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Transcriber’s Note


In this text version of “Cricket”: Words in italics are marked with
_underscores_. Words in small capitals are shown in UPPER CASE.

The three asterisks which mark the note at the end of Chapter I,
were originally printed as an inverted asterism.

Full page figures have been moved near to the text they illustrate.
Figures in the text have been moved to the start or end of the
paragraph.

In the ‘Likely balls’, and ‘Off breaks’ diagrams, the ball positions
are lettered from left to right.

Footnotes have been moved to the end of chapters.

Variant spelling and inconsistent hyphenation are retained, in a
few cases, missing punctuation has been added for consistency, e.g.
to match quotation marks. A few palpable printing errors have been
corrected.

Other changes that have been made are listed at the end of the book.




  The Badminton Library

  OF

  SPORTS AND PASTIMES

  EDITED BY

  HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF BEAUFORT, K.G.

  ASSISTED BY ALFRED E. T. WATSON

  _CRICKET_




THE BADMINTON LIBRARY.

28 Volumes. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. each volume.

  ARCHERY. By C. J. LONGMAN, Col. H. WALROND, &c. 195 Illustrations and
     2 Maps.

  ATHLETICS. By MONTAGUE SHEARMAN. 51 Illustrations.

  BIG GAME SHOOTING. By C. PHILLIPPS-WOLLEY, &c.


   Vol. I.--AFRICA AND AMERICA. 77 Illustrations. Vol. II.--EUROPE,
     ASIA, AND THE ARCTIC REGIONS. 73 Illustrations.

  BILLIARDS. By Major W. BROADFOOT, R.E. 29 Illustrations and numerous
     Diagrams.

  COURSING AND FALCONRY. By HARDING COX and the Hon. GERALD LASCELLES.
     76 Illustrations.

  CRICKET. By A. G. STEEL and the Hon. R. H. LYTTELTON. 65
     Illustrations.

  CYCLING. By the Earl of ALBEMARLE and G. LACY HILLIER. 59
     Illustrations.

  DANCING. By Mrs. LILLY GROVE, F.R.G.S., &c. 131 Illustrations.

  DRIVING. By the Duke of BEAUFORT. 65 Illustrations.

  FENCING, BOXING, AND WRESTLING. By WALTER H. POLLOCK, F. C. GROVE, C.
     PREVOST, &c. 42 Illustrations.

  FISHING. By H. CHOLMONDELEY-PENNELL.

   Vol. I.--SALMON, TROUT, and GRAYLING. 158 Illustrations.

   Vol. II.--PIKE and other COARSE FISH. 132 Illustrations.

  GOLF. By HORACE HUTCHINSON, the Right Hon. A. J. BALFOUR, M.P., &c.
     89 Illustrations.

  HUNTING. By the Duke of BEAUFORT, K.G., and MOWBRAY MORRIS. 53
     Illustrations.

  MOUNTAINEERING. By C. T. DENT, Sir W. M. CONWAY, &c. 108
     Illustrations.

  POETRY (THE) OF SPORT. Edited by HEDLEY PEEK. 106 Illustrations.

  RACING AND STEEPLECHASING. By the Earl of SUFFOLK AND BERKSHIRE, W.
     G. CRAVEN, &c. 58 Illustrations.

  RIDING AND POLO. By ROBERT WEIR, J. MORAY BROWN, &c. 59 Illustrations.

  ROWING. By R. P. P. ROWE and C. M. PITMAN. With Chapters on Steering,
     Metropolitan Rowing, and on PUNTING. With 75 Illustrations.

  SEA-FISHING. By JOHN BICKERDYKE, W. SENIOR, Sir H. W. GORE BOOTH,
     Bart., and A. C. HARMSWORTH. 197 Illustrations.

  SHOOTING. By Lord WALSINGHAM and Sir RALPH PAYNE-GALLWEY, Bart.

   Vol. I.--FIELD AND COVERT. 105 Illustrations.

   Vol. II.--MOOR AND MARSH. 65 Illustrations.

  SKATING, CURLING, TOBOGGANING, &c. By J. M. HEATHCOTE, C. G. TEBBUTT,
     &c. 284 Illustrations.

  SWIMMING. By ARCHIBALD SINCLAIR and WILLIAM HENRY. 119 Illustrations.

  TENNIS, LAWN TENNIS, RACKETS, AND FIVES. By J. M. and C. G.
     HEATHCOTE, &c. 79 Illustrations.

  YACHTING. By Lord BRASSEY, the Earl of ONSLOW, &c.

   Vol. I.--CRUISING, CONSTRUCTION, RACING RULES, &c. 114 Illustrations.

   Vol. II.--YACHTING IN AMERICA AND THE COLONIES, RACING, &c. 195
     Illustrations.




LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. 39 Paternoster Row, London and Bombay.




[Illustration: CAUGHT AND BOWLED]




  CRICKET

  BY
  A. G. STEEL
  AND THE
  HON. R. H. LYTTELTON

  WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY
  A. LANG, W. G. GRACE, R. A. H. MITCHELL, AND F. GALE

  [Illustration: Roundel of Batsman waiting on bench]

  _WITH NUMEROUS ENGRAVINGS AFTER LUCIEN DAVIS
  AND FROM PHOTOGRAPHS_

  Sixth Edition, thoroughly revised

  LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
  39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
  AND BOMBAY

  1898

  _All rights reserved_




_BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE._


_First Edition, June 1888; Reprinted August 1888, January 1889,
September 1890. New Edition, thoroughly revised and with additions,
December 1893. New Edition, thoroughly revised and with additions, July
1898._




_DEDICATION TO H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES._


  BADMINTON: _June, 1888_.

Having received permission to dedicate these volumes, the BADMINTON
LIBRARY of SPORTS and PASTIMES, to HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCE OF
WALES, I do so feeling that I am dedicating them to one of the best and
keenest sportsmen of our time. I can say, from personal observation,
that there is no man who can extricate himself from a bustling and
pushing crowd of horsemen, when a fox breaks covert, more dexterously
and quickly than His Royal Highness; and that when hounds run hard
over a big country, no man can take a line of his own and live with
them better. Also, when the wind has been blowing hard, often have I
seen His Royal Highness knocking over driven grouse and partridges and
high-rocketing pheasants in first-rate workmanlike style. He is held to
be a good yachtsman, and as Commodore of the Royal Yacht Squadron is
looked up to by those who love that pleasant and exhilarating pastime.
His encouragement of racing is well known, and his attendance at the
University, Public School, and other important Matches testifies to
his being, like most English gentlemen, fond of all manly sports. I
consider it a great privilege to be allowed to dedicate these volumes
to so eminent a sportsman as His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales,
and I do so with sincere feelings of respect and esteem and loyal
devotion.

  BEAUFORT.




[Illustration: BADMINTON.]




PREFACE.


A few lines only are necessary to explain the object with which these
volumes are put forth. There is no modern encyclopædia to which the
inexperienced man, who seeks guidance in the practice of the various
British Sports and Pastimes, can turn for information. Some books there
are on Hunting, some on Racing, some on Lawn Tennis, some on Fishing,
and so on; but one Library, or succession of volumes, which treats
of the Sports and Pastimes indulged in by Englishmen--and women--is
wanting. The Badminton Library is offered to supply the want. Of the
imperfections which must be found in the execution of such a design we
are conscious. Experts often differ. But this we may say, that those
who are seeking for knowledge on any of the subjects dealt with will
find the results of many years’ experience written by men who are in
every case adepts at the Sport or Pastime of which they write. It is to
point the way to success to those who are ignorant of the sciences they
aspire to master, and who have no friend to help or coach them, that
these volumes are written.

To those who have worked hard to place simply and clearly before the
reader that which he will find within, the best thanks of the Editor
are due. That it has been no slight labour to supervise all that
has been written he must acknowledge; but it has been a labour of
love, and very much lightened by the courtesy of the Publisher, by
the unflinching, indefatigable assistance of the Sub-Editor, and by
the intelligent and able arrangement of each subject by the various
writers, who are so thoroughly masters of the subjects of which they
treat. The reward we all hope to reap is that our work may prove useful
to this and future generations.

  THE EDITOR.




CONTENTS.


 CHAPTER                                      PAGE
    I. THE HISTORY OF CRICKET                    1
         _By Andrew Lang._

   II. BATTING                                  34
         _By the Hon. R. H. Lyttelton._

  III. BOWLING                                  94
         _By A. G. Steel._

   IV. CAPTAINCY                               187
         _By A. G. Steel._

    V. UMPIRES                                 217
         _By A. G. Steel._

   VI. FIELDING                                245
         _By the Hon. R. H. Lyttelton._

  VII. COUNTRY CRICKET                         280
         _By F. Gale._

 VIII. BORDER CRICKET                          292
         _By Andrew Lang._

   IX. HOW TO SCORE                            299
         _By W. G. Grace._

    X. THE AUSTRALIANS                         313
         _By A. G. Steel._

   XI. THE UNIVERSITY CRICKET MATCH            328
         _By the Hon. R. H. Lyttelton._

  XII. GENTLEMEN AND PLAYERS                   356
         _By the Hon. R. H. Lyttelton._

 XIII. THE ART OF TRAINING YOUNG CRICKETERS    375
         _By R. A. H. Mitchell._

  XIV. SINGLE WICKET                           386
         _By the Hon. R. H. Lyttelton._


 INDEX                                         395




_ILLUSTRATIONS._

 (ENGRAVED BY J. D. COOPER AND R. B. LODGE, AFTER DRAWINGS BY LUCIEN
   DAVIS, AND PHOTOGRAPHS BY G. MITCHELL, MARTIN & TYLER, AND
   MEDRINGTON & CO.)


FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.

                                     ARTIST

 CAUGHT AND BOWLED         _Lucien Davis_                _Frontispiece_

                          {_From a picture ascribed_  }
 A YOUNG CRICKETER        {  _to Gainsborough,_       }  _To face p._ 1
                          {  _belonging to the M.C.C._}

 CRICKET                  {_After Hayman’s picture,_  }        ″     12
                          {  _belonging to M.C.C._    }
 ROYAL ACADEMY CLUB IN   }
    MARYLEBONE FIELDS    }      ″            ″                 ″     28

 CAUGHT AT THE WICKET      _Lucien Davis_                      ″     68
 RUN OUT                         ″                             ″    198

 A. E. STODDART            _From a photograph_                 ″    212

 COUNTRY CRICKET           _Lucien Davis_                      ″    280
    (_Mitcham_)

 M.C.C. AND GROUND _v._  }
    AUSTRALIANS, LORD’S, }       ″                             ″    308
    MAY 22, 1884         }

 THE CRITICS                     ″                             ″    324

 THE INTERVAL                    ″                             ″    348

 KENNINGTON OVAL, 1854                                         ″    366

 OUR NATIONAL GAME         _Lucien Davis_                      ″    376


ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT.

                                              ARTIST               PAGE
 _Vignette on Title-page_               _Lucien Davis_

 ‘MISS WICKET’                        { _From an old print,_ }        7
                                      {   _1770_             }

 THE CHAMPION                          _Lucien Davis_                34

 W. G. GRACE READY TO RECEIVE THE    }        ″                      44
    BALL                             }

 FORWARD PLAY                          _From a photograph_           50

 ‘HALF-COCK,’ OR OVER THE CREASE PLAY            ″                   52

 ‘BACK-PLAY’ TO A BUMPING BALL                   ″                   55

 GUNN CUTTING                                    ″                   59

 SHREWSBURY CUTTING                              ″                   60

 OLD-FASHIONED SWEEP TO LEG (GUNN)               ″                   62

 SQUARE-LEG HIT (W. G. GRACE)                    ″                   64

 ‘THE GLIDE’ (W. G. GRACE)                       ″                   66

 FORCING STROKE OFF THE LEGS                     ″                   68

 OFF DRIVE                                       ″                   70

 RUNNING OUT TO DRIVE (SHREWSBURY)               ″                   77

 GUNN PLAYING FORWARD                            ″                   93

 ‘THE DEMON BOWLER’                    _Lucien Davis_                94

 THE LEG-BREAK DIAGRAM                                              110

 POSITION OF FIELD IF BOWLING ON LEG }                              111
    SIDE                             }

 THE LEG-BREAK                         _From a photograph_          113

 LIKELY BALLS; AND WHAT MAY BECOME   }                              114
    OF THEM IF NOT CORRECTLY PLAYED  }

 THE OFF BREAK                         _From a photograph_          116

 ‘OFF BREAKS’                                                       117

 SLOW BALL                                                          123

 FAST BALL                                                          123

 A HOT RETURN                          _From a photograph_          127

 A POKEY BATSMAN DEALING WITH A      } _From a photograph_          139
    HIGH-DROPPING FULL-PITCH         }

 LOW DELIVERY                                    ″                  167

 DOUBTFUL DELIVERY                               ″                  174

 THE FIELD FOR A FAST RIGHT-ARM      }                              176
 BOWLER                              }

 THE FIELD FOR A FAST LEFT-ARM BOWLER                               177

 GOING IN                              _Lucien Davis_               187

 ETON _v._ HARROW                             ″                     208

 AT WICKET AFTER BOWLING               _From a photograph_          214

 ‘GUARD, PLEASE, UMPIRE’               _Lucien Davis_               217

 A CLEAR CASE                          _From a photograph_          224

 ‘YOU MUST GO, JACK’                             ″                  229

 STUMPED                               _Lucien Davis_               243

 ‘SAVING THE FOUR’                            ″                     245

 BACKING UP                                   ″                     247

 ‘OVERTAKING AND PICKING UP’           _From a photograph_          249

 THE RIGHT WAY TO CATCH                          ″                  250

 THE WRONG WAY TO CATCH                          ″                  251

 WICKET-KEEPER--SHERWIN IN POSITION              ″                  252

 WICKET-KEEPER--ANOTHER POSITION                 ″                  254

 HIT TO SQUARE-LEG                     _Lucien Davis_               256

 POINT                                 _From a photograph_          261

 SHORT-SLIP                                      ″                  264

 THE WRONG POSITION FOR STOPPING THE }           ″                  273
    BALL                             }

 AN ANXIOUS MOMENT                     _Lucien Davis_               279

 A SIX-YEAR OLD                        _From a photograph_          375

 DRAWING AWAY FROM THE WICKET          _Lucien Davis_               379




[Illustration: A YOUNG CRICKETER

(_From a Picture ascribed to Gainsborough belonging to the M.C.C._)]




CRICKET.




CHAPTER I.

THE HISTORY OF CRICKET.

(BY ANDREW LANG.)

_Archæology of the Game._


Hundreds of pages have been written on the origin and early history of
Cricket. The Egyptian monuments and Holy Scriptures, the illuminated
books of the Middle Ages, and the terra-cottas and vases of Greece
have been studied, to no practical purpose, by historians of the game.
Outside of England,[1] and before the fortieth year of the reign
of Elizabeth, there are no documents for the existence of cricket.
Doubtless in rudimentary and embryonic forms, it may have existed. Of
those forms we still possess a few, as ‘rounders’ and ‘stool-ball,’ and
we can also study degraded shapes of cricket, which naturally revert to
the early germs of the pastime as degenerate human types throw back to
the monkey. There is a sport known at some schools as ‘stump-cricket,’
‘snob-cricket,’ or (mysteriously and locally) as ‘Dex,’[2] which is
a degenerate shape of the game, and which is probably very like the
rudimentary shapes. These degradations are reversals or returns to
primitive forms.

A ball, more or less light and soft, is bowled or tossed at any fixed
object, which, in turn, is defended by a player armed with a stick,
stump, hair-brush, or other instrument. The player counts as many
points as he can run backwards and forwards, after hitting the ball,
between the object he defends and some more or less distant goal,
before the ball is returned. He loses his position when the object
he defends is struck by the ball, or when the ball is caught, after
he has hit it, before touching the ground. Such is the degraded form
of cricket, and such, apparently, was its earliest shape. Ancient
surviving forms in which a similar principle exists are ‘rounders’
and ‘stool-ball.’ The former has been developed in America into the
scientific game of ‘base-ball,’ the name being Old English, while the
scientific perfection is American. It is impossible to trace cricket
farther back than games in which points are scored in proportion to
the amount of ground that the hitter can cover before the return of
the struck ball. Now other forms of ball-play, as tennis, in different
guises, can be found even among the ancient Aztecs,[3] while the Red
Indians practised the form which is hockey among us, and the French and
Walloons have sports very closely corresponding to golf; but games with
the slightest analogy to cricket are very rare. Stool-ball is the most
important foreshadowing of cricket. As early as 1614, Chapman, in his
translation of the sixth book of the ‘Odyssey,’ makes Nausicaa and her
girls play stool-ball. Chapman gives certain technical terms, which,
of course, have nothing corresponding to them in Homer, but which are
valuable illustrations of the English game.

Nausicaa seems to have received a trial ball--

    Nausicaa, with the wrists of ivory,
    The _liking-stroke_ struck.

Again,

    The Queen now, for the upstroke, struck the ball
    Quite _wide_ of th’ other maids, and made it fall
    Amidst the whirlpools.

thereby, doubtless, scoring a lost ball. He describes this as ‘a
stool-ball chance.’ Chapman does not say whether the ball was bowled to
Nausicaa. Everything shows that Dr. Johnson was writing at random when
he described stool-ball as a game ‘in which a ball is driven from stool
to stool.’ Chapman conceives Nausicaa as making a ‘boundary hit.’ There
would be no need of such hitting if balls were only ‘driven from stool
to stool.’

Strutt’s remarks on stool-ball merely show that he did not appreciate
the importance of the game as an early form of cricket. ‘I have been
informed,’ he says, ‘that a pastime called stool-ball is practised to
this day in the northern parts of England, which consists simply in
setting a stool upon the ground, and one of the players takes his place
before it, while his antagonist, standing at a distance, tosses a ball
with the intention of striking the stool, and this it is the business
of the former to prevent by beating it away with his hand, reckoning
one to the game for every stroke of the ball,’ apparently without
running. ‘If, on the contrary, it should be missed by the hand and
strike the stool, the players change places.’ Strutt adds, in a note,
that he believes the player may be caught out. He describes another
game in which stools are set as ‘bases’ in a kind of base-ball. He
makes the usual quotations from Durfey about ‘a match for kisses at
stool-ball to play.’[4]

Brand’s notes on stool-ball do no more than show that men and women
played for small wagers, as in Herrick,

    At stool-ball, Lucia, let us play
      For sugar, cakes, and wine.[5]

It is plain enough that stool-ball was a game for girls, or for boys
and girls, and Herrick and Lucia. As at present played stool-ball is
a woman’s game; but no stool is used: what answers to the wicket is a
square board at a certain height on a pole, much as if one bowled at
the telegraph instead of the stumps. Consequently, as at base-ball,
only full pitches can be tossed. However, in stool-ball we recognise
the unconscious beginnings of better things. As much may be said for
‘cat-and-dog.’ This may be regarded either as a degraded attempt at
early cricket, played by economists who could not afford a ball, or
as a natural _volks-kriket_, dating from a period of culture in which
balls had not yet been invented. The archæologist will prefer the
latter explanation, but we would not pedantically insist on either
alternative. In Jamieson’s ‘Scotch Dictionary,’[6] cat-and-dog is
described as a game for three.[7] Two holes are cut at a distance of
thirteen yards. At each hole stands a player with a club, called a
‘dog.’ A piece of wood,[8] four inches long by one in circumference,
is tossed, in place of a ball, to one of the dogsmen. His object is to
keep the cat out of the hole. ‘If the cat be struck, he who strikes it
changes places with the person who holds the other club, and as often
as the positions are changed one is counted as won in the game by the
two who hold the clubs.’ Jamieson says this is an ‘ancient sport in
Angus and Lauder.’ A man was bowled when the cat got into the hole he
defended. We hear nothing of ‘caught and bowled.’[9]

Cat-and-dog, or, more briefly, cat, was a favourite game with John
Bunyan. He was playing when a voice from heaven (as he imagined)
suddenly darted into his soul, with some warning remarks, as he was
‘about to strike the cat from the hole.’ The cat, here, seems to have
been quiescent. ‘Leaving my cat on the ground, I looked up to Heaven,’
and beheld a vision. Let it be remembered that Bunyan was playing on
Sunday. The game of cat, as known to him, was, apparently, rather a
rude variety of knurr and spell than of cricket. This form is mentioned
by Strutt.[10] Both stool-ball and cat-and-dog have closer affinities
with cricket than club-ball as represented in Strutt’s authorities.[11]
Perhaps we may say that wherever stool-ball was played, or cat-and-dog,
there cricket was potentially present. As to the derivation of the word
‘cricket,’ philologists differ as much as usual. Certainly ‘cricket’
is an old word for a stool, though in this sense it does not occur
in Skeat.[12] In Todd’s ‘Johnson,’ we find, ‘Cricket: a low seat or
stool, from German _kriechen_, to creep.’ In Scotland we talk of a
‘creepy-stool.’

    It’s a wise wife that kens her weird,
      What though ye mount the creepy!

says Allan Ramsay, meaning the stool of repentance. If, then,
stool-ball be the origin of cricket, and if a cricket be a stool,
‘cricket’ may be merely a synonym for stool-ball. Todd’s ‘Johnson,’
with ignominious ignorance, styles cricket ‘a sport in which the
contenders drive a ball with sticks or bats in opposition to each
other.’ Johnson must have known better. In the ‘Rambler,’ No. 30, he
writes, ‘Sometimes an unlucky boy will drive his cricket-ball full in
my face.’ Observe, he says ‘drive,’ not ‘cut,’ nor ‘hit to leg.’

Professor Skeat says nothing of this derivation of ‘cricket’ from
cricket, a stool. He thinks ‘et’ may be a diminutive, added to the
Anglo-Saxon _cricc_, a staff. If that be so, cricket will mean
club-play rather than stool-ball. In any case, Professor Skeat has a
valuable quotation of ‘cricket’ from the French and English Dictionary
compiled in 1611, by Mr. Randle Cotgrave. He translates the French
_crosse_, ‘a crosier, or bishop’s staffe, also a _cricket staffe_,
or the crooked staffe wherewith boies play at cricket.’ Now the name
of the club used in French Flanders at the local kind of golf is _la
crosse_. It is a heavy, barbaric kind of golf-club.[13]

Thanks to Cotgrave, then, we know that in 1611 cricket was a boy’s
game, played with a crooked staff. The club, bat, or staff continued
to be crooked or curved at the blade till the middle of the eighteenth
century or later; and till nearly 1720 cricket was mainly a game for
boys. We may now examine the authorities for the earliest mentions of
cricket.

People have often regarded Florio’s expression in his Italian
Dictionary (1598) _cricket-a-wicket_ as the first mention of the noble
game. It were strange indeed if this great word first dropped from
the pen of an Italian! The quotation is ‘_sgrittare_, to make a noise
as a cricket; to play _cricket-a-wicket_, and be merry.’ I have no
doubt myself that this is a mere coincidence of sound. The cricket
(on the hearth) is a merry little beast, or has that reputation. The
term ‘cricket-a-wicket’ is a mere rhyming reduplication of sounds like
‘hob-nob’ or ‘tooral-ooral,’ or the older ‘Torelore,’ the name of a
mythical country in a French romance of the twelfth century. It is
an odd coincidence, no doubt, that the rhyming reduplication should
associate wicket with cricket. But, for all that, ‘cricket-a-wicket’
must pair off with ‘helter-skelter,’ ‘higgledy-piggledy,’ and
_Tarabara_ to which Florio gives cricket-a-wicket as an equivalent.[14]

[Illustration: ‘Miss Wicket.’ (From an old print, 1770.)]

Yet cricket was played in England, by boys at least, in Florio’s
time. The proof of this exists, or existed, in the ‘Constitution
Book of Guildford,’ a manuscript collection of records once in the
possession of that town. In the ‘History of Guildford,’ an anonymous
compilation, published by Russell in the Surrey town, and by Longmans
in London (1801), there are extracts from the ‘Constitution Book.’
They begin with a grant _anno_ li. Ed. III. For our purpose the only
important passages are pp. 201, 202. In the thirty-fifth year of
Elizabeth one William Wyntersmoll withheld a piece of common land,
to the extent of one acre, from the town. Forty years before, John
Parvishe had obtained leave to make a temporary enclosure there,
and the enclosure had never been removed. In the fortieth year of
Elizabeth this acre was still in dispute, when John Derrick, gent, aged
fifty-nine, one of the Queen’s Coroners for the county, gave evidence
that he ‘knew it fifty years ago or more. It lay waste and was used
and occupyed by the inhabitants of Guildeford to saw timber in and for
saw-pitts.... When he was a scholler in the free school of Guildeford
he and several of his fellowes did run and play there at crickett and
other plaies.’

This is the oldest certain authority for cricket with which I am
acquainted. Clearly it was a boy’s game in the early years of
Elizabeth. Nor was it a very scientific game if it could be played on
a wicket agreeably diversified by ‘saw-pitts.’ William Page may have
played cricket at Eton and learned to bat as well as ‘to hick and hack,
which they will do fast enough of themselves, and to cry _horum_.’ It
has already been shown that, in 1611, ‘boyes played at crickett,’ with
a crooked bat or ‘cricket-staffe.’

In 1676 we get a view of a summer day at Aleppo, and of British sailors
busy at the national game.

Henry Teonge, Chaplain on board H.M.S. ships ‘Assistance,’ ‘Bristol,’
and ‘Royal Oak,’ Anno 1675 to 1679, writes:--

    [At Aleppo].

 6.--This morning early (as it is the custom all summer longe) at the
 least 40 of the English, with his worship the Consull, rod out of the
 cytty about 4 miles to the Greene Platt, a fine vally by a river syde,
 to recreate them selves. Where a princely tent was pitched; and wee
 had severall pastimes and sports, as duck-hunting, fishing, shooting,
 handball, krickett, scrofilo; and then a noble dinner brought thither,
 with greate plenty of all sorts of wine, punch, and lemonads; and at 6
 wee returne all home in good order, but soundly tyred and weary.[15]

When once the eighteenth century is reached cricket begins to find
mention in literature. Clearly the game was rising in the world and
was being taken up, like the poets of the period, by patrons. Lord
Chesterfield, whom Dr. Johnson found a patron so insufficient, talked
about cricket in a very proper spirit in 1740.[16] ‘If you have a right
ambition you will desire to excell all boys of your age at cricket
... as well as in learning.’ That is the right style of fatherly
counsel; but Philip Stanhope never came to ‘European reputation as
mid-wicket-on,’ like a hero of Mr. James Payn’s. Lord Chesterfield
also alludes to ‘your various occupations of Greek and cricket, Latin
and pitch-farthing,’ very justly coupling the nobler language with the
nobler game. Already in the fourth book of the ‘Dunciad,’ line 592, Mr.
Alexander Pope had sneered at cricket.[17] At what did Mr. Pope not
sneer? The fair, the wise, the manly,--Mrs. Arabella Fermor, Lady Mary
Wortley Montagu, Mr. Colley Cibber, and a delightful pastime,--he turns
up his nose at them and at everyone and everything!

    _O le grand homme, rien ne lui peut plaire!_

See, he cries to Dulness, see--

    The judge to dance his brother serjeant call,
    The senator at cricket urge the ball.

Cricket was played at Eton early. Gray, writing to West, says,
‘There is my Lords Sandwich and Halifax--they are statesmen--do you
not remember them dirty boys playing at cricket?’[18] In 1736 Walpole
writes, ‘I can’t say I am sorry I was never quite a school-boy: an
expedition against bargemen, or a match at cricket may be very pretty
things to recollect; but, thank my stars, I can remember things very
near as pretty.’[19] The bargee might have found an interview with Miss
Horace pretty to recollect, but when Horace pretends that he might have
been in the Eleven if he liked, the absurdity becomes too glaring. We
are reminded of Charles Lamb’s ‘Here is Wordsworth saying he might
have written “Hamlet” if he had had the “mind.”’ Cowper pretends (in
1781) that ‘as a boy I excelled at cricket and football,’ but he adds,
with perfect truth, ‘the fame I acquired by achievements that way is
long since forgotten.’ The author of the ‘Task,’ and of a good many
hymns, was no Mynn nor Grace. We shall find but few of the English
poets distinguished as cricketers, or fond of tuning the lyre to sing
Pindaric strains of batters and bowlers. Byron tells a friend how
they ‘together joined in cricket’s manly toil’ (1807). Another noble
exception is George Huddesford,[20] author of ‘Salmagundi’ (1791, p.
66)--

    But come, thou genial son of spring
    Whitsuntide, and with thee bring
    _Cricket_, nimble boy and light,
    In slippers red and drawers white,
    Who o’er the nicely measured land
    Ranges around his comely band,
    Alert to intercept each blow,
    Each motion of the wary foe.

This passage gives us the costume--white drawers and red slippers. The
contemporary works of art, whereof see a little gallery on the walls
of the pavilion at Lord’s, show that men when they played also wore
a kind of jockey cap. In a sketch of the Arms of Shrewsbury School,
little boys are playing; the bat is a kind of hockey-stick as in the
preceding century. There are only two stumps, nor more in Hayman’s
well-known picture engraved 1755. The fields are well set for the
bowling, and are represented with their hands ready for a catch. There
are umpires in their usual places; the scores are kept by men who cut
notches in tally-sticks. Such ‘notches’ were ‘got’ by ‘Miss Wicket’ a
sportive young lady in a somewhat later caricature (p. 7). The ball
(1770) has heavy cross-seams. But a silver ball, about a hundred years
old, used as a snuff-box by the Vine Club at Sevenoaks, is marked with
seams like those of to-day. Miss Wicket, also, carries a curved bat,
but it has developed beyond the rustic crooked stick, and more nearly
resembles some of the old curved bats at Lord’s, with which a strong
man must have hit prodigious skyers. We may doubt if bats were ever
such ‘three-man beetles’ as the players in an undated but contemporary
picture at Lord’s do fillip withal. The fields, in this curious
piece, are all in a line at square-leg, and disappear in a distance
unconscious of perspective.

[Illustration: After a Picture by Hayman, R.A., belonging to the M.C.C.]

Cricket had even before this date reached that height of prosperity
which provokes the attention of moralists. ‘Here is a fine morning:
let us go and put down some form of enjoyment,’ says the moralist. In
1743 a writer in the ‘Gentleman’s Magazine’ was moved to allege that
‘the exercise may be strained too far.... Cricket is certainly a very
good and wholesome exercise, yet it may be abused if either great or
little people make it their business.’ The chief complaint is that
great and little people play together--butchers and baronets. Cricket
‘propagates a spirit of idleness at the very time when, with the
utmost industry, our debts, taxes, and decay of trade will scarcely
allow us to get bread.’ The Lydians, according to Herodotus, invented
games to make them forget the scarcity of bread. But the gentleman in
the magazine is much more austere than Herodotus. ‘The advertisements
most impudently recite that great sums are laid’; and it was, indeed,
customary to announce a match for 500_l._ or 1,000_l._ Whether these
sums were not drawn on Fancy’s exchequer, at least in many cases, we
may reasonably doubt. In his ‘English Game of Cricket’ (p. 138) the
learned Mr. Box quotes a tale of betting in 1711, from a document which
he does not describe. It appears that in 1711 the county of Kent played
All England, and money was lost and won, and there was a law-suit to
recover. The court said, ‘Cricket is, to be sure, a manly game and not
bad in itself, but it is the ill-use that is made of it by betting
above 10_l._ on it that is bad.’ To a humble fiver on the University
match this court would have had no kind of objection to make. The
history of betting at cricket is given by Mr. Pycroft in the ‘Cricket
Field’ (chap. vi.). A most interesting chapter it is.

The earliest laws of the game, or at least the earliest which have
reached us, are of the year 1774. A committee of noblemen and gentlemen
(including Sir Horace Mann, the Duke of Dorset, and Lord Tankerville)
drew them up at the ‘Star and Garter’ in Pall Mall. ‘The pitching of
the first wicket is to be determined by the toss of a piece of money.’
Does this mean that the sides tossed for which was to pitch the wicket?
As Nyren shows, much turned on the pitching of the wicket. Lumpy
(Stevens) ‘would invariably choose the ground where his balls would
shoot.’[21] In the rules of 1774, the distance between the stumps is
the same as at present. The crease is cut, not painted.[22] The stumps
are twenty-two inches in height; there is only one bail, of six inches
in length. ‘No ball,’ as far as crossing the crease goes, is just like
‘no ball’ to-day. Indeed, the game was essentially the game of to-day,
except that if a ball were hit ‘the other player may place his body
anywhere within the swing of his bat, so as to hinder the bowler from
catching her, but he must neither strike at her nor touch her with his
hands.’

At this moment of legislation, when the dim heroic age of cricket
begins to broaden into the boundless day of history, Mr. James Love,
comedian, appeared as the epic poet of the sport.[23] His quarto is
dedicated to the Richmond Club, and is inspired ‘by a recollection of
many Particulars at a time when the Game was cultivated with the utmost
Assiduity, and patronised by the personal Appearance[24] and Management
of some of the most capital People in the Kingdom.’ Mr. Love, in his
enthusiasm, publishes an exhortation to Britain, to leave all meaner
sports, and cultivate cricket only.

    Hail CRICKET, glorious, manly, _British_ game,
    First of all sports, be first alike in fame,

sings Love, as he warms to his work. He denounces ‘puny Billiards,’
played by ‘Beaus, dressed in the quintessence of the fashion.
The robust _Cricketer_ plays in his shirt, the Rev. Mr. W----d,
particularly, appears almost naked.’

One line of Mr. Love’s,

    _Where fainting vice calls folly to her aid_,

appears to him so excellent that he thinks it must be plagiarised, and,
in a note, invites the learned reader to find out where he stole it
from. To this a critic, Britannicus Severus, answers that ‘Gentlemen
who have CRICKET in their heads cannot afford to pore over a parcel of
musty Authors.’ Indeed, your cricketer is rarely a bookworm.

    ‘Leave the dissolving song, the baby dance,
    To soothe the slaves of Italy and France,

and play up,’ cries this English bard.

In the second book, the poet comes to business--Kent _v._ All England.
The poet, after the custom of his age, gives dashes after an initial,
in place of names. In notes he interprets his dashes, and introduces
us to Newland, of Slendon, in Sussex, a farmer, and a famous batsman;
Bryan, of London, bricklayer; Rumney, gardener to the Duke of Dorset;
Smith, keeper of the artillery ground; Hodswell, the bowling tanner of
Dartford; Mills, of Bromley; Robin, commonly called Long Robin; Mills,
Sawyer, Cutbush, Bartrum, Kips, and Danes; Cuddy, the tailor; Derigate,
of Reigate; Weymark, the miller, with Newland, Green, two Harrises, and
Smith made up the teams. The match is summed up in the Argument of the
Third Book.

 _The Game._--Five on the side of the Counties are out for three
 Notches. The Odds run high on the side of Kent. Bryan and Newland go
 in; they help the Game greatly. Bryan is unfortunately put out by
 Kips. Kent, the First Innings, is Thirteen ahead. The Counties go in
 again, and get Fifty-seven ahead. Kent, in the Second Innings, is very
 near losing, the two last Men being in. Weymark unhappily misses a
 Catch, and by that means Kent is victorious.

It was a splendid close match--but let us pity Weymark, immortal
butter-fingers. In the first innings the wicket-keeping of Kips to the
fast bowling of Hodswell was reckoned fine.

If Love was the Homer of cricket, the minstrel who won from
forgetfulness the glories of the dim Heroic Age, Nyren, was the
delightful Herodotus of the early Historic Period. John Nyren dedicated
his ‘Cricketer’s Guide and Recollections of the Cricketers of my Time,’
to the great Mr. William Ward, in 1833. He speaks of cricket as ‘an
elegant relaxation,’ and congratulates Mr. Ward on ‘having gained the
_longest hands_ of any player upon record.’ This famed score was made
on July 24, 25, 1820, on the M.C.C. ground. The number was 278, ‘108
more than any player ever gained;’ Aylward’s 167 had previously been
the longest score I know. Mr. Ward’s feat, moreover, was ‘after the
increase of the stumps in 1817.’ Old Nyren was charmed in his declining
hours by a deed like this, yet grieved by the modern bowlers, and their
habit ‘of throwing the ball.’ The history of that innovation will
presently be sketched.

Nyren was born at Hambledon, in Hampshire, on December 15, 1764, and
was therefore a small boy when Love sang. He died at Bromley, June 28,
1837. Like most very great men, he was possibly of Scottish blood. He
was a Catholic and believed that the true spelling of the family name
was Nairne, and that they came south after being ‘out in the ’15 or
’45.’ Mr. Charles Cowden Clarke describes him as a thoroughly good and
amiable man, and as much may be guessed from his writings.

Mr. Clarke agreed with him in his dislike of round-hand bowling, save
when Lillywhite was pitted against Fuller Pilch--a beautiful thing to
see, as the Bishop of St. Andrews testifies, ‘speaking,’ like Dares
Phrygius of the heroes at Troy, ‘as he that saw them.’ In Nyren’s
youth--say 1780--Hambledon was the centre of cricket. The boy had a
cricketing education. He learned a little Latin of a worthy old Jesuit,
but was a better hand at the fiddle. In that musical old England, where
John Small, the noted bat, once charmed an infuriated bull by his
minstrelsy, Nyren performed a moral miracle. He played to the gipsies,
and so won their hearts that they always passed by his hen-roost when
they robbed the neighbours. Music and cricket were the Hambledon man’s
delight. His father, Richard Nyren, was, with Thomas Brett, one of the
chief bowlers. Brett was ‘the fastest as well as straightest bowler
that was ever known’; no _jerker_, but with a very high delivery.
The height of the delivery was not _à la Spofforth_, but was got by
sending the ball out from under the armpit. How this manœuvre could
be combined with pace is a great mystery. Richard Nyren had this art,
‘always to the length.’ Brett’s bowling is described as ‘tremendous,’
yet Tom Sueter could stump off it--Tom of the honourable heart, and the
voice so sweet, pure and powerful. Yet on those wickets Tom needed a
long-stop to Brett--George Lear. The Bishop has seen three long-stops
on to Brown; ‘but he _was_ a jerker.’ At that date the long-stop
commonly dropped on one knee as he received the ball. An old Eton boy,
G. B., who was at school between 1805 and 1814, says, in a letter to
the _Standard_ (dated September 21, 1886), that ‘a pocket-handkerchief
was allowed round the dropping knee of long-stop.’ A bowler with a low
delivery was Lambert, ‘the little farmer.’ ‘His ball would twist from
the off stump into the leg. _He was the first I remember who introduced
this deceitful and teasing way of delivering the ball._’ Cricket was
indeed rudimentary when a break from the off was a new thing. ‘The
Kent and Surrey men could not tell what to make of that cursed twist
of his.’ Lambert acquired the art as Daphnis learned his minstrelsy,
while he tended his father’s sheep. He would set up hurdles instead of
a net and bowl for hours. But it needed old Nyren to teach him to bowl
outside the off stump, so little alert was the mind of this innovator.
Among outsiders, Lumpy, the Surrey man, was the most accurate ‘to a
length,’ and he was much faster than Lord Frederick Beauclerk. In these
days the home bowlers pitched the wickets to suit themselves. Thus they
had all the advantage of rough wickets on a slope; yet, even so, a
yokel with pluck and ‘an arm as long as a hop-pole,’ has been known to
slash Lumpy all over the field. But this could only have been done at
single wicket. A curious bowler of this age was Noah Mann, the fleetest
runner of his time, and a skilled horseman. He was a left-handed
bowler, and, as will be seen, he anticipated the magical ‘pitching’
of experts at base-ball. How he did this without throwing or jerking
is hard to be understood. ‘His merit consisted in giving a curve to
the ball the whole way. In itself it was not the first-rate style
of bowling, but so very deceptive that the chief end was frequently
attained. They who remember the dexterous manner with which the Indian
jugglers communicated the curve to the balls they spun round their
heads by a twist of the wrist or hand will at once comprehend Noah’s
curious feat in bowling.’ He once made a hit for ten at Windmill-down,
to which the club moved from the bleakness of Broadhalfpenny.

We have followed Nyren’s comments on bowlers for the purpose of
elucidating the evolution of their ingenious art. All the bowlers,
so far, have been under-hand, but now we hear of ‘these anointed
clod-stumpers’ the Walkers. They were not of Broadhalfpenny, but
joined the club at Windmill-down, when the move there was made on
the suggestion of the Duke of Dorset. ‘About a couple of years after
Walker had been with us’ (probably about 1790), ‘he began the system
of throwing instead of bowling, now so much the fashion.’ He was
no-balled, after a council of the Hambledon Club, called for the
purpose. This disposes of the priority of Mr. Willes (1807), and
incidentally casts doubt on the myth that a lady invented round-hand
bowling. Nyren says, ‘The first I recollect seeing _revive_ the custom
was Wills, a Sussex man.’

From the heresiarch, Tom Walker, we come to the classic model of a
bowler in the under-hand school--that excellent man, christian and
cricketer, David Harris.

 It would be difficult, perhaps impossible, to convey in writing an
 accurate idea of the grand effect of Harris’s bowling; they only who
 have played against him can fully appreciate it. His attitude, when
 preparing for his run previously to delivering the ball, would have
 made a beautiful study for the sculptor. Phidias would certainly have
 taken him for a model. First of all, he stood erect like a soldier
 at drill; then, with a graceful curve of the arm, he raised the ball
 to his forehead, and drawing back his right foot, started off with
 his left. The calm look and general air of the man were uncommonly
 striking, and from this series of preparations he never deviated. I am
 sure that from this simple account of his manner, all my countrymen
 who were acquainted with his play will recall him to their minds. His
 mode of delivering the ball was very singular. He would bring it from
 under the arm by a twist, and nearly as high as his arm-pit, and with
 this action _push_ it, as it were, from him. How it was that the balls
 acquired the velocity they did by this mode of delivery, I never could
 comprehend.

 When first he joined the Hambledon Club, he was quite a raw
 countryman at cricket, and had very little to recommend him but his
 noble delivery. He was also very apt to give tosses. I have seen old
 Nyren scratch his head, and say,--‘Harris would make the best bowler
 in England if he did not toss.’ By continual practice, however, and
 following the advice of the old Hambledon players, he became as steady
 as could be wished; and in the prime of his playing very rarely
 indeed gave a toss, although his balls were pitched the full length.
 In bowling, he never stooped in the least in his delivery, but kept
 himself upright all the time. His balls were very little beholden to
 the ground when pitched; it was but a touch, and up again; and woe
 be to the man who did not get in to block them, for they had such a
 peculiar curl that they would grind his fingers against the bat; many
 a time have I seen the blood drawn in this way from a batter who was
 not up to the trick: old Tom Walker was the only exception--I have
 before classed him among the bloodless animals.

 Harris’s bowling was the finest of all tests for a hitter, and hence
 the great beauty, as I observed before, of seeing Beldham in, with
 this man against him; for unless a batter were of the very first
 class, and accustomed to the first style of stopping, he could do
 little or nothing with Harris. If the thing had been possible, I
 should have liked to have seen such a player as Budd (fine hitter as
 he was) standing against him. My own opinion is, that he could not
 have stopped his balls, and this will be a criterion, by which those
 who have seen some of that gentleman’s brilliant hits, may judge of
 the extraordinary merit of this man’s bowling. He was considerably
 faster than Lambert, and so superior in style and finish, that I can
 draw no comparison between them. Lord Frederic Beauclerc has been
 heard to say that Harris’s bowling was one of the grandest things of
 the kind he had ever seen; but his lordship could not have known him
 in his prime; he never saw him play till after he had had many fits of
 the gout, and had become slow and feeble.

 To Harris’s fine bowling I attribute the great improvement that
 was made in hitting, and above all in stopping; for it was utterly
 impossible to remain at the crease, when the ball was tossed to a fine
 length; you were obliged to get in, or it would be about your hands,
 or the handle of your bat; and every player knows where its next place
 would be.

This long extract is not too long, for it contains a dignified study of
the bowler.

    This is the perfect Trundler, this is he,
    That every man who bowls should wish to be.

Harris was admired for ‘the sweetness of his disposition and his
manly contempt of every action that bore the character of meanness,’
and he chiefly bowled for catches, as did Lord Frederick Beauclerk.
Nyren is no great hand at orthography, and he soon comes to speak of a
Sussex bowler named Wells. This is apparently the Wills, or Willes, who
has more credit than perhaps he deserves for bringing in round-hand.
‘He was the first I had seen of the new school, after the Walkers
had attempted to introduce the system in the Hambledon Club.’ Willes
had a twist from leg, and Nyren thinks Freemantle showed astonishing
knowledge of the game because he went in front of his wicket and hit
Willes, and ‘although before the wicket, he would not have been out,
because the ball had been pitched at the outside of the stump.’ A man
might play hours on that system ‘by _Shrewsbury_ clock,’ but I doubt if
David Harris would have approved of Freemantle’s behaviour.

The student of the evolution of round-hand and over-hand bowling now
turns to the early exploits of William Lillywhite (_b._ June 13,
1792). Whatever Mr. Willes may have done, whatever Tom Walker may have
dreamed, William Lillywhite and Jem Broadbridge are practically the
parents of modern bowling. When Lillywhite came out, the law was that
in bowling the hand must be below the elbow. Following the example of
Mr. G. Knight, of the M.C.C., or rather going beyond it, Lillywhite
raised the hand _above_ the shoulder, though scarcely perceptible.
Lillywhite’s performances in 1827 caused much discussion among
cricketers and in the ‘Sporting Magazine.’ Letters on this subject are
reprinted by Mr. W. Denison, in ‘Sketches of the Players,’ London,
1846.[25]

The last great match of 1827 was between Sussex and Kent, with
Saunders and Searle given. Mr. Denison, reviewing the match at the
time, predicted that if round-hand were allowed, there would be no
driving and no cutting to point or slip. This of course is part of
Unfulfilled Prophecy. ‘Broadbridge and others will shew that they
cannot be faced on hard ground without the most imminent peril.’ As a
compromise, Mr. Denison was for allowing straight-armed bowling, ‘so
that the back of the hand be kept under when the ball is delivered.’
Mr. Steel’s chapter on bowling shows what the effect of that rule must
have been.

In February, 1828, Mr. Knight published his letters in defence of
round-hand bowling. There had been, in the origin of cricket, no law to
restrain the bowlers. About 1804, the batting acquired such mastery,
and forward play with running-in (as Nyren knew) became so vigorous,
that Willes and Tom Walker tried round-hand. This round-hand was
‘straight armed, and for a time (1818–28) did very well, till bowlers
took to raising the hand, even above the head.’ M.C.C. then proclaimed
an edict against all round-hand bowling. Mr. Knight proposed to admit
straight-armed bowling, which could not be called ‘throwing.’ To define
a throw was as hard then as now--a man knows it when he sees it; it is
like the trot in horses. Mr. Knight’s proposed law ran, ‘The ball shall
be bowled; if it be thrown or jerked, or if any part of the hand or arm
be _above_ the _shoulder_ at the time of delivery, the umpire shall
call _No Ball_.’

In one of the trial matches (Sept. 1827) it is said that Mr. Knight,
Broadbridge, and Lillywhite, all bowled high over the shoulder. There
are no wides in the score. When a man was caught, the bowler’s name was
not given. Lillywhite has thus no wicket to his name.

Mr. Knight’s law was discussed at Lord’s (May 19, 1828), and the word
_elbow_ substituted for _shoulder_. But Lillywhite and Broadbridge
bowled as before, and found many followers, till the M.C.C. passed
the law proposed by Mr. Knight. But the hand was soon raised, and the
extraordinary pace of Mr. Mynn (born 1807) was striven for by men who
had not his weight and strength. These excesses caused a re-enactment
of the over-the-shoulder law in 1845.

Lillywhite was now recognised as the reviver of cricket. His analysis
in 1844 and 1845 gives about 6⅞ runs for each wicket. Round-hand, with
a practical license for over-hand, was now established; but, as late as
1860, a high delivery was a rarity. The troublesome case of Willsher
ended in permitting any height of delivery, and the greatest of all
bowlers, Mr. Spofforth, sends in the ball from the utmost altitude.

This is a brief account of the evolution of round and over-hand
bowling. As to slow and fast bowling, Lord Frederick Beauclerk and
one of the Walkers were very slow bowlers in old days. William Clarke
(_b._ Dec. 24, 1798) was the classical slow bowler. Clarke was not a
regular lob bowler, but, like Lambert, delivered ‘about midway between
the height of the elbow and the strict under-hand, accompanied by a
singular peculiarity of action with the hand and wrist just as the
ball is about to be discharged.[26]’ He had a tremendous twist, and
great spin and ingenuity. Perhaps his success was partly due to the
rarity of slow bowling in his time. Men imitated Mr. Mynn, who was as
big a man as Mr. W. G. Grace, and a very fast bowler. In old underhand
times, Brett had a ‘steam-engine pace,’ and later, Browne of Brighton
was prodigiously fast. The Bishop of St. Andrews remembers seeing a
ball of Browne’s strike the stumps with such force and at such a point
that both bails flew _back_ as far as the bowler’s wicket. That was at
Brighton. He also remembers how at Lord’s, when Browne bowled, all the
field were placed _behind_ the wicket, or nearly so, that is at slip,
leg, and long-stop, till Ward went in, who, playing with an upright
bat, contrived to poke the ball to the off, and Browne himself (a tall,
heavy man) had to go after it. But this having happened more than
once, a single field was placed in front. Yet Beldham, as Mr. Pycroft
tells, quite mastered Browne, and made 76 off him in a match. Beldham
was then fifty-four. Browne’s pace was reckoned superior to that of
Mr. Osbaldeston. It is not easy to decide who has been the fastest of
fast bowlers. In our own day, I think that Mr. Cecil Boyle, when he
bowled for Oxford (1873), was the swiftest I have seen, except a bowler
unknown south of the Tweed, Mr. Barclay, now a clergyman in Canada. Mr.
Barclay was faster with under-hand than with round-hand. Beldham and
his comrades played Browne without pads; I have seen this tried against
Mr. Barclay--the results were damaging. Famous names of fast bowlers
are Mynn, Marcon, Fellowes, Tarrant, Jackson, Freeman, Hope Grant,
Powys, and Robert Lang.

The history of bowling precedes that of batting, because the batsman
must necessarily adapt his style to the bowling, not _vice versâ_. He
must also adapt it to the state of the wickets. There are times when
a purely rural style of play, a succession of ‘agrarian outrages,’ is
the best policy. Given an untrustworthy wicket, good bowling, fielding
ground in heavy grass, a stone wall on one side, and another wall,
with a nice flooded burn beyond, on another side, and a batsman will
be well advised if he lifts the ball over the boundaries and into the
brook. Perhaps Mr. Steel will recognise the conditions described, and
remember Dalbeattie. In the origin of cricket, when the stumps were
low, and the bat a crooked club, hitting hard, high, and often must
have been the rule. A strong man with good sight must have been the
pride of the village. When David Harris, Tom Walker, Lumpy, Brett, and
other heroes brought in accuracy, spin, twist, and pace, with taller
wickets to defend, this batting was elaborated by Beldham and Sueter
and others into an art. Tom Sueter, first, fathered the heresy of
leaving the crease, and going in to the pitch or half-volley.[27] Sir
Horace Mann’s bailiff, Aylward, was the Shrewsbury of an elder age. ‘He
once stayed in two whole days, and got the highest number of runs that
had ever been gained by any member--_one hundred and sixty-seven_.’ Tom
Walker was a great stick. Lord Frederick was bowling to him at Lord’s.
Every ball he dropped down just before his bat. Off went his lordship’s
white, broad-brimmed hat, dash upon the ground (his constant action
when disappointed), calling him at the same time ‘a confounded old
beast.’ ‘I doan’t care what ee zays,’ said Tom, whose conduct showed
a good deal more of courtesy and self-control than Lord Frederick’s.
Perhaps the master-bat of old times was William Beldham from Farnham.
He comes into Bentley’s ‘Cricket Scores’ as early as 1787. The
players called him ‘Silver Billy.’ He was coached by Harry Hall, the
gingerbread baker of Farnham. Hall’s great maxim was ‘the left elbow
well up.’

From Nyren I extract a description of Beldham’s batting:--

 BELDHAM was quite a young man when he joined the Hambledon Club; and
 even in that stage of his playing, I hardly ever saw a man with a
 finer command of his bat; but, with the instruction and advice of
 the old heads superadded, he rapidly attained to the extraordinary
 accomplishment of being the finest player that has appeared within
 the latitude of more than half a century. There can be no exception
 against his batting, or the severity of his hitting. He would get
 in at the balls, and hit them away in a gallant style; yet, in this
 single feat, I think I have known him excelled; but when he could cut
 them at the point of the bat, he was in his glory; and upon my life,
 their speed was as the speed of thought. One of the most beautiful
 sights that can be imagined, and which would have delighted an artist,
 was to see him make himself up to hit a ball. It was the _beau idéal_
 of grace, animation, and concentrated energy. In this peculiar
 exhibition of elegance with vigour, the nearest approach to him I
 think was Lord Frederick Beauclerc. Upon one occasion at Mary-le-bone,
 I remember these two admirable batters being in together, and though
 Beldham was then verging towards his climacteric, yet both were
 excited to a competition, and the display of talent that was exhibited
 between them that day was the most interesting sight of its kind I
 ever witnessed. I should not forget, among his other excellencies, to
 mention that Beldham was one of the best judges of a short run I ever
 knew; add to which, that he possessed a generally good knowledge of
 the game.

In 1838 Beldham used to gossip with Mr. Pycroft. That learned writer
gives Fennex great credit for introducing the modern style of forward
play about 1800; this on the evidence of Fennex himself (1760–1839).
But probably accurate bowling, with a fast rise, on fairly good
wickets, must have taught forward play naturally to Fennex, Lambert,
Fuller Pilch, and others. It is not my purpose to compile a minute
chronicle of cricket, to mark each match and catch, nor to chant the
illustrious deeds of all famous men. The great name of Mr. Ward has
been already mentioned. The Bishop of St. Andrews, when a Harrow
boy, played against Mr. Ward, and lowered his illustrious wicket for
three runs.[28] Thus, with Mr. Ward, we come within the memory of
living cricketers. Much more is this the case with Mr. Budd, Fuller
Pilch, Alfred Mynn, Hayward and Carpenter, Humphrey and Jupp. Mr. Mynn
was the son of a gentleman farmer at Bearstead, near Maidstone. His
extraordinary pace actually took wickets by storm; men were bowled
before they knew where they were. The assiduous diligence of Mr. Ward
was a match for him. When about to meet Mynn, he would practise with
the fastest of the ground bowlers at Lord’s, at eighteen or nineteen
yards’ rise, so to speak. Mr. Ward’s great reach also stood him in good
stead. Mr. Mynn’s pace, and the excesses committed by his imitators,
for some time demoralised batting. Few balls were straight (among the
_imitatores, servum pecus_), and men went in to hit what they could
reach. The joy of getting hold of a leg-ball from a very fast bowler,
or of driving him, overpowered caution, and these violent delights
might have had violent ends if accuracy had not returned to bowling. In
1843 Mr. Mynn’s analysis gave 5⅖ a wicket. His average was but 17 an
innings. Scores were shorter fifty years ago.[29]

My attempt has been to trace the streams of tendency in cricket rather
than to produce a chronicle--a work which would require a volume to
itself. Nothing has been said about fielding; because, however the ball
is bowled, and however hit, the tasks of catching it, stopping it, and
returning it with speed have always been the same. True, different
styles of batting and bowling require alterations in the position of
the fielders.[30] But the principles of their conduct and the nature
of their duty remain unaltered. One change may be noted. In ‘Juvenile
Sports,’ by Master Michel Angelo,[31] the author speaks of _byes_
and _overthrows_ as ‘a new mode,’ ‘an innovation with which I am by
no means pleased. It is indeed true that this places the seekers out
continually on their guard, and obliges them to be more mindful of
their play; but then it diminishes the credit of the player, in whose
hands the bat is, as a game may be won by a very bad batsman owing to
the inability of the wicket-man, or the inattention of the seekers-out.’

The fallacy of this argument does not need to be exposed.

       *       *       *       *       *

M.C.C.

No sketch of the history of cricket would be complete without a note on
the fortunes of the Marylebone Club. This is the Parliament of cricket,
and includes almost all the amateurs of merit. There is nothing very
formal in its construction; and any clubs which please may doubtless
arrange among themselves to play _not_ according to M.C.C. rules. But
nobody so pleases; and Marylebone legislates practically for countries
that were not even known to exist when wickets were pitched at
Guildford in the reign of Henry VIII. Marylebone is the _Omphalos_, the
Delos of cricket.

The club may be said to have sprung from the ashes of the White
Conduit Club, dissolved in 1787. One Thomas Lord, by the aid of some
members of the older association, made a ground in the space which
is now Dorset Square. This was the first ‘Lord’s.’ As to Lord, he is
dubiously said (like the ancestors of Nyren) to have been a Scot and
a Jacobite, or mixed up, at least, in some way with the ’45. Lord was
obliged to move to North Bank, and finally, in 1814, to the present
ground. The famous Mr. Ward had played at Lord’s before this migration;
his first match here was in 1810, and he played, more or less, till
1847, being then sixty years of age. His bats are said to have weighed
four pounds. Mr. Ward bought the lease of the ground from Lord in 1825,
‘at a most exorbitant rate;’ and, in 1830, Dark bought the remainder of
the lease from him. The first match on our present Lord’s, or the first
recorded, was M.C.C. _v._ Hertfordshire, June 22, 1814. In 1825 the
pavilion was burned, after a Winchester and Harrow match. The burning
of the Alexandrian Library may be compared to the wholesale destruction
of cricket records on this melancholy occasion. In 1816 the Club
reviewed the Laws: the result will be found in Lillywhite’s ‘Scores,’
i. 385. ‘No more than two balls to be allowed at practice when a fresh
bowler takes the ball before he proceeds.’ A great deal too much time
is now wasted over these practice balls. ‘The ball must be delivered
underhanded, not thrown or jerked, with the hand below the elbow at the
time of delivering the ball.’ The umpire is to call ‘no ball,’ ‘if the
back of the hand be uppermost.’ As to l.b.w., the batter is out ‘if
with his foot or leg he stop the ball which the bowler, in the opinion
of the umpire, shall have pitched in a straight line to the wicket, and
would have hit it.’

The names of the Presidents are only on record after the fire.
Ponsonby, Grimston, Darnley, Coventry are among the most notable. The
renowned Mr. Aislabie was secretary till his death in 1842; in the
pavilion his bust commemorates him. Mr. Kynaston and Mr. Fitzgerald,
of ‘Jerks In from Short Leg,’ are other celebrated secretaries. In
1868 the Club purchased a lease of 99 years, at the cost of 11,000_l._
There have been recent additions to the area, and to that celebrated
monument, the pavilion.

[Illustration: The Royal Academy Club in Marylebone Fields. (After
Hayman, R.A. The property of the M.C.C.)]

Lord’s is, as all the world knows, the scene, not only of Club and
of Middlesex matches, but of Eton and Harrow, Oxford and Cambridge, and
Gentlemen and Players, which is also contested at the Oval. Winchester
used moreover to play Eton here, but the head-masters have long
preferred a home and home affair. In other chapters these great matches
will be chronicled and criticised.

       *       *       *       *       *

The various epochs in the history of the game may now be briefly
enumerated by way of summary. First we have the prehistoric age, when
cricket was dimly struggling to evolve itself out of the rudimentary
forms of cat-and-dog, and stool-ball. This preceded 154-, when we find
an authentic mention of the name of CRICKET. Just about the end of
the seventeenth century it was mainly a boys’ game. With the Augustan
age it began to be taken up by statesmen, and satirised by that ideal
whippersnapper, the ingenious but in all respects unsportsmanlike, Mr.
Pope. By 1750 the game was matter of heavy bets, and scores began to
be recorded. The old Hambledon Club gave it dignity, and the veterans
endured till quite modern times dawn with Mr. Ward. Then came the
prosperous heresy of round-hand bowling, which battled for existence
till about 1845, when it became a recognised institution. The wandering
clubs, chiefly I. Z. and the Free Foresters at first, carried good
examples into the remoter gardens of our country. The migratory
professional teams, the United and All England Elevens at least, showed
the yokels what style meant, and taught them that Jackson and Tinley
were their masters. But the lesson lasted too long. Nothing was less
exhilarating than the spectacle of twenty provincial players, with
Hodgson and Slinn, making many duck’s eggs, and fielding in a mob.
‘The first ‘ad me on the knee, the next on the wrist, the next blacked
my eye, and the fourth bowled me,’ says the Pride of the Village, in
‘Punch,’ after enjoying ‘a hover from Jackson.’ Such violent delights
had violent ends. The old travelling elevens are extinct, but railways
have ‘turned large England to a little’ field, so to speak, and
clubs may now meet which of old scarcely knew each other by name.
The Australian elevens have in recent days given a great impulse to
patriotic exertions.

Scotch cricket is a thing of this century. Football and golf are the
native pastimes of my countrymen, as hurling is of Ireland. The Old
Grange Club is the M.C.C. of the North. The West of Scotland and
Drumpellier are other clubs of standing. That ever-flourishing veteran,
Major Dickens, still upholds the honour of Kelso. The Moncrieffs have
been the Wards and Budds of Edinburgh, nor will a touching patriotism
allow me here to omit the name of George Charles Hamilton Dunlop. For
some reasons Scotland has not been productive of bowlers. Professionals
are seldom reared there, nor have amateurs devoted themselves to the
more scientific and less popular part of the game. Mr. Barclay has
already been commemorated for his speed; a few only will remember Mr.
Sinclair and Mr. Glassford, who died young, and very much regretted.
Few men have done more for Scotch cricket than Mr. H. H. Almond,
head-master of Loretto School, which has contributed several players
to the Oxford eleven. An old ‘pewter’ may here congratulate Mr. Almond
on the energy with which he kept his boys to the mark, and on the
undaunted example which he set by always going in first. The names of
Arthur Cheyne, Jack Mackenzie, Edward Henderson, Chalmers, Hay Brown,
Leslie Balfour, and Tom Marshall are only a few that crowd on the
memory of the elderly Caledonian cricketer. In the Border district, of
which more hereafter, the houses of Buccleuch and Roxburgh have been
great friends of the game, and that was a proud day for ‘the Rough
Clan’ when Lord George Scott scored over 160 in the University match of
1887. Abbotsford, too, has been well to the front, thanks to the Hon.
J. Maxwell Scott, and, for some reason, Scotland has been occasionally
represented by Mr. A. G. Steel, and the Hon. Ivo Bligh, known to the
local press as ‘the Titled Batsman.’ But these are alien glories _et
non sua poma_.

Three things are prejudicial to Scotch cricket. First, there is the
climate, about which more words were superfluous. Next, boys leave
school earlier than in England, for professions or for college. Lastly,
the University ‘session’ is in the winter months, and the University
clubs are therefore at a great disadvantage. I shall never forget
the miraculous wickets we tried to pitch on the old College Green at
Glasgow, and the courage displayed by divinity students in standing up
to Mr. Barclay there. As for St. Andrews, golf is too much with us on
that friendly shore, and will brook no rival.

 * *
  * The author of the historical introduction is much indebted to
 the Bishop of St. Andrews, a veteran of the first University Match,
 for his kindness in revising proofs, and adding notes. He has also to
 thank the Viscountess Wolseley for the loan of her picture of ‘Miss
 Wicket’; and Mr. Charles Mills, M.P., for a sight of the silver ball
 of the Vine Club. It was filled with snuff, and tossed from hand to
 hand after dinner; he who dropped it being fined in claret, or some
 other liquor.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Outside of England Mrs. Piozzi found ‘a game called _Pallamajo_,
something like our cricket.’ If she meant _Pallone_, she merely proved
herself no cricketer. Mr. Arthur Evans has noticed, in Dalmatia, a kind
of trap-bat, a ‘cat’ being used in place of a ball, and the length of
hits being measured by the stick that serves as bat.

[2] The learned have debated as to the origin of the local term ‘Dex.’
Let it suffice to say that it is not what they suppose.

[3] See M. de Charnay’s _Ancient Cities of the New World_, p. 96.
London, 1887.

[4] Strutt’s _Sports and Pastimes_, 1810, pp. 89, 90; cf. Durfey’s
_Pills to Purge Melancholy_, i. 91.

[5] _Popular Antiquities_, i. 153, _note_. London, 1813. The lines are
quoted by Brand from _A Pleasant Grove of New Fancies_, p. 74. London,
1657. He might have gone straight to Herrick, _Hesperides_ (1648), p.
280.

[6] Edinburgh, 1841.

[7] In married life, two are quite enough to play ‘cat and dog.’

[8] Compare _Loggat_. See _Hamlet_, v. 1, and _Nares’ Glossary_, s. v.

[9] Brand, ii. 287, quotes a reference to ‘cat and doug’ from the _Life
of the Scotch Rogue_. London, 1722. The Scotch Rogue says nothing about
cricket.

[10] P. 101.

[11] The miniature in which a woman bowls to a back-handed player
with no wicket is dated 1344. Bodl., 264. But the evidence of art is
never very trustworthy. The painter may have been a woman, or a monk,
or an uneducated person. Many of the pictures in modern books give a
misleading view of cricket.

[12] _Etymological Dictionary_, 1882. The writer here owes a great
deal to Dr. Murray, of the _English Dictionary_, who kindly lent him
the ‘slips’ (short, of course) on Cricket, as far as they have been
collected.--A. L.

[13] See M. Charles Deulin’s tale, ‘Le Grand Choleur,’ in _Contes du
Roi Gambrinus_. There is a good deal of information in _Germinal_, by
M. Zola. The balls are egg-shaped, and of boxwood. The game is a kind
of golf, played across country.

[14] Cotgrave’s _French Dictionary_, ‘Crosse,’ 1611.

[15] _Diary_, p. 159; May, 1676.

[16] i. p. 197. Letter xxi.

[17] The bibliography of the _Dunciad_ is not a subject to be rushed
into rashly, nor in a note; but this must have been written between
1726–1735, there or thereabouts. The Scholiasts recognise Lord John
Sackville as the Senator, and quote a familiar passage from Horace
Walpole (June 8, 1747) about _Cricketalia_, instituted in his honour.
We may, perhaps, regard Lord John as one of the early patrons of the
game.

[18] Gray’s _Works_, 1807, ii. p. 2. See also ‘urge the flying ball,’
which must refer, I think, to cricket. That ode was first published in
1747. Johnson carelessly paraphrases ‘drives the hoop, or _tosses_ the
ball!’--C. W.

[19] To George Montagu, May 6, 1726.

[20] See also his _Wiccamical Chaplet_, 1804, where there is an
excellent ‘Cricket Song’ (p. 131 to 133) for the Hambledon Club, Hants,
1767, in the course of which the following names of cricketers occur:
Nyren, Small, Buck, Curry, Hogsflesh, Barber Rich (‘whose swiftness in
bowling was never equalled yet’), ‘Little George, the longstop, and Tom
Suter, the Stumper,’ Sackville, Manns, Boyton, Lanns, Mincing, Miller,
Lumpy, Francis.--C. W.

[21] _The Cricketers Guide_, fourth edition, _s. a._, p. 58.

[22] The Bishop of St. Andrews can remember when the creases were cut,
before chalk was used.

[23] _Cricket_, An Heroic Poem, illustrated with the critical
observations of Scriblerus Maximus. By James Love, Comedian, London.
Printed for the Author, MDCCLXX. (Price, One Shilling.)

[24] Talking of appearances, there is just one story of a ghost at a
cricket match. He took great interest in the game, and went home in
a dog-cart as it seemed to the spectators, though he (the real man,
not the wraith) was on his death-bed at a considerable distance. The
spectral dog-cart is the puzzle of the Psychical Society. The scene of
the apparition was the cricket ground of a public school.

[25] The edition of Nyren’s _Cricketer’s Guide_, used here, is the
fourth, London, _s. a._ I owe it to Mr. Gerald Fitzgerald. Any
cricketer who has borrowed my own copy of the Editio Princeps will
oblige me by returning it.--A. L.

[26] _Sketches of the Players_, p. 23.

[27] Nyren, _op. cit._ p. 50.

[28] It was three or five--I forget which. I know it was the _lowest
score_ he had that year!--C. W.

[29] Was this so? The long scores caused the introduction of
round-hand bowling. From among my brother’s papers (late Bishop of
Lincoln) a letter has lately been returned to me which contains the
following:--‘Christ Church, Oxford: May 24, 1831.--Cricket, I suppose,
does not interest you; but you may like to know that in three following
innings, on three following days last week, I got 328 runs. Christ
Church has been playing--and beating--the University.’--C. W.

[30] My experience, in one respect, is, I suppose, unique. Hitting a
leg-ball, I alarmed the umpire, who turned round, and I was caught by
the wicket-keeper off his back! Naturally enough--but yet--justly? he
gave me out!--C. W.

[31] London, 1776, p. 76.




CHAPTER II.

BATTING.

(BY THE HON. R. H. LYTTELTON.)


[Illustration: FIG. 1.--The champion.]

The great and supreme art of batting constitutes to the large majority
of cricketers the most enjoyable part of the game. There are three
especially delightful moments in life connected with games, and only
those who have experienced all three can realise what these moments
are. They are (1) the cut stroke at tennis, when the striker wins
chase one and two on the floor; (2) the successful drive at golf,
when the globe is despatched on a journey of 180 yards; (3) a crack
to square-leg off a half-volley just outside the legs. When once the
sensation has been realised by any happy mortal, he is almost entitled
to chant in a minor key a ‘Nunc Dimittis,’ to feel that the supreme
moment has come, and that he has not lived in vain.

After what has been said in the foregoing chapter we shall here only
touch upon the cricket of the past in so far as seems necessary to make
this dissertation on batting tolerably complete, and shall then proceed
to discuss the principles and science of the art as it now exists.

The shape of the bat in the year 1746--which may be taken as a
beginning, for it was in that year that the first score of a match
was printed and handed down to posterity, at any rate in Lillywhite’s
‘Scores and Biographies’--resembled a thick crooked stick more than a
modern bat.

From the shape of the bat, obviously adapted to meet the ball when
moving along the ground, one may infer that the bowlers habitually
delivered a style of ball we now call a ‘sneak.’ How long this system
of bowling remained in vogue cannot exactly be told. The famous William
Beldham, who was born in 1766, and lived for nearly one hundred years,
is reported by Nyren to have said that when he was a boy nearly all
bowling was fast and along the ground. As long as this was the case it
is probable that the bat was nothing but a club, for if the ball never
left the ground the operative part of the bat would naturally be at
the very bottom, as is usual in clubs. The renowned Tom Walker was the
earliest lob bowler; he probably took to the style late in life, or
about the year 1800, and several bowlers, notably the great E. H. Budd,
raised the arm slightly; but it is believed that the first genuine
round-arm bowlers were William Lillywhite and James Broadbridge, both
of Sussex, who first bowled the new style in 1827. That year was from
this cause a year of revolution in cricket, and the shape of the modern
bat dates from that period. As a rule, up to the year 1800 the style of
batting was back. William Fennex is supposed to have been the inventor
of forward play, and Beldham reports a saying of one Squire Paulett,
who was watching Fennex play: ‘You do frighten me there, jumping out
of your ground.’ The great batsmen of the early era of cricket were
Lord Frederick Beauclerk, Mr. Budd, Beldham, Bentley, Osbaldeston,
William Ward, Beagley, William Lambert, Jem Broadbridge, W. Hooker,
Saunders, and Searle. The great skill of these players, when opposed to
under-hand bowling, was what determined the Sussex players to alter the
style of bowling, and, indeed, it is generally the fact that too great
abundance of runs raises questions as to the desirability of altering
rules.

After the year 1827 the shape of the bat became very like what it is
now, but it was much heavier in the blade and thinner in the handle,
which seems to indicate that the play was mostly of the forward driving
style, and the great exponent of this method of play was the renowned
Fuller Pilch. Anyone who has the opportunity of handling a bat of this
period will find that its weight renders it inconvenient for cutting,
but suitable for forward play. The change from under-hand bowling to
round-arm having been effected by slow developments makes it probable
that the style of play was generally forward until the under-hand
bowling was altogether superseded by round-arm. Some bowlers followed
the new order of things by changing from under to round-arm. Round-arm
bowling was at first less accurate than under-hand, and consequently
all-round hitting greatly developed; and we find Felix, the father of
cutting, who began play in 1828, chiefly renowned for this hit. Scoring
greatly diminished when round-arm bowling was thoroughly established,
and increased again as grounds got better.

Judging from the scores of that day, the best bat in England from 1827
to 1850 was Fuller Pilch, and his scoring would compare favourably with
that of nearly all modern players till 1874, with the exception of W.
G. Grace. He was a tall man, and used to smother the ball by playing
right out forward.

The principle on which his whole play was founded was evidently to
get at the pitch and take care of the ball before breaks, bumps, and
shooters had time to work their devilries. In order to carry out this
method, he used frequently to leave his ground, and consequently the
famous Wm. Clarke always found Pilch a harder nut to crack than any of
his other contemporaries.

Clarke’s slow balls tolerably well up were met by Pilch, who left his
ground and drove him forward with a straight bat. His master appears
to have been the great Sam Redgate, who was fast and ripping, and
who on one occasion got him out for a pair of spectacles, while, on
the other hand, twice in his life he got over 100 runs against Wm.
Lillywhite’s bowling, considered in those days to be an extraordinary
feat. After Pilch, Joseph Guy, of Nottingham, and E. G. Wenman, of
Kent, were considered the best; but several--C. G. Taylor, Mynn, Felix,
and Marsden, for example--scored largely, and they all passed through
a golden age of bowling, namely, about 1839, when Lillywhite, Redgate,
Mynn, Cobbett, and Hillyer all flourished, to say nothing of Sir F.
Bathurst, Tom Barker, and others.

From the year 1855, when Fuller Pilch left off play, to the year 1868,
when W. G. Grace burst on the world with a lustre that no previous
batsman had ever approached, there was, nevertheless, a grand array of
batsmen--among professionals, Hayward, Carpenter, Parr, Daft, Caffyn,
Mortlock, and Julius Cæsar; and among amateurs, Hankey, F. H. Norman,
C. G. Lane, C. G. Lyttelton, Mitchell, Lubbock, Buller, V. E. Walker,
and Maitland. These are a few of the great names. They are, however,
surrounded by several almost as renowned, such as Stephenson, T.
Humphrey, Hearne, Cooper, Burbidge, Griffith, and others; all these, we
think, made this era of the game productive of more exciting cricket
than has been known since. It may seem odd, but the overpowering
genius of W. G. Grace after this time somewhat spoilt the excitement
of the game. His side was never beaten. Crowds thronged to see him
play, all bowling was alike to him, and the record of Gloucestershire
cricket, champion county for some time through his efforts, is the only
instance of one man practically making an eleven for several years.
The other Gloucestershire players will be the first to acknowledge
the truth of this. Gloucestershire rose with a bound into the highest
rank among counties when W. G. Grace attained his position amongst
batsmen, a head and shoulders above any other cricketer. In his prime
Gloucestershire challenged and on one occasion defeated England; when
he declined, Gloucestershire declined; in his old age she shows signs
of renewing her youth, for which all credit is due to young Townsend,
Jessop, Champain, and Board. To return to the period between 1855 and
1868: the greater equality of players made the matches more exciting
and established a keener because more evenly balanced rivalry. The
grounds were not so true as those of to-day, and the matches were not
so numerous; consequently cricketers were not so frequently worn out
by the wear and tear of long fielding and days and nights of travel as
they are now. The long individual scores having been less in number and
at longer intervals, the few great innings were more vividly stamped on
the memory, and it is doubtful if even the modern 200 runs per innings
will survive as historical facts longer than Hankey’s famous innings of
70 against the Players on Lord’s, Daft’s 118 in North _v_ South on the
same ground, and Hayward’s 112 against Gentlemen, also on Lord’s.

The bowling during this period was generally fast or medium, varied
by lobs, but of genuine slow round, like that of Peate, Buchanan,
Alfred Shaw, and Tyler, there was hardly any in first-class matches. To
fast bowling runs come quicker than they do to slow; consequently the
game was of more interest to the ordinary spectator, and there was none
of that painful slowness, in consequence of the extraordinary accuracy
of modern slower bowling, that is so common now, and helps to produce
so many drawn matches. Though now, in the year 1897, the average
bowling pace is slower than it was in the sixties, it is nevertheless
faster than it was in the seventies. The professionals had literally
only one genuine slow round-arm bowler in those days--George Bennett,
of Kent--and of course this fact accounted largely for the batting
style of the period. Wickets being often rough, the most paying length
for fast bowling was naturally that length which gave the ground most
chance, and prevented the smothering style of play--a little shorter
than the blind spot, compelling back play over the crease, instead
of forward play. The best batsmen were great masters of this style
of play, with which the name of Carpenter is strongly identified. To
modern players the sight of Carpenter or Daft dropping down on a dead
shooter from a bowler of the pace of George Freeman or Jackson was a
wonderful one; but it is rapidly becoming a memory only, for in these
days a shooter may be said not to exist. Now, in 1897, a wonderful
feature of our great fast bowlers--pre-eminently Richardson--is not
that they bowl straighter than Freeman or Jackson, but that they
never bowl a ball on the legs or outside the legs. The result is that
orthodox leg hitting, and in particular the smite to long-leg with a
horizontal bat, and much nearer the ground than a square-leg hit, is
never seen. During the entire progress of a match nowadays, between
Notts and Lancashire, or Yorkshire and Notts, the unhappy batsman will
not get a single ball outside his legs to hit. So great is the accuracy
of the bowling, that over after over will go by, and not even a ball
on his legs will soothe his careworn and anxious brain. This accurate
bowling has caused another change in the way of batting. As no ball is
bowled on the leg side at all, so it consequently follows there is no
fieldsman on the on side except a forward short-leg and a deep field.
The batsman therefore waits till the bowler slightly overtosses a
ball--whether pitched outside the off stump or on the wicket he cares
not; he sweeps it round to square leg, where no fieldsman stands, and
he makes four runs by the hit. In other words, he deliberately ‘pulls’
it. Twenty years ago, on seeing such a hit, the famous Bob Grimston
would have shown his emphatic disapproval in a characteristic manner.
But the match must be won by runs; to attain this object the ball must
be hit where there is no field, and it is useless to waste energy by
hitting the ball to every fieldsman on the off side.

W. W. Read, Stoddart, and F. S. Jackson are all masters of this stroke,
which revives the drooping attention of the crowd and relieves the
monotony of the scorers. To all fast bowling the cut is a hit largely
in vogue, and the perfection to which some players arrive with regard
to this stroke is a joy to themselves and to the spectators. It is, of
course, as will be explained later on, much easier to cut fast bowling
than slow, and the heroes of the cut whenever fast bowling is on are,
and were, always numerous.

The champion cutter of old times, by universal testimony, was C. G.
Lyttelton, whose hits in the direction of point are remembered by
spectators to this day. Tom Humphrey, of Surrey, was another great
cutter; and there was a player, not of the first rank, who was famous
for this hit--namely, E. P. Ash, of the Cambridge University Eleven,
1865 and 1866.

The five champion bats of this era--1855 to 1868--were, in the opinion
of the writer, Hayward, Carpenter, Parr, Daft, and R. A. H. Mitchell.
The scoring of Hayward and Carpenter between 1860 and 1864 was very
large; both excelled on rough wickets, and it is on these wickets that
genius exhibits itself.

In all times of cricket, until the appearance of W. G. Grace, there
has been a large predominance of skill amongst the professionals
as compared with the amateurs. We are talking now of batting; in
bowling the difference has been still more to the advantage of the
professionals. The Gentlemen won a match now and then, but their
inferiority was very great. W. G. Grace altered all this; and from 1868
to 1880 the Gentlemen had a run of success which will probably never
be seen again. It was entirely owing to him, though the Players were
astonishingly weak in batting from 1870 to 1876; but nothing could
stop the crack, and his scoring in the two annual contests was simply
miraculous.

We will now attempt to lay before our readers a more detailed
exposition of the principles which ought to govern sound batting, and
a careful observance of which is found in the method of every sound
player. The first consideration is the choice of a bat, and as to this
each individual must determine for himself what is the most suitable.
It is probable that a strong man will prefer a heavier bat than a
batsman of less muscular calibre. In any case the style of play is an
important consideration, but the secret of all batting, and especially
hitting, is correct timing; this is a quality which cannot be taught,
but this is what makes a weak man hit harder than a strong man--the one
knows exactly the fraction of a second when all that is muscular, all
that he has got in wrist and shoulders, must be applied, the other does
not.

At the beginning of this century, when the bowling was fast
under-hand, the bat used was of a style suitable for meeting such
balls--namely, a heavy blade with great weight at the bottom; for,
as already mentioned, the bowling being straight and frequently on
the ground, driving was the common stroke, and for this a heavy blade
is best adapted. So now, if a player finds that he does not possess
a wrist style of play, but a forward driving game, he will probably
choose a heavier bat than the wrist-player; for a forward drive is more
of a body stroke--that is, the whole muscular strength of the shoulders
and back is brought into use, and the ball, being fully met, gives
more resistance to the bat than a ball which is cut. This, perhaps,
needs a little explanation. Just consider for a moment, and realise
the fact that a tolerably fast ball, well up and quite straight, has
been delivered. Such a ball is just the ball that ought to be driven.
The batsman lunges forward and meets it with very nearly the centre of
his bat, just after the ball has landed on the ground, at the time,
therefore, when, if there is any spin on it, it is going at its fastest
pace. Obviously, therefore, when the pace and weight of the ball are
taken into consideration, there is great resistance given to the lunge
forward of the bat. The heavier the blade of the bat the better is
it able to withstand and resist the contrary motion of the ball. As
a rule, players are not equally good both at the forward driving and
the wrist-playing games. Some few excel in both, but usually batsmen
have preferences. Now let us examine the cut--of course we are now
discussing a ball on the off side of the wicket. A wrist-player will
cut a ball that the exponent of the driving style would drive, and
therefore meet with the full, or nearly full, bat. The cutter does
not meet the ball, for the ball has gone past him before he hits it.
Take a common long-hop on the off side. The driver meets it with a
more or less horizontal bat, and hits it forward between cover-point
and mid-off, or cover-point and point, thereby resisting the ball and
sending it almost in an opposite direction to its natural course. He
hits the ball some time before it arrives on a level with his body,
while the cutter, on the other hand, does not hit the ball so soon;
in fact, he hits it when it is about a foot in front of the line of
the wicket, sometimes almost on a level with the wicket. He then, with
his wrist, hits it in the direction of third man. He does not meet the
ball at all, but he takes advantage of the natural pace of the ball
and, as it were, steers it from the normal course towards long-stop,
in the direction of third man. The whole essence of the distinction
lies in this fact, that in driving the ball is met directly by the
bat; in cutting this is not so; but the ball is, as it were, helped
on, only in a different direction. The faster the bowling, the harder,
therefore, will be the cut. The reader will at once see from this that
the wrist-player will probably prefer a lighter bat than the driving
batsman, and a bat that comes up well, as it is called, or is more
evenly balanced.

We will now suppose a batsman properly equipped in pads and, at any
rate, one glove on the right hand, and with a bat to his taste; our
next inquiry must be as to his position at the wicket. He must remember
that, after having chosen one position--the most natural and convenient
to him--he ought to adopt that position invariably; not alter it from
day to day. You never see any material alteration in the position of
any great player, and if anyone takes the very necessary trouble to
find out the easiest position, he will be a foolish man who varies
it, as any change must be for the worse. There is an old engraving,
often seen, of a match between Surrey and Kent about the year 1840.
Old William Lillywhite is about to bowl, and Fuller Pilch is about to
play. The attitude and position of Pilch were taken by the author of
‘The Cricket Field’ as a model; and there is no objection to be raised
to the position: it is a fair assumption that it was the natural and
most convenient position for Fuller Pilch himself. The author, however,
goes on to say that this is substantially the attitude of every good
batsman. To this we can only rejoin, that out of the thousands of
batsmen who have played cricket, it would be difficult to find two who
stand exactly alike. To begin with, some stand with their feet close
together, others have them apart; some indeed so far apart that it
almost seems as if they were trying to solve the problem of how much
length of ground can be covered between the two feet. Some stand with
the right foot just on the leg side of a straight line drawn between
the leg-stump of the batsman’s wicket and the off stump of the opposite
wicket; others stand with the right foot twelve inches or thereabouts
from the leg-stump in the direction of short-leg. Players who adopt
this position run a risk of being bowled off their legs, one would
think; but they ought to know best; we should not, however, advise
a beginner to adopt this attitude. W. G. Grace faces the ball, and
there is no intervening space between his hands whilst holding the bat
and his legs. If you look at the position of Pilch, you will see a
considerable interval of distance from the back of his left hand and
the right leg. There were three notable batsmen--namely, A. N. Hornby,
W. Yardley, and F. E. R. Fryer--who used to throw their left leg right
across the wicket so as almost to hide it from the view of the bowler.

[Illustration: FIG. 2.--W. G. Grace ready to receive the ball.]

Mr. A. J. Webbe stoops very much in his position, while some players
stand almost at full height; notably is this the case with W. G. Grace.
There are, as far as we know, only three rules which must be observed
in taking up a position. The first is (1) stand so that no part of the
right foot is in front of the wicket or outside the crease; (2) stand
in the attitude most natural and convenient to yourself; (3) do not
place the toes of the right foot materially nearer the wicket than the
heel. The first rule is essential, for the good player never ought to
move his right foot to fast bowling. If, therefore, any part is in
front of the wicket, he runs a risk of being leg before wicket when the
ball beats the bat; if his foot is outside the crease he is in danger
of being stumped; and if the toes of the right foot are materially
nearer the wicket than the heel, he will find himself in a very awkward
position, unable to get over the ball. Subject to these rules, the
batsman takes any position he pleases. The bat should be held firmly
with the right hand and loosely or comparatively loosely with the left;
neither hand should be tightly clenched. The late Mr. Wm. Ward spoke
the truth when he told a sculptor who had made a statue of a batsman
at guard that he was no cricketer--the wrists were too rigid and hands
too much clenched. It seems that most players lift their bat from the
block-hole while the bowler is running prior to delivering the ball,
and fig. 2 shows W. G. Grace standing just before the ball leaves the
bowler’s hand. His whole position is changed from what it was a few
seconds before. His first position before the bowler has begun his run,
is given in the sketch at the head of the chapter. The figure here
shows him to be standing almost at his full height, his bat suspended
in the air, and his weight if anything thrown rather on his right foot.
Most players, however, take up a position and stick to it, except that
they raise the bat slightly just before the ball leaves the bowler’s
hand. Nature is the best guide. Let every player therefore find out the
easiest attitude and always adopt it.

We will now consider the manner in which the bat should be held by
the hands. This varies in a few trifling particulars with different
players: but in very rare instances is there any substantial
difference. The muscles ought not to be in a state of rigidity, and
whilst the batsman is standing in position waiting for the ball the
bat should be held firmly, but not by any means tightly. The batsman
cannot depend on any particular ball coming to him; consequently, while
the ball is in the air, his mind has to be made up; he has then to set
himself for a stroke determined absolutely by the pace, length, and
direction of the ball, and there are only a few seconds for him both to
make up his mind and make the stroke. There is, no doubt, a scientific,
anatomical reason why quickness of hand and muscles is incompatible
with rigidity of muscle, but quite practicable when the muscles and
sinews are in a natural and easy state of elasticity; but any man will
find this out for himself if he begins to play. Hold the bat, then,
loosely with the left hand, nearly at the top of the handle, with the
back of the hand turned full towards the bowler, the fingers folded
round the handle, and the thumb lying easily between the first and
second fingers. The right hand is fixed exactly contrary to the left as
far as the back and fingers are concerned, for the back is turned away
from the bowler and the fingers are turned towards him. The thumb lies
across and rests on the top of the first finger, touching the finger
about a quarter of an inch from the top on the inside. When any sort of
hit or block is made the bat at that instant is held tightly, and both
thumbs are slightly shifted so as to lie on and clutch, not the fingers
that hold the handle, but the handle itself. Whether the hands are
high up on the handle or low down near the blade depends very much on
the style of the player. There is no rule on the subject, but we think
the old motto, ‘In medio tutissimus ibis,’ is good to observe, and
the middle of the handle is, on the whole, the safest. Some players,
however--notably Mr. Frank Penn, in his day a tremendous off-hitter
and altogether a grand bat--hold the bat with the knuckle of the first
finger of the right hand almost touching the top of the blade; and big
hitters, rather of the slogging order, as a rule hold the bat higher
up, with the left hand almost on the top; in fact, they adopt what may
be called the ‘long-handled style.’ In holding the bat, however, follow
the precept given before--namely, ascertain the most natural method,
and cling to it for your cricketing life.

The actual position at the wicket is the same for both slow bowling and
fast, with perhaps this trifling difference, that the batsman ought
not to stand so firmly on the right foot to slow as he would to fast.
The reason of this will be explained hereafter, when we consider the
right method of playing slow bowling. At present we will confine our
attention to playing fast bowling, and let us assume that the batsman
has taken his natural position with his right toe clear of the wicket
and that a fast right-handed bowler is bowling with hand raised above
the shoulder and over the wicket. This is the method of bowling most
in vogue in these days; in fact, the strict round-arm bowling round
the wicket, with a curl from leg, is for some inscrutable reason now
comparatively rare. Why this is so nobody can tell, and we believe that
some of the present gigantic scoring is partly owing to the absence of
this sort of bowling.

However, the popular method will be the first we shall try and
instruct the batsman to meet successfully, and we will suppose that
the wicket is fast and true. We will begin with laying down one or two
rules that must rigorously be observed by every player if he wishes
to become a first-rate cricketer. (1) _Never move the right foot when
playing fast bowling except to cut, or when you want to pull a very
short ball._ Nobody will ever become a first-rate player if he does
not strictly observe this rule. The spot of ground on which the right
foot rests is the vantage-point from which every batsman has to judge
of the direction of the ball, and if he shifts away from this, all
sorts of faults will crop up, chief of which will be an inability to
play with a straight or perpendicular bat. He will also, if he moves
his right foot towards short-leg--which is the commonest form this
vice takes--find that he will drive balls with a crooked bat to the
off, when from a proper position he would have hit them on the on
side. He will also find himself further removed from the off side,
and quite unable, therefore, to play with a straight bat on the off
stump. These are a few of the faults that come from not keeping the
right foot still. All coaches know that this habit of moving the right
leg is the fault most commonly found in young players, and it is most
difficult to remove. This arises from the fact that the ball is a
hard substance; the beginner naturally dislikes being hit anywhere on
the body, and his first and most powerful instinct is therefore to
run away. But many instincts are base in their nature, and the young
cricketer must realise in this, as in other cases, that the old Adam
must be put away and the new man put on. He will find, as he improves,
that in these days of true wickets he will not often get hit; the bat
will, as a rule, protect him, and if he is hit anywhere on or below
the knee the pads will perform a similar function. If he does get
hit, well, he must grin and bear it, and try to emulate the heroism
of some giants of old in ante-pad-and-glove days, of one of whom, the
famous Tom Walker, we read that he used to rub his bleeding fingers in
the dust, after the Mold of those days had performed a tattoo on his
fingers. (2) Never pull a straight fast ball to leg unless it is very
short and you are well in. If you miss it, you are either bowled out or
else you run a great chance of being given out leg before wicket. The
dead true wickets of these days have no doubt made many more batsmen
proficient at this stroke, but still it is sound to remember that you
must have got thoroughly used to the pace of the ground before you
try this stroke. Ranjitsinhji’s skill at this stroke is marvellous,
but few have such supple wrists. (3) Never slog wildly at a ball
well outside the off stump, but of a good length. This hit also may
occasionally come off, but there is no trap more frequently laid by
modern bowlers. Attewell, for example, bowls it so frequently that ‘the
Attewell trap’ is becoming a stock phrase, and a little consideration
will show how dangerous a stroke it is. A good length ball is one that
it is impossible to smother at the pitch, and if it is outside the
off stump it has to be played with a more or less horizontal bat, if
the slog is attempted. What must be the consequence? The ball is not
smothered, consequently any break, hang, or rise that the bowler or
the ground may impart to the ball must almost inevitably produce a bad
stroke, frequently terminating in a catch somewhere on the off side.
The proper way to play such a ball will be discussed later on, but
under no circumstances must the ball be hit at wildly at the pitch. (4)
Keep the left shoulder and elbow well forward when playing the ball. It
is more important in back play than forward, because in forward play
the ball is, or ought to be, smothered at the pitch, and the value of
the left shoulder being forward is that you are much more master of
the ball if it should happen to bump or hang; besides which, the bat
cannot easily be held straight unless this rule is observed, neither
can the full face of the bat be presented to the ball. In the case of
the shooter, or ball which keeps low after the pitch, the movement of
the left shoulder towards the left or leg side will inevitably make it
more difficult to ground or lower the bottom of the bat.

The art of defence--which is the style of play adapted to stop the
ball, as distinguished from the offensive method, where the object
is to hit the ball so as to obtain runs--may be roughly divided into
forward play and back play. The object of all forward play is to
smother the ball at its pitch; that is to say, the contact of the bat
with the ball must be almost simultaneous with the contact of the ball
with the ground. The player must reach out with a straight bat as near
to the pitch of the ball as is possible. It stands to reason that a
tall man will reach out much further than a short man, and a bowler, if
he is wise, will bowl shorter-pitched balls to a tall man than he will
to a short. Let anybody take a bat and reach forward as far as he can,
keeping the bat, when it touches the ground at the end of the stroke,
slanting so that the top of the handle is nearer to the bowler than
the bottom of the blade. There comes a distance when this slant cannot
be maintained, and the bat has either to be held in a perpendicular
position or with the handle sloping behind the blade and pointing
towards the wicket-keeper. Here, then, we come to an invariable rule,
viz. never play forward to a ball so that you are unable to keep the
bat at the proper slant, with the handle of the bat further forward
than the blade. Also, let every player remember that the left foot
must be placed as far forward as the bottom of the bat, and all play,
whether forward or back, is really between the two feet, or, more
strictly speaking, in forward play the bat must not be put further
forward than the left foot, and in back play not further back than the
level of the right foot.

Some old players may very likely not agree with this precept, and
players of the date of Fuller Pilch constantly had their bat a great
deal further out than the left foot, which used not to be thrown out
so far. Mr. C. F. Buller, again, in his day a magnificent bat, used to
play forward in the same style. But let anyone take a bat and throw out
his left foot to the fullest extent; he will find that the bat ought
not to go any further if the proper slant be maintained, and he will
find also that he has greater command over the ball in this position
than in Fuller Pilch’s. Look at the position in fig. 3, and you will
see that the bat has come down strictly on a level with the left foot.
That a greater command is obtained by this method cannot be proved
in writing, but anyone who tries the old and the new style will find
that the new is preferable as far as command of the ball is concerned.
We are not implying that the great players of the old style were bad
players because they played in the contrary way, for great players
rise above rules and play by the force of their greatness; but we are
chiefly concerned with the ordinary mortal, and our advice is, throw
the left leg right out and play to the level of the left foot. Some
good players maintain that, as the shooter comes so seldom nowadays,
it is wasting power to ground the bat when playing forward, it being
sufficient if it is placed according to circumstances, varying with the
state of the ground. This is no doubt true when the wickets are hard,
but if the miraculous should happen and a shooter come, the batsman is
out, and on soft wickets they still come. Fig. 3 illustrates grounding
the bat in forward play, and fig. 14, at the end of this chapter,
illustrates playing forward without grounding.

[Illustration: FIG. 3.--Forward play.]

The ball which is too short for the player to play forward to with his
bat at the proper slant must be played back and not forward. To be a
good judge of a ball’s length is a source of strength in any player,
and a strictly accurate player seldom makes the mistake of playing
forward when he ought to play back, and _vice versâ_. In cricket,
however, poor human nature is apt to err oftener perhaps than in most
walks of life, and the question may now be asked, What is the batsmen
to do when he finds himself playing forward, but unable to smother the
ball at the pitch? He has made a mistake; how is he to get out of the
difficulty? Let it be remembered that we are at present only concerned
with a fast and true wicket, the play on a slow tricky wicket being so
different that it will be noticed separately.

Let us assume, then, that the batsman is forward in the position here
shown, but that he finds he cannot reach far enough to smother the ball
at the pitch. On a fast wicket there is no time to rectify the error
by getting back and playing the ball in the orthodox manner; and yet
the batsman must do something or he will be bowled out. There are three
courses open to him. (1) He must trust to Providence and a good eye,
and take a slog, or adopt what a humorous cricketer once called ‘the
closed-eye blow,’ in which case, if hit at all, the ball will probably
be hit into the air, but perhaps out of harm’s way, or, as is quite as
likely, into a fielder’s hands. The famous E. M. Grace, who is blessed
with as good an eye as any cricketer, frequently plays this stroke with
success. (2) He may adopt what lawyers would call the cy-près doctrine;
in other words, though he ought to play forward and smother a ball,
he may at the same time play forward and not smother the ball, which
may hit the bat nevertheless. The dangers of this play are obvious
to every cricketer, for it leaves him at the mercy of the ball that
bumps, hangs, or turns. Modern grounds are so good that this stroke
is far safer than it used to be; for in the majority of instances the
ball comes straight on, and only the experienced observer sees that
the batsman comes off with flying colours owing to the excellence of
the ground rather than to his skill. (3) He may, after he has got
forward and perceived his error, effect a compromise and perform what
is sometimes called a ‘half-cock stroke.’ This stroke does not require
a violent shuffling about of the legs and feet, which are placed as
they would be while playing forward, but, instead of the arms and
hands reaching forward, they are brought back so as to hold the bat
quite straight over, or a little in front of, the popping crease. This
position and style of play may be observed in fig. 4, and it is worth
a careful examination; for, in our opinion, it is the proper way for a
man to extricate himself out of the difficulty he has been led into by
misjudging the length of the ball. Nobody can play a ball in this way
more skilfully than W. G. Grace, and the figure shows him in the act
of thus playing to a ball which is on the blind spot--that is, either
adapted for forward or back play, and therefore eminently qualified for
over the crease play, a compromise between the two. The merit of this
style of play is that it gives the batsman time to watch the ball, and
if it should bump or turn he may alter his tactics to meet it, whereas
by the second method his play is fixed and cannot be altered, and the
awkward hanging, bumping, or twisting ball beats him. Practise by all
means this half-cock stroke; on fast grounds it may be found more
useful than even the orthodox back play; for in back play, unless the
ball is very short, the pace of the ground may beat a man, especially
when he first goes in and has not got accustomed to the pace. The
golden rules to guide the beginner in playing forward may be very
briefly stated. (1) Play forward when the ball is fairly well pitched
up, but remember that the faster the bowling and the faster the wicket
the more frequently will forward play be the safer style of play.
(2) Keep the bat quite straight and the left shoulder and elbow well
forward. (3) Get as near to the pitch of the ball as possible. (4) Do
not put the bat further forward than the level of the left foot, which
ought to be thrown right forward.

[Illustration: FIG. 4.--‘Half-cock’ or over the crease play.]

It is often a doubtful question whether a straight drive forward is
what is technically a drive or hit, or mere forward play. Of course,
when the batsman is well set he may hit as hard as he can to a straight
half-volley; but there are many players whose forward play is so
powerful that it practically amounts to a drive. Stoddart’s forward
play frequently makes mid-off tremble, and the same used to be said of
Ford and several other players.

But to the beginner again: until you are well set, do not let all your
strength go out to any straight ball; if you do, you will lose more
than you gain. On Lord’s, for instance, a hit over the ropes can only
realise four, the same as a hit under the ropes; you will very likely,
therefore, score as many for a straight hard bit of forward play as you
will for a regular swipe.

When the art of back play to fast bowling is discussed, the converse
of what has been said about forward play is true, viz. that as the
faster the ground the more balls ought to be played forward, so
under the same circumstances will fewer balls be played back. As a
general rule, it may be observed that strong-wristed players play more
back than batsmen who play chiefly with their arms and shoulders. A
weak-wristed player playing back on a very fast wicket will frequently
be late, and either miss the ball altogether or else half-stop it,
in which latter case it may dribble into the wicket. The value of a
strong wrist is that the batsman can dab down on a ball and do the feat
in a far shorter space of time than a shoulder-and-arm player. The
difference between a strong wrist and a weak wrist in playing back is
a little similar to what is observed in an altogether different line.
Look at a great underbred cart-horse with a leg like a weaver’s beam,
and then look at the real thoroughbred with its slim proportions; at
first sight it appears that a kick from the cart-horse will inflict
much greater damage than a kick from the thoroughbred. People who
are learned in horses, however, inform us that the contrary is the
case, and the greater weight of the leg of the cart-horse is more
than counterbalanced by the far more rapid and sudden movement of the
thoroughbred. The bat wielded by a player with a strong wrist goes
through the air like lightning, and comes down on the ball far quicker
and harder than a ponderous stroke from the arms and shoulders of the
batsman with no wrist action. Perhaps the champion back-player of the
century was Robert Carpenter, of Cambridgeshire and United All England
renown, whose back play on Lord’s to the terrific fast bowling of
Jackson and Tarrant will never be forgotten by those who beheld it.

[Illustration: FIG. 5.--‘Back play’ to a bumping ball.]

A back style of play does not smother the ball at the pitch, but
plays at the ball when its course after contact with the ground is
finally determined, and a careful watching of the ball is therefore of
the highest importance. It is bad ever to assume that, because a ball
has pitched on a line with the off stump, therefore you are safe if you
protect the off stump only, on the assumption that the ball is going on
straight. The ball may break back, and in order to ascertain that it
has done so, and to shift your bat to guard the middle and leg stumps,
you must carefully watch the ball. Apart from breaking or curling, the
ball may shoot or bump; in either case the batsman has only his eye to
guide him, and the wrist has to obey the eye. Fig. 5 represents ‘back
play’ to a bumping ball. Sometimes a ball may be so short that if the
batsman has got his eye well in, and is thoroughly accustomed to the
pace of the ground, he may by a turn of the wrist, keeping the left
shoulder and elbow well forward, steer the ball through the slips. The
beginner, however, must be careful to attempt nothing but the orthodox
forms of play; he is not W. G. Grace or Shrewsbury and such-like, who,
in their turn, do not attempt exceptional feats until they are well
set. The ball ought to be met with the full face of the bat, and under
no circumstances ought the ball to be allowed to hit the bat, which
must be the propeller, not the propelled. Mind to respect and carefully
follow out the two great commandments--never to move the right foot,
and to keep the left shoulder forward and left elbow up. The number of
hours that a youngster has to be bowled at before that fatal right foot
can be relied upon to keep still is prodigious; but the bat cannot be
straight if the body is gravitating towards the direction of short leg
while the ball is in the air. To a very short ball different methods
of play may be adopted. The one alluded to above, the steering of the
ball through the slips, is not often attempted, and a safer method
would be to try and come heavily down on the ball and force it past
the fields for two or three runs. This is a safe stroke, much safer to
adopt than the other. The bat must be straight, and it is wise not to
let your whole strength go out, for one or two contingencies may arise
for which the player ought to be prepared. In the first place, the ball
may shoot, and the crisis must be met accordingly. Now, if the whole of
the strength and all the faculties of a batsman are bent towards the
carrying out of one particular stroke, there will be no reserve left to
provide for any other contingency, for the muscles will be wholly set
for one stroke, and one stroke only, and the player will infallibly be
late if the ball should keep a little low. Of course, on a great many
grounds in these days the chances of such contingencies are reduced
almost to a minimum on account of the excellence of modern wickets; but
still we have to inform the reader what _may_ happen, not only what
happens commonly. Some few players rise superior to grounds, and though
of course they can get many more runs on easy wickets, still they show
good cricket when the wicket is in favour of the bowler.

The prevalence of easy wickets is not, in our opinion, an unmixed
blessing. You may go and watch a match when the ground is as hard as
iron and as true as truth, and see a magnificent innings played by some
batsman. The same player on a bowler’s wicket is not less uncomfortable
than the proverbial fish out of water. A man may be a lion on a lawn,
but a mere pigmy when the ground is not a lawn. There are a great
many of these lions on lawns in these days, and to hear them all with
one consent begin to make excuse when they have been bowled out on a
crumbling wicket is very amusing. The ball hung, or it kept low, or
‘broke back a foot, I assure you, dear boy. W. G. in his best days
wouldn’t have been near it.’ In his best days, and almost in his worst,
Mr. Grace would have often played it, and so would Steel, Shrewsbury,
and one or two others--planets among the stars, to watch whom getting
thirty runs out of a total of eighty on a difficult wicket is far more
enjoyable to a skilled spectator than to see the hundreds got on ABC
wickets. The chances that on a hard smooth wicket the very short ball
will do anything abnormal is, nowadays, reduced to a minimum. But still
it may happen, and it is therefore wise to have in reserve a little
strength and a little elasticity. You can play very hard, nevertheless,
and for this hard forcing stroke off a short straight ball W. Yardley,
the late B. Pauncefote, H. C. Maul, and F. G. J. Ford have never been
surpassed.

The ball most to be dreaded for the forcing stroke is the hanging
ball, which stops and does not come on evenly and fast to the bat. The
batsman will fail to time the ball, with the almost certain consequence
that the bat will go on and the ball will be hit from underneath, and
up it will go. The advice that has been given to keep a slight reserve
of strength to provide against such contingencies as the hanging ball
has the same force now. If you have not altogether let the whole force
go out, you will have a better chance of doing the correct thing to a
ball of this description--namely, to drop the bat and allow the ball
to hit it, the exact opposite of your original intention. This is an
exception to the general rule that the bat should hit the ball, and not
the ball the bat.

In all cases a quick and correct eye will enable its owner to come out
of the difficulty with flying colours, and any rules that may be laid
down will be utterly useless to him who puts his bat just where the
ball is _not_, but where his inaccurate eye thinks it is. If a youth
with the best intentions, but with a false and crooked eye, after
reading and thoroughly comprehending every rule directing how every
ball ought to be played, stands up and tries to play cricket, what
will be the result? He may even have courageously learnt to pin his
right foot firmly to the ground; but, notwithstanding this, the result
of his efforts will be that, though all proper and necessary postures
may be assumed, he will be bowled out, for the bat, except by a lucky
chance, will always be in the wrong place, though held quite straight.
If cricket could be played with no ball, the careful eyeless cricketer
would shine; but the introduction of that disturbing element dashes all
his hopes to the ground.

There is a ball that in these days more frequently than any other
succeeds in bowling people out, and that is the familiar ‘tice’ or
‘yorker.’ This is nothing else than a ball right up, that pitches in
fact near the block-hole, but is not a full pitch. This ball ought to
be met by the bat just when it touches the ground, and the bat ought
to come down very heavily on the ball. It is a little difficult to
understand why this ball is so frequently fatal, as it comes straight
up and only requires a straight bat and correct timing. Probably most
batsmen hope that the eagerly-looked-for half-volley has at length
come; this induces them to lay themselves out for a smite, and when
they see their mistake it is too late to alter the tactics. Others, on
the contrary, think that a full-pitch is coming, and advance their bat
to meet it; the result is, the ball gets underneath it. In fact, the
length of the ball is not correctly judged, and the batsman is caught
in two minds. A bowler who is in the habit of sending down ‘yorkers’ is
fond of doing so the first ball after a new batsman comes in, and if
a batsman is known to be of a nervous temperament there is no better
ball to give in the first over. It may be here said, however, that it
is next door to impossible to bowl a ‘yorker’ to some batsmen. W. G.
Grace, for instance, seems always to be able to make a full-pitch of
this ball, and a fourer often results. It is obvious that if a ball
pitches near or on a level with the block-hole when the batsman is
standing still, it ought to be easy to make it a full-pitch by stepping
out to meet it. Mr. Grace does this even to fast bowling.

Having endeavoured to the best of our ability to enunciate a few
principles as to defensive tactics, we will now try and discuss
offensive tactics, or hitting. A curious feature of the present day
is that new hits have come into existence. These have not sprung up
because they were not occasionally brought off in earlier days, but
formerly when they were the batsman used to apologise to the bowler
for having wounded his feelings, and a sort of groan used to be heard
all round, as if there had been some gross violation of a cricket
commandment. The grounds have improved to such an extent that bowlers
have had to resort to new tactics to effect the grand object of all
bowlers--namely, to get wickets.

A fast bowler has one system of tactics, a medium and slow bowler
another. On hard level wickets a fast bowler in these days is very apt
to bowl short on the off stump and try and make the ball bump, and to
cram a lot of fields in the slips, while the wicket-keeper stands back.
The sort of ball that bowls a man out is frequently a ‘yorker.’ This
is not the perfection of bowling, it is a bad style that the modern
perfect wicket has caused to come in. A bowler who keeps a splendid
length with really scientific methods, like Hearne, has his reward in
uncertain weather and on catchy wickets, but the baked smooth wickets
of modern-day cricket produce such bowlers as Jessop and Jones the
Australian, who mainly bowl for catches in the slips--and who can blame
them? Slow bowlers have to sacrifice accuracy and length to get twist
or break like Trott, the Australian captain, and Hartley the Oxonian,
and Wainwright; this is also because the perfect wickets will not allow
the combination of length and break. So the bowlers have to cultivate
an abnormal break, which cannot be done without the sacrifice of length.

[Illustration: FIG. 6.--Gunn cutting.]

Of all hits, the most fascinating to the intelligent spectator is the
cut. This requires a very strong use of the wrist, and, like all wrist
strokes, charms the spectator by accomplishing great results at the
expense of apparently little effort. Cricket reporters of the present
day are very apt to call any hit that goes in any direction between
cover-point and long-slip a cut, and thereby make the term include both
snicks and off drives. This is a mistake, as nearly every cricketer
can sometimes make an off drive, and all can snick the ball, even the
worst; indeed, with some it is the only stroke they seem to possess,
but there are many who have hardly ever made a genuine cut in their
lives. The real genuine cut goes to the left side of point--assuming
that point stands on a line with the wicket--it is made with the right
leg thrown over, and its severity depends largely on the perfectly
correct timing of the ball. The ball is hit when it has reached a
point almost on a line with the wicket, and the length of the ball is
rather short; if far up, it is a ball to drive and not to cut. The bat
should hit the ball slightly on the top, and the most correct cutting
makes the ball bound before it gets more than six yards from the
player. Figs. 6 and 7 show Gunn and Shrewsbury in the position proper
for cutting. It is a mistake to suppose that the right leg should be
thrown over a long way; it is sufficient if the foot be put in front
of the off stump. When the player is well in and has thoroughly got
the pace of the ground, he very often makes what may be called a clean
cut; that is to say, he hits with a bat quite horizontal to the ball,
and not over it. This produces a harder hit, as the force is wholly
directed towards sending the ball in the proper direction, and not hard
on the ground. It is not so safe, because, if the ball should bump, the
bat, not being over the ball, may hit its lower side and send it up.
Therefore be careful to hit over, and sacrifice some of the severity,
if you wish to play a safe game.

[Illustration: FIG. 7.--Shrewsbury cutting.]

Some careful players would hit over the ball even after they have
scored one hundred runs, and we have never seen Shrewsbury, for
instance, cut in any other way. In the figure the ball must be
presumed to lie rather low, for it is certain that he is following his
invariable custom of getting over the ball. In any case we should never
recommend the clean cut to any but the best players, and that only on a
perfect wicket and when they are well set. If you are in the position
to cut and the ball should bump, it is wise to leave it alone, for the
danger of being caught at third man is very great. We have seen lusty
hitters get right under a bumping off ball and send it high over third
man’s head, but it is a perilous stroke, and is not correct cricket. If
the ball, on the other hand, keeps a bit low after the pitch, it is a
most effective stroke to come heavily down on it; if the force is put
on the ball at the right moment it will go very hard, and may be called
a ‘chop.’ Messrs. K. J. Key and O’Brien, who are strong players from
every point of view, excel at this stroke, and they hit the ground at
the same time as the ball with a great power of wrist. It is useless
for anybody to hope to cut well unless he has both a strong wrist and
the power of timing.

The question now arises, What is the player with a weak wrist to do
with a ball that a strong-wristed man cuts? Some would say that if
he cannot cut in the orthodox vigorous way he ought at any rate to
go as near to it as he can, and if he cannot make a clean cut for
four, at least he should content himself with two. We think, however,
there is for such players a more excellent way. In the cut we have
been describing the right foot is shifted across: suppose the player
now moves his left foot, not across, but simply straight forward to a
ball that is in every way suitable to cut; let him then wait till the
ball has gone just past his body, and then hit it with the full force
of his arms and shoulders and with as much wrist as he has got. The
ball will naturally go in the same direction as the orthodox cut, and
quite as hard. The player must stand upright, and must especially be
careful not to hit the ball before it has passed his body. If he does
this off a fast long hop, he will bring off a vulgar sort of stroke,
which cannot go so hard as the ball hit later, because there is greater
resistance to the bat; in the correct way the bat hits the ball partly
behind it and, as it were, helps it on in its natural course, whereas
at the incorrect moment the ball has to be thumped in order to send it
in an exactly opposite direction from that in which it is going before
meeting the bat.

In our judgment coaches ought to teach all beginners this stroke
whenever they find weakness of wrist. The body is put in such a way as
to compensate for a weak wrist, and if anyone takes up this position
with a bat in his hand he will find that the stroke partakes of the
qualities of a drive more than of a cut. Young players are generally
rather impatient, and very apt to hit the ball before it reaches the
level of the body, and this fault must be removed.

[Illustration: FIG. 8.--Old-fashioned sweep to leg. (Gunn.)]

Let us now discuss the leg hit--most glorious of hits--where every
muscle of the body may safely be exerted; for if you miss it the ball
is not straight, so you cannot be bowled, and the harder the hit the
less chance is there of being caught, at any rate in first-class
matches in these days of boundaries. Bowling having become more
accurate, there is not half so much leg hitting now as there used to
be, and in the present day you hardly ever hear of a batsman known for
his hitting as George Parr was formerly, as also Mr. R. A. H. Mitchell,
and several others.

There are plenty of men who can hit to leg, but in these days they
do not often get a chance, and it is a rare event nowadays to see any
fieldsman standing at the old-fashioned position of long-leg. There is
generally a field stationed against the ropes to save four byes when
a fast bowler is on, who can also stop leg snicks from going to the
ropes; but, to carry the illustration farther, as in leg hitting there
is no George Parr, so in fielding at long leg there is no Jack Smith
of Cambridge. It is rapidly dying out. In a match which we ourselves
saw at Sheffield in 1887, between Notts and Yorkshire, for a whole day
and a half there was not one genuine leg smack except off lobs, and at
no time was a field placed there. This is hard for the batsman, but it
is even harder for the spectators, who love to see a grand square-leg
hit. George Parr’s leg hit, for which he was unrivalled, was the sweep
to long-leg off a shortish ball that many modern players would lie
back to and play off their legs. George Parr would extend his left leg
straight forward, and sweeping round with a horizontal bat, send the
ball very hard, and frequently along the ground. This hit has really
totally disappeared in these days. When George Parr played he used to
punish terrifically bowlers like Martingell, of Surrey and Kent, who
relied on a curl from leg and bowled round the wicket--a most effective
style, naturally producing, however, many leg balls. It is all the
other way now, and it may be taken for certain that for every leg ball
you see now in first-class matches you saw ten or twenty in former
days. However, young players in schools are certain to get plenty of
convenient balls to hit, so they must remember to throw out the left
leg and hit as near to the pitch as possible and as hard as they can.
The ball may start in the direction of square-leg, but its natural bias
after it has gone a certain distance will be towards long-leg or behind
the wicket, and the fieldsman must remember this, or he will find the
ball fly away behind him on his right side. Be very careful never to
try this stroke to balls that are on the wicket, or even nearer the
wicket than four inches at least. If it is within that distance it is
a ball to drive, and not to hit to leg. Fig. 8 shows Gunn carrying
out this stroke, and the batsman may put his left leg in front of the
wicket if he is certain the ball did not pitch straight. This hit
ought only to be attempted when the ball is short of a half-volley. If
the ball is a half-volley or at any rate well up, the proper hit is
in front of the wicket or to square-leg, and with a vertical, not a
horizontal bat. In this hit, how far to throw out the left leg depends
on the length of the ball; the batsman may even sometimes have to draw
it back a little and stand upright and face the ball if it is well up.
There is no hit that can be made harder than this to square-leg, and
there have been many records of gigantic square-leg hits. Some hitters
have sent the ball as far by the lofty smack straight over the bowler’s
head, but more batsmen can generally hit farther to square-leg, and
only a short time ago Mr. Key sent a ball right out of the Oval. In
years gone by Lord Cobham and R. A. H. Mitchell were renowned for their
square-leg hitting, as was Carpenter also. There is no very special
rule to be observed for this hit, except that the ball must be on the
legs or just outside them, and not straight, or within four or five
inches of the leg stump. If the ball is tolerably wide on the leg
the bat will be more horizontal as it hits the ball, which will in
consequence go sharper, and _vice versâ_, if the ball is just crooked
enough to hit; it will, when hit, go more straight, and be called by
the cricket reporters an ‘on drive,’ though it is a square-leg hit.
Fig. 9 is supposed to represent W. G. Grace hitting to square-leg, and
the reader must assume that the fieldsman is running to field the ball
going on a line or in front of the wicket, and not behind it.

[Illustration: FIG. 9.--Square-leg hit. (W. G. Grace.)]

Some players there are who never seem to hit at any ball, but push
it all along the ground, and for this purpose they get farther over
the ball, and simply use the weight of the body, using the arms and
shoulders but little.

This is an eminently safe game, but to these players we would only
observe that they deprive themselves of the glorious sensation,
alluded to at the beginning of this chapter, which comes when a ball
is hit with all the force that nature can supply and a fine driving
bat can supplement. Cricket is a game; the primary object of games is
to give pleasure to the players, and it is quite impossible that the
same amount of keen gratification can await the stick who never hits
as is realised by the man who, though he may only be at the wickets
half the time, yet in that time makes at least ten great hits that
will realise forty runs. There is, however, a good length ball on the
legs to which this push can be usefully applied if the batsman is one
of the numerous class of cricketers who cannot make use of the sweep
to leg. This stroke is made by slightly moving out of the ground, or
rather, the whole weight of the body being inclined forward the right
foot is dragged forward also. This may seem to violate a cardinal
rule laid down before--that the right foot should never be moved. It
must be remembered that the reasons why the right foot should not be
moved mainly apply when the foot is moved in front of the wicket or
towards short-leg. It is invariably wrong to go out of your ground
when the fast ball is straight or on the off side, for in both these
instances, if you miss the ball, even if it does not hit the wicket,
you are under the risk of being stumped. But to move out of your ground
to a fast ball on your legs practically lays you open to no danger of
being stumped, for if you should miss the ball you will stop it with
your legs. Now imagine yourself utterly unable to sweep the ball to
leg as George Parr used to do, and receiving a ball that you cannot
reach at the pitch so as to hit with a straight bat--in other words,
rather a short ball--what are you to do? If the ball is very short you
will probably get back, bring your left foot on a line with, and close
to, the right, and try either to make the ball glide off your bat to
long-leg or play it with a full face for a single in front of short-leg.

Fig. 10 shows W. G. Grace attempting the glide, and apparently he has
hardly moved either leg; presumably, therefore, the ball is not very
short, but only just too short to hit. This is a stroke in which W. G.
Grace excels, as indeed he does in most others; but it is a dangerous
one unless the left elbow is kept well up, for otherwise, if the ball
bumps, you will find your bat sloping backwards and the ball will go up.

[Illustration: FIG. 10.--‘The glide.’ (W. G. Grace.)]

We must now think of the proper way to play a ball on the legs that
is not short enough for the batsman to play back to in this way,
though, on the other hand, it cannot be hit to square-leg with a
straight bat. The batsman also, on account of some natural disability,
has always been unable to learn the secret of the George Parr sweep.
This sort of ball must be played forward, and, if necessary, the
batsman may even leave his ground and push it in front of short leg.
As has been said before, if he should miss the ball his legs will save
him from being stumped. The ball must be smothered as far as possible
and pushed on in front of short-leg, and the reason why it is not hit
harder is simply because you cannot quite get at the pitch, and if,
therefore, you hit hard at it, you would probably sky the ball. The
bat must be kept at the proper slope: as the body is lunging forward
a great deal of impetus will be given to the hit by the mere weight
of the body, and the ball will frequently find its way to the ropes.
This play is most useful when opposed to left-handed bowlers, for then
the ball is apt to follow the arm and come straight in the direction
of the batsman’s left hip. The famous trio of Uppingham cricketers,
Messrs. Patterson, Lucas, and D. Q. Steel, were very strong in this
stroke, and in an innings of over a hundred which Mr. Patterson played
at Lord’s in 1876 against Oxford a large proportion of his runs were
made in this way. In ancient days many balls on the leg side used to be
played by a now practically obsolete stroke called the ‘draw,’ which
consisted of an ugly lifting up of the left leg and letting the ball
glide off the bat between the legs towards long-leg. It was as much
part of the _répertoire_ of a player of the old style as a cut or a
drive, but it has utterly gone out of fashion as a stroke to be learnt,
simply because it had no further effect than the glide off the bat as
now practised; the modern style has also the additional advantage of
being more elegant, and there is less chance of the ball hitting the
foot. The famous Jemmy Grundy used frequently to play this stroke,
and his mantle appears to have descended on some younger Nottingham
players, for at the present day they sometimes use it. It used to be
brought off occasionally by the famous Richard Daft, and was in fact
the only stroke of this graceful and most correct player that was not
elegant. As we have now got on the subject of the draw, we may as well
describe the other sort of obsolete draw, which was performed by just
touching the ball with the bat quite straight, but with its left side
turned towards the wicket-keeper, or what soldiers would call left
half-face, held some way behind the body. Tom Hearne used to be great
at this sort of draw, but it is even more entirely gone out of fashion
as a stroke than the other style. The same effect is produced by what
is frequently seen--namely, a batsman only just snicking a ball off the
leg stump, or just touching it, leaving the spectator uncertain whether
the ball has been played or has hit the wicket. Tom Hearne, who was
the last player who used to practise this stroke methodically, was in
the habit of jumping with both feet towards short-leg, and leaving the
bat in the correct position for the draw; and not unfrequently he was
caught at the wicket owing to the ball not being turned sufficiently;
sometimes, though not often, if the bound towards short-leg happened
to be a little too much in front, he used to be stumped. This stroke
necessitated moving the right leg towards short-leg, and it is on this
ground mainly that we contend that it is not sound cricket; but, as has
before been stated, it is now quite obsolete, and to imagine it you
must also imagine yourself in the days of tall hats, pads under the
trousers, and braces holding up a curious type of pantaloon, such as
the late Mr. Burgoyne, treasurer of the M.C.C., used to wear up to the
day of his death. The play shown in fig. 11 is made by drawing back the
left foot, coming hard on to the ball, and forcing it in the direction
of short-leg. In our judgment, this is the right play for all short
balls on the legs, for the ball is near to the body and consequently
to the eye; you have therefore great facility in placing it, and you
have also the bat at a proper angle. It is more correct than the stroke
shown in fig. 10, for there if the ball should bump it will run up the
shoulder of the bat, and possibly get caught by the wicket-keeper,
short-slip, or even point and short-leg, and we have seen several
instances of the ball hitting the bat, not in the front but at the
side of the bat. In the former play the ball has to hit the bat, in
the latter the bat hits the ball, and, according to the fancy of the
batsman, can either be hit in front of short-leg or be suffered to
glide towards very sharp long-leg. The figure, however, does not quite
convey the impression that the ball is being hit hard. The bat may have
descended from over the batsman’s head, especially if the ball is very
short, while the figure only shows the end of the stroke.

[Illustration: FIG. 11.--Forcing stroke off the legs.]

The off drive in the direction of cover-point and to the right hand
of point is a favourite hit with many players. Barnes of Nottingham
plays it to perfection. The ball to hit in this way is one well up on
the off side, though it need not be a half-volley. The left foot is
thrown across, the ball is hit with a nearly perpendicular bat, and
the stronger the wrist the cleaner and harder will be the hit. In this
and every other hit correct timing is most important, and whatever the
beginner may try, do not let him attempt to hit wildly at the pitch of
the ball. Let the left foot be put across, and be careful to hit over
the ball in order to keep it down, for if you do not, and the ball
bumps, it will inevitably go up. The ball should be a foot or so wide
of the wicket; the batsman at the moment of striking the ball will be
facing cover-point, and will have his left shoulder well forward, as in
fig. 12. The bat is well over the shoulder, and is coming down nearly
perpendicularly on the ball, which is not a half-volley; if it were,
the bat would be straighter and the ball would be driven straighter.
But the ball is hit after it has gone about a foot from the pitch. If
the ball is a foot or two wide of the wicket and well up it would be
hit in a similar position, for the bat cannot be held straight to hit
a ball at this distance from the wicket; if it should go straight it
would be a pull and not a clean hit, and the further the ball from the
wicket the further ought the left foot to be moved across. Whatever you
do, refrain from hitting a ball when there is reasonable expectation of
the umpire calling ‘Wide.’ You may hit it for two or three runs; you
are more likely only just to touch it with the end of the bat and get
caught by third man or point; you are still more likely to cover it and
not score off it, thereby losing a run for your side.

[Illustration: CAUGHT AT THE WICKET]

So completely has the modern method of bowling on the off side for
catches established itself, that cautious players like Donnan and
Abel have got into the habit of leaving off balls altogether alone.
Granted that the bowling is accurate and the fields well placed, county
clubs will very soon find out that, if this course is pursued much
further, cricket will become a very dull game to watch, and a match
will probably seldom lead to a decisive result. It may be done to a
good length ball outside the off stump when you first go in, and have
neither got a good sight of the ball nor the pace of the ground; but
that batsmen should habitually watch the wicket-keeper take the ball
while they stand right in front of the wicket, with their bats behind
them, is carrying caution so far that some people would call it not
a virtue but a vice. We actually saw a cautious player receive four
consecutive off balls and not make an attempt to hit one. What pleasure
can there be in batting if these tactics are adopted? And let such
players please think of the unhappy spectators. The ball can be hit
if you will only get your left foot well across and get well over the
ball, and even if your energies are chiefly directed towards hitting
the ball on the ground, the ball will be hit, and the field may make
a mistake; at any rate you have made an effort, and not given up in
despair. It is like a timid man running away from danger instead of
facing it, as he should, and it is better to try and to fail than not
to try at all. Never mind your average; you cannot win a match by such
tactics, though you may make a draw of it.

[Illustration: FIG. 12.--Off drive.]

The off drive by cover-point must be always made by putting the
left leg across, and not the right; and the old principle never to
be departed from, namely, to keep the left shoulder and elbow well
forward, must be again emphasised. When you have once got into position
you are master of the situation: you are right over the ball, and you
may leave it alone if it should bump; or you may wait till the ball
has passed you, and then make the cut with left leg over in the way
described before. You are not in the most favourable attitude for the
cut, because your left leg is too much over, but it can be brought off;
and if only a great deal of practice is given to this off drive there
will be no necessity for leaving balls alone.

There are several players to whom is denied the ability and capacity
to make these off strokes, who are defective in wrist and careful
timing of the ball, but who are fully capable of taking quite proper
care of a half-volley or balls well up. Such players are under a great
disadvantage when they get balls on the off side that are shorter than
the half-volley, for they certainly cannot take the same advantage of
them. But they have a great many courses open to them, and if they will
get the left leg over, and hit over the ball, they will run no risk of
getting out, and a casual ball will be well timed and hit accordingly.
But they have also the waiting stroke open to them, and this consists
of letting the ball get past them, and simply letting it glide off the
bat in the direction of long-slip. The faster the bowling the more
runs will result from this stroke, as the ball is hit at a longer time
after it has pitched than it is when the batsman meets it by the more
effective method; there is more time to observe its pace and direction;
and if such a player is only careful to get over the ball, he will get
a lot of runs in this way.

Lastly, there is the hard drive, which partakes largely of forward
play, but yet is a hit to which you can open your shoulders. It is made
with a straight bat either on the off side, on side, or straight over
the bowler’s head.

To fast bowling the difficulty arises of distinguishing this stroke
from forward play, for so many balls from fast bowlers on hard wickets
are played forward that are not by any means half-volleys and yet go
very hard. In fact, there are occasions when fast grounds and fast
bowling combine to make batting very easy--when, as a well-known
Yorkshire fast bowler said, ‘If you poke at her she goes for four.’
There is no real necessity for ever having a regular smack at straight
balls from a very fast bowler; it is practically as effective to play
them forward, with the weight of the body thrown on the left foot
and the arms and shoulders kept free and loose. No more beautiful
exponent of this graceful forward play has ever lived than Lionel
Palairet of Somerset. But by all means hit as hard as you possibly
can at a half-volley outside the off stump; the ball will either make
mid-off tremble, or else go straight to the ropes between mid-off and
cover-point. You move the left foot slightly forward a little in front
of the wicket, and you hit at the ball with a straight bat and get
well over it to keep it along the ground. Hold your bat tight, for if
it should turn in your hands there will be a miss-hit and you will be
caught at cover-point or elsewhere. You can hit your hardest at the
half-volley just off the wicket, for the simple reason that if you do
miss the ball you cannot be bowled, and there is no more chance of
missing if you put out your whole strength to it than if you simply
drive it forward with a straight bat. So keep a little reserve of
strength in all straight balls, but to a crooked half-volley put your
whole force into the blow and hit as though you wished to do the ball
an injury.

About the half-volley on the on side very little need be said. We have
observed before that the ball just outside the leg stump, to within two
or three inches of it, is a ball to drive and not hit to leg. It should
be hit towards mid-on or between the bowler and mid-on; and to apply
what has been said before, hit it as hard as you can, as if you do miss
it you will not be bowled. Keep the right leg still and lunge forward
on to your left foot, which should be a little thrown forward, and hold
the bat tight.

We have now sufficiently discussed the principles that ought to guide
the young player in playing fast bowling on a good fast wicket, and
if he observes what has been said he will find that he plays a good
safe game, assuming that his eye is straight and that he is able to
put his bat in the place where his eye shows him it ought to go. The
play to fast bowling on slow tricky wickets brings out the batsman’s
real talent, and he will discover that what was easy on a hard wicket
is full of difficulty on a soft. There are no decisive rules to guide
the player on such wickets; he must trust to his eye and capacity for
watching the ball. The player that can watch the ball carefully is the
man who will succeed on slow difficult wickets; and anybody who has
seen Grace, Shrewsbury, and A. G. Steel bat under these circumstances
will understand what this watching the ball means. If the ground is
very fast there is hardly any time for a careful watching of the ball;
the player must play largely by instinct, which will tell him where
the ball is going, and as the wickets nowadays are so very true the
ball will nearly always take a natural course, that is, straight from
the pitch. The left-handed bowler round the wicket will come with
the bowler’s arm slightly from off to leg, the right-handed bowler
also round the wicket from leg to off, but these are both the natural
courses the ball ought to take. On slow wickets, however, the ball will
come slower; it will take all sorts of fantastical turns and twists,
it will get up straight, and sometimes hang or stop a little. It will
generally be found that very fast bowlers do not shine on slow soft
wickets, for they have great difficulty in getting a good foothold.
It is the medium and slow bowlers who revel on such ground, as Briggs
and Giffen can tell you. The batsman will find that he is bound to
play more back and less forward, for it is little good to play forward
unless the ball can be smothered, owing to the extraordinary pranks the
ball will indulge in after it has pitched. He will therefore be found
playing more on his right leg, and the runs will inevitably come much
slower. It has been ascertained by experience that hitters are of more
value on these difficult wickets than sticks; for the latter, though
they may stay in for an hour, will perhaps not get a dozen runs during
that period. The hitter, however, if he brings off four hits, does more
execution in a quarter of an hour than the stick will do in thrice that
time.

The value of three or four hitters in an eleven was never more
distinctly shown than in the case of the Australian Elevens of 1882
and 1884, and the Gloucestershire and Cambridge Elevens of 1897. In
the Gloucestershire and Cambridge Elevens of 1897 Jessop’s hitting
has on several occasions turned a match in a quarter of an hour, and
this player certainly has the greatest gift we ever saw of hitting
balls of any and all lengths. The Australian 1882 eleven had four
big hitters--McDonnell, Bonnor, Giffen, and Massie. In the great
international match at the Oval in 1882, Massie got the fifty-five runs
in Australia’s second innings that practically won the match, and to
say he hit at every ball is scarcely an exaggeration. There was also a
match against Yorkshire at Holbeck, where McDonnell’s scores of over
thirty in one innings and over forty in the other certainly won the
match for his side. In 1886 Surrey had to go in to get eighty-seven
runs to win. Abel was playing for an hour and three-quarters, while
Garrett and Evans were bowling, every ball dead on the wicket, and
during that time laboriously compiled thirteen runs. The result of the
match was really very doubtful after the fall of the seventh wicket,
but Jones, a courageous cricketer, seeing what was the right game,
went out and hit Palmer over the ropes for four, and the value of this
hit cannot be exaggerated. As a rule it may be taken for granted that
steady and slow play, useful and good as it is in its way, will not win
matches on slow difficult wickets unless there is a sprinkling of three
or four hitters in the eleven. By the doctrine of chances you will find
that one of the number will come off, and one innings like Massie’s
may win the match. To the player who has any hit in him we therefore
advise the playing of a freer game on slow difficult wickets than on
easy ones. In the latter case runs are bound to come if only you stop
there, but they will not in the former. You may leave your ground even
to fast bowling on slow wickets if you think you can bring off a hit
by so doing, and generally hold the bat nearer the top and give her
the long handle. The defensive player, if he cannot do this, must play
generally back with the weight on the right leg, watch the ball very
carefully, take advantage of any loose ball that may be bowled, and
try and place the ball for singles to short-leg, or in the slips. The
bowlers find it more easy to put on break or curl on soft wickets,
so whereas on hard wickets you may almost assume that the ball will
play no pranks but come on straight, on soft you may almost assume the
contrary. The ball that hangs or stops a bit after pitching instead
of coming on is perhaps the most fatal ball that is bowled. If the
batsman plays forward to such a ball he will very likely find that he
has done playing before the ball has reached his bat; this means that
the bottom of the bat goes on and gets under the ball, and he is caught
and bowled. So frequently does this ball come that it is well not to
play hard on soft wickets, for if the ball hangs at all it must go up
on being hit. For defensive play, we think the bat ought not to be held
at all tightly, but rather slackly, for you cannot get a run by hard
forward play or hard back play on such wickets.

The general characteristics of play to slow bowling such as that of
Tyler, Peel, Briggs, and others are so very different that we must make
a few special remarks on them. The great amount of slow bowling is a
development of modern times; not that slow round-arm bowling did not
formerly exist, but it certainly did not to anything like the extent
it does now. In the days which we all of us have heard talked about by
old cricketers at Lord’s, when Mynn, Redgate, Hillyer, and Lillywhite
flourished, there were some lob bowlers, notably the famous Wm. Clarke,
but there were few genuine slow round-arm bowlers, and Wm. Lillywhite
had a long stop even when the renowned Tom Box was keeping wicket, as
may be seen in the well-known engraving of the match between Kent and
Sussex played about the year 1840. Coming to later times, from 1860 to
1868, there was, as far as we can gather, but one real professional
slow round-arm bowler, namely, George Bennett. Between 1870 and 1887
may be said to be the dark age of amateur fast bowling, and to a less
degree of professional. Since that date, however, the amateur fast
bowling has wonderfully improved, and the famous S. M. J. Woods led the
way, and has been followed by Jessop, Jackson, Kortright, Cunliffe, and
others, while the great Richardson, we think, is the best fast bowler
that has ever bowled, when the amount of work and the perfect wickets
are considered.

From a theoretical point of view, to real slow bowling all forward
play ought to be banished. If the ball is short, play back to it; if it
is tolerably well up there ought to be time to go out and meet it, and
drive it at the pitch. There are some quick-footed players who carry
this theory into practice, but generally, if you observe first-class
cricket, you will find that there are plenty of players who never
leave their ground, even to slow bowling, unless they are really well
set. This partly comes from the great caution which is undoubtedly
exercised more now than it was twenty or thirty years ago, and partly
from the fact that the bowling, though some of it very slow, is not
tossed up so high in the air as it was by Bennett and earlier bowlers.
Peate, for instance, in his prime the best length bowler for the last
twenty years, did not toss the ball at all high in the air, nor did
the renowned Alfred Shaw, the most accurate bowler that ever lived.
But we still think that more running in might be practised, for there
is nothing that more completely demoralises a bowler than a player who
comes out and drives when the ball is at all over-pitched. We have seen
slow bowlers who do not possess much head completely demoralised by a
quick-footed player like Mr. A. G. Steel. They preserve their dignity
by bowling so short, that though maiden overs might abound wickets
certainly would not fall. Let the cricketer, when playing to slow
bowling, stand a little easier, in order that, when he has made up his
mind to meet the ball, his right foot will not be rooted to the ground,
as it ought to be when playing to fast bowling on fast wickets. Fig. 13
shows Shrewsbury going out to drive, but he is evidently only at the
beginning of his jump, and by the time the bat has got over the ball he
will be a couple of yards outside the crease. Remember, if you are to
be stumped, you may as well be hanged for a sheep as for a lamb. You
are equally out if you are an inch or ten yards out of your ground, so
never hesitate to go out as far as you can in order to make the hit a
certainty, and if you can hit the ball full-pitch by all means do so,
as you ought never to miss a full-pitch. You can also pull a full-pitch
to leg or anywhere on the on side where fieldsmen are scarce, and it is
a sign that for that particular occasion the bowler is defeated if the
batsman has not permitted the ball to touch the ground.

[Illustration: FIG. 13.--Running out to drive. (Shrewsbury.)]

If you find, on going out to hit a ball, that it is too short, and
you cannot get at the pitch of it, you have several courses open to
you. If you are a very big hitter, and the field is not very far out,
it is worth while to try the experiment of hitting as hard as you can;
the ball must go high, and may go over the ropes or out of harm’s way;
indeed, some great hitters seem to prefer a ball that is not quite a
half-volley. Mr. C. I. Thornton, the biggest hitter the world has ever
beheld, with the exception of G. J. Bonnor and perhaps Lyons, has made
his longest hits off such balls as these; while Bonnor, who possesses
a prodigious reach, seldom leaves his ground at all, and constantly
sends the ball out of the ground by hitting short of the actual pitch.
If the ball is smothered it cannot go up in the air, and though it is
more correct cricket to get over the ball and drive it forward, as
Shrewsbury and A. G. Steel do, it is probable that the great hitters
would lose more than they gained by playing the orthodox game. There
is a golden rule to be carefully remembered in playing slows, and that
is, never to run out to a ball that is well outside the off stump.
We do not mean to bar the player from running out to a ball which is
absurdly over-pitched, and which he is certain to get full-pitch if
he goes out; but he should not leave his ground to the half-volley
unless it is nearly straight. There is more than one reason for this.
In the first place, if you miss the ball, it is the easiest sort for
the wicket-keeper to take, and any moderately decent wicket-keeper
will certainly have you out. In the second place, an off ball is one
that it is impossible to hit or play with a straight bat, and if you
run out to slows you ought always to hit thus; and this rule is sound
even when you run out to a ball on your legs, for that is generally
hit to long-on with a straight bat, and not to leg. It is generally
true that you should never leave your ground to any ball that may be
called crooked, whether it is to leg or to the off, for in either case
you run a serious risk of being stumped; it is only straight or nearly
straight balls that you ought to meet by going out of your ground. The
modern slow bowler is so very accurate that he very rarely bowls on the
leg side at all, and the old-fashioned lobber who used to bowl on the
leg side with a twist from leg and have four or five fields on the leg
side is gradually disappearing. The ball that in nineteen cases out of
twenty you have to meet by going out of your ground is, therefore, the
straight ball.

As far as lobs are concerned, you can play them by stopping in your
ground; but the really good player to lobs runs out to a certainty
when the ball is overpitched, and the famous Wm. Clarke used to say
that Pilch played him best, as he used to wait his opportunity and
meet him and run him down with a straight bat. If you come to reason
out the theory of batting to slows, and think how you can best defend
your wicket and best score off such bowling, you will easily satisfy
yourself that by playing back and gently forward you may ensure safety
for a considerable period, but you cannot score even moderately fast.
The ball does not come up to the bat fast off the ground as in fast
bowling, and if you play forward hard you run the enormous risk of
being caught and bowled or caught at mid off. In other words, while
to fast bowling you play forward to get runs, to slow bowling you
play forward to defend your wicket. If, therefore, you play the
extra-cautious game and stick in your ground, or from some cause or
another are unable ever to ‘give her the rush,’ you will not be able
to score except by casual singles, unless you wait and fully avail
yourself of a full pitch or an outrageous long hop, relished, and often
obtained, when amateurs are bowling, but very seldom delivered in
first-class matches, and practically never by professional players.

It is difficult to know what to do with the good length off ball.
It is much harder to cut slow bowling than fast: greater strength
of wrist is wanted, and there are many players who are unable to do
more than merely pat the ball towards third man for a single or two
runs. Slow bowlers have a great fancy for bowling without a field at
third man, and this is to the advantage of the batsman; but even if
there is a third man, at any rate he cannot cover more than a certain
amount of ground, and you will find that many a run may be got by the
pat. Mind and get over the ball, and you cannot then come to grief
by being caught at third man or short-slip, and very rarely by the
wicket-keeper. The bumping ball ought to be left alone; this sort of
ball is the only one in meeting which prudence is the better part of
valour, and no attempt ought to be made to hit at all. The old Adam
within them forces a great many players to try and hit, but it is
almost a certainty that if the ball is hit it must be from underneath,
and up in the air it will consequently go. On a soft slow wicket any
run getting to good slow bowling is extremely difficult, but even on
such wickets you will lose nothing and gain the casual single by the
pat.

The good length ball on the off side is the modern batsman’s bugbear,
but it is far easier to play when the bowling is fast than when it is
slow. It is easier to cut in the first instance, and there are seldom
so many fields on the off side to the fast bowler. But the slow ball
can be and ought to be driven along the ground if the batsman gets
well over it, times it correctly, and throws the left leg across in
the same way as we explained in describing the proper method of making
this stroke off fast bowling. It is more difficult to time good slow
bowling, when the bowler is continually altering his pace, than fast,
and herein lies the difficulty of hitting these off balls. Bear in
mind, however, that by keeping well over the ball you practically run
no risk of being caught anywhere; sooner or later you will get your eye
in, and when that desirable consummation is accomplished, you will be
astonished to find how safely you will hit many balls that when you are
looking on it seems impossible to hit without incurring considerable
danger. But nothing can be gained by leaving balls alone; you run the
minimum of risk by hitting at them, if only you observe the two rules
which ought to be hung in your bedroom and branded into your brain,
‘Put the left leg over,’ and ‘Get on the top of the ball.’ Above all
things do not play for a draw.

From what has been said on the principles which govern the proper
playing of fast and slow bowling, the reader may be led to think that
slow bowling is far more difficult to play successfully than fast.
_Chacun à son goût_ is true, no doubt, but we are inclined to think
that, to the majority of players in the prime of their play, slow
bowling is on the whole more difficult to play, especially on hard
wickets. Take the case of W. G. Grace. It was almost a waste of time on
hard wickets to put on fast bowlers when Mr. Grace was at his best. The
sole advantage to be derived from so doing arose from the fact that it
was advisable to distract his eye, and for this purpose a fast bowler
was useful. By this we mean that, when slow bowlers were on at both
ends, his eye would become more accustomed to the pace of the ground,
and in a shorter time than it would have been if a fast bowler had been
on at one end. But the fast bowler was on mainly to enable the slow
bowler to get him out, and if the reader looks at Mr. Grace’s enormous
scores of twenty years back he will find that Shaw, Southerton, Peate,
and Lillywhite got him out a dozen times to the fast bowlers’ once. And
the runs that came from bowlers like Martin McIntyre were astonishing;
anywhere, cuts, pushes through any number of short-legs, big drives and
colossal leg hits--all were alike to the great batsman.

On soft wickets, though many think otherwise, we believe that fast or
medium-paced bowling is more difficult. This must be assumed only in
the case of those fast bowlers who have power to keep their precision
and pace on slow wickets, like Morley and Richardson. The variety of
wickets, as is shown in the chapter on Bowling, is very great, and on
the real mud farmyard sort of wicket it is generally safe to presume
that fast bowlers cannot act. When there is a slight drizzling rain,
which keeps the ball and surface of the ground wet, fast bowlers
flounder about like porpoises, and the only bowlers who can act at all
are the slow, though they are very much handicapped. But on the real
bowler’s wicket, soft, yet gradually hardening by the effect of the
sun, _cæteris paribus_, the fast or fast medium bowler will, as a rule,
be the most deadly. The year 1879 was, on the whole, the wettest year
for cricket that the present generation has seen, and it is instructive
to turn to the result of the season’s bowling for the county of
Nottingham. This county possessed in Alfred Shaw and Morley the two
best bowlers in England--one slow, the other fast. Here is the analysis
of each for Nottingham:--

         Overs  Maidens  Runs  Wickets  Average
 Morley   725     349     867     89     9·66
 Shaw     794     453     651     62    11·31

It will be seen from this pair of analyses that Morley’s is slightly
better all round than Shaw, with the exception of the number of
maiden overs. But maiden overs are not the final goal of the bowler’s
ambition. They are only means to an end. The true bowler’s one idea
is to get wickets. The reader will note that Morley, the fast bowler,
got no fewer than twenty-seven wickets more than Shaw, which more than
makes up for the latter’s greater success in bowling maidens. The year
1879 was doubtless a great year for bowlers, but none the less we doubt
whether, taking a whole season’s work for a county, this record has
ever been surpassed by any _pair_ of bowlers at any time, and it is as
good an illustration of the truth of our theory that in wet years slow
bowlers are not likely to succeed so well as fast or medium-pace.

It has always appeared to us that the reason why real slow bowling is
slightly less deadly than fast or medium on slow wickets is simply that
the batsman is more at the mercy of the eccentricities of the ground
when playing to the latter class of bowling than when playing to the
former. He always has the power, if he would only exercise it, of
leaving his ground to balls of a certain length from the slow bowler,
and smothering them. And again let the beginner lay this axiom to
heart: the ground can commit no devilry if the ball is smothered at the
pitch. On slow wickets, therefore, to slow bowling leave your ground
with even less hesitation than on fast, and argue in this way, that as
life against these bowlers and on this wicket is certain to be a short
one, therefore it had better be a merry one for the sake of the score.

There are and have been a few great men with the bat who obey no
law, but possess that strange indefinable gift called genius, which
rises superior to any difficulty of ground or bowling; these batting
luminaries may play their ordinary game on slow difficult wickets, and
their genius enables them to do what ordinary mortals cannot. On really
difficult wickets Shrewsbury shone, and on the whole he has proved
himself the best player the world has ever seen on caking, difficult,
soft wickets. But let the ordinary player, who has acquired a certain
amount of skill in batting, remember that cricket on hard and fast
wickets and cricket on slow are two quite different things, and that
he must alter his game to suit the circumstances. The very fast-footed
bookish sort of player is the one who is most at sea on soft wickets;
and this last bit of advice we respectfully urge upon him--that one
hit for four and out next ball will probably be of more value to his
side than twenty minutes’ careful defence and no run. It is not on soft
wickets that drawn games are played, unless there is rain after the
match has begun; it is on dry wickets, with boundaries close in, that
the plethora of runs makes the game dull to all except the ignorant
spectator and the voracious batsman. Of course, if there is only a
short time left before the drawing of stumps and conclusion of the
match, say an hour and a half or two hours, it may be of importance to
play for a draw; then the twenty-minutes-without-a-run batsman may be
the means of salvation for his side, as Louis Hall has proved to be
more than once for Yorkshire; but, except under such circumstances,
the hitter who runs a certain risk for the sake of a hit is the more
valuable man.

A few words now on running. A man is out if run out as decisively
as if his middle stump is knocked down; but being run out is more
annoying than being bowled, so everybody ought to learn how to run.
Some fieldsmen are so renowned for their throwing and rapidity of
movement that when such a man is going for the ball the batsman will
not venture on a run which, under ordinary circumstances, he might
safely make. In any event do not run if you feel any doubt of its
safety. The first invariable rule is that the striker calls the run
if the ball is hit in front of the wicket. This is simple to remember
and there is no exception unless it be when the ball is hit to third
man under certain circumstances. These circumstances refer to the
fieldsman himself. If the third man knows his business and throws to
the bowler, the striker has to run the risk; therefore he ought to
call. If the third man is a player of tradition and always throws to
the wicket-keeper, the non-striker is in danger, but if he is backing
up he never will be run out. All hits behind the wicket--except in
the case above mentioned--must be called by the non-striker, and the
striker must not look at the ball after he has hit it, but at the
non-striker. The man who has not to judge the run must have a simple
childlike faith in the judgment of his partner, and if he gets run out
he may remonstrate gently with him afterwards with good reason. The man
who is receiving the ball can easily get into the habit of watching
it after it has passed him on its way to the long-stop or if he has
hit it to long-slip; but this is a bad habit, and if indulged in will
result in the two batsmen holding different ideas as to whether a run
can be got or not, on which subject there must be no difference of
opinion. If the batsman to whom rightly belongs the call shouts ‘run,’
and his colleague shouts ‘no,’ unless one gives way promptly there may
be a crisis at hand. Never do batsmen look so foolish as when they
affectionately meet at the same wicket, and nothing is so maddening to
the supporters of a side as to see a good batsman well set deliberately
lose his wicket by the folly of either his colleague or himself. If
batsmen will only remember that the decision of the run must rest with
one man, and that his call must be obeyed at once, there will not be
many runs out. When, say, the third run is being made, and the question
whether a fourth can be successfully attempted arises, that batsman who
has to run to the wicket nearest the ball ought to call. The reason
of this is, that as the ball is a considerable way from the nearest
wicket it is almost certain to be thrown there, and the batsman who
calls ought to be he who runs the risk. We will give the following
rules to be remembered by every cricketer with regard to running. (1)
The striker must call every time when the ball is hit in front of the
wicket. (2) The non-striker must call every run when the ball is hit
behind the wicket, except in the case of hits to third man as mentioned
above. (3) Whoever has to shout, let him shout loudly; there is no
penalty attaching to a yell, and it is comforting to a man to know his
colleague’s intention without any doubt. (4) If a bye is being run,
the striker must run straight down the wicket, as he may be saved from
being run out by the ball hitting his head instead of the wicket, for
which mercy he ought to be duly thankful. (5) On all other occasions
run wide of the wicket so as not to cut it up. (6) Always run for a
catch if sent reasonably high into the air; if it is caught no harm is
done to you, and to be missed and to secure a run in one and the same
hit is a veritable triumph. (7) Run the first run as hard as you can,
and turn quickly after grounding your bat within the popping crease,
for the fieldsman may bungle even the easiest ball, and it is never
safe to assume that there can be no second run.

We hope that we have now explained the true principles of batting to
guide the youthful player in his path. One other word of caution. A
young cricketer may go to Lord’s and watch a great match; he may see
the giants of the game perform--MacLaren, Ranjitsinhji, Jackson, and
Palairet. He will wonder and admire, but let him beware of imitation,
which may lead him into innumerable quagmires. In another walk of
life, literature, you will find facetious writers who are fond of
imitating the style of famous authors, and very amusing the attempts
sometimes are; but it is easily seen that the points they successfully
imitate are the roughnesses and eccentricities which are frequently
characteristic of great authors. An imitator of Carlyle, for instance,
revels in the brusque eccentricities of the great man’s style, but he
never succeeds in portraying his noble qualities. It is much the same
in cricket: genius defies imitation, and is only by poor struggling
humanity to be admired. In the prime of his play nothing in cricket
was grander than the sight of W. G. Grace scoring two runs off a ball
that any other cricketer would have been only too happy to stop. No
school coach that understood his business would tell a youth to play
certain balls as they are played by Mr. A. G. Steel, who sometimes
adopts the most daring methods, and it is not safe to infer that
anybody else in the world can play in a like manner. It is so with
hitting. Bonnor, Lyons, O’Brien, Ford, and Jessop can hit many balls
which the great majority of other cricketers would only venture to play
gently forward. Some critics who are great at criticism, but great
at nothing else, have been known to shake their heads at some of the
methods of great players; but we can assure these gentlemen that real
genius admits no more of criticism than it does of imitation. The four
never-to-be-violated rules previously mentioned need not trouble the
genius at all; no human law need concern him: he is a law to himself,
and looks down from a lofty eminence on his weaker brethren. What is
the good of telling A. G. Steel not to move out of his ground to fast
bowling, seeing that he does so constantly, and gets four runs by a
fine hit when he ‘gives her the rush’? He will not heed you; and why
should he?

Apart altogether from the natural accuracy and quickness of hand and
eye, without a proper allowance of which labour will be in vain, a
great deal depends on the temperament of each player. Whether failure
is owing to health, to inability to recover elasticity of spirits
after a few defeats, or to some other cause, it is impossible to say.
But let the good player who goes through a whole month, or perhaps
even a season, with very bad luck, and comes out in the end with a bad
average, comfort himself with this reflection, that not only have good
players had these reverses, but even the very best. Mr. W. G. Grace
must be accustomed to hear and see his name referred to, but even he
has had spells of bad luck, and he will, we are sure, excuse us if we
put in full the following figures of innings which were played when he
was in his prime:--

 _June 15 and 16, 1871._--_Gloucestershire_ v. _Surrey_.
     c. R. Humphrey, b. Street                                         1

 _June 19 and 20, 1871._--_M.C.C._ v. _Cambridge University_.
     c. Ward, b. Bray                                                  4
     c. Thornton, b. Bray                                              4

 _June 22 and 23, 1871._--_M.C.C._ v. _Oxford University_.
     c. and b. Butler                                                 15

 _June 29 and 30, 1871._--_Gentlemen of South_ v. _Players of South_.
     c. Lillywhite, b. Southerton                                      4
     b. Lillywhite                                                    11

These figures show how the mighty do sometimes fall, and this certainly
ought to console those in the humbler walks of the cricket world. Some
players have shot up like rockets, played for a season or so, and then
have been heard of no more; but the county that plays a series of
county matches will act unwisely if it shunts a player who has shown
that he possesses real batting ability. Of course there are limits to
the patience of every club committee, but all committees would be wise
if they were to err on the side of leniency in this matter.

It is of very little avail writing any sort of homily on nervousness,
which is in the constitution, and cannot be got rid of by much or any
reading. It is common to all, in greater or less degree, and if any
man tells you that he does not know what nervousness in cricket is,
do not believe him. To say that there is no sensation other than a
distinctly pleasant one in walking to the wickets is absurd. It is true
that nervousness does not appear to affect the play of some batsmen,
who on first going in seem to be playing their ordinary game. But the
sensation is there, and these are the fortunate men whose play suffers
but little in consequence.

Nervous players must try and reason to the effect that they are
sometimes in the habit of making runs, and that therefore there is no
great presumption on their part if they assume that the chances are
they will do so again. They must also remember that, after all, cricket
is but a game, and no moral disgrace will attach to them if they
fail. These are but poor consolations at the best, but the game is so
glorious that, as we have before remarked, it is better to try and to
fail than never try at all.

It has always been assumed that the crack English Eleven that failed
to make the necessary seventy-nine runs against the Australians in
1882 were nervous because they did not succeed in making them. We are
not sure that they all were, or that there was more nervousness than
usual; but the wicket was difficult, the Australians’ fielding superb,
and their bowling extraordinarily good. Certainly two or three of the
Englishmen were nervous, and no eleven could be got together anywhere
to play such an important match without this being the case. But the
longer anyone plays the less nervous will he become, and the fortunate
men in cricket are those, like the famous Tom Emmett of Yorkshire, who
can, as he modestly said, ‘bowl a bit sometimes.’ The player who plays
only because he is a good bat, and never bowls after he has laid his
duck egg, has no opportunity of retrieving his character by getting
four or five wickets with the ball. The unhappy batsman makes one bad
stroke and his wicket is lost, and he has possibly no further chance in
the match. But though the bowler may bowl a wide one ball he may take a
wicket the next, and we believe that these all-round players find more
enjoyment in cricket than the man who only bats. To their credit be it
said that at no previous period have the professionals combined the
two more than they do now, and we congratulate Peel, Briggs, Attewell,
Rawlin, Davidson, Hirst, and Wainwright accordingly.

The obvious advice to give to players whose success depends mainly on
health is to implore them to look after and pay great respect to the
laws by which health is regulated. Not to eat and drink too much, great
though the temptation may be to do both, is a rule that ought to be
observed by cricketers; but there is another, not so obvious, but of
great importance, and that is, avoid sitting up late at night. There is
such a lot of cricket in these days that some amateurs and a great many
professionals play six days in the week. There is the corresponding
amount of travelling to be got through, and a lot of fatigue to be
undergone; sleep, therefore, must not be neglected, and long hours
devoted to convivial evenings not only entail loss of health but loss
of runs also. It is a curious and unwholesome feature of the present
day that it is judged expedient to have enormous meals in the middle
of the day, with salmon, forced meats, creams, jellies, champagne, and
everything calculated to disturb digestion and pervert the sight. This
meal is not only the cause of much indigestion, but also of a gross
waste of time. Instead of half an hour being taken up by the legitimate
luncheon, a precious hour is stolen from the middle of the day. It must
be said that on the principal public grounds there is no reason to
complain of the luncheons: excess is more the custom on private grounds.

As we have in this chapter implored captains of elevens to be merciful
to good players who may happen to be out of luck, so now, in justice
to the other side of the question, let us beg the batsman not to be
superstitious.

Superstitions abound in most games, but we have no objection to
examples of the weakness which cause inconvenience to nobody except the
possessor. We have heard, for instance, of a really great player who
never goes in to bat in a match with anything new about him, not even
a shoe-lace; but such superstitions are harmless. There is, however,
the man who has got it into his head, or possibly has dreamt, that it
is quite impossible for him to score if he goes in first or fifth, or
in some particular place; consequently the unhappy captain, after he
has written out, with great care, an order of going in, is bothered and
worried by men who begin to make excuse. One is certain that he cannot
score if he goes in first, another thinks he ought not to be put so low
down as eighth, and so on. Our advice to the captain is to care for
none of these things; let him use his own judgment and not consider the
absurd whims and eccentricities of nervous batsmen. The responsibility
of managing a match is quite enough anxiety and trouble for him without
being bothered by a mutinous eleven, and we entreat batsmen to obey
without murmuring their captain’s orders, and go in without grumbling.

The rules of cricket are imperfectly understood even by some
reputedly famous umpires; it may be well, therefore, to remind batsmen
how many ways there are of getting out. They know what it is to be
bowled out, caught out, stumped, run out, to get out leg before wicket,
or to hit wicket; and a great many think that nothing else will get
them out. This is a mistake, and it was a comical sight to see, as we
saw some years ago, a first-rate professional diddled out in another
way. It is against the rules, properly understood, to wilfully hit the
ball twice. The rule runs: ‘The batsman is out if the ball be struck
... and he wilfully strike it again, except it be done for the purpose
of guarding his wicket.’ But if a batsman plays a ball and a proper
interval elapses the ball is dead, and he may return the ball to the
bowler. The old rule reads: ‘if the striker touch or take up the ball
while in play.’ In the case alluded to, Barlow was batting in a North
and South match at Lord’s. He hit the ball twice, and, unfortunately
for him, started to run. This starting to run proved the more or less
wilful nature of the act. There was a roar of ‘How’s that?’ from the
colossal throat of W. G. Grace, standing at point; it was a case
of ‘You’ll have to go, Barlow,’ and naturally, in a somewhat moody
manner, Barlow went to the pavilion. It is absurd to say that there
was anything unfair in this; he violated a distinct rule of cricket.
A lot of players think that the ball must not be hit twice under any
circumstances, and they would as soon think of touching a red-hot coal
as hitting the ball a second time. If there is no wicket-keeper and
the ball is played dead against the foot, it may save a few seconds
of time if the batsman shove the ball back to the bowler with his bat
and stand still, thus saving point the trouble of picking the ball up
and returning it. The ball while ‘in play’ must never be picked up by
the hand, for handling the ball wilfully loses a wicket as much as
having two stumps knocked down. It is an easy rule to remember, and
is very rarely broken, but still it is a rule that must be observed.
Obstructing the field is another violation of rule for which the
extreme penalty is exacted. Of course a witness may tell an untruth in
the witness-box, but unless it is spoken wilfully it is not perjury. So
it is with obstructing the field. Many hundreds of times has a batsman
standing in his ground prevented a wicket-keeper from catching him out;
the mere fact that the player’s body, being in a certain position,
forces the wicket-keeper to run round him instead of straight at the
ball will make an uppish ball as unreachable as the sun. The fieldsman
is obstructed, but not wilfully, so no penalty is incurred. But if the
batsman were to hit up a ball to point, for instance, and either strike
at the ball with his bat or wilfully baulk the fieldsman in any way, he
would be out, and deservedly so. In this, as in other like matters, the
umpire must be the sole judge, and it ought to be pretty plain and easy
for him to give a right decision. About twenty years ago the well-known
Cambridge University cricketer, Mr. C. A. Absalom, playing for his
University against Surrey, was running a bye, and whilst running to
the opposite wicket the ball hit his bat, possibly preventing him from
being run out. The umpire gave him out; but the umpire was wrong, for
the ball came from behind him, and as it was never alleged that he
looked to see the course the ball was taking and then interposed his
bat, it was obviously impossible that he could have wilfully obstructed
the ball: it merely chanced that while running in towards the wicket
the ball by accident hit his bat. We do not mean to imply that the
batsman ought to run wide of the wicket to a short run in order to give
the fieldsman every chance of running him out; on the contrary, if a
short bye is to be run, we advise the batsman to run straight down the
wicket, for then, as pointed out elsewhere, the ball will very likely
hit him and prevent him being run out. But he must not deliberately get
in the way of the ball or in any way contribute to the fact of the ball
hitting him. A case of wilful obstruction ought easily to be detected
by any decent umpire.

It is amusing to ask experienced cricketers in how many ways it is
possible for a man to be got out at cricket, and it is astonishing
to find many who give most absurd answers. There are nine distinct
ways of getting out--(1) bowled; (2) caught; (3) stumped; (4) leg
before wicket; (5) hit wicket; (6) run out; (7) handling the ball;
(8) obstructing the field; (9) hitting ball twice. It is well to know
these facts, for the batsman who gets out in an untoward and unusual
way feels himself to be a fool, and generally looks like one. Mr.
Alfred Lyttelton, when playing some years ago for Cambridge University
Eleven against M.C.C. at Lord’s, got back to a slow long hop and with
his foot just touched the leg stump, the bail of which did not at once
fall off. Oblivious of this fact, and only conscious that he had caught
the ball in the middle of the bat and sent it far away, off he started
for his runs with radiancy on his face and a mocking smile on his
lips. No less than five runs were run, and not until then did anyone
except the wicket-keeper notice that the leg bail, after hanging on a
frail basis for a few seconds, had fallen off. The appeal was made and
the facts examined, the deadly verdict was given, and it was a case
of a return to the pavilion. The batsman on such occasions as these
may look pleasant; but that is only one of the beneficent results of
civilisation, for, as a matter of fact, he feels extremely bitter,
and there are innumerable swords in his heart. In the case mentioned
the unhappy batsman felt hot and out of breath after his exertions in
running the five runs, and there was a sad reversal of the pleasant
feelings that attend a successful hit--the applause of the crowd was
all wasted, the expected increase to the score was not realised, all
had vanished, and a melancholy man walked drearily to the dressing-room.

Batting may be called the most enjoyable feature of the great and
glorious game of cricket. A man even in full training invariably
feels the effect of fatigue after bowling sixty or seventy overs, and
fieldsmen go through the same experience during a long outing. But
it may with truth be said that the keen pleasure which is realised
by every cricketer worthy of the name, while he is actually at the
wickets, prevents him from feeling fatigue as an inconvenience until
the innings is over. We do not believe, though with bated breath let
it be said, that the fine rider on a fine horse in a good position
and over a grass country with a burning scent can feel so supremely
content with the world and its glorious surroundings while galloping
and jumping close to hounds, as does a batsman who feels himself
master of the bowling on a good wicket in a first-class match, with a
fine day and a large crowd keenly anxious for his well-doing. He is
conscious that his side is gaining a glorious victory by his efforts,
and life can give him no prouder moments. To the young cricketer let us
therefore say, in conclusion, that, as the pleasure is so intense and
the excitement so keen, he should strive to attain proficiency by care,
practice, and the advice of great masters. Above all, he must cultivate
the moral qualities that of necessity must have a place in such a
great, glorious, and unsurpassable game as cricket.

[Illustration: FIG. 14.--Gunn playing forward.]




CHAPTER III.

BOWLING: BY A. G. STEEL.

[Illustration: ‘The demon bowler.’]


Everyone who knows anything at all about cricket will at once admit
that bowling is, to say the least, as important a feature of the game
as batting. The same share of fame has always been conferred on a
really good bowler as on an expert at the other great branch of the
game; but, though this has been so from the very earliest days of
cricket, there is no doubt that the number of good bowlers whose names
figure in the chronicles of the game is much smaller than the number
of good batsmen. This would seem to show that the art of bowling is
more difficult of attainment than its sister accomplishment, and in
face of this supposition, it seems strange that the energy devoted to
practising bowling by all beginners at the game should be so greatly
exceeded by that devoted to batting. The reason for this may easily
be found in the fact that the pleasure derived from making a long
score, and the indescribable feelings of delight experienced by every
keen cricketer when he has a bat in his hand, seem to offer greater
attractions than the more sober, less flashy, and apparently more
mechanical duties of a bowler. It is a great pity, in the interests
of the game, that at our large public schools and universities more
care is not taken to coach beginners in bowling. Hours upon hours are
devoted to the teaching of batting, but it is very, very seldom any
professional ever thinks of endeavouring to instil into his pupils any
of the most elementary rules of bowling.

A question which cannot fail to present itself to the minds of all
cricketers, and especially those who recollect some of the heroes
of bygone days, is whether the bowling of to-day is as good as it
used to be. This particular question--so often put, and answered so
differently--seems to me to be one which it is impossible to decide,
as the whole nature of the game has altered so much in the last few
years. This alteration is due, firstly, to the great improvement in the
condition of the grounds; secondly, to the corresponding improvement
in batting, for ‘the better the grounds the better the batsmen,’ is
generally a correct saying. Formerly bowlers were greatly assisted by
the unevenness of the grounds; whereas now, on our billiard-table-like
wickets, even our very best bowlers know well that their chance of
getting rid of a strong batting side for anything under 300 runs is
extremely remote. It is impossible to compare the tall-hatted old
heroes of the ball with bowlers of the present day. In olden days
the badness of the grounds caused the best batsman’s wicket to be in
frequent jeopardy, and fast erratic bowlers were well aware that there
would be ample compensation for any accuracy which might be wanting
in their delivery in the far from infrequent shooters and abruptly
rising balls which so often either levelled the stumps or compelled
the retirement of the batsman by a catch in the slips. Nowadays a
bowler is nothing unless he has command of the ball and can practise
variety: batting is so good and grounds are so level that the merely
accurate bowler may keep down runs, but he cannot get wickets, but this
fact is hardly realised yet, and our best bowlers--and these consist
almost exclusively of the professional class--seem to aim not so much
at getting rid of a batsman as at keeping down the runs by bowling a
good even straight length, and trusting to chance or the impatience of
the batsman for his dismissal. As, however, this subject is one which
will best be treated later on, and about which there is a good deal to
be said, we will leave it for the present, and turn our attention to a
short retrospect of bowling from the earliest days.

Round-arm bowling seems to have come into vogue in 1825. It has been
generally supposed that Mr. Willes was the first to start it, and the
following story is told of the way in which that gentleman found out
the advantages of the round-arm delivery. Mr. Willes, being a most
enthusiastic cricketer, and not content with the summer months for his
favourite sport, used in the winter daily to repair to his barn, and
there measure out the proper distance, pitch the stumps, and, with
his sister (also an enthusiast) as bowler, enjoy a good practice. Now
everyone who has seen ladies attempting to throw a stone or cricket
ball will remember that they invariably have a half-round, half-under
sort of delivery, and this Miss Willes, in common with the majority
of ladies, seems to have possessed. Her brother, accustomed to play
against what in those days was the only known style of bowling, viz.
under-arm, was somewhat perplexed and worried with this unknown
feminine species of ball, which doubtless he found difficult to tackle.
How amusing it would have been to have watched this keen cricketer,
probably not unconscious of his own merits as a batsman, entirely
puzzled by the deliveries of a lady! We are not told whether his
feelings of shame at being thus defeated, or of delight at discovering
this new style of bowling, predominated, but we _are_ told that shortly
afterwards he made his _début_ as a round-arm bowler, and met with
(until he was stopped by the conservatism of the crowd) the greatest
success.

From the year 1825 down to the present, round-arm bowling has been
universal, and it is now quite an exceptional occurrence to come
across a fast under-arm bowler of the old style. This is not much to
be regretted, as every attribute of good bowling which was obtainable
by the fast under-arm delivery is much more easy of attainment by
the round or over-arm style; and many accomplishments pertaining to
the bowler’s art are possible to the round-arm which, from the very
nature of the action, are impossible to the fast under-arm bowler.
Break, spin, and quickness from the pitch are common to both styles,
but certainly the two latter are made easier of acquirement by the
round-arm style; and with regard to break--an easier matter for the
under-arm bowler--the ball that breaks or twists the most is not
as a rule the ball that gets the most wickets. To a fast under-arm
bowler the variations in flight and pace, so well known to the best
round-arm bowlers, are unknown. Slow under-arm bowling, of course,
must be excepted from these remarks; later on in this chapter I shall
have something to say on the subject of this most useful style, which
unfortunately in later years seems almost to have died out.

It was formerly the reproach of amateurs that from the year 1875 to,
say, 1887 they had no bowlers. When Appleby and Buchanan retired from
first-class cricket in 1875, there was practically nobody except Grace
and Studd to carry on the lamp of amateur bowling till Woods, Jackson,
Kortright, Streatfeild, Wells, Bull, Jessop, Cunliffe, and Wilson by
their pace and accuracy have shown the public what can be done. Woods,
Kortright, Jackson, and Jessop for pace, Bull and Wells for slow, and
Cunliffe and Wilson for medium are all excellent in their respective
classes, and in the sixties, when the grounds would have given them
more assistance, they would have been far more deadly than now. Still
it is a fact that at most public schools more teaching ought to be
bestowed upon bowling. A few words of instruction or encouragement to
a beginner might have the effect of awakening in him the interest and
keenness about bowling which would eventually cause his development
into a good, or at any rate a fairish bowler. Who has not seen over and
over again a boy come up to a net where a companion is practising, and
picking up a ball, which as likely as not is about half as large again
as a match ball, proceed to hammer away at the batsman for about ten
minutes or more in all directions, with all pitches, and, what is worse
than everything, with different lengths of run? Then, perhaps, getting
a little tired, as any bowler will who bowls for long without a rest
(which he would get in a match at the end of each over), he exclaims,
‘Now I’ll give you some of Spofforth’s patents!’ and then, with a long
run and a kangaroo-like bound (but, probably, altogether unlike the
famous Australian bowler), he proceeds to hurl the ball wider and in a
more erratic style than ever. Then, perhaps, he will say, ‘Would you
like some of W. G.’s?’ and immediately assuming the well-known and
somewhat inartistic pose of the English champion, proceed to toss the
ball lifeless up in the air. Now this is not the way to learn how to
bowl. Bowling, like everything else worth doing, takes a lot of careful
practice before it can be expected to meet with success.

There can be no doubt that were boys carefully trained at school in
the art of bowling, as they are in that of batting, our universities,
from which the ranks of our first-class cricketers are usually
replenished, would be continually sending up men who could take the
position as leading bowlers now occupied by professionals. But, it
may be asked, if we have a supply of fairly good bowlers, what does
it matter whether they are professionals or amateurs? There are two
answers to this question: first, that the Gentlemen every year play
the Players, and are naturally always anxious to beat them; and,
secondly, that the more cricket gets into the hands of professional
players, the worse it will be for the game and its reputation. We
would not say one word against the personal character of the English
professional cricketer, for the great majority of this class are
honest, hard-working, and sober men. We only say that it is not in
the interests of cricket that any branch of the game should be left
entirely in their hands. Your professional, as a rule, is the son of
a small tradesman, or person in that rank of life, and has been born
in a neighbourhood where the greatest interest is taken in sport of
all kinds, cricket during the summer months being sedulously played.
These neighbourhoods are far more frequent in the northern than the
southern counties, the sporting tendencies of the people of Lancashire,
Yorkshire, and Nottingham being developed to a much greater extent
than in the more southern shires. These three counties, and especially
Notts, turn out large quantities of young professionals yearly.

A boy who has been born in one of these cricketing districts is sure to
devote a fair share of his time to watching the victories and defeats
of his village club, and consequently to imbibing that feeling of
‘pleasing madness’ connected with the game which attacks every cricket
enthusiast. The height of his ambition is to bowl a ball or two to the
village champion batsman, and when the opportunity arises to gratify
his wish you will see him, hardly higher than the stumps, bowling with
an action exactly similar to the crack village bowler, and scorning to
encroach so much as an inch over the line of the bowling stump. And oh!
what sleepless nights ensue from the anticipation of actually seeing
with his own eyes on the following Saturday one of the real cracks
of England--one who has positively played in Gentlemen _v._ Players,
or represented England against Australia! No wonder the boy becomes
imbued with keenness for the game, when everyone in the village, from
the parson to the old lady who keeps the sweetshop, is continually
talking about cricket. As the boy grows older he begins to make his
mark in the village club, and when he is eighteen or nineteen, to the
delight of his father, mother, sisters, and himself, he is selected
to make one of the twenty-two colts of his county that are chosen
to play against the county team. After having played in public, and
perhaps tasted the pleasures of success, the father finds that his son
is restless and disturbed in his trade, and wishes to give it up and
become a professional cricketer. So it happens that his name is sent up
to the county secretary as wanting a situation, and the young fellow
finds himself launched into the world on his own account as a cricket
professional.

With regard to the young man’s prospect of success on starting in his
new life, we are bound to say that, assuming he has only the average
cricket ability of the ordinary professional, his chances of even
making a livelihood are not particularly bright. He may, and no doubt
will, earn as much as 2_l._ a week, or even more, during the summer
months; but at the end of August or beginning of September he will find
himself with very little money in his pocket, and seven of the coldest
and worst months of the year to face. He _may_ get employment in the
winter months--many professionals do, either as colliers or as porters,
or some other work. We have known them to do clerk’s work for railways
in the winter; but all work for men only willing to stick to it for a
few months is extremely uncertain, and there can be no doubt that many
cricket professionals have a bad time in the winter.

On the whole, professionals who have an assured place in their county
eleven have, for men of their social position, a very good time. They
only get nominally 5_l._ a match, but this often means a minimum wage
of 10_l._ a week, and besides this they are well known and consequently
well advertised, and this means a good deal. Many have shops for sale
of cricket goods and golf clubs, footballs and archery, _cum multis
aliis_. A great many become publicans, which, though many of us think
a loathsome profession, is at any rate a livelihood, and they become
publicans because they are well known and popular, and brewers like
such men to manage their public-houses. Even if they keep no shop,
they are constantly selling bats and balls, and a fair proportion of
them, the picked men of the profession, get permanent posts in public
schools. When there is no county match on a great many, especially in
the North, get engagements in the detestable modern one-day league
match. Leaving publicans out of the question, at the present day, from
our own knowledge, the following old and young professionals keep
cricket shops: Daft, Shaw and Shrewsbury, Gunn, Watson, Briggs, Sugg,
Nichols, Abel, the two Quaifes, Walter Wright, Baldwin, Peate, Ward,
Tunnicliffe, and George Hearne, and there are no doubt many more; while
the following have permanent engagements as coaches at schools, often
with a shop also: Wright of Nottingham, Louis Hall, Woof, Emmett, F.
Ward, Wootton, and Painter.

In addition to all this, in some counties there has arisen, in the last
year or so, a system of winter wages, or a bonus paid about Christmas,
and when all things are considered, we cannot help thinking that a
professional of ability who is steady has a better time of it than any
other working man; and even if not a publican or shopkeeper, many have
trades to which they can turn their hands in the winter.

The first-class professional cricketer is usually a well-made,
strong-looking man, ranging from two or three and twenty to thirty
five, with agreeable, quiet manners. He is a great favourite with the
crowd, and when his side is in may be seen walking round the ground
surrounded by a body of admirers, any one of whom is ready and willing
at any moment to treat his ideal hero to a glass of anything he may
wish for. It is greatly to the player’s credit that in the face of this
temptation to insobriety he is such a sober, temperate man. I have
never seen on a cricket field a first-class professional player the
worse for drink, and I have only on one occasion heard the slightest
whisper against the sobriety of such a man during the progress of a
match. I believe that, as a class, and considering the thirsty nature
of their occupation and the opportunities that offer themselves for
drinking, there is no more sober body of men than cricket professionals.

Having attempted to give a short, and it is hoped impartial,
description of the cricket professional, let us, before resuming the
subject of bowling, return to the assertion that the more cricket gets
into the hands of professional players the worse it will be for the
game and its reputation. At present cricket is perhaps the most popular
of all our national recreations; it is certainly the most popular
_game_, though football has lately made great strides in popular
opinion, and it is rightly considered to be the manliest and the freest
from all mischievous influences. What these latter are, and what a
pernicious and enervating influence they exercise on other branches
of our national sports, is known to everyone. I allude to the betting
and book-making element, which from the earliest days has been the
curse of sport. What is the worst feature about horse-racing? To what
do English lovers of true sport owe the fact that every racecourse is
the rendezvous of the biggest blackguards and knaves in the kingdom?
Is it not betting, and the pecuniary inducement it offers to every
kind of dirty, shabby practice? The sullying influence has spread
to the running-path, and even, if report says true, to the river
and football field. Happily there is never the slightest whisper of
suspicion against the straightness of our cricket players, and this is
entirely owing to the absence of the betting element in connection with
the game. It is an unfortunate fact that the tendency of first-class
cricket nowadays is to swamp the amateur by the professional. Some of
our best county teams are almost wholly composed of the latter class.
The time taken up in big matches is so great, owing to their being
drawn out by a late start and early finish each day, that the amateur
is beginning to realise his inability to give up from his business or
profession so much of this valuable commodity. What has happened in
consequence? Cricket--i.e. first-class cricket--is becoming a regular
monetary speculation. Thousands upon thousands troop almost daily to
see the big matches, flooding the coffers of the county or club, which
does its very best to spin out the match for the sake of the money.
If this continue, our best matches will become nothing better than
gate-money contests, to the detriment of the true interests of the game
and its lovers.

Bowling is as much worthy of the name of an art as any other branch
of sport. The skill, science, and practice which are necessary before
a man can throw a good salmon fly, or before he can reckon on bringing
down a good average of high rocketing pheasants, are equally necessary
for one who wishes to become an adept at bowling. Perhaps bowling
does not require the same oneness of hand and eye as batting, but
it demands, if possible, more practice and experience, and to a far
greater extent the exercise of mental qualities. The object of the
bowler is to outmanœuvre the batsman; he has either to hit the stumps
or draw him into some incautiousness or hesitation of play, which will
result in the ball being caught from the bat or in the batsman being
stumped out by the wicket-keeper. This is a wide field, and suggests at
once that to become proficient a bowler must think--and think deeply
too--not once or twice every few minutes, but before each ball, for
none should ever be delivered without a particular object. Every ball
must be part and parcel of a scheme which the bowler has in his mind
for getting rid of the batsman. The object of every bowler, whether
fast or slow, is always to bowl what is called a ‘good length’--i.e.
to pitch the ball so close to the batsman that he cannot play it on
the ‘bounce,’ or, in cricket parlance, ‘on the long-hop,’ and yet so
far from him that he cannot play it just as it touches the ground
or immediately on the rise--i.e. on the ‘half-volley.’ There can be
no precise measurement of the exact spot on which the ‘good-length’
ball must pitch, as it is constantly varying according to the state
of the ground, the pace of the bowler, and the size and style of the
batsman. When the ground is ‘slow’ and ‘sticky’ from recent rain, the
good-length ball will have to be pitched considerably farther than when
it is ‘hard’ and ‘fast,’ as of course the ball will come faster off
the ground when it is in the latter state than when in the former. The
reason why the bowling of this particular ball is always the object of
every bowler is because it compels the batsman to meet the ball with
the bat by forward play, and because in so doing he often loses sight
of the ball from the moment it touches the ground till it strikes the
bat. No one can be called a good bowler until he has the power at will
of bowling ball after ball of this sort. It often happens when two
batsmen are well set, and every wile and ‘dodge’ of the bowlers has
been tried without avail, that two bowlers will have to go on to bowl,
or try to bowl, nothing else but good-length balls, in the hopes of
keeping down the runs. If this can be done effectually, a batsman is
bound through impatience to make a mistake which in time may cost him
his wicket.

Every ball that leaves the bowler’s hand has, in addition to the
propelling power imparted by the bowler, one of four different motions.
The ball as it travels is either spinning from right to left; or
from left to right; or with a downward vertical motion; or an upward
vertical motion. It is a fact that it is well-nigh an impossibility for
a ball to leave the hand of the veriest beginner without having one of
these four motions to a certain extent imparted to it.

On these four rotary motions depends how much and in what direction
the ball will twist or deviate from its course, and also the speed and
height it will assume after touching the ground. One of the arts of a
bowler is to cheat the batsman by making the ball pitch in one spot
and, after the pitch, suddenly take a different direction; another is
to make the ball rise quicker off the ground than a batsman would be
led to expect from the ordinary rules of reflection. These arts are
accomplished by different movements of the fingers and hand at the
moment of delivering the ball; for the reason why every ball has a
certain amount of spin on it is because the fingers, being in contact
with the ball as it leaves the hand, cause it to rotate (though perhaps
so infinitesimally as not to be noticeable) on its journey to the
ground.

The spin, or rotary motion, from right to left is gained by grasping
the ball chiefly with the thumb and first and second fingers, the
third and fourth fingers being placed together round the other side
of the ball. The moment the ball leaves the hand the latter is turned
quickly over from right to left, and at the same time the first and
second finger and thumb, coming over with the hand, impart a powerful
twist to the ball, which leaves the hand when the latter is turned
palm downwards. There is also at the time of delivery an outward and
upward movement of the elbow which gives the arm the shape of a curve,
or almost a semicircle. The ball goes on its way spinning rapidly from
right to left, and the moment it touches the ground twists very sharply
towards the off side of the batsman. This ball, termed in cricket
parlance the ‘leg-break,’ when well bowled is perhaps one of the most
deadly of all balls, but it is also the most difficult for a bowler to
master. It is always a slow ball, as to bowl it fast with any accuracy
of pitch is an impossibility--at any rate, it may be assumed to be
so, as no bowler has ever yet appeared who could bowl it otherwise
than slow. Palmer, the Australian bowler, was about the fastest ever
known at this ball, but his faster ones were very inaccurate in pitch,
and he could only bowl them, strange to say, very occasionally. The
author, although he has played innings after innings against this
bowler, never remembers receiving a single fast leg-break from him.
The fact of the hand having to turn over from right to left, and of
the ball being delivered underneath the hand, so to speak, causes it
to be extremely difficult to attain accuracy of pitch and direction.
There are many men who can bowl this ball in practice at the nets, but
who never dare attempt it in a match, having no confidence whatever
in their ability to bowl it straight, or even fairly straight. It is
no uncommon occurrence to see this ball, bowled by one who has tried
it in practice, travelling somewhere near to where point is standing.
There are some slow bowlers who have become fairly proficient at it,
and who have enjoyed at various times, and especially against batsmen
they have never met before, a certain amount of success; but it is
a style of bowling which should only be encouraged to the extent of
enabling every bowler to use it occasionally. If nothing but this ball
is bowled over after over, by constant repetition it loses its sting.
The batsman gets wary, and when the ball is pitched on his leg side
gets before his stumps to protect them, and hangs his bat in front of
him, thereby rendering the loss of his wicket extremely improbable;
and when it is pitched straight for the middle stump or on the off
side, knowing the danger of a hit at the pitch of this ball, he will
simply satisfy himself with protecting his stumps with his legs, and
with letting the ball pass the off stump without further protest. The
trap laid for the batsman in this style of bowling is the danger he
incurs by hitting unless he is actually on the pitch of the ball; if
he falls into the snare, the ball is perfectly certain to go up in the
air, and generally in the direction of cover-point or mid-off. This, of
course, is owing to the twist of the ball causing it to hit the side
and not the centre of the bat. Should the batsman in the act of hitting
miss the ball altogether, as is not infrequently the case, he pays the
penalty of being stumped unless he happens to be a fast-footed hitter.
Now, of course, these two traps are well known to every good batsman,
and consequently it is, as a rule, useless to bowl ball after ball of
this nature to him--one might just as well whistle for grouse at the
end of November to come and be shot.

This ball, therefore, should only be bowled at intervals, and when
according to the bowler’s judgment it may have a fair prospect of
success. Usually this happens on two occasions. The first is when
a batsman has just begun his innings, and is playing nervously and
without confidence; a twisting ball then from the leg side is extremely
apt to fluster and annoy him, and a catch in the slips or at point, or
a catch and bowl, is not infrequently the result. The second is when a
hitter is in, and is hitting to all parts of the field. Then the ball
may be bowled with a great chance of success, especially if the man
is anxious and impatient to hit every ball. He is extremely likely to
hit a little short of the pitch, with the above-mentioned result. It
is not a good thing for the bowler to worry the batsman with this ball
if the latter seems not to like it or to play it nervously; it should
at most be used not more than twice in an over. Let the bowler always
remember that too much of one particular ball, even if distasteful to
the batsman, will frighten and steady him, and perhaps in the end teach
him to play it correctly. There are some batsmen, and good batsmen
too, who never seem to be at home to this ball, although they may
have played it scores of times, and I remember once seeing an amusing
incident at a match in which a bowler who had adopted it was playing
sad havoc with the other side. The first three batsmen had all rushed
out to try and hit the leg-break ball, and, failing to do so, paid the
inevitable penalty of being stumped. Their captain was furious at their
rashness, especially as they were all three good players; he explained,
and rightly, that the proper way to play the ball was either by hitting
it on the full volley--i.e. before it touched the ground--or else
remaining inside the crease and playing it quietly. He went in himself,
intending to illustrate this principle, and, lo and behold! was stumped
the very first ball he received. He scraped forward a long way to meet
the ball, missed it, and remained in a most elegant Fuller Pilch-like
attitude, fondly imagining the toe of his boot was inside the crease.
It was, as a matter of fact, a good inch outside it. In that match
there were five stumped each innings off the same bowler, and the
captain was one of them both times. On another occasion a batsman with
rather thin and weedy looking legs kept jumping in front of his stumps
every time this ball was delivered. Finally the ball, discovering the
weak spot in this gentleman’s physical proportions, managed to find
(just above the knees) an opening large enough for it to pass through
and dislodge the bails. Great was his astonishment and disgust, and as
he retired crestfallen to the pavilion he said to the writer, who was
one of the fielding side on that occasion, ‘It was not the ball or the
bowler that did that; it was all owing to my confoundedly skinny legs!’
A dodge well worth trying with this ball is to bowl a good length about
two feet to the leg of the batsman; he is nearly sure to have a hit,
and there is a great chance of the spin on the ball causing it to be a
miss-hit, which may go straight up in the air, for the wicket-keeper,
point, or bowler to secure; even if it is a clean hit to leg it is
nearly bound to be in the air, and long-leg may possibly have a chance.
If this scheme is to be practised it will be generally a good thing for
the bowler to have his long-leg perfectly square, and bring his long
field on round till he is almost in the position of a forward long-leg.
This should be done by quietly waving the hand in such a manner as
to attract the attention of the batsman as little as possible. It is
impossible to lay down any rule for the way in which the fieldsmen
should be placed for this style of bowling, as this depends so much
upon the play of each particular batsman. A long-leg is, however,
nearly always necessary, and very often an extra man out on the leg
side, as mentioned already. Two men out in the field for the average
batsman cannot be dispensed with. The bowler himself, as a rule, will
know how to place his field for each batsman, but on no occasion should
he ever omit to have a short-slip. This is such a very likely place
to get a batsman snapped up that it should never be dispensed with to
any style of bowling, except perhaps to slow under-arm, and not always
then. A slow bowler who intends to use the leg-break, let us say, once
an over, or even once in two overs, and who relies on this ball as most
likely to secure wickets, may on ordinary occasions place his men thus,
but, as we said before, they must be changed to suit the circumstances.

If the ground is hard and fast, as a rule a third man cannot be
dispensed with; but if inclined to be slow, he may be brought forward
to extra cover-point, between cover-point and mid-off, or else put
deep in the field on the on side. The bowler may, however, see that
the batsman is wide enough awake to restrain himself from hitting
blindly at the pitch of this ball when straight or on the off stump;
it will then be advisable to try him entirely on the leg side--a man
may refuse the bait on one side but take it on the other. In these
circumstances extra cover-point, and sometimes even cover-point as
well, may be brought across the wicket and placed for half-hits wide
on the on--i.e. about half the distance from the batsman that a deep
field would stand. If the batsman assumes a poky style of play, it is
often advantageous, both for saving runs and getting wickets, to have
a short-leg a little nearer the stumps than the umpire, and the mid-on
as near to the batsman as he can venture consistently with safety. In
this, as in every other style of bowling, it is a sovereign rule to
make the batsman play to the ball--i.e. to keep it well pitched up, and
compel him either to hit or play forward.

A very novel style of this kind of bowling was seen on English cricket
grounds in the summer of 1884, when the Australian team of that year
included W. H. Cooper, so well known to all our cricketers who have
visited the colonies. He bowled round the wicket, and nearly every ball
almost a wide to leg. There was more spin and twist on the ball than
had ever been seen in this country before (excepting, perhaps, in the
bowling of Mr. Stratford, who played for a year or two for Middlesex,
but who never made his mark in first-class cricket). The ball seemed
to be twisted or screwed out of the side of his hand in the way a
billiard-marker will screw a billiard-ball along the table to a certain
spot, and then bring it back to him. But, unfortunately for him, he was
unable to combine any pace with this tremendous twist. The ball was
extraordinarily slow in the air, but directly it pitched it would spin
off the ground comparatively quickly, twisting into the batsman on the
faster wickets, sometimes as much as a yard or more. All his men except
two were on the on side, and he expected his wickets to be obtained
by the impatience of the batsman causing him to rush out, miss, and
get stumped, or else by wide hitting at the pitch of the ball on the
leg side, where there were seven fielders with seven pretty sure pairs
of hands waiting for it. In Australia he had met with a fair share
of success, especially against some of the English elevens which had
been over there. It was this latter consideration which induced the
Australian authorities to believe that he would be a useful addition to
their team. His bowling was most unsuccessful in this country. Whether
this was due to an accident to his hand on the voyage to England, or
from the light here being not so glaring and bright for our English
eyes as it is in Australia, cannot be said for certain, but I have a
strong opinion from my own experience that the reason of his success in
Melbourne against Englishmen was owing to the dreadful glare on that
ground.

One peculiarity of the leg-twisting ball is that when the ground is
soft and sticky it is comparatively of no avail. The ball then, of
course, twists to a greater extent than when the ground is hard, but it
leaves the pitch so very slowly that the batsman can either wait for
it on the long-hop or hit it on the full or half-volley. The leg-break
ball on a soft ground, if bowled at all, must be bowled faster than on
hard, in order to counteract the deadness of the turf. The best states
of the ground for this bowling, as indeed for most, are when the ground
has been hard and fast, and has since become crumbly and covered with
loose bits of grass and worn turf, and when there has been heavy rain
to saturate the ground which is being rapidly dried and caked by a
hot sun. In the former state the ball takes plenty of twist, and also
leaves the ground very quickly, in addition to sometimes getting up
uncomfortably high for the batsman. In the caked state the ball takes
lots of twist, and puzzles the batsman by the varied and uneven paces
at which it leaves the ground, sometimes coming sharply and high, at
other stopping on the ground and, in batsman’s parlance, ‘getting up
and looking at you.’

                    SHORT SLIP

                                ●
                          WICKET KEEPER
                               ╔╦╗
              ●                ║║║
            POINT             ¯¯¯¯¯                             LONG LEG




  ●
 COVER POINT
                                             ●
                                          MID ON

   ●
  EXTRA MID OFF
                               ╔╦╗
                               ║║║
                              ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
                    ●              ●
                 MID OFF         BOWLER







                  ●
           DEEP MID OFF
                                                     ●
                                              DEEP MID ON

                    The leg-break diagram.

    These positions of the fieldsmen will suit under-arm bowling, except
       that, perhaps extra mid-off may be put out on the on side.

The ‘leg-break’ ball is usually bowled from round the wicket, as
from this side there is more scope for the bowler to make the ball
twist. It is doubtless the best side of the stumps to choose for the
delivery of this ball, but every bowler should remember that it is very
nearly as good as a change of bowling to change from ‘round’ to ‘over’
the wicket, and this is especially so with leg-break balls. The ball
delivered from round the wicket generally leaves the hand a good foot
outside the extremity of the bowling crease; this means that it starts
about 4 feet 4 inches from the middle stump of the bowler’s wicket, and
in its journey through the air, even if pitched in a line with the leg
stump of the batsman’s wicket, it has to make considerable way from
the leg side of the wicket. This, of course, makes the ball go across
the wicket more from the pitch, and, as a rule, means that a leg-stump
leg-break ball round the wicket misses the wicket on the off side. A
batsman, if the ball is pitched off his wicket, may defend it, as the
rule of leg before wicket now stands, with his legs, and consequently
the bowler has not much chance of hitting it. When bowled from over
the wicket the leg-break ball, being delivered in a direct line with
the batsman’s wicket, will naturally, if pitched on the leg-stump or
between the legs and the wicket, not twist so much, thus making it more
likely to hit the wicket if missed by the batsman. There is also a
direct advantage to be gained by bowling over the wicket if the batsman
is inclined to get in front of his stumps, as there is always a better
chance for the bowler to get an appeal for leg before wicket answered
in his favour than when bowling from the other side.

                      ●
                SHORT SLIP
                           ●
                     WICKET KEEPER
                           ╔╦╗
                           ║║║
     ●                    ¯¯¯¯¯
  POINT                                                             ●
                                                               LONG LEG



                                            ●              ●
                                         MID ON       HALF HIT



                                                       HALF HIT
                           ╔╦╗                              ●
                           ║║║                              ↑
                          ¯¯¯¯¯ ●                           |
    ●                        BOWLER                       OR|
 MID OFF                                 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _|
                                       ●






                 ●
          DEEP MID OFF
                                                    ●
                                             DEEP MID ON

             Position of field if bowling on leg side.

Although, as previously mentioned, there has never been any instance
of the leg-break ball being bowled by a fast bowler, some of the best
bowlers of the past generation of cricketers used to bowl with a
considerable bias from the leg side, and were also of well over medium
pace. Martingell and Silcock were bowlers of this class. This old
style was very effective, and it is greatly to be regretted that it
has almost entirely disappeared from the game at the present day. It
differed from the slow ball that has been discussed only in the amount
of spin; and as there was so much less power expended in spinning or
twisting, the pace of the ball was greatly in excess of that which
can be got on to the slow leg-break. The ball was delivered round the
wicket, at the very extent of the crease, in order to make the angle
from the hand to an imaginary straight line between the two middle
stumps as great as possible. The hand was very little higher than the
hip when the ball was delivered, and instead of the hand and wrist
being completely turned over at the moment of delivery, as in the slow
leg-break, the fingers imparted a right to left spin to the ball.
The ball, coming from a great distance round the wicket and with a
considerable amount of leg spin, would be gradually working away to the
batsman’s off side every inch of its journey, both before and after
pitching. Catches in the slips and on the off side were numerous from
this style of bowling, and it required the batsman’s greatest care and
caution to guard himself against playing inside the balls. It is a
great pity we do not see more of this bowling now.

The next spin or twist on the ball which we will discuss is the rotary
motion from left to right. This, in cricket phraseology, is termed the
‘off’ break, and is far more universal than that from the ‘leg.’ In
fact, so common is it, and so easy to learn, that nearly everyone who
has ever bowled in a match knows more or less how to put this spin on
the ball. It is, of course, always easier to get spin on to a slow ball
than on to a fast one.

[Illustration: The leg-break.]

When the ball to be delivered is a slow one, the fingers and hand
may be twisted into almost any shape, as so little power is required
actually to deliver the ball; all the strength of hand, of wrist, and
of the fingers may be utilised for the purposes of spin alone. When the
ball has to be a fast one, the power necessary to propel the ball at
the required pace prevents so much of the power of fingers, &c., being
expended on spin. A slow ball always takes the spin, after leaving
the ground, to a greater extent than a fast one, because it is longer
on the ground when it pitches, and the spinning has more time to take
effect on the turf.

[Illustration: Likely balls; and what may become of them if not
correctly played.

 _a_, a likely one for a wild hitter to get himself out on the off
   side; _b_ and _c_, likely for a stump, or, if hit with straight bat,
   a catch to deep field-off; _d_ and _e_, likely for ‘catch and bowl;’
   _f_, long-leg and half-hit chances--short-slip and wicket-keeper
   often get an easy chance off this ball.]

The natural spin on every ball which is bowled is from left to
right--i.e. the off break. Even when a fielder throws in a ball from
a distance it almost invariably has this spin on it. If you watch the
smallest boy in the street throwing a stone, you will find, nine times
out of ten, the stone has acquired this spin. It is then no wonder
that almost every right-handed bowler relies upon this twist as his
principal artifice. The twist depends rather more on the power of the
fingers than on the hand and wrist, as in the ‘leg-break.’ The ball is
usually, by a slow bowler, grasped firmly with all the fingers resting
on the seam, as this gives more purchase and resistance for the fingers
to operate. The latter at the moment of delivery spin the ball, almost
in the same way as they would spin a top, and instead of an upward and
outward motion of the elbow, as in the ‘leg-break,’ there is an inward
motion towards the side of the bowler. The hand is turned over outwards
when the ball is delivered, and, if properly bowled and pitched just
outside the off stump, and under good conditions of ground, the ball,
after the pitch, will change its course abruptly towards the batsman
and the wicket.

Differing from the ‘leg-break,’ this ball can with practice be
accompanied by a great accuracy of pitch--an accuracy which has been
attained almost to perfection by some of our best known bowlers. The
late James Southerton, the famous Surrey bowler, could bowl in this
style for hours with only a very occasional variation from a perfect
‘good length.’ Alfred Shaw, of Nottingham, in his day was perhaps the
greatest exponent of accuracy of pitch combined with the slow ‘off
break,’ or what is generally termed ‘break-back.’ This ball should be
bowled a good length, and generally about two or three inches outside
the off stump.

Of course the amount of twist the ball will take depends on the state
of the ground, and this should at once be apparent to the bowler. The
danger most to be apprehended by the batsman from the off break is that
in playing forward, if not quite on the pitch of the ball, he is very
apt, owing to the twist, to play outside, and allow it to pass between
his bat and right leg to the wicket. It is never a wise thing for the
bowler to use the ‘off break’ every ball, although there are many who
do so. Even if he is devoid of all other artifice, and has no command
over the arts of ‘change of pace,’ ‘flight,’ or the ‘leg-break,’ he
should often vary his style by a ball without any twist at all, and
this should not always be straight. If a batsman has been playing over
after over nothing but good-length ‘off break,’ a ball pitched about
the same spot, two or three inches outside the off stump, and without
any off break at all, will very often be found to go to hand in the
slips, because the batsman is expecting the break and plays inside the
ball.

[Illustration: The off break.]

The fast ‘off break’ is a most deadly ball, and Lockwood, Richardson,
Mold, and Hearne are four bowlers who have a consistent break. A slight
slope in the ground from the off side is always a great advantage to
fast bowlers who try the ‘break-back.’ This comparatively rare ball,
when it does come, is sure to try the very best batsman. Its difficulty
arises from the fact that the ball is of such a pace as to necessitate
quick forward play, when the sudden turn after the pitch causes it to
be missed. For playing ‘off breaks’ of all paces, it is a great and
golden rule for batsmen to remember: _Never allow space between the
bat and the left leg for the ball to pass through_. This rule, which
insures the left leg of the batsman being placed well across the wicket
when playing forward, if followed, will render it almost impossible for
him to be bowled out with an ‘off break.’ It is an astounding fact that
this simple rule, which should be patent to everyone, seems unknown to
all our best batsmen with one or two notable exceptions. W. G. Grace
has always played with his leg up to his bat, thereby preventing the
ball from finding an opening between the two. W. W. Read, of Surrey,
is another who plays thus. We do not express any opinion here as to
the bearing of this rule on the leg-before-wicket question. It is
sufficient for a batsman at present, as the rule now stands, that so
long as the ball does not pitch between the two wickets he cannot be
given out ‘l.b.w.’

[Illustration: ‘Off breaks.’

 A, B, C, all good ones; D, if the batsman stands with his legs some
   way from the leg stump, this is likely to bowl him off his legs; but
   it is a beauty to hit on the on side.]

The two ‘spins,’ from the leg and the off, are the chief and most
important for all practical purposes. If a bowler by constant practice
has acquired the power of twisting the ball from off or leg at will,
and can at the same time bowl a ‘good length,’ he has laid a tolerable
foundation for future success. We say tolerable, because, in bowling,
twist, as we shall see later on, is not everything; it is an essential
element in good bowling, but it is only one of several, all of which
must combine together before anyone can earn the reputation of a
first-class bowler.

The two other spins which can be put on the ball are what have been
called the ‘upward vertical’ and the ‘downward vertical.’ By the
‘upward vertical,’ I mean when the ball spins in its way to the ground
vertically, and upwards with regard to the bowler. It may be compared
to the spin imparted to the billiard ball in the screw stroke. This
is effected by striking the ball low down, which makes it revolve in
its course upwards. The effect this upward revolution has is seen when
the striker’s ball meets the object ball, the former having a decided
inclination to stop and return to the striker. In the same way a
cricket ball, when made to revolve upwards, has a tendency to stop and
go slower off the pitch than it went before it reached the ground.

This twist, as a matter of fact, is never practised; and it is a great
pity that more attention has not been paid to it. Of course it is very
much more difficult to make the ball revolve in this manner than in
either the leg or the off break, but it is quite within the powers of
the possessor of a fairly strong set of fingers. The lower half only
of the ball should be held, so that the upper half protrudes above the
hand and fingers, and at the moment of delivery, which must be from the
level of the shoulder or lower, the fingers and hand must impart as
much upward spin as possible.

The downward vertical spin is the reverse of this, and is caused by
the upper half of the ball being grasped instead of the lower, as in
the upward. This spin imparts to the ball a tendency to come quicker
from the pitch than the pace in the air would seem to suggest, and is
analogous to the ‘following up’ stroke at billiards. The latter is
made by striking the ball at the top, making it revolve downwards and
vertically from the striker. Very many bowlers possess this downward
spin in their bowling without being at all aware of the fact. They
know, as also do those who play against them, that every now and then
one of their balls will, in cricket slang, ‘make haste from the pitch.’
The batsman finds he has mistaken the pace of the ball, which flies
past him before he is anything like ready to play it, and when his
stumps lie prostrate, as often as not he will come back to the pavilion
with the old, old story, ‘Bowled with a shooter;’ whereas, in fact,
the ball has hit the middle or even upper part of his stumps. He has
entirely lost the ball from the pitch owing to his misjudgment of its
pace, and concludes erroneously that it has shot underneath his bat.

We have now considered the four kinds of spin which can be put on to
a cricket ball. Of course there may be combinations of two kinds, as,
for instance, the ball may be spinning from right to left or left to
right, and at the same time be revolving to a certain extent vertically
downwards or upwards; but it would be impossible to discuss the result
of every such combination.

The ball may break from ‘leg,’ and at the same time show by its
acceleration in speed after the pitch that it has been revolving
downwards as well, and the same may happen with the break from the
‘off;’ but such variations are beyond the reach of any practical
discussion.

Let us now turn to another element of good bowling--change of pace.
It does not require any great amount of technical cricket knowledge to
understand that, if a bowler delivers every ball at the same uniform
pace, his bowling is easier for a batsman to judge and play than
when he is continually altering and changing the pace. If a batsman
misjudges the pace of the ball he often loses his wicket. If he plays
too slow for a fast ball, or too fast for a slow one, he generally
makes a fatal mistake. As it is necessary for a shooter to accurately
judge the pace of a driven grouse before pulling the trigger, so is it
equally necessary for a batsman to judge the pace of the ball before
he plays to it. This power of judging pace only comes after long
experience; but when it does exist it seems to be exercised almost
intuitively, and without any conscious thought--indeed there is often
no time for thought.

Perhaps the one thing which made Mr. Spofforth, the famous Australian
bowler, superior at his best to all others, and has earned him the
reputation of being the best bowler that has ever lived, was his
wonderful power of changing the pace of the ball without making it
perceptible to the batsman. In his bowling the same run, action, and
exertion were apparently used for delivering a slow or medium-paced
ball as for a fast one. Many a time, especially on his first arrival in
England, when this bowling was strange to our batsmen, the ball seemed
to dislodge the bails long after the bat had completed the stroke, and
was perhaps high in the air. Change of pace, to be effective, must
not mean change of action; and the first thing a bowler who wishes to
practise this art must understand, is that the slightest variation
in style or action for a slower or faster ball will at once put the
batsman on the _qui vive_ and destroy the effect of the device.

C. T. B. Turner, the Australian bowler, was a great adept at changing
the pace of the ball without sounding any warning note to the batsman.
He is one of the very finest bowlers we have ever seen bowl; he has
great command over the ball, and a beautiful and easy delivery. His
performances in this country have been wonderful; the only defect
in his bowling which, in the writer’s opinion, keeps him from being
considered Spofforth’s equal is that his action is too easy to see. A
good batsman is not so likely to be deceived by him as readily as by
Spofforth’s windmill deliveries.

When a slow or medium-pace bowler wishes to deceive the batsman by
a change of pace, he has, of course, two courses open to him--either
to accelerate the speed of the ball or diminish it. When he wishes
to bowl a faster ball than usual, he must remember that the object
of the experiment is to make the batsman play slower to the ball
than he has been doing, and that this result will be far more easily
accomplished by pitching a good-length--if anything, a little further
than a good-length--ball, than by a short one. If the latter is bowled,
the batsman, although deceived in the pace up to the pitch, has time
to discover his mistake before the ball reaches him, and consequently
has his bat ready in time to stop it. If a ball is, however, pitched a
good length, or a trifle beyond it, and up to the pitch is successful
in deceiving the batsman, he will not have much chance of stopping it
afterwards.

Palmer, another of the famous Australians, sends down the best fast
ball that has been seen from a medium-pace bowler. There is no change
of action to warn the batsman, no longer or faster run, but the ball
comes with lightning rapidity, generally pitched well up, and very
often in the block-hole, making that most deadly ball a ‘fast yorker,’
about which something will be said farther on. The change from slow or
medium-pace bowling to quite slow is much more frequently practised
than the change to fast, and consequently we may presume it is more
easy of accomplishment. There are few slow or medium-pace bowlers who
do not try occasionally to deceive the batsman by making the high slow
ball pitch a little shorter than the rest have been doing. But although
there are many bowlers who endeavour thus to deceive, there are but few
who are really skilful in the art.

It is an extremely difficult thing to reduce the pace on the ball
without altering the action. Mr. Spofforth, the Australian, as we have
observed, excelled in this, as also did Alfred Shaw, of Nottingham,
when at his best. For many years Shaw had the reputation of being the
best slow bowler in England, and justly so. His most deadly device was,
after he had bowled three or four of his ordinary paced ones, to toss
the ball a little higher, a little slower, and a little shorter. Unless
the batsman detected the alteration in speed at the moment of delivery,
he made what was often a fatal mistake. If he hit, the ball would go
high in the air, generally in the direction of deep field-on; if he
played forward, a catch and bowl was the very likely result. If this
ball is bowled without deceiving the batsman, it generally meets with
a very heavy penalty, as, if rightly judged at first, it can generally
be either waited for and hit almost to any part of the field on the
‘long-hop’ or bound, or run down and driven past the bowler; but the
latter feat can only be accomplished by batsmen who are very quick on
their legs.

Some of the best exponents of this ball appear, just prior to
delivery, to greatly exert their bodies, and go through their whole
customary action, while the arm, dragged slower than usual through
the air, delivers the ball when the body is comparatively at rest.
This, no doubt, gives the batsman the idea that the ball is going to
be delivered before it really does leave the bowler’s hand. But it
would be quite beyond the capabilities of the writer to furnish any
intelligible hints as to how to bowl this ball; every bowler will with
practice find this out for himself.

As a rule, good bowlers of the present day bowl with their arms above
the shoulder, and it is a rudiment in the art that the action of
delivery should be as high as possible. The high delivery is certainly
the most successful where the ground is hard, fast, and true, as then
little or no twist can be put on to the ball, and the higher it is
made to bound the more chance there is of the batsman making an uppish
stroke. In addition to this advantage which the high has over the low
delivery, the higher the arm is raised above the shoulder the more
difficult it is for a batsman to judge the pitch and flight of the ball.

With regard to the amount of success that slow and fast bowling meet
with, a great deal depends on the state of the ground, but speaking of
England, and on hard wickets, fast bowlers are having the best of it;
at any rate, Richardson is far the most deadly, while Mold, Hearne,
Davidson, Bland, Cuttell, and Hirst are very successful. In a later
chapter, however, the causes are discussed which seem to show that head
bowlers, bowlers who change their pace and methods, will have to be the
bowlers of the future. But it is also true, as a general rule, that
slow bowling is more difficult to play than fast. The advantages that
it possesses over fast are as follows:--

First.--The slowly delivered ball describes a curved line in the air
both before it pitches and afterwards to the bat; and balls coming in a
curved line are far more difficult to play accurately than those which
come quick and straight from the pitch. If the batsman properly judged
the fast ball, by simply putting his bat straight forward he would
always meet and stop it. It is not quite so with the slower ball. The
ball, coming on to the ground in a curve, will leave it in a curve, and
may consequently go over the shoulder of the bat. Besides, the quicker
the ball is, the shorter time the batsman has to play it; his mode of
playing must be decided on instantaneously, so he has no time to get
into two minds on the subject.

[Illustration: _SLOW BALL_]

[Illustration: _FAST BALL_]

Secondly.--In slow bowling there is always more actual hitting than
in fast, and the more hitting the greater chance there is of the ball
going up in the air. Fast bowling may perhaps be driven more--that
is to say, it may be pushed hard by good forward play in front of
the wicket in all directions; but it is not often with this style of
bowling that the bat is lifted high in the air, and the shoulders,
arms, and whole body combine together for a big hit or ‘slog,’ as it
is sometimes called, whereas slows often tempt the best of batsmen to
hit without quite getting on to the pitch of the ball, the consequence
being that the ball goes up in the air somewhere.

It is a very common occurrence to see a slow bowler who is bowling
really well, and with tolerable success, taken off at once on the
advent of some batsman who has earned a reputation for big hitting.
He himself may be nervous about the fearful smashing the batsman may
give him, and suggest to his captain to put on some fast bowler in
his place, or else the captain may make the change himself. What is
the usual result? The fast bowler compels the hitter to play a steady
game, and then, when the latter has just got his eye well set and fit
for hitting, on go the slows again, with the probable result of being
utterly knocked to pieces in a few overs. If the slows had been allowed
a chance at first, when the batsman’s eye had not got settled down to
the light, and he himself was still suffering from the nervousness
inevitable to every man on first going in, what a different tale might
have been told! It is always the best thing to put on slows to a big
hitter when he first comes in. His anxiety to begin to hit at once is
fostered by the slow, easy-looking balls that give him such time to
lift his bat and put his whole strength into the stroke; this anxiety
is often helped, too, by his nervousness, which in many instances
produces a tendency to hit.

On a certain occasion one of the biggest hitters our cricket grounds
have ever seen made about eighty runs without having a single slow ball
bowled to him. The captain at last put on a slow bowler out of sheer
desperation. As the slow bowler walked up to the wicket to bowl, the
big hitter turned to him and said, ‘What, are _you_ going to bowl your
donkey-drops? I’ll hit them all out of the ground.’ ‘If you _keep on_
doing it I shall have to go off,’ was the modest reply. The third ball
of the over there was a terrific slog; the bat fairly whistled with the
speed it went through the air, and the ball, touching the shoulder,
landed in short-slip’s hands.

There are only two exceptions to the golden rule to put on slows when
a hitter first comes in: the first is when there is something peculiar
connected with the condition of the ground which is making a fast
bowler at that particular time especially deadly; and the second, when
the condition of the game renders it imperatively necessary to keep
down the runs at all costs. In the latter case a slow bowler may prove
too expensive, as even the miss-hits of a strong hitter are apt to go
to the boundary.

Thirdly (to resume the consideration of the advantages of slow bowling,
interrupted by the anecdote and the statement of the rule and its
exceptions).--Slow bowling offers more opportunity to the wicket-keeper
for stumping than fast. It is so tempting for a batsman to rush in and
drive the slow tossed-up ball that often he chooses the wrong one,
misses it, and is left standing still a yard or two out of his ground.
Chances to the wicket-keeper are also much easier off slows than fast,
and consequently a great many more wickets are taken.

Fourthly.--The very slowness of the ball induces liberties of all sorts
to be taken, besides that of hitting mentioned above. The batsman,
when his eye is well in, often tries to score by placing balls to
a particular spot, which their pitch does not justify. A favourite
error that even the best batsmen fall into is that of trying to hit
the leg-stump half-volleys too much to the on side, and sometimes
absolutely to leg, a stroke which would never enter his head were a
fast bowler bowling.

Fifthly.--A slow bowler has much greater command of pitch, pace, and
spin than a fast one. The power which is expended by the latter on
the pace of the ball is available by the former for these more subtle
devices. There is consequently a much wider field for experiment open
to the slow bowler. Usually a fast bowler bowls away ball after ball
in the hopes of breaking down the batsman’s defence by a good-length
ball or a ‘yorker;’ if he fails to do this he retires in favour of the
next change. A slow bowler has many devices, of which actually bowling
the batsman out is perhaps very seldom resorted to. He should be able
to pitch the ball within a few inches of the spot he wishes, and thus,
when he has ascertained any particular weakness the batsman seems to
possess, he is able to take advantage of it. There are very few batsmen
who have not certain favourite strokes; some may have a partiality for
cutting, others for playing on the on side for ones and twos, others
for off driving; but whatever the particular _penchant_ may be, a slow
bowler’s business is to make himself acquainted with it and then take
the greatest possible advantage of it. Suppose a batsman shows by his
play that he is always on the look-out for a cut, and even goes so far
as to cut balls which should be driven or played forward to, on the
off side, a slow bowler by his command of pitch and pace may do much
execution. A ball pitched a trifle further up than usual on the off
side and a trifle faster may, and often does, induce the batsman to
try his favourite stroke, at the imminent peril of placing the ball in
the hands of point or third man, or of being caught at the wicket. A
slower and higher ball than usual pitched on the leg-stump will often
induce a batsman to try a favourite ‘on side’ stroke, at the risk of
playing with a cross bat and being bowled or out leg before wicket. In
fact, every fault that it is possible for a batsman to possess may be
taken advantage of by a slow bowler to a much greater extent than by
one of great pace. How often one sees a batsman who has given great
trouble dismissed by a slow bowler who seems to have absolutely no
merit whatever! The ball is tossed high in the air with apparently no
spin of any sort, and so slow as hardly to reach the wicket, and yet
the well-set batsman falls a prey to his over-anxiety to play the ball
where the pitch of it does not warrant.

Sixthly.--A slow bowler has the advantage over a fast one of having
what is equivalent to an extra man in the field, viz. himself. After
the ball is bowled he is firm on his legs, ready to run in for a catch
and bowl, or to dart to the on or the off side as the batsman shapes to
play the ball. No matter how hard the ball is returned from the bat, he
has always ample time to get down with the right hand or the left or to
jump high in the air; when the batsmen are running he is always able to
get behind his wickets ready to receive the ball when returned by the
fielder, a golden rule for every bowler which is too often neglected.
A fast bowler is generally unsteady on his legs after the ball is
delivered; the pace with which he runs up to the wicket carries him
on a few paces after the delivery, and he is thus generally unable to
exhibit the same activity and sharpness in fielding his own bowling as
a slow bowler does. In days gone by, when grounds were bad and rough,
slow bowling was not so successful as fast, but the general improvement
in the ground has altered this.

[Illustration: A hot return.]

And now, having seen some of the advantages slow bowling possesses
over fast, and before discussing the latter’s merits, let us see on
what principles a slow bowler should endeavour to bowl, and what
rules he should follow in order to attain success. Whilst speaking of
slow bowling we shall refer to any pace under that of medium, as the
rules and principles of medium are included in what is said on fast
bowling. Perhaps the most important thing that every bowler, whether
fast, medium, or slow, should realise is, as we have said before,
to keep the ball well pitched up when a batsman first comes in. The
importance of this rule is manifest, as a short-pitched ball requires
no play, whereas one pitched a good length, or even farther, requires
steadiness and accuracy of eye to play; because there is a moment after
its pitch when it is lost to the vision, and consequently if the eye
lacks accuracy the ball will be missed or bungled. An old professional
cricketer, one who has made his mark in times gone by both with bat
and ball, once observed to the author, ‘Anything rather than straight
long-hops, sir, when a man first comes in; wides and full-pitches are
better,’ and he was right; straight long-hops, which, alas! many of
our professional bowlers bowl only too often, in order to prevent runs
being made off them, do more to get in the eyes of batsmen than any
other sort of ball. Often and often one sees a bowler, and perhaps
one who has the name of being first-class, send down to a new batsman
straight long-hops one after the other--balls which it is impossible,
or nearly so, to score off, and then at the end of each over walk to
his place with a thoroughly satisfied air, as if adding one more maiden
over to his analysis had really helped his side on to the ultimate goal
of victory. It is always better for a bowler to see a fresh batsman
make half a dozen runs from well-pitched balls or half-volleys his
first over than to see him stop four straight long-hops.

On the fall of a wicket the bowler should always remember that the
new batsman is entirely unaccustomed to the light and not yet warm
to his work, and that consequently the pet devices which may have
been clearly seen through and mercilessly punished by the retiring
batsman are for the present quite fresh for the new one. He should
consequently begin by doing all he can to get rid of him at once
before he gets ‘set.’ He should in the first two or three overs try
every effective ball he knows--and certainly in the first over he
should try a ‘yorker.’ This ball, called in days gone by a ‘tice,’ an
abbreviation of ‘entice,’ is certainly one of the most deadly balls
that can be bowled, if not absolutely the most deadly. We believe
that, if statistics could be kept of how every wicket fell during the
course of a season, more would be found victims to the ‘yorker’ than
to any other ball. We can find no derivation for the word ‘yorker,’
but are told that it came from the Yorkshiremen, who were fonder of
bowling this ball than any other. A story is told of a famous old
Yorkshire professional who, on being asked whether he knew why this
ball was called a ‘yorker,’ replied, ‘Of course I do.’ ‘Well?’ said
his questioner. ‘Why, what else could you call it?’ was the answer,
with a puzzled look and a scratch on the top of his head. The ordinary
definition of a ‘yorker’ is a ball that pitches inside the crease,
and this, no doubt, is correct so far as it goes, but it does not
go far enough. It really should be, any ball that pitches directly
underneath the bat. It is quite possible for a man to be bowled out
with a ‘yorker’ when he is two or three yards out of his ground, if he
misjudges the ball, and allows it to pitch directly beneath his bat,
although the ball pitches as far from the crease as he is standing. The
most deadly sort of ‘yorker,’ however, is the one that pitches about
three or four inches inside the crease. One mistake which the batsman
makes with this ball is that he imagines it is going to pitch shorter
for a half-volley, and gets ready to hit, when he finds the ball coming
farther than he expected, and is then too late to stop it. Another
grave error which many batsmen fall into is that of lifting their bats
up, after judging the pace and pitch of the ‘yorker,’ intending to come
down on it as it touches the ground, which really is at the very last
moment. It seems an easy thing to stop a ‘yorker’ in this way, but it
really requires the greatest nicety in timing, and a moment late means
that the ball has passed and the stumps are down. Whenever a batsman
is playing ‘yorkers’ by chopping down on them inside his crease, it
is as certain as can be that he is not at all at home with them, and
the bowler may hope for success with every one he tries. Even if the
bat does come down on a ‘yorker’ in the crease at the last moment, it
often dribbles on with the spin, and just dislodges the bails. The
only proper, workmanlike way to deal with ‘yorkers’ is to play them
forward. The bat should be thrust forward directly the ball is seen to
be right up to the batsman, and then it cannot fail to be stopped. One
great peculiarity of ‘yorkers’ is that it is impossible to bowl such a
ball to some batsmen. W. G. Grace hardly ever gets one; directly the
ball leaves the bowler’s hand he sees its destination, viz. an inch
inside the crease; he puts the bat out to meet the ball, and makes it
one of the easiest possible, viz. a full-pitch. If there were no such
thing as misjudgment on the part of a batsman, there would be no such
thing as a ‘yorker.’ It depends for its very existence on being taken
for something else. If every batsman were perfectly accurate in his
sight and judgment of pitch, every so-called ‘yorker’ would be neither
more nor less than a ‘full-pitch.’ However, as every batsman, we are
thankful to say, is liable to err in judging the pitch, and as nearly
every batsman when first going in is more liable to err with a ‘yorker’
than any other ball, the bowler should most decidedly try it. A slow
bowler should first try a medium-paced ‘yorker,’ somewhat faster than
his usual pace, and then a slower one. It is astonishing how many
wickets fall to slow ‘yorkers;’ the ball is mistaken for everything but
what it really is, viz. a full-pitch--for every ball pitching inside
the crease must be playable as a full-pitch.

When a bowler is put on to bowl by his captain, it is his duty to do
everything in his power to dislodge the batsman. It is really quite a
secondary consideration for him whether many or few runs are being made
off his bowling. It is the duty of the captain to tell the bowler when
he wants the pace in the run-getting to be diminished, and then, and
not till then, must the bowler begin to bowl straight and short with
that object. But until certain instructions are given, the bowler must
never stop for an instant in his endeavour to get the batsman’s wicket.
If he has experimented with every one of his arts and is unsuccessful,
or even if he becomes too expensive in run-getting before he has done
this, the captain’s duty is to take him off.

It is a common sight enough to see a bowler put on in a match who
simply dare not try the experiments which he has practised with
success, for fear of being hit for a four or two and taken off. He is
quite content to see ball after ball played full in the middle of the
bat straight back to him, knowing well that with such bowling he has
not the remotest chance of getting a wicket. In the hopes of getting
a wicket a slow bowler should often try leg half-volleys; they are,
of course, delightful balls for a batsman to hit, but, at the present
day, when the old George Parr leg hit is comparatively unknown--viz. to
fine long-leg all along the ground well behind the wicket--and the leg
hitting off slows is generally high and square, they often result in a
long-leg catch, and sometimes one at the wicket, through the batsman
hitting too quick at the ball. A bowler who has been sending down ball
after ball with the off break on should often try pitching one on the
same spot but without the break; the batsman is very apt to play inside
this ball, and place it in short-slip’s hands. In addition to the
change of pace which we have above commented on, it is a most excellent
thing occasionally to lower and heighten the action. Alfred Shaw used
continually, by lowering his action, to send in a ball which skimmed,
so to speak, from the pitch at a great pace, and much faster than his
ordinary balls. The raising of the arm higher than usual makes the ball
bound higher, which is very often an advantage, especially on rough
cut-up grounds. The good-length ball outside the off stump, pitched
perhaps eight inches to a foot wide of it, and without any break on
at all, is often a most telling ball, especially to eager, excitable
batsmen. The ball, not being straight, cannot be met with the full face
of the bat, and consequently, unless the batsman puts his left leg
right across the wicket, he must, in playing it, lift it up in the air,
when it is probably captured by cover-point or mid-off. If this ball
can be made to go ever so little from the leg side after it has pitched
it becomes more deadly, as then there is a much greater chance of the
batsman being unable to get over the ball sufficiently to keep it along
the ground.

There has grown up in late years a most deplorable practice amongst
batsmen of leaving balls on the off side alone, for fear of risking
their wickets. In every match, big and little, one may see batsmen jump
in front of their wickets time after time to off balls, allowing the
ball to go by unplayed at, or if it twists to hit their legs. We call
this a most deplorable practice, because it is not real cricket. The
true object of the batsman is to defend his wicket with his bat; let
him use his legs as well if he likes, but his bat he should certainly
use, and when he holds the bat high in the air and guards his wicket
with his legs, and legs alone, in our opinion he goes beyond the limit
of legitimate batting. A batsman is perfectly right in refusing to hit
or play at wide balls on the off side, but when he remains passive to
balls a few inches only outside the off stump, he not only acknowledges
his want of confidence in himself, but also degrades the dignity of
a cricket bat by substituting in its place his own usually nervous
legs. We remember seeing, some years back, a batsman who had completed
his hundred refusing, on a perfectly good wicket, to play ball after
ball on the off side. The famous old bowler David Buchanan was bowling
at one end, and could not understand how some of his most lovely
half-volleys were allowed to pass by unlooked at and despised. The
batsman, however, was thoroughly well roasted by his own side and the
other for his tame play; and it was satisfactory afterwards to learn
that he had given up his weakness for seeing long-hops and half-volleys
pass on the off without being first heavily taxed for the good of his
side. It is rather a difficult thing for a slow bowler to know what to
do when he has to bowl to a batsman of this sort. He might, of course,
go on bowling on the off side, and try to tire the batsman out and
make him play; but this, in these present days of good wickets and
lengthy matches, would take far too long. The best course for a bowler
to take is continually to alter his pace, and endeavour by pitching a
ball sharper from the pitch and quicker than usual on the off stump to
get the batsman out leg before wicket. Just the very slightest degree
outside the off stump is also a good place for this class of player; he
gets undecided whether to adopt his mawkish style of play or not, and
in his indecision is apt to make mistakes.

A favourite scheme for a slow bowler to get rid of a batsman is by
bowling him off his legs. This is always more easy of accomplishment
when the batsman’s legs stand some distance from the leg-stump and his
bat. When this is going to be tried an extra man should be put out on
the on side between long-leg and deep field-on, as the ball which is to
be bowled will, if hit by the batsman, generally go in that direction.
If the bowler can dispense with a long-leg, it is advantageous to have
a short-leg, perhaps a yard or two in front of the umpire, and also a
mid-wicket on as near to the batsman as he can with safety venture. The
ball should then be bowled with as much off break and as good a length
as possible, in a line with the leg-stump; if played at and missed on
account of the twist it hits the legs, and so cannons into the wicket.
If it is met with the bat there is always a chance of the twist taking
it into the hands of short-leg or mid-on. The place on which the ball
pitches must depend on the state of the ground and the amount of twist
that can be put on to the ball.

Spofforth, the Australian, was a bowler who used this ball very
successfully, as indeed he did most others. When he had the ground
in a suitable state--i.e. when it was sticky or else crumbled and
loose--he used to place a short-leg close in to the batsman about two
yards behind the wicket; he would also have another short-leg or mid-on
close in to the batsman and fairly straight. He would then bowl about
medium pace, pitching ball after ball a good length on the leg-stump,
and with as much off break as he could get on, which, of course, would
vary with the state of the ground. The result of this manœuvre was
to make the batsman’s chance of remaining at the wickets for long
extremely doubtful. The pace (medium) would compel him to play forward
to all good-length balls; the break-back and abrupt rise or kick then
made it very probable that he would either place the ball in the hands
of one of the expectant short-legs or else be bowled off his bat or
legs. The author recollects on one occasion having to play against the
redoubtable Spofforth under the above circumstances. After receiving a
few balls he came to the conclusion that it was absolutely impossible
to prevent being captured by one of the short-legs, who were both
standing ridiculously close, and every ball was rising uncomfortably
high. He determined to take the liberty of pulling, and did so once
or twice with success, till he paid the usual penalty of the practice
on a kicking wicket by being badly cut over. He then tried jumping in
front of his wicket and trying to slide the breaking balls off his bat
to very fine long-leg. Spofforth, however, was too much for him, and
almost immediately bowled a straight middle stump ball without any
break on it and rather faster than the others; it kept low, hit the
shin, and there was as dead a case of ‘l.b.w.’ as any bowler could wish
for.

A favourite trick of some slow bowlers is to bowl from different
distances. Sometimes the bowler will have one leg behind the wickets
and the other in front, and sometimes both behind; we have even seen
some bowl occasionally with the front leg as much as two yards behind
the wicket. The object of this is to deceive the batsman as to the
pitch of the ball by changing the distance the ball has to travel.
This is doubtless an excellent theory, but in our opinion it is not
of much worth in actual practice. We have seen bowlers of all sorts
repeatedly try this experiment, but in our experience it never meets
with any appreciable success. This is perhaps owing to the fact that
the batsman can always see very clearly when the bowler does not come
up the whole way to the wicket, and is accordingly on the alert for a
shorter pitched ball than usual. The only practiser of this trick who
ever seems to turn it to good account is Tom Emmett, the left-handed
Yorkshire veteran; he usually bowls his slow wides from some distance
behind the crease, and certainly obtains a fair share of wickets with
these balls; but even in his case we think that it is generally not so
much the difference in the distance that the ball has to travel which
causes disaster to the batsman, as the latter’s anxiety and impatience
to score from slow wide off balls, which look so easy and are really
so deadly. However, though our opinion of this bowler’s ‘dodge’ is
not particularly high, we still think it is worthy of trial at times
by every slow bowler. A slow bowler should try every wile that can
possibly be attempted; by adopting slow bowling he has undertaken to
use the ‘wisdom of the serpent’ in the guise of the ‘harmlessness of
the dove,’ and has sacrificed pace to cunning and thought. No slow
bowler is worth his salt who merely tosses the ball into the air and
trusts to chance for success, even if it has a little spin on it; he
must continually think and diagnose every particular case which comes
before him, and then adopt the measures necessary for each one. With
this object it is the duty of every slow bowler to take advantage of
any local peculiarity which the size and situation of the ground may
afford. He should almost always have the choice of ends, except on
occasions when the captain of the side considers that for some reason
his fast bowler is more likely to get rid of the batting side for a
small score than the slow, and then, of course, the fast must have the
choice.

For example, in the University matches from 1878 to 1881, Oxford was
so overmatched by Cambridge that in each of these years before the play
began it was considered by the outside public as a foregone conclusion
for the latter. The really knowing ones, however, who thoroughly
understood the game, were aware that there was one man on the Oxford
side who might any day get rid of the best side in England for a very
small score. That man was Mr. Evans, the famous fast bowler. He was the
only man on the side who, humanly speaking, seemed capable of turning
the chances of the game. He consequently chose his own particular
end--the one he thought most suited to his style, quite irrespective of
any mediocre slow bowler that was on his side; and the havoc he played
amongst the Cambridge wickets for those four years may be seen from the
old scores. It is, however, an exception when a side depends almost
entirely on its fast bowling, and it is only when this exception arises
that a slow bowler (assuming him to be one who is competent to judge)
must not have his choice of ends. Of course we mean his choice of ends
at the commencement of an innings, as after that it is the captain’s
duty to put any bowler on at either end, and it is the duty of every
bowler to obey his captain cheerfully.

As already remarked, every slow bowler should take advantage of every
local peculiarity that may offer itself. For instance, there may be a
ground where a high tree is behind one of the wickets; the slow bowler,
if he thinks this tree will help him at all, should take his measures
accordingly. We hope none will think we are advocating anything at
all unfair in the game, or anything that is even on the line between
fairness and ‘not quite straight.’ As a rifle-shooter takes advantage
of a lull in the wind to pull his trigger, as a deerstalker of every
rock and unevenness of ground to approach his game--in short, just
as in every kind of sport natural facilities may be utilised--so in
bowling every peculiarity of time and place should be enlisted on the
side of the bowler in his (in these days of good wickets and good
batting) by no means easy task of getting rid of the batsman. If a
bowler, who, we will say, usually bowls over the wicket, perceive that
by bowling round the wicket he may make his bowling more difficult to
see, and consequently more effective, on account of a tree, house, or
hedge that is directly behind that side of the wicket, he should most
certainly change and make the most of that advantage. An injudicious
and talkative batsman often materially assists a bowler by such remarks
as, ‘I can’t see your bowling a little bit. When tossed high in the air
that beastly tree is right behind;’ or, ‘When you bowl over the wicket
the ball gets right in a line with the dark windows of the pavilion,
and I can’t see it at all.’ Can anyone imagine for a moment that a
bowler will not do his very best instantly to make the most of the dark
branches of the tree or the windows of the pavilion? The sun, too,
often materially assists a slow bowler, especially during the last hour
or hour and a half of the day’s play. If there are any trees round the
ground, the shadows, beginning to lengthen, will often lie right across
the pitch, and if there is one anywhere near where a good-length ball
should pitch, it is advisable to try pitching one occasionally on it.
If the sun is behind the bowler’s wicket and getting a little low, the
bowler should try by bowling high slow ones to get it in the line of
the batsman’s vision. Every possible advantage within the limits and
spirit of fair play may be considered legitimate for a bowler. Local
advantages of ground and weather are certainly within these limits, but
any peculiarity of dress or tricks of manner, which are in themselves
calculated to baulk or annoy a batsman, are not.

For example, bowling with a long loose and flapping sleeve in order
to distract the batsman’s attention from the ball, a habit which of
late has been seen on our English grounds, is in itself intrinsically
unfair and unworthy of any true cricketer. And again, waving the arms
behind the ball after it has been delivered, or any other trick adopted
in order to worry or harass the batsman, is manifestly unfair. Some
batsmen are extremely fastidious, and are distracted by the merest
trifle. The writer remembers on one occasion taking part in a match
when a batsman objected to a bowler on the ground that he was wearing
a stud made of some bright material or stone, which glistened so in
the sun that it diverted his attention from the ball. This, of course,
sounded absurd, but the bowler at once removed the glittering nuisance,
and rightly too.

A slow bowler must bear in mind what has before been mentioned, viz.
that it is often almost as good as a change of bowling to change
from over to round the wicket, or _vice versâ_, quite apart from
the advantage he may gain from any local obstruction to good light.
Supposing a slow bowler has been ‘on’ for some time over the wicket, as
a rule the great majority of his balls have been pitched a few inches
outside the off stump and breaking in to the middle or middle and leg.
The batsman has got thoroughly into the way of playing this particular
ball, and does not show any signs of making a mistake. The bowler goes
round the wicket, and although he still continues to pitch a little
outside the off stump, the ball is quite different now from what it
was from over the wicket. It is, of course, impossible to get as much
‘break-back’ spin on to the ball when bowling round as over the wicket,
because the ball is delivered several feet from a straight line between
the two wickets, but in most conditions of the ground it is possible
to get a certain amount on. The change in the direction of the ball,
or rather in the spot from which it is delivered, combined with the
diminution in the amount of break, makes it often a most effective
change and one well worth the trial. In addition there is always from
round the wicket the chance of a batsman playing inside a ball which,
delivered without any spin at all, keeps going across the wicket, as it
is technically called, ‘with the arm.’

[Illustration: A pokey batsman dealing with a high-dropping full-pitch.]

We cannot omit, when enumerating the different balls of which a slow
bowler may avail himself, one which is by no means used as often as
it should be, viz. the full-pitch. In slow bowling there are three
different kinds of full-pitches--the high-dropping full-pitch, which
will pitch either on the top of the wicket or a few inches before it;
the ordinary slow full-pitch, which reaches the batsman about the
height of his knees; and the medium-paced full-pitch, which will hit
the stumps nearly at the top. The high-dropping full-pitch is a ball
that is seldom used, the reason for its rarity probably being the
extreme difficulty of bowling it accurately and the certain punishment
it will meet with if it falls at all short either in height or length
of what it should be. It should be delivered as high as possible; there
is no limit to the height this ball may go in the air, as the higher
it ascends the more difficult it is to play. It should be bowled so
that it reaches its highest point when it is almost directly over the
head of the batsman, and should pitch on the very top of the stumps.
It is strange that this ball is not more often practised by slow
bowlers, as, especially to the pokey, nervous style of batsmen, it is
fraught with considerable uneasiness and requires some skill to play
properly. To really first-class punishing batsmen it is a ball which
has comparatively no terrors, and on which not much reliance can be
placed, though it should always, in our opinion, be tried at least once
to every batsman who is getting ‘well set.’ But to the poker, the man
who refuses to do anything but stick his bat in front of the wicket,
who lets half-volleys, full-pitches, and long-hops pass unscathed and
unplayed on both sides of him--to him who considers he is doing his
side good service by wasting three hours of valuable time for a dozen
runs on his side of the balance, and three hours’ wear and tear of the
wicket on the other--to him who helps so greatly to fill up the records
of drawn matches, the high-dropping full-pitch is an excellent ball. He
does not know what to do with it; he is afraid to step back to play it
for fear of hitting his wicket, and he hardly likes to be so bold as to
try to cut or hit it on the on side. One of the most amusing sights we
have ever seen at cricket was one of these batsmen having ball after
ball of this sort bowled to him; it was not till after he had nearly
lost his wicket a dozen times, only keeping it by exceptional good
luck, and had afforded the greatest merriment to players and spectators
alike, that he burst out from sheer desperation into wild and furious
hitting--a line of conduct which had the immediate effect of compelling
the bowler to desist from his lofty attacks.

The second kind of full-pitch--the one reaching the batsman about the
height of his knees--is the most usual of full-pitches, and enjoys the
distinction of being considered the easiest of all balls to hit. A
good batsman can hit this ball from a slow bowler to almost any part
of the field; consequently, though it often happens in the chapter of
accidents that a wicket falls to this ball--a catch in the country
perhaps, or a hard catch and bowl--it is of all balls the very worst
for a slow bowler to deliver, except perhaps a long hop.

The third kind--the medium-paced full-pitch straight to the top of
the stumps--is occasionally, for a slow bowler, a very useful ball. In
the first place, it is not quite so easy to hit as it appears to the
batsman; the change in pace from slow to medium often causes him to
hit a trifle slower than he should do, when the ball, coming on faster
than expected, hits the top or splice of the bat, and goes straight up
in the air. This ball is generally more successful with players who
have a partiality for on-side hitting than with others, as it is never
a difficult one to play quietly; it is only when the batsman tries to
hit that it becomes likely to get a wicket. It is also useful when a
hitter, by running out and hitting every ball, is demoralising bowler,
fielders, and the whole side. If the bowler sees the intention of the
hitter to run out before the ball is delivered--and he is often able
to do this--he can do nothing better than bowl a good medium-paced
full-pitch straight at the top of the middle stump; if the batsman goes
on with his intention of running out, he is not only apt to overrun
this faster than usual ball, and let it pass over the top of his bat,
but if he does hit it he is likely to send it high in the air, from
the above-mentioned cause of catching it with the top or splice of the
bat. There is, however, nothing so flurrying to a bowler as a batsman
who runs out to every ball, and who evinces his intention of doing
so before the ball is delivered. The writer has often talked with
old cricketers on this subject, and they have remarked how well the
old bowlers of their early days used to keep their heads under these
trying circumstances. Doubtless they deserve the very greatest credit
for doing so, for there is nothing so trying to a bowler; it spoils
his pitch, and is rather apt to do the same to his temper. The regular
attendant at matches may have seen almost every bowler of reputation in
England so thoroughly flurried and upset by a batsman doing this, that,
in spite of all efforts to keep cool, the bowling was simply paralysed
and rendered useless to the side for the time being. The best courses
for a slow bowler to pursue on these occasions is, 1st, to bowl the
sort of full-pitch just discussed; and, 2nd, to increase his pace a
little, and bowl a little short of a good length, about a foot or more
outside the legs of the batsman. There is nothing a rushing-out batsman
finds so hard to hit as a ball well outside his legs.

Widish off balls are also useful, as a batsman going down the wicket is
not only apt to miss, but also, if he can reach, to sky them. A high
full-pitch into the hands of the wicket-keeper is likewise sometimes
successful; but, though we may lay down certain rules and suggestions
as to what is best for a bowler to do at this very trying time, we are
afraid that, unless he is able to keep exceptionally cool, they will be
of no practical assistance.

The variableness of the English climate plays a very important part
in the success or otherwise of slow bowlers. A shower of rain in the
night often has the effect of making particularly deadly a slow bowler
who, the day before, on a hard and fast ground, was comparatively
harmless and ineffective. Up to 1884 the disadvantage of a rainfall in
the night to a side that had begun but not finished its innings was
increased by the rule forbidding the ground to be rolled except before
the commencement of each innings. Rain in the night not only softens
the ground, but brings up to the surface numbers of worms, which cover
the pitch with little heaps of earth mould. These little heaps, in the
absence of any rolling, made the ground bumpy and treacherous, and
consequently entailed serious discomfiture to the batting side. The
only plausible argument ever advanced for this injustice was that it
might happen to either side, and was one of the chances of the game.
However, the M.C.C. wisely decided, though not till quite recently,
that this rule should be abolished, the reason for the decision being
that the side which won the toss had a great advantage as it was, from
having the first and best of the wicket, and that, as the other side
was usually batting at the end of the day, it gave the men an extra
and unfair disadvantage in having the wicket spoilt by rain and worms
without the chance of having it rolled. No rule, however, can affect
the drawback under which a batting side is placed whose wicket is
softened by a heavy rainfall in the night. The roller may level the
worm moulds, but it cannot alter the slow, sticky state of the ground;
in fact, it often brings up more water, and makes the pitch still more
sticky and slow. It is on occasions such as these that slow bowlers
meet with their greatest success. So frequently during the course of
the season do these soft wickets occur, even in what are called our hot
summers, that it is part of the science of bowling to know how to turn
such grounds to the best advantage. The different states of the ground
caused by the weather may be roughly, and for all practical purposes,
divided into five: 1st, the hard and dry state; 2nd, the hard state,
with the grass wet; 3rd, the very soft and slow state, (_a_) with the
grass dry, (_b_) with the grass wet; 4th, the drying state, when it has
been very slow and soft, but is gradually drying under the influence
of a hot sun or wind; 5th, the hard and crumbled state. The hard and
dry state calls for no comment, as everything written on the subject
of bowling, unless otherwise specified, refers to the ground in this
condition. The hard state, with the grass wet, is perhaps the most
trying time for a slow bowler. He has to bowl with a wet ball, which
he has great difficulty in holding; he cannot get on the slightest
degree of twist, as the wet ball slips off the wet grass directly it
pitches, allowing no time for the ball to ‘bite’ the ground and take
the twist. A good batsman on these wickets knows that all he has to do
is to play forward with a straight bat when the ball is anything like
a good one, and he is bound to meet it. The slippery ball flies off
the bat like lightning, and travels, if the grass is short and not too
thick, over the hard ground faster than it does when the grass is dry.
Every now and then a ball may be inclined to keep low or shoot; but a
shooter does not possess the same terrors on a wet as on a dry ground,
because in almost every instance it can be played forward to, and a
good batsman in playing forward always keeps his bat low enough to stop
shooters (especially on wet wickets) until he actually sees the ball
rise.

The only course for a slow bowler to adopt on these wickets is to bowl
as good a length as he can, and as straight as possible. He should also
bear in mind that the ball leaves the ground far more quickly than
usual in its wet, slippery state, and that, consequently, the most
likely place in the field to capture a batsman is short-slip. Easy as
the ground is for a batsman when once he gets the pace of it, it often
happens that at first he is surprised at the great pace from the pitch,
plays back instead of forward, and places the ball in the slips. It
is a golden rule for every bowler, slow and fast, on these wickets
to have short-slip ‘finer’ than on ordinary occasions, and a trifle
further back. It is often advisable to have an extra man standing about
three yards squarer than the regular short-slip, but no farther from
the wicket. Two quick active men, who are capable at times of bringing
off smart one-hand catches, should be chosen for these places. They
are by far the most likely men in the field to dismiss good batsmen
on wet hard wickets; in fact, it is often difficult to see how two
such batsmen are to be separated on these occasions except by a catch
at one of these places, or at the wicket. A bowler should with this
object keep bowling a good length on the off stump and just outside it,
recollecting that good-length balls must pitch considerably shorter
than usual on these very quick wickets.

The very soft and slow state is the result of heavy rain which has
left the surface of the pitch dry, but the ground itself thoroughly
sodden. This condition of the ground is popularly supposed to favour
a slow bowler. How often, on coming on to the ground to inspect the
wicket after a night’s rain, is he accosted something in this style:
‘Well, Jack, this ought to suit you; those twisters of yours will want
some watching to-day!’ Jack, after looking at the pitch, which is as
soft and sodden as a piece of dough, knows full well that it will be a
long time before the ground gets back enough of its half-drowned life
to help him in the slightest degree. There is no poorer fun for a slow
bowler than having to bowl on these utterly lifeless wickets. On a
hard true ground, though it may be favourable to the batsman, he has
good sport in trying every dodge he can think of; he fishes and feeds
and angles as warily as Izaak Walton himself; the ground and ball are
full of life and go, and very often, unfortunately for the bowler, the
batsman too. On wet hard wickets, when he can get no twist on, there
is still life and pace in the ground; but in the sodden dead state,
directly the ball touches the ground it sinks in, loses all life and
pace, and comes on to the batsman like what a Yorkshire professional
was once heard to call a ‘diseased lawn-tennis ball.’ There is no
greater fallacy at cricket than to suppose that a sodden wicket is an
advantage to a slow bowler. The time when it begins to assist him is
when the surface is ‘caking’ under the influence of the sun or a drying
wind; and then it is that, as we said above, the greatest successes of
slow bowlers are met with. A slow bowler having to bowl on a sodden
wicket perceives at once that it is extremely difficult for him to bowl
to a good batsman a ‘good-length’ ball for the following reasons:--

What is called a ‘good-length’ ball on ordinary occasions remains on
the ground so long and comes off the pitch so slow that a batsman, if
he is so minded, can with ease play it back--i.e. he can see it coming
on from the pitch in time for him to get back and play it as a simple
‘long-hop.’ Anything short of this will all the more be capable of
being played as a ‘long-hop.’ If the ball is pitched farther than a
good length, it becomes at once--certainly to batsmen quick on their
legs--a half-volley. Thus, if a batsman really gets the time of the
ground, he has only to play these two simplest of balls. No amount of
spin will help the bowler; the ball in the soft ground may twist at
right angles, but it does it so slowly that the batsman has ample time
to defend his wicket. In these circumstances there is only one thing
for a slow bowler to do, and that is to bowl faster and endeavour, by
giving extra pace to the ball, to make it come off the ground quicker.
There are some batsmen whom, on these sodden wickets, it is almost
impossible to get rid of. They remain for hours, perfectly contented if
a whole day is taken up with their innings and forty runs added to the
total, the chances of a draw being thereby greatly augmented. A famous
professional stick, on one occasion, remained at the wickets when the
ground was sodden for one hour and fifty minutes before troubling the
scorer; he was then so flustered by the jeering of the mob that he
rushed out, hit a catch, was missed, and, amidst as much cheering as if
he had wanted one run to complete his hundred, broke his duck’s-egg.
Louis Hall, of Yorkshire, was a desperate man to bowl to on these
grounds; every ball that was bowled he either played back or smothered.
Nothing in cricket could be more dull or dismal than bowling to this
batsman on a sodden wicket at Bramall Lane Ground in a real Sheffield
fog. A. Bannerman, the Australian batsman, is another terrible hard nut
for a bowler to crack on these sodden wickets.

Although, as has been said, slow bowlers are not assisted by the ground
when in this condition, and it is extremely difficult to bowl anything
approaching a good ball to a good batsman, there are some batsmen, and
real good ones too on a hard true ground, who are utterly unable to
adapt their style of play to a slow ground, or rather never can realise
that a ball pitched into a lump of dough will leave it much slower than
when pitched on to a stone. These batsmen, if they kept their keenness
of eye and activity till they were a hundred, would still be seen
playing a quick forward stroke on the sodden ground, sending the ball
up in the air in every direction. A batsman who persists in playing
forward on a dead wicket and finishing his stroke as he would do on a
fast wicket is certain not to last long. It is very curious to notice
how sometimes nearly a whole batting side will make a mistake about
the condition of the wicket. The first batsmen see the ground slow and
the ball twisting a good deal, and begin playing as they would do on a
faster wicket, viz. playing forward to the pitch instead of waiting and
playing a back game. Four or five batsmen will follow, play in the same
style, and lose their wickets, generally bowled, or caught and bowled.
Some batsman will then come in who at once finds out what the slow
bowlers have long since known--that it is a slow easy wicket he has to
bat on, and not a ‘caked,’ ‘kicky’ one. What happens? He plays every
ball back except those that he hits, and he hits everything except a
long-hop, because he can get to the pitch of anything else. The slow
bowlers who have been doing the mischief are soon knocked off, and
his side, in spite of the failure of its four or five most competent
batsmen, makes a good score. On one occasion in a first-class match
the first seven wickets fell for fifty runs, the wicket being deadly
slow and dull; the eighth man came in, and, by dint of playing back and
hitting and a little luck, made over a hundred in about an hour and a
half, being fortunate enough to have some one to stick in with him at
the other end.

When the ground is very soft and the grass wet, the bowler is in
about the same position as when the grass is wet on a hard wicket;
he has to bowl with a wet slippery ball, and cannot get any twist at
all upon it. This is called the ‘cutting through’ state, which means
that, the ball being slippery and the ground and grass wet, it cuts
through the surface of the pitch, taking with it a small piece of wet
sticky turf. As in the hard state with wet grass, short-slip is an
important place and likely to get chances. Although the ground when
in this condition is in favour of the batsman, cricket is miserable
under such circumstances, and is enjoyed neither by batsman, bowler,
nor fielders. The batsman cannot stand on the slippery mud; the bowler,
with wet dirty hands, and boots and trousers bespattered with slush, is
utterly unable to do anything with the slimy ball; and the fieldsmen
can neither hold nor stop it. The ground is covered with sawdust,
without the use of which it would be impossible for the bowler to grasp
the ball firmly, and altogether the whole scene is so unlike cricket,
essentially a fine-weather game, that it always seems a pity under such
conditions to go on playing.

The drying state, when the ground has been very soft and sodden, but
is gradually drying and caking on the surface under the influence of a
hot sun or wind, is the time when slow bowlers have it all their own
way. It is on this condition of ground that in former days bowlers
like Alfred Shaw, and Peate, of Yorkshire, and in present times
Tyler, Briggs, and Wainwright, have so often astonished the cricket
community with wonderful analyses. When the ground has got into this
state, it will often remain so for several hours. At Lord’s, when the
ground after being soft has become caked on the top, it is no unusual
occurrence to see thirty good wickets or more fall in the course of the
day. When a side, no matter how many really good batsmen it may number,
has to go in on ‘caked’ wickets against good bowling, they may think
themselves lucky if they get 100 runs. The ball takes almost as much
twist as a bowler wants to put on; it comes off the ground at different
paces, one part of the pitch being a trifle drier and harder than
another. The first ball of the over will perhaps get up almost straight
and very quickly from the pitch as a batsman is playing it; the next
pitches a trifle shorter, may stop in the ground, and ‘get up and look
at you,’ as it is called, making correct play an impossibility. Or
perhaps one ball will get up very quickly and high, and hit the batsman
on the arm or side, and the next, pitched in almost the same spot,
will leave the pitch equally quickly, but never rise more than an inch
from the ground. It is no recommendation to a bowler to be able to get
wickets on such grounds as these; any bad bowler might bowl a good
batting side out for a small score with such assistance. The only way
a batsman can reasonably hope to add any notches to the score of his
side is to grasp the situation at once, throw careful correct play to
the winds, and hit, pull, and slog in every direction where he thinks
he can get rid of the teasing ball. The Australian eleven of 1882 were
particularly good on this class of wicket; they had four men--Giffen,
Bonnor, McDonnell, Massie--who, rarely needing much inducement to hit,
used to launch out most vigorously and successfully on these occasions,
often cracking up twenty or thirty runs in about half the number of
minutes, and securing victory for their side.

Although very badly caked wickets are not uncommon, perhaps the best
for bowling and the worst for batting in modern experience was at the
Oval during the last innings of the England _v._ Australia match, in
1882. It is the only disastrous match for England in the whole list
of national fixtures that have been played in this country. It may be
remembered that England, having only a few runs to get to win, nearly
made them for the first two wickets, Grace and Ulyett both making about
twenty. The ground at this time was drying and becoming every minute
more difficult, and the way in which our English wickets were mowed
down by Spofforth is now a matter of cricket history, too well known to
repeat. Spofforth was bowling rather more than medium pace, bringing
the ball back a foot or more very quickly from the pitch, sometimes
kicking to the height of the batsman’s head, and at others shooting.
Some of our cricket reporters talked in an airy manner about the ‘funk’
of the English team on that occasion, but the charge was wholly without
foundation. A batsman’s consciousness that twenty thousand spectators
were watching each ball with breathless interest, and that on his own
individual efforts depended the reputation of English cricket, that
the bowling was about as good and the ground as bad as any cricketer
had ever seen, might, and probably did, cause a feeling of intense
anxiety in the minds of each of the English players who failed in his
efforts to win victory for his side; but to say that their efforts were
paralysed, or that any one of them was unnerved by what is popularly
called ‘funk,’ is certainly unjust to the well-tried cricketers who did
battle for England on that memorable and disastrous occasion.

The hard and crumbled wicket is perhaps almost more difficult for
batsmen than when it is caked. The ball will twist a great deal on this
class of wicket, and does it very quickly. It is also inclined both to
‘pop’ and keep low. Spofforth and Turner of the Australian bowlers, and
Peel, Briggs, and Attewell of the English ones, are all most deadly
bowlers on such a wicket as this.

Some of our most successful slow bowlers have been left-handed. The
peculiarity and difficulty about left-hand bowling is that the natural
spin imparted to the ball by a left-handed bowler is the off-spin,
which, of course, makes the ball after the pitch twist from the leg
side of the right-handed batsman to the off. This, as we have mentioned
above, is the most difficult twist for a batsman to play, as an off
break is more easy to watch after the pitch than a leg-break. The
leg-break which a batsman has to meet from a right-handed bowler is not
so difficult to play as that from a left-hander; because, first, the
latter is usually faster than the former, and, secondly, it is much
more disguised. The right-hand leg-break is impossible without getting
the ball in the centre of the hand and screwing the hand round just
as if it were twisting a corkscrew the reverse way--an action which
at once prepares the batsman for the leg twist. Thirdly, because it
usually twists very much less than the right-hand leg-break. It is not
the ball which twists the most that gets the wickets; it is the ball
that just twists enough to beat the bat.

The mode of attack generally adopted by a slow left hander is to place
all his men, with the exception of a short-leg and a deep mid-on, on
the off side. He then proceeds to bowl on the off stump and outside
it, making the ball go away from the batsman to the off as much as
possible after the pitch. Great care has to be taken by the batsman,
as the slightest mistake in hitting or forward play will give a catch
to one of the numerous traps laid all round on the off side. It is the
object of the bowler to get the batsman either to hit at a ball which
is not quite far enough to be smothered, or to reach out and play
forward at one which is a little beyond his reach. A favourite device
of the left-handed bowler is to get the batsman to hit at widish ones
on the off side, a stroke that must cause an uppish hit somewhere,
as it is impossible for a batsman to smother a ball that is a trifle
out of his reach. It is often a good thing for a left-handed bowler
to send down a ball without any twist on it at all, especially if he
is bowling on a wicket where he is able to ‘do’ a good deal. The ball
without any spin on it should pitch on the middle and off stumps; and
if the bowler is bowling from round the wicket, as left-handers usually
do, it will then come on in a line with the pitch and the hand at the
moment of delivery, and if not stopped by the bat, take the leg-stump.
This slow ball that comes with the arm in the middle of others going
the other way is very successful. Slow left-handed bowlers often have
their tempers sorely tried by a class of batsmen that were discussed in
a previous portion of this chapter, namely, those who are so frightened
of getting out that they will never play at an off ball, long-hop,
half-volley, or good-length. There are many enticing balls bowled by
left-handed bowlers that ought to be left alone by every batsman,
notably those that pitch too wide to enable them to be played forward
and smothered. There is no greater or more successful trap for wild
young players than these widish off balls. But it is indeed a trying
time for the bowler when he keeps pitching just outside the off stump,
and is not even played at by the batsman. Bowlers should, in these
circumstances, bowl ball after ball on the off stump and just outside
it. It is by no means an uncommon occurrence to see these punishing
batsmen taken in by a ball that comes in a little with the arm, and
removes the bail while they are striking an attitude, bat over shoulder.

We have had some excellent left-handed bowlers in England, and there
can be no doubt that every team should possess one of this sort if
possible. Peate for some years enjoyed the reputation of being the
best left-hander in England, and rightly so. He was an exceptional
good length, difficult to see, and had a lot of work on. Some of his
performances against the Australians are truly wonderful. When Peate
first began to play cricket he was a very fast, high-actioned bowler,
and the writer remembers finding him on the slow sticky wicket of
the Carlisle ground very nasty to play. He subsequently altered his
pace to slow, and it is a remarkable fact that after this alteration
he completely lost the power of sending down a really fast ball.
Another of our great slow left-handed bowlers was David Buchanan, and,
strangely enough, he too was in his early days a fast bowler. As one of
the slow school he is best known, and we have no doubt that he at the
present moment has taken nearly twice as many wickets in the course of
his career as any other living cricketer. His bowling was celebrated
for the great amount of work he got on to the ball; unless the batsman
was on the pitch of it, a mistake was certain. The only team that ever
seemed to enjoy Buchanan’s bowling was the Rugby boys, and constant
practice had robbed it of all terrors for them.

It is a doubtful point amongst cricketers whether Peel of Yorkshire
or Briggs of Lancashire was the best left-handed slow to medium
bowler. In the writer’s opinion Peel was the best. He bowled perhaps
a slightly better length than Briggs, and as he had a more difficult
action to see, was not so easily hit by a resolute batsman as Briggs.
They were both, however, excellent bowlers, but both are now a little
past their prime. Briggs possesses a marvellous strength of wrist and
fingers, which give him great power of twist and pace. His very fast
ball is nearly as good as that of Palmer, the Australian. One of his
best performances was in England _v._ Australia at Lord’s in 1886. None
of the English bowlers on this occasion could do much with the ball
except Briggs. There is one Australian left-handed bowler who we regret
has never been seen on English cricket grounds--Tom Kendall. In 1878,
when the first colonial team visited this country, great accounts of
Kendall’s prowess with the ball had reached us. His name was included
in the list of the players whom we were led to expect, but for some
reason or other, though he did actually start with the team, he left it
at Adelaide or at some other port at which the ship touched. The writer
saw him and played against him in 1882 in Tasmania, and, though getting
on in years and rather on the big side for bowling, he was about as
nasty a left-hander as any batsman could wish to play. He had a high
action, changed his pace well, from slow to medium, and then to very
fast, had lots of work both ways on his slow and medium balls, and the
very fast ones went with the arm. When the writer saw him his length
was not as good as it might have been, or, from all accounts, as it
once was. His action reminded us rather of that excellent bowler J. C.
Shaw, in his day the best left-hander in England.

In the first Australian team that visited this country, in 1878,
there was another left-handed slow bowler named Allan, about whom the
Australians themselves spread most extraordinary statements. It was
said that Allan, ‘the bowler of the century,’ as he was called in
Australia, possessed some of the most remarkable qualities. Rumour
declared his spin off the ground was so great that the slowest
ball came off up to the bat at ten times greater speed than it had
travelled to the pitch; that he could twist either way, to almost any
degree, at will, and that his bowling had a most remarkable curve in
the air, which rendered it most deadly. This left-handed bowler is
mentioned because, though his powers of bowling had, of course, been
greatly exaggerated, it was certainly most puzzling. He met with some
considerable success at the outset of the tour; but subsequently his
health gave way before the wearing work of cricket every day, and he
was unable to bowl at all. His bowling had a considerable amount of
spin, but what was the most extraordinary thing connected with it was
the inward curl in the air towards the body of the batsman, and then,
after the pitch, the outward twist of the ball. A ball that goes one
way in the air, and another after the pitch, is calculated to try the
mettle of the best batsman. It is a subject for regret that Allan,
through increasing years and his consequent inability to stand hard
work, has not accompanied any of the later teams, as his bowling was so
very different from anything we have ever seen at home.

Does bowling curl or twist in the air? is a question we have often been
asked, and we have frequently heard disputes, by men who possessed some
considerable knowledge of the game, as to whether it was possible for
balls to travel thus or not. It seems almost incredible that men who
have over and over again handled the bat should doubt the tendency of
some kinds of bowling to twist or curl in the air. Nearly all leg-break
slow bowlers curl inwards towards the batsman before the pitch, and no
one who has ever played against W. G. Grace’s bowling can doubt that
the real secret of his success as a bowler has been in the peculiar
flight his action gives the ball, causing it to curl before it pitches.

However, the question as to balls turning in the air has been
definitely settled by the American base-ball players. In this game the
pitcher throws one full-pitch after another to the batsman, and even
if the latter happen to be one of the best and most experienced in
the game he misses a considerable proportion of these full-pitches.
And why? because of the twist or curl in the air which the pitcher
imparts to the ball. A very interesting account is given by Mr. R. A.
Proctor in ‘Longman’s Magazine’ for June 1887 of a well-known English
cricketer’s failure to strike the full-pitches of one of the best
American pitchers. Time after time the bat struck the air and nothing
else; and this was simply owing to the curl the pitcher put on the
ball. Mr. Proctor scientifically explains the curl in the air, and it
may be of interest to insert a short extract from his article:--

 When a ball (or in fact any missile) is advancing rapidly through the
 air, there is formed in front of it a small aggregation of compressed
 air. (In passing we may remark that the compressed air in front of an
 advancing cannon ball has been rendered discernible--we can hardly
 say visible--by instantaneous photography.) In shape the cushion of
 air is conical or rather conoidal, if the ball is advancing without
 spin; and therefore it resists the progress of the ball equally on
 all sides, and only affects the ball’s velocity. The same is the case
 if the ball is spinning on an axis lying along its course. But in the
 case we have to consider, where the ball is spinning on an axis square
 to its course, the cushion of compressed air formed by the advancing
 ball has no longer this symmetrical shape. On the advancing side of
 the spinning surface the air cannot escape so readily as it would if
 there were no spin; on the other side it escapes more readily than it
 would but for the spin. Hence the cushion of air is thrown towards
 that side of the ball where the spin is forwards and removed from the
 other side. The same thing then must happen as where a ball encounters
 a cushion aslant. A ball driven squarely against a very soft cushion
 plunges straight into it, turning neither to the right nor to the
 left, or if deflected at all (as against a billiard cushion) comes
 straight back on its course; but if driven aslant against the cushion,
 it is deflected from the region of resistance. So with the base ball.
 As the cushion of air against which it is advancing is not opposed
 squarely to it, but is stronger on one side than on the other, the
 ball is deflected from the region of greatest resistance.

There is one style of slow bowling that has of late years almost
completely vanished from first-class cricket: we refer to under-hand
slows. When Ridley left off bowling lobs, about twelve years ago,
nobody except Humphreys attempted to bowl lobs, but in 1897 Jephson,
of Surrey, has introduced them again with some success, and we hope
he will prosper. As under-hand was at one time the only bowling that
was allowed by the rules of cricket, and as it met with a great amount
of success, even after the raising of the arm was permitted, it will
be as well to refer to the cause that has brought about its practical
abolition. This is owing to the increasing popularity of the game,
and the consequent great increase in the number of good batsmen. The
greatest under-hand bowler that ever played was probably William
Clarke, whose merits have been so often discussed in cricket writings
that it is unnecessary to repeat them here. In order to ascertain
the style of batsmen Clarke made his great reputation against, we
must refer to some one who has seen and known the great bowler and
conversed with those who were in the habit of playing against him. We
are told that Clarke had perfect accuracy of pitch, a quick rise from
the ground, and a good leg twist on his bowling. These attributes in
an under-arm bowler, most excellent as they are, would not nowadays,
with the present efficient state of batting, justify the name of the
possessor being placed in the first rank, because we consider no amount
of accuracy of pitch, twist, or anything else can ever secure this
coveted distinction to a bowler of this kind. Mr. Pycroft gives us
the information we require on the subject of batting against Clarke’s
bowling. He says with regard to Pilch, at that time the best batsman of
the day, ‘He played him back all day if he bowled short, and hit him
hard all along the ground whenever he over-pitched; and some times he
would go in to Clarke’s bowling, not to make a furious swipe, but to
“run him down” with a straight bat.’

Now this description of the play of a man who was able to meet
Clarke’s bowling is interesting to us, because it shows us that the
way in which the great bowler was played by one of the few who could
oppose him successfully is exactly the same method in which every good
batsmen of the present time _does_ play under-hand bowling. If any man
of to-day, chosen to take part in the Gentlemen _v._ Players match as
a batsman, were to endeavour to play under-hand bowling in any other
manner, he would be laughed at as being devoid of the most elementary
rules of the game. Mr. Pycroft goes on to tell us the way which many
did adopt in playing Clarke. He says, ‘This going in to Clarke’s
bowling some persons thought necessary for every ball, forgetting that
discretion is the better part of cricket; the consequence was that
_many wickets fell_ from positive long-hops.’ This description shows
that a great number of those who fell victims to Clarke’s bowling
were absolutely uninitiated in the first principles of playing slows,
viz. never to hit except on the volley, or just as the ball pitches.
Nowadays every batsman--at any rate all who play in first-class
cricket--knows the danger of playing wildly at under-hand ‘lobs,’
as they are called. Occasional mistakes are made, no doubt, when an
unexpected lob bowler appears, but more from wildness and anxiety to
score than from any ignorance as to the mode of playing such balls. The
way to play lobs is exactly the method Mr. Pycroft tells us was adopted
by the great Fuller Pilch.

Slow lobs have therefore in first-class cricket died a natural death,
and although we may expect to find a lob bowler occasionally cropping
up here and there, we do not think there is much prospect of seeing an
exemplar of this style who will ever attain the rank of a first-class
bowler such as that acquired by Clarke, Mr. V. E. Walker, and Tinley.
Mr. A. W. Ridley was the last well-known amateur under-arm bowler who
made a mark in first-class cricket. His performance against Cambridge
in the now famous University match is too well known to need record
here. Humphreys of Sussex has only retired two or three seasons, and
for a long time he got a lot of wickets. His bowling has always been
useful to his county, but during the season of 1893 it has met with
extraordinary success. He has great command over the ball and can
consequently vary its flight, pitch and break at will. Humphreys will
always be a terror to those batsmen who prefer to hit the ball in the
air rather than along the ground, and to those who recklessly leave
their ground and hit wildly at the pitch of the ball. J. B. Wood of
Oxford has occasionally got wickets for his University with lobs,
and helped materially to win the match _v._ Cambridge in 1892; but
he, though useful as a change, is a long way removed from a good lob
bowler, and, indeed, his best ball would seem to be a straight high
full pitch. Although we have stated that lob bowling has died a natural
death, and cannot ever be expected to cope with the present state of
batting, still under-hand slows are occasionally such an excellent
change that we are sorry they are not more practised. It is not,
however, wonderful that there are so few lob bowlers who can go on at a
pinch for a change, when we consider what has been already said about
batting having mastered the art of under-hand; men will not practise
any art unless they have some fair prospect of being ultimately
successful, and knowing that lobs will only be useful very occasionally
and cannot attain to great success, they will not practise them. It is
a pity they do not, as over and over again we see instances of a good
wicket falling to a poorish lob bowler when everything else has failed.
The previous remarks about under-hands refer to first-class cricket;
against schools and against second-class batsmen lobs have been and
always will be particularly deadly. There is something so tempting to
an inexperienced player in seeing a ball chucked up in the air slowly
and simply, it looks so very easy to hit, so peculiarly guileless, that
a wild slog is frequently the result, too often followed by disastrous
consequences.

For this reason the captain of every school eleven should insist on one
of his team devoting himself to lob bowling; a little practice will
enable any one to get a fairly accurate pitch, and twist from the leg
side any boy can manage. Lob bowling thus acquired at school will often
be useful in after days as a change, even in first-class cricket. There
are one or two simple rules connected with lob bowling which everyone
who attempts this style should master.

First.--Do not bowl too slow; if the ball is thrown high and slow in
the air, a good batsman, quick on his legs, will have time to reach and
hit it before it pitches. Old Clarke used to say, ‘It wants a certain
amount of pace to make a good-length ball with proper rise and twist.’
The ball should be sent at such speed as will oblige the batsman to
play forward to it.

Secondly.--A good long run should be taken, as this gets way and ‘fire’
on to the ball, and is always more likely than a short run to deceive
the batsman as to the pitch.

Thirdly.--Generally bowl round the wicket.

Most of the remarks that we have made on slow round-arm leg-break
bowling apply to slow lobs.

Having devoted a number of pages to the subject of slow bowling,
let us now turn to the consideration of what is almost equally
important--fast bowling; indeed, it may be said that the co-operation
of a good fast bowler is absolutely essential if a team wants to rank
amongst the best, particularly as, if there be one of each sort bowling
at either end, the change in pace is more likely to embarrass the
batsman than if he had to play two bowlers of the same pace. Between
1872 and 1887 there was a great dearth of good fast bowlers, at the
time much regretted and not easily accounted for. Now there is a great
improvement, and fast bowling gets much more attention paid to it than
formerly was the case.

Although ordinary fast balls are easy to play on good wickets,
however, it is but seldom that a wicket which is good at the beginning
of a match remains so to the close. The ground wears and cuts up with
the continual pitching of the ball and the tramp of feet, and fast
bowling on such occasions often becomes most deadly. Then, again, a
fast quick delivery to a newcomer, even though the best of batsmen,
may deceive him in the pace, and, before the eye gets accustomed to
the light and the hand becomes steady, cheat him into playing back
at a ball which ought to have been met with forward play. Often have
crack batsmen been dismissed summarily by the first or second ball
coming quicker than they expected off the pitch. Murdoch, the famous
Australian batsman, was particularly apt to mistime fast bowling on
first going in, and several times has the author seen his stumps
shattered immediately by an ordinary straight fast ball without any
‘work’ at all on it. The tail end of a team are usually victims to a
good straight fast bowler, as, unless a fast bowler is met by straight
fearless forward play, he is bound to be dangerous, and it very rarely
happens that the tail end of an ordinary team, even a county team, is
capable of this. A great deal has been said and written about young
fast bowlers bowling too fast for their strength, thus overtaxing their
powers and over-bowling themselves. It is doubtless a fact that many
young promising fast bowlers have been rendered useless by this anxiety
to get more pace on the ball than their strength warranted; and there
can be no better advice to a young aspirant for the honours of a fast
bowler than that so often given, viz. ‘Bowl within your strength, or
else you will over-bowl yourself.’ Although the wisdom and truth of
this warning are generally ascertained by personal experience pretty
early in the career of most fast bowlers, it is seldom, we are sorry
to say, remembered in actual practice--which remissness, we are bound
to add, does not in the least surprise us. It may possibly sound like
heresy to many old cricketers to say that in fast bowling pace is
nearly everything; but such is our opinion. Assume that a man can bowl
straight and a good length--i.e. has a good command over the ball--and
then it may be said that the faster he bowls the more likely he is to
get wickets. And this is generally discovered by young bowlers who have
an aptitude for fast bowling, with the result that many ‘over-bowl’
themselves, strain muscles, rick shoulders, and render themselves
useless.

The object of fast bowling is to beat the batsman by the pace of the
ball, and if this object be accomplished the ball will either be missed
or a bad stroke will be made by the batsman. The faster the bowling
the more likely it is that a batsman will be beaten both before and
after the ball leaves the ground. Should the ball ‘shoot’ or ‘get
up,’ the chances of its being played accurately are rendered much
less when the ball leaves the ground with lightning-like speed and is
almost invisible to the eye than when it leaves it with less speed,
and gives the batsman an opportunity of seeing what is going to happen
for an appreciable moment before it reaches him. Besides, the faster
the bowling the more scope there is for the bowler to change his pace
should he be one of the few fast bowlers who have the power of so doing
with advantage. While saying that pace is everything in a fast bowler,
we do not wish for a moment to cry down or disparage the advantages of
medium-paced bowling. This style has its own characteristics, which
are more closely allied to slow bowling than to fast; but at the same
time there are many moderately good medium-paced bowlers now bowling
with some success in first-class matches who would be much more deadly
and successful could they add about half as much speed again to their
bowling. There are, of course, men who, on the other hand, spoil a good
style by trying to bowl too fast--men who depend for their success
on peculiarity in flight and the work on the ball. Every man must
judge for himself; if he possess great powers of twist combined with
accuracy, and anything peculiar or difficult to see in his action, then
let him devote himself to slow or medium-paced bowling.

When the first edition of this work was published, first-class cricket
was almost entirely without any really fast good bowling. Things have
changed since then, and the hope that we then expressed that a new
race of good fast bowlers would arise has been happily fulfilled.
Ten years ago the only really fast professional bowler was Ulyett of
Yorkshire. He was fast and bumpy, and occasionally most deadly with
his break-backs. Allan Hill of the same county, with his easy and
beautiful delivery, had retired owing to increasing years. There were
brilliant comets for a season or so who shone brightly and then quickly
disappeared. Harrison, likewise of Yorkshire, seemed likely to make
his mark, but after a brilliant beginning vanished from the scene of
first-class cricket. Crossland of Lancashire, for a brief period,
mowed down the County Palatine’s opponents like ninepins, but he too
retired--a victim to the just cry against unfair bowling. There was
Bowley of Surrey, a very fast and uncertain bowler, who was perhaps
the best fast bowler for a season or so, but it was a pitiful best for
English cricket to produce. Amongst the amateurs were A. Rotherham, S.
Christopherson, Whitby and C. Toppin. H. Rotherham, at the beginning
of his career, his last year at Uppingham and the year following, was
a very deadly bowler. He had a good slow ball and a splendid yorker;
but he only lasted a very short time. S. Christopherson was a fairly
good fast bowler at one time, but he took a good deal out of himself
with his action, and soon lost the fire and life that a fast bowler
must possess. The temporary absence of good fast bowlers during some of
the years between 1880 and 1888 was one of the most remarkable facts
connected with first-class cricket. It was the more remarkable because
it was only a few years before this that nearly all the great bowlers
were fast: the list included Tarrant, Jackson, and Freeman, whose
bowling used, it was said, to hum in the air; and after these what a
harvest of fast amateur bowlers there was--Butler, Francis, Powys,
Evans, Morton, and names too numerous to mention.

Now, we are happy to say, English cricket can once more be proud of
her array of fast bowlers. Richardson of Surrey, the greatest in our
judgment that ever lived, Mold and Cuttell of Lancashire, Hearne and
Davidson are all good fast bowlers. Among amateurs, S. M. J. Woods
was the best, but for the last few seasons he has been handicapped by
a sprain, but when at his best he was a magnificent fast bowler with
a most deceptive slow ball; while Jackson, Kortright, Jessop, and
Cunliffe are all far above the average.

As mentioned above, with reference to slow bowling, the higher the hand
and arm are raised at the moment of delivering the ball, the higher the
ball will bound after it leaves the pitch. A fast bowler should always
bear this in mind, and keep his hand as high as possible. It is simply
a matter of ordinary common sense that a ball which rises up high from
the pitch is more difficult for a batsman to get over and smother than
one that comes on low and skimming. A fast ball, when it is anything
like a good length, must be met with the bat, i.e. it must be played
with the forward stroke; consequently a ball that rises quickly from
the pitch, and is still rising when it meets the bat, is extremely
likely to rise higher still after it leaves it, unless it is played
with great care and caution.

The low skimming fast bowler is generally an easy man to play; the
batsman, when the ground is true, can play hard forward to almost any
length of ball; there is no abrupt rise to render an uppish stroke
probable, even if he does slightly misjudge the pace and length of the
ball. There is, of course, in fast bowling, a much greater difficulty
in getting any appreciable twist on to the ball than in slow. The ball
leaves the ground so quickly that it is hardly in contact with it
long enough to ‘bite’ the turf, and so avail itself of any spin that
may have been imparted to it by the bowler. It is to be remembered,
however, that the slightest deviation of a fast ball from its course
after it has pitched is, if a good length, most likely to deceive the
batsman. The latter is bound to play to the pitch of the ball, as it
leaves the ground so quickly as to render it impossible for him to
follow it with the eye in its course from the ground. He plays forward
with a straight bat to meet it; should it turn an inch or two he will
most likely miss it.

The off break is the one most usually attempted by fast bowlers; the
ball is grasped firmly, generally by the seam, to give the hand a
firmer grip, and is delivered in the same way as described for the slow
off break. There have been but few really fast bowlers who have been
able consistently to make their balls come ‘back.’ Every now and then,
however, for some unaccountable reason, a fast bowler finds that he is
making the ball do a lot from the off side. Perhaps his grasp is firmer
and his wrist and fingers are more powerful than on ordinary occasions,
or the ground may have more turf on it, or, for some other reason, his
bowling twists in from the pitch with most fatal results to the batsmen.

If a fast bowler happen to be a man of strong physique, which is
usually the case, a fairly long run up to the wickets before delivering
the ball is an advantage to his bowling. This gives more impetus to the
ball, and what is popularly known as ‘devil.’ Spofforth, the Australian
bowler, when bowling fast, took a much longer run than when bowling
medium pace. It is also an advantage to keep the batsman waiting for
the delivery of the ball, which happens when the bowler runs several
yards up to the wicket. For a fast bowler who intends to change his
pace from very fast to medium slow, a long run is of great advantage,
as the sight of the bowler coming up to the wicket before the delivery
of a slow ball as fast as before the delivery of a fast one, is
extremely likely to take in the batsman with regard to the pace. There
are not so many tricks and dodges in the art of bowling fast as there
are in bowling slow; the chief object to be sought is to bowl straight
and good length, and to make the ball bound. A fast bowler, when first
being put on, should remember that his muscles are probably stiff, and
that he may not at first be able to bowl as accurately and as fast
as he will be when thoroughly warmed to his work. For this reason it
is always well to bowl two or three balls to one side of the wicket
before beginning. These should be not quite at full speed, for fear of
straining or ricking a muscle not yet in full swing, but a good medium
pace. It is always best for a fast bowler to try a ball or two before
beginning, excepting in circumstances when he is called upon to bowl to
some one he has never bowled to before, and especially so to some one
who has never seen him bowl. How often when batting have we silently
chuckled with joy at seeing a man quite unknown to us rapidly loosening
his arms with two or three balls before beginning to bowl! It is a
great thing to have an unknown bowler on one’s side, but he loses half
his value if his style and action are revealed to the batsman before he
receives the ball. In 1886 the writer was playing in a match against
the Australians, when, although things had been going very well for the
English side, the team was beginning to get tied up into a knot owing
to the steady careful way in which Scott, the colonial captain, was
defying all the efforts of our bowlers to dislodge him. A fast bowler,
who had never seen Scott in his life before, was deputed to bowl, and
was proceeding to get ready for ‘two or three down’ to loosen his arm,
when he was told not to mind his arm being stiff, but to bowl the first
over as fast as ever he could. The first ball sent Scott’s leg-stump
flying; it was quite a simple ball, never turned a hair’s breadth
either way, but the action and pace of the bowler took him in, and this
would have been very unlikely to happen had he had an opportunity of
seeing the bowler’s style.

A fast bowler must be straight to be good. This is not the art of one
skilled in the dodges of slows; he has to bowl straight, and a good
length too, or else the runs will come at an enormous rate. In the
present day it is usual to do without a long-stop even to the fastest
bowlers; this makes it imperatively necessary for the bowler not to
bowl to leg, or, if missed by the batsman, the balls have a good chance
of flying past the wicket-keeper to the boundary for four. Whether
it is a good principle to do without long-stops, even when the best
wicket-keepers are behind the sticks, is a doubtful point.

A fast bowler should have such command over the ball as to be able to
bowl a ‘yorker’ whenever he wishes, for the fact may be repeated that a
fast ‘yorker’ is a most deadly ball.

Spofforth and Palmer, the Australians, and Rotherham, the old
Uppingham bowler, Woods, and Mold were about the best fast ‘yorker’
bowlers of modern times. The ball came from these bowlers as high
as the arm would allow, and seemed to fly like an arrow, with
lightning-like rapidity, straight to the block-hole, or a few inches
inside it. A high-action ‘yorker’ is more likely to deceive a batsman
than a low-action one, as in the former case the starting-point of the
ball is above the line of vision, and in the latter on a line with
or below it, which naturally makes the course and pace of the ball
more easy for the eye to judge. A very common error into which good
fast ‘yorker’ bowlers fall is not being content with trying the ball
occasionally to a batsman, and when he first comes on or when they
first go on, but persistently trying, over after over, to break down
his guard with a ball with which he is evidently quite at home, and
which presents no terrors to him. The result of this mistake is that
the balls get considerably punished, either by being driven on the
full-pitch or else on the half-volley, the latter ball being often
the result of a tired-out ‘yorker’ bowler’s persistency. The writer
remembers, when playing in a match some years ago, asking W. G. Grace,
who was on the same side, what sort of a fast bowler a certain man
was who was going on to bowl. ‘Oh, I’m never frightened of him; he is
always trying to “york” you, and bowls any amount of half-volleys,’ was
the reply, and this was soon proved to be, like most of the champion
cricketer’s opinions, perfectly accurate.

A good length just outside the off stump and between the off and middle
stump is the direction that may be commended to the bowler who bowls
over the wicket, and tries to get a little off spin on the ball. The
leg-stump, in olden days, was considered the most deadly spot for a
fast bowler to aim at; but since every first-class batsman now stands
up to his wicket, and does not draw away an inch when the ball comes
between it and his legs, leg-stump bowling is rather expensive work.
By all means let fast bowlers lay siege to the leg-stump of inferior
batsmen; but good batsmen, getting over this ball, will play it with
an almost perfectly straight bat on the outside, and tax it most
unmercifully for the total of their side.

As a rule, it is better for a fast bowler to bowl over the wicket,
as by so doing he has more of the wicket to bowl at, and has,
consequently, a slightly better chance of hitting it if the ball is
missed by the batsman. He has also a greater chance of an appeal for
leg before wicket being answered in his favour than if bowling from
the other side of the wicket. There are some fast bowlers, however,
who must, from the very nature of their action and delivery, bowl from
round the wicket, viz. those who have either a natural bias from the on
to the off, or who are able by their strength of wrist and fingers to
impart such a bias to the ball. A man who bowls from the very extent
of the crease outside the wicket, and whose bowling has naturally or
otherwise this leg side bias--it can hardly be called twist in fast
bowling--is a particularly awkward customer for the batsman. There is
such a constant tendency and inclination for the ball to keep going
farther away to the off side, both before and after its pitch, that
the greatest care must be exercised by the batsman to prevent himself
playing inside the ball and putting it up either to point, third man,
or short-slip. A fast ball that comes in from the leg side is the most
difficult ball that has to be played, assuming its good length. There
have been very few--too few--fast right-handed bowlers who have been
able to manage this ball, but there are many instances of left-handed
men who have attained to great accuracy with it. The late Fred Morley,
of Nottingham, and Emmett, of Yorkshire, are instances.

About thirty years ago there were numerous good fast bowlers, who used
to get the leg bias on the ball in the following way: They bowled round
the wicket, and delivered the ball from about the height of the hip;
the backs of the fingers were presented to the batsman before and at
the moment of delivery; the result being that the ball had on it a
slight amount of what, in slow bowling, we have described as leg-break.
This was a useful style, and it is a pity that it has almost altogether
died out at the present day.

It is quite impossible to say with any certainty what essentials are
necessary in fast bowling before it can be ranked as first-class; so
very much depends on whether the action is easy or difficult for the
batsman to see. By the word ‘see’ is meant whether the pace and pitch
of the ball at the moment of delivery can be instantly gauged by the
batsman or not. Given equal straightness, pace, and command over the
ball in every respect, the bowler who has an action which it is easy
to see cannot compare with the man who, from some peculiarity in the
movements of his body at the moment of delivery, has an action which
is not easy to see. Now, it is a very difficult task to lay down any
rules or reasons why some bowlers are easier to see than others; but
after a good deal of consideration on this subject the writer has come
to the conclusion that the bowlers who do _not_ present a square front
to the batsman when the ball is delivered, but who stand sideways or
half turned, are, as a rule, the most difficult to judge. The hand
comes then from behind the body, and is often not plainly seen till
the very latest moment before delivery. There may be, and no doubt
are, many mannerisms in bowlers which have their effect, but the above
suggestion will probably be found to contain a good sound working rule.
Take Giffen, the Australian; almost as much of his back as his front
was visible to the batsman when he delivered the ball, and his bowling
was most difficult to see--at any rate until the batsman was thoroughly
well set. Perhaps the best English batsmen have made more bad and
utterly mistimed strokes off Giffen than off any other modern bowler.
Spofforth may have bowled more men out, but Giffen certainly was the
cause of more misjudged and uppish strokes, due, in all probability, to
the fact of his bowling being so difficult to see.

[Illustration: Low delivery.]

The best bit of bowling the writer ever recollects playing against was
in the second innings of the Gentlemen of England _v._ Australians, at
Lord’s in 1884. It was Giffen’s day, and a batsman had to have luck
on his side if he succeeded in staying in long enough to appreciate
the beauty of the bowling. Take Peate and Emmett, the two Yorkshire
left-handers, both in their day the best bowlers in England--both these
men stand sideways to the batsman when they deliver the ball, and both
are most difficult to see. Palmer, the Australian, bowled very nearly
quite square; his bowling was very easy to see and to judge, and the
more credit is therefore due to him for being such a successful bowler.
There is no doubt a greater difficulty in attaining to perfect length
and command over the ball when the body of the bowler is not square at
the moment of delivery; but if these essentials to good bowling are
obtained by patience and constant practice, the bowler has this great
advantage, that his balls are more difficult for the batsman to judge
accurately. It seems strange that not one of the numerous published
books on cricket has ever suggested the advantage to the bowler which
is obtained in this way. In almost every one of these works great
stress is laid upon the necessity of the bowler presenting a full face
to the opposite wicket at the moment the ball leaves the hand. It is
doubtless easier for a beginner to bowl _straight_ if he adopts this
style of bowling; but if he can once gain straightness by the other,
viz. the sideways style, he has enlisted a great help to success.

W. G. Grace is, however, an exception to this rule. He delivers the
ball perfectly square with the batsman; and yet we suppose that to
a batsman who meets him for the first time, his bowling is about as
difficult to see and to judge as that of any bowler ever was. It is a
fact that his bowling is invariably fatal to men he has not met before.
This is owing to the hovering flight that his action imparts to the
ball. The first time the writer ever played against W. G. Grace’s
bowling was at Cambridge in 1878, and on the way to the wickets he
was greeted with the cheering cry, ‘I’ll get you out; I always get
youngsters out!’ and surely enough he did, caught and bowled for two or
thereabouts. What the champion did next morning showed that he was as
generous and kind to young cricketers as he was skilful in the game. He
took the writer to the nets prior to the beginning of the second day’s
play, and saying that youngsters required to know his bowling before
being at home with it, he proceeded to bowl for quite twenty minutes
to him; a comprehension of his method was thus gained, and the result
was an addition to the Cambridge score of some forty odd in the second
innings. Few latter-day cricketers would do this.

Perhaps one of the reasons why W. G. Grace is so deadly to young
cricketers is this: the batsman, seeing an enormous man rushing up
to the wickets, with both elbows out, great black beard blowing on
each side of him, and a huge yellow cap on the top of a dark swarthy
face, expects something more than the gentle lobbed-up ball that does
come; he cannot believe that this baby-looking bowling is really the
great man’s, and gets flustered and loses his wicket. W. G. Grace is
certainly enormous, and a year or two ago at Lord’s an amusing remark
might have been overheard on this subject. The England _v._ Australia
match was being played. W. G. walked out into the field side by side
with Briggs of Lancashire, the latter, as is well known, being very
small, perhaps hardly up to W. G.’s elbow. A small child of about five
was in the pavilion with his father, and said, ‘Father, who is that big
man?’ ‘That’s Dr. Grace, the champion,’ said the papa; and ‘Who is the
little one?’ the child continued. ‘That is Briggs.’ Dead silence for a
few moments, and then, ‘Papa, is Briggs Dr. Grace’s baby?’

Although power of pace, straightness, and command over the ball are
the really essential qualities of good fast bowling--as, indeed, of
all sorts--there are many occasions when fortune smiles upon bowling
which possesses none of these good attributes. And it is for this
reason, we think, that every cricketer should be able to bowl when
called upon to do so by his captain. Every man who has played cricket
has bowled at a net, and he certainly has an action which is different
from everybody else’s. As a rule, men who are not considered regular
bowlers can send the ball in somehow or other at a fairly fast pace
more or less straight, and these unknown, wild, and erratic bowlers
often succeed in getting rid of well-set batsmen who have defied all
the efforts of the recognised bowlers of the side. There are numerous
instances of a side being deeply indebted to a bowler who never
before nor afterwards showed the slightest ability to get wickets.
In Australia in 1882, when Ivo Bligh’s English team was playing
combined Australia, on a certain occasion two of the best Australian
batsmen--Murdoch and Bannerman--seemed immovable. They had been in
for about an hour, and every one of the regular English bowlers had
been on and off. A suggestion was made to try C. F. H. Leslie. Now
this gentleman, with all his great merits, was never, even in the
estimation of his best friends, a great bowler. But on he went with
pleasure, as every cricketer should when ordered. The first ball was a
very fast one, rather wide, the second ditto, but the third one--‘Ah,
the third!’--was a head ball, designed after the manner of Spofforth’s
best; and it pitched on the middle of Murdoch’s middle stump! The next
comer was Horan, at that time the reputed best player of fast bowling
in the Colonies. A very fast long-hop, wide on the off side, was
prettily cut straight into Barlow’s hands at third man, and Mr. Leslie
had secured two wickets for no runs. He continued for another over or
two, had Bannerman beautifully stumped by Mr. Tylecote off a fast wide
half-volley on the leg side, and then retired in favour of one of the
regular bowlers, after having, simply by wild erratic fast delivery,
lowered three of the best Australian wickets. We give this as an
example of the principle that every cricketer should try to bowl, and
if he finds that he cannot attain to any efficiency, even with constant
practice, then let him try to ‘sling in’ as hard as ever he possibly
can; he will often be of use to his side when in a fix.

Before leaving the subject of fast bowling a word must be said about
what--some years ago, and again now--may be called the great cricket
bugbear of the last few years--viz. throwing. It is worthy of notice
that when over-arm bowling was first allowed a great outcry arose,
and there were not wanting those who prophesied that this ‘hand over
head’ style would ultimately result in ‘a mere over-hand throw--a kind
of pelting, with a little mannerism or flourish to disguise it.’ Now
it is an astonishing thing that, in a great variety of cases, this is
just what actually has happened. Some of the bowling that has been
allowed to pass unnoticed by umpires is well described by the phrase
quoted; but, although this is so, there are many minor offenders whom
all would like to see pulled up short, not out of any ill-will to them
personally, but in the interests of the game. Now throwing is most
pernicious to cricket, and is calculated, if allowed to increase (as it
surely will unless promptly suppressed by the authorities, backed by
public opinion), to exercise a most disastrous effect on the game. The
subject of throwing is sometimes pooh-poohed by prominent cricketers,
who have remarked, ‘What does it matter whether a man bowls or throws?’
If it makes no difference, by all means let the M.C.C. at once expunge
the rule relating to throwing and jerking. But let us pause for a
moment to see if there are any reasons to suppose that it does make a
difference. There are, in truth, two very good reasons why throwing
should be stopped. First, if it were allowed it would seriously
interfere with the art of bowling. The reasons for this proposition are
as follows: In throwing there is no scope for dissimilarity of style.
All men who throw must, from the very nature of the delivery, send the
ball on its course with exactly the same description of spin. It is
impossible for a thrower to make the ball go across the wicket from
the leg to the on side; every ball which leaves a thrower’s hand has
the off-side spin on it, and none other is possible. Any style which
tends to cramp bowling, as this does, must be bad. Again, a throwing
bowler cannot change his pace as other bowlers do; he dare not bowl the
slow high-dropping ball so successfully used by Spofforth and others,
because he knows that when his arm and wrist move slowly the unfair
jerk of the wrist and elbow will be more manifest than when it is
partially concealed by the usual quick movement of his arm. If throwing
tends to cramp bowling, as it does, and render certain essentials for
the development of the science impossible, then it must be injurious
to the game. Secondly, if throwing were allowed the batsman would
be in a position of considerable danger. Many cricketers say, ‘Let
throwers alone, they are always easy to play;’ and this, no doubt, is
so, for the reasons given above, especially when every thrower must,
for the sake of appearances, adopt some slight measure of disguise in
his action; but once let it be recognised that throwing is part of the
game, and a race of sturdy chuckers will spring up, whose pace will be
so terrific that the best and pluckiest batsman will not be able to
defend his body, much less his wicket, against their lightning-like
deliveries. Imagine what it would be if Bonnor, or Forbes, or Game
were to be allowed to throw, all of them having thrown in their best
days as much as 120 yards--is it likely that a batsman at a distance
of only twenty-one yards could be quick enough with his bat to stop
such bowling? Even with an ordinary fast bowler a batsman has sometimes
difficulty in preventing himself from being struck by the ball, and
with an undisguised thrower the danger would be tenfold.

The question then arises, what can be done to stop the throwing
nuisance? And it is one which every member of the cricket-loving
community should ask himself. It is a question of the greatest
difficulty, as is evident from the fact that the committee of the
M.C.C. have so far found it impossible to legislate with regard to
the nuisance. The committee has done everything in its power; it
has instructed the umpires to watch closely the delivery of every
doubtful bowler, and probably the umpires have acted fully up to their
instructions; but they have stopped here, and absolutely refused to
report to the world the result of their careful observations. It is a
fact that of late years no professional umpire in a first-class match
has no-balled a professional bowler for throwing. This is not to be
wondered at: professional umpires themselves have been professional
bowlers, and they cannot bring themselves to take the bread out of the
mouth of one of their own class by no-balling him, and stigmatising him
at once and for ever as a ‘thrower.’

We cannot get amateur umpires to stand: these would, no doubt,
fearlessly no-ball any unfair bowler; but if we could, we should
probably find that the quantity of bad decisions in the course of
the year would be greatly increased. An umpire wants practice and
experience in keeping his attention and whole mind fixed impartially on
the game, and this can only be acquired by those who stand day after
day in that capacity.

The only way, then, to our mind, to stop throwing, as the M.C.C.
cannot and the umpires will not, is to get public opinion to step in
and sweep it off our cricket grounds. Let every amateur cricketer,
whether he plays for his county or his village club, set his face
resolutely against the evil, and do his utmost to discourage it. If an
‘Anti-Throwing Society’ could be established amongst cricketers, we
firmly believe it would effect its object.

In the North of England, where the game is ever increasingly popular,
there are many ‘chuckers’ to be met with. The clubs who do not possess,
to say the least, a doubtful bowler are, we should say from our
experience, in the minority. Young professional bowlers see the general
laxity that prevails, and adopt the peculiar flick of the wrist and
elbow, hoping thereby to get more twist on the ball, and this sooner
or later develops into a throw. Young bowlers of this description get
drafted from their village clubs into the county team, and thereby
augment the number of ‘doubtful’ bowlers in first-class matches. Now if
every amateur stood out against this system, and even went so far as to
say, ‘I will not be one of a team that wins its matches by such means,’
unfair bowling would soon die out.

It may be accepted as an absolute truth that the greatest bowlers
do not throw, and never have. Spofforth, Turner, Palmer, Lohmann,
Richardson, Morley, and a host of others are true bowlers, and to the
credit of the Australians it may be said that till 1896, when Jones and
McKibbin came over, there had been no suspicion against any Colonial
bowler, and it is a matter of great regret that both Jones and McKibbin
must be described as very great offenders in the matter of throwing.

[Illustration: Doubtful delivery.]

It will be well for everyone to realise that, if this question is
allowed to drift on from year to year without any serious protest from
public opinion, it will become absolutely necessary for the committee
of the M.C.C. to do something in the matter. What this should be is, as
we have said, very doubtful, and many and varied would be the opinions
of competent judges as to the form of legislation that would meet
the evil. It can almost be taken for granted that it is impossible
satisfactorily to define a throw, and even if this were not so the
solution of the question would be no nearer, as there would be just the
same difficulties in the way of an umpire saying that a bowler came
within the definition as there is now in saying that he throws. What
is wanted is to get rid of throwers in small club and village matches,
and then we should never get them drafted into first-class cricket. If
the umpire at either end were allowed to no-ball, we believe the system
of throwing would receive a serious blow. It often happens that the
thrower can only bowl at his own umpire’s end; if he attempted it at
the other end he knows what would await him; and if both umpires had
the right to no-ball _for throwing_, this difficulty would be overcome
by his not being able to bowl at either end. It is, however, earnestly
to be hoped that no change of any sort in the rules will be necessary,
but that all true cricketers will unite in discountenancing that which
is always a source of wrangling and dispute.

Before leaving the subject of fast bowling a few remarks on the
position of the field will not be out of place. Every bowler who is
worth his salt knows much better than anyone else how the field should
be placed to his bowling. So much depends upon the style and favourite
strokes of the batsman to be dislodged and the mode of attack that is
going to be brought into requisition, that the general rules we suggest
here are more as a guide to young fast bowlers than to those who have
gained their experience. To a fast over the wicket round-arm bowler (on
a true wicket) the field should be placed as on page 176.

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              The field for a fast right-arm bowler.

Should the bowler, however, be one who changes his pace to slow and
relies occasionally on quite a slow head ball, it will be as well to
bring short-leg half-way between the umpire and the bowler, and put
mid-on out deep in the field on the on side. On no occasion should
short-slip be dispensed with; he should on a fast wicket be fairly
fine, and if he is a quick active man with his hands (as he should
be for this post), about eight yards from the wicket. The object of
short-slip is to pick up snicks which just miss the wicket-keeper, and
although he may hold a larger proportion of these quick snap catches
when a long way from the wicket, he will get an infinitely greater
number when closer in; consequently, if he is a man of quick sight and
tenacious hand, he will actually secure more catches close in, although
at the same time he may miss more. The positions of long-leg, third
man, short-leg, and mid-on depend to a great extent on the batsman’s
play. It is a golden rule never to do without a point and cover-point,
although in some instances--e.g. when a strong cutting batsman is in
on a fast wicket--it is sometimes advisable to place point in front
of the wicket and cover-point square. It is, however, but seldom that
this is necessary, and many cricketers always view the change with some
misgiving as to its correctness, because a good active cover-point in
the usual place saves a large number of runs and, probably, gets more
catches than any other man in the field, with the exception of the
wicket-keeper and short-slip.

A round the wicket fast bowler requires the field in much the same
position. But in his case it is sometimes necessary to have an extra
man on the leg side, as these bowlers are very apt to bowl between
the legs and the wicket, which means with good batsmen that they get
played on to the leg side, between mid-on and short-leg. If this change
is necessary long-leg may be sent almost to the boundary, very fine,
behind the wicket, and long-stop be brought on to the leg side. A very
fine long-leg prevents boundary byes, and generally manages to save the
fine long-leg boundary hits. Unless there is a first-class man behind
the stumps, however, this generally results with first-class bowling
in rather too many extras to justify its continuance. Fast left-hand
bowlers want more men on the off side, as, from the nature of their
bowling, they get more punished in that direction than anywhere else.
If fast left-hand bowling is accurate and straight, long-leg is usually
dispensed with, and, in fact, mid-on as well is often taken to the
other side of the wicket, leaving short-leg, who is brought forward a
few yards, the only man on the leg side of the wicket. Then there is an
unbroken line of fielders on the off side, which the batsman finds it
difficult to break through if it is composed of active and energetic
men. The way in which fast left-handed bowlers place their field is
usually as on page 177.

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            The field for a fast left-arm bowler.

There is a class of fast left-hand bowlers who require more men on the
on side--viz. those who give the ball the leg side bias on delivery,
which, to a right-handed batsman, causes the ball to come in from
the off side, or, as it is usually termed, to come with the arm. It
is often necessary with this style of bowling to have a very fine
short-leg, to stop the snicks and leg byes which are caused by the
batsman playing outside the ball. Then a short-leg by the umpire is
necessary, and also a mid-on, making three on the on side. Mr. Appleby,
of Lancashire, is an example of this style of bowler, as is Wright of
Kent, who at times is most deadly with the ball coming with the arm,
especially if he has any assistance from the lie of the ground. We have
occasionally seen a left-arm bowler, like Emmett of Yorkshire--who
relies exclusively on the off break, which, to a right-handed batsman,
brings the ball from leg to off--involuntarily send down a ball that,
instead of taking the bias imparted to it, for some strange and
unaccountable reason went the other way, an accident which places the
batsman in a most awkward fix.

Some bowlers experience great difficulty in bowling to left-handed
batsmen. The necessary alteration in their style seems to worry them
and interfere with their accuracy of pitch. Usually a slow bowler tries
to get a left-handed batsman caught on the off side. He places most of
his men on this side, and bowls the off break (or, as it would be to
a left-handed batsman, the leg-break) with the object of getting the
batsman to play inside the ball, and thus make an upstroke. In short,
he places the men as a left-handed bowler places them when bowling to
a right-handed batsman. Left-handed batsmen are notoriously strong and
powerful in their off hitting, and consequently in this direction must
the bait be laid. As a rule, left-handed batsmen are apt to be a trifle
wild and unable to restrain their keenness to hit, and consequently
they pay the usual penalty of attempting to hit widish off balls
going away from them. But occasionally a bowler meets a left-hander
who is too wide awake and too good a batsman thus to throw away his
chance of scoring, and then different tactics must be employed. There
have been, and are, wonderfully few really good left-handed batsmen
in England, and the chance of a bowler having to meet one of them is
very slight. Between the years 1880 and 1890 there were only, in first
class cricket, the late W. Scotton of Notts and Peel of Yorkshire and
the late F. M. Lucas. The best of this class was perhaps F. M. Lucas,
whose early death in India will always be deeply regretted by his wide
circle of friends. He was really an accomplished batsman with good
sound defence and great punishing powers. A slow bowler might bowl for
hours on the off side to him with the sole result of seeing four after
four being despatched all along the ground to the boundary. Moses of
Sydney has many times distinguished himself against our English teams
in Australia, and was an excellent batsman. At the present time we
have Ford, Clement Hill and Darling the Australians, and the two last
are probably the two finest left-handed batsmen the world has seen.
Ford as a hitter was perhaps the hardest left-hander that ever lived,
and Hewett a few years ago was almost as hard. Bruce the Australian
is a fine free left-handed batsman, and certainly has a more graceful
and finished style than any other left-hander we have yet seen. In
our opinion, when a really good left-hander comes in, one who is not
likely to get himself out on the off side by careless hitting, an
attack should be made on his leg-stump. Most left-handers are good
leg-hitters, but we have never yet seen one (not excepting those above
named) who was as good on the leg-stump as a first-class right-handed
batsman. There is an awkwardness apparent in the left-hander’s play
to a ball pitching on the leg-stump, or just inside it, and there is
always a great likelihood of a cross bat being used for a leg hit.
Many and many a time has the writer, after trying the off-ball trick
unsuccessfully against one of these batsmen, succeeded in dismissing
him by bowling over the wicket at the leg-stump and between the legs
and leg-stump of the batsman. This manœuvre only entails a couple of
men being brought across from the off side to stop the run-getting.

There is one species of ball which we have not discussed, deadly as it
is, both in fast and slow bowling. This is the ball which, after the
pitch, never rises, but shoots along the surface of the ground, and
is commonly called a ‘shooter.’ The reason why no notice was taken of
this when the different kinds of ball which may be bowled were being
dealt with is because no amount of practice or skill can enable a
bowler to bowl thus. It depends for existence upon inequalities in the
ground. There are some grounds which have acquired great reputation for
supplying ‘shooters’ for the benefit of bowlers; but this reputation is
unfortunately always accompanied by one for being lumpy and dangerous.
Not a great many years ago Lord’s used to be celebrated for shooters,
owing to its rough condition; and even now, well looked after as it is,
shooters are of more frequent occurrence there than on most other good
grounds. Although it is not in the power of any man to bowl shooters
at will, still there is no doubt that men with a low delivery have a
greater chance of being helped by a shooter than men who bowl with a
high overhead action. The writer recollects at Cambridge, about 1879
or 1880, being told by a young professional bowler, engaged at the
University ground at that time, that he had found out how to bowl
shooters. He was a bowler of considerable promise, and had begun to
make his mark in county cricket, but it being known that his cricket
abilities far exceeded his intellectual powers, the announcement of
this wonderful discovery was received with some amount of doubt.
However, out he came to bowl, to prove his prowess with the celebrated
shooter; but it simply appeared that, instead of bowling with an
overhead delivery, which was his wont, he bent his body quite low, and
proceeded to bowl in a manner which was hardly removed from genuine
under-hand. It is unnecessary to say that there were no shooters. His
balls kept low after the pitch because his action was low.

There is one style of bowling sometimes seen in the present day that
has not been mentioned, viz. fast under-arm. This is of two kinds:
first, that which pitches a good length as with round-arm bowling;
secondly, ‘sneaks,’ or bowling that pitches near the bowler’s hand and
travels along the ground till the ball reaches the batsman. The latter
can never be of any avail against a good player on a decent wicket, as
every ball can be met by the forward stroke and rendered harmless. In
country matches it is amusing to see the batsmen holding their bats
in the air and trying to pounce down at the very last moment on these
balls. This mode of playing such bowling is essentially incorrect, and
would even be likely to cause the downfall of a good batsman; it is as
certain as anything can be at cricket that a good forward straight bat
cannot miss a ‘sneak.’ Mr. C. I. Thornton at one time attempted this
style of bowling, and was known to get a wicket or two. The good-length
fast under-arm, when bowled round the wicket with a good leg twist on,
might be made very dangerous. The old style of low round-arm, mentioned
a few pages back, was very similar to this style of bowling, and was
bowled with the same object as this has in view, viz. catches in the
slips and on the off side. We only know of one fast under-arm, leg
twist, good-length bowler, and he does not play in first-class cricket.
His name is Bunch, an old sergeant of the Black Watch, well known on
many military cricket-grounds all over England and India. Some years
ago he was decidedly a good bowler, his balls came very fast, pitched
good length on the leg-stump, and, having lots of leg stuff on, wanted
very careful play.

And now, after having discussed the different styles of bowling known
in cricket, let us consider some of the main rules which must guide
the action of every bowler in the field. The first and chief principle
that a young bowler must master is that he is bowling for his side’s
success, and not for his own; and that, with that object in view, he
has voluntarily placed himself under the leadership of his captain.
He must, therefore, give in at once, and readily, to every order. A
captain is always ready to hear the suggestions of a bowler, and, as
a rule, with regard to placing the field, is always willing to adopt
them; but should he not do so, the bowler must accept the decision
with the best grace possible. There is nothing more discouraging and
demoralising to a side than a sulky bowler--i.e. one who gets angry
when spoken to, and subsequently adopts a defiant manner towards his
captain. This bowler is usually a very poor stamp of sportsman, but
unfortunately he may often be seen, and the marks by which he may be
recognised are: First, bowling wildly and much faster than usual.
Secondly, getting to his place at the end of his over after everyone
else. Thirdly, if he fields a ball, throwing at the wicket, instead
of to the wicket-keeper, as hard as he can, generally causing an
over-throw. Fourthly, if he misses a ball in the field, standing still
and allowing some more remote fielder to run after it, or else running
after it himself at about the same pace as if he were just starting on
a five-mile race. He is a great nuisance generally in the game. We do
not deny that circumstances often arise when one is bowling that tax to
the utmost the temper of the mildest man in the world; it is, to say
the least, very irritating to try for half an hour to get a man caught
out by a particular stroke off a particular ball, and then at the end
see the ball bowled, the stroke made, and the catch missed; but, as
chance enters to a great extent into the game, the bowler ought to do
his very utmost to curb his feelings, in the interests of others who
are taking part in the game.

A bowler should be ready to take any place in the field when he is
not bowling. In these days, when slow bowling is frequently on at
both ends, there is often a difficulty in getting four men to do the
out-fielding. A bowler should not object at all to help his side by
doing this out-country work. Although a great specialist in the field,
such as an excellent cover-point or point, is always an object of
admiration, more admirable still are men good at all places. W. G.
Grace, A. N. Hornby, and many others we could mention were at one time
equally safe and at home in any position where they were placed.

A bowler should never grumble aloud at catches being missed; the
unfortunate man has done his best and failed, and any censure only
makes him more flurried and adds to his discomfiture without doing any
good.

A golden rule for every bowler to observe is--after the batsman has
played the ball, _get back to the wicket as quickly as possible_.
Neglect of this rule loses many a ‘run out.’ If a bowler does not
get back to his wicket, there is no one to take the ball and knock
the bails off should the batsmen run and the ball be returned to the
bowler’s end. When the ball is thrown up, the bowler should not take it
till it has just passed the wicket; he should then seize and sweep the
ball into the stumps in one and the same action. Should he stand behind
and take the ball before it reaches the wicket, there is great danger
of his disarranging the bails before he gets the ball in his hands. Of
course there are exceptions to this rule--e.g. when a ball is coming
very slowly up to the wicket from a feeble throw or because the ground
is sticky and dead; then the bowler must do his best anyhow to get the
ball into the stumps before the batsman reaches the crease.

A bowler should never throw the ball at the wicket unless it is the
only possible chance of running the batsman out. There is always a
chance of the ball slipping out of his hand and missing its aim.

A bowler should take plenty of time between each ball he delivers. If
he hurries he will get flurried and out of breath and bowl badly.

It is a mistake for a bowler to appeal unless he has a good chance of
getting a favourable decision. Umpires are very peculiar individuals;
once let it enter their heads that a bowler is trying to ‘jockey’ a
decision out of them, up go their backs, and they suddenly become a
mechanical toy that glibly answers every appeal with the two words ‘Not
out,’ and those only. A bowler is quite justified in appealing for a
leg before wicket even if he is himself doubtful and uncertain as to
whether the ball pitched quite straight or would have quite hit the
wicket, since he is exceedingly likely not to form a correct impression
of its straightness from the fact of his being at the moment of the
pitch of the ball a little out of the straight line between the wickets.

Bowlers should always take care before a match that they are shod with
good stout shoes with plenty of nails in them. It is a most important
thing for a bowler to have shoes which will prevent him from slipping,
and this is somewhat difficult when grounds are so constantly changing
from hard to soft. For a hard ground nothing is better than big nails
or screws; these do not go into the ground, but grip it and give a firm
foothold. The left shoe of a right-hand bowler and the right shoe of a
left-hand one should be extra well supplied with nails, because in the
act of bowling the whole weight of the body comes down upon the left
foot with the right-hand bowler and the right with a left-hand one.

For a soft ground the old-fashioned spikes are the best. They can be
put in and taken out in a few minutes before the beginning of a match,
according to the state of the ground. Every bowler should carry spikes,
nails, and screws, a screw-driver and gimlet, in his cricket-bag.

A bowler should do all in his power to prevent cutting up the wicket
with his feet in a place where bowling from the other end may pitch. If
he finds that he is doing so with either foot he should at once change
sides of the wicket, and if he then finds that, do what he will, he
cannot help damaging the wicket--which is a most unlikely event--he
should at once desist from bowling. If the ground is unduly cut up and
made artificially difficult for the batsman by bowlers’ feet, whether
it is done intentionally or not, such bowling is unfair and should at
once be stopped. Spofforth in some states of the ground used to spoil
it terribly, and this although he wore no spikes on the offending
foot. The side of this foot, however, came down with great force a few
yards in front of his own wicket. No doubt great damage at times was
caused to the opposing batsmen by this unfortunate foot, and also to
the Australian batsmen themselves, and on one occasion an appeal was
made to the umpire as to whether, though caused unintentionally, it was
or was not unfair. The umpire declined to give an opinion. But there
can be little doubt that a bowler who has unfortunately developed this
tendency is transgressing the rules of fair cricket.

A chapter on bowling would not be complete without the addition of some
rules for the guidance of those who are beginning to play cricket and
who want to learn how to bowl. Success depends so much upon the natural
action of the bowler that the multiplicity of rules so often laid down
for the guidance of young bowlers, though followed out to the letter,
does not greatly profit the aspirant to bowling honours. There are many
straight accurate bowlers who can put as much twist as most men on the
ball, and who yet never attain to any eminence in the art. This is due
to their action being simple and easy to see, and to their consequent
inability to deceive the batsman as to the pace and flight of the ball.
There are, however, one or two simple elementary rules which it would
be always as well for young bowlers to follow.

First.--Take every opportunity of bowling at imitation cricket with
a racquet or fives ball, or any other sort of ball. This teaches you
by practical experience the difference in the spins of the ball and
what constitutes a good ball. Small cricket with a fives ball and a
fives bat is splendid fun, and has initiated many a youngster into the
mysteries of break-backs and breaks from leg.

Secondly.--Keep your arm as high as possible.

Thirdly.--If naturally inclined to be a fast bowler, aim at
straightness first of all, and take care to bowl well within your
strength.

Fourthly.--Always bowl in the same style and action. Bowl every day
in practice, but not for more than half an hour. And take a rest of a
minute or so after every six balls; remember in a match you have a rest
after every four or five. Bowl carefully in practice. If you get tired
leave off at once. If you find your bowling is getting worse instead of
better, leave off for a few days and have a complete rest.

Fifthly.--Take a good long run, whether you bowl slow or fast; and if
you can, run on a little after delivering the ball. This gives extra
‘fire’ to the ball.

Sixthly.--Be sure to practise bowling both sides of the wicket.

Seventhly.--If you want to become a really good bowler accustom your
fingers early to get as much twist as possible on the ball, both ways.




CHAPTER IV.

CAPTAINCY.

(BY A. G. STEEL.)


[Illustration: Going in.]

It is a strange fact connected with cricket that a good captain is
but seldom met with. The game has made such progress in popularity
during the last thirty years, and the numbers of those who are
proficient in its different branches have increased so enormously, that
we should certainly expect to find in our county and other important
matches captains who thoroughly understand the duties they are called
upon to fulfil. But on looking round we are disappointed to find that
the really good captains in first-class (including of course county)
cricket are extremely few, and these few are amateurs. The cause of
this may be that few men are able to take part in first-class cricket
after they have served such an apprenticeship as would give them the
experience, calmness, and judgment necessary for the difficult post of
captain; or it may be that the qualifications for a good leader in the
cricket-field are, from their very nature, seldom met with--in other
words, that a captain is born not made, and very seldom born, too. Few
professional cricketers (it is a well-known fact) make good captains;
we have hardly ever seen a match played, where a professional cricketer
was captain of either side, in which he was not guilty of some very
palpable blunders. Take the Gentlemen _v._ Players matches, at Lord’s
and the Oval, for the last twenty years; the Players have always been
seriously handicapped by the want of a good captain, though Shrewsbury
and Gunn may be exceptions. Bowlers are kept on maiden after maiden
without the faintest chance of a wicket, no originality of attack
is ever attempted, and altogether the captaincy is usually bad. It
must, however, be admitted that ‘professional’ captains are in a more
difficult position than amateurs, inasmuch as they are often exposed
to the but thinly concealed murmurings of their fellows, who consider
that they have not been treated with the amount of consideration they
deserve. Amateurs always have made, and always will make, the best
captains; and this is only natural. An educated mind, with a logical
power of reasoning, will always treat every subject better than one
comparatively untaught. There are exceptions to every rule, and Alfred
Shaw, the best professional captain we ever came across, is the
exception here. The disastrous effects of bad captaincy on the success
of a side were never more clearly manifested than by the Australian
team that visited England in 1878. This team contained several good
bowlers who, helped by the sticky state of the ground, were very deadly
to our best batsmen. Their batting was rough and rather untutored,
but still at times dangerous. They met with great success until the
grounds got hard and firm, when their bowlers were collared. It is in
adversity at cricket, as in the more serious walks of life, that the
best qualities come to the fore; and whenever the Australian bowlers
were collared, the whole team seemed to go to pieces. Either the
captain or the bowlers placed the fielders in the most extraordinary
and unheard-of positions, where they had but little chance of saving
runs or getting catches. Spofforth during one match at Lord’s in that
season bowled the greater part of the day to a batsman--the Hon. Edward
Lyttelton--who was not dismissed till he had topped his hundred. Ball
after ball was neatly cut on the hard true ground to the boundary,
past the spot where third man ought to have been but was not. Fancy a
fast bowler bowling on a hard ground, while a batsman made a hundred
without a third man; then think that this batsman was one of the
finest amateur cutters of his day, and you will wonder what had become
of the management of the side! This was, however, the first year the
Australians visited us; on many subsequent occasions we found out to
our cost that they had made good use of their time and experience in
England, and had improved, in every branch of the game, to what was to
an Englishman’s eye an alarming extent. Their captaincy, however, has
never been good, till Trott, a thoroughly good captain, took command in
1896; Murdoch, of course, had a thoroughly sound knowledge of the game;
but his better judgment was too frequently hampered by the ceaseless
chattering and advice of one or two men who never could grasp the fact
that in the cricket-field there can only be one captain.

The chief qualifications for a good captain are a sound knowledge of
the game, a calm judgment, and the ability to inspire others with
confidence.

Bad captains may be split up into three classes:--

1. Nervous and excitable men.

2. Dull apathetic men.

3. Bowling captains, with an aversion to seeing anybody bowl but
themselves.

1. The nervous and excitable class is perhaps the worst of all, and
sides which have the misfortune to be led by one of this division are
indeed heavily handicapped. The chief peculiarity of a captain of this
sort is that he seems never to be able to keep still for a moment in
the field. He is continually rushing about, altering the field every
over without any reason, shouting excitedly at the top of his voice
whenever a fielder has to stop or throw up the ball, and generally
creating a feeling of uneasiness and excitement among players and
spectators. He is at one moment tearing his hair distractedly because
some unfortunate fielder has let a ball through his legs, and the next
shouting and dancing with excitement and joy when some exceptionally
good catch or bit of fielding has got rid of a dangerous batsman.

2. A member of the second class may be easily recognised. He walks
slowly to his place at the end of each over with his eyes fixed on the
ground, as if in deep thought. In reality he is thinking of nothing,
or, at any rate, nothing connected with the game. He has put his two
best bowlers on, and so long as a wicket falls every thirty or forty
runs, what does it matter whether or not time is being wasted by a
series of profitless short-pitched maiden overs? It is the bowler’s
duty, not his, to get the batsmen out, and if the latter put on forty
runs without a wicket falling, why it will be time enough then to try
someone else, and perhaps later on he himself might have a turn with
lobs if things get into a very bad state. It does not take long, with a
captain like this, for a side to get thoroughly demoralised and slack.

3. The bowling captains suffer from the very opposite of the
feebleness which affects the last class; over-keenness is their bane.
They are generally moderate bowlers, who at times enjoy a fair amount
of success, and who are often very valuable to their side as changes.
But the power of bowling wherever and for as long as they please is too
much for them. Over after over hit to all parts of the field, without
the slightest suspicion of a chance of a wicket, only convinces the
self-confident captain that something must happen sooner or later--and
something generally does after the match has been bowled away. The
fascination that bowling has for captains and the danger it often leads
to is a good reason for pausing before selecting as captain anyone
who has any pretensions in this branch of the game. It is sometimes,
however, impossible for a side to recognise anyone as captain except
a bowler. He may be the oldest and most experienced member of the
team, or perhaps from his position as a cricketer it may be out of
the question to pass him over, and then, of course, the best of a bad
job must be made. But a captain who is also a bowler has much heavier
responsibilities in the field than one who is not. Even if he happens
not to be over-anxious about trundling all day himself, he is apt from
shyness and diffidence of his own merits not to put himself on at
all--another extreme into which some captains before now have fallen.

The duties of a captain are of two kinds: those out of the field and
those in it, and it is proposed to discuss them in the order named.
The first duty of a captain is the choice of his team; but as it so
frequently happens, nowadays, that the team is chosen for him by the
committee of his county or his club, this topic may be passed over till
we discuss the duties of the captains at the Universities and Public
Schools.

When the team is chosen, the captain’s first duty is to win the toss;
and assuming that by the aid of his lucky sixpence he has succeeded
in so doing, he should at once decide whether he or his opponent is
to begin the batting. It is a very old saying that the side that wins
the toss should go in, and it is a very true one. No captain who wins
the toss and puts the other side in deserves to win the match, unless
there are some very exceptional circumstances to be taken into his
consideration. There is, perhaps, only one reason to justify a captain
putting the other side in first. _If the ground, previously hard, has
been softened by a night’s rain, and if at the time of beginning it is
drying under a hot baking sun, and if the captain is tolerably sure
that it is going to be a fine day_, then he will do well to put the
other side in. There must be present these three conditions of ground
and weather before he _is_ justified in refusing to bat. The ground
will then for the first hour and a half or two hours make a bowling
wicket; the top soft in the early morning, and gradually getting caked
under the hot sun, will in the afternoon, if the weather keeps fine
and it has been _hard_ before the rain, assume its former hardness and
become easy for batting for the last few hours of the day’s play. If
the ground has been soft before the rain and has been made still softer
by the rain, it is madness to put the other side in. The first two or
three hours will then be easy for batting, as a very slow soft wicket
is always against the bowlers, and it will not be till after several
hours of hot sun have been on it that it will begin to get caked and
difficult for the batsman. Suppose the weather looks uncertain and
broken, and the glass has been gradually going down, a captain should
never in any state of the ground risk putting his opponents in. Rain is
always in favour of the in side; bowlers cannot stand and cannot hold
the ball, which, wet and slippery, cannot be made to take any twist or
screw that the bowler may try to give it.

Sometimes in a one-day match it may be advisable to put the other side
in under circumstances different from the above, circumstances which
are for the captain alone to judge of, and which it is impossible to
discuss. Suppose a very strong side is playing against a very much
weaker one. It may be that the captain of the former is afraid that
if his side once goes to the wickets, so many runs will be made as to
preclude all probability of finishing the match; and he may be content
after conference with the members of his team to take the undoubted
risk of putting the other side in; it is, however, a very dangerous
thing to do at any time, and his finesse may very possibly end
disastrously to his side in the imperfect light of the evening.

There are, however, _some_ disadvantages in batting first. In the
first place, nearly every cricketer is a better man after luncheon
than before. Do not let this be understood for a moment as a hint
that the overnight carousals of cricketers (very pleasant though they
be) are such as to interfere with correctness of eye and steadiness
of hand in the morning. Far be it from me to suggest such a thing.
But every man is fitter in the afternoon, his eye is more accustomed
to the light, and his digestion is better. And besides, the men that
walk to the wickets to bat the first time they go into the field are
apt to be more nervous than those who have been playing a few hours
and have got accustomed to the light and general surroundings. These
are disadvantages certainly, but they are as nothing compared to the
advantages gained by batting first. These include getting the best
of the light, the best of the wicket, and, last but not least, the
incalculable advantage of having in the last innings of the match
to save and not get runs on a wicket that has previously stood the
wear and tear of three innings. The side that bats second is nearly
always in at the close of the first day’s play, and the lights and
shadows between six and seven often make the ball very difficult to
judge accurately; at Lord’s, especially, the light gets bad towards
the close of the day; a haze overspreads the ground, making clear and
accurate sight extremely difficult. As for the respective difficulties
of making and saving runs, a cricketer need only look at his scores and
references to see how often the out side at the close of a match has
prevented the in side from getting the runs required. The feeling of
responsibility which affects the batsmen on these occasions creates an
over-anxiety to play steadily and run no risks, and often results in
feeble play. Then the bowlers and fielders are nerved to their utmost
endeavour to keep the runs down, every fielder runs after the ball at
the very top of his speed, half-a-dozen men are backing up to prevent
an overthrow, and the bowler not only does all he knows to secure a
wicket, but strives hard to avoid the delivery of a punishable ball.
Whenever a side goes in for the last innings of the match against a big
score and wins, one may feel sure the match has been won by sound and
sterling cricket. There are many well-known instances of the fielding
side pulling the match out of the fire at the very last moment. In the
Oxford and Cambridge match in 1875, Cambridge in their last innings
wanted 175 runs to win. Seven wickets fell for 114. The eighth went
down at 161. Before this wicket fell it looked any odds on Cambridge,
but the eleven were eventually all out for 168, and lost the match
by six runs. In England _v._ Australia at the Oval in 1882, England,
the last innings, wanted 85 to win, but only made 77. The annals of
cricket are full of instances showing that it is better at the end
of a match to have to save runs than make them. We remember playing
in a match some years ago in Scotland, where the folly of putting in
the other side first on a good wicket was clearly shown. It was a two
days’ match, and the two best batsmen on the side which lost the toss
had been travelling all night from England. This, in spite of a good
wicket, induced the captain who had been successful in the toss to put
the other side in. One of these travel-worn and weary batsmen knocked
up over ninety runs, the ground began to cut up, and the side that
had refused to bat first came utterly to grief. As the losing captain
left the ground, he said, ‘One thing this match has taught me--_never_
to put the other side in first.’ The following year the same match
was arranged, and once more the toss was won by the same captain. The
ground was very soft indeed, in fact sodden with days of heavy rain.
Again, in spite of the former sad experience, the other side were put
in first and made over 200 runs. The ground was too soft for bowlers
to put any life into the ball, and all bowling was comparatively easy.
Next day the ground had got firmer and more solid, and the side that
won the toss was again dismissed for two insignificant totals.

With regard to the order in which a captain should send in his men, a
good deal depends on the strength of the batting he has at command.
With a weakish batting team it is, in our opinion, always better to
send in the best batsman first, assuming of course he has no objection
to the place. It is of great importance to give the best batsman every
possible advantage, and the men who go first to the wickets have a
great advantage over the others. They have less waiting for their
innings, and consequently less of that restless nervousness from which
few men are free; they have the best of the wicket; they have often
loosish bowling just at first, before the bowlers have warmed to their
work; and, last but certainly not least, they are batting a new ball.
Few people realise what a difference a new ball makes to the batsman;
it goes cleaner and firmer off the bat than an old one, and, what is
better than all, a hard new ball is much more difficult to twist than
one that has had a hundred runs made off it. Let anyone look at an
old bowler who has to begin the bowling: his first action is to rub
the ball on the ground in the hope of taking off even a little of its
slippery newness; it is not, however, till after its surface has been
considerably worn that it begins to take much notice of any twist, at
any rate on a hard ground.

With such advantages to be gained by going in first it would be a pity
not to give the best batsman the chance of making a good start for his
side. A good start gives confidence to the shaky batsman, and shows
the bowlers that they are not to have it all their own way. Sometimes
the best batsman on a side does not care about going in first; if so,
it is always well to consult his wishes and humour him, but he should
_never_ go in later than second wicket. With the best batsman should
go some steady correct bat, one who plays the game thoroughly and does
not take liberties with the bowling. In these days of perfect grounds
it is a vast mistake to send in first a regular ‘sticker,’ one who
scores at the rate of eight or ten an hour. The stonewallers of our
cricket-fields have a great deal to answer for in the heavy indictment
against modern players of leaving so many unfinished matches. An
account was lately given in the papers of a man recognised as a
first-class county bat who was in on a fast hard wicket in the first
innings of a match three hours and forty minutes for thirty-two runs.
More shame to him! He did his best to draw the match, and by puddling
about for so long only helped to wear out the ground for more capable
scorers who were to follow him. Sometimes, when the ground is very bad,
it is good to have a sticker, but taken altogether cricket would be
very much better off if the whole race of stickers occasionally adopted
a somewhat freer style. Nobody objects to slow scoring so long as the
batsmen are playing good correct cricket, playing the straight ones
with a straight bat and cutting or hitting the crooked ones; but every
cricketer objects to seeing ball after ball simply stopped without the
slightest attempt to make a run.

Two very fast run-getting batsmen should not be sent in together; they
are apt to run each other a bit off their legs. W. G. Grace and A. P.
Lucas were as good a pair for first that have ever been seen; both
played sound correct cricket: the former scored freely, the latter when
the ground was hard quite fast enough; and Shrewsbury and Stoddart were
about as good.

After the first two have been selected the others must follow generally
in order of merit; it is as well not to put in two hard-hitters
together if possible, as it often tends to make one hit against the
other. First one makes a big hit; the other feels bound to follow suit,
quite irrespective of the pitch of the ball, and loses his wicket. It
is always an excellent thing to have one or two real good hitters, but
they should be kept apart as far as possible in their innings; sixth
or seventh wicket down is a very useful place for a hard hitter; the
bowling has often begun to get a trifle loose by that time, and good
hitting may make a dreadful mess of it in a very short time.

If any of the bowlers on whom the captain relies for his main attack
happen to be goodish batsmen and likely to make a few runs, it is just
as well to let their innings come off as early as convenient. A bowler
who makes forty or fifty runs at the close of an innings never bowls
as well after the running about as he would do had he made nothing,
and it is consequently best if possible to insure him a rest before he
begins his more important duties as bowler. It is exceptional to find
a man successful in batting and bowling in the same match. There are a
good number of modern cricketers who are very fair all-round men, and
shine at times in both branches of the game; but it very rarely happens
that success awaits them in both in the same match. Sometimes we find a
well-known bowler piling up heaps of runs, but on looking at the other
side of the score-sheet we generally perceive that he has done it at
the expense of his wickets. Alfred Shaw, the famous Nottingham bowler,
used at times to bat with great success, but when he did so he was
nearly always unsuccessful with the ball.

When once the captain has arranged the order in which his men are to
bat he should stick to it. It is worrying and harassing to the batsmen
to be continually shifted up and down. We once saw one of the best
batsmen in England put in last but one because the captain thought
he looked nervous. His side was beaten by a few runs, and without
his having received one single ball. An order made out before the
innings begins is more likely to be correct than one hashed and cut
about amidst excitement and anxiety. Never should a captain change his
order in the second innings; of course a man who is in particularly
good form may be given a hoist up a place or so, but the bad bats of
the team should not be sent in first so long as there is the remotest
possibility of losing; and at cricket this contingency is nearly always
on the cards. The good batsmen do not wish to go in if there is only an
hour or an hour and a half to play; they may get out and cannot make a
really big score, so they fight shy for their average’s sake. Captains
should put a stop to this and insist on their taking their proper
place; first, because the side may otherwise be beaten, and secondly,
because those who have the advantage of going in first in favourable
circumstances should also take their turn when things are not so bright.

After a captain has written out his order of going in, he should
carefully watch the innings from the first to the very last ball.
A watchful captain can at times greatly help his side; a shout of
‘steady’ when a young batsman appears to be getting rash in his play,
or when two players are getting a little abroad as to running, often
comes with great effect and authority from a captain, and may prevent
such a catastrophe as that represented in the illustration opposite.
A word of encouragement to a nervous player as he leaves the pavilion
may also often be of service. On no account should a captain ever abuse
a batsman, no matter what rash stroke or foolish lack of judgment
has cost him his wicket. Nothing is so galling to a batsman when he
has made a bad stroke or been guilty of a mistake as being publicly
derided or reproved. Afterwards, when the keen sense of vexation has
somewhat subsided, a quiet word of advice may be given, and will have
much more effect than a noisy public remonstrance. A good cricketer who
has made a bad stroke and thereby lost his wicket knows better than
any spectator what a mistake he has committed. Pavilion worthies, ye
who love cricket for its own sake, ye who sit for hours criticising
every ball and every stroke, forbear, we pray you, out-spoken remarks
on the arrival of a discomfited batsman. ‘What on earth possessed you
to try to hit a straight one to leg?’ ‘You never seemed at home the
whole time!’ ‘You can’t keep that leg of yours out of the way!’ are all
remarks that may be withheld at any rate till the keen sense of failure
has diminished.

[Illustration: LUCIEN DAVIS

Run out.]

It may possibly happen that during the course of an innings a
point which during the summer of 1887 was considerably discussed, and
about which some very extraordinary remarks have been made, may crop
up for decision by the captain. Supposing he considers that his side
has made enough runs to win the match, and that if any more are made
there will not be sufficient time to get the other side out. Is he
justified or not in giving orders to his men to get out on purpose? A
great controversy arose on this point about ten years ago, owing to the
captain of one of our leading counties considering that he was entitled
to give such orders. If this question be looked at from a cricketer’s
point of view--and by that is meant from one which is in every way
honourable and to the furtherance of the true interests of the game--it
will be seen at once that a captain has a perfect right to ask his men
to get out whenever he considers enough runs have been made to insure
victory.

The true principle of the game is, we take it, that every side should
do its utmost honourably to win the match. In days gone by, when
grounds were rough and uneven, every match had to be completed in a
much shorter time than is now allowed. In these times of improved
batting and perfection in grounds, three whole days have been decided
on as the time within which every county or club must win, lose, or
draw the match. The game is not to lose or to draw; it is to win; and
the side that can win most matches in the time allowed is plainly
the best side. And should a side make so many runs as to render it
impossible to win if they make more, whereas if they get out they must
almost inevitably win, and can scarcely lose, we consider it would not
be acting up to the true principle of the game if it did not get out.
Besides, what sport or individual interest to a batsman is there in
making runs after the match is practically finished? A man does not
play at cricket for himself so much as for his side; it is not the
number of individual notches or wickets that falls to his lot which
delights the true cricketer: it is the actual result of ‘won or lost.’
What pleasure does a member of either of the University elevens derive
from making fifty every innings he plays in the Inter-University
matches if all his matches are lost? There are some who say that
directly the principle is recognised that a man has a right to get out
on purpose in order to gain victory for his side, it will open the
door to all sorts of shady tricks in the game, and there will be no
guarantee to the cricket-loving public that a side is trying. We cannot
see the relevancy of this argument; if a man sacrifices himself for
his side, the more honour is due to him. It is suggested that if the
batting side has a right to get out or to forego its right of batting,
the fielding side has a right to drop catches purposely and to bowl no
balls and wides so as to avoid being beaten. If this latter course were
permitted, it would be in direct contradiction to the true principle of
the game--viz. the endeavour to win; it would be a dishonest subterfuge
to prevent victory from rewarding the side that had played the best; it
would be an un-English, dog-in-the-manger policy, and, in our opinion,
it would entitle the umpires to say that the game was not being played
fairly. There is a vast difference in principle between getting out
on purpose in order to win and bowling and fielding badly in order
to snatch victory from the best side. A captain is, then, not only
perfectly justified, but is bound in the interests of his side, and in
the true interests of the game, to order his men to get out if that is
the only way to win.

[In 1894 the M.C.C. passed a law to the effect that the side which
goes in second shall follow their innings if they have scored 120
runs less (not 80 as formerly) than the opposite side in a three days
match, or 80 runs in a two days match, and power was also given for the
in-side on the last day of a match to declare the innings at an end.
This last most important rule was passed partly in order to prevent
drawn matches, and partly to prevent cricket lapsing into burlesque, as
it has on several occasions. But still the true principle alluded to in
the beginning of the preceding paragraph is difficult to find, and the
awkward question still remains, as it is within the right of a captain
to order his men to get out that he may follow on, is it not within the
opposing captain’s right to order his bowlers to bowl wides to prevent
the follow on? The motive is the same in each case: one captain desires
to follow on because he thinks that by following on he has a better
chance of winning the match; the other captain is of the same opinion;
is it wrong, therefore, for him to try and defeat that object by
bowling wides? I am not able to say that it is. One captain to make his
side follow on orders his batsmen to play skittles; the other captain
to prevent a follow on orders his bowlers to play skittles. Where is
the difference in principle? There is a difference of another kind,
which is, that it is easier for a batsman to get out on purpose without
making it appear to be a burlesque than it is for a bowler to bowl
wides or no balls on purpose. A batsman may run himself out or put his
leg in front, and nobody wonders; but if a steady bowler bowls three
wides running, the most ignorant spectator sees through the game at
once, and yells accordingly. The problem may be stated in another way.
Is it cricket to sacrifice runs by running yourself out or knocking
down your wicket? If the answer is in the affirmative, then state your
reason why it is wrong for a bowler to sacrifice runs by bowling wides
or no balls. To a genuine cricketer it is equally unpleasant to see
cricket turned into burlesque by the batsmen as by the bowlers; what
is difficult to understand is why the batsmen should be allowed to
practise burlesque and command the applause of the crowd, while the
bowler is hooted and yelled at.

The question is a most difficult one to answer, and perhaps the most
satisfactory solution may be in the direction of abolishing the follow
on altogether, and giving power to close the innings at any time. Every
proposal has its drawbacks, and the drawback to this is that it gives
an additional advantage to winning the toss; but it is not easy to see
that there is any better solution of the question.--R. H. L.]

In club and county matches a captain whose side is batting may often
have little duties to perform, such as hurrying his men in after the
fall of a wicket and allowing no time to be wasted, &c. There is
nothing so annoying to a keen cricketer as to see the field waiting
three or four minutes whilst some ‘local swell’ calmly buckles his pads
and saunters sleepily to the wicket. A captain should see that the next
batsman is always ready to go in directly the preceding one reaches the
pavilion; and a good experienced captain can also give many valuable
hints to the younger members of his team as they sit waiting for their
innings. ‘Play your own game, of course;’ he is the first one to know
and realise the truth of the old saying; but (and there are often many
_buts_) ‘for goodness sake don’t try and hit that curly bowler unless
you are on the pitch of him;’ ‘if you play back to that fast chap you
are done; he is out and away faster than he looks;’ ‘watch that man at
cover: he’s as quick as lightning with his return.’ All these little
odds and ends from an old hand are well worth the attention of a young
player; they all help to give him more confidence and more knowledge
and experience, and consequently make him a better cricketer. And
then a captain’s eyes must be sharp to detect any slovenliness in the
dress of a batsman. What a sorry sight it is to see a man going to
the wickets with his pad-straps hanging two or three inches down his
legs, his trousers unfolded and sticking out from behind his pads,
his shirtsleeves hanging loose, and altogether having a general air
of being a slovenly fellow! A captain must note this; he knows that
there are a good many better ways of getting out than being caught from
one’s pad-straps or loose trousers that flap gaily in the breeze, or
from one’s shirtsleeves that float round the forearm with so great an
expanse of canvas, looking for all the world like a bishop’s sleeve.
All these little things are worth knowing; cricket is a game with a
great deal of luck in it and full of a great many odd chances, and the
sooner a young player realises that he must do all he can to minimise
the chances against himself, the better cricketer he will become and
the more runs he will make.

The duties of a captain in the field are far more onerous than those
out of it. It is here that his good qualities are tested, his knowledge
and judgment of the game put to the proof. The most difficult task
he has to perform is the management of the bowling. It, of course,
occasionally happens that his two best bowlers are put on, and bowl
successfully without a chance during the whole of the innings. But this
is a very exceptional occurrence, and is but seldom seen in first-class
cricket, and then only when the ground is sticky or crumbled. It is in
the bowling changes and placing that a captain’s skill is principally
seen. On a hard fast wicket it is best to begin with fast bowling at
one end and slow at the other. A good overhand fast bowler on a hard
wicket has more chance of making the ball rise, and getting catches in
the slips and at the wickets, than a slow one; but it is always well
to have different-paced bowling on at either end, as in this way the
batsman’s eye does not get thoroughly accustomed to one pace. The late
F. Morley--in his day the best left-hand fast bowler in England--and
A. Shaw were always individually more successful when playing together
for their county, the fast left hand and slow right being an excellent
variation for the eye of the batsman. Poor Morley, what a good bowler
he was! In our opinion he was the best fast bowler we have had in
England for a very long time. He was a good pace, had a beautifully
easy left-handed delivery, just over his shoulder, and was most
wonderfully accurate in his length. He had a good spin and break-back
on his bowling, and every now and then sent in one that came with the
arm and required a lot of playing. His early death caused a great gap
in the ranks of our professionals, and was much lamented by every class
of cricketers; for a more honest and unassuming professional player
than Fred Morley never went into the cricket-field. His knowledge of
geography was not up to his cricket capabilities; for after a serious
collision in the Indian Ocean, on his voyage to Australia in 1882, a
mishap which subsequently ended fatally to him, he said: ‘No more ships
for me: I’ll home again by the overland route!’

At the beginning of the innings the two bowlers put on should both be
asked which end suits them best; if both want the same, the captain
should give the choice to the one on whom, taking into consideration
the state of the ground, he relies most. The field should be placed
according to the style of the opposing batsman, and in doing this the
captain should act with the consent of the bowler. There are many
captains who change the field from time to time without ever consulting
the bowler, who, if a cricketer, knows better than anyone else where
his bowling is likely to be hit.

No rule can be laid down with regard to the frequency of bowling
changes, except the more the better. A bowler should never be kept on
if he is not getting wickets, and if the batsmen are playing him with
ease. It goes no way towards winning a match to bowl ten or a dozen
short-pitched consecutive maiden overs. Directly the batsmen seem to
have guessed the length and style of bowling it should be changed, if
only for a few overs, while some new style is tried for a short time.
If a long stand be made, every style of bowling should be quickly
tried; thirty runs should never be allowed without a change of some
sort, unless the bowling happens to be particularly puzzling to the
batsman, and is being badly played.

As regards the placing of the field, it has already been said that
usually the bowler is best able to guess where his own bowling is most
likely to be hit; but there are many things which a captain should
recollect, as the suggestions of a captain in whom his bowlers place
confidence are always accepted readily. He should keep his eye on
short-slip, as this place is, especially on a fast wicket, the most
important of all. There are more good batsmen dismissed at short-slip
and the wicket, on good wickets, than at any other places. It is an
extraordinary fact connected with short-slip that, unless he has had a
great deal of experience, he is continually shifting his position; one
over he will be standing fine and deep and the next square and near to
the wicket. It is the captain’s duty, even more than the bowler’s, to
see that this does not happen.

On a true hard wicket we never like to see a captain putting his
mid-on or short-leg close in to the batsman, to field what is called
‘silly’ mid-on; the risk of standing near in on a hard wicket to a
batsman who can hit at all is not by any means slight, and we have
on several occasions seen men placed in this position get very nasty
blows. Boyle, the Australian mid-on, stood about as near in as any man
ever did stand; on sticky grounds he made many catches, on fast grounds
he missed many which if standing further back he would have caught. He
not seldom received nasty injuries, and on one occasion was laid up
for several weeks with a broken or injured bone in his hand. A quick
active field at mid-on who will run in when he sees the batsman making
a quiet forward stroke on the leg side, and when he observes a leg-side
ball kick up higher than usual, is all that should be required. In
a match at Melbourne, in 1882, we recollect a very amusing little
incident in which mid-on played a prominent part. The Australians were
batting, and Bates, the Yorkshireman, had just dismissed two of their
best bats, McDonnell and Giffen, in two consecutive balls. Bonnor,
who used to congratulate himself, and not without a certain amount of
justification, that he could make mincemeat of our slow bowling, was
the next man in. Somebody suggested that, in the faint hope of securing
a ‘hat’ for Bates, we should try a silly mid-on. Bates faithfully
promised to bowl a fast shortish ball between the legs and the wicket,
and said he was quite certain Bonnor would play slowly forward to it.
Acting on the faith of this, W. W. Read boldly volunteered to stand
silly mid-on for one ball. In came the giant, loud were the shouts of
welcome from the larrikins’ throats; now would the ball soar over the
green trees even higher than yonder flock of twittering parrots. As
Bates began to walk to the wickets to bowl, nearer and nearer crept
our brave mid-on; a slow forward stroke to a fast shortish leg-stump
ball landed the ball fairly in his hands not more than six feet
from the bat. The crowd would not believe it, and Bonnor was simply
thunderstruck at mid-on’s impertinence; but Bates had done the hat
trick for all that, and what is more, he got a very smart silver tall
hat for his pains.

[Illustration: Eton _v._ Harrow.]

The duties of captains of the University teams and of the Public
Schools are far more arduous than those of a captain of a county or a
club eleven. At our large Public Schools the captain is responsible for
the selection of the team; he may be assisted to a certain extent by a
committee, but the actual filling up of the vacant places in his eleven
generally devolves on him alone. An energetic and keen boy captain will
usually manage before the close of the summer term to get together a
team of fair merit; even if the stuff he has to work upon is inferior
in quality, the great amount of time at his disposal for practice, and
the assistance he receives from the school professionals and masters,
ought always to ensure a keen captain having a tolerable eleven before
the summer holidays begin. It may be taken as true that a bad fielding
school eleven denotes a bad and slack captain. Whatever may be the
batting and bowling material at his disposal, a boy captain can, if
he likes, have a good fielding side; and if in his school matches
at Lord’s, or elsewhere, he finds that he loses the match by slack
fielding, he has none to blame but himself. None of our best county
teams can field as boys can if they are properly taught and kept up to
the mark. There are few men of thirty taking part in the game who can
throw with any effect for more than about thirty or forty yards; their
arms and shoulders are stiff, and will not stand it, whereas boys can
all throw, and are about twice as active as many of those whose names
at the present time figure prominently in our leading fixtures.

A school eleven, as indeed every other, only requires four regular
bowlers. ‘If you cannot win with four bowlers, you’ll never win at
all,’ is an old and true saying. But this wants a little explanation.
The four best available bowlers must be played without regard to their
batting powers, and after these four have been selected let the team be
filled up with good batsmen and fielders, quite irrespective of whether
they can bowl or not. It is an excellent thing for a side that every
man should be able to bowl a bit if wanted, and every boy should be
able to do so, but it is only necessary in choosing the team to play
four men as bowlers only.

Every school eleven should possess a lob-bowler; if he be a good one
so much the better, but one of some sort there must be. Lobs have
always been most destructive to boys, and even very indifferent lobs
are occasionally very fatal to schools. A little practice will teach
any boy to bowl them fairly; he must take a long and rather a quick
run, and bowl just fast enough to prevent the batsman hitting the
good-length balls before they pitch. The high slow lob is generally
worthless.

The wicket-keeper must also be trained and coached. He should be taught
the right and the wrong way to stand, and should practise keeping for a
short time every day. And, above all things, the school wicket-keeper
should know that for anything over slow and slow medium bowling he is
to have a long-stop. The number of good wicket-keepers who have been
spoilt by having to perform the office of long-stop as well as their
own is legion. There are no first-class keepers nowadays who put out
their hands on the leg side and draw the ball to the stumps; they all
jump to the leg side in front of the ball to prevent it resulting in a
four-bye, and consequently, even if lucky enough to take the ball with
their hands, they are so far from the stumps as to make it exceedingly
difficult to knock the bails off.

A captain of a University team has not so much to do with training and
coaching his team as a school captain. By the time men have reached
their University eleven they have generally mastered the elementary
principles of the game, and require more practice and experience,
keeping up to the mark rather than coaching. A captain’s duty is
consequently to see that his men engage in constant practice at all
parts of the game, and by showing an example of keenness and energy to
inspire his team with the same qualities. Some men at the University,
and especially those fresh from the restraint of a public school,
occasionally require a few words of advice about the mode of life
which is necessary for undergoing with success the wear and tear of a
University cricket season. A ’Varsity team has about six weeks’ hard
work, and no man can bear the strain of this if, at the same time,
he is keeping late hours and distributing his attentions impartially
amongst all the numerous delicacies that adorn the University
dinner-tables during the May term. No strict training is required,
thank goodness! Cricket does not demand of her votaries the hollow face
and attenuated frame, and too often the undermined constitution, that
a long term of arduous training occasionally results in, especially to
a youth of unmatured strength; but a cricketer should live a regular
life and abstain at table from all things likely to interfere with his
digestion and wind. Above all else, smoky rooms should be avoided. A
small room, filled with ten or a dozen men smoking as if their very
existence depended on the amount of tobacco consumed, soon gets a
trifle foggy, and the man who remains there for long will find next
morning on waking that his head feels much heavier than usual, and his
eyes are reddish and sore. A University captain should never hesitate
to speak to any of his team on these matters, should he think warning
or rebuke necessary.

The necessity of moderation in drink is happily a thing which few
University cricketers require to be reminded of. There are many
opinions as to what is the best drink for men when actually playing.
By best we mean that which does least harm to the eye. In hot weather
something must be drunk, and the question is, What? Our experience is
that beer and stout are both too heady and heavy, gin and ginger beer
is too sticky, sweet, &c., to the palate. In our opinion, shandy-gaff,
sherry, or claret, and soda are the most thirst-quenching, the
lightest, and the cleanest to the palate. The latter consideration is a
great one on a hot day at cricket. In a long innings the heat and the
dust are apt to make the mouth very dry and parched, and a clean drink
is especially desirable.

As a rule a ’Varsity captain has not much difficulty in selecting the
first eight or nine of his team--there are usually that number that
stand out as far and away better than all the others--but the last two
or three places often cause him the greatest difficulty. There may
be two or three men of the same merit fighting for the last place,
inflicting sleepless nights and anxious thoughts on the captain. He
cannot make up his mind, and possibly remains undecided till the very
week before the big match. A ’Varsity team owes half its strength to
playing so much together. Every man knows and has confidence in the
others, and every man’s full merits and the use he may be to the side
are understood by the captain; consequently, the sooner the whole team
is chosen the better.

[Illustration: A. E. STODDART]

Now let us briefly discuss the considerations that should guide
the captain in the choice of his team. And perhaps the simplest and
best way will be to assume that a captain has to choose the best team
in England (our fictitious captain making the twelfth man on the side).
The first thing he must do is to choose his bowlers, and, as we have
said above, these must be the best four he can get, each one different
from the others in style. He wants a fast bowler to begin with (and if
the match is to be played on a hard wicket he will probably want two).
He has Mold and Lockwood to choose from, undoubtedly the two best.
If he wants one only, he must be guided by present form; whichever
is bowling the best must be selected. Let us say he has selected
Mold. This is No. 1. No. 2 must be a good left-hand bowler. Peel and
Briggs are perhaps the only two at the present time who have good
qualifications, and we think our captain would probably fix on Peel
as being the best bowler of the two. No. 3--a medium-pace to fast
round-arm bowler--is next wanted. Lohmann would be the very man, but
since ill-health at the present date prevents his appearance on the
field, let our captain bring into his team as No. 3 Lockwood. Surely
he or Mold, if not both, will prove destructive. No. 4.--Our captain
now wants a right-arm slow bowler accurate enough to keep down the runs
(if it is necessary) on a hard true wicket, and powerful enough with
the ball to take advantage of crumbled or sticky wickets. Who is he to
take? C. M. Wells of Surrey and Cambridge, Flowers of Notts, Attewell
of ditto, Wainwright of Yorkshire, A. Hearne of Kent, are all good
names. The man for this place a few years ago would have been Alfred
Shaw. What a fine bowler he was! Perhaps his best performance was in
1875, when for Notts _v._ the M.C.C. at Lord’s he bowled 162 balls for
7 runs and 7 wickets (bother the maidens: we don’t care how many of
them he bowled!), and amongst these seven wickets were W. G. Grace,
A. W. Ridley, C. F. Buller, and Lord Harris. In the same match, for
the M.C.C., A. W. Ridley with his lobs had a good analysis for the two
innings--208 balls, 46 runs, and 10 wickets. Our captain thinks for
No. 4 he cannot do better than Wainwright, and we agree with him. No.
5--the wicket-keeper--must be G. McGregor of Cambridge and Middlesex.
Alas! when this chapter was written for the first edition of this
book Pilling was the wicket-keeper selected, and we then expressed a
hope that his health would allow him to remain behind the stumps for
many years to come. Pilling died a few years ago, but those who ever
played with him will never forget the excellence of his calm and quiet
wicket-keeping, nor the gentleness and courtesy which graced his whole
character. No. 6.--Now our captain has got to fill up six places; he
has up to the present provided for getting rid of the opposite side:
he now turns his attention to the selection of his batsmen. W. G.
Grace first, no one disputes. Does someone suggest Shrewsbury? Well,
certainly, during the last seven or eight seasons he has batted most
wonderfully well; but for winning a match give us W. G. as our first
choice. Shrewsbury may be the best to prevent his side being beaten;
but we want to win, and if one man stays in the best part of a couple
of days for 150 runs there is a great chance of the game being drawn.
We like the man who makes 150 in three to four hours, and then gets
out and helps to get the other side out afterwards. So our captain
annexes W. G. as No. 6. No. 7, Shrewsbury. No. 8, A. E. Stoddart, that
sound and resolute batsman, who perhaps gives more pleasure to the
spectators than any other living cricketer. No. 9, Gunn. No. 10.--And
now, having selected nine of his team, our captain must consider what
he has and what he has not got. His team at present consists of W. G.
Grace, Shrewsbury, A. E. Stoddart, Gunn, G. McGregor, Mold, Lockwood,
Peel, and Wainwright. He has therefore the four best batsmen in
England--Grace, Shrewsbury, Stoddart, and Gunn--three sound first-class
batsmen in Lockwood, Peel, and Wainwright, a very likely run-getting
bat in McGregor, and an indifferent performer in Mold. He has six
bowlers, the four chosen and Grace and Stoddart. Now what has he in
the field? Shrewsbury will have to go point, that is evident, as he is
a fairly good point and useless elsewhere owing to his inability to
throw. Grace, Mold, and Lockwood must all be in places somewhere near
the wicket, Grace because of advancing years and stiffened muscles, the
other two because much throwing would damage their bowling. We have
Stoddart and Gunn, both excellent fielders and throwers, and these two
must be kept for fielding in the country. Peel and Wainwright are also
two good fielders, but they being bowlers will not probably be wanted
for country fielding except in an emergency. Taken as a whole, the nine
we have already got are good fieldsmen. What does our captain then want
for the tenth place? As he has already got a strong batting, bowling,
and fielding side, he must look out for a good all-round cricketer
who will strengthen his team at all points. He must take care not to
give either of his last two places to men who will weaken the side in
fielding; above all, they must be good in the field. Would W. W. Read
do for the tenth place? Unquestionably he is a magnificent batsman,
but where is he to go in the field? Shrewsbury is at point; W. W.
Read would have to field elsewhere then, and, for the same reason as
already given for W. G. Grace, he would seriously cripple the side if
required to go into the country, as undoubtedly he would have to. No.
Our captain rejects W. W. Read, and selects F. S. Jackson of Cambridge
University and Yorkshire as his tenth man. And as he is one of our most
accomplished and resolute batsmen, a fine field and thrower, and a most
useful fast change bowler, surely his inclusion in the team will add
strength to every department of it. No. 11.--The last place in the team
is a difficult task to select. The same considerations must guide the
choice here as for the tenth place. If another bowler were required we
would suggest Briggs or A. Hearne as being good bowlers and all-round
good cricketers, but our captain is already playing four men to bowl,
and has in addition the various changes already mentioned. Is there
any really first-class batsman who, if included in the team, would not
injuriously affect the fielding of the side? W. W. Read we have already
said has to be rejected. A. Ward of Lancashire is the man, a really
sound batsman and a good field and thrower. Our captain has completed
his task, and a very powerful team he has selected, strong in batting,
bowling, fielding, and throwing, and indeed a difficult nut for any
Australian side to crack.

Such was the selection of the first English eleven about ten years ago,
but a great deal has happened since that date. At the present moment
Stoddart’s team in Australia have been so unsuccessful that though
when they started they were reckoned to be about our best eleven, for
the honour of England it must be hoped that a better is to be found.
There can be no doubt that our bowling is terribly weak, weaker on good
wickets than at any previous time in cricket history, and it seems that
we must go out of the beaten track of bowlers and try a change. Our
representative eleven to-day is chosen with no great confidence, and
many will unfavourably criticise the selection. There is no difficulty
about the batsmen, who shall be MacLaren, Ranjitsinhji, Gunn, Abel,
Jackson and Hayward, and the wicket-keeper Storer; but what about the
bowlers? Hirst is not good enough, Peel and Briggs are past their
prime, and Wainwright on good wickets is harmless. Richardson and
Hearne we still must select, but for the last two we shall select a
veteran and a youngster. Attewell shall be one and the young Essex
amateur Bull shall be the other. During the last season Bull on hard
wickets showed himself to be a slow bowler with more spin than any
other bowler in England, moreover he is not so well known; while
Attewell bowls still the best length, and can always keep runs down.

One thing will be noticed here, and that is, that for the first time
since 1867 W. G. Grace is left out of a representative English team,
and the elements of a tragedy can be found here. For twenty-nine years
he would have been chosen, but the time has come at last; but to show
his wonderful powers, if he had been chosen now--and some people would
still choose him--it would largely be for his bowling, which is unlike
other bowling, and would still get wickets.

An old cricketer may here be permitted to drop a tear over the
decadence of the bowling and the superlative excellence of the grounds
that has disturbed the old balance of cricket, and brought far too
prominently forward the second and third rate batsman.

In the field all captains should be cheery and bright, and full of
encouragement to both fielders and bowlers. A despondent captain, who
becomes sad and low when things are going against him, has a most
depressing effect on his men. Cricket is a game full of so many chances
and surprises that no match is ever lost till the last ball has been
bowled, so the bowlers must be cheered and encouraged and the fielders
kept up to the mark till all is over.

[Illustration: At wicket after bowling.]

Everything that goes on in the game should be noticed by the captain.
If a bowler forgets to get behind the stumps when the ball is to be
returned to him by a fielder, the captain should at once call his
attention to the fact; if a fielder keeps shifting his position over
after over without orders, a gentle reminder must be given; if a
fielder throws unmercifully at the bowler or wicket-keeper when there
is no attempt at a run on the part of the batsmen, he must be spoken
to. It is a bad fault on the part of a fieldsman to knock the poor
wicket-keeper’s hands to pieces for no purpose.

If a captain keeps his eye open on all these little things, and does
his best to eradicate them and others of the same nature from his men,
if he is a keen zealous cricketer gifted with a calm temperament and
sound judgment, he may rest assured that before he has led his men very
long he will be the captain of a good team.




[Illustration: ‘Guard please, Umpire.’]




CHAPTER V.

UMPIRES.

(BY A. G. STEEL.)


If anyone were to ask us the question ‘What class of useful men
receive most abuse and least thanks for their service?’ we should,
without hesitation, reply, ‘Cricket umpires.’ The duties of an
umpire are most laborious and irksome; they require for their proper
performance the exercise of numerous qualifications, and yet it is
always the lot of every man who dons the white coat, the present dress
of an umpire, to receive, certainly no thanks, and, too frequently,
something which is not altogether unlike abuse. Nowhere can any notice
be found in the history of cricket of the first appearance of umpires
as sole judges of the game; and from old pictures, and notably the one
at Lord’s, it is evident that, in the early days of cricket, there were
no umpires. The scoring was done by the ‘notcher,’ who stood by and
cut a notch in a stick every time a run was made, and who also most
probably would be the one to decide any point of dispute that might
arise amongst the players. The earliest copy of the laws of cricket
that we have is dated 1774; the heading is ‘The Laws of Cricket,
revised at the Star and Garter, Pall Mall, February 25, 1774, by a
committee of noblemen and gentlemen of Kent, Hampshire, Surrey, Sussex,
Middlesex, and London.’

These laws are the foundation of those which now govern cricket, and
in them rules were laid down with regard to umpires, some of which,
with certain modifications, are still in force. Although these laws,
promulgated in 1774, are the earliest authenticated, there is still
in existence a much older document, though the date is unknown, which
contains a few remarks on the game, entitled ‘Ye game of cricket as
settled by ye cricket club at ye Star and Garter in Pall Mall,’ and
then it goes on, ‘Laws for ye umpires,’ showing that in considerably
earlier days than 1774 umpires were recognised institutions in the game.

It has always been the custom, till within the last few years, for each
side to choose its own umpire, even in the most important matches,
except those played at Lord’s and the Oval. The system of each side
providing its own umpire existed till 1883. It thus happened that aged
and decayed cricketers were rewarded by being chosen as umpires to
watch over the interests of their old colleagues.

It was quite impossible for men who were thoroughly imbued with a
strong spirit of partisanship to remain perfectly impartial; however
honest and free from suspicion a man might be, his opinion, at a
critical stage of the game, could not fail to be unconsciously biassed
in favour of the side with whose name his own had been long associated.
Many men became alarmed at the idea of obtaining a reputation for
giving partial decisions, and would go to the other extreme, and decide
against their own side oftener than the facts justified. There were
also men, no doubt--but these were few and far between--who used their
important position to unfairly enhance the chances of victory for
their own side. This system was a bad one, as it made the position of
an umpire so extremely invidious: but it was not till 1883 that the
present practice was introduced. At the beginning of the season each
county now sends up the names of two or more umpires to the secretary
of the M.C.C. Then from the list of names nominated by the different
county committees the secretary has to appoint two umpires for every
county match, neither of these two being the nominees of either of
the counties that are playing in the match. This system works very
well and is a very fair one, as the judges of the game are not now
exposed to the charge of partiality, so frequently made under the old
rule, their interests being connected with neither side. The list of
what may be called the official umpires is almost totally composed of
elderly professional cricketers, who, as young men, were themselves
famous players, they are consequently men who, having spent many years
of their lives in the active pursuit of the game, possess a thorough
knowledge of its laws and practice. And our experience of the way in
which those arduous duties are performed is that, considering the
difficulties of the situation they are placed in, our English umpires,
taken as a body, give good and correct decisions. We think that this
opinion would be indorsed by most leading cricketers.

The difficulties of an umpire are many, and the nice distinctions he
is called upon to draw over and over again during the course of the
match may be gathered from the fact that bad decisions in first-class
matches are not infrequent. And yet we adhere to the commendation
given above. It is an absolute impossibility to find an umpire who
will not make mistakes at times. The most likely slip for him to make
is, perhaps, when he is appealed to for a ‘catch at the wicket.’ Let
us just glance at some of the difficulties which may, and often do,
arise as to this decision. The umpire has to satisfy himself that the
bat or the batsman’s hand (but not the wrist) has touched the ball
before it has lodged in the wicket-keeper’s hand. There are often cases
where there is no doubt that the bat has touched the ball; the batsman
strikes at the ball and hits it so hard that the sound of the ‘click’
may be heard by every fieldsman on the ground, and even sometimes by
the spectators; and then, of course, the umpire has no difficulty. But
supposing a batsman in playing forward to a ball just outside the off
stump apparently misses it, and the ball turns after the pitch and,
without any sound or ‘click,’ lodges in the wicket-keeper’s hand, what
has the umpire to say if appealed to? He sees the ball turn after the
pitch, and he sees it pass the bat dangerously near, but he hears no
sound; perhaps in this case no one on the field but the wicket-keeper
knows for certain what has taken place; he knows that the ball turned
from the pitch, just grazed the shoulder or edge of the bat, and
came into his hands. The batsman, perhaps, has in his forward stroke
touched the ground with his bat at the very moment the ball grazed the
bat. The jar of his bat on the ground has nullified the effect of the
touch of the ball, and he doubtless considers that if the appeal is
answered against him he has met with injustice. In a case like this
the umpire gives, or should give, the batsman the benefit of the doubt
that exists, and No. 1 bad decision is chronicled against him by the
fielding side. No blame can be attached to the umpire, he has done his
very best to give a correct decision, but the circumstances have made
it absolutely impossible for him to be certain on the point. Again,
it is sometimes next to impossible for an umpire to be sure whether a
ball has just grazed the tip of the indiarubber finger of a batsman’s
glove or not; for often in such a case no sound can be distinguished.
The batsman feels and the wicket-keeper sees it, but none else in the
field knows anything at all about what has happened. The umpire can see
the ball pass very close to the glove, but whether they have actually
touched he cannot at a distance of twenty-four or twenty-five yards
decide. An umpire may often be deceived, too, in his vision, if the
ball pass the bat quickly and the stroke of the bat towards the ball
has been a rapid one; he may hear an ominous ‘click’ that sounds like
a touch, and yet he may think that he saw daylight between them at the
moment the ball passed the bat. We have more than once in a first-class
match, in which two good umpires were engaged, struck a ball fairly
hard and seen it lodge in the wicket-keeper’s hands, and heard in
answer to a confident appeal, ‘Not out; he was nowhere near it!’ and
this when everyone in the field heard the sound, and knew it could only
have been caused by the ball meeting the bat. And again, supposing a
slight noise or ‘click’ to be heard just when a ball is passing outside
the legs of a batsman, should the ball be taken by the wicket-keeper,
it is often a most difficult thing for an umpire to be certain whether
the ‘click’ has been caused by the bat and the ball, or the batsman’s
leg or pad-strap and the ball. The click of the ball hitting a strap
or hard piece of cane in a pad is very like the sharp sound caused by
the bat hitting the ball, and this, added to the impossibility of the
umpire actually seeing whether a leg ball passes close to the bat or
not, makes appeals for leg-side catches at the wicket extremely hard to
answer with any degree of certainty.

These are a few instances of the many very difficult cases which an
umpire may be called upon to decide at any moment during a match. Many
others will probably occur to the minds of most of the readers of this
chapter, at any rate of those who have any practical experience of
the game. We do not, however, propose to mention all these cases at
present; some of them we shall have to refer to later on.

We think enough has been said as to the difficult nature of the post
to show conclusively that it is an impossibility to find an umpire
who will not be liable to give bad verdicts. It is most unfortunate
that all umpires, in addition to having to bear the heavy weight of
knowing that they may at any minute be called upon to give a decision
about which they are uncertain and consequently liable to err,
have also too often to suffer from the abuse of those who consider
themselves aggrieved by wrong decisions. The chief principle that
tends to harmonise the game, and make it the quiet English pastime
that it is, is that the umpire’s decision shall be final. It would be
impossible to play the game if this were not so; how would matches
ever be finished satisfactorily if every batsman had a right to remain
at the wickets until he himself thought he was fairly out? And yet,
though this principle is universally known as the main one on which
the prosperity of the game depends, we unfortunately find but too
frequently, and even amongst some of the leading cricketers of the
day, a tendency to revile and abuse the unfortunate umpire whenever
an appeal has been given against them. If a batsman considers he has
been given out wrongfully, he has a perfect right, of course, to give
his opinion of what has taken place privately to anyone; but he has no
right to stand at his wicket wrangling with and abusing the umpire,
nor has he a right to declare publicly to the pavilion on his return
from the wickets that a wrong decision has been given. Too often one
sees a sulky, bad-tempered-looking face arrive at the pavilion, and
in loud tones declare he was not within a yard of it, or ‘it didn’t
pitch within a foot of the wicket.’ Such conduct is unsportsmanlike and
ungentlemanly, and, what is more, is unfair, as such a statement is a
public accusation made against the professional capacity of an absent
man who has no opportunity of refuting or contradicting it.

First-class amateur cricketers should remember that it is impossible
for them to pay too much deference to the decisions of umpires, as
it is from them that the standard or tone of morality in the game is
taken. They should ask themselves, if they wrangle and dispute with
umpires in first-class matches when a large assemblage is present, what
will happen in smaller matches, when there is not the same publicity
and notoriety to restrain the rowdiness which has before now been the
result of a wordy warfare with ‘the sole judge of fair and unfair
play.’ We admit that there is nothing so disappointing and annoying to
a batsman as to be given out by what is really a bad decision. Take,
for instance, a man who cannot for business reasons get away as much
as he would like to indulge in his favourite game. He has been looking
forward for weeks to a particular match, perhaps one of the greatest
importance; he has been practising hard for the last month in his spare
time in the evenings after business hours. The eventful day comes, the
time for his innings arrives, and just when he has settled down with
ten or fifteen to his score, and has begun to find himself thoroughly
at home with the bowling, his hopes are dashed to the ground by a
bad decision. He is maddened with anger and disappointment for the
moment, and every cricketer will heartily sympathise with him; but if
he allows his feelings to get the better of him, and indulges in an
open exhibition of anger against the umpire, that man should never play
cricket again until he has satisfied himself that, come what may, he
will be able to curb himself sufficiently to prevent such exhibitions,
which act so greatly against the true interests of the game.

The majority of cricketers, we are happy to say, are not open abusers
of umpires and their decisions, though a considerable number have
earned this unenviable notoriety. But by far the greater proportion
of batsmen, though not open cavillers at the umpire’s verdict, always
refuse to allow that his judgment, when adverse to them, is correct,
and especially in cases of l.b.w. It is one of the most extraordinary
things connected with the game that, no matter how straight the ball
may have pitched, how low down it may have hit the leg, and how
straight it is going off the pitch to the wicket when stopped by the
opposing leg, there is not one batsman in twenty who will allow that he
is fairly out. ‘The ball pitched off the wicket;’ ‘It would have gone
over the wicket;’ ‘It was twisting like anything and would have missed
the wicket;’ and ‘How could it be out? I hit it hard,’ are the usual
excuses that are made to a knot of the crestfallen batsman’s friends
and sympathisers after his return to the pavilion. Sometimes, no doubt,
one or more of these excuses may be perfectly true, and the batsman has
been unfortunately dismissed by an error in judgment on the part of the
umpire; but in far the larger number of instances they are simply sham
excuses invented by the player to cover his own discomfiture. In some
cases a batsman may really believe that the ball would have missed the
wicket or did not pitch straight, and if so he has a perfect right,
if he thinks fit, to tell his own friends what is opinion is; but as
a rule the umpire’s judgment is right and the batsman’s is wrong. The
mere fact of a ball hitting the leg when it is pitched _so nearly_
straight and would have _so nearly_ hit the wicket as to justify an
appeal to the umpire, shows that the batsman has seriously erred either
in his judgment of the pitch of the ball or in his stroke. He has made
a mistake--the ball hitting his leg is a proof that he has done so; and
yet, with this proof staring him in the face, he comes out and states
positively what practically comes to this: ‘The ball must have been
very nearly straight and would have very nearly hit the stumps, or else
the bowler would not have asked; I mistook the pace, or the pitch, or
the flight of the ball, or all three of them at the same time; but now
that I have had time to think over it, I know for certain the ball was
not pitched straight or would not have hit the wicket.’ This is the
logical conclusion of the vast number of excuses that are made with
regard to decisions of l.b.w.

[Illustration: A clear case.]

When a batsman says that he has hit the ball, it does not always follow
that it is correct, for under certain circumstances he may imagine he
has touched it when in fact he has not done so. For instance, if he
plays forward with the bat close to his left leg, he may slightly touch
his pad or his boot, which may produce in his mind the same impression
as if the bat had touched the ball. In a forward stroke a slight touch
on a hard ground with the end of the bat will often convey the same
idea. There are one or two well-known cricketers, thoroughly keen and
honest players of the game, whose habit of finding fault with umpires’
decisions adverse to themselves has often provoked great amusement.
We remember on one occasion taking part in a match in which one of
these critical gentlemen was playing. Shortly after his innings began
he missed a perfectly straight ball, and just as it was going to hit
the centre of the middle stump it came into contact with a thick
well-padded leg. He had to go. Shortly afterwards in the pavilion he
was overheard replying in answer to a friend, ‘Out? why, it didn’t
pitch straight by a quarter of an inch!’

What has been said with regard to the duty of batsmen to abide by
umpires’ decisions applies equally to bowlers. What can be worse form
than a public exhibition of temper on the part of a bowler because an
appeal is not answered in his favour? ‘Wha-a-a-t?’ shouts a bowler at
the top of his voice, after a negative answer to an appeal, his eyes
glaring at the poor unfortunate umpire as if he wanted to eat him.
‘What _is_ out, then?’ Perhaps in the next ball or two the batsman is
palpably out, either bowled or caught. ‘How’s that, then, sir?’ says
the bowler in sarcastic glee, as if his success was directly due to
the former verdict of the umpire. All this sort of thing is very poor
cricket, and not calculated to promote the true spirit of friendliness
which should distinguish every match if the game is to be enjoyed.

It is in club cricket that there is always the greatest number of
disputes about umpires’ decisions. This is owing to the fact that the
only way in which umpires can be procured is by each side bringing
its own. As a rule the professional bowler of a club stands as umpire
in all matches, and this system, as before mentioned, cannot fail
occasionally to cause a little wrangling. Supposing, for instance, a
side has to get half a dozen more runs to win a match with only one
wicket to fall, and the umpire of the fielding side, by giving the
last hope out leg before wicket, decides the game in favour of his
employers, it must inevitably stir up some angry feelings, especially
as a batsman is scarcely ever known to admit the impeachment of being
fairly out l.b.w. Considering the keenness and anxiety to win of every
cricketer worthy of the name, the fact of serious disputes being almost
unknown is a remarkable instance of the generosity and manliness of
English players.

But it is in _bonâ fide_ country or rustic matches that there is most
often good reason for finding fault with the decisions of umpires. We
are not speaking of matches between clubs who can boast enough members
to enable them to engage a professional bowler, level a good large
square piece of turf, and erect a local habitation in the shape of a
neat and pretty little pavilion; but of matches between clubs in remote
villages, where the village common, rough and uneven as it is, suffices
for practice on the week-day evenings and for matches on Saturday
afternoons, where the only weapons of the batsmen are the old well-worn
and usually desperately heavy club bats, where the village barber is
the bowler, the village baker the best batsman, and the umpire, on
whom his side relies for victory more than on all the other men in the
village, the publican. There are still such clubs in existence, though
not nearly so many now as in days gone by. The increased popularity of
the game, and the greater facilities for getting about the country,
have caused many of these old village clubs to become large and
well-to-do. One of the greatest treats that any cricket-lover can
have is to take part in a match between two really primitive village
clubs. The old fast under-arm bowling, now sixty years at least out of
date in first-class cricket, still preserves its pristine efficacy on
the rough uneven turf, and against the untutored batsmen. The running
and the shouting and the general excitement when the parson misses a
catch, or the butcher is bowled, is very pleasing to one accustomed to
the stateliness and publicity of a match at Lord’s or the Oval. But
the village umpire is, perhaps, the most interesting personage on the
ground. He is usually a stout elderly man, who, grown too grey on the
head and too thick in the girth to give his side any more active help
in the field, assists in quite as efficient a manner in his new post.
He is generally a genial, jolly sort of fellow; devoted to the game, he
fondly imagines that he is an infallible judge of every point that can
arise in it, though really he is wofully ignorant of the whole subject.
He is, however, looked up to by the whole village as an authority whose
opinion cannot be disputed; probably he has once in his life, many
years ago, been to Lord’s, and has there, while watching Carpenter,
Hayward, and George Parr, laid up a store of information connected with
the play of great cricket celebrities which has sufficed ever since to
maintain his reputation as a cricket savant.

Before the beginning of a match, he may be seen diligently rolling the
stubborn ground with a small hand-roller, in the hopes that some of
the numerous adamantine hillocks may be compressed to something like a
level with the surrounding dales and valleys.

After this labour of love has been ineffectually bestowed he proceeds
to mark the creases. And what marvellous works of art they are when
finished! Long crooked lines, some three or four inches in thickness,
suggest that straightness and neatness have been sacrificed to the
desire of using as much whitening as possible. When it is time for the
match to begin, he marches solemnly to the wicket, with a bat over
his shoulder, chaffing and joking with the players as he goes. Then,
what numerous appeals are made to him! Catches at the wicket, l.b.w.,
runs out, all follow one another in quick succession. His decisions
are always given with deliberation and evident doubt, and often are
preceded by questions to the batsman, such as, ‘Did yer ‘it it, Jack?’
or, ‘Whereabouts did it touch ye?’ Thus the length of a man’s innings
is often in the same ratio as his moral obliquity in concealing or
perverting the truth. However, there is wonderfully little disputing,
the good-natured batsmen being quite willing to abide by the fiat of
the great authority; and if decisions are given rather more against
than for them, they are induced to keep quiet by the knowledge that
they have their own village judge at the other end, who, when the time
comes, will do his best to equalise matters.

One of the most primitive rustic matches we ever saw was on a village
common in Hampshire. We always look back to that match as one which
produced more real fun than any we have ever taken part in. The village
umpire there, a jolly good-natured old man, but absolutely ignorant
of the laws of cricket, caused us the greatest merriment during the
whole day. In addition to his official post as umpire, he was the
village caterer at all public entertainments, and consequently supplied
luncheon at all the matches. It was evident his thoughts in the field
were divided between the responsibilities of his two duties--at least
we inferred so by his occasionally allowing the bowler to bowl as
much as ten or more balls in an over, and giving as his reason, ‘If
Mr.---- doant have a bit o’ exercise, he woant relish my steak pie.
O’im vaamous for steak pies, yer know, sir,’ he added by way of apology
for introducing the subject. This worthy old umpire gave certainly
the most astonishing decision we ever saw. A man was batting at one
end who was evidently one of the swells of his side. Owing to the
roughness and slope of the ground, the slow bowling that he had to
play was going about in all directions. Now a ball, pitching nearly
a wide to leg, would twist in and pass the wicket on the off side,
and then one pitched wide on the off would hit or pass the legs of
the batsman, who, after many wild and futile attempts to strike this,
to him, peculiar style of bowling, determined, as a last resource,
to treat it with supreme contempt. He therefore, whenever the ball
pitched wide, got in front of his stumps, turned round, and presented
the back portion of his person to the bowler. The umpire watched these
proceedings with a somewhat perplexed smile on his broad good-humoured
face, but said nothing. Shortly, a ball that pitched a couple of feet
on the leg side, twisted in, and struck the batsman on the seat of his
trousers. This caused some laughter amongst the lookers-on, and when
the mirth had subsided the umpire walked slowly a few yards down the
pitch and addressed the batsman thus: ‘Why, Jack, that ain’t cricket.
O’im a pretty favourable umpire as a rule, you know, Jack: but when a
man stops the ball with _that_, he must be out. You must go, Jack.’
Nothing would induce the injured batsman to remain; we implored him
to stay, but no; he had been given out and was going out; and for the
rest of the day he enjoyed the importance of being an injured man--an
importance enhanced by the opinions of his admirers that, had he not
suffered an injustice, the village scorers would have had on that
occasion anything but a holiday.

[Illustration: ‘You must go, Jack.’]

The well-known crack player who now and then plays in village cricket
matches usually enjoys perfect immunity from the vagaries of the
village umpire; in fact, he runs only a very slight chance of ever
being out at all, unless he is palpably caught or his stumps knocked
down. The old style of umpire that we have attempted to describe is
immensely delighted at the prospect of seeing what he calls ‘real
cricket,’ and whether the ‘swell’ is on his side or against it, he
fully makes up his mind that it will be no fault of his if spectators
are not treated to an exhibition of the real article. The bowlers may
be hoarse with appealing, but the umpire remains obdurate, and it is
with real sorrow he at last sees the great man go.

We remember on one occasion coming across a strange umpire in
Scotland. It was in a country (very country) match. The writer was
batting, and his co-partner at the other end was a well-known sporting
baronet. The latter was the continual cause of appeals both from the
bowler and wicket-keeper for l.b.w.’s and catches at the wicket. All
were answered in the batsman’s favour, much to the disgust of the
fielders. Thinking that the latter were really being treated rather
badly, the writer ventured humbly to ask the umpire whether the last
appeal (an enormous thigh right in front of all three stumps to a
straight one) had not been a very near thing. ‘Lor bless you, sir,’ was
the reply, ‘I have been his valet for fifteen years, and I dussn’t give
him out; he gets awful wild at times.’

A little knowledge is a dangerous thing to umpires as well as
everyone else. A ball in a country match hit the batsman’s leg, skied
up in the air, and was caught by point. ‘How’s that for leg before
wicket?’ shouted the bowler. ‘How’s that for a catch?’ said point. The
bewildered umpire had not an idea what it was, but no doubt he thought
such loud appeals meant something, and so said, ‘Out.’ ‘What for?’
said the batsman; ‘it didn’t pitch anything like straight, wouldn’t
have hit the wicket, and what’s more, never touched it.’ ‘Out,’ said
the nonplussed umpire; ‘it hit _you below the wrist_.’ This story,
although told of an ignorant umpire, illustrates a principle which the
best umpires should have in mind, but which many of them seem never
to have learnt, or else to have forgotten, and that is, never give
your reasons for a decision. This is a golden rule for all umpires. An
umpire is engaged to say ‘Out’ or ‘Not out’ when appealed to, and not
to state the reasons which have induced his verdict. When a man adds to
his decision, ‘It didn’t pitch straight,’ ‘Your toe was up in the air,’
‘Your bat was over the crease but not on the ground,’ it has a tendency
to create useless discussion and waste of time. Besides, an umpire may
occasionally be right in his verdict, but may be brought to grief by
explaining his reasons. For instance, suppose an appeal for a l.b.w.,
and the umpire says ‘Not out.’ The wicket-keeper and the bowler may
know that the point for decision is whether the ball pitched straight
or not; the umpire adds, for example, ‘The ball would have gone over
the wicket.’ Well, this may be so, but both the wicket-keeper and the
bowler think not; if the verdict had been a decided ‘Not out,’ both of
these two would have been satisfied--a doubtful point had been given
against them, no one was to blame for it, better luck next time, &c.
&c. But since the umpire has been guilty of stating reasons, which,
according to them, are not satisfactory, he has branded himself with a
bad decision in the eyes of the fielding side.

Some umpires--in fact, the majority of them--have a habit of putting
their hand and arm in the air and pointing to the skies when they
give a man out. A verdict propitious to the batsman is given by a
solemn ‘Not out,’ but one adverse by an annoying silence and a most
inappropriate wave of the arm in the air. It would be far more to the
purpose if the finger were pointed downwards instead of upwards, as the
batsman’s hopes are shattered. We never like to leave the wickets till
the umpire’s voice is heard. The arm may go in the air involuntarily,
or the umpire be surprised into a spasmodic upward arm-jerk; but a good
honest ‘Out’ can never be doubted.

With regard to the qualifications that a man should possess before he
can hope to perform satisfactorily to himself and others the duties of
an umpire, the first essential is that he must have been at one time
a good cricketer. By good we do not mean first-class, or that he must
have had his name amongst the list of the best players of his time;
but he must have been fairly proficient in the game, and must have had
a large practical experience. The qualifications of a good judge are,
no doubt, of a different nature from those for a good advocate, but
before a man can sit on the Bench he must have passed through the wear
and tear of the bar, and had, when there, varied experiences in the
practice of law. So with an umpire; it does not absolutely follow that
a first-rate player will make a good umpire, but it does follow that a
man who has had great practical experience in the game will be better
qualified to decide the nice points that arise than one who has only
made cricket a theoretical study. Assuming that a man has sufficient
knowledge of the game to stand as umpire, he must possess quick and
keen sight, a good sense of hearing, powers of rapid decision, and
last, but not least, he must be very fond of cricket. The necessity of
the first two of these qualifications for good umpiring is apparent.
For most decisions a good power of sight only is required, but in
appeals for catches at the wicket an umpire has both to be guided by
his eyes and his ears. Many cases occur where the ball and the bat pass
each other with such rapidity that it is impossible for an umpire to
be certain from his eyes alone that they have touched one another, and
he must then, to a great extent, be guided by what he has heard. Both
sight and sound must help him to come to his conclusion, and he must
give no decision if it is inconsistent with the effect of either of
these senses on his mind.

No umpire should ever be chosen to stand in first-class matches unless
he possesses the perfect use of these two senses. More than once in
important matches we have seen an umpire with his ears stuffed full
of cotton-wool. This, no doubt, was an excellent preventive against
catching cold in the head, but it was a monstrous thing to see the
result of a match of some interest depending upon the amount of sound
that could penetrate through two or three layers of wadding.

An umpire should possess powers of quick decision, because every time
his opinion is asked he has to give it at once, and with firmness. If
he shows any signs of doubt or hesitation, he destroys the confidence
which it should be his constant endeavour to see reposed in him and his
judgment.

An umpire has to concentrate every particle of his attention on the
game, every minute of the five or six hours he is in the field has
to be devoted to studiously watching every ball that is bowled and
every incident in the play. Once let his attention be distracted, or
his interest lessened in what is going on around him, and he will
make a mistake. The powers of concentration necessary in an umpire
are so great, and are required for such a lengthy period, that it is
impossible to find them in any man unless he is imbued with a thorough
love of cricket. It is this devotion to the game which enables our
umpires to fix their attention on it for such long weary hours, in all
conditions of weather, and in our most important matches, with such a
heavy weight of responsibility upon their shoulders. Firm, free, and
unbiassed in their judgment, our English umpires have the satisfaction
of knowing that unbounded confidence is placed in them by the players
and the public, and that never in the history of modern cricket has
there been the faintest whisper of suspicion against their integrity or
fair fame.

And now let us discuss the actual duties of an umpire connected with
the game. The two umpires before the beginning of the match should be
present when the ground is chosen and measured. By rights, it is the
duty of the umpires actually to choose the pitch; but this is seldom
done, as so much care and attention is spent on all grounds at the
present day by the ground-men, that the wicket intended to be used has
been generally prepared with diligence for two or three days previous
to the match. They should, however, be present, and see that the ground
is the proper measurement, and that the stumps are so fixed in the
ground as to satisfy the sixth rule of the game--namely, ‘Each wicket
shall be eight inches in width, and consist of three stumps.... The
stumps shall be of equal and sufficient size to prevent the ball from
passing through, twenty-seven inches out of the ground. The bails shall
be each four inches in length, and when in position on the top of the
stumps, shall not project more than half an inch above them. Umpires
should be very careful to see that these provisions are complied with
both with regard to the width of the wicket and the ball passing
between the stumps.’ We have often seen stumps in a first-class match
so wide apart that the ball would pass between them without dislodging
the bails; over and over again have we taken hold of the ball and
passed it between them to show the umpire that the stumps were too far
apart; but we have never seen a bowled ball pass between the stumps
without removing the bails in a first-class match, though this often
happens in smaller matches. Umpires should themselves measure the
ground between the wickets; groundsmen, as a rule, do this, but they
occasionally do it in a careless and slovenly fashion, which may result
in the distance being a foot too short or too long. The slightest
difference in the usual distance of twenty-two yards from wicket
to wicket makes a great difference to the bowler, and so it should
invariably be checked by the umpires themselves using the chain.

Before the match begins, the umpires should settle what the boundaries
are to be. This, of course, will only apply to those places where the
boundaries have not been finally settled, as at Lord’s and the Oval
and other well-known grounds. The usual practice, however, is for
the visiting team to accept the boundaries that are customary on the
ground; but should there be any dispute on this subject, it must be
settled by the umpires. Having arranged all preliminaries connected
with the pitch and the boundaries, the umpires should go to the wickets
punctually to the very minute agreed upon for beginning play. A vast
amount of time is on many grounds lost owing to unpunctuality; and if
the umpires appear on the ground at the appointed time, irrespective of
whether the players are ready or not, it has a good effect. The umpire
at the bowler’s end, when the bowling is over the wicket, should stand
as near as he can to the wicket without inconveniencing the bowler in
his action; he should stand sideways fronting the bowler, but with
his head looking over his right shoulder down the pitch. The object
of this attitude is that as small a surface of his body as possible
should be permitted to be in the line of sight of the batsman and the
ball. There are some umpires who stand as much as five or six yards
from the wicket, no doubt under the impression that so long as they
are in a straight line with the two wickets they can see everything;
but this is a mistake, as it is evident that the nearer the umpire
stands to the wicket the better he can see and judge the points that
arise for his decision. Before umpires were required to wear the long
white coats which now render them so conspicuous, their dark ones
often greatly interfered with the batsman’s view of the ball, but now
this inconvenience has been done away with, and the batsman can never
rightly complain of his sight being obscured by the umpire.

The umpire should stand perfectly still at the moment the ball is
delivered; he must not even move his head, as any moving object
directly behind the ball, and especially as near to it as the umpire is
standing, may distract the batsman’s sight from the ball. He must watch
the bowler’s hindmost foot to see if it touch or cross the bowling
crease, in which case it is a ‘no ball,’ and must almost at the same
time watch the bowler’s hand and arm to guard against any infringement
of the rule against throwing.

The rule with regard to ‘no balls’ is, ‘The bowler shall deliver the
ball with one foot on the ground behind the bowling crease, and within
the return crease, otherwise the umpire shall call no ball.’ The umpire
must, therefore, call ‘no ball’ if the hindmost foot of the bowler is,
at the moment of delivery, even touching the bowling or return creases.
This rule makes it important that the bowling crease should be neatly
and correctly marked. The rule with regard to the bowling crease says
that it ‘shall be in a line with the stumps, 6 ft. 8 in. in length,
&c.,’ but says nothing about the width of it. We must, therefore, infer
from the words ‘in a line’ that the bowling crease should not be of
greater width than the thickness of the stumps. If it is drawn of this
thickness only, it is a very narrow line, but is correct according to
a common-sense interpretation of the rules 7 and 11; for supposing, as
is often the case, the crease is thicker than the width of the stumps,
it would then be a manifest injustice to ‘no ball’ a bowler because
his hindmost foot has just touched the edge of it. These two rules
evidently mean that the hindmost foot shall be behind the line of the
wicket when the ball is delivered. If the crease is too thick, the foot
may just touch it and yet not transgress the spirit of the two rules
taken together.

With regard to the necessity, laid down in rule 11, for the hindmost
foot to be on the ground ... when the ball is delivered, we think
umpires may take it as settled that it is quite an impossibility for a
bowler to deliver a ball with this foot off the ground. Let anyone try
to bowl with only the left foot on the ground, and he will at once see
the practical impossibility of doing so. A ‘no ball’ should be called
quickly and distinctly directly the ball has been delivered; an umpire
must not shout ‘No ball’ as soon as he sees the foot touch or overlap
the crease, but must wait till the ball is actually bowled; otherwise
he may land himself in a difficulty should the bowler stop and not
deliver the ball. We remember an umpire, who is generally supposed to
be about the best in England, making this mistake in 1886; he called
a ‘no ball’ so very prematurely that it gave the bowler time to stop
before the ball left his hand.

A wide ball is one that, in the opinion of the umpire, is not within
reach of the striker. It therefore does not make the slightest
difference where it pitches so long as, in the umpire’s opinion, it
has _never been_ within the batsman’s reach. Some people entertain
the idea that if a ball has pitched fairly straight but afterwards
twisted beyond the batsman’s reach, it should not be called wide; but
this is wrong, as the rule says positively that ‘if it is not within
reach of the striker, the umpire shall call “wide ball.”’ It is often
a very nice point as to what is or is not within reach of the striker,
and umpires’ opinions vary on this head. We think the true reading of
the rule is that, on the off side, the batsman’s reach should not be
limited to what he can only reach when standing still in his original
position, but should be extended to what he can conveniently and
comfortably reach with either leg across his wicket, say for ‘cutting’
or ‘off driving.’ On the leg side we think a ball should be called
‘wide’ if the batsman in the ordinary swing of the arms and bat for a
leg hit could not reach it.[32] It thus follows, that a ball may be a
‘wide’ on the leg side which would not be one if at an equal distance
from the batsman on the off side. If the ball passes so high over the
batsman as to be out of his reach, it is a ‘wide.’ This very rarely
occurs, but umpires should remember that if the batsman can touch this
ball by holding the bat in the air, it is not a ‘wide.’ It does not
follow that it is a ‘wide’ because the ball goes over the head of the
batsman without being played at--most batsmen refuse to strike at such
a ball because of the attendant risk--but it must be so high that the
batsman cannot reach it when holding the bat in the usual manner.

When the bowler is bowling round the wicket the umpire should stand
exactly in the same place as he does for ‘over the wicket’ bowling, but
should of course front the bowler’s side of the wicket. He should be
watchful to see that the bowler keeps within the limit of the return
crease; if he touches this with his hindmost foot, it is a ‘no ball’
and should be instantly ‘called.’ Round-the-wicket bowlers often have
a tendency to bowl as far as possible round the wicket, and as this is
done with the object of making their bowling more difficult, umpires
should be careful to keep them within the prescribed limits. There is
rather a slackness in many umpires about calling ‘no ball’ because the
return crease is touched; but they ought to be quite as particular in
this respect as in the case of the bowling crease--in fact, even more
so, as a ball delivered an extra inch from the line between wicket and
wicket makes more difference to the batsman than one delivered an inch
nearer than usual.

The principal duties of the umpire at the bowler’s end are those
we have discussed--viz. calling ‘wides’ and ‘no balls,’ answering
decisions for leg before wicket and catches at the wicket--and there
are some few other points he may occasionally be called upon to decide.
Before mentioning these, let us see what the laws say with regard to
the several duties of the two umpires. Law 47 says, ‘The umpire at the
bowler’s wicket shall be appealed to before the other umpire in all
cases except in those of stumping, hit wicket, run out at the striker’s
wicket, or arising out of law 42 (the law relating to any part of the
wicket-keeper’s person being in front of the wicket, or to his taking
the ball before it reaches the wicket); but in any case in which an
umpire is unable to give a decision, he shall appeal to the other
umpire, whose decision shall be final.’ It will thus be seen that the
umpire at the bowler’s end must be appealed to first in all but the
excepted cases; he therefore has to decide all questions relating to
catches; but if he is uncertain, or from some cause has been prevented
from seeing the circumstances of the catch, he may appeal to the other
umpire, whose decision shall be final. It is sometimes a very difficult
thing for an umpire to be certain whether or not the fielder’s hands
have got under the ball before it has touched the ground; if he is
at all doubtful, he should at once appeal to the other umpire, whose
position may probably have enabled him to get a better view of the
‘catch.’ A difficulty occasionally arises in connection with what is
commonly called a ‘bump’ ball. A bump ball is one which the batsman,
playing hard on to the ground and close to the bat, causes to bound
in the air. Should it be caught by a fielder, a question often arises
whether it touched the ground after the bat or not. Sometimes these
decisions are hard to arrive at with certainty, and especially so if
the ground is dry and dusty and the batsman in striking stirs up a
cloud of dust, as the actual contact between the bat and the ball is
then partially, if not altogether, obscured from the umpire’s view.
Perhaps the most historical decision on this point is one that was
given in the University match of 1881. C. F. H. Leslie, the well-known
old Rugbeian, had just begun his innings; A. F. J. Ford was bowling.
Leslie made a half-hit at a well-pitched-up ball, and raised a cloud of
dust around him; the ball came straight back to the bowler, who caught
it, and Leslie instantly left his wicket for the pavilion, evidently
under the impression that he was fairly out. Before he had reached the
entrance of the pavilion circumstances arose which caused the other
batsman then at the wickets to appeal to the bowler’s umpire for a
decision as to whether the catch had been made off a ‘bump’ ball or
not. This umpire, not being able to give a decision, appealed to the
other one, who, after some discussion with his colleague, decided in
the affirmative, and consequently Leslie resumed his innings.

When an umpire has to decide the question of a ‘bump’ ball or not, he
must be guided by its length, its flight from the bat, and the way in
which the latter has been used; the state of the ground sometimes must
be considered, as it is unlikely, when the turf is in a soft, spongy
state, that a ball will bounce high or far from it.

As will be seen by the latter part of law 47 (just quoted), the
bowler’s umpire may occasionally be appealed to on matters which are
primarily in the discretion of his colleague. If the latter cannot
decide, for instance, a question of stumping, which, by the law, must
first be referred to him, he may appeal to the bowler’s umpire. This
power of appealing in cases of stumping is rarely used--in fact, we
have never seen or heard of a single case of its exercise, though we
once saw a case arise in which an appeal might very rightly have been
made. In the University match of 1878, A. H. Evans was batting, he ran
out to a slow, hit at it with all his might, missed it, and let the bat
slip out of his hands. The ball was taken, and the wicket put down by
the Cambridge wicket-keeper, Alfred Lyttelton; but the umpire had seen
the bat flying straight at his head, and not wishing to risk a broken
crown by sticking to his post, had fallen down with his head averted
from the wicket, and was consequently unable to give a decision on a
case which he had not seen. Evans was some three or four feet out of
his ground when the bails were knocked off, but as no decision was
given against him he of course remained at the wickets. This is exactly
the case which this part of rule 47 is framed to meet; the other umpire
would have been quite able to have given a decision on a plain case
like this, and no doubt would have done so had there been an appeal
made to him.

Under law 43 many points arise for the decision of the bowler’s
umpire, two of which merit discussion here. This law says, ‘_The
umpires are the sole judges of fair and unfair play_, of the fitness
of the ground, the weather, and the light for play; all disputes shall
be determined by them, and if they disagree the actual state of things
shall continue.’ But law 46 says, ‘They (the umpires) shall not order
a batsman out unless appealed to by the other side.’ So that no umpire
can really decide anything, except wides, no balls, and boundary hits,
unless an appeal is made to him. As will be seen from law 43, appeals
may be made on the fairness or otherwise of the play. These appeals
happily are seldom made, but circumstances may arise in which it is the
duty of the umpire to give his opinion under this rule. For instance,
should the bowler so cut up the pitch with his feet as to place the
batsman at a disadvantage when opposed to the bowling from the other
end, it would be the duty of the umpire, if appealed to, to say that
such tearing or cutting up was unfair, whether done accidentally or
not. When the Hon. Ivo Bligh’s team was in Australia in 1882–3, an
appeal was made to the umpire by one of this team as to whether the way
in which Spofforth was cutting up the wicket was fair or unfair. There
was no doubt the wicket was being seriously damaged; the appealing
batsman of course made no imputation of intentional unfairness against
Spofforth, but only asked for a decision whether such damage was fair
to the batting side. The umpire asked to see the soles of Spofforth’s
shoes; these were held up for public view, and as they only had about
one spike each, it was decided that there was nothing unfair. It, is,
however, a well-known fact that when ground is cut up, it is done by
the force with which the boot is brought on to the ground; the edge of
the sole is often answerable for the damage, and the number of spikes
that are worn is quite beside the question.

As we have before noted, the umpire at the striker’s end has to
decide some few points; his duties, however, are not nearly so onerous
as those of his colleague at the other end. They are decisions on
stumping, hitting wicket, running out, and matters arising under law
42. This umpire should stand quite square with the wicket, so near
as to enable him to see accurately all that happens without placing
himself in any risk from a hard square hit. He should take care that
the popping crease is clearly visible to him: if it has got worn out
and difficult to see, a pinch of sawdust placed at the end of it will
give him its correct line. It is always best, however, when either of
the creases has become indistinct to send for the whitening and re-mark
it. Stumping rarely gives much difficulty to the umpire; his position
is such that he ought always to be able to see whether the bails are
off before the bat or foot are within the line. If the toe of the
batsman is on the crease and _no part of his foot within it_, of course
the decision must be against the batsman. If the batsman relies on
his bat being in his ground when the bails are off, the umpire should
recollect that the bat must be _in his hand_ according to law 19. We
recollect once seeing in a county match a batsman after a tremendous
futile swipe fall prostrate outside his ground with the force of the
unsuccessful stroke; he was lying some two feet out of his ground, and
his bat was within the crease with the handle resting on his shoulder
when the wicket was put down. The umpire wrongly gave him ‘not out,’ no
doubt thinking he was justified in doing so as the bat was connected
with a portion of the batsman’s body. The bat must, however, be in his
hand to prevent a decision against him, unless ‘some part of his person
be grounded within the line of the popping crease.’

It is generally easy for an umpire to see when a batsman hits his
wickets. The ball is usually played by the bat, but the batsman coming
further back than usual, either from a mistake in his judgment as to
the pitch or from originally standing too near, strikes the wicket.
An umpire, however, must keep a sharp look on the wicket-keeper’s
feet and hands, and see that the fall of the bails is not due to
any of these coming in contact with the wicket. It is possible for
a wicket-keeper to dislodge the bails with the tip of his gloves or
the point of his boot, and yet be unconscious that he has done so. An
umpire must also keep his eyes open to guard against any chance of this
being intentionally done. Fortunately there is now no ‘hanky-panky’
play in our first-class cricket; but there have undoubtedly been cases
where a smart wicket-keeper has been unable to resist the temptation
of removing the bail with foot or glove when in the act of taking the
ball. If any part of the batsman’s person hits the wicket ‘in playing
at the ball,’ it is sufficient to justify a decision against him. If
his hat blow off and knock the bails off when he is in the act of
playing, he is out; several instances are on record of this unfortunate
method of dismissal. In the season of 1886 there was an instance
recorded of a man knocking one of his bails off with a piece of the
string that had been wrapped round the blade of his bat; he was, of
course, given out. A difficulty sometimes arises as to whether the bail
was knocked off in the actual stroke at the ball, or whether it was in
the action of the bat preliminary or subsequent to the stroke.

[Illustration: Stumped.]

The duties of umpires are so various, and the decisions they are
called upon to give are so numerous, that it is an impossibility to
discuss them all. Every umpire should remember that when an unforeseen
incident occurs in the game he must use his common sense for its
solution, and then he will not go far wrong.

FOOTNOTES:

[32] A batsman’s reach is further on the off than the leg side, because
he has his legs to put across the wicket to help him on the former side.




CHAPTER VI.

FIELDING.[33]

(BY THE HON. R. H. LYTTELTON.)


[Illustration: ‘Saving the four.’]

Certain natural qualifications are indispensable to enable any
cricketer to become a great fieldsman. The highest reputation that can
be attained by any painstaking cricketer who is not endowed with these
qualifications is that of being a good safe man. When you hear this
epithet, you may take it for granted that reference is made to a man
who may cover himself with glory if he has to field a ball within a
certain more or less limited space from the spot where he has taken his
position, who is generally in the habit of holding a feasible catch,
and who will seldom disgrace himself.

In other words, a safe field is generally a slow one, is lacking in
electricity and rapidity of movement, and, as batsmen get to know this,
the short run is attempted with impunity. Slow fields are earnestly
advised to practise throwing; for their defects are less apparent
when fielding a long distance from the wicket, and the non-observant
spectator does not notice that the ground covered at a distance from
the wicket by a slow field is very small compared to that commanded by
some space-covering field like Palairet, Sugg, or J. Douglas.

Again, let safe and slow fields, the roadsters among the thoroughbreds,
try and get a respectable knowledge of the game; for if they obtain
this they can in a great measure discount their deficiencies. A good
judge of the game gets to know by instinct where a batsman is likely
to hit certain balls, and so does the observant fieldsman. He will
consequently shift a few yards or so from his original position to
the spot towards which his instinct tells him the ball is likely to
be hit; and he will thereby earn the enviable reputation of being a
man who is frequently in the right place. It used to be said of the
immortal French tennis player, Barre, that he himself did not run after
the ball, but the ball ran after him; his genius told him where his
opponent was going to hit the ball, and he planted himself accordingly.
In like manner will a fieldsman so plant himself; and it is important
to a slow field to try and acquire this instinct, for if the fieldsman
is not on a certain spot of ground before the hit is made, his slowness
will prevent his getting there afterwards, especially if the hit is
hard and the ground fast.

Directions may now be given on the knotty points, ‘Where ought I to
stand?’ ‘When ought I to back up?’ ‘Which end ought I to throw to?’
and a few others; for this reason, that many a good fieldsman might be
better if he knew where to place himself and precisely what to do.

First, then, it may be safely asserted that a concentrated attention on
every ball is a _sine quâ non_ of even decent fielding. Men often think
that if they are simply looking at the batsman they are doing all that
is required. But this is not so. There is a difference of opinion as
to whether the eyes should be fixed on the batsman, or should follow
the ball as it leaves the bowler’s arm; this is a matter of dispute,
our own opinion being in favour of the former plan. But each man should
stand as if the next ball were sure to come to him, not only as if it
might come to him. One can see a whole eleven doing it now and then
when there are (say) six runs wanted to tie and seven to win. They
are all adopting for a few minutes the position they ought to adopt
always--in short, the position in which great fieldsmen like Wainwright
and Burnup are found invariably. We will first take a few general
points, and then the separate places in the field.


BACKING UP.

[Illustration: Backing up.]

This is a matter which demands the earnest consideration of all who
field within thirty yards of the wicket. There ought always to be
two men backing up; never more. Nine times out of ten they will be
superfluous, but the tenth time they will save a ‘four overthrow,’ and
all the chagrin, demoralisation, and tearing of hair connected with
that disaster. No fieldsman can throw his best unless he is confident
about the backing up, and the man who ought to be abused when an
overthrow occurs is not the fieldsman who throws the ball, but the men
who should be backing up and are not. Again--and let young fields take
heed to this--there must be ten yards between the two men backing up,
and also between the one nearest the wicket and the wicket. This gives
them room to stop the wildest throw, but does not give the batsmen
time to run if the ball passes the wicket. If the fields stand close
together, two are as bad as none, and get in each other’s way. Rules
for the different fields we give in dealing with them separately.


THROWING.

This is, of course, a gift of nature, not a result of art. Few
men can throw far, but everyone can throw quickly, and that is what
prevents batsmen from running. There is a moment which decides a
batsman whether he can manage to secure another run or not. It is
just when a fieldsman, having run some way after the ball, and having
his back turned to the wicket, is stooping to pick up preparatory to
throwing in. Now any good judge of running, after seeing a man go
through this process once, knows exactly how long it will take. Every
nerve should be strained to make it as brief as possible: a little
extra sign of life and rapid movement will make the batsman hesitate
a moment, and the run is lost. The engraving on p. 245 shows what in
our opinion is the proper way to pick up a ball going away. The field
is not trying to catch the ball up as far as his feet are concerned.
He is stretching his hand forward to pick it up, and when he has got
it into his hand he will throw it rather over his left shoulder to the
wicket. Again, supposing a run is being snatched. The field should
then remember that to throw in slowly is of no possible use. The throw
may be, in other respects, as perfect and as straight as Robin Hood’s
arrow, but the batsman will be safe over the crease, and such a throw
becomes an example of showy drawing-room cricket, which is sure to be
applauded by the spectators, as well as the reporters, but is useless
to the side. If every field picked up and threw in as quickly as his
knee joints and the state of his arm allowed him, a very considerable
percentage of the runs usually scored would be saved. It is commonly
asserted by many of those supporters of the game who, having laid down
their arms, devote themselves for the rest of their lives to laying
down the law, that nobody ought ever to throw down the wicket. This is
certainly wrong. We do not mean that everybody ought always to throw
at the wicket, but only that some fields, under certain circumstances,
ought to do so. These circumstances occur when it is the only chance of
running a man out. The ball should be hurled violently at the bails,
and if an overthrow occurs, the wise captain will abuse those who
ought to be backing up, and not the thrower. But to throw hard at the
wicket when there is no chance of running a man out is strongly to be
condemned; it may produce an overthrow, and it is certain to inflict
useless concussion on the hands of bowlers and wicket-keepers. No
fieldsman is so apt to disregard this advice as the bowler; at least,
it is a fact that many bowlers are particularly fond of returning the
ball hard to the wicket after they have fielded it. It does not succeed
in running a man out once in a thousand times, it often enables a run
to be got by an overthrow, and it uselessly troubles the wicket-keeper.
A batsman is next door to an idiot who is got out by such means, and we
suspect that it is often done to secure the applause of an unthinking
mob.

[Illustration: ‘Overtaking and picking up.’]


DEEP FIELD, OR COUNTRY CATCHING.

This is an art which the above-mentioned critics lament as having
died out. It may be suspected that they missed as many catches as
the present generation, but still the present generation miss more
than they ought. All fine country fields catch the ball close to the
body--nay, more close to the head--and rightly so, because the eye is
more in a line with the ball, and with the hands in the position shown
in fig. 1, not in the way shown in fig. 2. If a young player begins in
the wrong way, he will miss one or two and get nervous. It is worth
remembering that folios of rules will never make a nervous field keep
hold of a country catch. Cold hands are a frequent cause of failure,
but loss of confidence and the disorganisation of the nervous system is
the commonest reason, and a constant prayer of many a cricketer is to
be spared a high catch.

[Illustration: FIG. 1.--The right way to catch.]

When a field begins to be uncertain, he should keep wicket to fast
bowling for a quarter of an hour a day, and field somewhere close
in for a week or so. The wicket-keeping will practise his eye, and
the fielding close in will spare his nerves during this educational
process. Practice is, of course, useful for long catches, but only up
to a certain point. A player may alter from a bad style of catching to
a good one by practice, but a very safe catch in practice is frequently
a bad performer in a match, simply on account of nervousness. For sharp
catches, wicket-keeping is, perhaps, the only thing that will help. The
peculiar faculty they demand is, like the spin in bowling, something
that cannot be taught, the possession of which is a guarantee of genius.

[Illustration: FIG. 2.--The wrong way to catch.]

And now for those who occupy the separate places, first among whom we
are surely right in dealing with the


WICKET-KEEPER.

A little thought makes it clear that there are given at least
three chances of catching to one of stumping a man out. And so the
wicket-keeper must first feel the ball safe and warm in his hands
before he attempts to put the wicket down. This advice sounds obvious,
but it is so often disregarded that it must be insisted on. The first
rule accordingly is, that the ball must not be snatched at, but
received. This snapping used to be a very common fault with amateurs,
and the great George Pinder’s remark, ‘You amateurs snap ’em a bit,’
hit on a then weak spot in amateur wicket-keeping. Another reason for
not snapping is one that will certainly strike home, and that is,
that the non-snapper is not nearly so likely to hurt his hands, as
one form of snapping consists in jerking the hands quickly forward to
meet the ball, and thereby resisting a blow instead of waiting for it.
Another danger of snapping is, that you run the risk of moving your
hands in such a way that instead of the ball striking the palms of the
hands where it does not hurt, it strikes you on the top of the thumb
or fingers, causing an agony that only wicket-keepers can rightly
appreciate. Hardly any two wicket-keepers stand alike, so take any
position that is natural to you, as was recommended in the chapter on
Batting, only bearing one fact in mind, which is, to avoid standing
so far away as not to be able comfortably to put down the wicket
without moving the legs. The postures generally assumed are, it must
be confessed, the reverse of graceful; they are too well known to need
description, but the two most common forms are shown in the figures
given on pp. 252 and 254. In one figure we recognise the massive
proportions of the famous Sherwin. It is wise to teach the beginner
to stand still and not to move his feet till the ball is hit by the
batsman or has passed his hands or is in his hands. We say beginners
because some famous wicket-keepers do move right in front of the ball,
but if a beginner moves his feet it may be inferred that he funks the
ball, and is getting out of its way. Again, you may not be able to
take many leg-balls, but every time you do put the wicket down, not
regarding the fact that the batsman may not be out of his ground. If
you wait to look, he certainly will not wait to get back, warned as
he is by the sound of the ball impinging on the gloves that there is
no time for loitering about. We do not say that an appeal ought to be
made to the umpire every time that the wicket is put down; that ought
only to be done when you think that the batsman was out of his ground;
unless this is the case it is an unfair and unsportsmanlike proceeding.

[Illustration: Wicket-keeper--Sherwin in position.]

We have before protested against pandering to the vicious tastes
of the gallery, and we must protest against it again, and caution
wicket-keepers in the following particular. It is supremely difficult
to take leg-balls, and the populace applaud accordingly when one is
taken. Now we have no objection to a wicket-keeper taking as many
leg-balls as possible, but on one condition, and that is, that he does
not lay himself out to take leg-balls at the expense of the off balls.
It is easy to do this by a different position and a concentration of
thought on the leg-balls. The vast majority of catches are given on the
off side, and catches, as has been before remarked, out-number stumping
chances in the proportion of 3 to 1. We would infinitely sooner have
a wicket-keeper on our side who was safe on the off side and did not
take one leg-ball in a hundred, limiting leg-balls to those outside the
legs of the batsman. Let your first thoughts be concentrated mainly on
straight and off-side balls, and pay no regard to the applause of any
save those whose knowledge of the game makes their approbation valuable.

[Illustration: Wicket-keeper--Another position.]

A player with no aptitude for wicket-keeping on first going to that
position will undergo moments of unspeakable agony. Spectators do not
thoroughly realise the position of the wicket-keeper, indeed nobody
can who has not attempted the art. In the first place, we will suppose
a very fast bowler; in the second, a fast and possibly a rather bumpy
wicket; in the third place, a batsman with perhaps the bulk of W.
G. Grace or K. J. Key, wielding a bat of the orthodox proportions;
and in the fourth place, three stumps with two bails placed on the
top. The body of the batsman in many cases completely obstructs the
view the wicket-keeper ought to have of the ball. Even if he can get
a good sight of the ball there is that abominable bat being fiddled
about, baulking the eyesight in the most tantalising manner, and
there are some batsmen who have a provoking habit of waving their
bats directly the bowler begins his run, and continuing their antics
till the ball is right up to them; while others seem to be built like
windmills, and have a limb always at hand to throw out between the
unhappy wicket-keeper and the rapidly-advancing ball. There are several
seconds, therefore, when the wicket-keeper is only conjecturing what
course the ball is taking, and is certain of but two things--one, that
the ball is hard; the other, that it is advancing in the direction
of himself with terrific rapidity. Then, even if you see the ball
plainly, it may happen to be, and frequently is, straight, and a
straight fast ball raises unutterable emotions in the wicket-keeper’s
breast; for who knows what devilish tricks the ball, to say nothing
of the bails, will play after the wicket is struck, and the course of
the missile diverted, not stopped? One reads how a bail has been sent
a distance of thirty or forty yards by a fast ball, and that bail may
take the wicket-keeper in the eye _in transitu_. The writer was once
struck by the ball on the eye and by the bail on the mouth at very
nearly the same second. The wicket-keeper is grimly told that he must
not flinch, and that he never can be really good if he does not keep
his legs still. True, most true; but, like other great people who do
great things, he must resist every natural impulse and all his lower
nature, and not till he has succeeded will he stand the least chance
of reaching to a pinnacle of excellence. Having briefly pointed out
these difficulties and dangers, let us beg the field to treat the
wicket-keeper as tenderly as possible, to cultivate a straight throw,
either a catch or a long-hop, and not half-volleys or, worse still,
short-hops, and never to throw hard when there is no necessity. If the
throw is crooked, the wicket-keeper should not leave his position to
stop it; leave that to the men who are backing up. He may be called
upon afterwards to put down the wicket, and he ought to be in a
position for so doing. Bear in mind also this cardinal rule--namely, to
stand behind the wicket to a throw and not in front.


LONG-LEG.

[Illustration: Hit to square-leg.]

It may be stated first of all in regard to this place, that its
importance is very considerably less in the cricket of the present
day than it was in former times. The improvement of bowling in mere
accuracy, owing to the fact that now compared with twenty years ago
five medium pace and slow bowlers exist to one fast bowler, is the
reason of this change; and even when a long-leg is used, it is very
often because a sort of back-up is required for the wicket-keeper, and
the long-leg is consequently placed very sharp, always remembering
that there is no long-stop. The man chosen for this grand post ought
to know from the way a batsman hits at a ball whether he should stand
square or sharp. The old-fashioned long-leg hitting of George Parr is
almost a thing of the past; so that long-leg should stand too square
rather than too sharp, especially as the right hand will thus get most
to do. If the batsman is a weak hitter, alter the position, moving not
only nearer the wicket but sharper as well. For a weak hitter’s most
dangerous stroke will be a snick to leg, and it is rather galling to
see a snick score many runs. But a strong square-leg hit is far more
dangerous; therefore, leave ample space to cover the ground, and trust
to your speed to save two runs. A good runner, after he plays a ball
gently to long-leg, makes all haste over the first run, and, as he
turns, assumes that there is time for the second if he sees that the
long-leg is slackening in the least, or winding up for an ornamental
throw, or in any other way wasting time. In such case jump towards
the ball the moment you see the batsman turning round to slide it in
your direction; run as if a mad bull were behind you, and picking up
the ball with one hand (as it is moving slowly enough) hurl it at the
wicket-keeper’s head--unless he is some distance off, in which case
throw so that it goes to the wicket-keeper a long-hop. Occasionally it
is useful to throw to the bowler, assuming that he is behind the stumps
and that mid-off is backing up, because the batsmen get frightened at
this manœuvre, and feel that their second run entails too much of a
risk, and this frequently prevents them trying it again. Bear in mind
that the aim of good fielding is, not to run men out, but to prevent
their trying to run. Remember also that a catch to long-leg has a
tendency to curl towards your right hand, so do not rush too violently
towards the left directly the ball is hit.


MID-OFF AND MID-ON

have somewhat similar duties to perform, and the latter in one way
is the easiest place in the field, for there is less twist on the
ball when hit there than is the case with any other hit. When the
ground is hard, stand deeper than when it is soft, because on a hard
ground a single is easier, a four harder, to save. Again, stand wider
when the bowler is bowling your side of the wicket, as he is then
responsible for part of the space between you. If the batsman is a
timid runner, it is a good plan to tempt him to run by pretending to
be slow, and the moment he calls ‘run’ dash in with unexpected vigour.
This artifice, however, can be useful only once in an innings, and
must not be attempted by any except quick and good fields. But if by
well-ascertained and true report and your own observation you know that
either or both of the batsmen are slow or timid runners, stand further
back, unless there is any special reason to make you stand in for a
catch, for by so doing you cover more ground and can save fourers or
threes. Mid-off must back up behind the bowler when the ball is thrown
in from long-leg, short-leg, mid-on and long-stop. Mid-on backs up the
bowler when it is thrown from mid-off, cover-point, point, and third
man. Modern tactics and modern slow bowling have invented an extra
field in the shape of an extra mid-off, who stands between cover-point
and mid-off, and his duties, when the fashion is to bowl mainly on the
off side for catches, are most onerous. Mr. G. B. Studd’s fielding
here was one of the sights of cricket. The Australians in general, and
Boyle in particular, have introduced a new position to bowlers of the
Spofforth type--you may call it either an extra short-leg or an extra
mid-on. If the wicket is soft and catchy this field stands sometimes
only five or six yards from the bat, and makes numerous catches when
batsmen are poking forward and the ball is inclined to hang. In short,
it is on the on side that which ‘silly point’--afterwards described--is
on the off side. It will only be seen when bowlers of superlative
excellence are bowling, men who can be relied upon to keep a good
length, and whose bowling is too fast to allow the batsman to run
out for a drive. If the bowler has not these qualities, but bowls a
decent average of half-volleys on the leg-stump or a little outside,
there will probably be a coroner’s inquest required. But Boyle knew
that neither Spofforth nor Palmer bowled such balls, and it cramps the
batsman unpleasantly to see a field standing there on a tricky wicket.
Extreme vigilance is required for this post, and the risk of injury is
too great to permit it being made use of when the wicket is fast. It
was practically never seen in England till the Australians introduced
it in 1878.


COVER-POINT

shares with the three last-mentioned fields a great responsibility
connected with throwing and running fast after the ball. A very
common set of strokes are those which send the ball on either side of
cover-point, mid-off, extra mid-off or mid-on, and realise on a hard
ground three runs. Now a really good field very seldom allows three
runs, because he makes the batsmen suppose that the ball is somehow
back at the wicket almost at the same moment that he is seen picking
it up from the ground. Those who have tried this will testify how
very often a sudden turn and throw-in just checks the third run; the
batsmen feel that they must watch such a field, and it is this very
watching which prevents them from ever pressing the running. This is
a most important matter and one generally neglected, but it is worth
insisting on, because anybody can act upon this piece of advice. Anyone
can run his fastest and throw his quickest, but the men who field in
these places seldom do their best, though the man who does not is not a
genuine cricketer, and is probably a selfish animal. Such conscientious
fielding as this gets very little recognition, though it saves about
one in every ten runs. Spectators do not observe; the cricket reporters
notice the features of the game that are obvious to only ignorant
spectators, and they do not waste ink upon it; but any really judicious
captain estimates it very highly. No doubt a flashy field is very
useful at cover-point; he cramps all the runs on the off side, and
covers the defects of a third-rate mid-off; but very often these are
just the men who shirk the burden, heat and hard work of the day, as
we may call these repeated excursions of fifty yards or so under a
strong sun. Cover-point should learn, if possible, the under-hand throw
practised with such success by the late Rev. W. Law and G. J. Mordaunt.
He has to back up behind mid-off when mid-on or the deep-on fields are
throwing in, and behind point when short-leg and long-leg throw to the
wicket-keeper.


POINT.

Success in this place depends almost entirely on natural gifts, and
there are two distinctly different methods of first-class fielding
in this place. One is the point, who seems nearly to have solved the
problem of perpetual motion, and bounds about everywhere, rushing in at
one ball and right in front of the wicket to the next, but whose first
position is closer in than more stationary fields at the same place.
The other variety of point stands a yard or two further from the wicket
and is more stationary, and his specialty consists in being a grabber
of every ball within his reach. The right way of standing is shown
in the figure opposite. There are plenty of good fields at point who
stand differently from this, but we are trying to teach those who are
not good fields, and we think that this figure is a good position. The
important point to observe is that you can move quicker when one foot
is drawn a little behind the other, and Carpenter and other good fields
used always to stand thus. Some critics would say that point ought to
stoop more, and no doubt some good points do. Each must choose his own
elevation as far as this goes, but we feel sure that a great many balls
go over the point’s head when he stoops very much, and that on the
whole the figure shows the best stoop. The stationary and the restless
both have their merits and both have their characteristics. The tall
man with a long reach nearly always adopts the stationary position, and
no hit is too hard for him to face. Of course he ought to stand ready
to start quickly, but his business consists in covering as much ground
as possible from very nearly one position, and he must have a good
aptitude for getting his hand in the right place to stop the ball.

[Illustration: Point.]

The position of point ought to be in a line with the wicket, and at a
distance depending entirely on the pace of bowler, style of batsman,
and condition of ground. The faster the bowler and the ground, the
further off the wicket ought point to stand, but in no case ought he
to be more than eight yards away. Some points make a great mistake in
standing further than this, for a very common catch at point is when
a bumping ball rises off the batsman’s glove and pitches about four
yards from the wicket in the direction of point--a certain catch if
point is fielding in his right place, but impossible to get at if he
stands too far from the wicket. There is no limit on certain grounds
and to certain batsmen to the closeness to the wicket which an active
point will stand. The ball has been taken literally almost off the
bat. We think, on the whole, that the fieldsman who stands nearly in
the same position till the ball is hit, who is quick in starting, and
very sure and ready to face and stop a real ‘hot-un,’ is more valuable
than the restless point who runs here and there, and rarely adopts the
same position for two consecutive balls. There is, however, much to be
said for both styles; but we feel very sure that the restless point
must first acquire a certain faculty of more or less correctly judging
where the batsman is likely to hit the ball, or else he will be always
rushing to the wrong place.

There is a combination of circumstances which induces modern captains
to put their point right forward on the off side about eight yards from
the wicket. The circumstances required include a batsman who has got a
peculiar forward style, a bowler whose balls are inclined to hang or
get up straight from the pitch, and lastly a catchy wicket where the
balls are apt to bump and hang. It is a very useful place sometimes,
but most dangerous to the field at other times. In the Australian and
England match at the Oval in 1880, Morley was bowling, McDonnell was
batting. The ball now and then bumped up, and the English captain
acceded to W. G. Grace’s wish and allowed him to go forward point, or,
as it is familiarly called, ‘silly’ point. Now McDonnell is one of the
hardest hitters in the world, and Morley used sometimes to bowl a ball
a little over-tossed. A ball of a certain length _might_ have been
bowled that McDonnell _might_ not have smothered at the pitch, and the
requisite hang having taken place, W. G. Grace _might_ have triumphed.
But unfortunately, before this consummation took place, McDonnell got
a ball admirably adapted to his extremely powerful off drive. The
well-known musical sound of a bat hitting the ball plump was heard,
then a second knock higher in its musical pitch and nearly as loud,
the ball was seen about twenty yards high in the air, and McDonnell
easily scored a run. What really happened was this: McDonnell made a
grand hit all along the ground, and long before the burly form of W. G.
Grace had unbent itself, the aforesaid ball had struck his toe, which
offered a strictly passive, because involuntary, resistance, with such
violence that the ball ascended into the air like a rocket, and a run
was the result. W. G. walked slowly, a wiser man, to his old position
on a line with the wicket, and probably in his inmost thought silently
adopted the opinion that the position of ‘silly point’ is only feasible
when a batsman of a style directly opposite to that of McDonnell is at
the wicket. But this forward point is very useful at times, and should
be made use of when circumstances are favourable. The late Mr. R. A.
Fitzgerald, in his well-known book ‘Jerks in from Short-leg,’ says that
if there is no good field at point in an eleven, the captain should
choose the fattest man, for nature makes it impossible for him to get
out of the way of a hard hit. In other words, it sometimes strikes him
in the most prominent part of his person and saves four runs. Perhaps
Roger Iddison, of Yorkshire fame, who died in the year 1890, could have
testified to the truth of this remark, and perhaps Mr. Key will take to
the position in the maturity of his cricket life.


SHORT-SLIP

ought first of all to be as vigilant as if he were keeping wicket. If
he is so, and knows where to stand, he will find it the easiest place
in the field; if he is not, it will be the hardest. Wicket-keepers
ought always to be able to field short-slip, for it is a post that has
all the pleasant moments of wicket-keeping with none of the knocks
and bruises and other discomforts of that important place. Stoop as
the ball is in the air, and hold the hands ready forward, as shown in
figure on p. 264. This position is necessary because many more balls
hiss low along the grass than rise into the air from a snick, and if
they do rise short-slip can rise too and be in time for them; but if he
has to stoop he will be too late. So for fast bowling stand finer than
most short-slips do, and if the ground is very hard keep a long way
off--eight yards is often not too long a distance. But the difficulty
in this respect is much greater when the bowling is slow. A late cut
adds materially to the speed of a slow ball, though it has scarcely
any effect on a fast one. But if, instead of cutting, a batsman plays
forward and snicks a slow ball, a gentle catch comes at a medium
height and drops short. Short-slip must then regulate his position
accordingly. When he sees the batsman lean forward he must advance one
step; when the batsman hangs back and the ball is on the off side he
should hang back too and hold the hands low; for assuredly if anything
comes it will be a hard low catch. He should study the slow bowler’s
action so as to know when his fast balls are coming, and drop back. He
should also ponder on the pace of the ground, and never forget that
_wet on the top of a hard ground makes the fastest surface of any_: in
these circumstances, therefore, he should stand finer and deeper. When
the rain soaks in, the balls pop, and catches come slower and higher.
Short-slip should back up when balls are thrown, not from short- nor
from long-leg, but from mid-on and mid-off and cover-point, and should
run across, when there is a run to third man, between the wicket-keeper
and short-leg. This last is a tiring and often unremunerative
process, but if done through a long innings is in the highest degree
commendable. Short-slip must also run up to the wicket and take the
place of the wicket-keeper when the latter has usurped the functions
of an ordinary fieldsman and left his post to pick up and throw in the
ball to the wicket.

[Illustration: Short-slip.]


THIRD MAN.

This is another most scientific post, and one in which a bad fieldsman
is very much out of place. First, there is the twist. It is worth
knowing respecting a twist from a bat, that if the ground is hard and
the cut clean, the ball will not twist till it has lost some of its
impetus. Consequently stand straight in the line of a hard cut on a
smooth ground, as the ball, though it is _spinning_ all the time, will
not _curl_ till it is some way past third man. But if the turf is soft
the ball bites and curls on the second or third bound, seldom on the
first unless the stroke is a very slow one. The same holds good with
regard to long-leg. The batsman, if he were a genuine judge of a run,
would always ‘run’ to third man when the spin is likely to act at once,
since under those conditions the ball wants so much watching that third
man cannot well return it in time. But many batsmen do not know these
things.

With regard to the distance of third man from the wicket, it is
important that he should judge it according as the batsmen are good
runners or not. He should estimate this at once from their appearance
and demeanour, standing well out if they are men of weight and dignity,
and nearer in if they are active and inclined to steal runs. After
they have run one run to him he should come a yard nearer in, feeling
like a man who has had a personal insult offered him, and is burning
to avenge it. Lastly, he has to consider the throw-in. _It is nearly
always best to throw to the bowler’s wicket_ (assuming, of course,
that he is ready behind the stumps and mid-on is backing up), for this
plain reason: it is generally the non-striker who calls the run, and
consequently starts the quickest, runs quickest, as he sees the danger
before him, and gets home the quickest. Even if he does not call the
run, he is backing up, and starts unshackled by having made a stroke.
So leave him alone. The striker, on the contrary, has made a stroke
(and one that throws him back a good deal), is not backing up, and does
not see the danger. Also, if he runs by the shortest way to the other
wicket, he will very likely be cut over. Circumstances, in short, are
against him. Above all, he seldom suspects that the ball is coming his
way, for very few third men ever throw to the right wicket, very few
bowlers are behind the stumps, and very few mid-ons back up. Third man
should stand squarer for a strong cutter than for a weak one. He should
back up behind short-slip when the ball comes from mid-on, and arrange
with cover-point as to the throws from short-leg, himself covering
point when the throws come from in front of the wicket, and cover-point
taking that place when they come from behind.


SHORT-LEG

is an important place for backing up and saving singles. It is a
good plan to put a left-handed man here, as he can better command the
strokes between himself and mid-on, which are generally so prolific
of runs. Having fielded one of these, he ought not to throw to the
wicket-keeper, as he is already facing the bowler’s wicket, and the
bowler’s wicket is facing him, should he wish to throw it down. He
should of course previously make a league with mid-off as to the
backing up. The late Mr. R. A. Fitzgerald, in the book just mentioned,
‘Jerks in from Short-leg,’ once urged the importance of putting
the ‘witty man’ short-leg as a convenient spot for cracking jokes.
Certainly conversation in the field is often of great service towards
keeping the men brisk. Short-leg has to back up all the returns from
the off side, dropping well back if short-slip comes across for this
purpose, and in any case leaving ten or fifteen yards between himself
and the wicket. A captain of an eleven feels himself very often bound
by an unwritten tradition to put the notoriously worst field in his
eleven short-leg. No doubt it is exceedingly difficult to judge which
is the natural position for a bad field, but we unhesitatingly say that
several matches have been lost by bad fields at short-leg. In the days
of his prime people used to watch W. G. Grace playing ball after ball
in the direction of short-leg, especially when left-handed bowlers were
on. The late famous J. C. Shaw was not a good field in any sense of the
word; he was consequently often to be seen fielding at short-leg, and
we wonder how many times he has missed W. G. Grace in that position?
Missing Grace was, and is still, a most expensive mistake. There are
several players who are weak in their play off their legs, and these
players are continually sending chances to short-leg, while other
players are extremely fond of playing off their legs, and score very
heavily by the stroke; and it is wonderful to see how many runs a quick
field will save when such men are batting.


LONG-STOP.

In these days of slow bowling and fine turf captains of elevens do not
bother themselves with providing long-stops at all. Wicket-keepers are
so good, the bowling is so straight, that, in the present year (1898),
it is impossible to say who is the best long-stop in England, for the
simple reason that no long-stops are wanted. But in the days of yore,
every schoolboy who was fond of cricket could tell you of the prowess
of Mortlock, H. M. Marshall, and A. Diver. Mr. Powys was a splendid
bowler, and so was Mr. R. Lang. But had not Mr. H. M. Marshall been
found to stop Mr. Lang’s balls, and Mr. F. Tobin those of Mr. Powys,
neither one bowler nor the other could have been put on at all. Such
long-stops as these stand rather on the leg side, and if the bowling
is very fast, just deep enough to take the ball as it rises after its
second pitch. This is not easy to do, and young hands feel tempted
to leave more room. But this, when the ball is very swift, scarcely
diminishes its speed at all, and the further off long-stop stands, the
more chance there is of the ball bounding awkwardly by the time it
reaches him. Long-stop, however, would be in an awkward position if
the batsmen ran every bye that is possible. To prevent their doing so,
he must throw over to the bowler, for the old reason that the striker
has the whole distance to run and has his back to the danger. Again, a
hard throw, straight down the pitch, places both batsmen in jeopardy,
the striker especially, and that is why he so often runs with his hand
to the back of his head, of course retarding his speed by so doing. It
is a harassing run to steal; and that, combined with the fact that it
is not scored to either batsman, is doubtless the reason why it is not
oftener stolen. Long-stop should accordingly be a strong thrower, and
mid-off a conscientious backer-up. Long-stop should back up (behind
short-leg) the returns from cover-point and mid-off.

       *       *       *       *       *


Before concluding these technical remarks, let us draw attention to
one or two circumstances connected with cricket affairs now which are
different from what they were formerly. We have said that in these
days long-stopping is a lost art, or rather it is not an art that
is required in modern elevens. It would appear miraculous to an old
cricketer who had seen nothing of the game for the last fifteen years
could he watch Spofforth bowling, and Blackham keeping wicket with no
long-stop, when the ground was hard. Such a thing would not have been
dreamt of twenty years ago. Then a ball used to shoot five or six times
in an innings of 135 runs, and the occasional shooter that occurs now
always results in four byes if it escapes the bat and the wicket. Hence
one important reason why formerly a long-stop was indispensable. Though
there are or were, a very few years since, some very fast bowlers, the
average pace now-a-days is far slower than twenty-five years ago, and
that is another reason for dispensing with long-stop. But the change
of tactics in not having a long-stop has had one effect that we regard
as pernicious, and that is, that it has spoilt one part of the skill
of wicket-keeping, and on the whole worked an enormous change for the
worse in the fielding of short-slips generally. The long-stop is not
there, both wicket-keeper and short-slip are conscious of this, and
they are aware that his place must be filled up by themselves. If a
ball goes in the least to leg, even if it only just misses leg-stump,
short-slip is usually to be seen backing up the wicket-keeper; for
four byes make an appreciable addition to the score. But though the
ball is on the leg side, it is quite possible for the batsman to hit
it on the off side, and send it straight to short-slip’s hands, if he
only could have been in his proper place. He is abused if he does
not back up the wicket-keeper, and in any case the mere feeling that
runs must result from the wicket-keeper not handling the ball makes
it impossible for him to give his undivided attention to fielding at
short-slip proper. He is continually shifting towards his left hand,
and numerous balls that he would have fielded if only there had been a
long-stop, now result in runs. The wicket-keeper is also in more danger
of being hurt, and as his position is necessarily one attended by
extreme responsibility and considerable pain, this further danger ought
to be spared him if possible. The risks he runs are from fast balls
outside the batsman’s legs. He cannot see the ball accurately so that
he may judge where to put his hands without moving his feet; in order,
then, to prevent the ball going to the ropes, he has to rush right in
front of it, at the risk, if the ball should bump or do anything odd,
of getting hit on the face or elsewhere. If a long-stop were behind
him, he would try and take the ball for the sake of a possible catch
or stump-out, but he would not expose himself to danger by getting in
front of it.

Two corollaries must be drawn from what has been already said. The
first is that the bowler should be just as prepared to receive a
throw-in as the wicket-keeper. When both wickets are menaced, the
danger of a short run is doubled, and an overthrow is oftener due to
the bowler and backer-up than to the field. But it is said ‘This is all
very fine, but the bowler cannot get behind his wicket in time.’ No
assertion could be wider of the mark. Take some genuine cricketer as an
example, and no better one could be chosen than Mr. A. W. Ridley, some
sixteen years ago. Lob-bowlers follow their own ball further down the
wicket than any other kind of bowler, and of all lob-bowlers Mr. Ridley
did this the most. But no one has ever seen a short run got off his
bowling, without, at least, at the same moment seeing him dart behind
the wicket, and be ready to put down the hardest throw anyone might
send to him. He is always there in time, and any bowler in the country
might do the same if he were cricketer enough to see what is wanted.
The second inference to be drawn is, that it is highly important to
pursue a medium hit with all possible speed, and to throw it in as if
it burnt the fingers to retain the ball a moment. We do not remember an
eleven who neglected this less, as a whole, than the Players eleven of
the year 1887, and the number of runs that can be saved by observance
of the rule is immense.

These are the two most important directions which can be given to any
young cricketer, and especially to any young captain of a side, in
order that he may select his men with a view to these requirements of
the game. The general fielding capacity of a whole team depends on the
attention devoted to such dull points by the eleven minds, not less
than on the suppleness of the eleven backbones. No directions, it has
already been said, will make a bad field into a good one. But it is
equally true that no advice should be offered which cannot be acted
upon. Consequently only some duties of a fieldsman have been described.
But it is not too much to say that a careful attention to these points
would ultimately turn eleven indifferent cricket players into a good
fielding team.

In a work necessarily somewhat didactic as this is, it may be
advisable to remind youngsters that the finger of scorn is pointed
even more to the very bad field than it is to the very bad batsman
or bowler. A very bad bowler will not be asked to bowl unless the
bowling is hit into a thoroughly entangled knot--as was the case in an
Australian _v._ England match in 1884, when every member of the English
team, including Shrewsbury, had to bowl--and then, if he fails, he has
only done what was expected of him. But it is difficult for anybody
to explain, except on the ground of gross carelessness, how a man who
is a good bat or bowler can be so utterly useless as a field as some
have turned out to be. The cricketer who never appears to have grasped
the rudiments of the laws concerning twist, who is lazy and will not
run after the ball, and who hardly by accident holds a catch, is an
eyesore in cricket. And let us also assure the young practitioner that
an intelligent audience, though a somewhat rough one, such as you
may see at places like Bramall Lane, Sheffield, will jeer in audible
and not too polite tones at the bad field long before it will do the
like at bad batsmen or bowlers. Every cricketer knows the different
eccentricities of indifferent fields, their wonderful varieties of
error, and the specious appearance of some that fatally delude the most
patient captain. There are some men who are fairly fast runners, and
can throw hard, and yet are fields of a character to make angels weep.
They dash in at the ball like a man charging at football, with the
result that they half stop it, or, after they stop it, in attempting
to pick it up, they kick it eight or ten yards behind them. They never
seem to be able to judge what sort of length the ball will come into
their hands, and never under any circumstances is the ball cleanly
handled. And yet they go at it so heartily, they move so quickly, and,
at first sight, look so alert and full of promise, that it is difficult
to condemn them until you have had two or three days’ experience of
them. This sort belongs to the class we call the specious fieldsman.
Then there is the man who might look at a batsman for two hours and yet
never discover where his favourite stroke is likely to go, who obeys
orders strictly, and when he has taken up the position assigned to
him, stands there like a tree, despite the fact that every ball hit in
his direction is a little too much on his right or on his left hand.
This individual may safely be assumed to be a creature of a low order
of intelligence, to whom Providence has probably vouchsafed a natural
instinct for bowling, in the absence of which he would never be seen on
any cricket-ground again, except as a spectator. He is so stupid that
he never can excel in batting. Then there is the man who is very slow
and has not acquired the merit of being what may be called an eminently
safe field. His position when endeavouring to stop the ball is that
illustrated by the figure on the opposite page, which shows what is
essentially the wrong position to assume. Probably he will not touch
the ball with his hands, and it certainly cannot be stopped by his legs
or feet. He can hold a catch sometimes and stop a ball occasionally,
but he does not succeed in these two particulars often enough to make
one forget or forgive his extraordinary slowness. Another variety is
the man who fields tolerably well sometimes, but, when he fails to stop
a ball, either runs after it very slowly, which is the sulky form,
or else dashes after it and throws it wildly and very hard anywhere,
causing overthrows by the dozen, and maiming his comrades’ fingers.
This is the angry form--an odious type; let every youngster beware of
such and develop not into it. Every cricketer ought to try to become as
good a field as he can by assiduous practice--for this reason, if for
no other: bowlers get disorganised when the fielding is loose.

A natural curiosity is always evinced where a critic shows a tendency
to name certain celebrities in any form of game. This is the reason why
we now proceed to praise famous men and famous fielding elevens; but
let us add that we do not profess to name every good man who has ever
fielded, and can only beg for forgiveness if we omit to mention some
who have deserved recognition.

[Illustration: The wrong position for stopping the ball.]

The various Australian elevens have earned great fame for their
fielding in England, and it was no doubt very good. At the same time we
think it was not so good as their batting, and certainly not so good as
their bowling. The elevens of 1882 and 1884, which were the best, no
doubt won their matches by all-round play; but if we had to name a weak
point we should say that, as compared with the batting and bowling,
it was their fielding, although this was very good. The Australians
themselves say--at least, so we have heard--that the fielding in
Australia of the Hon. Ivo Bligh’s eleven was never surpassed in the
colony; and that must be high praise. Still, judging by what we know
of that team, we think that we can point out higher standards in
England. The finest fielding we have ever seen was that of the Players
in 1887 in their annual match at Lord’s against the Gentlemen, and at
the Oval it was nearly as good. But that was only for two matches. As
is natural, University teams, from their youth and habit of playing
together, have earned great fame as fielding elevens, and if we had to
select four elevens whose fielding reputation ought to be inscribed
on the highest pinnacles of fame, we should name the Cambridge
representatives of 1861 and 1862 and the Oxford of 1874 and 1875.

The Cambridge celebrities of 1861 and 1862 have faded away into
distance, and the present generation know not their names. Both those
elevens had several fast bowlers in them, and one--Mr. R. Lang--was
superlatively good. It was owing to this fact that Cambridge had
to provide itself with a long-stop, and Mr. H. M. Marshall in that
capacity has earned undying fame; for long-stopping on Lord’s Ground in
1861 and 1862 was no laughing matter. As general out-field Mr. Marshall
also stood very high, and was a perfectly safe catch. Contemporary
cricketers of that day are nearly unanimous in their praise of Mr. W.
Bury as a fieldsman; at long-leg he has never been excelled. There
were besides these the Hon. C. G. Lyttelton at point, and Mr. R. Lang
at short-slip. ‘Bell’s Life’ of that date mentions as a fact that
the fielding of Cambridge in the University match of 1862 was never
equalled on Lord’s or any other ground. Those were the days when the
bowling was mainly fast, the ground rough, and the cautious safe field
who got stolidly and fixedly in a certain position was often defeated
owing to the ball making unspeakable bounds. It required a touch of
genius to be a grand field at Lord’s in those times, and several
members of those two Cambridge elevens possessed it. The two Oxford
elevens of 1874 and 1875 had each only one fast bowler, but they had
magnificent fielding teams to support their slow bowlers. When the
bowling is generally slow, amateur wicket-keepers can hold their own.
This was the case in 1874 and 1875, and in Mr. H. G. Tylecote Oxford
possessed a wicket-keeper fully up to the mark for the work he had to
do. It used to be a bone of contention between Messrs. W. Law and A.
W. Ridley, the captains respectively of ’74 and ’75, as to which of
the two elevens was the greater in this particular line of fielding.
Mr. Law, whose early death everyone who knew him deplores, contended
that his eleven in 1874 made no mistake in the Inter-University match,
whereas the 1875 eleven did. But the Cambridge batting in 1874 was
fatuous to a degree, and the Oxford eleven had nothing to stop, whereas
Cambridge in 1875 batted very well and kept their opponents hard at it.
We are willing to give equal credit to each, and to enshrine the names
of Law, Game, Ridley, T. B. Jones, and Royle in the temple of fame.

It is not easy to gauge the merits of the fieldsmen of forty years
ago. Some of them have made their names live: Mr. T. A. Anson as
wicket-keeper, Mr. R. T. King at point, and the famous W. Pickering
at cover-point, for instance. But, though they had rougher ground to
field on, still the scoring was nothing like so large, matches were not
nearly so numerous, and the wear and tear far from being so great. The
first thing that strikes one on reading over old scores and comparing
them with those of the present day, is the enormous number of extras
that were then given. Bowlers were, no doubt, faster, but they bowled
many more wides. Taking one year at random, 1880, we find that for the
whole season Yorkshire in all matches only bowled eight wides, five
of which were delivered by the famous Tom Emmett, who is, no doubt, a
slightly erratic bowler. In the days of Redgate and Mynn the wides were
numerous, so were the no-balls, and frequently the extras contributed
more to the total than any one batsman. If the bowling was fast and
erratic, one cannot wonder that byes became numerous, especially when
the rough ground is also considered. In the University match of 1841
Oxford gave Cambridge 56 extras out of a combined total of 223--a
very large average. In 1887 Cambridge only gave Oxford 14 extras in a
combined total of 461, and Oxford lost but three wickets in the second
innings. In the same year Oxford gave Cambridge only 20 extras in a
grand total of 459. Though bowling is generally slower now than forty
years ago, still in former days they used to have long-stops to bowling
that even amateur wicket-keepers would now stop. The long-stopping
wicket-keeper--that is, the wicket-keeper that lets nothing pass
him--is a marvellous testimony to the excellence of modern grounds, the
accuracy of modern bowling, and the skill of the men themselves. The
sight of Blackham, standing close up to the wicket, stopping Spofforth
and Palmer would have made our forefathers look on aghast. In the
well-known print of the Sussex and Kent match in 1840, old Lillywhite
is bowling, and he was a slow medium-pace bowler; yet, though Tom Box
was reckoned the best wicket-keeper of the day, he has a long-stop to
Lillywhite’s bowling.

We may now try to enumerate the greater fields of cricket history. We
read of the marvellous feat of Mr. T. A. Anson at the wicket, when he
stumped a man off a leg-shooter of Alfred Mynn, one of the fastest
bowlers of the period. We yield the place of honour to Mr. Anson for an
individual feat, but it is alleged to have taken place a long time ago,
and is it certain to be true? The greatest wicket-keepers since 1860
in England have been Lockyer, Pooley, Pilling, Pinder, Storer, Lilley,
and D. Hunter; and we ask Plumb and Sherwin to forgive us. It is not
easy to discriminate between these; we merely remark that to genuine
slows of the pace of Southerton, Peate, and Tyler, we reckon Pooley
to have been the best that ever lived; and to the very fast, Pinder
and Storer were unequalled. Still Pooley was relatively not so good to
fast, nor Pinder to slow; and, on the whole, they may be left on an
equality. The best wicket-keepers of old days were Mr. Herbert Jenner,
Mr. T. A. Anson, Mr. W. Ridding, and Mr. W. Nicholson among amateurs,
and E. G. Wenman and Tom Box among professionals. The two best English
amateur wicket-keepers that ever lived, in our opinion, are Mr. Alfred
Lyttelton and Mr. McGregor, and besides them, since 1860, there have
been Mr. Leatham, Mr. Bush, Mr. Newton, Mr. E. F. S. Tylecote, Mr.
Philipson, Mr. Kemble, and Mr. Gay.

Perhaps a word would not be out of place here respecting Mr. Blackham,
the celebrated Australian wicket-keeper. When the Colonial Eleven
came over in 1878, 1880, 1882, and 1884, practically the whole of the
wicket-keeping had to be done by Mr. Blackham. In 1880 and 1886 Mr.
Jarvis assisted him. Now wicket-keeping is essentially an amusement
you can have too much of. In old days, when there was a lot of fast
bowling, the cream of the wicket-keeping used to be seen during the
first six weeks of the season, because during that time the hands of
the wicket-keeper were more or less sound. The famous George Pinder, at
the beginning of his career, had faster bowling to keep to consistently
than any other cricketer before or since. Freeman, Emmett, and Atkinson
were three very fast bowlers, and they all three played for Yorkshire,
and after them came Hill and Ulyett. Pinder in consequence very
frequently damaged his hands, and no wonder. Blackham, however, during
all the four years we have mentioned, had Spofforth and either Garratt
or Palmer to stop. Now although these were not so fast as the Yorkshire
lot, they bowled a goodish pace; the Australian season consisted of two
matches a week from the beginning to the end of the cricket year, and
Blackham did not get very many days off. When his record is examined,
therefore, we think that his performances during these four years
constitute the greatest wicket-keeping feats on record. Not unless
Spofforth bowled his fastest did he ever have a long-stop, and he
held his hands closer to the wicket than any other wicket-keeper we
ever saw. If the batsman was an inch out of his ground for a second
or so, the ball would be put down, and a stump-out resulted, for the
hands had no distance to travel, and no time was lost. Of course the
bowling he had to stop was very accurate, but when the amount of
wicket-keeping that he had to go through and the number of wickets he
got are considered, our opinion is that Mr. Blackham was the finest
wicket-keeper to bowling of all paces that the world has ever seen.

There have been numerous fieldsmen at point who have made themselves
a name, and by universal testimony, in his day, Mr. R. T. King,
of Cambridge University, was not approached in excellence in this
position. The late Mr. John Walker, who was intimately acquainted with
cricket of that period as well as with that of a later date, once told
the writer that in his opinion none of the modern points ever came
quite up to Mr. King’s level. Since 1860 Carpenter, R. C. Tinley, E. M.
Grace, and F. W. Wright have earned high reputations in this position,
but a great many excel at point, and in the University match alone
there has been some admirable fielding here; the Hon. J. W. Mansfield
for Cambridge, and Mr. Hildyard for Oxford, both being very good.
The place where good fielding is most conspicuous is midway between
cover-point and mid-off, and with this post the name of Mr. G. B. Studd
is for ever identified. In later days, Briggs, Moorhouse, Gregory the
Australian, Mr. Andrews of Sussex, and Wainwright excel in this place.
Mr. Royle at cover-point has never been excelled, and the same may be
said of Gunn at third man. The celebrated fieldsmen of old were Mr. W.
Pickering at cover-point; John Bickley and Mr. R. Lang at short-slip;
Mr. E. S. E. Hartopp, Mr. H. M. Marshall, W. Pilch, A. Diver, W.
Mortlock, and J. Thewlis at long-stop; while F. Bell, W. Bury, John
Smith, and A. Lubbock were excellent at a distance from the wicket.
There have been also, and are, many fields who were and are good at any
place; for instance, the renowned Mr. V. E. Walker, and the still more
famous Mr. W. G. Grace. We have said before, and we say it again, that
the fielding, though probably as good as ever it was, is not so good as
it ought to be. The nuisance of the day is the long scoring; we wonder
how many innings of 100 are played where you do not read the well-known
remark, ‘the batsman gave a chance at 24, another at 62, and a third
just before he was out, but none the less he played a fine innings.’
The following brief epigram is undoubtedly true--‘Good fielding makes
weak bowling strong and strong batsmen weak.’ An eleven that is really
A1 in fielding very rarely has to field out for 300 runs. When we say
this we feel inclined to go further and add that if no feasible catches
are dropped this total of 300 runs would not be of anything but the
rarest occurrence. This fact ought of itself to be sufficient to make
every true cricketer try and become, if not a brilliant field, at any
rate one who, when a catch is sent him, does not cause a thrill of
agonising anxiety to arise in the minds of the supporters of the side
to which he belongs.

[Illustration: An anxious moment.]

FOOTNOTES:

[33] We are largely indebted to an article on this subject by the Hon.
and Rev. E. Lyttelton, which appeared in _Lillywhite’s Annual_ for 1881.




CHAPTER VII.

COUNTRY CRICKET.

(BY F. GALE.)


I can remember the first cricket match I ever saw as well as if it
happened yesterday; and moreover I can give the names and description
of many of the players.

The _locus in quo_ was the meadow opposite the Green Lion at Rainham,
in Kent, which is situated halfway between London and Dover. The
cricket field is now built over. It adjoined the vicarage garden, in
which a stand was erected for my brother and myself, and from which we,
as little boys, saw the first game of cricket we ever witnessed, in the
summer of 1830, as we had come into Kent from a Wiltshire village where
cricket was not known.

Our grand stand was immediately behind the wicket. Farmer Miles,
a fine-set-up man, was the best bowler, and he bowled under-arm,
rather a quick medium pace, and pitched a good length and bowled very
straight, his balls curling in from the leg; for be it remembered that
but two years had elapsed since it was allowable to turn the hand,
knuckles uppermost, in delivery. I was seven years old at the time,
and was perfectly fascinated at the sight; and as the gardener, an
old cricketer, stood by me all day and explained the game, before the
sun had set I had mastered most of the main points in it. One thing I
am certain of, which is that there was an on-break from Farmer Miles’
bowling; for I watched the balls pitch and curl.

[Illustration: MITCHAM GREEN]

The dress of the cricketers was white duck trousers and flannel
jackets, and some wore tall black hats and some large straw hats. A
few old fogies, veterans who played, had a silk pocket-handkerchief
tied round the left knee so that they could drop down on it without
soiling their white trousers; for in the rough out-fielding when the
balls jumped about anyhow old-fashioned fieldsmen would drop on one
knee, so that if the ball went through their hands by a false bound
their body was in the way. Josiah Taylor, the brazier, was long-stop,
and played in black leather slippers with one spike in the heel which
he claimed as his own invention, as cricket-shoes were little known.
The umpire was Ost, the barber, who appeared in a long blue frock-coat
like Logic’s, the Oxonian, in ‘Tom and Jerry,’ and who volunteered
‘hout’ to a fieldsman who stopped a bump-ball; and when remonstrated
with by men of both sides remarked, ‘Surel_y_ first “bounce” is “hout”
at cricket and trap.’ This occasioned a change of umpire. There were
two very hard hitters, Charles Smart, a tall young fellow, son of a
rich farmer, and ‘Billy Wakley,’ a very stout tall young farmer; there
were many hits to the long-field off and on, which were well held; and
Charles Watson, a promising lad of about sixteen, the butcher’s son,
who played for the first time in a man’s match, immortalised himself
by making a long catch close to the vicarage hedge. The batting mostly
consisted of hard-hitting, and the catching was good. The booth was
made up of rick-cloths strained over a standing skeleton woodwork
frame; and on the right of it was a round table with six or eight
arm-chairs placed on either side; a large brass square tobacco-box out
of which those who sat round the privileged table could help themselves
by putting a halfpenny into a slit which caused the box to open (on
the same principle as the chocolate and sweet-stuff automatic pillars
seen now at railway stations), kept company with a stack of clay-pipes.
The arm-chairs were for the accommodation of the principal farmers and
magnates of the parish who subscribed to the matches and who sat in
state and smoked their pipes--as cigars were little known--and drank
their grog out of rummers--large glasses which stood on one gouty leg
each and held a shilling’s worth of brandy and water; and for the
accommodation of the smokers, the ostler, who always appeared in his
Sunday best costume, which consisted of a ‘Sam Weller’ waistcoat with
black calico sleeves, brown drab breeches, and top-boots, provided a
stable horn lanthorn, the candle in which he lit with the aid of the
flint and steel tinder box, and brimstone matches; for lucifers were
not yet invented.

Another honour belonged to the knights of the round table: as the
cricket ground was bounded on the southern side by the high road,
and as coaches were passing all day, the drivers never forgot the
‘Coachman’s Salute’ with whip and elbow and nod of the head as they
drove by, and this was always returned by a cheery wave of the hand
from the cricket ground. The patriarchs of the village had a form to
themselves on the left hand of the booth; and old Billy Coppin, the
half-pay naval purser, who had a snug little house on the bank of the
roadside, sat outside his door waving his pipe and crying out, ‘Make
sail, my lads, make sail,’ whenever a good hit was made.

When the match was over, one of the villagers, an ill-tempered
thatcher, who was always ready for a set-to, picked a quarrel with
someone from a neighbouring parish, and they adjourned to a quiet
corner close to our grand stand behind the booth, pulled off their
shirts and had a pretty stiff rough and tumble fight, which I
described, in my innocence, at supper when I went in, and thereby got
the gardener into a scrape for allowing me to see it. A very serious
relative told me that she was ‘cock sure’ of the future fate of the two
men who fought, quoting cases out of Dr. Watts’s hymns. Let us hope
that some of the Doctor’s tips have proved wrong.

‘Would you be surprised to hear,’ as Lord Coleridge was always saying,
that, with the exception that cricket has much improved as regards
grounds and some of the implements in general use, old-fashioned
village cricket in its true and pure spirit still flourishes in many
rural districts, and not very far from London even, now? You will find
this happy state of things mostly where village greens exist in a real
cricketing county; and having formerly devoted much of my leisure,
during very many years, to country cricket, I can speak from actual
experience, down to present date.

In the first place, every village green has a history of its own, and
the people are proud of their old traditions. On many of these greens
some of the best-known cricketers in England have from time to time
appeared during a century past, and some come there occasionally now
during every summer; so the cricketers of all classes have always had
good models to work from. The green is common to all, and all have a
common interest in the honour of the parish. This charming home feeling
is admirably described by Miss Mitford in the ‘Tales of our Village;’
and she has not exaggerated it. The consequence is that by one consent
the centre of the green is always left for good matches, and as every
village boy learns the management of turf, you would be surprised to
see what an admirable pitch youngsters of fourteen or fifteen years of
age will make for themselves on somewhat rough ground with the aid of a
five-pronged fork, a watering-pot and a hand-roller; and you would be
surprised to see what _real_ good cricket many of them play. Of course
there is always a sprinkling of sons of good cricketers who have been
well taught, and they have the opportunity of instruction from old
players.

The training of village boys is very analogous to cricket fagging at
school, and anyone who takes an interest in village cricket will do
well, when he and a few friends practise, to have any little boys of
twelve or thirteen who show any proficiency to field out for them, and
to encourage them with a few coppers, making them understand that the
honorarium is dependent on their trying to do their best. The next step
is to take a lively interest in the boys’ eleven, which consists of
boys under fourteen or fifteen, to promote their matches in every way,
and to inculcate the value of fair play. It does them a great deal of
good if an old cricketer will spare half an hour, when the boys are
practising, to criticise their play, pointing out any faults, such as
running over the crease, bowling no balls, not backing up for a run,
explaining to them the principles of running, and calling their partner
(secrets which some really good batsmen never _have_ learned and never
_will_ learn), and so on. The grand thing is to try and make cricket
_real_, and to make youngsters understand that playing the strict game
is the secret of true enjoyment. We all know how all pleasure depends
on observance of simple rules, and on doing in practice all things
as carefully as if we are engaged in a match, or any other friendly
strife. Even if I play at ‘beggar your neighbour’ with a child I insist
on the rigour of the game. Many of us must know as cricketers, too,
that long after we had given up playing in matches, there was immense
pleasure in having a first-rate professional, on a real good wicket, to
bowl, with sixpence on the wicket.

The very mention of single wicket now is like the mention of jalap and
rhubarb and calomel and bleeding, those terrible remedies of the past,
to a modern doctor; but single wicket with seven or eight in the field
is the finest practice for training, and we found it so on our village
green, a very few years ago, played thus. Every man’s hand was against
his neighbours in turn, and there were no sides. Of course, with six
or seven in the field, byes and hits behind wicket counted, and this
fact made the youngsters try to cover as much ground as possible. The
batsman went out if he got ten runs; and as in these games there was,
at least, one good professional bowler, it took a good man to score
ten runs. The professional and any amateur who had any pretence of
being a bowler changed about. These games were very good for putting
a youngster into; and I have seen three or four hundred people on the
green watching one of these trials. It was also a good thing, in the
event of a substitute being wanted in a good match, to try one of them,
as it accustomed an aspirant to accept responsibility and to play
before a crowd. It is a wholesome state of things when young cricketers
are at hand anxious to fill a vacancy; it shows zeal.

Anyone who has charge of village cricket falls very short of his duty
if he does not arrange at least one real practice afternoon a day or
two before a match. He must have a good wicket made, and all who are
going to play in the match must come for some part of the play. And
this is a good opportunity for letting young bowlers come and try their
hand, with sixpence on the wicket. I have much faith in that sixpence
on the wicket. It is useless to waste any trouble on a boy who has not
got cricket at heart, but it is a great deal of use training one who
has. The difficult stage is when a boy’s strength is growing and he
is old enough to be taught strict cricket as regards defence, and in
trying to steady him down you must be sure to steer clear of the evil
of cramping his hitting power. We know from experience that sometimes
matches are lost or draws made owing to the want of a man who will
go in and hit. In my boyhood days there used generally to be one, or
perhaps two, in every eleven who could field splendidly, and who made
no pretence to scientific batting, but who, aided by a strong nerve
and quick eye and a heavy driving bat, could sometimes make a terrible
example of the bowling and help the score. Mr. Absolom, of Cambridge,
and afterwards of the Kent eleven, was one of this class. He was worth
playing in any eleven in England for his bowling, fielding and hard
work, and if he never made his runs, his share towards success was
as great as those who made a score. The thing to ‘burn’ into a young
player’s mind is, that unless he can concentrate all his thoughts on
the match in which he is playing he will never be an English cricketer.
He may, perhaps, by long practice acquire the knack of getting a lot of
runs, and building up an average, but if that is all that he is worth,
he had much better never have been in the eleven at all. Amongst eleven
men, some are sure to get a lot of runs generally, but the men who win
matches are those who prevent the other side getting them. Take one of
the best samples of cricket in the season of 1887, as a proof of what
saving runs means. I think that anyone who knows the game can hardly
help coming to the conclusion that Gunn, in the long field, saved more
runs in 1887 than the best man made, and saved a good many more too.
The Australians put their main trust in their field, and they taught
us a good lesson when they came first, and it has done us good. Gunn’s
batting is often equal to his fielding, to say nothing of his bowling.

Now we come to a more serious matter--management and finance; and,
unless the world has very much changed in the last few years, anyone
who takes a new lead in country cricket will find himself surrounded
by hosts of friends (?) who are worth nothing. They will all want to
come on the committee, and make all kind of wild suggestions about a
stock of club bats, pads and gloves, &c. There is only one antidote to
this, which is to stand firm on one point--that no public subscriptions
shall be asked for for any purpose other than keeping the green in
order, paying for balls for matches, match-stumps, hire of tents,
umpires, scorers, and other inevitable expenses; the simple inducement
for subscriptions being the having a few good matches during the
season, and keeping up a ground for the use of those who cannot pay for
themselves. Unless you keep up a good parish eleven, everyone will do
as he thinks best, and the whole green will be cut to pieces and will
never be repaired.

In these days you cannot get an eleven who will make a good stand in
a match without some professional training. Many places are fortunate
enough to have an old professional or two amongst its inmates, men who
have given up grand public matches, but who are worth their weight in
gold as practice bowlers, trainers, and members of the village eleven.
Men of this class, who will play in a match for ten shillings or will
come in the evening after work for a crown or so, and who are always
on the spot, are the best aids towards keeping together a good set of
young players and forming an eleven. They know the young players and
take a pride in them, and will find out their failings and good points;
and nothing cheers a captain more than an invitation from a local
professional to come and see Bill Smith or Tom Brown bat. When such an
invitation is given, you may be sure that the professional has found a
recruit who can play a length ball with a straight bat and confidence,
and who can punish a loose ball. You will find numberless cricketers
who can get runs--if they once get set; but, like precious stones, many
get spoilt in the setting. What you want is batsmen who, in wet or
fine weather, on rough or smooth ground, will go in with nerve to have
a good try. If you want a few runs to-day from A, and he breaks down
through that cricket malady called ‘funk,’ it is no consolation to hear
from his _claqueur_ B that ‘A got seventy, not out, last week.’

You must try and raise the standard of a village eleven by letting
them play when you have the chance against teams who are stronger than
themselves. A licking is good medicine for them sometimes; and if, on
the other hand, they win by the chances of the game, a victory of this
kind ‘sets their tails up.’ The worst thing for them is playing against
weak teams, making a tremendous score, and knocking their opponents’
wickets over for a few runs. It is astonishing how a captain, by
working steadily on, can ‘educate his party,’ as the late Lord
Beaconsfield said; and if by quiet persuasion he can influence some of
the rougher element to abandon their horse-play and ‘flowery’ language,
and to assist in keeping good order--at the same time warning them that
ladies and gentlemen are kept away from the green for fear of their
ears being contaminated by rough language--he will find that visitors
who come prepared for a noisy rude crowd will be surprised to find
perfect order; and if some one trangresses the bounds of good manners,
he will hear a cry of ‘Better language there!’ This kind of thing _can_
be and _has_ been done; and the result was that, in a place where the
possibility of such a thing as a ladies’ tent on the green was laughed
at, not only was the ladies’ tent a great success, but subscriptions
flowed in in a wonderful manner. One dear old lady--an Exeter Hall-er
who took omnibuses full of people to hear Sankey and Moody--sent ‘two
guineas for the green, which is now, I believe, a place of innocent
amusement and happiness,’ as she stated in her letter. She _was_ a
good Christian, as her house stood deep long-leg, and many a time has
a ‘four’ been scored for a hit through her window--and this is fact.
With the enormous number of large schools in England where cricket
is played, it will seldom happen that any cricket neighbourhood has
not some young fellows from school, or possibly a few from either
University, close by; and if they happen to be of the right sort they
are a great boon. At the same time it should be a golden rule never to
put out of the eleven a good one, who has worked for and earned his
place, for a ‘swell.’ The rule must be kept hard and fast, that the
eleven is open only to those who have proved themselves good enough,
and if that rule is observed, in the event of a real first-rate amateur
turning up, you will generally find that more than one volunteer will
offer to stand out for him.

Captaining a village team is not all a bed of roses; but if you are
really a cricketer at heart, you will soon acquire the absolute
confidence of people of all classes, especially of the humbler order.
It is not an unpleasant thing, as you walk across the green on your way
to the train, to hear a pack of little boys on their way to school,
who look on you as a kind of big dog that won’t bite, all chattering
about the match the day before. ‘Ah! Sir, I heerd my father say that he
won a pot over the match,’ says one. ‘That boy, Sir, got the stick for
playing truant yesterday morning,’ says another. ‘Well! if I _did_,’
replies the culprit, ‘I _see_ the beginning of the match, and _you_ did
not--there!’ That boy may be another Fuller Pilch some day.

And if you are sitting in the tent when your side is in, revolving
many things in your mind, and you feel that the whites of the eyes of
Mr. Chummy the sweep, a good cricketer formerly, who sits on a form
just outside the tent, behind a very short pipe, are glancing round
on you, what a comfort it is, if you turn round, to see an almost
imperceptible nod of Mr. Chummy’s head--for he never speaks during a
match--which says, ‘Going on all right--we shall win!’ That nod of
the head is only intelligible to a cricketer, just as a very ‘shy’
rise of a trout is only perceptible to a genuine fisherman. Those,
too only who have known some celebrated cricketer from childhood, and
have watched his career and promotion from the little boys’ to the big
boys’ eleven, and eventually to the parish eleven, and have seen his
cricket talent developed from year to year until he appears in his
county team, can imagine how painful is the excitement to those who
are interested in his success. It has been my fate to go through--I
had almost said the agony of--that state of suspense many times, and I
must relate one instance. A young player, twenty years old, after my
earnest entreaty, was allotted a place in the county eleven. He broke
ground in London against Notts, and at his _début_ had to stand the
fire of Alfred Shaw and J. C. Shaw. Directly I saw him play the first
ball my mind was quite at rest, as he showed that he had not the stage
sickness. He got twelve runs in an hour and a quarter. His next public
appearance in London was a ‘caution,’ as he scored 20 not out, in his
first innings against Cambridge University; and, going in first, scored
82 in his second innings. This occurred nearly twenty years ago, when
cricketers played with their bats and not with their pads, and boundary
hits, except against the pavilion, were unknown; so fifty runs was a
grand score. I never shall forget my feelings when the colt had made
47, within 3 of his 50; I could look no more; when, all of a sudden,
I heard a roar from the crowd which told me that our village boy had
done it. The secretary of the club said, ‘He must have his sovereign
for fifty runs,’ and he promised me that if he made thirty more, which
would make a total of 100, including his 20 not out, he would give
him two sovereigns, if I would give him one for his first fifty. I
undertook to raise that capital; whereupon, a stranger, a very tall,
handsome, gentlemanly man, said, ‘And I will give him a sovereign too;
for’ (turning to myself) ‘your excitement, which I found was only
occasioned by interest in a village boy, and not heavy betting as I
imagined, has done me real good. I have been for thirty years in India
and am going back again in a month, and nothing pleased me more than
to find this keen love of sport still existing.’ He would not give his
name, and I could never find out who he was; possibly he is alive and
may read this, and may let us know who he was, for I am sure he has not
forgotten it. Richard Humphrey was the colt, and I sent for him into
the Pavilion, and the ‘illustrious stranger’ shook hands with him and
gave him the sovereign.

The foregoing remarks about clubs apply to a country place with some
pretensions to first-rate cricket and a village green. In a rural
out-of-the-way place where the population consists of a class which
cockney writers call ‘Hodge,’ and which we call ‘chaw-bacons,’ bats and
balls and stumps and all implements must be provided by subscription.
In all other cases those who want to play cricket must pay for their
own cricket things. If a good ground is provided the cricket ought to
grow of itself. ‘And this country cricket must cost a good deal of
money,’ perhaps you will remark. Of course it does; so does fishing,
or shooting, or hunting, or any other sport. There are many men who
want to skim the cream of the cricket and to play in a good home match
who will not play in an out match because ‘they have not time,’ really
because they are too stingy. If you mean cricket you must back it
everywhere with all your heart and all your strength. Whatever you do,
never forget the wind-up match and supper at the end of the season, and
get some good cricketers from amongst your foes to join, and above all
a parson or two if possible. In these days, I need not say ‘abolish all
ribald songs and drunkenness,’ as cricketers have good manners now.

As a last word, I must say something for country umpires. When
changes in the game are proposed, a lot of outsiders who try
their hardest to prevent penal laws being made intelligible, on
the ground that ‘the change will put too much on the umpires’
shoulders--especially country umpires,’ are talking nonsense. In the
days of Caldecourt, John Bayley, Tom Barker, and Good at Lord’s,
umpires did their duty without fear or favour, and did not let men
‘cheat’, and the same stamp of umpires still exists in counties and
on many a village green; and if there are any umpires on public
grounds who cannot administer the law fearlessly, they had better be
supplanted by those who can. If batsmen in the past had shamelessly
stopped the ball with their pads without ‘offering’ at the ball with
their bat, country umpires would have given them out for unfair play,
on the same principle as wilfully obstructing the field. I suppose
they would call it l.b.w; and the crowd would have given the retiring
batsman (?) a _very_ cold reception; or perhaps a very hot one: neither
extreme of heat or cold is pleasant. The late Chief Justice Cockburn
said of county magistrates: ‘They may sometimes administer bad law,
but generally good justice;’ and the remark applies to village-green
umpires.




CHAPTER VIII.

BORDER CRICKET.

(BY ANDREW LANG.)


Mr. Gale has been saying his very pleasant say on country cricket in
England. A Border player, in his declining age, may be allowed to
make a few remarks on the game as it used to be played in ‘pleasant
Teviotdale,’ and generally from Berwick all along the Tweed. The first
time I ever saw ball and bat must have been about 1850. The gardener’s
boy and his friends were playing with home-made bats, made out of
firwood with the bark on, and with a gutta-percha ball. The game
instantly fascinated me, and when I once understood why the players ran
after making a hit, the essential difficulties of comprehension were
overcome. Already the border towns, Hawick, Kelso, Selkirk, Galashiels,
had their elevens. To a small boy the spectacle of the various red and
blue caps and shirts was very delightful. The grounds were, as a rule,
very rough and bad. Generally the play was on _haughs_, level pieces of
town-land beside the rivers. Then the manufacturers would encroach on
the cricket-field, and build a mill on it, and cricket would have to
seek new settlements. This was not the case at Hawick, where the Duke
of Buccleuch gave the town a capital ground, which is kept in very good
order.

In these early days, when one was only a small spectator, ay, and in
later days too, the great difficulty of cricket was that excellent
thing in itself, too much patriotism. Almost the whole population of
a town would come to the ground and take such a keen interest in the
fortunes of their side, that the other side, if it won, was in some
danger of rough handling. Probably no one was ever much hurt; indeed,
the squabbles were rather a sham fight than otherwise; but still, bad
feeling was caused by umpires’ decisions. Then relations would be
broken off between the clubs of different towns, and sometimes this
tedious hostility endured for years. The causes were the excess of
local feeling, and perhaps the too great patriotism of umpires. ‘Not
out,’ one of them said, when a member of the Oxford eleven, playing
for his town-club, was most emphatically infringing some rule. ‘I can
_not_ give Maister Tom out first ball,’ the umpire added, and his case
was common enough. Professional umpires, if they could be got, might be
expected to prove more satisfactory than excited amateurs who forgot to
look after no balls, or to count the number of balls in an over. But
even professionals, if they were attached to the club or school, were
not always the embodiment of justice.

The most exciting match, I think, in which I ever took part was for
Loretto against another school. In those days we were very weak
indeed. When our last man went in, second innings, we were still four
runs behind our opponent’s first score. This last man was extremely
short-sighted, and the game seemed over. But his partner, a very
steady player, kept the bowling, and put on some thirty-eight more.
We put our adversaries in to get this, and had lowered eight wickets
for twenty-eight. I was bowling, and appealed to the umpire of our
opponents for a palpable catch at wicket. ‘Not out!’ Next ball the
batsman was caught at long-stop, and a fielder triumphantly shouted,
‘Well, how’s _that_?’

‘Not out,’ replied the professional again, and we lost the match by two
wickets.

If this had happened on the Border there would have been trouble, and
perhaps the two clubs would not have met again for years. I have no
doubt that a more equable feeling has come in among those clubs which
retained a good deal of the sentiments of rival clans. The Borderers
played too much as if we were still in the days of Scotts and Carrs,
and as if it were still our purpose

    To tame the Unicorn’s pride,
      Exalt the Crescent and the Star.

Sir Walter Scott encouraged this ardour at football when he caused
to be unfurled, for the first time since 1633, the ancient banner of
Buccleuch, with its broidered motto ‘Bellendaine.’ The dalesmen, the
people from the waters of Yarrow, Ettrick, and Teviot, played against
the souters of Selkirk, all across country, the goals being Ettrick
and Yarrow. The townsmen scored the first goal, when the Galashiels
folk came in as allies of the shepherds, and helped them to win a goal.
‘Then began a murder grim and great,’ and Scott himself was mobbed in
the evening. But he knew how to turn wrath into laughter.

‘’Tis sixty years since,’ and more, but this perfervid ardour, while it
makes Border cricket very exciting, is perhaps even now a trifle too
warm. The great idea, perhaps, in all country cricket is not so much to
have a pleasant day’s sport, win or lose, but to win merely. Men play
for victory, as Dr. Johnson talked, rather than for cricket. This has
its advantages; it conduces to earnestness. But it does not invariably
promote the friendliness of a friendly game.

Border cricket is very pleasant, because it is played in such a
pleasant country. You see the angler going to Tweedside, or Teviot,
and pausing to watch the game as he strolls by the cricket-ground. The
hills lie all around, these old, unmoved, unchangeable spectators of
man’s tragedy and sport. The broken towers of Melrose or Jedburgh or
Kelso look down on you. They used to ‘look down,’ as well they might,
on very bad wickets. Thanks to this circumstance, the present writer,
for the first and only time in his existence, once did the ‘hat trick’
at Jedburgh, and took three wickets with three consecutive balls. Now
the grounds are better, and the scores longer, but not too long. You
seldom hear of 300 in one innings on the Border.

In my time the bowling was roundhand, and pretty straight and to a
length, as a general rule. Perhaps, or rather certainly, the proudest
day of my existence was when I was at home for the holidays, and was
chosen to play, and bowl, for the town eleven against Hawick. I have
the score still, and it appears that I made havoc among Elliots,
Leydens, and Drydens. But they were too strong for our Scotts,
Johnstons, and Douglasses: it is a pleasure to write the old names
of the Border clans in connection with cricket. The batting was not
nearly so good then as it is now; professional instruction was almost
unknown. Men blocked timidly, and we had only one great hitter, Mr.
John Douglas; but how gallantly he lifted the soaring ball by the banks
of Ettrick! At that time we had a kind of family team, composed of
brothers and other boys, so small that we called ourselves _Les Enfants
Perdus_. The name was appropriate enough. I think we only once won a
match, and that victory was achieved over Melrose. But we kept the
game going on and played in all weathers, and on any kind of wickets.
Very small children would occasionally toddle up and bowl when the
elder members of the family were knocked off. Finally, as they grew in
stature, the team developed into ‘The Eccentric Flamingoes,’ then the
only wandering Border club. We wore black and red curiously disposed,
and had a good many Oxford members. The Flamingoes, coming down from
Oxford, full of pride, had once a dreadful day on the Edinburgh Academy
Ground. We were playing the School, which made a portentous score, and
I particularly remember that Mr. T. R. Marshall, probably the best
Scotch bat who ever played, and then a boy, hit two sixes and a five
off three consecutive balls. It is a very great pity that this Border
bat is so seldom seen at Lords’; his average for M.C.C. in 1886 was 85.
The Flamingoes lasted for some years, and played all Teviotdale and
Tweedside.

In those days we heard little of Dumfries and Galloway cricket, into
which Steels, Tylecotes, and Studds have lately infused much life. In
recent years, Lord Dalkeith, Lord George Scott, and Mr. Maxwell Scott,
of Abbotsford, have contributed very much to the growth of Border
cricket. Money has never been very plentiful north of Tweed, and when
scarcely any but artisans played, the clubs could not afford good
grounds, or much professional instruction. In these respects there
has been improvement. Perhaps the boys’ cricket was not sufficiently
watched and encouraged. Veterans used to linger on the stage with a
mythical halo round them of their great deeds in the Sixties. Perhaps
the rising generation is now more quickly promoted, and better coached
than of old. I feel a hesitation in offering any criticism because I
had only one quality of a cricketer, enthusiasm, combined for a year
or two with some twist from leg. But, if I never was anything of an
expert, my heart hath always been with those old happy scenes and happy
days of struggling cricket. What jolly journeys we had, driving under
the triple crest of Eildon to Kelso, or down Tweed to Galashiels, or
over the windy moor to Hawick! How keen we were, and how carried beyond
ourselves with joy in the success of a sturdy slogger, or a brilliant
field! There were sudden and astonishing developments of genius. Does
J. J. A., among his savages on the other side of the globe, remember
how he once took to witching the world by making incredible and almost
impossible catches? _Audisne, Amphiarae?_ Michael Russell Wyer, I am
sure, among Parsee cricketers, has not forgotten his swashing blow. But
one of whom the poet declared that he would

    Push into Indus, into Ganges’ flood,
    While all Calcutta sings the praise of Budd,[34]

will no more ‘push leg balls among the slips.’

    No longer make a wild and wondrous score,
    And poke where never mortal poked before.

This is the melancholy of mortal things.

As Mr. Prowse sang

    The game we have not strength to play
    Seems somehow better than before.

Our wickets keep falling in this life. One after the other goes down.
They are becoming few who joined in those Border matches where there
was but one lady spectator, when we made such infrequent runs, and
often dropped a catch, but never lost heart, never lost pleasure in the
game. Some of them may read this, and remember old friends gone, old
games played, old pewters drained, old pipes smoked, old stories told,
remember the leg-hitting of Jack Grey, the bowling of Bill Dryden and
of Clement Glassford, the sturdy defence of William Forman. And he who
writes, recalling that simple delight and good fellowship, recalling
those kind faces and merry days in the old land of Walter Scott, may
make his confession, and may say that such years were worth living
for, and that neither study, nor praise, nor any other pleasure has
equalled, or can equal, the joy of having been young and a cricketer,
where

    The oak, and the ash, and the bonny ivy tree,
    They flourish best at home in the North Countrie.

       *       *       *       *       *

It is long since the writer has played in Border cricket, or even
seen the game in those quarters. A more modern sportsman, and an
infinitely better player, has kindly drawn up a few observations made
in recent years. On the whole, nothing, it seems, is altered. The game
is played mainly, as of old, by the stalwart artisans. There is little
patronage from the counties, and the middle classes are sunk in golf.
Money, therefore, is scarce, and, while very fair wickets are provided,
the out-fielder is harassed by difficulties of ground in many cases.
Time also is scarce, and thus lack of wealth prevents the Borderers
from doing themselves justice. At Langholm the family of the Duke of
Buccleuch, ‘the Langholm Lordies,’ set an example, and, at Dalbeattie
in Galloway, Steels, as of old, Studds, and Tylecotes play in autumn.
Mr. Maxwell of Glenlee, now dead, and Mr. Maxwell Scott of Abbotsford
were recently patrons of the game. On the whole, however, money and
encouragement are sadly lacking.

The play, I gather, has improved, and the employment of professionals
has doubtless contributed to this result. There is a danger, however,
of depending too much on the professionals, who take part in the
matches between the clubs. The difficulties of umpiring are overcome in
matches for the Border Cup by the assistance of strangers, who truly
and indifferently minister justice. In other matches, I am told, the
umpires, being members of the rival clubs, are apt to suffer from ‘the
personal bias,’ and from accesses of local patriotism. This defect is
not absolutely confined to the Border. Football, a game entailing less
expenditure of money and time, is naturally better rooted and more
flourishing than cricket. It is also less dependent on weather. On the
whole, improvement both in skill and in the wickets is to be noted, and
I conceive that a match is much less likely than of old to degenerate
into a Border brawl. But cricket is not the national game of the
country which gave birth to golf and can hold her own at football.

FOOTNOTES:

[34] The maker of a formidable bat.




CHAPTER IX.

HOW TO SCORE.

(BY W. G. GRACE.)


Ask any player who has scored over a hundred in an innings if he felt
any particular influence at work on the morning of the match, and he
will probably answer in the negative; but press him, and he will admit
that he felt fit and well, and that the feeling was owing to a good
night’s rest, together with the careful training of days and weeks. I
am aware that there are exceptions to this rule, and that players have
been known to score largely after a night of high feasting and dancing;
but in my own experience, whilst admitting that occasional freaks of
this kind have been followed by moderately large scores, I cannot
recollect many of my big innings that were not the results of strict
obedience to the rules which govern the training for all important
athletic contests. Temperance in food and drink, regular sleep and
exercise, I have laid down as the golden rule from my earliest
cricketing days. I have carefully adhered to this rule, and to it in a
great degree I attribute the scores that stand to my name in cricket
history, and the measure of health and strength I still enjoy.

Early in the season every cricketer knows the difficulty of getting
his eye in, but though he may be disappointed at the small score
attached to his name match after match, he plays steadily on, trusting
that by constant practice the coveted hundred will come. If he hopes to
score largely he must be careful in his manner of living and moderate
in all things, even though nature may have blessed him with exceptional
wrist power and sight.

The capacity for making long scores is not a thing of a day’s growth,
and it may be years before strength and skill come and enable the
young cricketer to bear the fatigue of a long innings. He cannot begin
too early to play carefully and earnestly, and in all club and school
practice the lad should play as if he were engaged in an important
match, and the result depended upon his individual efforts. In my own
case, thanks to careful guidance, I was early taught to keep my wicket
up, never to hit recklessly, always to play straight or good-length
balls with force, and if possible away from the fielders. Habits of
that kind thoughtfully cultivated will not desert you in first-class
cricket. Great scores at cricket, like great work of any kind, are, as
a rule, the results of years of careful and judicious training and not
accidental occurrences.

If you have occasion to travel a considerable distance to play, make an
effort to get to your destination the night before, or at least some
time before, the match begins. There is nothing so fatiguing to the
eyesight as a long railway journey, and going straight from the railway
station to the wicket is often fatal to long scoring.

I have tried hard, especially of late years, to arrange so that I could
reach the ground in good time and save everything in the shape of hurry
or bustle. There are but few cricket grounds within a hundred miles of
each other where the light and conditions are alike, and it takes some
time for eye and mind to accommodate themselves to new surroundings.
You will find it just as trying to play in a blaze of sunshine, after
three days of smoke and leaden skies, as you will in a change from the
sunny south to the bleak, sunless north.

You must also not only bear in mind the vast importance of reaching
the ground in good time, but the greater importance of getting five
or ten minutes’ batting practice before the innings begins. Very few
grounds are the same as regards the way in which the ball rises off
the pitch, even if the light be similar to that you have been playing
in for days, and it requires nothing short of a genius for the game to
change from a fast to a slow wicket, and play with the same ease and
confidence.

I shall not readily forget an experience that came to me in 1871, when
I travelled from London to Brighton to play for the Gentlemen against
the Players for the benefit of John Lillywhite. Being very much younger
than I am now, I was blessed with clearness of vision and quickness of
action that suited themselves very readily to most conditions of light
and ground. Perhaps it was the inexperience of youth that led me to
put off reaching the old Brunswick ground at Hove until the moment of
beginning my innings. This I know, I felt as fit as ever I did in my
life, walked to the wicket with confidence, and took my guard carefully
to the bowling of J. C. Shaw. He was on at the sea-shore end, and there
was a glare on the water, delighting the artistic eye I have no doubt,
but to me shifting and dancing like a will o’ the wisp. There is no
need to deny the fact, I was all abroad to his first ball, and knew it
had beaten me before it came within two yards of me. I tried hard to
play it, but the ominous rattle told me I had failed, and I returned to
the pavilion and made the mental note. The dazzling light, the railway
journey, and want of five minutes’ practice did it. I had no desire to
repeat the performance in the second innings, and had little fear of
doing so. I took care to have some practice, and scored 217, my brother
G. F. made 98, and we increased the total by 240 runs in two and a half
hours.

There is this also to be said in favour of five or ten minutes’
batting practice before a match, that it enables you to test pads,
gloves, and shoes. To have the fastening of a glove or pad break off
when you are well set is a disagreeable and annoying interruption. It
takes some time to put things right, and when you return to the wicket,
the confidence you felt has very likely to a great extent deserted you.
And how often have you placed your boots in your bag, all the spikes
seemingly firm, to find one or two missing after you have been batting
for a few minutes! One has gone out of the toe of your boot, and you
play forward to a ball, miss your footing and get stumped; or one has
vanished from the heel, and you are called by your partner for a short
run, sent back again, slip, and get run out. Inattention to these
apparently small points causes annoyance, and may prevent you from
getting a long score.

You are now ready to go in, and if you are first on the list you may do
it leisurely; but if you follow first wicket down, or later, impress
strongly upon your mind that it is your duty to get to the wicket
within the limit of time the law allows, and as quickly as possible,
particularly if your partner has got his eye in and looks like making
a large score. You will expect a like consideration when your turn
comes to wait, and nothing upsets a player so much as having to loiter
three or four minutes when he is warm and at home with the bowling,
especially when he knows there is no need for delay. There will be a
lack of confidence between you for some time at least, and indifferent
judging of runs.

You will doubtless please yourself as to the guard to be taken; but
whether you take it to cover the middle and leg stumps, or middle
or leg only, be sure to keep your legs clear of the wicket. A good
umpire notes at the first glance if your leg is covering any part of
it, registers it against you, and remembers it when called upon for a
decision. If you stand clear of the wicket, he realises that you are
taking every precaution, will not decide without thinking, and will
give you the benefit of every doubt.

Be sure you have your right foot firmly planted behind the popping
crease, or you may play a little too far forward and be stumped. You
may as well remove any small piece of grass or loose bit of turf that
catches your eye as you look along the wicket. After you have taken
guard, and marked it clearly, look all around and note the position of
the fieldsmen. It is something to know you may hit out to certain parts
of the ground without the risk of being caught.

It is not very many years since, if you had asked the question how you
were to begin an innings, you would have been told to play quietly
for an over or two, and hit at nothing straight until you got your
eye in. With all my heart I say, do not be in a hurry to hit; keep up
your wicket and runs will come; but do not think that this means that
you are not to punish a loose ball if you get one, whether it be your
first or your twentieth. I understand it to mean that you are not to
hit at a good or doubtful ball for the sake of a start, or to shake
off the nervousness that affects a great number of players until they
have scored the first run. No; begin as you mean to go on, playing good
balls carefully, hitting loose ones, and bearing in mind that a large
score is not made in half-a-dozen hits or overs. Do not be surprised
and disappointed if the first few overs are maidens, or ruffled that
the score-sheet is still clean so far as you are concerned. Possibly
your partner has been placing balls that you could not get away, and
you grow impatient. That is foolishness, and fatal to your chance of
scoring. Remember he had been batting before you came in, and had
obtained the confidence and mastery over the bowling that is now
coming slowly but surely to you. Runs will come if you stay in, and
few bowlers can go on bowling over after over for half an hour or more
without giving you a loose ball or two.

It is bad judgment to attempt sharp runs early in your innings.
Inclination that way is sure to be encouraged by the bowler, and when
you least expect it he will in some way unknown to you communicate with
the wicket-keeper and fielders, and the next attempt may end in you
or your partner being run out. A deal of harm has been done even if
you just saved it by an inch or two, and you will be in a most unhappy
state of mind for some time afterwards. It dawns upon you that there
was a degree of stupidity in the attempt, and it does not improve your
temper to have words of caution showered upon you from the pavilion.
The state of the game, the condition of the score did not demand it,
and you will be very lucky if you realise the fact, and recover your
usual coolness and confidence before resuming your innings.

Exercise judgment when running out big hits. If you find the fielders
a little careless in throwing in, you may make a five out of what
looked like a four; but remember that to do this you will have to make
an exceptional effort that will try your wind. And now you have the
opportunity to show if your head is of the thoughtful kind. The bowler
will be delighted if he can tempt you to play the next ball before
you have got rid of the flurry and excitement, and you will be looked
upon as very obliging and thoughtless if you do. Very likely you have
resumed your position in front of the wicket with no intention of
playing for a second or two; perhaps the bowler is aware of the fact,
but that does not prevent him from bowling at you in the hope that you
may change your mind. Do not blame him if you play and are bowled. He
was not supposed to know that you were not ready, and you had no right
to be there recovering your breath; it will come back as freely to
you a yard or two away from the wicket as in front of it, and neither
bowler nor fielders ought to blame you for waiting for that purpose.
You are playing the game for your side as well as your individual
reputation, and ought to take all needful precautions.

Be careful what you take to drink during a long innings. If you are
not accustomed to large scoring you are sure to feel thirsty, and your
mouth will become very dry before you have made many runs. A big drink
at this or any other time when you are in is a great mistake. For the
moment you feel as if you must quench your thirst, or you cannot go
on; you must, however, refrain, for there is nothing so insidious and
infectious as indulgence in drinks of any kind. In half an hour you
will want another, and the fieldsmen generally will sympathise and
lean to your way of thinking. Then there will be five minutes’ break,
you will probably lose sight of the ball, and very likely get out
immediately after. If you must have something, call for a little water:
it will answer the purpose perfectly. Rinse your mouth with it, swallow
as little as possible, and the thirst will quickly pass away.

It is the first long innings that requires nerve and judgment. The
hopes and fears that spring up in the young player’s breast when he has
scored something between fifty and a hundred make it a severe trial;
and I daresay if you and I could read his thoughts we should find that
every run of the last ten was made in mental fear accompanied by a
thumping heart. But when the hundred is reached, who can describe the
joy that thrills him as he hears the hand-clapping and shouting!

I will not say, be modest in the hour of victory, but rather be modest
after it. It is after the victory, as we listen to outside praise, that
conceit and its enervating influence steal in. Turn a deaf ear, and
remember it was in fear and trembling that you reached the much-desired
score. Quiet confidence is a widely different thing from conceit. The
former will help you to a run of big scores, the latter will cripple
every effort to sustain your hardly earned reputation.

So far I have not touched upon the different wickets that are met
with during the season. There have been years, such as 1887, when the
weather has continued dry and fine for weeks, and the change from
ground to ground was hardly perceptible; but I have known the wicket
to change in a single match from dry, fast and true, to wet and soft,
and then to have finished sticky and unplayable. Anyone who can score
heavily through changes of that kind will be exceptionally fortunate.
I venture to think it may be of some use to young cricketers if I tell
them how they should play under these different conditions of ground. I
will begin with what is known as a fast, dry and true wicket.

This is the wicket which all good cricketers like to play on, and, if
it does not crumble before the match is finished, long scores may be
expected. Never hesitate to play forward on a wicket of this kind, for
the bowler can get little or no work on the ball, and, what is more,
the further it is pitched up and the faster it comes along, the easier
it is to play it forward and the more difficult to play it back. On
such a wicket as this do not go in for lofty and ‘gallery’ hitting, or
you will very likely throw away your chance of making a long score.
If the bowler gives you a ball well up, instead of hitting very hard
at it, I should advise you to drive it along the ground; although you
may not score so many runs for it, still you do not incur the risk
of being caught out, and you will get the applause of those who know
what scientific batting means. Cuts and leg-hits travel at a rare pace
on a good fast ground, and timing and placing are of more importance
than strength. A snick to long-leg may bring more runs than a hard hit
straight, and a tap past long-slip goes flying to the boundary with a
very small expenditure of strength. Most long scores have been made on
a wicket of this description, and you do not tire half so much as you
would if the wicket were wet and heavy.

In the season 1876--one of my best years--I remember playing in three
matches following each other when the ground was fast, dry and true.
The first match was at Canterbury, for Marylebone C.C. _v._ Kent. Kent
made the long score of 473, chiefly owing to the magnificent batting of
Lord Harris, who made 154. We responded with the comparatively small
total of 144. To follow on with so large a deficit was not encouraging;
but the wicket was still everything to be desired in pace and quality,
and I made up my mind to play a fast game, knowing that the bowler
could get little or no work on the ball, and that any attempt to play
carefully for a draw would be useless. It is now a matter of history
that we scored the first 100 in forty-five minutes, 217 well under
the two hours, and finished up with a total of 557 for nine wickets,
converting what appeared to be inevitable defeat into a creditable
draw. It took me a little over six hours to make my 344; but so good
and fast was the wicket that I played forward to most of the good balls.

Two days after, on a similar wicket against Notts, playing for
Gloucestershire at Clifton, I made 177, and the same week 318 not out,
against Yorkshire at Cheltenham. The last wicket was one of the very
best I ever played on, and right through the innings I could play
forward without danger to nearly every ball bowled. Remember, then, on
a wicket of this kind to play forward as much as possible.

I come now to a fast, good, wet wicket. It may surprise a great many
players when I say, play almost the same way as upon a fast dry wicket.
The bowler has still as much difficulty in getting work on the ball, as
it cuts through the ground and he cannot hold it owing to its wet and
slippery state, and you will find playing forward the better way. You
will have to be a little more watchful, for some balls will keep low
and travel at a terrific rate after they pitch, and should you get a
shooter it will come to you even faster than, on a dry wicket. Batsmen
on our perfect wickets of to-day think a ball that keeps low is a
shooter; but I wish they could come across the shooters we used to have
at Lord’s ground twenty years ago. They seemed completely to baffle
some players, and gave them the impression that the ball, instead of
travelling all along the ground, went under it and came up again at the
bottom of the wickets.

Of course you will distinguish between a fast wet wicket and one that
is not thoroughly saturated. The latter, though perhaps quite as true,
will not be so fast, nor will runs come so quickly. A wicket of this
kind was formerly considered much in favour of the bowler; but that
opinion has been upset, and a good punishing batsman, who takes no
liberties, has the bowler pretty much at his mercy. In 1873, on a
wicket of this kind, I made 160 not out for Gloucestershire _v._ Surrey
at Clifton. In the early part of the innings the wicket was fast and
wet, and the ball travelled at a rare pace; but later on it became
softer, and the ball did not travel so well.

A slow, good, dry wicket. You will occasionally meet with this kind of
wicket after rain, when the ground has not had time to dry sufficiently
to make it fast. The bowler can get more break on than he can on a
good fast wicket, but the ball rises slowly off the pitch and you have
plenty of time to watch it. You will rarely get a ball higher than
the bails, and you can play forward or back as the pitch admits. When
playing forward, you must not play too quickly, as the ball sometimes
hangs a bit and you may play it back to the bowler. It was on a wicket
of this kind at Clifton College ground that I scored a hundred in each
innings for Gloucestershire _v_. Kent in 1887. The first day the wicket
was perfect of its kind, every ball coming easy and with very little
break, travelling quickly when hit, as the outside ground was much
harder than the pitch, which had been watered. I made 101 in less than
three hours. Rain stopped play for some time on the second afternoon,
Friday, but by Saturday afternoon the wicket recovered, and I scored
103 not out in two hours and twenty minutes. Years ago, when youth was
more on my side, I preferred a very fast dry wicket; but now I confess
to a leaning for a good, slow, and dry one.

The three wickets I have described must be considered easy, and
attention to the points I touched upon at the beginning should help the
batsman to score largely. I now come to two of a very different nature,
on which, as a rule, the bowler has a high time of it, and where
special nerve, skill, judgment, and luck on the part of the batsman are
required before he can make a large score.

[Illustration: M.C.C. AND GROUND V. AUSTRALIANS, LORD’S, MAY 22, 1884

W. G. GRACE, L.B.W. BOWLED PALMER--101]

First, a bumpy wicket. By a bumpy wicket I do not mean a fast fiery
wicket where the ball only goes over the top of the stumps and raps the
knuckles occasionally, but a wicket upon which you may get a shooter
one over and a blow on the chest the next, as a pleasing variety to
those that come frequently right over your head the first bound and
straight into the hands of the long-stop without again touching the
ground. I can assure all young players that there is a new and curious
sensation in facing balls of this kind. Skill, patience, a quick eye
and ready arm are useful for the occasion, but dogged pluck is worth
the whole of them. Do not let thoughts of hard knocks trouble you,
or your chance of scoring even a double figure will be remote. Take
your position at the wicket in your usual way, stand up to the bowling
pluckily, and do not have it said of you that you are only a good
wicket player. On a ground of this kind every run is valuable, and you
may risk stealing a sharp run or two now and then. One of your side may
make fifty or more runs, but the average score is sure to be small,
and you must face the possibility of hard knocks and play as if you
expected every ball to come true and a large score depended upon you.
I am glad to be able to say that, owing to the general improvement
that has taken place in the principal grounds, you rarely now meet
with a bumpy wicket. When the Yorkshire County Eleven made their first
appearance at Lord’s in 1870 to play against the M.C.C. and Ground,
the wicket was as bumpy as a wicket could be, and very few players on
either side escaped knocks of some kind. It was the first match in
which the alteration in law 9 came into operation, by which a bowler
could change ends twice in the same innings but not bowl more than two
overs in succession; and Alfred Shaw and Wootton availed themselves
of it in the second innings of Yorkshire. The M.C.C. went in first to
the bowling of Freeman and Emmett, and were all out for 73. Yorkshire
made 91, George Pinder, the well-known Yorkshire wicket-keeper, who was
playing for the first time at Lord’s, contributing 31. The prospect in
our second innings was not encouraging, and the wicket anything but
good, when that accomplished Essex sportsman, Mr. C. E. Green, joined
me; but if ever a good and sterling cricketer played pluckily under
adverse circumstances, Mr. Green did that day, and in seventy minutes
we scored 99 runs. Freeman bowled a terrific pace, and Emmett was in
his glory, his bowling bumping and kicking up as I have never seen it
since. We were hit all over the body, Mr. Green twice painfully hard
on the chest; but he was cool and cheerful, and made 51 in his best
style--and that is saying a great deal considering the number of balls
he had to dodge with his head. Just before I was out, last man, Emmett
bowled a ball which hit me very hard on the point of the left elbow,
the ball flew into the air, and we ran a run before it came down into
short-leg’s hands; but I could not hold the bat properly afterwards,
and was glad when the innings was over. I made 66, and our total was
161. Freeman, Iddison, Pinder and Wootton were all badly knocked about.
Yorkshire won by one wicket; thanks to the plucky hitting of Luke
Greenwood and the steady batting of Emmett.

Now I come to a drying, sticky wicket. This is about the worst you
can play upon, and he who scores largely on it deserves to be praised
indeed. If the bowling be indifferent the player who can pull or hit a
long hop to leg has a decided advantage, as the ball hangs a great deal
at times and favours that kind of play. If the bowler be on the spot,
then tall scoring is an impossibility. The work to be got on the ball
is astounding; I have seen balls break a foot or more.

This kind of wicket is oftener seen at Lord’s after a good deal of rain
and a drying sun than anywhere else. We all remember that great match
when the Australians made their first appearance there in 1878. I had
a fair conception of what might happen, and after hitting the first
ball of the match to the boundary was not surprised at being caught out
from the fourth. One ball of Spofforth’s was enough for me the second
innings. The best advice I can give is to watch every ball on a wicket
of that kind, and score when you can.

In conclusion, never treat a straight ball with contempt, however badly
bowled. I have met with a ball that bounded twice or thrice before it
came to me, varying every bound and at the finish twisting or shooting,
and becoming a very difficult ball indeed. I have made it a rule all my
life to hit a straight long hop or full-pitch with a straight or nearly
straight bat, so that when a ball of this kind was bowled to me I had
the full length of my bat to play it with, whereas if I had tried to
pull or hit across at it, I should only have had the width of my bat,
and should have been more likely to miss it.

When an indifferent bowler is put on, you cannot be too careful. He is
put on to tempt you to hit, and does not mind how many runs you score
off him; but presently you will get a good ball, and if you are not
careful, especially if you are trying to bring off a favourite stroke,
you will hit at it and very likely lose your wicket.

After you have made a boundary hit do not make up your mind to hit
another off the next ball.

Keep your eye on the bowler, watch how he holds the ball and runs up
to the wicket before delivering it; that will help you considerably to
detect alteration in length and pace.

It is a mistake to hit at the pitch of slow, round, or under-hand
bowling. The twist is sure to beat you, and if you do not miss the
ball altogether, you will most likely get caught at cover-point. In my
younger days I always ran out to under-hand bowling and hit it before
it bounded, or waited and got it long hop. When a first-class bowler
tries to bowl a slow ball with an extra amount of break, look out for a
bad ball, and when it comes, as it will sooner or later, punish it, and
you will upset him a bit, and very likely prevent him from bowling good
balls afterwards.

I think I have touched upon nearly everything that might help a young
player to a long score, and with just a word about playing against odds
I have done. Whether against eighteen or twenty-two in the field, play
the same game that you would against an eleven. I have very often found
that the fieldsmen in the outfield are placed too deep, and a second
run can be stolen after the ball passes the men close in. Do not hit to
leg, but rather place or snick the ball; you will get just as many runs
without the risk of being caught. It was when playing against odds that
fine placing to leg was first cultivated, and now it has to a great
extent superseded leg hitting.

I need not say how delighted I am to watch the progress of every
young and rising cricketer. My heart is in the game I love above all
others, with a love that is as strong to-day as it was when I made my
first large score, and when eye, hand, and foot were much quicker than
they are now. I do not believe that there are no days like the good old
days of cricket, but I do strongly believe that the prospects of the
game are as bright and hopeful to-day as they have been at any time in
its history, and that in future years as great if not greater things
will be done with both bat and ball. I ask every young cricketer to
study the points I have submitted, and it will be sufficient reward to
me if they in some way help him to make a big score.




CHAPTER X.

THE AUSTRALIANS.

(BY A. G. STEEL.)


Not until Monday, May 27, 1878, did the English public take any real
interest in Australian cricket, though in 1877 in their own country the
Australians had defeated Lillywhite’s eleven on even terms. Prior to
this date four English teams had visited Australia, but their doings,
though recorded in the press, did not interest the cricket community
at home. The Australian players met with in the Colonies were no doubt
learning from the English teams they had seen and played against, but
the idea that they were up to the standard of English first-class
cricket seemed absurd; and to a certain extent this estimate was
justified by the records of the English visitors. In 1862 H. H.
Stephenson, Surrey player and huntsman, took out twelve professional
players to the Colonies under the auspices of Messrs. Spiers and Pond.
They played twelve matches against eighteens and twenty-twos, won six,
lost two, and drew four. In 1864, two years later, George Parr took
out a team, which played sixteen matches against twenty-twos, and was
not beaten at all. In 1873 Mr. W. G. Grace visited the antipodes at
the request of the Melbourne Cricket Club; his eleven played fifteen
matches, all against odds, won ten, lost three, and drew two. In
1876 James Lillywhite followed, and it was during this tour that the
Australians first won a match on equal terms. Lillywhite’s team played
Australia on March 15, 16 and 17, 1877, with the result that Australia
won by 45 runs. This match was noteworthy for another reason. C.
Bannerman made 165 for Australia, and was the first amongst Australian
batsmen to score a hundred against English bowlers. Now, though English
cricketers had been beaten on even terms as recently as 1877, the
fact seemed to have been lost sight of at home in 1878, and when the
first Australian eleven that ever visited England arrived early in the
latter year, it never occurred to anyone that it could have any chance
of actually storming the citadel of English cricket with success. On
May 27, 1878, English cricket and its lovers received a serious shock,
as on that day, in the extraordinarily short space of four and a half
hours, a very fair team of the M.C.C. were beaten by nine wickets. The
famous English club was certainly well represented, seeing that W. G.
Grace, A. W. Ridley, A. J. Webbe, A. N. Hornby, Shaw, and Morley did
battle for it. Gregory’s team, as the Australians were called, had a
very successful season, beating, in addition to M.C.C., Yorkshire,
Surrey, Middlesex, Leicestershire, Sussex, Gloucestershire, and a bad
eleven of the ‘Players,’ and being beaten by Nottingham, the Gentlemen
of England, Yorkshire, and Cambridge, the latter the most decisive
defeat of all.

The British public were surprised at these results, especially as it
had expected so little from the visitors. Many of the lower classes
were so ignorant of Australia itself, to say nothing of the cricket
capabilities of its inhabitants, that they fully expected to find the
members of Gregory’s team black as the Aborigines. We remember the late
Rev. Arthur Ward ‘putting his foot into it’ on this subject before some
of the Australians. One day in the pavilion at Lord’s, the writer,
who had been chosen to represent the Gentlemen of England against the
visitors in a forthcoming match, was sitting beside Spofforth watching
a game, in which neither was taking part. Mr. Ward coming up, accosted
the writer, ‘Well, Mr. Steel, so I hear you are going to play against
the niggers on Monday?’ His face was a picture when Spofforth was
introduced to him as the ‘demon nigger bowler.’ Gregory’s team, in the
writer’s opinion, contained four really good bowlers: Spofforth, Boyle,
Allan, and Garrett, and two fair changes in Midwinter and Horan, but as
batsmen they were poor when compared with England’s best.

Charles Bannerman was a most dashing player, his off-driving being
magnificent, and Horan and Murdoch were fairish batsmen. Murdoch then
was very different to the Murdoch of 1882 and 1884; but the rest
were rough and untutored, more like country cricketers than correct
players. Had this team come to England in a dry instead of a wet
season, it would probably have had a very different record at the end
of its visit. Spofforth, Boyle and Garrett were most deadly to the
best batsmen on the soft, caked wickets they so often had to assist
them; and the Australian batsmen, with the rough crossbat style which
distinguished the majority, were just as likely to knock up fifteen
to twenty runs on a bad wicket as on a good one. Nothing brings good
and bad batsmen so close together as bad wet seasons. When Cambridge
University met them the match was played on a hard true wicket, the
Australian bowling was thoroughly collared, and none of the eleven,
except Murdoch, C. Bannerman, and perhaps Horan, showed any signs of
being able to play correct cricket on a hard ground.

Gregory’s team, however, had a wonderfully stimulating effect on
English cricket. Their record taught us that the Australians could
produce men to beat most of the counties, and who _might_, after a
year or two of experience, play a very good game with a picked team of
England.

In 1880 W. L. Murdoch brought over a Colonial team to England.
The close of the season showed that in the eleven-a-side matches,
Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Gloucestershire, and a good eleven of the
Players of England had been beaten, while only two matches had been
lost: Nottingham succeeded in winning by one wicket, and England by
five wickets. This latter match was the first in which a picked team
of England did battle against the Australians, and the excitement was
intense. It was most interesting, and will be ever memorable for the
splendid innings of W. G. Grace and W. L. Murdoch, who made 152 and
153 respectively, the latter being not out. England’s first innings
was 420, Australia’s 149; the latter followed on, and when the last
man, W. H. Moule, came in there were still wanting 32 runs to save the
innings defeat. Moule played a stubborn game with his captain, and put
on 88 for the last wicket. How England lost five wickets on a goodish
wicket in getting 57 runs will never be forgotten. The writer had taken
off his cricket clothes at the end of the Australians’ second innings,
thinking all would soon be over; but cricket is a strange game, and he
soon had to put them on again. The result of the first pitched battle
between England and Australia, though a win of five wickets for the
former, was a marvellous performance on the part of the Australians;
indeed, seeing how far they were left behind on the first innings, it
was one of the best things ever done at cricket to get so near the
victors at the finish, especially as the wicket on the last innings was
not to be found fault with. It should also be mentioned in fairness to
the Australians that their best bowler, Spofforth, was prevented by an
accident from taking part in this match.

The next team that visited England was in 1882, and was again under
the captaincy of W. L. Murdoch. On this occasion G. Giffen, S. P.
Jones, and H. H. Massie were introduced to the British public for the
first time. As this eleven succeeded in defeating England, and was
perhaps the best that ever represented the Colonies, we record the
names:--A. C. Bannerman, J. M. Blackham, G. J. Bonnor, H. F. Boyle,
P. S. McDonnell, W. L. Murdoch, G. E. Palmer, F. R. Spofforth, T. W.
Garrett, T. Horan, and the three new players above mentioned. The
result at the end of the season was: Matches played, 38: won, 23; lost,
4; drawn, 11; Nottingham beaten once, Lancashire once, Yorkshire three
times, the Gentlemen of England once, and Oxford University once. The
four defeats were by Cambridge University, the Players of England,
Cambridge Past and Present, and the North of England. This team played
the second pitched battle between Australia and England on Monday,
August 28, and after the close finish and creditable display made in
1880 against England by worse players, the match created the most
intense excitement. The Australians went first to the wickets, which
were very sticky, and were all disposed of for 63. England topped this
by 38. Prior to the beginning of Australia’s second innings, a heavy
shower deluged the ground. Going in on the wet cutting-through wicket,
Massie hit the incapacitated bowlers all over the field, and when the
first wicket fell for 66 had scored 55 out of that number. With the
exception of Murdoch and Bannerman, nobody else troubled the English
bowlers, and the ground rapidly drying and caking, the whole side were
disposed of for 122. The Englishmen wanted 85 to win, and when the
score was at 51 for one wicket, it seemed as if the game were over.
Spofforth, however, was bowling splendidly, and the wicket had become
most difficult. He was bowling over medium pace, coming back many
inches, and often getting up to an uncomfortable height. The English
batsmen could do nothing with him, and, after the keenest excitement,
the game ended in a well-won victory for the Australians by 7 runs.
Though this defeat was a great blow to the English representatives,
there were none who grudged Australia her success, which was obtained
by sound and sterling cricket. We think there is no doubt that the
1882 team was better than the next one in 1884. In 1882 they had as
bowlers Boyle, Spofforth, Palmer, Garrett, and Giffen; in 1884 they
had Spofforth, Palmer, Boyle, Giffen, and Midwinter, but they had lost
Garrett. The ’82 team contained two excellent batsmen in Horan and
Massie, whose absence was not sufficiently compensated for by Scott and
Midwinter. Murdoch, Horan, Giffen, Blackham, were all likely to make
runs, while Massie, Bonnor, and McDonnell often succeeded on the worst
wicket in making mincemeat of any bowling.

In 1884 W. L. Murdoch again brought over an Australian team to
England, and played thirty-two matches, winning eight and losing seven.
This time it was decided by the English authorities not to allow the
fame of English cricket to depend on the result of one match only, but
on the best of three, and accordingly three matches were arranged to
be played between England and Australia, one at Manchester, the second
at Lord’s, and the third at the Oval. The first, at Manchester, was
seriously interfered with by the weather. Rain prevented any play on
the first day. England began to bat on a sodden wicket and made 95,
and Murdoch’s team responded with 182. England had now a difficult
task to prevent being beaten, but at the end of the match were 92
runs on, and one wicket to fall. This was doubtless a draw in favour
of the Australians, but still a hundred runs on a bad wicket against
the flower of English bowling take a lot of getting, and it must be
remembered that a month before the Australian team were all disposed
of for 60 on a sticky wicket by Peate and Emmett. The second match
was at Lord’s, and was the only one of the three that was finished.
England won easily by an innings and 5 runs. The earlier teams of the
Australians never appeared to advantage at Lord’s. The later ones,
however, have done better on that ground. The third match, at the Oval,
was a memorable one. The Australians won the toss, went in on a perfect
wicket, and made the terrific score of 551: McDonnell 103, Murdoch 211,
Scott 102. This was a truly great performance, and it was remarkable
that every member of the English team tried his hand with the ball,
by far the most successful having been the Honourable A. Lyttelton
with the analysis of four wickets for 19 runs. England made 346 first
innings, in which was a magnificent display from W. W. Read of 117. In
the second innings England made 85 for two wickets, and thus required
120 runs on a true wicket with seven good batsmen to save the single
innings defeat.

The next team that visited England was in 1886, H. J. H. Scott being
the captain. This is memorable as the first Australian team in England
that did not contain W. L. Murdoch. Several unknown men now made their
appearance, W. Bruce, E. Evans, J. McIlwraith, and J. W. Trumble, but
this was undoubtedly less successful than any of the previous teams.
Their season’s record showed: Matches played, 38; won, 9; lost, 7;
drawn, 22. Here again, as in 1884, England _v._ Australia was to be
played at Manchester, Lord’s, and the Oval; but it is unnecessary to
give an account of these three matches. It will suffice to say that at
Manchester England won by four wickets, at Lord’s by an innings and 106
runs, and at the Oval by an innings and 217 runs.

The sixth Australian team visited us in 1888, and as W. L. Murdoch
had at that time practically retired from first-class cricket, the
captaincy devolved upon that sterling hitter, P. S. McDonnell. This
team, though including some excellent players at all branches of the
game, cannot be considered equal in merit to that of 1882. Three
representative matches were again arranged, as in 1886. The first was
played at Lord’s upon a wicket deluged with rain, and the Australians
won in a small-scoring match by 61 runs. They won on their merits as
the game was played, and the English batsmen on that occasion deserved
to lose. On a most difficult wicket, and against C. T. B. Turner and J.
J. Ferris’s bowling, they poked and scraped about, and seemed utterly
unable to realise what each Australian batsman had done, viz. that to
make runs under such circumstances the bat must be used vigorously.
Though the Australians here scored their second success since 1878 in
England in a representative match, the supporters of England were in
nowise satisfied that the Australians had the better side. Two really
good bowlers their opponents had in Turner and Ferris, but no one
else on their side had any pretensions to being called first-class
in this department of the game. Their batting, taken as a whole, was
weak--McDonnell, of course, was a fine player, but the rest could not
be compared to our best English batsmen. Then their fielding was hardly
up to the standard of previous colonial teams. Altogether the English
side did not fear the result of the next two matches if played under
ordinary conditions of weather and luck. The second match, at the
Oval, resulted in a win for England by an innings and 137 runs, and
the third, played at Manchester, in another win for the same side by
an innings and 21 runs. The feature of the season’s cricket played by
this side was the bowling of C. T. B. Turner and J. J. Ferris. Turner’s
analysis was remarkable--314 wickets for 3,492 runs, giving the
excellent average of 11·38. This bowler is undoubtedly entitled to take
rank amongst the really great bowlers of this generation of cricketers.
J. J. Ferris, though he met with wonderful success this season (1888),
was never in the same class as C. T. B. Turner.

The next Australian team that came to England was in 1890, and W.
L. Murdoch, after five years’ absence from first-class cricket,
consented to once again act as captain. The result of this trip was
anything but a success from a cricket point of view, and indeed the
team was not competent to cope with England’s best. Six of this team
made their first visit to England, viz. Messrs. Charlton, Gregory,
Walters, Barrett, H. Trumble, and Burn. The batting of this team was
distinctly indifferent, though Murdoch showed on occasions he had not
altogether lost his skill; he was not, however, the Murdoch of 1882.
Messrs. Turner and Ferris again bore the brunt of the attack; they
each took the same number of wickets during the tour, viz. 215. The
former’s average was slightly the better of the two; how, in view
of Ferris’s performances since 1890 in England, he managed to run
Turner so close for the highest bowling honours will always remain a
mystery. The first of the three representative matches England won by
seven wickets at Lord’s. The feature of this match was that, though
the Australians made 132 and 176 and the English team 173 and 137 for
3 wickets, there was not one bye scored to either side in the match.
This is a wonderful testimonial to J. M. Blackham and G. McGregor, the
respective wicket-keepers for Australia and England. The second match
England _v._ Australia was played at the Oval, and a good game resulted
in the defeat of the latter by two wickets; it was a close finish, and
the Australians deserved great credit for so nearly defeating such a
powerful side as represented England on that occasion. The third match,
arranged to be played at Manchester, was never even begun owing to the
incessant rain which deluged the ground on all three days.

In 1893 the eighth Australian eleven came over, and carried with it
great hopes of their own countrymen. It had some good batsmen--Trott,
Lyons, Bannerman, Giffen, Bruce, Graham, and Gregory, but none of
them except Giffen could then compare with the best English bats, and
Giffen, for some reason, has never done himself justice as a batsman
in any of these trips. The bowlers were Turner, H. Trumble, Giffen,
R. McLeod, Trott, and Bruce. Giffen at times bowled very finely, and
Turner bowled well, but not so successfully as of yore. H. Trumble also
proved himself to be an excellent bowler, but the combination was not
strong enough, especially in a fine season, to win the rubber against
England. Unfortunately only one of the three matches was finished, and
this resulted in a win for England by an innings and 43 runs.

In 1896 the ninth eleven that visited England, under the leadership of
Trott, proved a good side, far the best that had been over since 1884,
and from this date the efficiency of Australian cricket began to rise,
until at the time of writing (April 1898) it stands as high as it ever
did. Before discussing this eleven it will be well briefly to review
the result of five remarkable test matches played in Australia in the
winter of 1895 and 1896 between Stoddart’s eleven and the Australians.
Stoddart’s eleven was very good, but nobody could say that at that
time it was the best that England could have sent. Grace, Jackson,
Gunn, Storer, and Abel might with advantage have taken the places of
Humphreys, Brockwell, Philipson, Briggs, and Lockwood; but still it was
a good team, and it won three out of the five test matches.

Under any circumstances this must always remain a great feat, for each
side possess a great advantage when playing in their own country, but
on looking carefully into these five matches as a whole, it must be
confessed that Stoddart must have been greatly helped by the selection
and captaincy of the Colonists. Giffen’s view of his duties of captain
was the very erroneous one that it was essential that he should be
bowling at one end nearly the whole time. In the first match he bowled
118 overs, while Turner and Jones were only allowed to bowl 117 overs
between them. In the second match he magnanimously did not go on in the
first innings on a wet wicket, but made up for it by bowling 23 more
overs than anyone else in the second innings, and in the last match he
bowled while 236 runs were scored off him, and H. Trumble, who was on
all wickets the best bowler in Australia, was only selected to play
in one of the matches. Stoddart’s side, however, batted finely, and
Richardson proved himself at that time to be far the best bowler in the
world.

When they came to England in 1896 they brought Giffen, but wisely made
Trott captain, and Hill and Darling showed symptoms of developing into
the very high position they now hold, and the whole eleven proved
themselves a difficult side to get out. Gregory, Darling, Hill,
Iredale, Trott, Giffen, and Donnan all scored a thousand runs in the
season, and Trumble, Jones, McKibbin, and Giffen each secured over a
hundred wickets, and H. Trumble on all wickets was not excelled by any
bowler in the two countries. The eleven played a safe game; there was
no McDonnell or Lyons in the side, but they took a lot of getting out,
though, as might be supposed in the case of a side where there was no
hitter, they were weak on soft wickets.

Such was the situation when the last disastrous visit of Stoddart’s
eleven took place in 1897 and 1898, and though the result of this tour
is very recent history, it is so important and raises such misgivings
for the future that it is well to consider it at some length.

In the first place no eleven has ever left England with so much of
their countrymen’s confidence as this eleven of Stoddart’s. A great
many thought that it was absolutely the best selection that could have
been made. It is easy to be wise after the event, but even now it is
not at all certain that the bowling could be improved, and this was
the notorious weak spot of the eleven. In another part of this work is
given a possible first eleven of England, but this selection is given,
as far as the bowlers are concerned, with no great confidence, and the
truth must sadly be confessed that unless we mend our bowling ways we
shall very likely be defeated in our own country by the Australians in
1899. Up to the end of the first test match Stoddart’s eleven had a
blaze of triumph in spite of the abnormal heat which knocked up more
than one of our eleven. Stoddart had no doubt the worst of the luck
in losing the toss three times in the first four test matches, but,
unluckily, what many of us dreaded occurred in the last match--he won
the toss and lost the match. MacLaren and Ranjitsinhji batted grandly,
Storer, Hayward, and Druce passably, but the rest proved more or less a
failure, while on Australian wickets against weak English bowling the
batting of Darling and Hill was superb, and that of C. McLeod, Gregory,
Iredale, Trumble, and Trott very good. But our team as a whole were not
strong enough in batting to make up for our bowling weakness, and in a
word the Australians thoroughly outbowled us.

The Australians in the first test match played the bowlers who had
performed so well in England in 1896, with the addition of C. McLeod,
but in subsequent matches they played Noble and Howell, and these two
bowlers have the knack of variety in their bowling, and this, combined
with the pace of Jones and the admirable steadiness and break of
Trumble, made a combination of bowlers that on good hard wickets has
never been surpassed. It is the future that troubles us; where are our
bowlers? In old days we could get one first-class bowler a year out of
Nottingham alone, but the supply seems to have come to an end; but from
somewhere must come some bowlers of variety of pace, break, and head,
or the old country must be content to take the lower room. But if 1899
should turn out to be a wet year a very different tale may have to be
told.

Taking both countries, and excluding the Manchester match in 1890,
abandoned on account of weather, fifty-one test matches have now been
played, of which England has won twenty-six, fourteen in Australia and
twelve at home, Australia nineteen, of which all but three were in
Australia, and six have been drawn.

The leading averages in batting in all the series, in both countries,
of test matches from 1880 to 1898 inclusive may prove of interest at
this stage, but of course we exclude the players who only played in
comparatively few matches, and we limit the number of innings to a
minimum of twelve. The averages are as follows:--

  +--------------------+---------+-----------+------------+---------+
  |                    | No. of  | Times not |            |         |
  |      Batsmen       | Innings |    out    | Total runs | Average |
  +--------------------+---------+-----------+------------+---------+
  |K. S. Ranjitsinhji  |   12    |     2     |      692   |   57·8  |
  |F. A. Iredale       |   18    |     0     |      705   |   39·3  |
  |C. Hill             |   12    |     0     |      467   |   38·11 |
  |A. Shrewsbury       |   36    |     4     |    1,277   |   35·17 |
  |A. E. Stoddart      |   28    |     2     |      996   |   35·16 |
  |A. C. MacLaren      |   22    |     2     |      769   |   34·16 |
  |A. G. Steel         |   17    |     3     |      586   |   34·8  |
  |W. G. Grace         |   32    |     4     |    1,079   |   33·23 |
  |W. L. Murdoch       |   27    |     3     |      885   |   32·21 |
  +--------------------+---------+-----------+------------+---------+

Like all tables of averages the above is misleading. Players like
Grace, Murdoch, and Shrewsbury played in the days when runs were not
so easily got, and their performances may rank on a par with those of
MacLaren, Ranjitsinhji, and Hill, and, of course, there have been many
innings played against equally good bowling, but not in matches of
England _v_ Australia. No innings of greater merit has, however, been
played than Murdoch’s innings of 153 not out against England at the
Oval in 1880.

[Illustration: THE CRITICS]

With regard to the merits of the English and Australian bowlers, we
think there are few English cricketers who would deny that Spofforth
is the best bowler ever seen on English grounds, at any rate in modern
times, and yet the statistics show that he is not at the head of the
average list.

The following is the list of the first twelve bowlers:--

  +--------------+-------+------+---------+---------+
  |              | Balls | Runs | Wickets | Average |
  +--------------+-------+------+---------+---------+
  |Lohmann       | 2,861 |   875|    61   |   14    |
  |Peel          | 4,891 | 1,715|   101   |   16    |
  |Turner        | 4,423 | 1,510|    84   |   17    |
  |Spofforth     | 4,137 | 1,714|    93   |   18    |
  |Boyle         | 1,620 |   598|    30   |   19    |
  |Briggs        | 3,403 | 1,569|    76   |   20    |
  |Hearne        | 1,732 |   761|    35   |   20    |
  |Palmer        | 4,463 | 1,678|    78   |   21    |
  |Richardson    | 4,017 | 2,221|    88   |   25    |
  |Giffen        | 5,962 | 2,793|   103   |   26    |
  |Trumble       | 2,723 | 1,213|    47   |   26    |
  |Jones         | 1,537 |   850|    29   |   29    |
  +--------------+-------+------+---------+---------+

Spofforth, although fourth only in the above table, was on the whole
the greatest bowler, for many of his great feats were performed in
other almost as important matches, and it must also be remembered
that he never bowled for maidens; but the figures of Peel, who in
test matches has bowled more balls than anybody, come up remarkably
well, and considering the number of balls he bowled his record is an
extraordinary one.

In addition to Spofforth, the Australians have had a wonderfully good
lot of bowlers: Palmer, Garrett, Boyle, Allan, Evans, G. Giffen, and
since 1886--when this chapter was first written--Turner, Ferris, and
H. Trumble, and, as far as can be gathered from the disastrous tour of
Mr. Stoddart’s eleven in 1897–8, Noble, Howell, and Jones. Although the
previous remarks about Spofforth were written before Turner made such
a wonderful record on our English grounds, we still think Spofforth
the best of all the bowlers. It appears extraordinary at first sight
that a country whose whole population does not exceed that of London
should in the course of a few years have been able to develop such
exceptional talent. We believe, however, that Australia will always
possess excellent bowlers, for the following reason. In Melbourne,
Sydney, and Adelaide, the chief nurseries of Australian cricket, the
grounds are so excellent, and usually so hard and fast, that no bowler
can possibly expect the slightest amount of success unless he possesses
some peculiarity of style or action, pace or power, over the ball; mere
pace and accuracy are of no avail. On the hardest and best wickets it
must be laid down as an axiom that bowlers with change of pace and turn
must form the bowling backbone of the future best eleven, and these
qualities the young Australian cultivates with greater success than the
English. In England the conditions are different, as, by reason of our
variable climate, naturally weak bowling often becomes most effective.
Young Australian bowlers have also ample opportunity for gaining
experience and developing their skill, as there is in the colonies a
very great dearth of the professional element. Members of the same club
have to rely for their batting practice on the bowling of one another,
and their bowlers come to acquire some of the peculiarities above
mentioned that will strike terror into the hearts of their opponents in
the next tie of the cup contests. These cup contests in Australia are
an excellent institution, as professionalism is barred. They produce
the greatest interest and excitement, and each club does its utmost
to secure the much-coveted distinction of being premier club for the
season. The Australian climate is a great aid to bowling and fielding.
Its warmth and mildness prevent the rheumatic affections that so often
attack the arms and shoulders of our players, and the Australians
consequently retain their suppleness of limb and activity of youth
longer than their English cousins. Nothing illustrates this better
than the prevalence of good throwing amongst Australian fieldsmen. The
every-day sight on our own grounds of a man who has thrown his arm
out and can do nothing but jerk is almost unknown in Australia; even
colonials who have passed their cricket prime and have reached the age
of thirty-eight or forty can still throw with much the same dash as of
old. In our county teams we find a woeful deficiency in this essential
to good fielding; the cold and damp of our northern climate having
penetrated into the bones and created a chronic and incurable stiffness.

One occasionally hears a really good cricket story in Australia. The
following was vouched for as a fact by several leading members of
Australian cricket, and was told me as illustrative of the skill and
dash of some great fieldsman whom I have never had the good fortune to
meet. This man was standing coverpoint one day--his usual place in the
field. He was marvellously quick, sometimes indeed his returns were so
smart that none could tell whether he had used his right or left arm.
He was, however, apt at times to be sleepy and inattentive to the game.
On one occasion he was in this state, and just as the bowler started
to bowl he noticed his sleepy coverpoint standing looking on the
ground with his back to the wickets. ‘Hulloa, there, wake up!’ shouted
he. Quick as lightning turned the coverpoint, and seeing something
dark dashing past him made a dart, and caught, not the ball as he had
thought, but a swallow. Talk of Royle or Briggs after that!

Writing at the close of Mr. Stoddart’s disastrous tour, it must be
said that if the Australians bring over a representative team in 1899
it will be looked forward to with the keenest interest. The 1896 lot
did very well, and it remains to be seen whether in 1899, in matches
limited to three days and on English wickets, our visitors can pull
off the rubber in the three test matches. If they do they will receive
the hearty congratulations of every true English cricketer; and at the
present time of writing it looks as if they had a great chance of so
doing, but if they are wise they will try and unearth another batsman
of the stamp of McDonnell or Lyons.




CHAPTER XI.

THE UNIVERSITY CRICKET MATCH.

(BY THE HON. R. H. LYTTELTON.)


If to play drawn matches be a constant reproach against certain
elevens, neither University eleven can be blamed on this score.
Sixty-three matches have been begun between these old rivals, and no
fewer than sixty have been finished. Of the three drawn matches, one,
the first ever played, was confined to one day only; the second was
so long ago as 1844, and that was confined to two days; whilst the
third, in 1888, was played in such unfavourable weather that not even
four days sufficed to finish the match. All the rest have been fought
out to the end, and of the sixty completed matches Cambridge has won
thirty-two times and Oxford twenty-eight; thus Cambridge has a proud
balance of four in its favour. All the matches except five have been
played at Lord’s; the remaining five were played at Oxford, three
on the Magdalen ground, one on Cowley Marsh, and one on Bullingdon
Green. The dark blues appear to have been slightly favoured in this
respect--for presumably they knew their way about Oxford grounds better
than their rivals--and out of the five matches played at Oxford,
Cambridge only succeeded in winning one. The rules of qualification
to play in this match are now strict only in one particular, and
that is that nobody is allowed to play more than four times. Several
players have played five matches, and their names are: C. H. Ridding,
A. Ridding, C. D. Marsham, and R. D. Walker, all Oxford men. The fact
that some players play on a side for five years may constitute a slight
reason for causing the side they assist to lose matches and not win
them; but during the last three years that Mr. R. D. Walker helped his
University he also helped the Gentlemen of England in their annual
matches against the Players both at Lord’s and at the Oval; and C. D.
Marsham was certainly not excelled by any gentleman bowler for accuracy
and general efficiency during all the years he played for Oxford.
Oxford were strong all the five years he played, and won four out of
the five matches; the other match resulted in a victory for Cambridge,
mainly owing to the performances, both in batting and bowling, of the
famous Mr. J. Makinson. Not since 1865, however, when Mr. R. D. Walker
last played for Oxford, has any cricketer played more than four times,
and since that time the rule has been well established, limiting the
period to four years. But there is considerable elasticity allowed in
permitting players to represent their University within those four
years. A residence for a week is apparently sufficient, provided that
the man’s name is kept on the books of some College or Hall. Mr.
O’Brien, who represented Oxford in 1884 and 1885, resided for one
summer at New Inn Hall and never went near his University again, but
if he had chosen and had been selected he might have played for the
full term of four years. Mr. Leslie, after residing at Oxford for one
year, went into business in London, but played three years for Oxford,
and till his last year performed yeoman’s service. In 1856, Makinson’s
year, Mr. T. W. Wills, with the concurrence and sanction of Oxford,
played for Cambridge without ever having resided at Cambridge for one
single day, though his name was entered on the College books. However,
his part in the match consisted of getting five runs in one innings and
bowling nine overs for one wicket. It appears very clear, then, that
Oxford have profited by having five matches played on their own ground
and making use, for five years, of Mr. C. D. Marsham, the best bowler
they ever possessed, to say nothing of Mr. R. D. Walker.

Of course the characteristics of University cricket have changed very
much, following the example of cricket generally. About the first match
of all the late Bishop of St. Andrews (Bishop Wordsworth), who played
in it, very kindly wrote the following note:--

 THE FIRST INTER-UNIVERSITY CRICKET MATCH.--1827.

 In the newly published Life of my younger brother Christopher, the
 late Bishop of Lincoln, the following words are to be found, quoted
 from his private journal:--‘Friday’ (no date--but early in June,
 1826). ‘Heard from Charles. He wishes that Oxford and Cambridge should
 play a match at cricket’ (p. 46). And as I have been asked to put
 upon paper what I can remember concerning the first Inter-University
 Cricket Match, with a view to its insertion in the present volume,
 I venture to take those words for my text. Yes; I was then in my
 Freshman’s year at Christ Church, and both my brother and I--he
 at Winchester, and I at Harrow--had been in our respective school
 elevens. But more than this, as captain of the Harrow Eleven I had
 enjoyed what was then a novel experience in carrying on correspondence
 with brother captains at other public schools--Eton, Winchester, Rugby
 and even Charter House; and I well remember how the last amused us at
 Harrow, by the pompous and, as we presumed to think, bumptious style
 of his letter, proposing ‘to determine the superiority at cricket
 which has been so long undecided.’ Having played against Eton for four
 years, from the first match in 1822 to 1825, and in the first match
 against Winchester in the last-named year, I had a large acquaintance
 among cricketers who had gone off from those schools and from Harrow
 to both Universities. My brother, as I have said, was one of these,
 but though successful in the Wykehamist Eleven at Lord’s in 1825
 (when he got 35 runs in his second innings, and ‘caught’ our friend
 Henry Manning--the future cardinal--of which he was wont to boast in
 after years), he did not keep up his cricket at Cambridge, whereas I
 continued to keep up mine at Oxford and was in the University Eleven
 during the whole time of my undergraduate course. Nothing came of
 my ‘wish’ to bring about a match between the Universities in 1826.
 But in 1827 the proposal was carried into effect. Though an Oxford
 man, my home was at Cambridge, my father being Master of Trinity;
 and this gave me opportunities for communicating with men of that
 University, many of whom remained up for the vacations, or for part of
 the vacations, especially at Easter. I remember calling upon Barnard
 of King’s, who had been captain of an Eton Eleven against whom I had
 played, and who was now one of the foremost Cambridge cricketers, and
 he gave me reason to fear that no King’s man would be able to play at
 the time proposed (early in June), though that time would be within
 the Cambridge vacation and not within ours, because their men, at
 King’s, were kept up longer than at the other Colleges. And this, I
 believe, proved actually the case; and if so, some allowance should
 be made for it. But the fact is, there were similar difficulties on
 both sides, and I am not sure they were not as great or greater upon
 ours. In those ante-railway days it was necessary to get permission
 from the College authorities to go up to London in term time, and
 the permission was not readily granted. To take my own case:--My
 conscience still rather smites me when I remember that in order to
 gain my end, I had to present myself to the Dean and tell him that I
 wished to be allowed to go to London--not to play a game of cricket
 (that would not have been listened to)--but to consult a dentist; a
 piece of Jesuitry which was _understood_, I believe, equally well on
 both sides; at all events my tutor, Longley--afterwards Archbishop of
 Canterbury--was privy to it.

 Thus, though not without difficulties, the match came on, but
 unhappily, the weather presenting a fresh difficulty, it did not fully
 go off. We could only play a single innings; with the result which the
 score shows. The precise day in June on which it was played has been
 disputed. One report gives the 4th; another states that ‘the match
 did not take place on the 4th as intended, but was deferred for a few
 days.’ I can only say that I do not remember any postponement, as I
 think I should do had such been the case; and what is more, ‘a few
 days’ later would have brought it within our vacation, and so would
 have rendered my piece of Jesuitism unnecessary. The players on the
 Cambridge side were mostly Etonians, though there was, I think, no
 King’s man among them; and on the Oxford side, mostly Wykehamists. We
 scored 258 runs to our opponents’ 92, but it cannot be said we were a
 strong eleven. The bowling was divided between Bayley and me; and the
 state of the ground being in my favour, I was singularly successful
 with my left-hand twist from the off, bringing down no less than seven
 wickets in the one innings for only 25 runs. Jenner, famous as a
 wicket-keeper, and well known afterwards as Sir Herbert Jenner Fust,
 was the only batsman who made any stand against it. He had learnt by
 painful experience how to deal with it. We had been antagonists in
 the Eton and Harrow match of 1822; and I can well remember even now,
 though it is 66 years ago, his look of ineffable disgust and dismay
 when I had pitched a ball some four or five inches wide to the off,
 and he had shouldered his bat meaning to punish it as it rose by a
 smart cut to point, the tortuous creature shot in obliquely and took
 his middle stump, when he had only got two runs. Precisely the same
 happened again in his second innings, only then he got no runs at all.
 Again in Eton v. Harrow 1823 I had bowled him at 7. And yet he was
 considered the best bat on the Eton side next to Barnard. He now made
 47 runs, while no one else on the Cambridge side scored more than 8.
 He was also successful as a bowler, taking five wickets, mine included
 (against which he had a very strong claim), though I do not remember
 that he had much reputation in that line; and certainly upon the whole
 the Cambridge bowling must have been very indifferent to allow some of
 our men to run up the scores which stand to their names.

 Though often successful as a bowler (left-handed, under-hand), batting
 (right-handed) was, if I may be bold to say so, my _forte_. In 1828,
 the next year after this match, my average, upwards of 40, was higher
 than that of any other in the Oxford eleven. I mention this with the
 less compunction because in the second Inter-University match my name
 appears without a run in either innings, and I wish to state how
 the failure is to be accounted for. In that year, 1829, the first
 Inter-University boatrace took place at Henley, and I was one of
 the eight. As boating and cricket were then carried on in the same
 (summer) term, and the race and the match were both to come off in the
 same week, I wished to resign my place in the eleven. But this was not
 allowed. I had therefore no alternative but to make my appearance and
 do my best, though I had not played once before during the season, and
 though I was suffering from the effects of my rowing in a way which
 made it almost impossible for me to hold a bat. However, though I got
 no runs, I was so far of use that I bowled two, and caught two of our
 opponents; and we won the match, not quite so triumphantly as in 1827
 (if a ‘drawn’ match can be so described), but quite easily enough, as
 we had won the boatrace quite ‘easily’ two days before, Wednesday,
 June 10th.

 Of the players in the two elevens, who contended at Lord’s more than
 60 years ago, five--if not six--I believe, are still living. Who shall
 say how much the lengthening of their days beyond the ordinary span of
 our existence here is to be attributed to ‘Cricket’s manly toil’?

 I have now done the best I could to comply with the request made to
 me as an old cricketer, and if I have been garrulous, and if I have
 been egotistical, I can fairly plead, that this is no more than was
 to be expected when an ultra-octogenarian was applied to for his
 reminiscences.

  CHARLES WORDSWORTH.

  ST. ANDREWS: _May 16, 1888_.

In the match of 1827, Oxford, strange to relate, got a total of 258
runs, and exactly realised 200 runs in the third match in 1836, while
Cambridge got 287 runs in the fifth match in 1839; but from 1839 to
1851, when Cambridge scored 266 runs, there was no innings played by
either side which resulted in 200 runs, and this notwithstanding the
gigantic number of extras that were sometimes given. Cambridge in
1841 won by 8 runs, but scored in the two innings 56 by extras. In
1842 Cambridge again won by 162 runs, and scored 81 by extras; while
Oxford in 1843 gained 65 by extras, losing the match, however, by 54
runs. After 1851 scores of 200 runs and over became more frequent, and
still extras formed a formidable item in the various totals. Cambridge
gave 34 extras out of a total of 273 in 1852, or 1 run in every 8; and
Oxford in the same year gave Cambridge 40 extras out of a total of 196,
or an average of a little under 1 in every 5. We have made a careful
comparison showing the different totals and the percentage of extras,
and have found the following remarkable fact: in the first twenty-six
matches the total of runs scored came to 11,192, the number of extras
amounted to 1,767, making the percentage of extras to runs amount to a
little over 1 to 6. In the thirty-four succeeding matches 21,364 runs
were scored and 1351 extras, reducing the proportion to 1 to 15. In
other words, for the first twenty-six matches extras constituted 16 per
cent. of the total amount scored, while during the thirty succeeding
years they only amount to 6 per cent.

As might be expected, the weak point in University cricket is the
bowling, and the tendency of modern Inter-University matches is an
undue largeness of scores, though when the improved condition of the
wickets is taken into account, there exists some ground for hoping
that University bowling is better than it was ten years ago. But when
the fact is considered that young amateurs in the prime of life play
every year on frequently perfect wickets, it is rather surprising that
the scoring is not even larger. That it is not so is chiefly owing
to nerve, that grand disturbing element in all cricket calculations.
It is far the most important contest of the year for all the players
concerned, and if you were to ask any University cricketer which match
or matches he felt most was hoped of him he would certainly quote the
Inter-University matches he took part in. It is a match, therefore,
famous for wrecking the reputation of batsmen. Still one may be allowed
to hope that amateur bowling may improve, as amateur wicket-keeping has
done. Since 1880 Cambridge has had as real good bowlers Messrs. Steel,
Studd, Rock, Woods, Jackson, and for one year Mr. Wells, while Oxford,
in our judgment, has during the same period turned out only three
really good bowlers, Messrs. Evans, Berkeley, and Cunliffe, and for one
year Bardswell.

These ten good bowlers may be compared with the greatest in former
days--Messrs. C. D. Marsham, Traill, Maitland, Fellowes, Kenney, and
Butler of Oxford, and Lang, Salter, Plowden, Pelham, and Powys of
Cambridge, who were all fast except Maitland, Pelham, and Plowden;
while only three of the later lot of ten, Messrs. Woods, Evans, and
Jackson, were fast, the other seven being slow or medium.

No fewer than eighty-three men have played four matches; and it is
curious to notice that out of these eighty-three there are only one
Oxford man and three Cambridge men who have played in four winning
elevens. The three Cambridge men are Messrs. T. A. Anson, W. Mills, and
W. de St. Croix; and the one Oxford man is Mr. S. C. Voules. Mr. Voules
played in the four winning elevens of 1863, ’64, ’65, and ’66, Messrs.
T. A. Anson and W. de St. Croix played in the four winning elevens of
1839, ’40, ’41, and ’42, and Mr. W. Mills played in 1840, ’41, ’42,
and ’43. Two unfortunate Cambridge men had the bad luck to play four
losing matches--namely, Messrs. R. D. Balfour and G. H. Tuck, in the
years 1863, ’64, ’65, and ’66. So far no Oxford man has had this fate.
Cambridge once won five consecutive matches, and on two occasions they
have won four, while Oxford has twice won four consecutive matches. As
may be expected, the runs scored by the more recent batsmen altogether
exceed the earlier players’ efforts. Up to 1870, when Mr. Yardley made
the first hundred, Mr. Bullock’s 78 for Oxford, obtained in 1858, was
the highest individual score, and the highest individual aggregates in
any one match are 92 in 1849 by Mr. R. T. King, 95 by Mr. Makinson in
1856, 90 by Mr. Mitchell in 1862, 92 by the same gentleman in 1865,
and 103 by Mr. C. E. Green in 1868. One of Mr. King’s innings was not
completed. So Mr. Yardley in 1870 beat the record of any two aggregates
by his one innings, except Mr. Green’s innings in 1868. Since 1870 the
individual scores of 100 have come fast and furious, and altogether
twenty hundreds have been played, nine by Cambridge to eleven by
Oxford. Mr. Yardley is still in the proud position of being the only
batsman who has twice got into three figures, and nobody who saw either
of his great performances will ever forget it. Unless, however, there
is a change for the better in bowling or an alteration in the laws,
it is certain that hundreds will come with comparative frequency, and
we cannot help pining for a return to the old state of things when
200 was reckoned a very large total. The highest aggregate in any one
match is Mr. Jardine’s 179 in 1892, and the highest individual score is
Mr. Key’s 143 in 1886. No performances are, however, entitled to more
credit than Mr. Makinson’s aggregate of 95 in 1856, and Mr. Mitchell’s
90 in 1862, and the fewer long scores made in former days made a far
larger proportion of the total runs obtained by the whole side. Mr.
Makinson’s runs in 1855 were obtained against perhaps the best bowling
eleven that Oxford ever possessed, containing Messrs. C. D. Marsham, A.
Payne, W. Fellowes, and W. Fiennes, while Mr. Mitchell’s score in 1862
was not much less than half of the total score of his side. Against
him are to be found the names of Plowden, Lang, Salter, and Lyttelton,
and never in any match, except in the previous year when they had the
same quartet, has Cambridge been so strong in bowling as they were in
1862. The highest average has been secured by Mr. Key of Oxford, and
this amounts to no less than 49. Close behind him comes Mr. Wright of
Cambridge, with an average of 48·4; then Mr. Mitchell with 42·4, and
Mr. Yardley with 39·5. Mr. Mitchell’s average is remarkable, as his
highest score was 57, though he was once not out. Mr. Wright was twice
not out, Mr. Key and Mr. Mitchell once each; Mr. Yardley, however, was
always got out in the end. In estimating these averages we are only
reckoning the players who represented their University for four years.

The earlier bowlers, as far as wickets are a guide, carry all before
them. Not until the twentieth match, played in 1854--Mr. C. D.
Marsham’s first year--was any analysis kept. To judge, however, by
the standard of wickets, Mr. G. E. Yonge of Oxford, who in four years
obtained thirty-nine wickets, Mr. E. W. Blore and Mr. Sayres, both of
Cambridge, who in the same time got thirty-two, are entitled to the
highest place.

Naturally enough, as Mr. Marsham played five years and was also the
best bowler on the whole that Oxford ever turned out, most wickets
fell to his share. He got forty wickets at a cost of 361 runs--that
is to say, of only 9 runs a wicket--a great performance under any
circumstances. Two wides only were scored against Mr. Marsham, and
there is no record of a ‘no ball.’ He bowled a strictly orthodox
round-arm of fast medium pace, and generally round the wicket.

Mr. E. M. Kenney was a very fast and dangerous left-hand bowler, most
terrifying to a nervous batsman, for he delivered that unpleasant sort
of ball which pursues the batsman, and is apt, to adopt a pugilistic
metaphor, to get in heavily on the ribs. During the three years that
Mr. Makinson played for Cambridge he took twenty-one wickets at a cost
of 194 runs, or just 9 runs a wicket; and when it is remembered that he
was also distinctly the best bat in the two elevens each of the three
years he played, it may be safely assumed that, as an all-round man,
he has never had a superior, with the exception of Mr. A. G. Steel.
At the same time it must be admitted that in bowling he was quite as
successful against Oxford as his merits justified.

The famous Cambridge fast bowler, Mr. R. Lang, played three years,
and got fifteen wickets at a cost of only 84 runs, or a fraction over
5 runs per wicket--an analysis that has never been surpassed, and
deserves to be quoted as an example for young players to emulate. In
1860 he bowled in the two innings twenty-one overs for 19 runs and
six wickets. In 1861 he lost his pace owing to an injured arm and was
unsuccessful, bowling twenty-six overs for 30 runs and no wicket. In
1862, in the two innings, he bowled twenty-nine overs for 35 runs and
nine wickets; and, to take the first innings alone, we find he bowled
only thirty-four balls for 4 runs and five wickets all clean bowled.
Considering his pace he was very straight, and only bowled 6 wides
in all three matches. H. W. Salter of Cambridge played two years,
and obtained fourteen wickets for 74 runs, or a fraction over 5 runs
a wicket, another extraordinary performance. Mr. H. M Plowden, who
played four years from 1860, lowered nineteen wickets for 153 runs,
or an average of 8 runs a wicket. In no previous or subsequent years
has either University been so amply provided with bowling strength as
was Cambridge during these three years, as, besides Salter, Lang, and
Plowden, in 1860 she had Messrs. E. B. Fawcett and D. R. Onslow, and in
1861 and ’62 the Hon. C. G. Lyttelton, who bowled for the Gentlemen.

The greatest bowling feat in the whole history of University cricket
belongs to Mr. S. E. Butler, of Eton and Oxford renown, and took place
in 1871. Cambridge had some good bats in her eleven--Messrs. Money,
Tobin, Fryer, Scott, Yardley and Thornton, a rough and ready hitter in
the person of Mr. Cobden, and a fair batsman in Mr. Stedman. But Mr.
Butler found an old-fashioned Lord’s wicket, and he bowled a terrific
pace and got on a spot which shot and made his balls break considerably
down the hill. He got the whole ten wickets in one innings, and in
the match he lowered fifteen wickets for 95 runs. His bowling was
unplayable on the first day; eight of the ten wickets in the first
innings were clean bowled, and twelve out of the whole fifteen.

Mr. Woods, who played for Cambridge for the four years ending 1891,
bowled 184 overs for 318 runs and thirty-six wickets, an average of
five wickets per innings at 8 runs per wicket, a great record for these
days--a feat great enough to entitle him to an honorary degree in the
opinion of the Master of Peterhouse.

Mr. Berkeley had during his four years an uphill task, as he was
in three losing elevens, and that means a heavy handicap, as every
cricketer knows. But considering that he was the only real bowler on
his side during all the four years he played, his record of 196 overs
for 341 runs and twenty-seven wickets, and 12 runs per wicket, is very
good, and such a bowler deserved a better fate than to play in three
defeats out of four matches.

It will interest and comfort young cricketers to remind them how many
great batsmen have failed in these matches. We feel sure that these
latter will excuse us for pointing out their shortcomings; for they
will know that we do so only to sustain their weaker brethren and
illustrate the glorious uncertainty of the game. The late Mr. John
Walker, who for several years represented the Gentlemen, got 19 runs in
six innings, or a proud average of 3. His younger brother, Mr. R. D.
Walker, the silver-haired veteran of five Inter-University contests,
gallantly led off with an innings of 42; but the result of his five
years’ batting against Cambridge was 84 runs in ten innings, his first
innings in fact amounting to one-half of the total runs he scored in
five years. Yet he played for the Gentlemen in 1863, 1864, and 1865,
and these were the last three years he played for Oxford. M. A. W.
Ridley played for four years, and his runs for seven innings came to a
total of 61, or an average of 10 runs per innings, as once he carried
his bat. The present Lord Cobham, who played for the Gentlemen of
England his first year at Cambridge, batted exactly on a par with Mr.
Ridley, as he also made 61 runs in six innings, and was once not out.
Cambridge men of his date will tell you that on Fenner’s nobody was
ever more dangerous, and his scores for those days were enormous. Mr.
C. G. Lane--of whom the poet wrote:

    You may join with me in wishing that the Oval once again
    May resound with hearty plaudits to the praise of Mr. Lane--

played seven innings for a total of 35 runs. Take courage, then, young
cricketer, and know that if you fail, you fail in good company.

Most extraordinary have been the vicissitudes of fortune in several of
these matches. Oxford in 1871 had a fine eleven, which easily defeated
Cambridge by eight wickets; and in 1872 they played no fewer than
eight of their old eleven. Cambridge played seven, and the four new
men were the famous pair of young Etonians, Messrs. Longman and Tabor,
the Harrovian, Mr. Baily, and the Wykehamist, Mr. Raynor. The odds on
Oxford at the start were about 2 to 1. Yet Cambridge on winning the
toss put together the largest total yet realised by either side in any
one innings, namely 388 runs. The two Etonian freshmen were on the
whole entitled to the chief honours on this occasion, as for the first
time they made over 100 runs before the fall of a wicket. Mr. Longman
was badly run out by Mr. Yardley after batting for about two and a
half hours, or else another 100 runs might have been put on. When the
Oxford eleven went in to bat, not one of them could look at Mr. Powys,
the fastest bowler of the day, except Messrs. Ottaway and Tylecote, who
both played remarkably well in the second innings. Mr. Powys secured
thirteen wickets at a cost of 75 runs, or a trifle under 6 runs a
wicket.

Everybody has heard of the 2-run success of Cambridge in 1870, and
the 6-run victory of Oxford in 1875. The difference between the two
matches consisted in the fact that in 1870 not till the last wicket
was actually bowled down did it appear possible for Oxford to lose;
in 1875 the issue was quite doubtful till Mr. A. F. Smith made that
fatal stroke to a plain lob. Cambridge in 1870 were on the whole
the favourites; not that there was much to choose between the two
elevens, but because they had won the three previous years. In batting,
Cambridge had Messrs. Dale, Money, and Yardley; and Oxford, Messrs.
Ottaway, Pauncefote, and Tylecote--quite a case of six of one and half
a dozen of the other, though Yardley was far the most dangerous man.
In bowling Oxford were handicapped by Mr. Butler’s strained arm, which
prevented him from bowling more than a few overs; but they possessed
Messrs. Belcher and Francis, two good fast bowlers. Cambridge had
Cobden for a fast bowler, Harrison Ward for a medium pace, and Bourne
for slow round. So while Mr. Francis was some way the best fast bowler
of the two elevens, Oxford were deficient in variety, while Cambridge
possessed all paces and also Mr. Money’s lobs. Cambridge won the toss
and put together 147 runs, the good bats all failing, and only Mr.
Scott doing credit to himself by an innings of 45. Oxford scored more
equally, though neither Ottaway nor Pauncefote contributed more than
modest double figures; the total, nevertheless, came to 175, or a
majority of 28. The next hour’s play apparently saw Cambridge utterly
routed. Mr. Dale stopped all that time, but nobody stopped with him.
The total at the fall of the fifth wicket was 40, or only 12 on. ‘We
are going to win a match at last!’ said one of the Oxonians to another
who had been educated at Rugby. ‘Wait a bit,’ said the Rugbeian, who
turned his head and saw Yardley advancing to the wicket; ‘I have
seen this man get 100 before now.’ The companion of the last speaker
possibly had not seen Yardley perform this feat, but he had not long
to wait. There are several batsmen whose play baffles criticism, and
Yardley was one of them. He certainly played some balls in a manner
that purists found fault with, but good judges of the game could see
that there was genius in his method; and genius, as we all know, rises
above canons and criticism. If Mr. Yardley had not touched a bat for
six months, still he might walk to the wickets and play a magnificent
innings; for genius requires little or no practice. Those familiar with
his play knew that they might look out for squalls if he was allowed
to get set. Mr. Dale was at the other end, playing every ball with a
perfectly straight bat and in the most correct style. In the minds of
both of them it was a crisis; for each knew that unless they put on a
lot of runs the match was lost, as five of their side were out. One
mistake and Cambridge would have to retire beaten. But no mistake was
made. Yardley got set; the bowling was fast and so was the ground, and
the former was hit into a complete knot. There seemed to be no prospect
of getting either of them out, when Mr. Yardley sent a ball hard back
to the bowler, who made a fine catch off a fine hit, and the Cambridge
man retired with the first Inter-University 100. Mr. Dale made a leg
hit, and was splendidly caught by Mr. Ottaway with one hand over the
ropes.

In a short time the innings was over, and Oxford had to face a total
of 179 to win the match. In these days on a hard wicket this is
regarded as a comparatively easy feat; but runs were not so easy to
accumulate eighteen years ago, and the betting was now even, Cambridge
for choice. One Oxford wicket was soon got, and then a long stand was
made by Messrs. Fortescue and Ottaway, both of whom played excellent
cricket. The total was brought up to 72 for only one wicket, the
betting veered round to 2 to 1 on Oxford, and Mr. Ward was put on to
bowl. This change was the turning point of the game. Mr. Fortescue
was soon bowled, so was Mr. Pauncefote, and with the total at 86 the
betting was again evens, Oxford for choice. Mr. Ward had found his
spot and was bowling with deadly precision when Mr. Tylecote came in.
Both Ottaway and Tylecote now batted cautiously and well, and Mr. Ward
went off for a time. Mr. Tylecote was a very good bat, but compared
to Ottaway only mortal; how on earth Ottaway was to be got out was a
problem that seemed well-nigh insoluble. The total went up to 153, or
only 26 runs to win and seven wickets to go down; the betting 6 to 1 on
Oxford. A yell was heard, and Mr. Tylecote was bowled by Mr. Ward, and
Mr. Townshend came in.

Mr. Ward, from the pavilion end, was at this stage bowling to Ottaway,
who made a characteristic hit, low and not hard, to short-leg. Mr.
Fryer was not a good field, and Cambridge generally were fielding
badly, but he rose to the occasion and made a good catch close to the
ground, so close that Ottaway appealed, but in vain, and the score
stood at 160 for 5 wickets down--19 runs wanted to win. Mr. Hill now
came in, and began to play a free, confident game at once. A bye was
run and a sharp run was made by Townshend by a hit to third man,
but Townshend was then caught off Ward, and Francis came in, and
after making a single was l.b.w. to the same bowler. During Hill’s
partnership with Townshend and Francis he knocked up 11 runs by good
bustling play, and he now stood at the nursery end to receive the last
ball of an over from Ward, 5 runs being wanted to win, and Butler
in the other end. Hill hit the ball fairly hard to sharp short-leg,
and Bourne measured his length on the ground, stopped the ball, and
converted the hit from a fourer to a single. Hill got to the other end,
an over was called and the ball tossed to Cobden, who was faced by
Hill, 4 runs being wanted to win and 3 to tie.

We say with confidence that never can one over bowled by any bowler
at any future time surpass the over that Cobden was about to deliver
then, and it deserves a minute description. Cobden took a long run and
bowled very fast, and was for his pace a straight bowler. But he bowled
with little or no break, had not got a puzzling delivery, and though
effective against inferior bats, would never have succeeded in bowling
out a man like Mr. Ottaway if he had sent a thousand balls to him.
However, on the present occasion Ottaway was out, those he had to bowl
to were not first-rate batsmen, and Cobden could bowl a good yorker.

You might almost have heard a pin drop as Cobden began his run and
the ball whizzed from his hand. Mr. Hill played the ball slowly to
cover-point, and rather a sharp run was made. As the match stood,
Oxford wanted 2 to tie and 3 to win, and three wickets to go down: Mr.
Butler to receive the ball. The second ball that Cobden bowled was
very similar to the first, straight and well up on the off stump. Mr.
Butler did what anybody else except Louis Hall or Shrewsbury would
have done, namely, let drive vigorously. Unfortunately he did not keep
the ball down, and it went straight and hard a catch to Mr. Bourne,
to whom everlasting credit is due, for he held it, and away went Mr.
Butler--amidst Cambridge shouts this time. The position was getting
serious, for neither Mr. Stewart nor Mr. Belcher was renowned as a
batsman. Rather pale, but with a jaunty air that cricketers are well
aware frequently conceals a sickly feeling of nervousness, Mr. Belcher
walked to the wicket and took his guard. He felt that if only he could
stop one ball and be bowled out the next, still Mr. Hill would get
another chance of a knock and the match would probably be won. Cobden
had bowled two balls, and two more wickets had to be got; if therefore
a wicket was got each ball the match would be won by Cambridge, and Mr.
Hill would have no further opportunity of distinguishing himself. In a
dead silence Cobden again took the ball and bowled a fast ball well up
on the batsman’s legs. A vision of the winning hit flashed across Mr.
Belcher’s brain, and he raised his bat preparatory to performing great
things, hit at the ball and missed it, and he was bowled off his legs.
There was still one more ball wanted to complete the over, and Mr.
Belcher, a sad man, walked away amid an uproarious storm of cheers.

Matters were becoming distinctly grave, and very irritating must
it have been to Mr. Hill, who was like a billiard-player watching
his rival in the middle of a big break; he could say a good deal and
think a lot, but he could do nothing. Mr. Stewart, _spes ultima_ of
Oxford, with feelings that are utterly impossible to describe, padded
and gloved, nervously took off his coat in the pavilion. If ever a man
deserved pity, Mr. Stewart deserved it on that occasion. He did not
profess to be a good bat, and his friends did not claim so much for
him; he was an excellent wicket-keeper, but he had to go in at a crisis
that the best bat in England would not like to face. Mr. Pauncefote,
the Oxford captain, was seen addressing a few words of earnest
exhortation to him, and with a rather sick feeling Mr. Stewart went
to the wicket. Mr. Hill looked at him cheerfully, but very earnestly
did Mr. Stewart wish the next ball well over. He took his guard and
held his hands low on the bat handle, which was fixed fast as a tree
on the block-hole; for Mr. Pauncefote had earnestly entreated Mr.
Stewart to put the bat straight in the block-hole and keep it there
without moving it. This was not by any means bad advice, for the bat
covers a great deal of the wicket, and though it is a piece of counsel
not likely to be offered to W. G. Grace or Stoddart, it might not
have been inexpedient to offer it to Mr. Stewart. Here, then, was the
situation--Mr. Stewart standing manfully up to the wicket, Mr. Cobden
beginning his run, and a perfectly dead silence in the crowd. Whiz went
the ball; but alas!--as many other people, cricketers and politicians
alike, have done--the good advice is neglected, and Stewart, instead of
following his captain’s exhortation to keep his bat still and upright
in the block-hole, just lifted it: fly went the bails, and Cambridge
had won the match by two runs! The situation was bewildering. Nobody
could quite realise what had happened for a second or so, but then----
Up went Mr. Absalom’s hat, down the pavilion steps with miraculous
rapidity flew the Rev. A. R. Ward, and smash went Mr. Charles Marsham’s
umbrella against the pavilion brickwork.[35]

One word more about this never-to-be-forgotten match. The unique
performance of Cobden has unduly cast in the shade Mr. Ward’s
performance in the second innings. It was a good wicket, and Oxford
had certainly on the whole a good batting eleven. Yet Mr. Ward bowled
thirty-two overs for 29 runs and got six wickets, and of those six
wickets five were certainly the best batsmen on the side. He clean
bowled Messrs. Fortescue, Pauncefote, and Tylecote, and got out in
other ways Messrs. Ottaway, Townshend, and Francis. It is hardly too
much to say that in this innings Mr. Ward got the six best wickets and
Mr. Cobden the four worst. In the whole match Mr. Ward got nine wickets
for 62 runs, and this again, let it be said, on an excellent ground.
Comparisons are odious, however, and the four Cambridge men, Yardley,
Dale, Ward, and Cobden, have no reason to be jealous of each other, and
every reason to be satisfied with themselves.

Oxford have got a victory to set off against this Cambridge triumph
in 1870. It took place five years later, and though Mr. Ridley’s
bowling at the finish was not condensed into one sensational over like
Cobden’s, still the greatest credit is due to him for putting himself
on at the right moment, fully realising an undoubted truth, that lobs
are most terrifying to very nervous players at a crisis.

Comparing the two elevens, on paper it would appear that Oxford were
the better bowling eleven, and were considerably superior in fielding.
In 1870 Cambridge deserved to have lost the match on account of their
bad fielding; in 1875 they succeeded in doing so. Messrs. Webbe and
Lang started by making 86 for the first wicket, and Mr. Webbe was twice
badly missed at short-slip. Mr. Lang ought to have been easily stumped.
In Oxford’s second innings four Oxford wickets, including Ridley and
Webbe, were down for 34. Mr. Briggs came in and was badly missed at
short-slip directly, and disaster was averted for some time; and Mr.
Game, who scored 22, was missed shortly after he went to the wicket.
The Oxford fielding was very fine all through, though one member missed
two easy catches. The bowling was more evenly divided; Oxford had more
bowlers than Cambridge, though Messrs. Sharpe and Patterson were as
good as, or better than, Messrs. Lang and Buckland. But besides these
two Oxford had Mr. Royle and Mr. Ridley and Mr. Kelcey, while the two
Cambridge bowlers had to do most of the work.

In batting the position was somewhat similar. Ridley and Webbe were
superior to Longman and the second best Cantab, but on the other hand
Cambridge were stronger all through. On the whole the sides were very
even.

Oxford made a good start, thanks to the politeness of the Cambridge
field, though both Webbe and Lang played well, and fair scores were
made by Ridley, Pulman and Buckland, but at no time during the match
did Mr. Ridley appear at home to Mr. Patterson’s bowling. The total
reached 200, and there were 20 extras, of which 15 were byes; and the
Cambridge wicket-keeping was not up to the mark. Cambridge batted on
the whole disappointingly in the first innings; the captain, Mr. G. H.
Longman, played a very good innings of 40, but the other scores were
below what was expected, and again did extras prove of great value, for
Cambridge realised 17 thereby. But, on the whole, the Oxford fielding
was very fine, and both Messrs. Longman and Blacker, who played good
steady cricket, found great difficulty in getting the ball away.

At the close of the Cambridge innings Oxford had a valuable balance of
37 in their favour, and most thoroughly did they deserve this advantage
on account of their very superior fielding. It is always consoling to
an eleven who are beginning their second innings to feel that every
hit adds to the total that the other side must get before they can
win, and that their energy is not to be applied towards wiping off a
deficit. Oxford had this balance of 37 in their favour, and very sorely
was it needed, for their wickets fell with depressing rapidity. Both
Sharpe and Patterson bowled admirably; the former had both Lang and
Campbell with the score at 5 only. Ridley again fell to Patterson, with
the total at 16, and at 34 Webbe was out to a good running catch from
short-slip to short-leg.

The match now looked well for Cambridge, as Ridley and Webbe were far
superior to their comrades. Mr. Webbe had scored most consistently all
through the year; this second innings of 21 contained no mistake, and
nobody ever could have looked more firmly set for a large score. Four
wickets for 34 was a very bad start, but again did the Cambridge eleven
show great politeness to their opponents; for directly Mr. Briggs came
in he was badly missed at short-slip off Mr. Sharpe, and Messrs. Briggs
and Pulman raised the score to 64, when the former was clean bowled
by a lob. Mr. Pulman stayed till the total reached 74, when he was
stumped off Mr. Sharpe for an admirable innings of 30. He had played
very well in his first innings, but his second stopped an undeniable
rot, was quite chanceless, and no innings under the circumstances could
have been more useful. Mr. Game then came in, and again did Cambridge
rise to the occasion and miss him off an easy chance when he had made
3 only; and he showed his gratitude by hitting up 22 before he was
well caught, the total being 109. Mr. Buckland was clean bowled by
Mr. Patterson first ball, and nine runs later Mr. Royle was stumped,
having played a most useful innings of 21. Both Messrs. Tylecote and
Kelcey smacked up small double figures, and the total of the innings
was 137--a very much better score than at one time seemed probable. If
the chances had been taken the total might not have reached 100, and if
a list could be made of the matches lost by bad catching, angels would
weep.

Oxford’s second innings was not over till a quarter to seven, but Mr.
Ridley rightly insisted on the letter of the law being kept, and five
minutes before the drawing of the stumps Oxford were in the field and
two nervous Cambridge batsmen in a fading light were walking slowly to
the wickets. Only one over was bowled, and a leg-hit for four was the
only result.

[Illustration: THE INTERVAL]

We have said that the Oxford captain rightly insisted on Cambridge
going in, and we contend that Mr. Ridley acted wisely and not unfairly
in so doing. He had the law on his side, and if the law is not to be
enforced in the University match, when is it ever likely to be? Mr.
Ridley also probably anticipated the fact that the Cambridge captain
would be unwilling to run the chance of sacrificing one of his good
wickets, and that the order of going in would be altered. This may be a
considerable disadvantage to the side; it is not certain that it was in
the present case; but Mr. Macan, who went in fifth wicket down in the
first innings, had to go in considerably later in the second innings,
and thus a good batsman was wasted.

Messrs. Sharpe and Hamilton went in first; at the beginning of the
third day Cambridge wanted 171 runs to win, and had all their wickets
standing. Both Sharpe and Hamilton played well at the start, and
brought the score up to 21, when the latter put his leg in front and
departed. Mr. Lucas came in, but was clean bowled for 5 runs: two
wickets for 26. Mr. Longman, the captain, came in, and played steadily
and well, and the bowling for the first time in the innings seemed to
be collared; Lang went off, Ridley bowled three overs for 11 runs,
and Mr. Royle took the ball. Mr. Royle’s bowling proved the turning
point of the game. He was not by any means an accurate bowler, but at
times his balls broke fast and were most difficult to play. He bowled
three maidens, and with the fifteenth ball clean bowled Mr. Sharpe,
who had played an excellent innings of 29. He had stepped into the
breach overnight and gone in when twilight was coming on; having passed
through that ordeal safely, he completed a most useful innings next
day. Messrs. Longman and Sharpe had brought the score from 26 to 65,
but Royle made Blacker play a ball on at 67, and clean bowled Longman
at 76 for a second very good innings. The ball that bowled Mr. Longman
was a dead shooter of the old sort, which came back also considerably.
Messrs. Greenfield and Lyttelton were now in together, and the score
again steadily rose, though Mr. Lyttelton was manifestly uneasy with
Royle’s bowling. However, the total came to 97 when Lyttelton was
badly missed, and a snick put 100 on the board; but at 101 Greenfield
made a bad hit and was caught at mid-off, and in walked Mr. Sims. Sims
this year was a powerful and dangerous bat--in fact, he was the most
determined hitter in the two elevens, and on the present occasion
he made a great bid for victory. He possessed a bulldog courage in
whatever he undertook, and his contemporaries at Cambridge could
scarcely believe that so strong a man could have caught a chill and
died so quickly as he did some few years later while in full work as
an energetic clergyman in the North of England. Shortly after Sims had
gone in, Lyttelton was a second time missed, though fortunately for
Oxford the mistake mattered little, for from a fine leg-hit he was
grandly caught by Webbe close to the ropes while running at full speed.
It was not a high hit, but it would have hit a spectator on the nose
if the fieldsman had not caught it. There was no finer bit of fielding
in the match than this, and it was hard to be got out in such a way,
though the batsman was lucky to have made 20 runs. The score was 114
when Lyttelton was out, or 60 to win and 3 wickets to go down, and the
betting 7 to 4 on Oxford. Messrs. Sims and Patterson played well, and
brought the score to 128, or 46 to win, when down came the rain and
play was stopped for an hour and a half. It rained hard for a time, and
Oxford had to turn out to bowl with a wet ball and field on slippery
ground. Mr. Patterson played well, and Sims shut his teeth and went
to work with savage determination. The runs came fast; in 20 minutes
the score had been raised from 128 to 161, when Ridley went on to bowl
and with his first ball clean bowled Patterson. Macan then came in and
made a single (13 to win), and a mighty whack did one of Ridley’s balls
then get from Sims, who sent the ball over the bowler’s head to the
ropes like a cannon shot, and Lang took the ball from Royle, 9 runs
being wanted to win the match for Cambridge. A leg-bye was got from
Lang’s first ball and a no ball followed, making 7 to win. It appeared
good odds on Cambridge, for Sims did not look like getting out, and
his hits had a way of going to the boundary. Be it remembered that the
ball was wet and heavy, and forgetfulness of this fact on the part of
Sims at this stage cost him his wicket and Cambridge the match. Mr.
Game was fielding deep square-leg close to the ropes by the tennis
court, and Pulman was on the on side close to the left-hand corner of
the enclosure that stands on the left facing the pavilion. There was
a considerable space between these two fields, and off the full pitch
on his legs which Sims now received from Lang the ball might have been
swept safely under the ropes anywhere between the two men. But Sims
no doubt felt as strong and as lusty as an eagle, and forgetting that
the ball was wet and heavy, got under it and tried to lift it over the
ropes. The sodden ball refused to go so far, and Pulman, running some
distance, made what with the ball dry and of a normal weight would have
been an ordinary country catch. With the ball wet and heavy, however,
his success was the more commendable, and back to the pavilion,
crestfallen and sad, went Sims. Returning for a moment to the 2-run
match, the two men for whom sympathy may be felt because the game did
not result in favour of their side were Ottaway in 1870 and Sims in
1875. Ottaway got out when his side wanted 18 runs to win and had four
wickets to go down, and Sims when only 7 runs were wanted and there
were two wickets to fall. Both are now dead, but as long as any matches
in England are remembered these two innings will be borne in the memory
of those who witnessed them.

Mr. Smith had to face a crisis he had long been dreading, and he
walked apprehensively to the wicket. Mr. Macan, who was in, had only
received two or three balls, so both had to feel their way cautiously.
It is, perhaps, true to say that at the extreme moments of nervousness
climatic surroundings have no effect on the constitution; be this as
it may, the air was chilly, the ground was wet, and the sun invisible.
Probably Mr. Smith felt as cold as if he had been in a damp cellar. A
well-known Harrovian told the writer at this stage that he had seen Mr.
Smith get over 25 runs against the famous George Freeman’s bowling.
What did that matter if he was unable to get six runs against Ridley’s
lobs? He somehow or other stopped two balls in a doubtful sort of
style, and played slowly forward to the third, thinking that after the
manner of lobs it would twist. The wet ground prevented this; it went
on and hit the middle stump, and Oxford won the match by six runs.

We regard this match as a model of what a cricket match should be;
the runs were not too numerous, the interest was kept up to the very
end. It would have been hard lines perhaps for Oxford to have lost the
match, for the rain that fell in Cambridge’s last innings was unlucky
for the dark blue; it is impossible to bowl or field well with a wet
ball, and it happened that Sims was just the man to take advantage of
this state of things. The bowling was managed with great skill by Mr.
Ridley, and, as we have said before, he realised an undoubted truth,
that lobs are often fatal to a batsman who is paralysed by nervousness.

It is not easy to say with any certainty that the bowling at the
Universities is better or worse than it was. We are inclined to think
that, writing in 1898, there are signs that it is better than it was
between the years 1872 and 1888, but not equal to the days of C.
D. Marsham, R. Lang, Plowden, and Kenney, but in those days it was
quite possible for a side to have weak bowling, and yet get out their
opponents with the help of the more difficult wickets. This was the
case in 1864. Oxford were led by the famous Mr. Mitchell, and were a
strong batting eleven. Cambridge were fairly strong in batting, but
they deliberately chose to meet Oxford with only two bowlers, Messrs.
Curteis and Pelham. So well did these two gentlemen perform that almost
to the very end the result was doubtful. Messrs. Fowler and Booth each
succeeded in getting a wicket in the first innings, and Mr. Booth one
in the second innings, but between them they only bowled twenty-two
overs in the whole match, while Mr. Curteis bowled seventy-five overs
for eight wickets, and Mr. Pelham fifty-six overs for five wickets.
This was a fine match, won at the finish by a grand innings of Mr.
Mitchell’s. No man ever went in at a more critical time than he did
this second innings, neither did anybody ever bat with better nerve.
Out of 125 required to win the match, no fewer than 55 (not out) fell
to his share, and Oxford won by four wickets. The Cambridge eleven
of 1878 had a most extraordinary run of success, never, as far as we
know, equalled by any University eleven. They won no fewer than eight
matches, and not a defeat or a draw is found against them. They beat
Oxford by 238 runs, and the Australians in one innings. There is no
doubt that during that year, if a representative English eleven had
been chosen to play Australia or any other eleven, no fewer than four
out of the Cambridge eleven would have been found in the English team.
They were not all good, but the superlative excellence of those four
made the eleven one of the best that has yet played in these matches;
and that of 1879 was almost as good.

It may interest some of our readers if we make a few remarks as to the
standing of the various public schools in regard to the composition of
the University elevens. We have analysed the elevens from 1861 to 1897
inclusive, and, as is perhaps natural, Eton comes first, having had
during that period fifty-nine of her alumni representing one or other
of the Universities. We are not reckoning the number of years that each
played, but fifty-nine different Etonians have in the last thirty-three
years played in the University match: thirty-four for Cambridge,
twenty-five for Oxford. Harrow is represented by forty-six players:
twenty-four at Oxford, and twenty-two at Cambridge. Rugby comes next
with twenty-nine: nineteen for Oxford and ten for Cambridge. At one
time Rugby was almost on a level with Eton and Harrow, for from the
years 1861 to 1873 inclusive there were always two Rugby men playing in
the match, and sometimes more; since that time, however, more than two
Rugbeians have never played, two have played only twice, and from 1884
downwards two only have played. Mr. Leslie and Mr. Warner were the last
good cricketers Rugby sent out, and her prowess seems much diminished
as compared with the days of Pauncefote, Yardley, Francis, Kenney, and
Case. Winchester has been represented by twenty-three, of whom all but
three have played for Oxford, while out of eighteen Marlborough men
twelve have played for Oxford; but Cambridge men will ever gratefully
tender their thanks to Marlborough for the services of Mr. A. G. Steel,
by far the greatest player ever turned out by that school, and perhaps
the best all-round cricketer that has yet played for either University.
Seventeen Cliftonians have played for Oxford, and two for Cambridge;
but eleven out of fourteen Uppingham boys have represented Cambridge.
Repton has contributed nine players, five representing Cambridge and
four Oxford. Charterhouse has had nine University players, Tonbridge
six, Cheltenham and Westminster have had five, and on the whole the
proportion between Oxford and Cambridge has been about equal.

Of all-round players both Universities have had their full share in
numbers. Cambridge has been helped by Makinson, A. G. Steel, C. T.
Studd, and F. S. Jackson, and Oxford by Messrs. Maitland, R. D. Walker,
and S. C. Voules. The great strength of Oxford in the years 1863–4–5
arose not only from the fact that in Mr. Mitchell it possessed one
of the five greatest bats in England, but also that it had four such
wonderful all-round men as Messrs. Voules, Walker, Evans, and Inge in
1863; and the same quartette, with the substitution of Mr. Maitland for
Mr. Inge, in 1864 and 1865. But not one of the five was quite equal
to any one of the Cambridge quartette, and when we say this we take
as our basis the performances of the four in the University matches;
and we do not consider the men who played before 1854, for it is
difficult to make fair comparisons over so long a distance of time. The
above-mentioned four will be found in the first half-dozen of batsmen
and in the first half-dozen of bowlers. Messrs. Makinson, Yardley,
Lucas, A. Lyttelton, A. G. Steel, C. T. Studd, F. S. Jackson, and N.
F. Druce are the best batsmen from Cambridge, and Messrs. Mitchell,
Maitland, Ottaway, Pauncefote, E. F. S. Tylecote, Key, Rashleigh, and
Palairet the best from Oxford. In bowling, the champions from Oxford
are Messrs. Marsham, Traill, Kenney, S. E. Butler, and Berkeley; from
Cambridge, Messrs. Plowden, Pelham, Lang, Woods, and A. G. Steel. This
is an opinion only, and would have to be considerably altered if we
were to take another basis than the Inter-University match to draw our
conclusions from. Mr. Kenney never played for the Gentlemen against the
Players, and neither he nor Mr. Plowden could be compared as a bowler
to Mr. Kempson, whose performance against the Players is historical.
But he failed against Oxford. In the same way Lord Cobham, Mr. Ridley,
and Mr. Lane were each as good as Mr. Pauncefote, but they failed in
the Inter-University match, and consequently are out of our list.

The two following tables will show the best batting and bowling
averages of those who have played for four years, and in the case of
Mr. C. D. Marsham for five years, in the University match. The minimum
batting average being 30, and the minimum bowling average being 12:--

  +------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------+
  |        Name      |Innings|  Runs |Not out| Average|
  +------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------+
  |K. J. Key         |   7   |  294  |   1   |   49   |
  |C. W. Wright      |   7   |  291  |   1   |   48·3 |
  |R. A. H. Mitchell |   7   |  254  |   1   |   42·2 |
  |W. Yardley        |   7   |  278  |   0   |   39·5 |
  |A. P. Lucas       |   8   |  254  |   1   |   36·2 |
  |Hon. A. Lyttelton |   8   |  234  |   1   |   33·3 |
  |G. B. Studd       |   7   |  225  |   0   |   32·1 |
  |A. G. Steel       |   7   |  184  |   1   |   30·4 |
  +------------------+-------+-------+-------+--------+

  +---------------------+-------+-------+-------------+
  |                     |       |       | Average per |
  |        Name         |Wickets|  Runs |  wicket     |
  +---------------------+-------+-------+-------------+
  |S. M. J. Woods       |   36  |  318  |     8·30    |
  |C. D. Marsham        |   40  |  362  |     9·1     |
  |H. M. Plowden        |   19  |  188  |     9·17    |
  |A. G. Steel          |   38  |  342  |     9·31    |
  |W. F. Maitland       |   21  |  213  |    10·3     |
  |Hon. F. G. Pelham    |   26  |  292  |    11·8     |
  |S. E. Butler         |   25  |  312  |    12·12    |
  |G. F. H. Berkeley    |   27  |  341  |    12·17    |
  +---------------------+-------+-------+-------------+


FOOTNOTES:

[35] The difficulty of getting accurate facts about this unique over
has been immense. The author has before him the written statement
of Mr. Hill, a copy of the _Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News_
containing a letter of Mr. Yardley, who was keeping wicket and was
therefore in a position to judge, and a letter from Mr. Cobden and Mr.
Belcher. In the first edition of this book Mr. Stewart is said to have
been bowled off his legs; this is inaccurate, and the author apologizes
for the blunder. Mr. Cobden complains of the account generally, and
says that all three balls were of a good length, and that he never
bowled better balls in all his life. The author in the above has
written what he believes to be accurate, relying chiefly on the written
evidence of Messrs. Hill, Yardley, and Belcher, and in a less degree
from what he has heard from some spectators. It was not Stewart that
was bowled off his legs, but Belcher; and in order that the public
may form their own judgment, the written statements of Messrs. Hill,
Yardley, and Belcher are here inserted. Mr. Hill writes:--‘Belcher was
bowled with a yorker (half-volley?) and Stewart with a half-volley, but
whether off his leg or not I do not remember.’ Mr. Hill also writes
that on meeting Cobden some years later, Cobden repeated that they were
three of the best balls he ever bowled, to which Mr. Hill replied that
they were all half-volleys, and that he believed that if he had had any
one of them he could have won the match with a fourer. Now Mr. Yardley,
in allusion to the author’s statement that the ball that Butler was
caught off was straight and well up on the off stump, writes: ‘As a
matter of fact the ball in question was a very long hop, extremely wide
on the off, so much so that I have no hesitation in stating that if Mr.
Butler had made no attempt to strike at it the umpire would have called
a wide. The batsman, however, was possessed of an exceptionally long
reach, and just managed to strike the ball with the extreme end of his
bat to cover-point, where it was beautifully caught by Mr. Bourne.’

Now as to Belcher’s ball, Mr. Yardley says: ‘The ball in question was
the most delicious half-volley on the legs, which Mr. Belcher did his
utmost to hit out of Lord’s ground. Fortunately for Cambridge his deeds
were not so good as his intentions, for he hit too hard at the ball,
which he missed, and which, striking him on the left leg, cannoned on
to his right leg, and from thence on to his wicket.’

On the point of Mr. Stewart’s ball Mr. Yardley writes: ‘This fourth and
last ball was the only straight one of that celebrated over. It was
an exceedingly long hop, scarcely pitching half-way, and coming along
surprisingly slow off the pitch. Had it not been for that circumstance
Mr. Stewart would probably have not lost his wicket as he did, for
it was only at the very last moment that he neglected his captain’s
instructions and removed his bat from the block-hole, thereby allowing
the ball to strike his off stump about three-quarters of the way up.’
Mr Yardley also writes that the scene appears to him as vivid after a
lapse of twenty years as it did then.

Mr. Belcher writes: ‘I am _quite certain_ that I was bowled off my
legs; the ball to the best of my recollection hit me just below the
knee of the right leg and went into the wicket. At any rate I am quite
clear as to my leg being hit, and my impression is that it was a very
good-length ball, and not a half-volley. I don’t think I hit at it all.
Of course at such a distance of time my recollections are somewhat
vague, _but the one point I am quite sure of is that I was bowled off
my leg_.’

With these extracts before them, the matter is now left to posterity.




CHAPTER XII.

GENTLEMEN AND PLAYERS.

(BY THE HON. R. H. LYTTELTON.)


At first sight it appears impossible that amateurs--men who play when
they chance to find it convenient--should be able to hold their own
against professional cricketers who make the game the business of their
lives. Cricket, however, is the one game where the two classes contend
more or less on an equality, unless football be also an exception. Many
amateur cricketers are not bound to work for their daily bread, and
they can consequently find time to play as much as a ‘professional,’ if
the accepted slang in which the adjective is employed as a substantive
be permissible. Such was the state of things a few years ago when the
Walkers, the Graces, Mr. Buchanan, and others could always be depended
on to take part in the annual matches against the Players.

But there are other reasons besides; and here we tread on rather
delicate ground. Suffice it to say that at one time, and that was when
the Gentlemen used heavily to defeat the Players, there was such a very
thin border-line between the status of the amateur and professional,
that a definition of ‘amateur’ was often asked for and never obtained.
The position was getting acute when finally the Marylebone Club, which
is not in the habit of moving except when very strong pressure is
exerted, was obliged to discuss and legislate on the matter. Broadly
speaking, the rule stands that amateurs may take expenses, and a
difficult and delicate point is now set at rest.

It is a striking illustration of the great popularity of the game
that a large and increasing number of men annually give themselves up
to the profession of cricket, and it is only in cricket that amateurs
and professionals regularly compete against each other. We have heard
that from the county of Nottingham alone several hundred professional
bowlers emerge every year, and go to fulfil cricket engagements in
various parts of the kingdom. The limits of cricket seem likely to
be extended, and we know of several English professionals who have
accepted offers from America and elsewhere. So long ago as 1864 the
famous Wm. Caffyn was engaged in Australia; later on, Jesse Hide, of
Sussex, was in South Australia, and several other players have been in
America. All professionals, or nearly all, first come into notice as
bowlers. A club with a ground wants a man who can bowl to its members
for an evening’s practice, and he has to be there to attend on any
member who may happen to come. As a rule also, he is required to play
for the club in the Saturday matches, and he may earn by way of fixed
salary, together with what he makes by bowling at a shilling for half
an hour, 3_l._ or 4_l._ per week.

If the club is situated in a county which possesses a county club,
the professional may have inducements held out to him to take up a
permanent residence and become a naturalised resident. The county of
Nottingham, for instance, has only one county eleven, but she has
hundreds of professionals. These men get engagements in all directions,
and if they are good enough to be asked to play for their adopted
county, it would be hard to deprive them of a livelihood; though no
doubt it is provoking to Nottingham to see the success of Lancashire
largely owing to the play of Briggs, a Notts man of whose virtues
Lancashire became aware before his own county. Nor is Briggs a solitary
specimen, for Walter Wright, Lockwood, Bean, Brown, and Wheeler play
respectively for Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Cheshire, and Leicestershire.

The congestion of professional ability in certain favoured districts
is hard to explain. Every cricketer has heard of Lascelles Hall, the
famous village near Huddersfield, to which Bates, the Lockwoods, the
Thewlises and Allan Hill belong. There are several villages and small
towns near Nottingham where cricketers appear indigenous to the soil,
just as primroses are in certain localities. There have always been
cricketers in these parts, and so sure is this constant supply that
some scientific society ought really to go down and inspect the spot,
make a theory to explain the phenomenon, and read a paper about it.
Nottingham itself raised and reared Daft, Shrewsbury, Gunn, Scotton,
and Selby; the famous Sutton-in-Ashfield nursed Morley, J. C. Shaw,
Barnes and Briggs in their infancy. There are several large towns in
Yorkshire, such as Sheffield, Leeds, and other manufacturing centres,
where the traditions of the place are in favour of cricket; but it
is curious to observe that, though it was not so in the days of Noah
Mann, David Harris, and the Hambledon Club, the modern professional now
springs mainly from populous centres. The only reason we can give for
this is that for young players between the ages of eight and eighteen
practice is everything, and of this youngsters can generally make sure
in populous places. In a rural district the same chances may seldom
occur. In Nottingham and the West Riding towns, hundreds of boys may be
seen playing almost at the mouth of coal-pits, and the practice they
get enables them to become professional players.

Amateurs are not by any means in the same situation. Apart from the
natural qualifications any lad may chance to possess, he is largely
benefited or the reverse by the atmosphere of the schools to which
he is sent. About the age of thirteen he is sent to a large public
school, where cricket is regularly taught, and he has a great deal of
experience if he can manage to get into his school eleven. After that
he may go to Oxford or Cambridge, and if he is fond of the game, he may
play an unlimited quantity of cricket. Many amateurs after they leave
the university disappear for ever from first-class cricket, as their
time then ceases to be their own.

When we examine the M.C.C. cricket ‘Scores and Biographies,’ we find
the same story over and over again: ‘This year the Gentlemen had to
regret the absence of Messrs. Hankey and Kempson.’ ‘Mr. Felix did not
play for the Gentlemen, they as usual losing one of their best men.’
In a footnote attached to the score of the 1847 match at Lord’s, the
editor gives a list of no fewer than sixteen gentlemen who had to
abandon the game when in their prime. It was in consequence of this
that in 1862 a match was tried between Gentlemen and Players all under
thirty, but with no better success for the Gentlemen.

The first Gentlemen and Players’ match took place in 1806 on the old
Lord’s ground, so the contest between these teams is not so old by one
year as the Eton and Harrow. It is true that in ‘The Cricket Field’
Mr. Pycroft says that Lord F. Beauclerk and the Hons. H. and T. Tufton
had previously made an attempt to get a Gentlemen and Players’ match,
and the Players won, giving the services of T. Walker, Beldham, and
Hammond. These three men were nearly the best in England, and to call
the Players a representative eleven without them was absurd. The same
objection may be mentioned in discussing the next match in 1806,
when the Gentlemen were helped by two of the foremost players: this
made a more equal match, but apparently rather too much was given,
for the amateurs beat the Players in an innings and 14 runs. Beldham
and Lambert were the two given men, and at that time Lambert was
unquestionably the finest player of the day. A second match was played
a fortnight later, when the amateurs were a second time victorious,
and in this case Lambert alone was given. After this match there was
a considerable hiatus, for the rival teams did not meet again till
1819, when a match was played on even terms, the Players winning by six
wickets. Mr. Budd scored 56 for the Gentlemen, and Tom Beagley 75 for
the Players--

               ... Worthy Beagley,
    Who is quite at the top;
    With the bat he’s first rate, a brick wall at long-stop.

Mr. Budd in this match stumped six of the Players, and only one bye was
recorded against him and the long-stop. In 1820 T. C. Howard, who had
bowled for the Players, was transferred to the Gentlemen, and they won
by 70 runs. In 1821 the Gentlemen scored 60 and the Players 278 for six
wickets, at which stage the Gentlemen succumbed and gave up the match.
Beagley, who appeared to be partial to amateur bowling, made 113 not
out, and began the long list of hundreds that have since been obtained
in this match. In 1822 Lord F. Beauclerk bowled finely, Mr. Vigne
stumped four and caught two at the wicket, Mr. Budd made 69 runs, and
the Gentlemen won by six wickets. Elated by this victory, in 1823 the
amateurs again threw down the gauntlet on even terms and were defeated
heavily by 345 runs.

This knock-down blow must have cowed the Gentlemen, for in the next
four matches they played fourteen, sixteen with Mathews, and seventeen
in the two matches of 1827; and each side won two. In 1828 there was
no match, and in 1829 and 1830 they stole two players to help them.
This was a period when the superiority of the professionals was very
marked, for in 1831, ’32, and ’33 odds were given on each occasion, but
still victory refused to crown the efforts of the amateurs. In 1832
the Gentlemen defended smaller wickets than those of their opponents,
but the game was admitted to be a failure. The extraordinary result of
all the matches between 1824 and 1833 in which the Gentlemen had odds,
was that out of eight matches the Players won six. The bowling of W.
Lillywhite, Cobbett, and others was far too good for the amateurs, and
the records of the Players were wonderful.

In 1833, however, for the first time the famous Alfred Mynn appeared
on the scene. This crack amateur was the idol of Kent and the terror
of his opponents. Very tall in stature and heavy in weight, he was at
that time and for many years subsequently one of the fastest bowlers in
England. His physique was enormous, and he could bowl a great number
of balls without any sacrifice of pace or precision. When asked how
many balls he should like the over to consist of, he said as far as he
was concerned he should like a hundred. He was a hard hitter, fond of
driving the ball in front of the wicket, and was probably the champion
at the then frequently played single-wicket matches. It must have been
a fine sight to see Alfred Mynn advance and deliver the ball; he took
a short run and held himself up to nearly his full height as the ball
left his hand. He was of unfailing good humour, and is immortalised in
by far the best cricket poem yet published, which may be found in the
‘Scores and Biographies,’ vol. ii. p. 200. Altogether he was one of
the leading players of his day, and his arrival gave a strength to the
amateurs that was sorely needed,

    Proudly, sadly we will name him--to forget him were a sin;
    Lightly lie the turf upon thee, kind and manly Alfred Mynn.

In 1834 the match was played on even terms, but again the result
was disastrous to the amateurs, for they were beaten in an innings
and 21 runs; nor did the assistance of Cobbett and Redgate, two of
the crack bowlers of the day, save them from defeat in 1835, though
Alfred Mynn scored 53 and bowled down four wickets. In 1836 eighteen
Gentlemen won by 35 runs, and again was Alfred Mynn to the fore, for
he scored 29 and 30 and got eight wickets. In the following year was
played a match, when the Gentlemen defended three wickets, 27 inches
by 8, and the Players four, 36 inches by 12. The match was the famous
‘Barn Door Match,’ or ‘Ward’s Folly,’ but again the impotence of
the amateurs’ batting caused them to be defeated in one innings and
10 runs. Thirteen was the highest amateur score and the only double
figure, and Lillywhite and Redgate apparently did what they liked in
the way of bowling. In 1838 Alfred Mynn was away, so the amateurs
helped themselves to Pilch, Cobbett, and Wenman, three good men from
the professional ranks; they lost the match, however, by 40 runs.
This was the last match in which odds have been given. A drawn game
was played in 1839, and twice the Players were victorious in 1840 and
1841. In 1842 and 1843 the Gentlemen gained two victories, the match in
1842 being their first win on even terms since 1822. Mynn and Sir F.
Bathurst got all the wickets for the Gentlemen; the former scored 21
and 46, and Mr. Felix played a fine innings of 88, having been missed
badly at short-slip before he scored. In 1843 the Gentlemen actually
won in one innings on even terms, for the first time on record. Again
Alfred Mynn did excellent service, for he made 47 runs and lowered
eight wickets. Mr. C. G. Taylor scored 89 runs and then his hat fell
on the wicket, or rather it was knocked off, which showed that Lord’s
had a way of testing the bravery as well as the skill of batsmen. In
1844 the Gentlemen lost the services of Mr. Felix, perhaps their best
bat, and Sir F. Bathurst, their second best bowler, and were defeated
by 38 runs. The famous William Lillywhite, who ‘handled the ball as he
would do a brick,’ and Hillyer were the crack professional bowlers at
this time, and sad havoc they made of amateur wickets. Lillywhite was
fifty-two years old in 1844, two years older than W. G. Grace, who in
the year 1898 is _par excellence_ the veteran cricketer. The era of
Alfred Mynn and Sir F. Bathurst was the golden age of amateur bowling,
for Mynn was at the top of the tree in this department of the game
for a far longer period than any amateur has been since. He played
twenty matches for the Gentlemen against the Players, and though he
was generally on the losing side, did great things both with bat and
ball, especially with the latter. In 1845 the Players again won, old
Lillywhite, aged fifty-three, taking twelve wickets for 96 runs--a
remarkable performance.

The match for the year 1846 is an historical one for one or two
reasons. It was the first time that George Parr, aged 20, and William
Clarke, aged 47, represented the Players. Both were Nottingham men;
the younger was very nearly the best bat in England, and the elder, if
not the best bowler all round, certainly by far the most successful
bowler of lobs that has ever appeared. Clarke had played for thirty
seasons before he was chosen to represent the Players. He died in
1856 at the age of 57, played cricket during the last year of his
life, and took a wicket with the last ball he ever bowled. He was head
and captain of the ‘All England Eleven’ which used to tour about the
country. Very amusing work it must have been for old Clarke, bowling
on rough provincial grounds to provincial batsmen; and who can wonder
that he, with several other bowling captains, had a great dislike to
taking himself off? He was one-eyed, having lost his right eye while
indulging in the manly game of fives. He certainly got a lot of wickets
in the best of matches, but there is nothing to guide speculation as
to how Clarke and Lillywhite would have fared if they had bowled to
W. G. Grace and McLaren. Round old Clarke’s head, as round the heads
of Fuller Pilch, Alfred Mynn, and William Lillywhite, an aureole has
gathered; they are the great lights of that epoch of cricket, and
during his career old Clarke must have been one of those few bowlers
who generally made fools of batsmen.

To return to this year of 1846, as it was Parr and Clarke’s first
Gentlemen and Players, so it was C. G. Taylor’s last. This great
player at all games was an Eton and Cambridge man; and, like many old
cricketers, formed the theme of poets. ‘Taylor the most graceful of
all,’ one writes, and again he is represented as being

    Unlike our common sons, whose gradual ray
    Expands from twilight into purer day,
    His blaze broke forth at once in full meridian sway.

Mr. C. G. Taylor was evidently born with an eye; he often ran out to
bowling to drive, could field splendidly either at point, coverpoint,
or mid-wicket, and bowled slow round-arm, we are told, both well and
gracefully. We suspect that, as may be inferred from the description
of his style of play, there was a weak place in his defence, and he
used to have long bouts of small scores. But so graceful and altogether
fascinating was his style, that all his great innings were indelibly
stamped on the memory of those who witnessed them. In this his last
Gentlemen and Players match he got 23 and 44. It was a great match, won
by the Gentlemen by one wicket, and the credit was due to Messrs. R. P.
Long and Taylor for batting, and to Alfred Mynn and Sir F. Bathurst for
bowling.

In the following year, 1847, the Players again won, but at this period
the sides were far more even than they had been before for any long
time together. The redoubtable bowlers Mynn and Bathurst were helped by
Harvey Fellows, the celebrated Etonian, and George Yonge the Oxonian;
and we doubt if the Gentlemen have ever been so strong in this line
since. These two bowled out the Players in 1848 for 79 and 77 runs,
Mynn getting eight wickets in the second innings and hitting up 66
runs. In this year, in fact, it is a question if the amateurs were not
stronger in bowling than batting.

In the next year, 1849, further triumph awaited the amateurs, for
winning the toss they scored 192 runs, compelled the Players to follow
on, and won the match in one innings and 40 runs. Alfred Mynn did not
get a wicket, but Harvey Fellows bowled his fastest, first hurt his
opponents, and then got them out. Old Wm. Lillywhite played his last
Gentlemen and Players match this year, and we read that he refused to
bat in his second innings because he was hurt by Mr. Fellows. He was 57
years old, so may be excused if he felt a little nervous on old Lord’s
ground at standing up to one who used to make the ball hum like a top.

The famous ‘Nonpareil bowler,’ as old Lillywhite was called, was the
king of bowlers in the days when he flourished. Mr. Robert Grimston,
who remembered him well, said that though a slow bowler he was quicker
off the ground than Alfred Shaw. He lived in the days when wides were
common, but it is recorded that during his whole career he did not
deliver half a dozen. He was born in Sussex in 1792, and played as a
given man for the Gentlemen in 1829 and 1830; after that began his
long career as principal bowler for the Players. He was, therefore,
no less than 39 years of age when he played his first match for the
Players. If to other cricketers may be given the credit of inventing
round-arm bowling, still to Lillywhite and Broadbridge all honour is
due for having been the first really good round-arm bowlers. Lillywhite
bowled in seventeen matches against the Gentlemen and got 132 wickets,
or close upon eight wickets per match. He was occasionally useful as a
bat, and though he refused to go in, as just recorded, he had plenty
of pluck when younger, for in a single wicket match he stood up for
278 balls to George Brown, to whose bowling Little Dench of Brighton
used to long-stop with a sack stuffed full of straw to protect his
chest. Batting gloves were not used in those days, and Lillywhite had
his fingers broken three times before they were invented. Fuller Pilch
played his last Gentlemen and Players match this year, which is famous
for witnessing the farewell of such great cricketers as himself and
William Lillywhite. Pilch was born in 1803, and was therefore 46 years
old in 1849.

    Another young tailor, as fine a young man
    As e’er hit a ball and then afterwards ran.

Pilch was undoubtedly the champion of his day, and his mantle fell on
George Parr. He was the originator of what we call in modern times
‘forward play,’ and his object was the sound one of smothering the ball
at the pitch. He was the worst enemy of William Clarke, for he left
his ground to balls that were well up and ran him down with a straight
bat. He was one of the dauntless five that carried Kent into a unique
position among cricket counties.

    And with five such mighty cricketers ’twas but natural to win,
    As Felix, Wenman, Hillyer, Fuller Pilch, and Alfred Mynn.

In 1850 the famous Johnny Wisden came to the front and the Players
grew stronger, and George Parr made 65 runs not out. Wisden and Clarke
bowled unchanged, and got rid of their rivals for 42 and 58, winning
the match in one innings and 48 runs in 1850, and in 1851 they also
won in a single innings. Wisden, Grundy, and Caffyn were three fine
all-round men, and Joe Guy of Nottingham was apparently quite at home
to amateur bowling. Both Mynn and Fellows had lost their devil, or
perhaps it might be more correct to say that the latter had lost his
straightness and accuracy. In 1852 the Players won by five wickets, and
the great Alfred Mynn retires from the scene as far as this match is
concerned.

In 1853 fine bowling won the Gentlemen a match by 60 runs. Both Sir F.
Bathurst and Mr. Kempson bowled unchanged all through the two innings
of the Players, and got rid of them for 42 and 69. Martingell got seven
wickets for 19 runs in the second innings of the Gentlemen, so this
was essentially a bowlers’ match; and though it is an historical fact
that it was the first time the Gentlemen never had to change their
bowling, in 1846 Mynn and Sir F. Bathurst got all the wickets, and Mr.
Taylor was only on for a few overs. Sir F. Bathurst might therefore
have bowled one end all the time if Mr. Taylor had relieved Mynn. At
any rate, to Sir F. Bathurst is due the credit of being one of the main
causes of two defeats of the Players. He was a fast bowler with a low
delivery, but very straight.

In 1854 both sides played weak, four Players refusing to come forward
because of a dispute between Clarke and the M.C.C., and the Gentlemen
losing Messrs. Hankey and Kempson. An uneventful match was the result,
and the Players again won. From 1853 to 1865 the match was played
on even terms, but the Players had a run of victory, and not once
during that time did the Gentlemen prove successful. There is no doubt
that the batting strength of the Players during these years was very
considerable, and, though George Parr, Hayward, and Carpenter did not
score their hundreds as the men of modern times so often have done,
they made their fifties and sixties with nearly the same consistency.
Parr was a most regular scorer during the decade between 1853 and 1863,
and his average for the whole series of these matches must have been
very high.

In 1855 the Players won easily by seven wickets, though the
Gentlemen began well; but in their second innings Dean and John
Lillywhite got them out for 43, five consecutive wickets falling
without a run. In 1857 the Gentlemen lost several of their best men,
but the famous Oxonians, Messrs. Marsham and Payne, bowled finely,
and though the Players had only 70 to get to win, they only pulled
through by two wickets. Willsher played this year for the first time,
and he and Wisden were too much for the Gentlemen. The year 1857 was
an historical one for two reasons. In the first place at Lord’s was
played one of the closest matches of the series, a game also famous
for one of those great batting feats the recollection of which lingers
long; and in the second place because a second match was played for the
first time at the Oval. The historical innings was that of Mr. Reginald
Hankey, whom George Parr considers the finest bat he ever saw. This is
the proverbial effort quoted by all who saw it as the masterpiece of
its day, and Mr. Grace himself has never played an innings that made
more sensation. Mr. Hankey got 70 runs in an hour and three-quarters,
and hit the fast bowling of Willsher, Wisden, Jackson, and Stephenson
all over the ground. Messrs. Hankey, Haygarth, Drake and Lane amassed
224 runs, the other seven only 58 between them, and in the end the
players won by 13 runs. Mr. Drake played his hardest to win, making a
score of 58 out of 114.

[Illustration: Kennington Oval, 1854.]

At the Oval the Players won easily by ten wickets, and on this ground
the Gentlemen lost every match till 1866. In those days the Oval was
what we should call a better ground than Lord’s--that is to say, it
was more in favour of the batsmen and long scores; and consequently
the weak amateur bowling was at a considerable discount. In 1858 at
the Oval the Players won by three wickets, and R. Daft played for the
Gentlemen for the first and only time. At Lord’s in the same year the
Gentlemen collapsed in batting and lost by 285 runs, the bowling of
Jackson being at this period an object of dread among the amateurs.
In 1859 the Players won both matches easily, and the famous Robert
Carpenter made his first appearance, scoring 44 runs at the Oval.

In 1860, at the Oval, the Players won by eight wickets; Mr. T. E.
Bagge made two scores of 62 and 60, and the scoring altogether was
very large for those days. Carpenter made 119 in his one innings. At
Lord’s the other great Cambridgeshire player, Tom Hayward, came on the
scene with a vengeance, scoring 132 runs, and the Players won in one
innings and 181 runs, though George Parr could not play. At this time
the tremendous bowling of Jackson and Willsher was at its best, and
Hayward, Carpenter, Parr, and Daft were too good for amateur bowling.
In 1861 the Players won in one innings and 60 runs at Lord’s, and in
one innings and 68 runs at the Oval; Carpenter for the second time
making a hundred.

In 1862 a famous drawn match was played at the Oval. Over 200 runs were
made in each innings, and there was curious equality of scoring, the
highest figures on each side being 108, made by Mr. John Walker for
the Gentlemen, and by Hayward for the Players. The match was drawn,
the Players having lost eight wickets and still wanting 33 runs. Mr.
Walker was bowling lobs a good deal in this match, and whilst Anderson
and Stephenson were batting just before stumps were drawn at the end
of the day, each having made 33, the famous Tom Lockyer, who could
not endure lobs, was continually to be seen nervously looking at the
clock; to go in against these dreaded balls was a privilege he did not
covet. Willsher, Parr, and Daft could not play for the Players, nor
Messrs. Makinson and Mitchell for the Gentlemen. At Lord’s a match was
played between the elevens, all the engaged being under thirty, and
the Players won by 157 runs. Mr. C. D. Marsham, the steadiest of all
Gentlemen bowlers, played his last Gentlemen and Players match this
year. He had taken part in ten matches, but never had the good luck to
be on the winning side.

In 1863 the great Hayward made 112 runs in his only innings, and
nobody else except Mr. Walker got 30 runs in the match, which the
Players won by eight wickets, Jackson and Tarrant being quite
unplayable on the rough Lord’s wicket. Mr. R. A. H. Mitchell played
for the first time, and, with the exception of Mr. Grace, no greater
batsman has appeared for the Gentlemen, though he did not play for
many years. At the Oval in the same year Mr. Mitchell scored 76 and 6;
but the Gentlemen were weak in bowling, and the Players won by nine
wickets. At Lord’s in 1864 Tarrant and Willsher bowled unchanged during
the match, and the Gentlemen scored 119 in the two innings; but at the
Oval there were a lot of runs made, Stephenson putting together 117,
and Messrs. C. G. Lyttelton and Makinson playing two fine innings for
the Gentlemen.

In 1865 began what brought about a revolution in cricket, for W. G.
Grace played his first match, and at once began to score. Originally
more famous as a bowler, he has since made runs in a manner and to an
extent altogether unparalleled in the history of cricket, and soon
after his appearance the almost dull monotony of professional victory
was changed for the almost equally dull monotony of professional
defeat. When he first began to play there was a schism in the
professional ranks which lasted several years; between 1863 and 1871,
many of the crack Northern players refused to play at the Oval, and
soon afterwards at Lord’s also. It is a curious fact that at Lord’s in
1865 the amateurs won by eight wickets, scoring a victory for the first
time since 1853, after losing nineteen matches in succession. This was
W. G. Grace’s first match and George Parr’s last, the latter having
scored sixty runs in his actual last innings. Grace was sixteen years
old, and Parr, who first played in 1846, was 39. Parr’s average for
these matches was no less than twenty-eight, and his was altogether one
of the best and longest careers ever seen.

Up to 1886 Mr. Grace had played 78 innings in these matches, and
averaged 45 runs an innings. From that date to the present he has
averaged 26 runs an innings; and it is not easy to say that anybody
is his superior now in 1893. The cricket schism weakened the Players
very much for several years at the beginning of his career, and the
matches were in consequence not so interesting. At the Oval, in 1866,
the Gentlemen followed their innings, but won the match by 98 runs, and
this was the first time they were successful at the Kennington ground;
but no Northern players appeared except Grundy, Wootton, Luke Greenwood
and Alfred Shaw. It was the same story in 1867 and in every match
till 1872; the amateurs were generally successful. Since that period,
however, it has always been considered a special honour to be asked to
represent either eleven, and the Committees at both Lord’s and the Oval
now offer higher terms to the professionals for this than for any other
match. For some reason which we are totally unable to explain, between
the years 1867 and 1877 there was a blight on the Players. Their
batting fell off to an extraordinary extent, nor was their fast bowling
at all up to the level of what it used to be. Of course W. G. Grace
was the main cause of the apparent weakness of the bowling, but this
could not account for the great batting deterioration. The Players won
at the Oval in 1865 and did not win again till 1880, though one match
was drawn considerably in their favour. Up to 1874, including the Oval
matches and omitting three unfinished, the Players lost twelve matches
in succession, mainly owing to Mr. Grace.

If we take the best of the innings of 100 played in these matches to
the year 1893, we find that there have been 41 individual innings of
over 100 runs played, and Mr. Grace has played eleven himself, or
nearly a third of the whole; and when we remember that he has had a
great deal of bowling to do as well, it may be said with confidence
that no such performances for so many years have ever been seen in the
history of cricket. In 1873 he got 163 runs at Lord’s, and 158 at the
Oval, and in the latter match scored seven wickets in the Players’
second innings. In 1874 the Gentlemen won by seven wickets, having
to go in for 226 runs to win. Mr. Grace had got 77 runs in his first
innings, went in first in the second innings, stayed in till 152 runs
were scored, and was then out for 112. The match was won by seven
wickets.

The most exciting match that has occurred was in the year 1877. The
Players made 192, and the Gentlemen 198 in the first innings, and the
players 148 in the second. Consequently, to win the match 143 runs were
wanted by the Gentlemen. The wicket was not quite a first-rate one,
and good judges anticipated a close finish. Grace made 41, and Alfred
Lyttelton 20; but Watson, Ulyett, and Morley bowled well, and the
Gentlemen wanted 46 runs to win when nine wickets had fallen. Mr. W. S.
Patterson and G. F. Grace were in, and gradually, by excellent play,
the runs were secured. In 1888 there was another most exciting match at
Lord’s, when both sides were the strongest that could have been chosen,
except that Shrewsbury did not assist the Players. The wicket was very
difficult from start to finish, and the Players only required 78 runs
to win. It was Mr. Woods’ first year of first-class cricket, and he
obtained ten wickets for 76 runs. His bowling, together with that of
Mr. Smith and Mr. Steel, got the Players out for 72, and the Gentlemen
won the match by 5 runs.

In 1883 a tie match was played at the Oval, for the first and only
time. The wicket was difficult on the third day, and the Gentlemen,
who lost the services of Mr. W. G. Grace for the first time since
1867, were 31 runs ahead on the first innings. Bates did well for the
Players in the second innings and scored 76 runs, making his last 30
runs in eight hits. Rain fell in the night, and Flowers found a spot.
Mr. Lucas, who scored 47 not out, was really caught at point when he
had got 8, but the catch was a low one, and neither umpire would give a
decision when appealed to. So he continued his innings, which was hard
for the Players. Fourteen were wanted when Mr. Rotherham joined Mr.
Lucas, and when 8 runs were wanted Bates badly missed Rotherham. When
the match was a tie, Peate was put on, and clean bowled Rotherham with
his second ball. The Players had rather hard lines in Lucas’s case, but
they lost the match through the bad miss of Bates.

In 1879, following the good example set by Sir F. Bathurst and Kempson,
the Gentlemen won the Oval match without once having to change their
bowlers. Messrs. Steel and Evans were the heroes; Evans got ten
wickets, and Steel nine. The wicket was difficult, but the batting was
feeble, and only realised totals of 73 and 48.

For the last few years the Players have gradually recovered their lost
prestige, and reached the high-water mark of excellence in 1887, when,
for the first time since 1861, they won both matches in one innings
each. At the date of writing (1898) the two sides present very much the
same features as have distinguished them hitherto. The amateurs are as
strong, and perhaps a little stronger in batting, the professionals
much stronger in bowling, though not perhaps so much so as at most
previous epochs; but there is one remarkable difference, and that is
in wicket-keeping. In old days the professionals were vastly superior
to the amateurs; now there is practically nothing between them, and
this fact is probably because of the greater accuracy of modern
amateur bowling, which makes it easier to take, and does not knock the
wicket-keeper about so much.

A survey of the whole series of matches points to the fact that, as
is natural, the Gentlemen have been, and probably will be, beaten as
a general rule. Every cricketer knows what it is to play in an eleven
with a comrade, either a batsman or bowler, of commanding superiority.
Such a man makes an eleven. He does this by giving confidence to the
other ten members of the team. They feel that the match does not depend
on them, that if they fail he will pull them through, and consequently
they go in boldly and score. The two notable instances of one man
making an eleven are W. G. Grace and Spofforth. Of course there were
good players amongst the Australians and amongst the Gentlemen, but
the presence of Grace and Spofforth was an incalculable benefit. The
Australians began a match feeling sure that, even if they did not run
up large scores, Spofforth would get rid of their opponents for less.

In conclusion, let us express a hope that the Gentlemen and Players
match will never fall through: for, having been played off and on
since 1806, it has a notable history, and it ought to be the summit of
ambition in every cricketer, be he amateur or professional, to appear
in these great classic contests.




CHAPTER XIII.

THE ART OF TRAINING YOUNG CRICKETERS.

(BY R. A. H. MITCHELL.)


[Illustration: A six-year old.]

If you want to play cricket you must begin as a boy, is a true, if
not an original, remark. We remember asking a member of a well-known
cricketing fraternity what promise a younger brother gave of future
excellence, and his reply was, ‘He’s no good--but then he hasn’t had a
chance, for he was so delicate he couldn’t begin till he was six years
old.’ We do not ourselves presume to say that the game must necessarily
be learnt whilst a child is under his nurse’s care; but nevertheless we
know of no instance, unless Mr. A. E. Stoddart forms an exception to
the rule, of anyone attaining to the first rank who has not received
his early lessons in the noble game while still a boy. If this be so,
it is of interest to all cricketers to consider what training a boy
ought to have. Is he to be left merely to the light of nature and his
own powers of observation, or is he to be systematically coached, and
taught daily how each stroke is to be made and each ball bowled? Many
think that a training of this kind can hardly be begun too soon or
carried out with too great care and rigour. This may be so; but we
are by no means inclined to agree with such a Spartan discipline. We
believe that in games, as in life, if a thing is worth doing at all,
it is worth doing well; but, although we claim to be second to none in
our keenness to see good boy cricketers, we differ in the method we
advocate from those who support so severe a system of coaching young
boys.

Let us give some reasons in support of our view. In the first place,
success in cricket, and not in cricket alone, depends on the enjoyment
and interest taken in the game, and we believe that there is great
danger of destroying this enjoyment and interest by incessant coaching
and teaching at too early an age. In the second place, all coaching has
a tendency at first to eradicate individual peculiarities and to cramp
a natural style. Mr. W. G. Grace, Mr. A. G. Steel, Shrewsbury, and many
other well-known batsmen have peculiarities of their own, which could
not have been taught in early boyhood, but which might very easily
have been cramped, and perhaps entirely obliterated, much to their
detriment, in the hands of even a skilful coach. We do not deprecate
all advice even to very young boys, but we dislike anything that tends
to interfere with the powers of nature; and although we shall be told
that a good teacher merely directs them in the best possible way, we do
not think that the advantage likely to be gained will at all compensate
for a cramped style or loss of enjoyment. What should be taught, and
when, we will endeavour to suggest as we proceed.

[Illustration: OUR NATIONAL GAME]

First, however, one word to anxious parents and teachers of the art.
It is quite hopeless to expect that every boy can be made into a
cricketer. Countless are the excuses we hear to cover the feebleness
and incapacity of would-be players, made sometimes by their parents,
sometimes by themselves. They have never been coached, or they have
been badly coached; they have been made to play too much, or they
can’t play often enough; the ground they play on is so rough, or it is
so easy that they can’t play on more difficult ground. They used to
bowl very well; but they were overbowled, or they were never put on;
or they are always put on at the wrong end, or the catches are always
missed off their bowling. These and many other excuses are urged on
their behalf; but those who have watched cricket for but a few years
will soon learn to take such futile pleas for what they are worth. No
boy can become a good cricketer who has not a natural capacity for the
game. The batsman must have a good eye and is all the better for a good
nerve; the fieldsman must be active; the bowler--ah! what must he have?
_Nascitur non fit_; we will not commit ourselves at present to his
requirements.

In saying this do not let it be supposed that we wish those only to
play cricket who are likely to become good cricketers--far from it; but
we are concerned with the game as an art and not as an exercise, and do
not wish to raise vain hopes of success where success is impossible.

Now let us consider the three great departments of the game in detail;
for, although they are necessarily and closely connected, we cannot
treat of batting, bowling, and fielding in the same paragraph.

The batsman then first demands our attention, not because he is more
useful to his side than the bowler, but because it is here that more
may be taught than in any other department of the game. Take a boy ten
years old--we start with double figures, let it be an omen for his
future!--what can we tell him? Very little, we think, but certainly
this: never to move his right foot, but to plant it firmly just inside
the crease, with the toe barely clear of the leg-stump.

The left foot should also be placed in the same line, but it must be
moved into the position which is found to be the easiest for playing or
hitting any given ball. The batsman must learn to stand perfectly still
with his eye fixed on the bowler’s hand, and he must try to think of
the ball, and the ball alone; any fidgeting about is apt to interfere
with an accurate habit of sight. A boy should also be told to drive the
ball in front of the wicket and along the ground. We do not approve
of the cut for young boys; it is the batsman’s most finished stroke,
but it is absolutely fatal when attempted at an unsuitable ball. This
is all we think it necessary to teach our juvenile batsman, though
occasional hints beyond this may sometimes be useful. Do not, however,
cramp a boy who is disposed to hit, but tell him to hit straight; it is
easier at a later age to stop hitting than to teach it. For this reason
single-wicket matches among small boys are not without their use, as
they naturally encourage hard hitting in front of the wicket.

A danger which is not sufficiently guarded against at some private
schools is the habit of allowing young boys to play to fast bowling;
masters and others take part in the games and the practice, and bowl at
a pace which would be called medium in a man’s match, but which is very
fast for boys under fourteen years of age. The result of this is that
boys learn to be afraid of the ball; and if they once show fear they
will never become good players. It seems all but impossible to restore
confidence even at a much later age, and we know of many instances--we
will not be so unkind as to mention names--in which boys with great
natural powers have never overcome their fear of the ball, which they
had acquired before coming to a public school. For the same reason the
growing custom of small boys playing in men’s matches is to be strongly
deprecated.

[Illustration: LUCIEN DAVIS

Drawing away from the wicket.]

Boys’ matches we strongly approve of, but boys of fourteen and under
ought not to play in matches with full-grown men. If a boy with a
natural gift for cricket has learnt by the time he enters a public
school to stand firmly and play the ball in front of the wicket, he has
learnt all that is necessary to turn him out a good batsman later on;
but if fast bowling has taught him to fear the ball, we have but little
hope of ever seeing him attain to the first class.

A few years have elapsed, and our young batsman at the age of thirteen
or fourteen is passing into the larger sphere of a public school. What
ought to be his training there?

It cannot be expected that he will receive the same attention that will
be given at a later age, when he is a candidate for his school eleven,
nor do we think that he need be subjected to any rigorous system of
coaching. On the other hand, he ought to have some one of experience
to give him occasional hints and instil into him the true principles
of the game. Above everything else, he should have good ground to play
upon, so that, if his confidence has not been previously shaken, he
will not now learn to shrink from the ball. The question of ground must
always be a great difficulty; for, although it may be easy to get an
extent sufficient to satisfy the requirements of a large public school,
it is no easy matter to keep it in proper order and provide good match
and practice wickets throughout the summer for a large number of boys,
especially as the ground is generally required for football or other
purposes during the winter. However, the better the ground the better
the batsmen; and if this be true, a good ground is one of the most
important requirements in the training of our cricketers.

As a boy grows in years he will require, and will probably get,
more instruction, and if he meets with a coach of good judgment and
experience he will soon learn all that can be taught. His success will
depend on his own natural powers, his temper, and his perseverance. We
do not propose to deal in detail with all the duties of a coach, but
perhaps a few hints may not be altogether out of place.

First of all, then, we would say, do not coach a boy too often. Once a
week is all that is either necessary or desirable. A boy who is anxious
to learn will lay to heart the hints and instructions he has received,
and he will find it easier to carry them out when he is practising with
his schoolfellows than when he is actually receiving instruction from a
coach. A new attitude or a new stroke always presents great difficulty,
easy as it may seem in itself; and a boy who is trying something new
will not at first play better, and will become nervous and disheartened
if he is being too constantly pressed by an ardent teacher.

Do not let a boy practise for more than half an hour at a time, or he
will become careless and lose interest. During that time he should play
to both fast and slow bowling, but never to more than two bowlers; and
it would be well if he could play for a quarter of an hour to two slow
bowlers, and another quarter to two fast. It is confusing to some boys
to receive fast and slow balls alternately, particularly when they are
trying to alter or improve some point of style under the direction of a
coach.

Do not allow boys to play to fast bowling on bad wickets: slow bowling
on a bad wicket is a good lesson occasionally, as it necessitates
careful watching of the ball and accurate timing; but fast bowling
on bumpy ground can only do harm. Never allow throwing instead of
bowling,--it does infinite mischief.

A coach will naturally have to give instruction on numerous points, and
try to get his pupil to carry out what he teaches; but there is one
warning which must be impressed on the lad more strongly than anything
else. It is this: when you go to the wicket in a match don’t be
thinking of this or that position, or this or that stroke, but fix your
eye on the bowler’s hand as he comes up to bowl. Think of and watch
the ball only; if you learn correct habits in practice, your instinct
will throw you into the right position and enable you to make the right
stroke, provided that your eye does not fail you with the ball.

We do not purpose to describe how each stroke should be made or to
enumerate all the instructions that should be given to the youthful
batsman; for such details would be long and wearisome, and entirely
unnecessary for the guidance of anyone who understands the true
principles of the game; and certainly no one ought to try and teach
until he has (at all events theoretically) mastered these, though it
is by no means necessary for a good coach to be himself a first-rate
exponent of the batsman’s art. We would point out, however, that,
apart from natural gifts, over which the coach has no control, the
most important point to teach the batsman is first to watch the
ball; secondly, to throw himself at the right moment into the right
position--if he can do this, it is an easy matter to hit or play almost
any given ball; thirdly, to meet the ball either in playing back or
forward, and not to play in front of the left foot when playing forward
or behind the right when playing back.

And now what are we to say of the bowler’s art? How are we to teach
our boys the most unteachable department of the game? This part of our
subject we approach with many misgivings, and though we wish to limit
our advice to what is strictly practical, we feel that this very limit
will make many think that our hints are but meagre and uninteresting.

We must again ‘put back the clock’ (oh that some of us decrepit
cricketers could do so in reality!) to the age of ten. Again we ask
for some natural power of propelling a ball with ease, strength
proportioned to age, perseverance, and a real love of the game. Given
these materials to work upon, how are we to begin? First of all, let
the distance be short, certainly not more than eighteen yards at the
age of ten; let the ball be smaller and lighter than the regulation
size, and let a boy be taught at first to aim only at one length; as he
becomes fairly master of straightness and pitch, let him try to vary
the length a little, but not too often, or he may sacrifice regularity
and injure his delivery. Change of pace can hardly be looked for at
this age; but great care should be taken to prevent a boy from bowling
fast, and he should not bowl for long together. In practice it is a
good plan to take alternate overs with another boy, as it is easier
to bowl four or five balls well and then rest than to go on bowling a
greater number. A boy should be taught to measure the distance he runs
before delivering the ball, and he should learn to bowl on both sides
of the wicket. Great care should be taken to prevent a boy from bowling
too much; and if his bowling seems to be getting worse rather than
better, let him leave off for some days. We offer no advice on the more
abstruse arts of bowling, as the subject has been exhaustively treated
in a previous chapter.

Supposing that our boy bowler has by the age of fourteen acquired
straightness and pitch, with some power of variation, will he have a
fair chance of improving his bowling and distinguishing himself when
at a public school? We fear that this will be a trying time--indeed
must be so, even if he is taken in hand by some one who understands
and takes an interest in the game. In the first place, batting is more
attractive to most boys; in the second, the young bowler will probably
have a very indifferent field, and the missing of catches tempts
the youthful player to abandon the slower pace for the faster, with
disastrous results to himself. Almost all young boys wish to bowl as
fast as they can, and this ends frequently in ruining a good action and
a good arm which had at one time threatened the fall of many a good
wicket.

At this point, then, in a bowler’s career, public schools, we think,
have something to answer for; but we do not agree with those who say
that subsequently, when a boy is old enough to be a candidate for his
school eleven, there is any great lack of system or careful training.
Rather, if a short digression may be pardoned, we think that the
Universities, or the laziness of University men, may chiefly be blamed
for the dearth of gentlemen bowlers. Our argument shortly stated is
this. If we compare gentlemen bowlers of the age of nineteen with
professionals of the same age, we shall find that the former have
nothing to fear from the comparison. But pass on for five or six years,
and the gentlemen are seen to be behind in the race for pre-eminence.
Can this be the fault of public schools? Is it not rather that after
leaving school few, scarcely any, systematically practise bowling,
although they are just at the right age to improve, having stronger
muscles and more experience, to say nothing of leisure hours and
increased opportunities? If University men would practise their bowling
both at nets and in matches with the same assiduity that boys do at
a public school, we think that it would approach more nearly to the
professional standard than it now does.

We do not propose to offer our readers any special advice as to the
method of attack, which will naturally vary with different batsmen.
Experience and observation will suggest what may be done, if we can
only teach our young bowler to bowl straight, to vary his length, and
as he gets older his pace, and if nature has given him strength, and a
happy genius enables him to make the ball turn more or less at will.
Let us leave the bowler himself, and see if we can offer any hints on
providing him with a good field.

It is a common fallacy to suppose that anyone can field well if he
takes the trouble to do so. With this we cannot agree; but we feel
strongly that most cricketers might improve themselves very much in
this department if they took the same pains they do to improve their
batting.

But we must return to our small boys. First of all, let us teach them
to catch by throwing the ball from one to another, and let the ball be
small, proportioned to the size of their hands. Teach them to take the
catch opposite the upper part of the chest, when they can get to it
in that position, and to draw their hands back as the ball comes into
them. Do not keep them too long at this, or they will find it irksome.
Vary with a little ground fielding, but do not let them throw too
often or too far, or their arms will soon go, and you will ruin your
bowlers and your throwers as well. It is not, however, at this early
age that the most special attention ought to be given to fielding. It
is rather at our public schools that we here look for improvement; this
is the time at which we think most may be done. As a boy gains strength
and activity he gains two of the qualities most necessary for a good
fieldsman, and if nature has given him a good big pair of hands and
the power of throwing, it will be owing to his laziness if he does not
become a valuable aid to any bowler. We might dwell on the necessity
of keenness, watchfulness in the field, position for starting, and
many other essentials, but we have said enough for practical purposes;
all else will be easily learnt by a boy who has the energy and
determination to train himself into a good field.

It will be noticed that in our suggestions to the batsman we have not
advised him to make that use of his legs in defending his wicket which
now finds such favour with our leading players. We confess to regarding
this as an ignoble art; but we admit that if the l.b.w. rule is to
continue as at present, the art, ignoble as it is, must be taught in
self-defence, or our pupils will necessarily be handicapped in being
expected to stop balls which break and turn with their bat instead of
with their legs. Fortunately age will relieve us personally of teaching
how this may best be done. It is for the rising generation either to
alter the law or to learn the art of getting in front of the wicket
when the ball does not pitch straight.

It is in vain to lament over long scores and unfinished matches,
over dearth of bowlers and slackness in the field, whilst all the
time we are doing everything we can to make matters easier and easier
for the batsman, giving him perfect wickets, on which he can score
100 runs without getting out of breath, devoting his legs to the new
purpose of systematically intercepting the more difficult balls. How
different this from having honestly to run out every hit, and from
being compelled to play a real ‘snorter’ before the breath is fairly
recovered after the effort of running several fourers in succession!




CHAPTER XIV.

SINGLE WICKET.

(BY THE HON. R. H. LYTTELTON.)


It is necessary in any work which professes to treat of cricket
generally, that the laws and regulations of single wicket should be
discussed, though the subject is not of much importance in these days;
for, as far as first-class cricket is concerned, the game played with
only one wicket has vanished altogether. Some few years ago, if an
ordinary three-day match were over early, a scratch single-wicket match
was sometimes improvised; but the effect was generally depressing.

Few people now take the trouble to read through the rules which govern
single-wicket matches, and the almost total disappearance of such games
may be mainly attributed to two circumstances: (1) The great increase
in the number of three-day matches; (2) the diminution in the number of
fast bowlers.

In the days of Alfred Mynn and Fuller Pilch matches practically never
took more than two days, and first-class contests were in number about
one-half what they are at present. A professional of the front rank,
such as Lohmann or Barnes, now has to play two matches a week, and if
a match is over on the second day, he is only too glad to have a rest
before beginning again elsewhere, it may be more than a hundred miles
away. The public also have the opportunity of seeing such a quantity of
first-class play, that there is no demand for single-wicket matches.

In the second place, the rules of single-wicket cricket make it
essential that driving in front of the wicket must be the staple stroke
of the batsman, and for this reason, because the second rule provides
that, to entitle the striker to a run, the ball must be hit before the
bounds. Now the bounds are placed twenty-two yards each in a line from
the off and leg stump, and there must be bounds unless there are more
than four players on each side. The third rule compels the striker
at the moment of hitting the ball to have one of his feet behind the
popping crease and on the ground. These two laws contain the essence
of the game of cricket as played with a single wicket. It is not sound
cricket to play any bowling that may be called slow in the widest sense
of the term with your right foot absolutely fixed. In the chapter on
Batting the young player is advised to go out of his ground to slow
bowling of a certain length and drive. But at single wicket the batsman
may not move even an inch in front of the popping crease, to get a lob,
for instance, on the full pitch. So the effect of bowling slows in a
single-wicket match is that a batsman must abandon what may be called
the orthodox and correct method of play, and merely wait till he gets
a ball far enough up for him to drive it without getting out of his
ground.

No correct player can ever drive slows, unless they are right up,
without going out of his ground, and a great many would be so cramped
that they would be at a disadvantage altogether, and obliged to play an
ugly pokey game. If a slow bowler with perhaps two or three fields were
bowling to Mr. Webbe, who plays slows as well as anybody in England,
that gentleman would find himself obliged to abandon his natural game,
stand still, watch the ball carefully, and play it gently, till he got
a real half-volley or outrageous long-hop, off which he could score.
But if certain skilful bowlers were on, the batsman would very likely
have to wait the best part of an hour before such a ball came; and it
would be sadly dull to watch such a game.

If five play on a side bounds are abolished, the slow bowling may get
hit behind the wicket, and so the game becomes considerably livelier.
The run consists of touching the bowler’s stump with the bat and
getting back to the popping crease. Thus one run at single wicket is
exactly equivalent to two at double wicket. To get three runs in one
hit if there are two fields is almost an impossibility, though it has
been done. There is no wicket-keeper, and nothing can be scored by
byes, leg-byes, or overthrows. To run a man out, it is necessary that
the bowler run to the wicket and put it down, unless of course it is
thrown down. The fieldsman must return the ball so that it shall cross
the ground between the wicket and the bowling stump, or between the
bowling stump and the bounds; and three are scored for a lost ball.

In very ancient times five players a side used often to contend at
single wicket, and in this sort of match there are no bounds, though
the batsman must have his right or left foot on the ground behind the
popping crease when the ball is hit.

Single-wicket matches were once very common. Indeed, during the last
century they were played nearly as often as double-wicket games, and we
will briefly notice some of the most famous.

In the year 1772 five of Kent with Minshull beat five of the famous
Hambledon Club by one wicket, but in 1773 the same five men of
Hambledon vanquished five men of England. Happy village of Hambledon
that could thus defeat All England, a deed that at double wicket no
county could accomplish now! With the redoubtable Lumpy given, the
same village in 1781 beat England by 78 runs, five players on a side.
In the following year six of Hambledon beat six of Kent, and the Duke
of Dorset, Privy Councillor, Knight of the Garter, and Lord Steward of
the King’s Household, played for the village against his own county,
for what reason history telleth not. John Nyren says that this nobleman
‘had the peculiar habit, when unemployed, of standing with his head on
one side.’ He is also celebrated in verse:

    Equalled by few he plays with glee,
    Nor peevish seeks for victory.
    His Grace for bowling cannot yield
    To none but Lumpy in the field.
    And far unlike the modern way
    Of blocking every ball at play,
    He firmly stands with bat upright
    And strikes with his athletic might,
    Sends forth the ball across the mead,
    And scores six notches for the deed.

The Duke must have been the first who conceived the idea of
international cricket; for while ambassador in France he wrote to
Golden, of Chertsey, to form an eleven to play at Paris. Unfortunately,
when they had got as far as Dover, they met his Grace, who had to flee
the faithless Frenchmen in consequence of a revolution, and the match
was abandoned.

Six of Hambledon again beat six of England in 1783, but six of Kent
defeated the village in 1786. This was a famous match, though seeing
T. Walker batting for nearly five hours for 26 runs must have been a
trifle monotonous. A Kent player named Ring went in when 59 runs were
wanted to win and two more wickets to go down. He made 15 overnight,
and Sir Horace Mann promised him a pension if he carried out his bat,
and, we presume, won the match. He failed to do so, but got out when 2
runs were wanted. Aylward then went in and played 94 balls before he
made the winning hit. We hope Sir Horace Mann gave the pension to Ring,
for he must have deserved it.

Six of Hampshire twice beat England in 1788, and in 1789 a drawn match
was played between six of Kent and six of Hants. In this match betting
at the start was 5 to 4 on Hants, but David Harris was seized with
the gout, and the betting, therefore, stood at 5 to 4 on Kent. David
Harris used sometimes to walk to the ground on crutches, but bowled
splendidly, we are told, when he got warm.

In 1806, three of Surrey--William Lambert, Robinson, and William
Beldham--beat three of England--Bennett, Fennex, and Lord F.
Beauclerk--by 20 runs. This was the famous match when Beldham, father
of thirty-nine children--none, so far as we know, cricketers--took
a lump of wet dirt and sawdust, and stuck it on to the ball, which
developed an extraordinary twist and bowled Lord Frederick out. His
lordship was of an irritable disposition, and must have been very angry
at this, for he had made 30 runs and was well set.

In 1814, Osbaldeston, Budd, and Lord F. Beauclerk beat three of
England--Sherman, T. C. Howard, and Lambert. The famous Squire
Osbaldeston clean bowled all his rivals in each innings for 19 runs
only. The Squire, whose reputation as an all-round sportsman still
survives, was the fastest bowler of his day. In 1818, so great was his
fame and that of Lambert, that they challenged Budd, Humewood, T. C.
Howard, and George Brown; but the four won in one innings, which so
provoked the Squire that he withdrew from the M.C.C.--another irritable
man.

The celebrated William Lambert alone beat two accomplished cricketers,
Lord F. Beauclerk and Howard, by 15 runs. The Squire was too ill to
play, so Lambert played them both, and drew the stakes, 100_l._ Up to
1827, wides counted for nothing, and Lambert bowled wides on purpose to
Lord F. Beauclerk to put him out of temper. They were a choleric race
in those days. The fame of Lambert is tarnished for selling a match at
Nottingham, and he was warned off the ground at Lord’s for ever.

Mr. Budd in 1820 played a fast bowler called Brand, the match ending
most disastrously for the latter. Mr. Budd went in first, got 70 runs,
knocked his wicket down on purpose, and bowled his opponent out for 0.
Budd then got 31, again knocked his wicket down, and again bowled his
rival out for nothing. Mr. Brand ended his days in a lunatic asylum; we
hope the malady was not brought on by this match, which was got up by
Mr. Ward, who backed Mr. Brand.

The two brothers Broadbridge, one of whom was called ‘our Jem,’ beat
George Brown and Tom Marsden of Sheffield in 1827, but were beaten
in the return match. In 1832 Alfred Mynn played his first important
single-wicket match against Thomas Hills, Mynn winning with his wicket
standing. Hills said that Mynn bowled at least 50 wides, which seems
to prove that the chief bowlers of that day must have been slightly
deficient in accuracy. Why in this match the wides were not reckoned is
not clear, the rule scoring against the bowler having been put in force
some few years before. A return match was played, and Mynn again won,
this time in one innings, and Hills retired, satisfied, we suppose,
that in Mynn he had found his master.

In 1833 Mynn and Pilch were perhaps the two greatest all-round players,
and Marsden of Sheffield in this year challenged the immortal Pilch,
who won in one innings and 70 runs. Pilch was not a great bowler,
neither was he fast, but Marsden’s style was fast underhand, and
Pilch’s bat was too straight for such bowling. In the return Pilch got
78 runs in the first innings and 100 in the second, and won the match
by 127 runs. The supremacy of Pilch over Marsden was fully asserted by
these two matches, and Marsden must have returned to Sheffield somewhat
crestfallen.

    Next Marsden may come, though it here must be stated
    That his skill down at Sheffield is oft overrated.

But the Yorkshiremen, we know, are always proud of their countrymen.
Pilch was a great batsman, and we do not feel surprised that he scored
so largely against fast underhand bowling.

The ground ought to have been now cleared for a match between Mynn and
Pilch, and great would have been the interest if such a game had been
played--Voltigeur and The Flying Dutchman would have been nothing to
it. The two men belonged to the same county, so probably there was
wanting a sufficient motive; but together they would probably have
beaten any three other cricketers.

Mr. Mynn next heavily defeated James Dearman of Sheffield twice, in
the first match by 112 runs, and again in one innings and 36 runs. Mynn
scored 46 in the last innings off 46 hits, which sounds strange, but
then, as is recorded naïvely in the ‘Scores and Biographies,’ Mynn was
always a great punisher.

Mr. Felix next challenged Mr. Mynn, and he must have been of a sanguine
temperament to have done so; for, though perhaps a better bat than
Mynn, he was a left-handed lob bowler, a delivery not suited for
single-wicket matches. The first game Mynn won in one innings and 1
run, only 9 runs being made in the whole match. In Felix’s second
innings Mynn bowled 247 balls for 3 runs. Single-wicket matches had
already begun to get out of favour; this was the most important that
had taken place for some time, and Squire Osbaldeston was a spectator.
In the return Mynn won by one wicket, and this was a small scoring
match. Mynn now was left unchallenged, having won all the single-wicket
matches in which he was engaged alone. In 1847 Wisden beat Sherman
twice. Thomas Hunt of Chesterfield was a great single-wicket
match-player, and beat Chatterton, Dakin, Charley Brown, and R. C.
Tinley.

Single-wicket playing has been practically dead since 1850, though
Hayward, Carpenter, and Tarrant played two matches about the year 1862.
The subject possesses only an historical interest now, but in old times
it created enormous excitement, and no doubt the pride of the men of
Kent in Alfred Mynn was largely owing to his single-wicket prowess. If
such matches were played on the smooth wickets of modern times, the
fortunate man who won the toss might never be got out all day, and the
game would become a burlesque on cricket. Eleven fieldsmen, and not one
bowler merely, are now required to get out Mr. Grace and Shrewsbury,
and but few wickets are bowled down as compared with the days of fast
bowling and rough grounds. When the All England elevens used to tour
about the country under the management first of William Clarke and then
of George Parr, some of the best bowlers in England were to be found
in their ranks. Jackson, Willsher, Furley, Tarrant, and others used
often to play, and occasionally when the regular match was over, one of
them would earn a cheap sort of notoriety by challenging eleven of the
natives at single wicket. Eleven straight balls were sometimes found
sufficient to get the eleven out, and one run by the England player
gave him the victory. Such matches are absurd, and it is not a matter
of regret that they are played no longer.

However, it seems right that a notice of the famous contests of old
should have been written, on account of the interest they formerly
excited, and on village greens, where eccentricities of ground are to
be met with, they may still perhaps be played. But they are a relic of
the past.




INDEX


  Amateur, M. C. C. definition of an, 356

  Australians, the, 74, 88, 188, 189, 207, 215, 258, 259, 273, 276, 285;
    first matches with English teams in Australia, 313, 322;
    first match in England, 314;
    character of Gregory’s eleven, 314;
    stimulating effect of rivalry on English cricket, 315;
    doings, of Murdoch’s teams in 1880, 1882, and 1884, 315–318;
    visit of Scott’s eleven in 1886, 318;
    McDonnell’s 1888 team, 319;
    Murdoch again captain in 1890, 320;
    the eighth team (1893), 321;
    Trott’s eleven (1896), 321;
    Giffen, 322;
    leading batting and bowling averages in test matches with England,
      324, 325;
    Spofforth, 325;
    reasons for excellence of their bowling, 326;
    cup contests, 326

  Authorities and literature cited:--
    Ancient Cities of the New World (De Charnay’s), 2;
    A Pleasant Grove of New Fancies, 3;
    Bell’s Life, 274;
    Bentley’s Cricket Scores, 25;
    Brand’s Popular Antiquities, 3, 4;
    Byron, 10;
    Chapman’s Odyssey, 2, 3;
    Chesterfield, Lord, 9;
    Clarke, Charles Cowden, 17;
    Constitution Book of Guildford, 6, 7;
    Contes du Roi Gambrinus, 6;
    Cotgrave’s French and English Dictionary, 5, 6;
    Cowper, 10;
    Durfey’s Pills to purge Melancholy, 3;
    English Game of Cricket (Box’s), 11;
    Evans, Arthur, 1;
    Florio’s Italian Dictionary, 6;
    Gentleman’s Magazine, 11;
    Gray, 9;
    Grimston, Hon. Robert, 39, 364;
    Herrick’s Hesperides, 3;
    History of Guildford, 6;
    Huddesford’s Salmagundi, 10;
    Huddesford’s Wiccamical Chaplet, 10;
    Jamieson’s Scotch Dictionary, 4;
    Jerks in from Short-leg (Fitzgerald’s), 28, 263, 267;
    Johnson, Dr., 3, 9;
    Juvenile Sports, 27;
    Knight, 22;
    Life of the Scotch Rogue, 4;
    Lillywhite’s Annual, 245;
    Lillywhite’s Scores and Biographies, 28, 35, 358;
    Lincoln, Bishop of, 26;
    Longman’s Magazine, 153, 154;
    Love’s Cricket, 12, 15;
    Lyttelton, Hon. E., 245;
    Mitford’s Our Village, 283;
    Murray’s English Dictionary, 5;
    Nyren’s Cricketer’s Guide, 12, 16, 19, 21, 25, 388;
    Pinder, George, 252;
    Piozzi, Mrs., 1;
    Pope, 9, 31;
    Proctor, R. A., 153;
    Prowse, 297;
    Punch, 31;
    Pycroft’s Cricket Field, 12, 23, 25, 43, 155, 156, 359;
    Rambler, 5;
    St. Andrews, Bishop of, 12, 23, 26, 329;
    Scott, Sir Walter, 294;
    Skeat’s Etymological Dictionary, 5;
    Sketches of the Players (Denison’s), 21;
    the Sporting Magazine, 21;
    Strutt’s Sports and Pastimes, 3–5;
    Teonge, Henry, 8;
    Todd’s Johnson, 5;
    Tom and Jerry, 281;
    Walker, John, 277;
    Walpole, Horace, 9;
    Ward, Rev. Arthur, 313;
    Zola’s Germinal, 6


  Balls, 195

  Barre, tennis-player, 246

  Base-ball, 2, 3, 153

  Bats, 36, 41, 42

  Batsmen, past and present, amateur and professional:--
    Abel, 69, 74, 100, 215, 321
    Absalom, C. A., 91
    Aislabie, 28
    Almond, H. H., 32
    Anderson, 370
    Ash, E. P., 40
    Aylward, 16, 24, 389
    Bagge, T. E., 370
    Baldwin, 100
    Balfour, Leslie, 32
    Bannerman, A. C., 145, 316, 317, 321
    Bannerman, C., 170, 313, 315
    Barlow, R. G., 90
    Barnes, 68, 358
    Bates, 358, 373
    Beagley, 36, 359, 360
    Beauclerk, Lord F., 20, 23, 24, 36, 359, 360, 389, 390
    Beldham, William, 20, 23–25, 35, 36, 389
    Bennett, 389
    Bentley, 36
    Bligh, Hon. Ivo, 32, 170, 241, 273
    Board, 38
    Bonnor, G. J., 74, 77, 86, 148, 207, 316, 317
    Briggs, 88, 357, 358
    Broadbridge, James, 36, 390
    Brockwell, 321
    Brown, Charley, 392
    Brown, G., 390
    Bruce, W., 179, 318, 321
    Bryan, 15
    Buchanan, 356
    Budd, 20, 36, 359, 360, 390
    Buller, C. F., 37, 49, 212
    Burbidge, 37
    Burgoyne, 68
    Burn, 320
    Cæsar, Julius, 37
    Caffyn, 37, 365
    Carpenter, 37, 39, 40, 54, 64, 366, 369, 370, 392
    Chalmers, 32
    Champain, 38
    Charlton, 320
    Chatterton, 392
    Cheyne, Arthur, 32
    Cobham, Lord, 64, 355
    Cooper, 37
    Daft, Richard, 37, 38, 39, 40, 67, 100, 358, 369, 370
    Dakin, 392
    Dalkeith, Lord, 295
    Darling, 179, 322, 323
    Dearman, James, 391
    Dickens, Major, 32
    Donnan, 69, 322
    Douglas, John, 295
    Drake, 369
    Druce, 323
    Emmett, 310
    Evans, A. H., 240
    Evans, E., 318
    Felix, 36, 37, 359, 362, 392
    Fennex, William, 25, 36, 389
    Flowers, 373
    Ford, F. G. J., 53, 56, 73, 86, 179
    Forman, William, 297
    Freemantle, 21
    Fryer, F. E. R., 43
    Fuller Pilch, 17, 25, 26, 36, 43, 49, 79, 156, 363, 365, 386, 391
    Giffen, G., 74, 148, 207, 316, 317, 321, 322, 324
    Golden, 389
    Grace, E. M., 51, 278
    Grace, G. F., 301, 373
    Grace, W. G., 36, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44, 52, 54, 56, 58, 64–66, 73, 81,
      85, 86, 90, 97, 98, 117, 130, 148, 164, 183, 196, 212, 213, 214,
      216, 254, 262, 263, 267, 278, 313–315, 321, 324, 344, 363, 369,
      371–374, 376, 392
    Graham, 321
    Green, C. E., 309
    Greenwood, Luke, 310
    Gregory, 314, 315, 320–323
    Grey, Jack, 297
    Griffith, 37
    Grundy, 67, 365, 372
    Gunn, 60, 62, 63, 93, 100, 188, 213, 215, 286, 321, 358
    Guy, Joseph, 37, 365
    Hall, Louis, 83, 101, 145, 343
    Hankey, 37, 38, 359, 366, 369
    Harris, Lord, 212, 306
    Hay Brown, 32
    Haygarth, 369
    Hayward, 26, 37, 38, 40, 215, 227, 323, 366, 370, 392
    Hearne, George, 100
    Hearne, Tom, 37, 67
    Henderson, E., 32
    Hewett, H. T., 179
    Hill, Clement, 179, 322–324
    Hills, Thomas, 391
    Hooker, W., 36
    Horan, 170, 315–317
    Hornby, A. N., 43, 183, 314
    Howard, T. C., 390
    Humewood, 390
    Humphrey, Richard, 290
    Humphrey, Tom, 26, 37, 40
    Hunt, Thomas, 392
    Iddison, Roger, 263, 310
    Iredale, F. A., 322, 323, 324
    Jackson, F. S., 40, 85, 214, 215, 321, 354
    Jessop, 38, 74, 86
    Jones, George, 74
    Jones, T. B., 275
    Jones, S. P., 316
    Jupp, 26
    Kempson, 359, 366
    Key, K. J., 61, 64, 254, 263
    King, R. T., 275, 277, 278
    Lambert, W., 25, 36, 389, 390
    Lane, 369
    Lane, C. G., 37
    Law, W., 274, 275
    Lear, George, 17
    Leslie, C. F. H., 239, 240
    Lillywhite, James, 313
    Lillywhite, W., 365
    Lockwood, 213, 357
    Lockyer, Tom, 370
    Long, R. P., 364
    Lubbock, 37
    Lucas, A. P., 66, 196, 373
    Lucas, F. M., 179
    Lyons, 77, 86, 321
    Lyttelton, Hon. A., 92, 373
    Lyttelton, Hon. C. G. (now Lord), 37, 40, 64, 371
    Lyttelton, Hon. E., 189
    McDonnell, P. S., 74, 148, 207, 262, 263, 317–319, 322
    McIlwraith, J., 318
    Mackenzie, Jack, 32
    McLaren, 85, 215, 323, 324, 363
    Maitland, 37
    Makinson, 370, 371
    Marsden, 37, 391
    Marshall, R. T., 295
    Marshall, Tom, 32
    Massie, H. H., 74, 148, 316, 317
    Maul, H. C., 56
    Mitchell, R. A. H., 37, 40, 62, 64, 370, 371
    Mortlock, 37, 268
    Moses, 179
    Moule, W. H., 316
    Murdoch, W. L., 158, 170, 189, 315–320, 324
    Mynn, A., 37, 361, 362, 363, 391, 392
    Newland, 15
    Nichols, 100
    Norman, F. H., 37
    O’Brien, 61, 86
    Osbaldeston, 36, 390, 392
    Painter, 101
    Palairet, L. C. H., 72, 85
    Palmer, G. E., 316
    Parr, George, 37, 40, 62, 63, 65, 66, 227, 256, 313, 362, 363,
      365–371, 392
    Patterson, 66, 373
    Pauncefote, B., 56
    Peel, 88, 179, 213
    Penn, Frank, 46
    Philipson, 321
    Pilling, 212
    Pinder, George, 277, 310
    Quaife, W., 100
    Quaife, W. G., 100
    Ranjitsinhji, K. S., 47, 85, 215, 323, 324
    Read, W. W., 40, 117, 213, 214, 318
    Ridley, A. W., 212
    Robinson, Tom, 389
    Rotherham, 373
    Rumney, 15
    Saunders, 36
    Scott, H. J. H., 163, 317, 318
    Scott, Hon. J. M., 32, 296, 298
    Scott, Lord George, 32, 296
    Scotton, W., 179, 358
    Searle, 36
    Selby, 358
    Sherman, 390, 392
    Shrewsbury, Arthur, 54, 56, 60, 73, 76, 77, 78, 83, 100, 188, 196,
      212, 213, 324, 343, 358, 373, 376, 392
    Small, John, 17
    Smart, Charles, 281
    Smith, 15
    Steel, A. G., 32, 56, 73, 76, 78, 86, 324, 376
    Steel, D. Q., 66
    Stephenson, 37, 313, 370, 371
    Stoddart, A. E., 40, 53, 196, 213, 215, 321–325, 327, 376
    Storer, 321, 333
    Sueter, Tom, 17, 24
    Sugg, 100
    Tarrant, 392
    Taylor, C. G., 37, 362–364
    Thornton, C. I., 77
    Tinley, R. C., 392
    Townsend, 38
    Trott, 189, 322, 323
    Trumble, J. W., 318
    Tufton, Hon. H., 359
    Tufton, Hon. T., 359
    Tunnicliffe, 100
    Ulyett, G., 148
    Wakley, Billy, 281
    Walker, J., 277, 370
    Walker, T., 20, 21, 24, 47, 389
    Walker, V. E., 37
    Walters, 320
    Ward, A., 100, 215
    Ward, W., 16, 23, 26, 31, 36, 390
    Watson, Charles, 281
    Webbe, A. J., 43, 314, 387
    Wenman, E. G., 37
    Wisden, 392
    Wootton, 101, 310, 372
    Wyer, Michael Russell, 296
    Yardley, W., 43, 56
    (_See also under_ University Cricketers)

  Batting, art of, 34;
    shape of bat, 35, 36;
    choice of bat, 41;
    rules for the guidance of batsmen, 41;
    position at wicket, 42–46;
    Fuller Pilch as a model batsman, 36, 43;
    W. G. Grace’s attitude, 44;
    manner of holding the bat, 45;
    playing fast bowling, 46;
    position of right foot, 46, 54, 65, 302;
    pulling a straight fast ball to leg, 47;
    correct pose of left shoulder and elbow, 48, 54, 71;
    what to do when the ball is well outside off stump, 48;
    forward play, 48;
    how to meet shooters, 50;
    tactics when playing and unable to smother the ball at the pitch,
      51;
    half-cock stroke, 51;
    back play, 39, 53;
    dealing with a very short ball, 54;
    easy wickets, 56;
    the hanging ball, 57;
    the yorker, 57, 129, 130;
    offensive tactics, 58;
    the cut, 40, 42, 59;
    weak-wristed players’ cutting, 61;
    the leg-hit, 62;
    hit to square-leg, 39,
    pushing, 64;
    the glide, 65;
    playing a ball on the legs that is not short enough to play back to,
      66;
    the ‘draw,’ 67;
    snicking a ball off leg-stump, 67;
    forcing stroke off the legs, 68;
    off-drive to coverpoint and right hand of point, 68;
    off balls, 69;
    half-volley on off side, 71;
    the hard drive, 72;
    half-volley on on side, 72;
    play to fast bowling on soft tricky wickets, 73;
    hitting on difficult wickets, 74;
    play to slow bowling, 75;
    running out to drive, 76;
    dealing with balls that are well outside the off stump, 78;
    playing lobs, 78;
    the pat, 79;
    how to meet fast or medium-pace balls on soft wickets, 81;
    running, 83;
    imitation of great players, 85;
    temperament, 86;
    nervousness, 87;
    rules of health, 88;
    sleep, 88;
    over-eating, 88;
    superstitions of players, 89;
    number of ways of getting out, 89, 91;
    hitting twice, 90;
    picking up the ball while in ‘play,’ 90;
    obstructing the field, 90;
    rule for playing off breaks of all paces, 117;
    timidity with balls on off side, 132;
    pokey batsman dealing with high-dropping full-pitch ball, 139;
    when wicket softened by overnight rainfall, 142;
    mistakes made about the state of the wicket, 146;
    dealing with left-handed bowlers, 149;
    left-handed batsmen, 178;
    W. G. Grace’s counsel on how to score, 299–312.
    (_See also under_ Bowling)

  Betting, 102

  Border cricket, 292;
    character of wicket, 292;
    trop de zèle, 294;
    patriotic partiality of umpires, 293;
    playing for victory rather than cricket, 294;
    surroundings of grounds,294;
    batting and bowling, 295;
    ‘Les Enfants Perdus,’ 295;
    ‘Eccentric Flamingoes,’ 295;
    T. R. Marshall, 295;
    pleasant reminiscences, 296;
    at the present day, 297;
    umpiring, 298

  Border Cup, 298

  Bowlers, past and present, amateur and professional:--
    Absolom, 285
    Allan, 152, 153, 314, 325
    Appleby, 97, 178
    Atkinson, 277
    Attewell, 48, 88, 149, 212, 215
    Barclay, 23, 24, 32
    Barker, Tom, 37
    Barnes, 358, 373, 386
    Barrett, 320
    Bates, 207, 258
    Bathurst, Sir F., 37, 362, 364, 366, 373
    Bean, 357
    Beauclerk, Lord F., 23, 24, 359, 389
    Beldham, 359, 390
    Bennett, George, 39, 76
    Bland, 122
    Bonnor, 172
    Bowley, 160
    Box, Tom, 276
    Boyle, Cecil, 23
    Boyle, H. F., 258, 314, 315, 316, 317, 325
    Brand, 390
    Brett, Thomas, 17, 23, 24
    Briggs, 73, 75, 88, 100, 147, 149, 151, 152, 169, 211, 215, 321,
      325, 357, 358
    Broadbridge, James, 21, 22, 35, 365
    Brown, 357
    Brown, George, 365
    Browne, 23
    Bruce, W., 321
    Buchanan, David, 38, 97, 132, 151
    Budd, E. H., 26, 35
    Bull, 97, 215
    Bunch, 181
    Butler, 161
    Caffyn, W., 357
    Carpenter, 26, 227
    Christopherson, S., 160
    Clarke, William, 23, 37, 75, 79, 154–157, 362, 363, 365, 366, 392
    Cobbett, 37, 360, 361
    Cooper, W. H., 108
    Crossland, 160
    Cunliffe, 76, 97, 161
    Cuttell, 122, 161
    Davidson, 88, 122, 161
    Dean, 366
    Dryden, Billy, 297
    Emmett, Tom, 88, 101, 134, 166, 168, 178, 275, 277, 309, 318
    Evans, 74, 135, 161, 325, 373
    Felix, 365
    Fellows, Harvey, 24, 364, 366
    Ferris, J. J., 319, 320, 325
    Flowers, 212, 373
    Forbes, 172
    Ford, A. F. J., 239
    Francis, 161
    Freeman, 24, 39, 161, 277, 309, 310
    Fuller Pilch, 361, 365, 391
    Furley, 392
    Game, 172, 275
    Garrett, T. W., 74, 277, 314–317, 325
    Giffen, G., 73, 167, 168, 316, 317, 321, 322, 325
    Glassford, Clement, 32, 297
    Grace, W. G., 97, 153, 168, 169, 213
    Grant, Hope, 24
    Greenwood, Luke, 372
    Hall, Harry, 25
    Hammond, 359
    Harris, D., 19–21, 24, 358, 389
    Harrison, 160
    Hartley, 59
    Hearne, A., 59, 116, 122, 212, 215
    Hearne, J. T., 161, 325
    Hide, J., 357
    Hill, Allan, 160, 277, 358
    Hillyer, 37, 75, 362, 365
    Hirst, 88, 122, 215
    Hodgson, 31
    Hodswell, 16
    Horan, 315, 316
    Howard, T. C., 360
    Howell, 323, 325
    Humphreys, 154, 156, 321
    Jackson, 24, 31, 39, 54, 76, 97, 161, 369, 370, 392
    Jephson, 154
    Jessop, 38, 59, 74, 76, 97, 161
    Jones, 59, 174, 322, 323, 325
    Kempson, 366, 373
    Kendall, Tom, 152
    Knight, G., 21, 22
    Kortright, 76, 97, 161
    Lambert, 17, 18, 23, 359
    Lang, R., 24, 268, 274
    Leslie, C. F. H., 170
    Lillywhite, James, 81, 313
    Lillywhite, John, 301, 369
    Lillywhite, W., 17, 21, 22, 35, 37, 43, 75, 276, 360–365
    Lockwood, 116, 211, 212, 213, 321, 357, 358
    Lohmann, 174, 212, 325, 386
    Lumpy (Stevens), 12, 18, 24, 388
    Lyttelton, Hon. A., 318
    Mann, Noah, 18, 358
    Marcon, 24
    Marsden T., 390, 391
    Marsham, C. D., 369, 370
    Martingell, 63, 112, 366
    Mathews, 360
    McDonnell, P. S., 316
    McIntyre, Martin, 81
    McKibbin, 174, 322
    McLeod, R., 321, 323
    Midwinter, 315, 317
    Miles, Farmer, 280
    Minshull, 388
    Mold, 116, 122, 161, 164, 211, 212, 213
    Morley, Fred., 81, 82, 166, 174, 205, 262, 314, 358, 373
    Morton, 161
    Mynn, Alfred, 22–24, 26, 37, 75, 275, 276, 360, 361, 362, 364, 365,
      366, 386, 391
    Noble, 323, 325
    Nyren, Richard, 17
    Osbaldeston, 23, 390
    Palmer, 74, 105, 121, 151, 164, 168, 174, 258, 276, 277, 317, 325
    Payne, 369
    Peate, 38, 81, 100, 147, 151, 168, 276, 318, 373
    Peel, 75, 88, 149, 151, 211, 213, 215, 325
    Powys, 24, 161, 268
    Rawlin, 88
    Redgate, 37, 75, 275, 361
    Richardson, 39, 76, 81, 116, 122, 161, 174, 215, 325
    Ridley, A. W., 154, 156, 212, 270, 274, 275, 314
    Rotherham, A., 160, 164, 373
    Rotherham, H., 160
    Saunders, 21
    Searle, 21
    Shaw, Alfred, 38, 76, 81, 82, 100, 115, 121, 131, 147, 205, 212,
      289, 309, 314, 364, 372
    Shaw, J. C., 152, 289, 301, 358
    Shrewsbury, 271
    Silcock, 112
    Sinclair, 32
    Slinn, 31
    Smith, 373
    Southerton, 81, 115, 276
    Spofforth, 23, 98, 120, 121, 133, 134, 148, 149, 162, 164, 167, 172,
      174, 185, 189, 241, 258, 268, 277, 310, 314–317, 324, 325, 374
    Steel, 373
    Stephenson, 369
    Stratford, 108
    Streatfeild, 97
    Studd, 97
    Tarrant, 24, 54, 161, 370, 371, 392
    Taylor, 366
    Thewlis, 358
    Thornton, C. I., 181
    Tinley, 31, 156
    Toppin, C., 160
    Trott, 59, 189, 321, 323
    Trumble, H., 320–323, 325
    Turner, C. T. B., 120, 149, 174, 319, 320–322, 325, 326
    Tylecote, 170
    Tyler, 38, 75, 147, 276
    Ulyett, 160, 277, 373
    Vigne, 360
    Wainwright, 59, 88, 147, 212, 213, 215
    Walker, T., 19, 22, 24, 35, 359
    Walker, V. E., 156
    Ward, A., 215
    Watson, 100, 373
    Wells, C. M., 97, 212
    Wenman, 361, 365, 366
    Wheeler, 357
    Whitby, 160
    Willes, 19, 21, 22, 96
    Willsher, 23, 369–371, 392
    Wilson, 97
    Wisden, 365, 369
    Wood, J. B., 156
    Woods, S. M. J., 76, 97, 161, 164, 373
    Wootton, 309
    Wright, W., 100, 101, 178, 357
    Yonge, George, 364
    (_See also under_ University Cricketers)

  Bowling, art of, 94;
    present contrasted with past, 95;
    falling off in amateur, 97;
    at the public schools, 97, 98;
    the professional bowler, 98–102, 357;
    object of the bowler, 102;
    the four motions of the ball and their intention, 103;
    the spin from right to left, or leg-break, 104–113;
    placing fieldsmen for leg-break balls, 107;
    rotary motion of ball from left to right, or off break, 113;
    what becomes of likely balls if not well played, 114;
    break-back, 115, 117, 138;
    fast off break, 116;
    playing off breaks, 117;
    upward vertical spin, 118;
    downward vertical spin, 118;
    combinations of spin, 119;
    change of pace, 119–121;
    high delivery,122;
    advantages of slow delivery, 122–127;
    two exceptions to putting on slows, 124;
    yorkers, 128, 164;
    leg half-volleys, 131;
    good-length ball outside off stump, 131;
    bowling player off his legs, 133;
    from different distances, 134;
    choice of ends, by the slow bowler, 135;
    taking advantage of peculiarities of time and ground, 136;
    avoidance of singularity of dress or manner, 137;
    changing from over to round the wicket, 137;
    varieties of full-pitch, 138;
    high-dropping full-pitch, 138;
    ordinary slow full-pitch, 140;
    medium-paced full-pitch, 140;
    how to turn different states of the ground to advantage, 142;
    long-hops, 145, 146;
    sodden wickets, 145;
    the ‘cutting through’ state, 147;
    the drying state, 147;
    hard and crumbled wicket, 149;
    left-handed bowlers, 149–153;
    balls curling or twisting in the air, 153, 154;
    under-hand slows, 154;
    lobs, 156, 209;
    fast bowling, 158–167;
    the off break, 162;
    long run up to wicket before delivery, 162;
    practising before beginning, 163;
    straight delivery, 163;
    value of long stops, 164;
    leg-stump bowling, 165;
    bowling over and round the wicket, 165;
    getting leg bias on a ball, 166;
    attitude in delivery, 166–168;
    ‘every cricketer should bowl,’ 170;
    throwing, 171–175;
    position of field for fast bowling, 175, 178;
    dealing with left-handed bats, 178;
    shooters, 180;
    fast under-arm bowling, 181;
    sneaks, 181;
    rules for bowlers in the field, 182–186;
    obedience to captain, 182;
    quick return of bowler to wicket, 183;
    appeals to umpires, 184;
    shoes, 184;
    cutting up the wicket, 184;
    rules for beginners, 185;
    training young cricketers, 382.
    (_See also under_ Batting)

  Buccleuch, Duke of, 292, 297

  Bunyan, John, playing at cat, 4


  Captains, 191;
    few good, and those amateurs, 187, 188;
    difficulties of professional, 188;
    captaincy of the Australians, 189;
    qualifications for, 189;
    nervous order, 190;
    apathetic kind, 190;
    bowling enthusiasts, 190;
    duties of, 191;
    choice of team, 191, 207;
    putting the other side in first, 191;
    order of sending men in, 195–197;
    counsel and encouragement to players, 198;
    right of captains to order men to get out or to bowl wides to cause
      or prevent a follow on, 198–203;
    economising time, 203;
    educational hints to men, 203;
    correcting slovenly dress, 204;
    duties in field, 204;
    management of the bowling, 204;
    placing field, 206;
    duties of captains of University and Public Schools teams, 207;
    management of school elevens, 209;
    enforcing practice, 210;
    what to drink, 210;
    selection of teams, 211–216;
    cheerfulness and watchfulness, 216

  Cat-and-dog, 4, 5

  Clubs:--
    All England Eleven, 363;
    Drumpellier, 32;
    Eccentric Flamingoes, 295;
    Free Foresters, 31;
    Hambledon, 10, 19, 21, 31, 358, 388;
    I. Z., 31;
    Melbourne, 313;
    Old Grange, 32;
    Richmond, 12;
    Vine (Sevenoaks), 11;
    West of Scotland, 32;
    White Conduit, 27

  Country cricket, 280;
    a rustic match in 1830, 280;
    dress of period, 280;
    paraphernalia of the time, 281;
    a common warlike wind-up of the match, 282;
    modern village cricket, 282;
    training of village lads, 283;
    single wicket, 284;
    practice before a match, 284;
    sixpence on the wicket, 285;
    the thing to ‘burn’ into a young player’s mind, 285;
    getting and saving runs, 285;
    management and finance, 286;
    subscriptions, 286;
    professional trainers, 284, 286;
    playing against strong in preference to weak teams, 287;
    educating the rougher element, 287;
    introduction of the school element, 288;
    a captain’s reward, 288;
    début of Richard Humphrey, 289;
    expenses, 290;
    country umpires, 290

  Cricket, history of, 1;
    archæology of the game, 1;
    Strutt on stool-ball, 3;
    cat-and-dog, 4;
    derivation of the word ‘cricket,’ 5;
    ‘Miss Wicket,’ 7, 11;
    in Queen Elizabeth’s time, 7, 8;
    costume of cricketers in 1791, 10;
    the ball in 1770, 11;
    curved bats, 11, 24;
    earliest laws, 12;
    Mr. Love’s poetical effusion, 15;
    a ghost at a cricket match, 15, _note_;
    Hambledon the centre of cricket, 17;
    Nyren’s Cricketer’s Guide, 16, _et seq._;
    Lumpy and Noah Mann, 18;
    David Harris, 19;
    William Lillywhite, 21, 22;
    Beldham, 25;
    rise of the Marylebone C.C., 27;
    M.C.C. laws, 28;
    origin of Lord’s, 27, 28;
    epochs in the history of the game, 31;
    Scotch cricket, 32;
    the whole art of batting, 34–93;
    Fuller Pilch, 36, 43;
    W. G. Grace as a batsman, 37, 44, _et seq._;
    C. G. Lyttelton, Humphrey, and Ash, 40;
    Robert Carpenter, 54;
    superstitions among cricketers, 89;
    scientific bowling, 94–186;
    Willes’ introduction of round-arm bowling, 96;
    concerning professionals, 98–102;
    danger of game drifting into a mere monetary speculation, 102;
    Spofforth, 120, 133, 324, 325, 374;
    A. Shaw, 121; Tom Emmett, 134;
    Peate, 151;
    David Buchanan, 151;
    Briggs, 151;
    Mr. R. A. Proctor on bowling, 153;
    W. G. Grace as a bowler, 169;
    anecdote respecting W. G. Grace and Briggs, 169;
    bowling in Australia, 174;
    the genius who had discovered how to bowl shooters, 181;
    captains and their functions, 187–216;
    ‘Pavilion’ criticism, 198;
    M.C.C. legislation as to following on and declaring innings at an
      end, 202;
    Morley’s geographical attainments, 205;
    selecting representative elevens, 211–216;
    umpires and their duties, 217–244;
    a primitive match in Hampshire, 228;
    the umpire who ‘dussn’t give him out,’ 231;
    the art of fielding, 245–279;
    country cricket, 280–291;
    description of a rustic match in 1830, 280–282;
    reminiscences of Border cricket, 292–298;
    W. G. Grace on ‘How to score,’ 299–312;
    the Australians and their doings, 313–327;
    matches of English with Australian teams, 313–325;
    reason alleged for excellence of Australian bowling, 325;
    anecdote of a famous fieldsman, 327;
    the University cricket match, 328–355;
    Bishop Wordsworth’s account of the first Inter-University match,
      330–333;
    the famous two-run success of Cambridge University in 1870, 339;
    the celebrated six-run victory of Oxford in 1875, 346;
    the University bowlers, 352;
    encounters of the Gentleman and Players, 356–374;
    Alfred Mynn, 361;
    training young cricketers, 375–385;
    single wicket, 386–393

  Cricket-grounds, Australian, 326


  Dex, 1

  Dorset, Duke of, 388, 389

  Dress, 204, 387

  Drink, 210


  Fielding, 245;
    a safe field, 246;
    directions for, 246;
    backing up, 247;
    throwing, 248;
    deep field, or country catching, 250;
    wicket-keeping, 251;
    long-leg, 256;
    mid-off and mid-on, 257;
    cover-point, 259;
    point, 260–262;
    short-slip, 263;
    third man, 265;
    short-leg, 266;
    long-stop, 267–270;
    bad, indifferent, and specious fielding, 271;
    famous fielders, 272–276;
    celebrated wicket-keepers, 276;
    young cricketers, 384

  Fieldsmen:--
    Andrews, 278
    Barlow, 170
    Bell, F., 278
    Bickley, John, 278
    Boyle, H. F., 206, 258
    Briggs, 278, 325
    Burnup, 247
    Bury, W., 274, 278
    Carpenter, 227, 260, 278
    Dench, 365
    Diver, A., 268, 278
    Douglas, J., 246
    Game, 275
    Giffen, G., 325
    Grace, Dr. E. M., 278
    Grace, W. G., 262, 263, 278
    Gregory, 278
    Gunn, 213, 278, 285
    Hartopp, E. S. E., 278
    Hildyard, 278
    Jones, T. B., 275
    King, R. T., 275, 277, 278
    Lang, R., 274, 278
    Law, W., 260, 274, 275
    Lubbock, A., 278
    Lyttelton, Hon. C. G., 274
    Mansfield, Hon. J. W., 278
    Marshall, H. M., 268, 274, 278
    Moorhouse, 278
    Mordaunt, G. J., 260
    Mortlock, W., 278
    Palairet, 246
    Pickering, W., 275, 278
    Pilch, W., 278
    Read, W. W., 207
    Ridley, 274, 275
    Royle, 275, 278, 326
    Shaw, J. C., 267
    Shrewsbury, 212, 213
    Smith, John, 62, 278
    Studd, G. B., 258, 278
    Sugg, 246
    Taylor, Josiah, 281
    Thewlis, J., 278
    Tinley, R. C., 278
    Tobin, F., 268
    Wainwright, 247, 278
    Walker, J., 277
    Walker, V. E., 278
    Wright, F. W., 278


  Gentlemen and Players, 356;
    definition of amateur and professional, 356;
    Mr. W. G. Grace’s share in the matches, 371, 372, 373;
    supremacy of professionals as bowlers, 357;
    congestion of professional skill in certain districts, 358;
    amateurs, 358;
    the first match, 359;
    details of matches played, 360–373;
    Alfred Mynn, 361;
    the Barn Door Match or Ward’s Folly, 361;
    William Lillywhite, 362, 364;
    William Clarke, 362;
    the year 1846, 363;
    C. G. Taylor, 363;
    Fuller Pilch, 365;
    victories of the Players from 1853 to 1865, 366;
    in 1857, 369;
    victories of the Gentlemen, 1866–1879, 372;
    a tie, 373;
    the future, 374

  Gregory’s Australian team, 314

  Grounds:--
    Bramall Lane, Sheffield, 271;
    Brunswick, Hove, Brighton, 301;
    Bullingdon Green, 328;
    Clifton College, 308;
    Cowley Marsh, 328;
    Fenner’s, 339;
    Lascelles Hall, 357;
    Lord’s, 24, 27, 28, 38, 53, 66, 75, 90, 92, 147, 168, 188, 189, 193,
      208, 218, 227, 235, 273, 274, 290, 295, 309, 314, 318–320,
      328–330, 359, 369–373;
    Magdalen, Oxford, 328;
    Oval, 28, 64, 74, 188, 218, 227, 235, 262, 273, 318–320, 329,
      369–373


  Hambledon, the home of cricket, 17

  Hawick, cricket at, 292, 295

  Health, 88

  Hockey, 2


  Kent, cricketing in, in 1830, 280


  ‘Laws of Cricket’ revised at the ‘Star and Garter’ by a committee of
    noblemen and gentlemen, &c., 218

  Lord, Thomas, founder of Lord’s cricket-ground, 27


  McDonnell’s Australian team, 319

  Mann, Sir Horace, 389

  Marylebone Cricket Club, the parliament of cricket, 27;
    presidents and secretaries, 28;
    abolition of rule forbidding ground to be rolled except before each
      innings, 142;
    on throwing, 172, 174;
    on follow-on and declaring innings at end, 202;
    on definition of amateur, 356

  Matches:--
    Australians _v._ Cambridge University, 314, 315, 316;
      _v._ Derbyshire, 315;
      _v._ England, 169, 194, 262, 271, 315–322;
      _v._ Gentlemen of England, 168, 314, 315, 316;
      _v._ Gloucestershire, 314, 315;
      _v._ Lancashire, 316;
      _v._ Leicestershire, 314;
      _v._ M.C.C., 314;
      _v._ Middlesex, 314;
      _v._ Nottingham, 314, 315, 316;
      _v._ Oxford University, 316;
      _v._ Players, 315, 316;
      _v._ Surrey, 314;
      _v._ Sussex, 314;
      _v._ Yorkshire, 74, 314–317.
    Cambridge _v._ Oxford, 135, 194, 275, 328–353;
    Eton _v._ Harrow, 332;
    Gentlemen _v._ Players, 38, 40, 87, 188, 273, 301, 329, 356–374.
    Gloucestershire _v._ Kent, 308;
      _v._ Notts, 306;
      _v._ Surrey, 86, 307;
      _v._ Yorkshire, 306.
    Hambledon _v._ England, 388, 389;
    Hampshire _v._ England, 389;
    Kent _v._ All England, 15;
      _v._ Hambledon, 388, 389;
      _v._ Hants, 389;
      _v._ Sussex, 76.
    M.C.C. _v._ Cambridge University, 86, 92;
      _v._ Hertfordshire, 28;
      _v._ Kent, 306;
      _v._ Oxford University, 87;
      _v._ Yorkshire, 309.
    North _v._ South, 38, 90.
    Notts _v._ Yorkshire, 63.
    Surrey _v._ Cambridge University, 91;
      _v._ England, 389;
      _v._ Kent, 43;
      _v._ Notts, 289

  Maxwell, Mr., 298

  Murdoch’s teams of Australian cricketers, 315–318, 320


  Nervousness, 87

  Nottinghamshire bowlers, 357


  Pallamajo, 1

  Professionals as a class, 98, 101, 102;
    prospects of, in their career, 99–101;
    definition of, 356

  Public schools and colleges, bowling at the, 95, 97, 98;
    captains, 207, 209;
    elevens, 209;
    Charterhouse, 330, 354;
    Cheltenham, 354;
    Clifton, 354;
    Eton, 9, 330, 332, 339, 353;
    Harrow, 330, 353;
    Marlborough, 354;
    Repton, 354;
    Rugby, 151, 330, 353;
    Shrewsbury, 10;
    Tonbridge, 354;
    Uppingham, 164, 354;
    Westminster, 354;
    Winchester, 330, 354;
    Wykeham, 330, 331


  Regimen, 210

  Rounders, 1, 2

  Rustic match, a, in 1830, 280


  Scores, how to make good, 299;
    diet, sleep, and exercise, 299;
    early training, 300;
    practice on ground previous to match, 300;
    testing pads, gloves, and shoes, 301;
    punctuality at wicket, 302;
    taking guard, 302;
    observation of position of field, 302;
    beginning of innings, 303;
    avoidance of sharp runs, 303;
    running out big hits, 304;
    playing balls too quickly, 304;
    dealing with thirst, 304;
    modesty in the hour of victory, 305;
    differing orders of wickets, 305;
    a fast, dry, and true wicket, 305;
    a fast, good, wet wicket, 307;
    a slow, good, dry wicket, 307;
    a bumpy wicket, 308;
    a drying, sticky wicket, 310;
    dealing with straight balls, 310;
    valuable hints, 310, 311;
    playing against odds, 311

  Scotch cricket, 32, 194, 230

  Scott’s Australian eleven, 318

  Shoes, 184, 241

  Single wicket, 284, 386;
    rules, 387;
    annals, 388–392

  Sleep, 88

  Smoking, 210

  Snob-cricket, 1

  Spikes, 184

  Stoddart’s English team in Australia, 215, 322–323

  Stool-ball, 1–4

  Stump-cricket, 1

  Superstition among players, 89

  Sutton-in-Ashfield, the nursery of bowlers, 358


  Temperament, 86

  Throwing, 171

  Training young cricketers, art of, 375;
    beginning early, 375;
    evils of over-coaching, 376, 380;
    learning to bat, 377–382;
    duties of the coach, 380;
    teaching to bowl, 382–384;
    fielding, 384

  Trott’s Australian team, 321, 322


  Umpires, 217;
    none in early days of cricket, 217;
    scoring by the ‘notcher,’ 217;
    rules for, in the ‘Laws of Cricket,’ 218;
    former custom of each side providing its own, 218;
    present mode of nominating, 219;
    source from whence drawn, 219;
    difficulties of, 219;
    deciding on question of bat or hand touching ball, 219;
    finality of decisions, 221;
    in cases of l.b.w., 223;
    mutinous bowlers, 225;
    club cricket disputes, 226;
    at rustic matches, 226–231;
    folly of giving reasons for decisions, 231;
    qualifications for, 232;
    quickness in deciding, 233;
    powers of concentration, 233;
    duties of, 234;
    ground-measuring and placing of stumps, 234;
    settlement of boundaries, 235;
    punctuality, 235;
    position at wicket, 235;
    crying ‘no ball,’ 236;
    wide ball, 237;
    precedence of appeal to, at bowler’s end, 238;
    bump balls, 239;
    stumping, 240;
    fair and unfair play, 241;
    at striker’s end, 241;
    use of common sense, 244;
    country specimens, 290;
    in Border cricket, 298

  Umpires:--
    Barker, Tom, 290;
    Bayley, J., 290;
    Caldecourt, 290;
    Good, 290;
    Ost, 281

  Universities, bowling at the, 95, 97;
    captains, 207, 209, 210;
    teams, 274

  University cricketers (_see also under_ Batsmen _and_ Bowlers):
    Absalom, 344
    Anson, T. A., 334
    Ash, E. P., 40
    Baily, 339
    Balfour, R. D., 334
    Bardswell, 334
    Barnard, 330, 332
    Bayley, 331
    Belcher, 340, 343–345
    Berkeley, 334, 338, 355
    Blacker, 347, 349
    Blore, E. W., 336
    Booth, 352
    Bourne, 340, 342, 343, 345
    Briggs, 346, 348
    Buckland, 347, 348
    Bullock, 335
    Butler, S. E., 334, 337, 340, 342, 343, 345, 355
    Campbell, 347
    Case, 354
    Cobden, 337, 340, 342–346
    Cunliffe, 334
    Curteis, 352
    Dale, 340, 341, 346
    Druce, F. N., 354
    Evans, A. H., 334, 354
    Fawcett, E. B., 337
    Fellowes, E. L., 334
    Fellowes, W., 335
    Fiennes, W., 335
    Fortescue, 341, 346
    Fowler, 352
    Francis, 340, 342, 346, 354
    Freeman, George, 351
    Fryer, 337, 342
    Game, 346, 348, 351
    Green, C. E., 335
    Greenfield, 349
    Hamilton, 349
    Hill, F. H., 342–345
    Inge, 354
    Jackson, F. S., 334, 354
    Jardine, 335
    Jenner, Herbert, 331
    Kelcey, 347, 348
    Kempson, 355
    Kenney, E. M., 334, 336, 354, 355
    Key, 335, 336, 354, 355
    King, R. T., 335
    Lane, C. G., 339, 355
    Lang, R., 334, 335, 337, 346, 347, 349, 350, 351, 352, 355
    Leslie, 329, 353
    Longman, G. H., 339, 347, 349
    Lucas, 349, 354, 355
    Lyttelton, 349, 350
    Lyttelton, Hon. A., 354, 355
    Lyttelton, Hon. C. G. (now Lord), 335, 337, 355
    Macan, 349–351
    Maitland, W. F., 334, 354, 355
    Makinson, J., 329, 335, 336, 354
    Manning, Henry (Cardinal), 330
    Marsham, C. D., 328, 329, 334–336, 344, 352, 355
    Mills, W., 334
    Mitchell, 335, 336, 352, 354, 355
    Money, 337, 340
    O’Brien, 329
    Onslow, D. R., 337
    Ottaway, 339–342, 346, 351, 354
    Palairet, 354
    Patterson, 346–348, 350
    Pauncefote, 340, 341, 344, 346, 353, 354, 355
    Payne, A., 335
    Pelham, Hon. F. G., 334, 352, 355
    Plowden, H. M., 334, 335, 337, 352, 355
    Powys, W. N., 334, 339
    Pulman, 347, 348, 351
    Rashleigh, 354
    Raynor, 339
    Ridding, A., 328
    Ridding, C. H., 328
    Ridley, A. W., 338, 346–350, 352, 355
    Rock, C. W., 334
    Royle, 347–350
    St. Croix, W. de, 334
    Salter, H. W., 334, 335, 337
    Sayres, 336
    Scott, 337, 340
    Sharpe, 346–349
    Sims, 350–352
    Smith, 351
    Smith, A. F., 340
    Stedman, 337
    Steel, A. G., 334, 337, 354, 355
    Stewart, 343, 344, 345
    Studd, C. T., 334, 354, 355
    Tabor, 339
    Thornton, 337
    Tobin, 337
    Townshend, 342, 346
    Traill, W. F., 334, 355
    Tuck, G. H., 334
    Tylecote, 339–342, 346, 348, 354
    Voules, S. C., 334, 354
    Walker, J., 338
    Walker, R. D., 328, 329, 338, 354
    Ward, 341, 342
    Ward, Rev. A. R., 314, 344–347
    Ward, Harrison, 340
    Warner, 353
    Webbe, 346, 347, 350
    Wells, 334
    Wills, T. W., 329
    Woods, S. M. J., 334, 338, 355, 373
    Wordsworth (late Bishop of St. Andrews), 329–333
    Wright, 336, 355
    Yardley, 335–337, 339–341, 344, 345, 346, 353, 354, 355
    Yonge, G. E., 336

  University cricket-match, the, 328;
    rules of qualification to play in, 328;
    advantage of playing on own ground, 329;
    Bishop Wordsworth’s account of the first Inter-University match,
      330–333;
    results of matches, 333;
    quality of the bowling, 333, 352;
    individual scores, 335, 336;
    celebrated bowlers, 336, 337;
    Mr. S. E. Butler’s great bowling feat, 337;
    batting failures, 338;
    vicissitudes of the contests, 339;
    the two-run success of Cambridge, 339–346;
    the six-run victory of Oxford, 346–352;
    public schools and the University elevens, 353;
    all-round players, 354


  Wicket-keeper, duties of, 209, 219, 220, 251–255

  Wicket-keepers:--
    Anson, T. A., 275, 276
    Blackham, J. M., 268, 276, 277, 316, 317, 320
    Box, Tom, 76, 276
    Bush, 276
    Gay, 276
    Hunter, 276
    Jarvis, 277
    Jenner, Herbert, 276
    Kemble, 276
    Leatham, 276
    Lilley, 276
    Lockyer, 276
    Lyttelton, Alfred, 240, 276
    McGregor, G., 212, 213, 276, 320
    Mortlock, 268
    Newton, 276
    Nicholson, W., 276
    Philipson, 276
    Pilling, 212, 276
    Pinder, George, 276, 277, 309
    Plumb, 276
    Pooley, 276
    Ridding, W., 276
    Sherwin, 252, 253, 276
    Storer, 215, 276
    Tylecote, E. F. S., 276
    Tylecote, H. G., 274
    Wenman, E. G., 276


  Yorkers, 58, 128, 129


_Spottiswoode & Co. Printers, New-street Square, London._




Transcriber’s Note


On page 269:

But though the ball is on the leg side, it is quite possible for the
batsman to hit it on the on side, and send it straight to short-slip’s
hands, if he only could have been in his proper place.

has been changed to:

But though the ball is on the leg side, it is quite possible for the
batsman to hit it on the off side, and send it straight to short-slip’s
hands, if he only could have been in his proper place.