. I was, however, deprived of the services of the
two latter, who were wounded, Lieutenant Bonham no less than three
times, early in the siege. Captain Evans, 17th Bombay Native Infantry,
who, owing to the scarcity of artillery officers, was put in charge of
some guns, was ever to be found at his post.

Major Lowe, commanding Her Majesty's 32nd Regiment; Captain Bassano,
Lieutenants Lawrence, Edmonstoune, Foster, Harmar, Cooke, Clery, Browne,
and Charlton, of that corps, have all nobly performed their duty. Every
one of these officers, with the exception of Lieutenants Lawrence and
Clery, have received one or more wounds of more or less severity.
Quartermaster Stribbling, of the same corps, also conducted himself to
my satisfaction.

Captain O'Brien, Her Majesty's 84th Foot; Captain Kemble, 41st Native
Infantry; Captain Edgell, 53rd Native Infantry; Captain Dinning,
Lieutenant Sewell, and Lieutenant Worsley, of the 71st Native Infantry;
Lieutenant Warner, 7th Local Corps; Ensign Ward, 48th Native Infantry
(who, when most of our artillery officers were killed or disabled,
worked the mortars with excellent effect); Lieutenant Graham, 11th
Native Infantry; Lieutenant Mecham, 4th Oude Locals; and Lieutenant
Keir, 41st Native Infantry, have all done good and willing service
throughout the siege, and I trust that they will receive the favourable
notice of his Lordship in Council.

I beg particularly to call the attention of the Government of India to
the untiring industry, the extreme devotion, and the great skill which
have been evinced by Surgeon Scott (superintending surgeon), and
Assistant-surgeon Boyd, of Her Majesty's 32nd Foot; Assistant-surgeon
Bird, of the Artillery; Surgeon Campbell, 7th Light Cavalry; Surgeon
Brydon, 7th Native Infantry; Surgeon Ogilvie, sanitary commissioner;
Assistant-surgeon Fayrer, civil surgeon; Assistant-surgeon Partridge,
2nd Oude Irregular Cavalry; Assistant-surgeon Greenhow;
Assistant-surgeon Darby, and by Mr. Apothecary Thompson, in the
discharge of their onerous and most important duties.

Messrs. Thornhill and Capper, of the Civil Service, have been both
wounded, and the way in which they, as well as Mr. Martin, the deputy
commissioner of Lucknow, conducted themselves, entitles them to a place
in this despatch. Captain Carnegie, the special assistant commissioner,
whose invaluable service previous to the commencement of the siege I
have frequently heard warmly dilated upon, both by Sir H. Lawrence and
by Major Banks, and whose exertions will probably be more amply brought
to notice by the civil authorities on some future occasion, has
conducted the office of provost marshal to my satisfaction. The Reverend
Mr. Harris and the Reverend Mr. Polehampton, assistant chaplains, vied
with each other in their untiring care and attention to the suffering
men. The latter gentleman was wounded in the hospital, and subsequently
unhappily died of cholera. Mr. M'Crae, of the Civil Engineers, did
excellent service, at the guns, until he was severely wounded. Mr.
Cameron, also, a gentleman who had come to Oude to inquire into the
resources of the country, acquired the whole mystery of mortar practice,
and was of the most signal service until incapacitated by sickness. Mr.
Marshall, of the road department, and other members of the Uncovenanted
Service, whose names will, on a subsequent occasion, be laid before the
Government of India, conducted themselves bravely and steadily. Indeed,
the entire body of these gentlemen have borne themselves well, and have
evinced great coolness under fire.

I have now only to bring to the notice of the Right Honourable the
Governor-General in Council the conduct of the several officers who
composed my staff:--Lieutenant James, sub-assistant commissary-general,
was severely wounded by a shot through the knee at Chinhut,
notwithstanding which he refused to go upon the sick list, and carried
on his most trying duties throughout the entire siege. It is not too
much to say that the garrison owe their lives to the exertions and
firmness of this officer. Before the struggle commenced, he was ever in
the saddle, getting in supplies, and his untiring vigilance in their
distribution after our difficulties had begun, prevented a waste which
otherwise, long before the expiration of the eighty-seven days, might
have annihilated the force by the slow process of starvation.

Captain Wilson, 13th Native Infantry, officiating deputy-assistant
adjutant-general, was ever to be found where shot was flying thickest;
and I am at a loss to decide whether his services were more invaluable
owing to the untiring physical endurance and bravery which he displayed,
or to his ever-ready and pertinent counsel and advice in moments of
difficulty and danger.

Lieutenant Hardinge, an officer whose achievements and antecedents are
well known to the Government of India, has earned fresh laurels by his
conduct throughout the siege. He was officiating as deputy-assistant
quartermaster-general, and also commanded the Sikh portion of the
cavalry of the garrison. In both capacities his services have been
invaluable, especially in the latter, for it was owing alone to his
tact, vigilance, and bravery, that the Sikh horsemen were induced to
persevere in holding a very unprotected post under a heavy fire.

Lieutenant Barwell, 71st Native Infantry, the fort adjutant and
officiating major of brigade, has proved himself to be an efficient
officer.

Lieutenant Birch, of the 71st Native Infantry, has been my aide-de-camp
throughout the siege. I firmly believe there never was a better
aide-de-camp. He has been indefatigable, and ever ready to lead a
sortie, or to convey an order to a threatened outpost under the heaviest
fire. On one of these occasions he received a slight wound on the head.
I beg to bring the services of this most promising and intelligent young
officer to the favourable consideration of his Lordship in Council.

I am also much indebted to Mr. Cooper, Civil Service, for the assistance
he has on many occasions afforded me by his judicious advice. I have,
moreover, ever found him most ready and willing in the performance of
the military duties assigned to him, however exposed the post or arduous
the undertaking. He commenced his career in Her Majesty's service, and
consequently had had some previous experience of military matters. If
the road to Cawnpore had been made clear by the advent of our troops, it
was my intention to have deputed this officer to Calcutta, to detail in
person the occurrences which have taken place, for the information of
the Government of India. I still hope that when our communications shall
be once more unopposed he may be summoned to Calcutta for this purpose.

Lastly, I have the pleasure of bringing the splendid behaviour of the
soldiers, viz., the men of Her Majesty's 32nd Foot, the small detachment
of Her Majesty's 84th Foot, the European and Native Artillery, the 13th,
48th, and 71st Regiments of Native Infantry, and the Sikhs of the
respective corps, to the notice of the Government of India. The losses
sustained by Her Majesty's 32nd, which is now barely 300 strong; by Her
Majesty's 84th, and by the European Artillery, show at least that they
knew how to die in the cause of their countrymen. Their conduct under
the fire, the exposure, and the privations which they had to undergo,
has been throughout most admirable and praiseworthy.

As another instance of the desperate character of our defence, and the
difficulties we have had to contend with, I may mention that the number
of our artillerymen was so reduced that on the occasion of an attack,
the gunners, aided as they were by men of Her Majesty's 32nd Foot, and
by volunteers of all classes, had to run from one battery to another,
wherever the fire of the enemy was hottest, there not being nearly
enough men to serve half the number of guns at the same time. In short,
at last, the number of European gunners was only twenty-four, while we
had, including mortars, no less than thirty guns in position.

With respect to the native troops, I am of opinion that their loyalty
has never been surpassed. They were indifferently fed and worse housed.
They were exposed--especially the 13th Regiment--under the gallant
Lieutenant Aitken, to a most galling fire of round shot and musketry,
which materially decreased their numbers. They were so near the enemy
that conversation could be carried on between them; and every effort,
persuasion, promise, and threat was alternately resorted to, in vain, to
seduce them from their allegiance to the handful of Europeans, who, in
all probability, would have been sacrificed by their desertion. All the
troops behaved nobly, and the names of those men of the native force who
have particularly distinguished themselves, have been laid before
Major-General Sir James Outram, G.C.B., who has promised to promote
them. Those of the European force will be transmitted in due course for
the orders of His Royal Highness the General Commanding-in-Chief.

In conclusion, I beg leave to express, on the part of myself and the
members of this garrison, our deep and grateful sense of the conduct of
Major-General Sir J. Outram, G.C.B.; of Brigadier-General Havelock,
C.B., and of the troops under those officers who so devotedly came to
our relief at so heavy a sacrifice of life. We are also repaid for much
suffering and privation by the sympathy which our brave deliverers say
our perilous and unfortunate position has excited for us in the hearts
of our countrymen throughout the length and breadth of Her Majesty's
dominions.--I have, &c.,

 (Signed)      T. Inglis,
 Colonel, Her Majesty's 32nd, Brigadier.


No. V.

_From the Homeward Mail._

 A COMPLETE NOMINAL LIST OF THE OFFICERS, MEMBERS OF THE UNCOVENANTED
 SERVICE, AND WOMEN AND CHILDREN OF THE LUCKNOW GARRISON; AND AS THE
 RETURN PROCEEDED FROM AN OFFICIAL SOURCE THE AUTHENTICITY MAY BE FULLY
 RELIED ON.

_General Staff._

Brigadier-General Sir H. M. Lawrence, chief commissioner, killed;
Lieutenant Hutchinson, aide-de-camp; Captain Hayes, military secretary,
killed; Captain Edgell, officiating; Captain Wilson, deputy
assistant-adjutant-general, contused, recovered; Lieutenant Hardinge,
deputy assistant quartermaster-general, twice wounded, recovered;
Lieutenant James, sub-assistant commissary general, wounded, doing well;
Major Anderson, chief engineer, dead; Major Marriott, pension-paymaster.


_Brigade Staff._

Brigadier Handscomb, commanding Oude brigade, killed; Brigadier Inglis,
commanding the garrison; Lieutenant Birch, aide-de-camp, slightly
wounded, recovered; Lieutenant Barwell, town and fort adjutant,
officiating major of brigade; Captain Carnegie, provost marshal.


_Artillery._

Captain Simons, wounded, since dead; First Lieutenant Alexander,
wounded, recovered, since killed; First Lieutenant Thomas (Madras);
Second Lieutenant Lewin, killed; Lieutenant Brice, wounded, since dead;
Second Lieutenant Bonham, wounded three times, doing well; Second
Lieutenant J. Alexander, slightly wounded, recovered; Second Lieutenant
MacFarlan, wounded, doing well; Second Lieutenant Cunliffe, wounded,
since dead.


_Engineers._

Captain Fulton, garrison engineer, killed; Lieutenant Anderson (Madras)
officiating; Lieutenant Innes.


_7th Regiment Light Cavalry._

Lieutenant-Colonel Master; Captain Staples, killed; Captain Radcliffe,
wounded, since dead; Captain Boileau, slightly wounded, recovered;
Lieutenant Arthur, killed; Lieutenant Boulton, killed; Lieutenant
Warner, adjutant; Lieutenant Martin, killed; Lieutenant Farquhar,
wounded, convalescent; Lieutenant Raleigh, killed; Surgeon Campbell;
veterinary surgeon Hely, killed; riding master Eldridge, killed.


_Her Majesty's 32nd Foot._

Lieutenant-Colonel Case, killed; Major Lowe, commanding, twice wounded,
doing well; Captain Stevens, killed; Captain Mansfield, dead; Captain
Power, wounded, since dead; Captain Bassano, wounded, recovered; Captain
M'Cabe, mortally wounded, since dead; Lieutenant Lawrence; Lieutenant
Edmonstoune, twice wounded, doing well; Lieutenant Webb, killed;
Lieutenant Foster, wounded, recovered; Lieutenant Clery; Lieutenant
Brown; Lieutenant Brackenbury, killed; Lieutenant Harmer, wounded, doing
well; Lieutenant Cook, slightly wounded, recovered; Ensign Charlton,
wounded, doing well; Ensign Studdy, killed; Paymaster Giddings;
Quartermaster Stribbling; Surgeon Scott, M.D.; Assistant-Surgeon Boyd.


_Detachment of Her Majesty's 84th Foot._

Lieutenant O'Brien, wounded, recovered; Ensign McGrath.


_13th Regiment Native Infantry._

Major Bruère, killed; Captain Waterman, wounded, recovered; Captain
Germon; Captain Francis, killed; Lieutenant Aitken, Quartermaster;
Lieutenant Chambers, adjutant, wounded, doing well; Lieutenant Thain;
Lieutenant Loughnan; Ensign Green, dead; Surgeon Pitt.


_41st Regiment Native Infantry._

Major Apthorp; Captain Kemble, wounded, recovered; Captain Sanders;
Lieutenant Ruggles; Lieutenant Graves, dead; Lieutenant Darrah;
Lieutenant Inglis, wounded, recovered; Lieutenant Keir; Ensign McGregor,
dead; Ensign Hewitt, slightly wounded, recovered; Surgeon Macdonald,
dead.


_48th Regiment Native Infantry._

Lieutenant-Colonel Palmer; Major Bird; Captain Burmester, killed;
Captain Green; Lieutenant Huxham, twice wounded, doing well; Lieutenant
Smith, Adjutant, wounded (accidentally), doing well; Lieutenant Ouseley,
Quartermaster; Lieutenant Fletcher, wounded, doing well; Lieutenant
Dashwood, wounded, since dead; Lieutenant Hay, wounded slightly,
recovered; Ensign Farquharson, killed; Ensign O'Dowda, slightly wounded,
recovered; Ensign Ward; Surgeon Wells, wounded slightly, recovered.


_71st Regiment Native Infantry._

Colonel Halford, dead; Captain Strangways, slightly wounded, recovered;
Captain Dinning; Captain Maclean, killed; Lieutenant Langmore, Adjutant;
Lieutenant Sewell; Lieutenant Grant, killed; Ensign Worsley; Ensign C.
W. Campbell, wounded, doing well; Ensign W. Campbell; Surgeon Brydon,
wounded, recovered.


_Officers not belonging to the Oude Brigade._

Major Banks, Provisional Chief Commissioner, killed; Captain Stuart, 3rd
Native Infantry; Captain H. Lloyd Evans, 17th Bombay Native Infantry;
Lieutenant Fullerton, 44th Native Infantry, dead; Lieutenant Lester,
32nd Native Infantry, killed; Lieutenant Tullock, 58th Native Infantry;
Lieutenant Birch, 59th Native Infantry, killed; Ensign Inglis, 63rd
Native Infantry, doing duty 13th Native Infantry; Captain Weston, 65th
Native Infantry, Oude Frontier Police; Ensign Dashwood, 18th Native
Infantry, mortally wounded, since dead.


_Oude Irregular Force._

Brigadier Gray, Commanding; Captain Barlow, Major of Brigade, wounded,
since dead; Captain Forbes, 1st Oude Cavalry, slightly wounded,
recovered; Lieutenant Bax, Second in Command, killed; Lieutenant Graham,
Officiating Adjutant, dead; Assistant-Surgeon Greenhow; Major Gall, 2nd
Oude Cavalry, killed; Lieutenant Shepherd, Second in Command, killed;
Lieutenant Barbor, Adjutant, killed; Gentleman Volunteer Fayrer, killed;
Assistant-Surgeon Partridge; Lieutenant Graham, Adjutant, 3rd Oude
Cavalry, slightly wounded twice, recovered; Lieutenant Clarke, 1st Oude
Infantry; Captain Hughes, 4th Oude Infantry, wounded, since dead;
Lieutenant Soppitt, 4th Oude Infantry; Assistant-Surgeon Hadow; Captain
Hawes, 6th Oude Infantry, wounded, recovered; Lieutenant Grant, Second
in Command, wounded, since dead; Apothecary Thompson; Lieutenant
Graydon, 7th Oude Infantry, very dangerously wounded, since dead;
Lieutenant Watson, Second in Command; Lieutenant Mechamns, Adjutant;
Lieutenant Vanrenen, 9th Oude Infantry; Assistant-Surgeon Darby, M.D.,
10th Oude Infantry; Captain Hearsey, unattached; Captain Orr, unattached.


_Assistant Chaplains of Lucknow._

The Reverend H. P. Harris; the Reverend H. S. Polehampton, wounded,
since dead.


_Civil Surgeons._

Surgeon Ogilvie, Superintendent of Jails; Assistant-Surgeon Fayrer,
Residency Surgeon.


_Gentlemen of the Civil Service._

Mr. Gubbins, Financial Commissioner; Mr. Ommanney, Judicial
Commissioner, killed; Mr. Cooper, Secretary, Chief Commissioner; Mr.
Martin, Deputy-Commissioner, Lucknow; Mr. Benson, Deputy-Commissioner,
Durriabad; Mr. Capper, Deputy-Commissioner, Mullaon; Mr. Lawrence,
Officiating Deputy-Commissioner, Gondah, wounded, recovered; Mr.
Thornhill, Assistant-Commissioner, Lucknow, slightly wounded,
recovered--dangerously wounded, since dead; Mr. Boulderson,
Assistant-Commissioner, Lucknow, slightly wounded, recovered.


_Ladies and Children in Garrison._

Mrs. Hayes and child, Mrs. Edgell and child, Mrs. Marriot, Mrs. Inglis
and three children, Mrs. Barwell and child, Mrs. Thomas and child (Mrs.
Thomas, dead), Mrs. Lewin and two children, Mrs. Staples, Mrs. Radcliffe
and three children (one child dead), Mrs. Boileau and three children,
Mrs. Case and sister, Mrs. Steeven, Mrs. Giddings, Mrs. Bruère and four
children, Mrs. Germon, Mrs. Aitken, Mrs. Pitt and child, Mrs. Apthorp
and child (child dead), Mrs. Darrah and two children, Miss Palmer
killed, Mrs. Bird and two children (one child dead), Mrs. Green (dead),
Mrs. Huxham and two children (one child dead), Mrs. Ouseley and three
children (two children dead), Mrs. Dashwood and three children (one
child dead), Mrs. Wells and child, Mrs. Halford, Miss Halford, Mrs.
Strangways and four children (one child dead), Mrs. Brydon and two
children, Mrs. Stuart and child, Mrs. Banks and child, Mrs. Birch, Mrs.
Orr and child, Mrs. Hearsey, Mrs. Barlow, Mrs. Forbes and three children
(two children dead), Mrs. Graham and two children (one child dead), Mrs.
Gall, Mrs. Barbor, Mrs. Clarke, Mrs. Soppitt, Mrs. Grant and child (both
dead), Mrs. Watson and child, Mrs. Harris, Mrs. Polehampton, Mrs.
Ogilvie, Mrs. Fayrer and child, Mrs. Gubbins, Miss Nepean, Mrs. Ommaney,
two Misses Ommaney, Mrs. Couper and three children, Mrs. Martin and two
children (two children dead), Mrs. Benson and child (child dead), Mrs.
Thornhill and child (child dead), Mrs. Schilling, Mrs. Hale and child,
(both dead), Mrs. Fullerton and child (child dead), Mrs. Dorin, killed;
Mrs Kendall and child (child dead), Mrs. Bartrum and child (child dead),
Mrs. Clarke and child (both dead), Mrs. Anderson and child (both dead),
Mrs. Anderson, Dr. Mrs. Boileau and four children (one child dead), Miss
E. E. Birch.


_European Women and Children in Garrison._

Mrs. Evans, dead; Mrs. Brett and child (child dead), Mrs. Ball and
child; Mrs. Cane and three children; Mrs. Court and two children; Mrs.
Connell and child; Mrs. Grant; Mrs. Abbott and child (child dead); Mrs.
Hembro and three children; Mrs. Purcell and child; Mrs. Longton and
child; Mrs. Morgan; Mrs. Sexton; Mrs. Ramsay; Mrs. Watson and child;
Mrs. Ryder; Mrs. Wells and child; Mrs. Woods and three children (one
child dead); Mrs. Morton and child (child dead); Mrs. Baxter and three
children; Mrs. Fitzgerald and child; Mrs. Fitzgerald and three children
(one child dead); Mrs. Martin; Mrs. Kinsley and four children; Mrs. Rae;
Mrs. Gabriell and three children; Mrs. Pew, senior; Mrs. Pew, junior,
and four children (two children dead); Mrs. Ireland and child; Mrs.
Swarris and three children; Mrs. Gambooa; Mrs. Blyth and child (child
dead); Mrs. Jones; Mrs. Luxted; Miss Luxted; Mrs. Catania; Mrs. Forbes;
Mrs. Blaney; Mrs. Hyde and two children; Mrs. Sequera, senior; Mrs.
Sequera, junior, killed; Mrs. Chrestien; Miss Sequera, Mrs. Vaughan and
two children; Mrs. Beale; Mrs. Hardingham; Mrs. Sinclair; Miss Hampton;
Mrs. Elliott; Mrs. Sangster and two children; Mrs. Barnett and child;
Miss Sangster; Mrs. Browne; Mrs. Hamilton and three children (two
children dead); Mrs. Velozo; Miss Velozo; Mrs. Horn and three children;
Mrs. Parry and four children; Mrs. Ereth; Mrs. Bates; Mrs. Scott and
child (child dead); Mrs. Need and three children; Mrs. Higgins, dead;
Mrs. Williams and child (child dead); Mrs. Wilkinson, dead; Mrs. Allnutt
and child (child dead); Mrs. Reilly and child (child dead); Mrs. Collins
and child (both dead); Mrs. Macgrenan; Mrs. Garland and child; Miss
Clarke; Mrs. J. J. Phillips; Mrs. W. Phillips and child; Mrs. Leslie;
Mrs. Lincoln and child; Mrs. Chick and two children (one child dead);
Mrs. Clancey and two children; Mrs. Joyce and child; Mrs. Best and child
(child dead); Mrs. Pidgeon; Mrs. Todd and child; Mrs. Blunt; Mrs.
Garrett and two children; Mrs. Pedron; Miss Marshall; Miss Savaille;
Miss Campagnac; Mrs. Dudman and three children (two children dead); Mrs.
Ward and child; Mrs. Dudman 2nd, Mrs. Rennick; Mrs. Derozario; Mrs.
Dacosta; Mrs. Archer and two children; Mrs. Hilton and two children;
Mrs. Dera Vara and two children; Mrs. Pender and four children; Mrs.
McDonnough and two children; Mrs. Oliver and two children; Mrs. Brown;
Mrs. Rontleff and child; Mrs. Curwan and child; Mrs. Lynch and child;
Mrs. Moreton and two children (both children dead); Mrs. Smith and three
children; Mrs. Brandoff; Mrs. Curtain and three children; Mrs. Kennedy;
Mrs. Bally and two children; Mrs. Peter; Miss Kennedy; Mrs. Burnet and
child; Mrs. Cook and four children (one child dead); Mrs. Bryson and
four children (one child dead); Mrs. Marshall; Mrs. Rutledge and two
children; Mrs. Lawrence and two children (one child dead); Mrs. Samson;
Mrs. Horan and three children; Mrs. Kavanagh and four children (one
child dead); Mrs. F. Marshall and two children; Mrs. Sago; Mrs. Virtue;
Miss Virtue; Miss Brown; Mrs. F. Williams and two children; Mrs. Gordon
and two children; Mrs. Hoff; Mrs. Wittenbaker and eight children; Mrs.
Donnithorne and two children (one child dead); Mrs. Pearce and two
children; Mrs. Mendes, dead; Miss Gardner; Miss Roberts; Mrs. Dubois,
senior; Mrs. Dubois, junior; Mrs. Campagnac, senior; Mrs. Campagnac,
junior, and four children; Miss Campagnac, 1st; Miss Campagnac, 2nd;
Mrs. Mahar and two children; Mrs. Twitchem; Mrs. Marley and one child;
Miss Hampton; Mrs. Longden; Miss Rodgers; Mrs. Duff and child; Mrs.
Griffiths and three children; Mrs. Keogh and five children (three
children dead); Mrs. Molloy and five children; Mrs. Hernon and four
children; Mrs. Bickers and three children; Mrs. Barrett and three
children (one child dead); Mrs. Casey and five children (one child
dead); Mrs. Alone, Miss Alone; Miss Arno; Miss Robinson; Miss Bowhear;
Mrs. Johannes and child; Mrs. Queiros and child; Mrs. Dias; Mrs.
Pelling; Mrs. Nazareth and two children (Mrs. Nazareth, dead); Mrs.
Nugent, junior, and three children; Mrs. Joseph and three children; Mrs.
Hamilton; Mrs. Blenman; Mrs. Bates and child; Mrs. Barfoot.


_Members of the Uncovenanted Service._

Messrs. J. F. Macgrenan, R. Garland, W. E. Fitzgerald, R. M. Collins, F.
Leach, F. Williams, F. Knight, J. Gordon, E. Hoff, R. Dorrett, Anthony
Wharton, Wittenbaker, Wittenbaker junior (killed), S. Williams,
Donnithorne, Velozo, Pearce, Mendes (killed), Phillips, French, Leslie,
Lincoln, Chick, W. Phillips, Clancey (killed), Ewart, Todd, R. Joyce,
Thriepland Blund, Forrester (wounded), Potter, Kavanagh, Marshall,
Forder, May, Martin, Morgan (wounded), McRae (wounded), Bryson (killed),
J. Brown (killed), C. Brown (killed), O. Browne (dead), W. Marshall
(killed), E. Sequera (killed), Blancey (wounded, recovered), Rutledge
(wounded, recovered), Duhan, Hutton, Owen, Morgan, Lawrence, Sarle,
Sequera, Parey, Allnutt, B. Alone, A. Alone (wounded), A. Bates, Blenham
(wounded), Bailey (wounded, recovered), Bickers (wounded), Ereth
(killed), T. Catania, C. Catania, Hardingham, Rees, J. Sinclair
(wounded), McAuliffe (killed), Sinclair (pensioner), Rae, Gabriel,
Samuels, Pew, sen., A. Pew, jun., G. Ireland, W. Ireland, Swarries
(wounded, recovered), Fernandes, Blythe, Jones, Luxted (pensioner), Hyde
(wounded, slightly recovered), Howard, Forbes, Blaney, Deprat (killed),
W. Hamilton, Sequera, Sequera, jun. (wounded, recovered), Chrestien,
Schmidth (wounded, since dead), Collins, Vaughan (wounded, recovered),
Elliott, Sangster, Beale (killed), Queiros, Queiros junior, Queiros 3rd,
Johannes, Nazareth, Dias, Signor Barsotelli, Jeoffry, W. Brown,
Mitchell, Johnson, Symes, Wells (killed), Dubois, Campagnac, C.
Campagnac, E. Dudman, Owen, Hill, Crabb (killed), Need (killed), Ward,
Barry, Casey (dead), Barrett (dead), Wiltshire (dead), Macmanus
(killed), Cameron (dead), Gerald Cameron (merchant), H. H. Birch (son of
the late Lieut.-Col. F. W. Birch).


_Martiniere School._

Mr. Schilling, Principal; Mr. Crank, Assistant; Messrs. Archer, Dodd,
Wall, Hilton, Dera Vara, De Verrine, and boys.


PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE, LONDON.




      *      *      *      *      *      *




Transcriber's note:

Apparent typographical errors have been corrected.

The use of hyphens and of accents has been rationalised.

One superscript and two "oe" ligatures have been removed.