E-text prepared by MWS, Tom Cosmas, and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
available by Internet Archive/American Libraries
(https://archive.org/details/americana)



Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
      file which includes the original illustrations.
      See 51748-h.htm or 51748-h.zip:
      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/51748/51748-h/51748-h.htm)
      or
      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/51748/51748-h.zip)


      Images of the original pages are available through
      Internet Archive/American Libraries. See
      https://archive.org/details/torpedowarsub00fultrich





TORPEDO WAR, AND SUBMARINE EXPLOSIONS.


by

ROBERT FULTON

Fellow of the American Philosophical Society,
and of the
United States Military and Philosophical Society.


   The Liberty of the Sea will be the Happiness of the Earth.







New-York:
Printed by William Elliot, 114 Water-Street.
1810

New York
Reprinted
William Abbatt
1914

Being Extra No. 35 of The Magazine of History with Notes and Queries




CONTENTS


                                                                  Page
  TORPEDO WAR, &c.                                                   5
    PLATE I                                                          7
    PLATE II                                                        10
    PLATE III                                                       13
    PLATE IV, Fig. 1                                                15
              Fig. 2                                                17
    PLATE V,  Fig. 1 & 2                                            17
              Fig. 3                                                20

  THOUGHTS -- On the probable effect of this invention              20
    Estimate of the Force to Attack so Formidable a Blockade Fleet  32
    Manner of Arranging the Boats Until Wanted                      33
    First Mode of Attack                                            35
    Second Mode of Attack                                           36

  ON -- the imaginary inhumanity of Torpedo war                     40

  A VIEW -- of the political economy of this invention              43




EDITOR'S PREFACE


In view of the prominent part played in the present World War by
torpedoes and submarines, the subject of our Extra No. 35 is
peculiarly timely.

The original of 1810 is very scarce, only one copy having been sold
at auction in many years: nor are copies to be found in any but a few
of our libraries. Fulton's claims for his invention have been fully
substantiated and some of his predictions, made more than a century
ago, are remarkably interesting, in view of the events of the past
five months. His estimate of our population in 1920 has already been
exceeded in fact, and only his plan of affixing torpedoes to their
prey by means of harpoons seems--for it was made in the days of wooden
ships--fantastic, in these days of iron clads. He could not foresee that
almost exactly a century would elapse before his invention would be
extensively used--though he cautiously says "it is impossible to foresee
to what degree torpedoes may be improved and rendered useful."

In the Joline collection of autograph letters, sold this month, was an
extremely interesting letter of Fulton's, addressed to Gen. William
Duane. A part reads:

                                                 "New York, March 1, 1813

  I am happy to find you continue the firm friend to torpedoes; an
  infant art which requires only support and practice to produce a
  change in Maritime affairs of immence (_sic_) importance to this
  country. Expecting the enemy here, I have not been idle, I have
  prepared 9 torpedoes with locks that strike fire by concussion, and
  four with clockwork locks."

The letter is of great interest throughout, and tells of his plans for
blowing up the enemy or driving them from New York waters, his regret
that he had not enough torpedoes for the Chesapeake; and contains a list
of the cost of various sorts, &c.

We regret that we could not secure permission to copy the whole of it.




TORPEDO WAR, &c.


  _To JAMES MADISON, Esq. President of the United States, and to the
    Members of both Houses of Congress._

Gentlemen,

In January last, at Kalorama, the residence of my friend Joel Barlow,
I had the pleasure of exhibiting to Mr. Jefferson, Mr. Madison, and a
party of gentlemen from the senate and house of representatives, some
experiments and details on Torpedo defence and attack; the favourable
impression which the experiments appeared to make on the minds of the
gentlemen then present; and my conviction that this invention, improved
and practised to the perfection which it is capable of receiving, will be
of the first importance to our country, has induced me to present you in
the form of a pamphlet a description of my system, with five engravings,
and such demonstrations as will give each of you an opportunity to
contemplate its efficacy and utility at your leisure; and enable you to
form a correct judgment on the propriety of adopting it as a part of our
means of national defence. It being my intention to publish hereafter
a detailed account of the origin and progress of this invention, and
the embarrassments under which I have laboured to bring it to its
present state of certain utility; I will now state only such experiments
and facts as are most important to be known, and which, proving the
practicability of destroying ships of war by this means, will lead the
mind to all the advantages which we may derive from it. I believe it
is generally known that I endeavoured for many years to get torpedoes
introduced into practice in France, and in England; which, though
unsuccessful, gave me the opportunity of making numerous very interesting
experiments on a large scale; by which I discovered errors in the
combinations of the machinery and method of fixing the torpedoes to a
ship; which errors in the machinery have been corrected: and I believe I
have found means of attaching the torpedoes to a vessel which will seldom
fail of success. It is the result of my experience which I now submit
to your consideration; and hoping that you will feel an interest in the
success of my invention, I beg for your deliberate perusal and reflection
on the following few pages. Gentlemen who have traced the progress of
the useful arts, know the years of toil and experiment, and difficulties
which frequently pass, before the utility and certain operation of new
discoveries have been established; hence it could not be expected,
that torpedoes should be rendered useful without encountering many
difficulties; and I am aware, that in the course of farther essays other
difficulties will appear; but from my past experience I feel confident,
that any obstacle which may arise can be surmounted by attention and
perseverance: of this gentlemen will be better able to judge, after
examining the following facts and details:


Note on vessels of war of the United States

From which a comparative estimate may be made of their expence, and the
expence of armed Torpedo boats; also the degree of protection which a
given sum would effect, expended in either way.

_The Ship Constitution_

  Guns                                             54
  First cost, dollars                         302,718
  Annual expence when in commission, dollars  100,000
  Draft of water, feet                             23

_The Wasp_

  Guns                                             18
  First cost, dollars                          60,000
  Annual expence in commission, dollars        38,000
  Draft of water, feet                             15

_A Gun Boat_

  First cost, fitted for sea, dollars          12,000
  Annual expence in commission, dollars        11,000
  Men                                              36
  Number of gun boats of the United States        167

  This Work having been published in haste, the errors of the press,
  and those of diction, shall be corrected in the second edition.

  (For tables, see pages 54-55)


[Illustration: PLATE I.]

PLATE I

_Is a view of the brig Dorothea, as she was blown up on the 15th of Oct.
1805._

To convince Mr. Pitt and lord Melville that a vessel could be destroyed
by the explosion of a Torpedo under her bottom, a strong built Danish
brig, the _Dorothea_, burthen 200 tons, was anchored in Walmer road,
near Deal, and within a mile of Walmer Castle, the then residence of Mr.
Pitt. Two boats, each with eight men, commanded by lieutenant Robinson,
were put under my direction. I prepared two empty Torpedoes in such a
manner, that each was only from two to three pounds specifically heavier
than salt water; and I so suspended them, that they hung fifteen feet
under water. They were then tied one to each end of a small rope eighty
feet long: thus arranged, and the brig drawing twelve feet of water, the
14th day of October was spent in practice. Each boat having a Torpedo
in the stern, they started from the shore about a mile above the brig,
and rowed down towards her; the uniting line of the Torpedoes being
stretched to its full extent, the two boats were distant from each other
seventy feet; thus they approached in such a manner, that one boat kept
the larboard the other the starboard side of the brig in view. So soon
as the connecting line of the Torpedoes passed the buoy of the brig,
they were thrown into the water, and carried on by the tide, until the
connecting line touched the brig's cable; the tide then drove them under
her bottom. The experiment being repeated several times, taught the men
how to act, and proved to my satisfaction that, when properly placed
on the tide, the Torpedoes would invariably go under the bottom of the
vessel. I then filled one of the Torpedoes with one hundred and eighty
pounds of powder, and set its clockwork to eighteen minutes. Every thing
being ready, the experiment was announced for the next day, the 15th,
at five o'clock in the afternoon. Urgent business had called Mr. Pitt
and lord Melville to London. Admiral Holloway, Sir Sidney Smith, Captain
Owen, Captain Kingston, Colonel Congreve, and the major part of the
officers of the fleet under command of Lord Keath were present; at forty
minutes past four the boats rowed towards the brig, and the Torpedoes
were thrown into the water; the tide carried them, as before described,
under the bottom of the brig, where, at the expiration of eighteen
minutes, the explosion appeared to raise her bodily about six feet; she
separated in the middle, and the two ends went down; in twenty seconds,
nothing was to be seen of her except floating fragments; the pumps and
foremast were blown out of her; the fore-topsail-yard was thrown up to
the cross-trees; the fore-chain plates with their bolts, were torn from
her sides; the mizen-chain-plates and shrouds, being stronger than those
of the foremast, or the shock being more forward than aft, the mizenmast
was broke off in two places; these discoveries were made by means of the
pieces which were found afloat.

The experiment was of the most satisfactory kind, for it proved a fact
much debated and denied, that the explosion of a sufficient quantity of
powder under the bottom of a vessel would destroy her.[A] There is now
no doubt left on any intelligent mind as to this most important of all
facts connected with the invention of Torpedoes; and the establishment of
this fact alone, merits the expenditure of millions of dollars and years
of experiment, were it yet necessary, to arrive at a system of practice
which shall insure success to attacks, with such formidable engines. For
America, I consider it a fortunate circumstance that this experiment was
made in England, and witnessed by more than a hundred respectable and
brave officers of the Royal navy; for, should Congress adopt Torpedoes
as a part of our means of defence, lords Melville, Castlereagh, and
Mulgrave, have a good knowledge of their combination and effect. Lord
Grenville, Earls Gray and St. Vincent[B], have on their minds a strong
impression of their probable consequences. Sir Home Popham, Sir Sidney
Smith, and Colonel Congreve, the latter now celebrated for his ingenious
invention of Pyrotecnic arrows or rockets, were my friends and companions
in the experiments; they are excellent and brave men, and from my
knowledge of those noblemen and gentlemen, and their sentiments on this
subject, I can predict that they would feel much disposed to respect the
rights, nor enter the waters of a nation who should use such engines with
energy and effect.

[Footnote A: Twenty minutes before the _Dorothea_ was blown up, Capt.
Kingston asserted, that if a Torpedo were placed under his cabin while
he was at dinner, he should feel no concern for the consequence. Occular
demonstration is the best proof for all men.]

[Footnote B: The morning of my first interview with Earl St. Vincent he
was very communicative. I explained to him a Torpedo and the _Dorothea_
experiment. He reflected for some time, and then said, Pitt was the
greatest fool that ever existed, to encourage a mode of war which they
who commanded the seas did not want, and which, if successful, would
deprive them of it.]

This fortunate experiment left not the least doubt on my mind that the
one which I made in the harbour of New-York in August 1807, would be
equally successful. The brig was anchored, the Torpedoes prepared and
put into the water in the manner before described; the tide drove them
under the brig near her keel, but in consequence of the locks turning
downwards, the powder fell out of the pans and they both missed fire.
This discovery of an error in the manner of fixing the locks to a
Torpedo, has been corrected. On the second attempt, the Torpedo missed
the brig; the explosion took place about one hundred yards from her,
and threw up a column of water ten feet diameter sixty or seventy feet
high. On the third attempt she was blown up: the effect and result
much the same as that of the _Dorothea_ before described. About two
thousand persons were witnesses to this experiment. Thus, in the course
of my essays, two brigs, each of two hundred tons, have been blown up.
The practicability of destroying vessels by this means, has been fully
proved. It is also proved, that the mechanism will ignite powder at any
required depth under water within a given time. It now remains to point
out means by which Torpedoes may be used to advantage with the least
possible risque to the assailants.


PLATE II

Represents the anchored Torpedo, so arranged as to blow up a vessel which
should run against it; B is a copper case two feet long, twelve inches
diameter, capable of containing one hundred pounds of powder. A is a
brass box, in which there is a lock similar to a common gun-lock, with a
barrel two inches long, to contain a musket charge of powder: the box,
with the lock cocked and barrel charged, is screwed to the copper case
B. H is a lever which has a communication to the lock inside of the box,
and in its present state holds the lock cocked and ready to fire. C is
a deal box filled with cork, and tied to the case B. The object of the
cork is to render the Torpedo about fifteen or twenty pounds specifically
lighter than water, and give it a tendency to rise to the surface. It is
held down to any given depth under water by a weight of fifty or sixty
pounds as at F: there is also a small anchor G, to prevent a strong tide
moving it from its position. With Torpedoes prepared, and knowing the
depth of water in all our bays and harbours, it is only necessary to fix
the weight F at such a distance from the Torpedo, as when thrown into the
water, F will hold it ten, twelve, or fifteen feet below the surface at
low water, it will then be more or less below the surface at high water,
or at different times of the tide; but it should never be so deep as the
usual draught of a frigate or ship of the line. When anchored, it will,
during the flood tide, stand in its present position; at slack water it
will stand perpendicular to the weight F, as at D; during the ebb it will
be at E. At ten feet under water the waves, in boisterous weather, would
have little or no tendency to disturb the Torpedo; for that if the hollow
of a wave should sink ten feet below what would be the calm surface,
the wave would run twenty feet high, which I believe is never the case
in any of our bays or harbours. All the experience which I have on this
kind of Torpedo is, that in the month of October 1805, I had one of
them anchored nine feet under water, in the British Channel near Dover;
the weather was severe, the waves ran high, it kept its position for
twenty-four hours, and, when taken up, the powder was dry and the lock in
good order. The Torpedo thus anchored, it is obvious, that if a ship in
sailing should strike the lever H, the explosion would be instantaneous,
and she be immediately destroyed; hence, to defend our bays or harbours,
let a hundred, or more if necessary, of these engines be anchored in the
channel, as for example, the Narrows, to defend New-York.

[Illustration: PLATE II.]

The figure to the right of the plate is an end view of the Torpedo H. H
shews its lever forked, to give the better chance of being struck.

Having described this instrument in a way which I hope will be
understood, I may be permitted to put the following question to my
readers, which is, knowing that the explosion of one hundred pounds of
powder, or more if required, under the bottom of a ship of the line,
would destroy her, and seeing, that if a ship in sailing should strike
the lever of an anchored torpedo, she would be blown up, would he have
the courage, or, shall I say, temerity, to sail into a channel where one
or more hundred of such engines were anchored? I rely on each gentleman's
sense of prudence and self-preservation, to answer this question to my
satisfaction. Should the apprehension of danger become as strong on the
minds of those who investigate this subject as it is on mine, we may
reasonably conclude that the same regard to self-preservation, will make
an enemy cautious in approaching waters where such engines are placed;
for, however brave sailors may be, there is no danger so distressing to
the mind of a seaman, or so calculated to destroy his confidence, as that
which is invisible and instantaneous destruction.

The consideration which will now present itself, is, that the enemy might
send out boats to sweep for and destroy the Torpedoes. It is therefore
proper to examine the nature of such an operation, and its chance of
success. Suppose two hundred Torpedoes to be placed in three miles of
channel, the enemy's boats, in attempting to sweep for them, would be
exposed to the fire of our land batteries, or necessitated to fight our
boats, for whenever they leave their ships and take to boats, we can
be as well armed and active at boat fighting as they; and thus opposed
by batteries and boats, they would have three or more square miles of
channel to sweep, which, even if successful, would be a work of time,
and were they to get up some of the Torpedoes, they could not ascertain
if all were destroyed, for they could not know whether five or five
hundred had been put down; nor could they prevent our boats throwing
in additional numbers each day and night. It therefore amounts to an
impossibility for an enemy to clear a channel of Torpedoes, provided it
were reasonably guarded by land batteries and row boats. Added to the
opposition which might be made to the enemy, there is a great difficulty
in clearing a channel of Torpedoes with any kind of sweep or drag, so
as to establish full confidence in sailing through it. It is only they
who put them down and know the number, that could tell when all were
taken up. To facilitate the taking of them up, I have, since Plate II
was engraved, thought of a very useful and simple piece of mechanism
which, being screwed to the box C, will hold the Torpedo under water at
any given depth, and for any number of days. They may be set to stay
under water a day, week, month, or year, and on the day which shall be
previously determined, they will rise to the surface; at the same instant
each will lock its lever H so that it cannot strike fire, and the Torpedo
may be handled with perfect safety. Not having time to engrave this
improvement, it shall be exhibited to Congress in a working model, by
which it will also be better understood.

I will now suppose the enemy to be approaching a port; a signal announces
them; our boats run out and throw into the channel two hundred Torpedoes,
set each to 15 days. Should the enemy sail among them, the consequence
will teach future caution; should they cruise or anchor at a distance,
what could they do? They not knowing the number of Torpedoes which were
put down, nor the day on which they were to rise to the surface, could
not have their boats out exposed to our fire, and waiting from day to day
for a time uncertain. Whereas, our officers, knowing the number which
were put down, and the day they were to rise to the surface, would have
their boats ready to take them in, and at the same time replace them
with others set for ten, fifteen, twenty, or more days. Viewing this
subject in all its bearings, the impression on my mind is, that it would
be impossible for an enemy to enter a port where anchored Torpedoes were
thus used, without their incurring danger of such a kind, that courage
could not guard them from its consequences. Prudence and justice would
warrant their abandoning such an enterprise; and the probability is, that
knowing us to be thus prepared, they never would attempt it, or should
they, and only one vessel were to be destroyed, we might calculate on its
good effect to protect us from future hostile enterprises.


[Illustration: PLATE III.]

PLATE III

_Represents a clockwork Torpedo, as prepared for the attack of a vessel
while at anchor or under sail, by harpooning her in the larboard and
starboard bow._

B is a copper case to contain one hundred or more pounds of powder; C
a cork cushion to give the whole Torpedo such a buoyancy, that it will
be only from two to three pounds heavier than salt water. To ascertain
such weight, when it is charged with powder and the lock screwed on, it
is put into a large tub of sea water. C is to have fifteen or twenty
inch-holes bored in its sides and top, to let the water rush in and the
air out, otherwise, the air would prevent its immediately sinking. A is
a cylindric brass box, about seven inches diameter and two inches deep,
in which there is a gun-lock with a barrel two inches long, to receive
a charge of powder and a wad, which charge is fired into the powder of
the case B. In the brass box A there is also a piece of clockwork moved
by a spring, which being wound up and set, will let the lock strike fire
in any number of minutes which may be determined within one hour. K is
a small line fixed to a pin, which pin holds the clockwork inactive;
the instant the pin is withdrawn the clockwork begins to move, and the
explosion will take place in one, two, three, or any number of minutes
for which it has been set; the whole is so made as to be perfectly tight
and keep out the water, although under a pressure of twenty-five or
thirty perpendicular feet. D is a pine box two feet long, six or eight
inches square, filled with cork; it is ten or fifteen pounds lighter
than water, and floats on the surface; the line from it to the Torpedo
is the suspending line, which must be of a length in proportion to the
estimated draft of water of the vessel to be attacked; vessels of a
certain number of guns usually draw within a few feet of the same draft
of water; the suspending line should be from four to eight feet longer
than the greatest draft of the vessel, that it may bend round the curve
of her side, and lay the Torpedo near her keel. From the Torpedo and the
float D, two lines, each twenty feet long, are united at E, from thence
one line goes to the harpoon, the total length of the line from the
Torpedo to the harpoon being about fifty feet, according to the length
of the vessel to be attacked, will, when the ship is harpooned in the
bow, bring the Torpedo under her bottom near midship. See the harpoon.
It is a round piece of iron, half an inch diameter and two feet long,
the butt one inch diameter, the exact calibre of the harpoon-gun; in the
head of the harpoon there is an eye, the point six inches long is barbed,
the line of the Torpedo is spliced into the eye of the harpoon, a small
iron or tough copper link runs on the shaft of the harpoon, to the link
the Torpedo-line is also tied, and at such a distance, that when the
harpoon is in the gun it will form a loop as at H, but when fired, the
link will slide along to the butt of the harpoon, and, holding the rope
and harpoon parallel to each other, the rope will act like a tail or rod
to a rocket, and guide it straight; without this precaution, the butt of
the harpoon would turn foremost, and make a very uncertain shot. F is the
harpoon-gun, made strong, and to work on a swivel in a stanchion fixed
in the stern-sheets of a boat. My experience with this kind of harpoon
and gun, is, that I have harpooned a target of six feet square fifteen
or twenty times, at the distance of from thirty to fifty feet, never
missing, and always driving the barbed point through three inch boards up
to the eye, which practice was so satisfactory, that I did not consider
it necessary to repeat it. The object of harpooning a vessel on the
larboard and starboard bow, is, to fix one end of the Torpedo-line, then,
if the ship be under sail, her action through the water will draw the
Torpedo under her; if she be at anchor, the tide will drive it under her,
where, at the expiration of the time for which the clockwork was set, the
explosion will destroy her.

This being the kind of Torpedo and clockwork by which the _Dorothea_
in Walmer roads, and the brig in New-York harbour were blown up, and
the harpoon having succeeded to fix the line to the target, these two
experiments shall be combined, and the mode of practice, with the
prospect of success and risque to the assailants, examined.


[Illustration: PLATE IV.

_Fig. 1._

_Fig. 2._]

PLATE IV, Fig. 1

Represents the stern of a row-boat; a platform about four feet long,
three feet wide, is made on her stern on a level with the gunwale,
and projecting over the stern fifteen or eighteen inches, so that
the Torpedo, in falling into the water, may clear the rudder. On the
platform, the Torpedo and its suspending line of cork are to be laid,
and the harpoon-line carefully coiled as at F, so that when the harpoon
is fired, the line may develope with ease: very pliable well greased,
or white line would be best for this purpose. The harpoon and gun are
so well engraved as require no explanation. B is the copper case to
hold one hundred or one hundred and fifty pounds of powder. C, the box
of cork to diminish its tendency to sink and bring it to a specific
gravity of only two or three pounds more than sea-water. Its suspending
box of cork explained in Plate III is not seen in this figure, lest the
drawing should be confused; it can be imagined in its proper place. A,
is the brass box with the clockwork lock; D, the pin which prevents the
clockwork moving; the line from the pin is tied to a bolt, or otherwise
fixed to the boat as at E. Thus fastened, when the Torpedo is pulled into
the water, the pin D will remain in the boat, and the clockwork will
begin to act. The man who shall be stationed at the gun, and who may be
called the harpooner, is to steer the boat and fire when sufficiently
near. If he fixes his harpoon in the bow of the enemy, it will then
only be necessary to row away; the harpoon and line being fixed to the
ship, will pull the Torpedo out of the boat, and at the same instant
set the clockwork in motion. This reduces the attack of each boat to
one simple operation, that only of firing with reasonable attention.
Should the harpooner miss the ship, he can save his Torpedo and return
to the attack. While I was with the British blockading fleet off the
coast of Boulogne in 1804 and 1805, I acquired some experience on the
kind of row-boat best calculated for active movements, and which I now
believe well adapted to a harpooning and Torpedo attack; hence I propose
clinker-built boats, each twenty-seven feet long, six feet extreme
breadth of beam, single banked, and six long oars; one blunderbuss, on
a swivel, on the larboard and one on the starboard bow; one ditto on
the larboard and one on the starboard quarter, total four, for which
cartridges should be prepared, each containing twelve half-ounce balls.
To work the blunderbusses, in case of need, two mariners should be placed
in the bow, two in the stern; each of those men to be provided with a
horse-pistol and cutlass, and each oarsman a cutlass, in case of coming
to close quarters with a boat of the enemy.

_Total of boat's crew_

          1 Harpooner.
          1 Bowman.
          4 Marines.
          6 Oarsmen.
  Total  12 Men.

Such boats would be active well armed, and, if good men, may be said to
be strong handed, and well prepared to make good a retreat, or act on the
defensive, in case of encountering the enemy's boats.


Fig. 2

A, is a bird's eye view of a vessel at anchor; B, her cable; EE, two
Torpedoes; CD, is their coupling line, about 120 feet long; it is here
represented touching the cable collapsing, and the Torpedoes driving by
the tide under the vessel. This is the manner in which the _Dorothea_ in
Walmer roads, and the brig in New-York harbour, were blown up.


[Illustration: PLATE V.

_Fig. 1._

_Fig. 2._

_Fig. 3._]

PLATE V. Fig. 1

A, shews a Torpedo, with the harpoon-line fixed to the centre of its end;
when the line is thus fixed, the tide cannot drive the Torpedo under a
vessel, for the pressure of the current being equal on both sides, it
will hang perpendicular to its suspending box of cork C, Fig. 2, and
remain as at B, where, exploding, it would blow the water perpendicular
to C, and up the side of the ship; the lateral movement of the water from
B to E would give her a sudden cant to one side, but do her no injury.
This has been proved by the following practice.

On the first of October, 1805, captain Siccombe, in a galley with eight
men and his coxswain, placed two Torpedoes in the manner described,
Plate IV, Fig. 2, between the buoy and cable of a French gun-brig, in
Boulogne roads. The tide drove them until they both lay perpendicular
to her sides. When the French saw captain Siccombe advancing without
answering the countersign, they exclaimed that the infernal machines
were coming, and fired a volley of musketry at his boat, but without
touching a man.[C] The moment the French fired, fearing the effect of the
explosions, they all ran aft and were in the greatest confusion. The tide
drove captain Siccombe's boat so far down, that he was obliged to cross
under the brig's stern, where, seeing her men collected, and expecting
another volley, he discharged at them two blunderbusses, each containing
fifteen half-ounce balls[D], and was rowing away, when both Torpedoes
exploded, but, to his astonishment, the brig was not destroyed. On the
same night, lieutenant Payne, of captain Owen's ship _l'Immortality_,
placed two Torpedoes across the bow of another French gun-brig; he
received their fire, had one man wounded, rowed to some distance, and
waited till he saw the explosion of the Torpedoes, which did not appear
to do any injury to the vessel. When captain Siccombe called on me in the
morning and reported these circumstances, I was much at a loss to account
for the brig not being blown up. Defective in the experience which this
failure gave me, I had not reflected, that if the copper case, with the
clockwork and powder, weighed specifically fifteen or twenty pounds
more than water, it would hang like a heavy pendulum to its suspending
cork-box C, and if the coupling line were fixed in the centre of the end,
as at A, Fig. 1, the action of the tide being equal on both sides, would
have no tendency to sheer or drive it from its perpendicular position.
After about half an hour's consideration, I was forcibly impressed with
this error in arrangement, as the real cause of captain Siccombe's and
lieutenant Payne's failure.

[Footnote C: They had got some idea of these machines, from an attempt
which had been made with them against the Boulogne flotilla, in Oct.
1804, called the Catamaran expedition.]

[Footnote D: The report on this attack in the French papers, acknowledged
that the brig had five men killed and eight wounded: this from two
blunderbusses shews that the persons in the vessel attacked have to fear
the small arms of the Torpedo boats.]

I immediately had a large tub made, then filling a copper case with
powder, I screwed on to it the clockwork lock, and tied to it the
pine box C, then suspending the whole Torpedo by a line in the tub
of seawater; the end of the suspending line was tied to one end of a
scale-beam. I then filled the pine box C with cork, until the whole
volume of the Torpedo and box of cork would, when just covered with
water, hold three pounds in equilibrio in the scale on the other end of
the beam. The Torpedo being then three pounds heavier than water, had a
sufficient tendency to sink; and being so balanced, would, while under
water, be easy moved by a slight pressure to either side. Then, instead
of tying the coupling line to the end of the Torpedo, as at A, I tied it
to a bridle, as at B, which presenting the side on an angle to the tide,
the pressure of the current in the direction of the arrow, would cause
the Torpedo to sheer from B to G. This arrangement perfectly succeeded to
sheer the Torpedo from its perpendicular C, and the side of the vessel to
E, near the keel, a position, near which it should be to do execution.
In this situation, the explosion being under the vessel, would have a
great body of water to remove laterally, before it could get out by a
line curving round her side. The water, when acted on in so instantaneous
a manner as by the explosion of one hundred or one hundred and fifty
pounds of powder, does, for the instant, operate like a solid body;
hence the explosion raises the vessel up with a great force, acting on
a small portion of her bottom, which portion giving way, is the same in
effect, as though a high sea had lifted her fifteen or twenty feet, and
let her down on the point of a rock of three or four feet diameter. This,
I believe, accounts for the certain destruction which will follow all
explosions that take place near the keel. In all cases when the explosion
is under water, the action will be perpendicular to the surface, as from
B to C, for in the perpendicular, there are less particles to remove, and
less resistance than in any diagonal, as for example, from B to D.

  The French papers, giving an account of the attack of captain
  Siccombe and lieutenant Payne, acknowledged that the Torpedoes blew
  up along side of the gun-brigs, but gave them only a violent shock
  and cant to one side; they spoke of the engines as things of little
  consequence and not to be feared. It is now, however, evident, that
  they owed the safety of the two brigs to the trifling circumstance of
  the Torpedoes not being properly balanced in water, and the coupling
  lines not being tied to a bridle, so as to make the Torpedoes sheer
  under the bottoms of the brigs.


Fig. 3

Is a bird's eye view of a ship of the line, either at anchor or under
sail, and the Torpedo boats rowing on to the attack. I am sensible
that there are strong prejudices against the possibility of row-boats
attacking a ship or ships of the line, with any reasonable hope of
success; I will, therefore, commence my reasoning and demonstrations
by the following questions. What is the basis of the aggression and
injustice of one nation towards another? Is it not a calculation on
their power to enforce their will? What is the basis of all courage and
obstinate perseverance in battle? Is it not a calculation on some real
or presumed advantage? A frigate of 30 guns is not expected to engage a
ship of eighty guns, for every rational calculation is against her, and
to strike her colours would be no dishonour. If I now prove that all the
calculations are in favour of the Torpedo boats, it shall hereafter be no
dishonour for a ship of the line to strike her colours, and tamely submit
to superior science and tactics.

I will run my calculations against a third rate, an 80 gun ship, she
being the medium between first rates of 110 guns and fifth rates of 44
guns. I will suppose her to enter one of our ports or harbours in a
hostile manner; her draft of water, when loaded, is twenty-two feet; her
full complement of men six hundred. Were we to oppose to the enemy an
80 gun ship, she would cost four hundred thousand dollars; we would also
have to give her a full complement of six hundred men. If she engaged the
enemy, the chances are equal that she would be beaten; if an obstinate
engagement, she might have from one to two hundred men killed and
wounded, and be so shattered as to require repairs to the amount of forty
or fifty thousand dollars; she might be taken and lost to the nation, and
add to the strength of the enemy. It is now to be seen if six hundred men
and a capital of four hundred thousand dollars, the value of an eighty
gun ship, cannot be used to better advantage in a Torpedo attack or
defence.

  600 men at 12 to a boat, would man 50 boats,

   50 boats at one hundred dollars each                  $5,000

   50 Torpedoes complete, one hundred and fifty dollars
      each, powder included                               7,500

   50 harpoon-guns, thirty dollars each                   1,500

  200 blunderbusses, twenty dollars each                  4,000

  100 pair of pistols, fifteen dollars a pair             1,500

  600 cutlasses, three dollars each                       1,800

  Contingencies                                           3,000
                                                         ------
                                  Total                 $24,300

The pay and provisions for six hundred men, whether in an 80 gun ship or
in Torpedo boats, may be estimated, for the present, to amount to the
same sum annually.

Here is an establishment of fifty boats with their Torpedoes, and armed
complete, for 24,300 dollars; the economy 375,700 dollars.[E] It is
evident the ship could not put out fifty boats to contend with our fifty;
she could not, in fact, put out twenty; therefore, as to boat fighting,
the enemy could have no chance of success, and would have to depend
for protection on her guns and small arms. Unless in a case of great
emergency, the attack should be in the night, for if an enemy came into
one of our harbours to do execution, the chances would be much against
her getting out and to any great distance before night. In a night
usually dark, rowboats, if painted white, and the men dressed in white,
cannot be seen at the distance of three hundred yards; and there are
nights so dark, that they cannot be seen if close under the bow. I might
here draw into my calculations on chances that an enemy, who understood
the tremendous consequences of a successful attack with Torpedoes, would
not like to run the risk of the night being dark. But in any night, the
fifty boats closing on the vessel in all direction, would spread or
divide her fire, and prevent it becoming concentered on any one or more
boats. Boats which row five miles an hour, and which all good boats can
do for a short time, run at the rate of one hundred and forty yards a
minute. At the distance of three hundred yards from the ship, they take
the risque of cannon shot, which must, from necessity, be random and
without aim, on so small a body as a boat, running with a velocity of one
hundred and forty yards a minute. At two hundred yards from the ship, the
boats must take the chance of random discharges of grape and cannister
shot; and at one hundred yards from the ship, they must run the risque of
random musket; each boat will, therefore, be two minutes within the line
of the enemy's fire before she harpoons, and two minutes after she has
harpooned before she gets out of the line of fire, total, four minutes
in danger[F]: the danger, however, is not of a very serious kind, for,
as before observed, no aim can be taken in the night at such quick
moving bodies as row-boats; yet some men might be killed, and some boats
crippled[G]; in such an event, the great number of boats which we should
have in motion, could always help the unfortunate. But what would be the
situation of the enemy, who had their six hundred men in one vessel?
The Torpedo boats closing upon her, twenty-five on the larboard and
twenty-five on the starboard bow, some of them would certainly succeed to
harpoon her between the stem and main chains, and if so, the explosion of
only one Torpedo under her would sink her, killing the greatest part of
the people who were between decks, and leave those who might escape to
the mercy of our boats to save them.

[Footnote E: As each boat with a Torpedo, and armed complete, costs four
hundred and eighty-six dollars, this economy would pay for seven hundred
and eighty-nine boats; hence, eight hundred and thirty-nine Torpedo
boats, with Torpedoes and arms, could be fitted out for the sum which one
80 gun ship would cost.]

[Footnote F: A deduction may be made from this time; after harpooning,
if the ship were anchored in a current which ran one mile and a half an
hour, that would be two feet three lines a second; hence, if the distance
from the harpoon to the Torpedo were sixty feet, thirty seconds would be
sufficient for the tide to push it under the keel; its clockwork might
be set to explode in one minute from the time the Torpedo fell out of
the boat. If a vessel were under sail, running more than two miles an
hour, one minute would be sufficient time for the clockwork to act before
explosion. After explosion there would, of course, be no resistance,
and the probability is, that all hands would be too much occupied in
attempting to save themselves, to keep them under any discipline. Thus
each Torpedo boat would not be more than three minutes within the line of
the enemy's fire.]

[Footnote G: It is very easy to make the boats so that they cannot be
sunk.]

I now beg of my reader to meditate on this kind of attack, and make up
his mind on which are in the greatest danger, the six hundred men in the
ship or the six hundred men in the boats? Are not the chances fifty to
one against the ship, that she would be blown up before she could kill
two hundred men in the boats? Should this appear evident, or be proved by
future practice, no commander would be rash enough to expose his ship to
such an attack.

To give a fair comparative view of the two modes of fighting, I have, in
these calculations, made the number of men on each side equal; by the
same rule, if twenty ships of 80 guns were to come into one of our ports,
we should be necessitated to have one thousand boats and twelve thousand
men; but such a preparation would not be necessary. It can never be
necessary for us to have more boats than are sufficient to meet the boats
which the enemy could put out to oppose us; an 80 gun ship, which is to
work her guns, cannot be encumbered with many boats; they usually have:

  1 launch, which is a bad rowing boat,
  1 long-boat, which may row well,
  1 the captain's barge, a good row-boat,
  1 yawl or galley, a good row-boat.

They may, in some cases, have two more boats, total number, six;
therefore, twelve boats on our part would be sufficient to attack an
80 gun ship[H]; particularly as all our boats would be built expressly
for running, and our business is to run to harpoon and not to fight;
for this purpose our six oarsmen, in each boat, never quit their oars,
while our four marines keep up a running fire. The six or eight boats,
if the enemy could put out so many, could not prevent our twelve boats
closing on the ship. If our boats came into contact with the boats of
the enemy, the contest would be reduced to boat fighting; the ship could
not use her cannon or small arms against us without firing on her own
boats. If we succeeded to drive the boats under the guns of the ship, we
should follow so close, that her guns and small arms could not be used,
for in the night and amidst a number of boats in confusion, they could
not discriminate between friends and enemies. On this theory, if twenty
ships of 80 guns, or a force to that amount, were to enter one of our
ports, two hundred and forty boats, with two thousand, eight hundred and
eighty men would be sufficient, and perhaps more than sufficient, for the
attack; and the following view of chances exhibits a strong probability,
that such a force of Torpedo boats and men would destroy the twenty ships
of the line within one hour.

[Footnote H: While organizing a system of Torpedo attack against the
Boulogne flotilla, during the administration of Mr. Pitt, it was
determined that men should be taken from Lord Keath's blockading fleet
to man the boats; but a difficulty occurred how to carry a sufficient
number of good active boats. Finding that the ships of war could not take
on board more than their usual number, without being encumbered, four
ordnance vessels were to be prepared, with large hatchways, to receive a
number of boats in the hole, and to carry Torpedoes. Lord Melville was
impeached, Mr. Pitt died, and my system was opposed by Lords Grenville
and Howic, and the new administration. I mention this, my experience,
to shew that ships of war cannot carry a sufficient number of boats
to contend with the boats which we could bring into action; they may,
indeed, bring with them ordnance ships to carry boats; but, if they unman
the ships to man the boats, the ship will be less formidable in her fire;
and I believe it is self-evident, that they who have to cross three
thousand miles of sea, cannot be so well furnished with boats as we who
command the land.]

Let the attack be in the night. The enemy must be at anchor; twenty
vessels could not keep under way in narrow waters which could not be well
known to their pilots. If they put out their boats, they could not bring
into action more than six good boats from each ship, total, one hundred
and twenty boats. Each ship would be a point from which their boats could
depart, or to which they could retreat, total, twenty positions; in
these twenty positions, twelve thousand men would be exposed to Torpedo
explosion, which is the same, in effect, as a mine under a fortification.
We, with two hundred and forty boats, exposing only two thousand, eight
hundred and eighty men, would have the whole of our shores to depart
from or retreat to; being the assailants, and having it in our power
to approach in every direction, the enemy could not know a feint from
a real attack, nor could they tell which ship we would attack first;
they, consequently, could not concentrate their boats; each vessel would
be necessitated to keep her own boats on the look-out, and to aid in
protecting her; while we should have the power to divide our force,
or concentre one hundred boats on one vessel, as circumstances might
require; hence, every thing is in favour of the success of the Torpedo
attack, while the greatest danger is to be apprehended for the ships.

Having given my experience and theory on anchored and harpoon Torpedoes:
a system, which I hope will, by every friend to America and humanity,
be considered of some interest to the United States. I am aware of the
doubts which may arise, as to the success of harpooning, in the minds of
men in general, and particularly of those who have no experience, who
are so impressed with the imaginary tremendous fire of an 80 gun ship,
or a ship of war, that the question has often been put to me, where will
you find men who have courage to approach in boats within twenty feet
of an 80 gun ship, to harpoon her? I answer, that the men in the boats,
who are not more than three minutes within the line of the enemy's fire,
are not so much in danger, nor does it require so much courage, as to
lie yard-arm and yard-arm, as is usual in naval engagements, and receive
broadsides, together with grape-shot and volleys of small arms, for forty
or sixty minutes. It is not so great a risque, nor does it require so
much courage, as to approach a vessel in boats, climb her sides, and
take her by boarding, yet this has frequently been done. This risque is
not so great, nor does it require so much courage, as to enter a breach
which is defended by interior works and close ranges of cannon, flanked
by howitzers or carronades loaded with cannister or grape-shot, and the
parapet crowded with infantry; yet such breaches have been forced, and
cities taken by assault, with numerous examples of this kind. I hope
there can be no doubt of sufficient courage to make a Torpedo attack. In
the instances of captain Siccombe and lieutenant Payne, before mentioned,
they considered the risque of so little importance, that they went to the
attack without any apparent concern; and the sailors, who were offered a
few guineas for each gun of a vessel which they should destroy, used all
their influence with the officers to be permitted to be of the party.
But I will not propose a project so novel, and look to others to execute
it. If Torpedoes be adopted as a part of our means of defence, with a
reasonable number of men organized and practised to the use of them,
if it be thought proper to put such men under my command, and an enemy
should then enter our ports, I will be responsible to my fellow-citizens
for the courage which should secure success. While I propose this, I
wish it to be understood, that I do not desire any command or public
employment. My private pursuits are the guarantee of an independence and
freedom of action, which is always grateful to my feelings; they are
useful and honourable amusements, and the most rational source of my
happiness.

_Estimate for an anchored Torpedo_

  Thirty-two pounds of copper, at seventy-five cents a
    pound                                                   $24.00

  A lock in a brass box, water-tight                         20.00

  One hundred pounds of powder, twenty cents a pound         20.00

  Machinery to let it rise to the surface in a given time,
    rope, cork-box, anchor, and weights                      20.00
                                                            ------
                                Total                       $84.00

In page 22, I have given an estimate for a clockwork and harpooning
Torpedo.

  The Torpedo will cost      $150.00
  Each boat, armed complete   336.00

_Estimate for an Establishment in our most important and vulnerable
Ports._

                   |       | Anchored  | Clockwork
                   | Boats | Torpedoes | Torpedoes
                   +-------+-----------+----------
  Boston,          |  150  |    300    |    300
  New-York,        |  150  |    300    |    300
  In the Delaware, |   50  |    200    |    100
  Chesapeake,      |  100  |    200    |    200
  Charleston,      |  100  |    200    |    200
  New-Orleans,     |  100  |    200    |    200
                   +-------+-----------+----------
         Total,    |  650  |   1400    |   1300

  650 boats, at three hundred and
    thirty-six dollars each              218,400 dolls.

  1400 anchoring Torpedoes, eighty-four
    dollars each                         117,600

  1300 clockwork Torpedoes, one hundred
    and fifty dollars each               195,000
                                         --------------
                                 Total   531,000 dolls.

Having mentioned the ports in which it is most probable the enemy
would attempt to make an impression, calculations can be made for a
like mode of defending other situations--a _minutiae_, which I am not
prepared to enter into, nor is it necessary in the present state of
this disquisition. I have shewn a strong power, in boats and Torpedoes,
to defend six of our principal ports. Gentlemen will please to look to
the numbers allotted to each port, and reflect, whether an enemy would
not be inclined to respect a force so active and tremendous in its
consequences; a force, which under the cover of the night, could follow
them into every position within our waters, and pursue them for some
leagues from our shores into the open sea; yet those establishments
would not require an expenditure of four hundred thousand dollars; for
the cutlasses and fire-arms to arm the boats, and the powder for the
Torpedoes, are already in our arsenals and magazines. And what is four
hundred thousand dollars in a national point of view? A sum, which would
little more than build and fit out for sea two ships of 30 guns. After
reflecting on these experiments and demonstrations, I hope no one will,
for a moment, hesitate in deciding, that the two thousand, seven hundred
Torpedoes and six hundred and fifty boats, before estimated, will be a
better protection for six of our sea-ports, than two ships of thirty
or any other number of guns. To man the boats in the different ports,
nothing more will be necessary than a marine militia; they can be as
numerous as any possible necessity could require; and should be exercised
to row and use the Torpedoes until the practice became familiar; after
which practice, once a month would be sufficient. Corps thus formed,
would be no expence to the national government; Torpedoes would require
no repairs, and the boats, carefully laid up in houses built for the
purpose, would last many years.

To compare Torpedoes with the usual marine establishments, and the
superior protection which they give, for any specific sum expended, I
have stated this prospect of economy; but I do not consider economy, in
the commencement of such a system, as an object of primary importance.
Let our fellow-citizens be convinced. Convince the people of Europe of
the power and simple practice of these engines, and it will open to us a
sublime view of immense economy in blood and treasure. As we are not in
actual hostility, and have no opportunity to try experiments on an enemy,
my opinion is, that we should immediately prepare for such an event;
and to satisfy the public, we should, without loss of time, make the
following experiment:

Purchase a strong ship; make six Torpedoes; build two good row-boats,
and prepare them as for action, with twelve men each. Let the ship be
anchored, and the men practised in harpooning, throwing the Torpedoes,
and observing the action of the tide in driving them under her bottom.
After practising on her while at anchor, the ship to be got under way in
moderate and stiff breezes, and while under way, the men to row at and
harpoon her, letting the Torpedoes fall into the water, and observing the
action of the current in driving them under her bottom. When the men have
been so exercised as to be certain of harpooning the ship, the Torpedoes
to be charged, a committee appointed, or the whole of congress witness
the effect, the ship to be put under way, the helm lashed, her men take
to the boat, the Torpedo boats advance, harpoon her, and blow her up. The
success of such an experiment will shew the value of the system; to which
courage must be added in case of an actual engagement.

_Probable expence of such an experiment_

  A strong though old ship;                          1000 dolls.
  Six Torpedoes, one hundred and fifty dollars each   900
  Two boats, one hundred dollars each                 200
  Two harpoon-guns                                     60
                                                     ----
                                     Total,          2160 dolls.

Twenty-four men can be chosen from the sailors in government employ.




THOUGHTS

_On the probable effect of this invention_


At the time a new discovery is made in physics or mathematical science,
the whole of its consequences cannot be foreseen. In the year 1330,
Bartholomew Schwartz is said to have invented gun-powder; twenty-five
years after, a very imperfect kind of cannon was constructed of welded
bars of iron, others of sheet-iron, rolled in the form of a cylinder
and hooped with iron rings; in some cases, they were made of leather,
strengthened with plates of iron or copper; balls of stone were used;
and it was not until the beginning of the fifteenth century, that is,
one hundred and seventy years after the invention of powder, that iron
balls were introduced into practice. Muskets were not used until the
year 1521, or one hundred and ninety-one years after the invention of
gun-powder. The Spaniards were the first who armed their foot-soldiers
in this manner--they had matchlocks; but firelocks, that is, locks with
flints, were not used until the beginning of the eighteenth century,
one hundred and eighty years after the invention of muskets, and three
hundred and eighty years after the invention of powder. When firelocks
were first invented, Marshal Sax had so little confidence in a flint,
that he ordered a match to be added to the lock with a flint, lest the
flint should miss fire[I]: such is the force of habit and want of faith
in new inventions.

[Footnote I: I have seen one of these firelocks in the collection of
ancient arms, Rue de Bacq. Paris.]

Although cannon, fire-arms, and the whole detail of ammunition, now
appear extremely simple, yet we here see the very slow advances to their
present state of perfection; and they are still improving: hence I
conclude, that it is now impossible to foresee to what degree Torpedoes
may be improved and rendered useful. When Schwartz invented powder, it
may be presumed that his mind did not embrace all its consequences, or
perceive that his discovery would supercede the use of catapultas,
armour, bows and arrows, and totally change the whole art of war. He
certainly could have no conception of such a combination of art as we
now see in ships of the line; those movable fortifications, armed with
thirty-two pounders, and furnished with wings, to spread oppression
over every part of the ocean, and carry destruction to every harbour
of the earth. In consequence of the invention of gun-powder, ships of
war have been contrived, and increased to their present enormous size
and number[J]; then may not science, in her progress, point out a means
by which the application of the violent explosive force of gun-powder
shall destroy ships of war, and give to the seas the liberty which shall
secure perpetual peace between nations that are separated by the ocean?
My conviction is, that the means are here developed, and require only
to be organized and practised, to produce that liberty so dear to every
rational and reflecting man; and there is a grandeur in persevering to
success in so immense an enterprise--so well calculated to excite the
most vigorous exertions of the highest order of intellect, that I hope to
interest the patriotic feelings of every friend to America, to justice,
and to humanity, in so good a cause.

[Footnote J: Compared with existing military marines, I consider all
galleys and vessels of war, which were in use previous to the invention
of powder, as very insignificant. It is probable that four 74 gun ships
in open sea would destroy all that ever existed at any one time.]

I have shewn that a ship of 80 guns and six hundred men, could have
little chance of resisting fifty Torpedo boats of twelve men each, equal
six hundred men. If it can be admitted possible that an 80 gun ship will
be necessitated to retreat before fifty boats, she must run so far that
the boats cannot follow her, that is, more than eight or ten leagues;
therefore, boats could follow a ship over the narrow parts of the Baltic
or British channel; but I will confine my remarks to the British channel,
between Boulogne and Romney, from Calais to Dover, and from Ostend to
the mouth of the Thames. If I can shew that in those waters the British
fleets would be compelled to retreat before Torpedo boats or perish, it
follows, that they must yield to a like system of attack in every other
sea; and the like combination of power which can force them to yield,
will act on all ships of war to their total annihilation.

Let the coast of Boulogne be the scene for action; suppose the British to
have one hundred ships of 80 guns, or a force to that amount, equal eight
thousand guns and sixty thousand men; this is a greater power than ever
has been engaged in one action. I have mentioned large ships, because the
strength of a fleet depends more on the size of the ships and weight of
metal, than on their number; in such case, the line will not be so much
extended as if the vessels were smaller and more numerous; the signals
can be seen and answered from the extremities of the line with more
certainty, and the order of battle can be better kept. The length of a
ship, from the point of the bowsprit to the stern, may be estimated at
forty fathoms, and the distance between two ships one hundred fathoms,
consequently, the one hundred ships would form one line of fourteen
thousand fathoms, or twenty-eight thousand yards, equal to near sixteen
miles. Such a line could not see and answer signals from the van and
rear to the centre. It could, however, be formed into four divisions
of twenty-five ships each, and they again could be subdivided; but the
tactics which must be adhered to when two fleets of near equal force
engage, will be of little utility when the attack is made by a sufficient
number of Torpedo boats.


ESTIMATE OF THE FORCE TO ATTACK SO FORMIDABLE A BLOCKADING FLEET

Men, sixty thousand, a number equal to the British; they cannot all be
sailors, nor is it necessary they should, but men, who with six weeks
exercise can learn to row well, for to row with tolerable dexterity, is
all the nautical knowledge required. To divide the sixty thousand men,
twelve in a boat, will require five thousand boats, each of which will be
so light, that its twelve men can draw it on the beach above high water
mark, or on the sands or plane, in a few minutes, or launch it into the
water with equal facility.


MANNER OF ARRANGING THE BOATS UNTIL WANTED

A boat being six feet wide and twenty-seven feet long, if a space of
twelve feet wide and thirty-nine feet long be allowed for each boat,
four hundred and forty of them would range side by side in the distance
of one mile, then leaving twelve feet from the stems of the first row
to the sterns of the second, and a like space between each line, the
five thousand boats could be laid up on a beach or plane one mile long,
one hundred and fifty yards wide, and give sufficient room for the men
to get at the boats without confusion; this plan would not require the
expence of forming a bason or harbour. Thus arranged, each boat with its
Torpedo, harpoon-guns, arms, and oars, in their places, and the twelve
men in their stations, six on each side of the boat, the whole could be
run into the water and manned in an hour, which facility of embarking is
of the first importance for rapid movements, and to take advantage of the
weather.[K]

[Footnote K: When the British fleet is becalmed before Boulogne, the
French flotilla is becalmed also, and cannot make any advantageous
movements. The calms which lay the British fleet under great
disadvantage, will give every possible advantage to the Torpedo boats,
and will be the most favourable time for the attack.]


ESTIMATE FOR THE PREPARATIONS

  5000 boats, one hundred dollars each                500,000 dolls.
  5000 Torpedoes, one hundred and fifty dollars each  750,000
  5000 harpoon-guns, thirty dollars each              150,000
                                                    ---------
                                   Total            1,400,000 dolls.

This is equal to 315,000_l._ sterling or about the value of three ships
of 80 guns; it is equal to 7,560,000 livres, a sum of little importance
to France, it being not equal to the expences of her government for one
day; the men she has, and three times the number if required; the powder
for the Torpedoes and arms for the men, are in her magazines.

Suppose the boats and Torpedoes prepared, the harpooners exercised,
and the men practised to the oars. The intrepidity of the French, in
an assault, has been so often proved, that there can be no question as
to their courage to rush on to the attack in any case where there is a
reasonable hope of success. It is obvious, that the British ships could
not put out a sufficient number of boats to oppose five thousand Torpedo
boats; consequently, they have not other means of resistance than to
manoeuvre and defend themselves from their ports and decks, in the best
manner they can devise.

It is now necessary, in calculating the chances of success, to examine
various modes of attack and defence; I therefore beg of the reader,
never to lose sight of the facility with which the whole of the French
boats can be run into the water, manned, and ready for action, or again
drawn up on the shore, and with how much ease every advantage may be
taken of calms and favourable circumstances; he must also separate from
his mind the idea of boats attempting to fight ships; such an attempt
would be absurd; it is Torpedoes, those instruments of instantaneous
destruction, which are to decide the contest; the boats are but the means
of harpooning and attaching the Torpedoes to the ships: this is the whole
object of the attack.

In defence, it is to be considered by what means a ship or ships could
prevent the boats approaching so near as to harpoon them in the larboard
and starboard bow, and make good their retreat? I will name the calm
months of June, July, and August, as most favourable for the enterprise.
Let it be recollected, that in all attacks of this kind, the boats row
at the rate of five miles an hour, or one hundred and forty-six yards
a minute; at the distance of four hundred and thirty-eight yards or
three minutes from the ship, they will risk random round shot[L]; at two
hundred and nineteen yards or one and a half minutes from the ship, they
risk one discharge of grape; at one hundred yards or forty seconds from
the ship, they risk one volley of small arms, before they harpoon. After
harpooning, it is probable the ship's crew would be more occupied about
their own safety, than in standing deliberately to fire at the boats.
And thus, each boat will not be more than four minutes within the line
of the ship's random shot: such rapidity and decision in attack, gives
incalculable advantages to the boats.

[Footnote L: All shot from cannon, carronades, or howitzers, against
boats, must be random: a boat is too small and moves too quick to admit
of taking aim; and in the night, musket shot will be random also.]


FIRST MODE OF ATTACK

In a calm and usually dark night, the ships at anchor, either in one
line or parallel lines, or promiscuously. The Torpedo boats to be formed
into divisions, each division to consist of fifty boats, and to attack
one ship. Suppose the ships first attacked to be those nearest the land;
in a calm they could not get under way, nor could they change their
positions; a ship, by having a spring on her cable, might possibly bring
her broadside to bear on the boats; but as the fire of the broadside
could do little injury until the boats were within four hundred and
thirty-eight yards, or three minutes, of her bow, and, as three minutes
after coming within the line of fire is to decide the contest, I conceive
that her broadside could not protect her; if the boats, at six hundred
yards distance, run for her bow, it would be impossible for her to change
her position so quick by a spring on her cable, as the boats could change
their direction to keep under her bow. If the ships were in one line, and
the headmost first attacked, she could receive no assistance from the
vessel astern, for she would lie between the stern ship and the boats,
and receive the fire which might be directed for them. If the ships lay
in several parallel lines, or promiscuously, and the next line were on
her larboard, the larboard ship would be distant at least one hundred
fathoms, and while the boats were bearing down, might fire broadsides on
them when they were at the distance of two hundred yards; but the moment
they closed in with the ship she must cease her fire, otherwise she would
do more injury to the ship than to the boats; the larboard ship would,
therefore, only have an opportunity to fire two minutes at the boats, in
which time, she might possibly discharge two broadsides; but as the boats
could keep in a line with the bow of the vessel attacked, and there is
more danger from the larboard or starboard ship than the one attacked,
a better mode would be to attack the headmost ship of each line at the
same time; in such case, each ship would be necessitated to reserve her
whole fire for her own defence; she could not assist the next ship, and
thus each vessel would be as much exposed and left to her own resources,
as though there were not another ship within three leagues of her.
The succeeding ships of the line, or lines, could be attacked in like
manner: hence, this mode of attacking any number of vessels with an equal
number of divisions of boats, amounts to nothing more than a repetition
of an attack with fifty boats on one ship, and it does not appear to
me possible, that her fire could repel fifty boats, or prevent them
lodging ten, fifteen, or twenty harpoons, if necessary, in her larboard
and starboard bow. I leave to nautical men and experienced commanders,
to shew to the public how a ship or ships of war, anchored in a calm as
before stated, could resist such an attack, and their total destruction
in a few hours.

But commanders, seeing the danger of being becalmed while at anchor, may
keep the fleet under way.


SECOND MODE OF ATTACK

In the night, the ships under way, calm, or light breezes of not more
than four knots an hour. Ships of the line, that are under way, seldom
approach nearer each other than a cable's length; this precaution, is
to prevent their running foul and causing confusion; when expecting an
enemy of equal force, the custom is to form one line; admitting, that
to oppose the Torpedo boats, they preserved this usual order of battle,
close hauled and under easy sail, to let the boats come up, here, as in
the case of being at anchor, each ship must apply her whole fire against
the division of boats which attack her; she cannot aid the ship next to
her. As the boats, advancing under cover of the night, each division
will, in three minutes from the time they arrive within danger of cannon
shot, be in with the bow of the destined ship, and fire their harpoons
into her. Therefore it appears, that her chance while under way is very
little better than when at anchor. If, as the boats advance, a ship turns
her bow to meet them, she facilitates their harpooning her. Will any
other order of battle than one right line, give more security? Would two,
three, or four parallel lines, give better protection? In such case, the
line nearest the boats would be attacked first, and the other lines taken
in succession. Were the ships to form a crescent, the headmost vessels
would be first attacked, in this form, they might surround a number of
boats and get them between two fires; but whatever situation the boats
may be in, after they arrive within the range of grape-shot they can, in
a few minutes, be under the bow of the ship, where they will be safe from
all fire except small arms; but to arrive under her bow, amounts to a
moral certainty of effecting her destruction. Therefore, with the immense
advantage which Torpedoes give to an attack with boats, it is of little
consequence whether it be made in the night or day, in a calm or a breeze
of from four to six knots. If the ships engage with the boats, their case
will be desperate. In all my reflections on this kind of war, I see no
chance for their escape other than by retreat; and the moment English
ships of war retreat before Torpedo boats, that moment the power of the
British marine is for ever lost, and with it the political influence of
the nation.

In this view of chances, I have calculated the number of men in the boats
equal to the number in the ships, and estimated five thousand boats to be
brought into action; but in all cases when there are sufficient Torpedo
boats to drive in the boats of the ships, there will be sufficient to
attack the fleet; the one hundred ships could not put six hundred good
boats in motion, therefore, one thousand Torpedo boats would suffice for
the attack; they could be formed into fifty divisions of twenty boats
each; they would have every advantage, in a calm, of directing fifty or
one hundred boats against one vessel, while the ships would not have the
power to concentrate their fire on the boats; the ships could not be
defended, unless there were transports or ordinance vessels expressly
for carrying good row-boats, the number of which should be sufficient to
repel the Torpedo boats; but if ships can only be protected by boats,
it follows, that they will cease to be of use, and the contest for the
command of the channel must be decided by boat fighting. In such case,
the nation which could put in action the greatest number of boats, and
was least dependent on commerce, would have a decided advantage. England
is more dependent on commerce than France; her merchant vessels could be
attacked, destroyed, and her trade ruined; yet the commerce of France
could not be more, nor so much, injured as it is at present. In such an
event, England, who has usurped the dominion of the ocean and laid all
nations under contribution, would be the most humble supplicant for the
liberty of the seas. And then the Emperor of France would have a noble
opportunity to display a magnanimity of soul, a goodness of heart, which
would add lustre to his great actions, and secure to him the admiration
of the civilized world, by granting to so ingenious, industrious,
enterprising, and estimable a people, a perfect liberty of commerce.[M]

[Footnote M: A government, and particularly a monarchy or aristocracy,
may be in the habitual practice of vice, while the people are in the
habitual practice of virtue. In an aristocracy, where the army, navy,
places, and pensions, are in the power of the few, the voice of the
people has little or no influence. The genius, industry, and enterprise
of the English, have converted a barren island into the most fruitful and
beautiful spot on earth; their improvements in the useful arts, have made
them the greatest and most useful manufacturing people that ever existed.
In proportion as the people, by their industry, increased the riches of
the nation, the government found a facility in raising revenue, and have
loaded the virtuous people with taxes to the amount of twenty-five or
more millions a year, to pay for ruinous wars, the conquest of America,
the establishment of the Bourbons, and the balance of Europe.]

I have now run this subject to a conclusion, in which I do not hesitate
to say, that two thousand Torpedo boats and twenty-four thousand men,
would take the command of the British channel from Boulogne to Romney,
from Calais, Gravelines, Dunkirk and Ostend, to the mouth of the Thames,
and that the command of the commerce of those narrow seas, would command
the British nation; but there the power of Torpedo boats must cease--a
nation cannot send such boats to sea to depredate on commerce, nor to
foreign countries on expeditions of conquest, and therefore the seas must
be free.




ON

_the imaginary inhumanity of Torpedo war_


In numerous discussions which I have had on this subject and its
consequences, it has been stated, that instead of giving liberty to the
seas, its tendency would be to encourage piracy and buccaneering, by
enabling a few men in a boat to intimidate and plunder merchant vessels,
thereby producing greater evil than the existing military marines. This
idea, is similar to one which might have arisen on the invention of
muskets, which, giving to an individual the power of certain death at the
distance of fifty or a hundred yards, robbers might infest the highways,
and from an ambush, shoot the traveller and take his property; yet there
is not so much robbery now as before the invention of gun-powder; society
is more civilized; it is not so much divided into feuds, or clans, to
secrete and protect villainy; and all civilized society will, in their
own defence, combine against the robber, who has little chance to escape.
In like manner, as an individual, instigated by revenge, might with an
air-gun shoot his neighbour, or by means of gun-powder blow up his barn
or buildings; but society combine against such atrocious acts, and he
who would commit them, could have little other prospect before him than
the gibbet. In the case of pirates or buccaneers, they could not make
a Torpedo without some intelligent workmen, who would be a means of
discovery. Were they to take a prize, they must have some port to carry
it to, or it could be of no use to them; were they to plunder a ship,
they could not carry much in a Torpedo boat, and the boat must have a
port to go to, where neighbours or spectators, observing her suspicious
character, would lead to investigation; added to which, pirates are
seldom constant in their attachment to each other, and each would suspect
the other turning informer. It would be difficult for a Torpedo boat to
depart from any port of America, and return without being detected.
It is certainly much more easy and secure for an individual to go on
the highway and rob, yet how seldom is that done. When nations combine
against pirates, there is no reason to fear that individuals can make a
bad use of this invention.

But men, without reflecting, or from attachment to established and
familiar tyranny, exclaim, that it is barbarous to blow up a ship with
all her crew. This I admit, and lament that it should be necessary; but
all wars are barbarous, and particularly wars of offence. It is barbarous
for a ship of war to fire into a peaceable merchant vessel, kill part of
her people, take her and the property, and reduce the proprietor with his
family from affluence to penury. It was barbarous to bombard Copenhagen,
set fire to the city, and destroy innocent women and children. It would
be barbarous for ships of war to enter the harbour of New-York, fire on
the city, destroy property, and murder many of the peaceable inhabitants;
yet we have great reason to expect such a scene of barbarism and
distress, unless means are taken to prevent it; therefore, if Torpedoes
should prevent such acts of violence, the invention must be humane.

When a fortress is besieged, and a mine driven under the citadel, the
powder laid, and the train ready to light, it is the custom for the
besiegers to send to the commander of the besieged, to inform him of the
preparations, and leave it to his judgment to surrender or risque the
explosion; if he will not surrender after such warning, and he, with his
men, should be blown up, he is to be charged with the inhumanity, and
not the besiegers. Should government adopt Torpedoes as a part of our
means of defence, the Europeans will be informed of it, after which,
should they send hostile ships into our ports among anchored Torpedoes or
Torpedo boats, and such ships should be blown up, the inhumanity must be
charged to them, and not to the American government or to this invention.

Having, in the preceding chapter, given details for a system of French
Torpedo boats, which could command the narrow parts of the British
channel, I may be accused of enmity to England and partiality to France;
yet I have neither hatred nor particular attachment to any foreign
country. I admire the ingenuity, industry, and good faith of the English
people; I respect the arts, sciences, and amiable manners of the people
of France. There is much in each of those countries which we may copy
to great advantage. But my feelings are wholly attached to my country,
and while I labour for her interest in this enterprise, I am happy that
the liberty of the seas, which I believe can be effected, will not only
benefit America; it will be an immense advantage to England, to France,
and to every other nation. Convinced of this, I have viewed military
marines as remains of ancient warlike habits, and an existing political
disease, for which there has hitherto been no specific remedy. Satisfied
in my own mind, that the Torpedoes now discovered, will be an effectual
cure for so great an evil. To introduce them into practice, and prove
their utility, I am of opinion, that blowing up English ships of war, or
French, or American, were there no other, and the men on shore, would be
humane experiments of the first importance to the United States and to
mankind.




A VIEW

_of the political economy of this invention_


At the death of Queen Elizabeth, in 1602, the royal navy consisted of the
following vessels.

         4 ships of  40 guns.
         4       of  32
        10       of  30
         2       of  20
         3       of  16
         2       of  12
         5       of  10
         3       of   8
         1       of   6
         4       of   4
         4       of   2
        --          ---
  Total 42          180 guns, with 3 hoys.

When equipped for sea, it carried 8376 men.

At the death of King James I. in 1665, the royal navy amounted to
sixty-two sail; the money expended per annum was fifty thousand pounds
sterling, equal to 222,222 dollars, 20 cents.

At the death of King William, in 1701-2, the navy consisted of

  Ships of the line, including fourth rates;  123
  Frigates                                     46
  Fire Ships                                   87
                                              ---
                                        Total 256

The whole navy mounting about 9300 guns, and to completely man the ships,
it would take 52,000 men; the sum allowed per annum for the navy, was
1,046,397 pounds sterling, equal to 4,650,653 dollars, 30 cents. Thus in
one century, it increased in vessels and men six fold, and in expence
twenty fold.

  In 1801, the royal navy consisted of
        192 ships of the line }
         28 ships of 50 guns  }
        227 frigates          }
        181 sloops            } Principal force for combat, 760
         96 gun vessels       }
         11 gun barges        }
         15 bombs             }
         10 fire ships        }
         11 store ships
          8 yachts
          9 tenders
          2 advice boats
          5 armed transports
         13 Dutch hoys
          6 river barges
          1 convalescent ship
        130 hired ships and cutters.
        ---
  Total 945

Annual expence, 13,654,013 pounds sterling, equal 60,684,502 dollars, 40
cents; at present, I have not time to ascertain the exact number of men,
which however amount to more than one hundred thousand.

From 1701 to 1801, the number of vessels have been increased four
fold, and the expence twelve fold; the expence is now two hundred and
seventy times greater than at the death of King James I, one hundred and
eighty-five years ago.

STATE OF THE MARITIME POWER OF NATIONS ABOUT THE YEAR 1790

Taken from Arnauld

 ---------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+------+-------
          |   Ships of   |            |            | Total | Total| Total
  Nations |   the Line   | Frigates   |   Sloops   |Vessels|Cannon| Seamen
 ---------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+------+-------
          | ships   guns |      guns  |            |       |      |
          |              |            |            |       |      |
          |     from   to|    from  to|            |       |      |
 Spain    | 72   112 - 58| 41         |109         |   222 |10,000| 50,000
 Portugal | 10    80 - 58| 14  44 - 30| 29         |    53 | 1,500|  1,000
 Naples   | 10    74 - 50| 10         | 12         |    32 | 1,000|  5,000
 Venice   | 20    88 - 16| 10         | 58         |    88 | 1,000| 14,000
 Ottoman  |              |            |            |       |      |
   Empire | 30    74 - 50| 50  50 - 10|100 galliots|   180 | 3,000| 50,000
 Holland  | 44    74 - 56| 43  40 - 24|100         |   187 | 2,300| 15,000
 Denmark  | 38    90 - 50| 20  42 - 20| 60 chebecks|   118 | 3,000| 12,000
 Sweden   | 27    74 - 50| 12  38 - 20| 40 gallies |    79 | 3,000| 13,000
 Russia   | 67   110 - 66| 36  44 - 28|700 various |   803 | 9,000| 21,000
 France   | 81   118 - 64| 69  40 - 30|141 various |   291 |14,000| 78,000
 England  |195   100 - 50|210         |256         |   661 |12,000|100,000
 ---------+--------------+------------+------------+-------+------+-------
                                                      2714  59,800 359,000

Taking the whole of these fleets, and estimating their expence by that
of the British marine, it must amount to about twenty-six millions of
pounds sterling per annum, equal to 115,555,555 dollars, 50 cents. Can
we reflect on this table and not feel, in the most sensible manner, the
folly of the eleven European nations, who support such establishments for
their mutual oppression? Is there an American who, after viewing these
horrid consequences of divided Europe and her barbarous policy, that can
for a moment harbour a wish, that these happy States should be divided,
and each petty government, in proportion to its resources, augment its
fleets and armies either for defence or to gratify a mad ambition, by
depredating on its neighbours? If there be such men, they are in a state
of political insanity, and the worst enemies to the American people.
The humane and excellent Dean Tucker, in his work on political economy,
published during the American revolution, has observed, "That the wars
of Europe, for the last two hundred years, have, by the confession of
all parties, really ended in the advantage of none, but to the manifest
detriment of all. Suffice it to remark, that had each of the contending
powers employed their subjects in cultivating and improving such lands
as were clear of all disputed titles, instead of aiming at more extended
possessions, they had consulted both their own and their people's
greatness much more efficaciously, than all the victories of a Cesar or
an Alexander." This important truth should be deeply impressed on the
mind of every American.

But I will return to the fleets of Europe, and endeavour to point out the
principal causes of the great increase of those engines of oppression,
and from whence the wealth has arisen to support such expences. I will
also shew the increasing resources which will, if science does not check
it, enable England hereafter to support a marine of fifteen hundred armed
ships, with as much ease as she now does seven hundred and sixty.

In 1602, the British nation could not possibly have paid for the expence
of such a navy as it possessed in 1701, and in 1701, the resources of
the nation were not equal to the expence of the navy of 1801. The reason
is, that since 1602, the sciences have developed immense resources.
Chemistry and mechanics have multiplied the produce of productive labour,
and increased the riches of every nation in Europe; the commerce of
China and the East-Indies has been opened; Russia and Sweden have become
civilized and commercial; South America, the West India islands, and
North America, have, from a few hundred persons, grown to a population
of at least twenty-five millions; who have created a vast and productive
commerce, of which there was no conception two centuries ago. Agriculture
has every where been improved; the earth produces more for a given
labour; manufactures are carried on, in various degrees of perfection,
in every country and district of country, which, creating surplus wealth
to pay for luxuries, returns millions of riches on so enterprising
and commercial a people as the English, which, added to their own
improvements in mechanism, manufactures, and agriculture, enables the
government, at this day, to expend thirteen millions of pounds sterling,
annually, on their marine. Yet the people in general live better, have
more enjoyments, and because they have more enjoyments, they are in
reality not more oppressed than the people of 1625, who paid only fifty
thousand pounds to the marine. Such is the natural consequence of a
general cultivation of the useful arts; but a just government and a wise
people, should take care that the wealth which the useful arts give to
them, should not be uselessly expended.

As imports and exports are the consequence of increased population and
industry, the following will shew how the expences of the British marine
have not only kept pace, but gained on her sources of wealth.

_Table of British Imports, Exports, and Expence of the Marine, in pounds
sterling._

          In 1701
  Imports         5,869,609_l._
  Exports         7,621,053_l._
                 --------------
  Total          13,490,662_l._

_Expence of the Marine_

1,046,397_l._ or one thirteenth of the whole imports and exports.

                         In 1798
  Imports                           46,963,000_l._
  Export of British manufactures    33,602,000_l._
  Export of foreign goods           14,387,000_l._
                                    --------------
                              Total 94,952,000_l._


_Expence of the Navy_

13,654,013_l._ or about one seventh of the total imports and exports.

In 1800, the population of the United States was estimated at 5,214,801;
with this population, we import from England to the amount of seven
millions sterling per annum, for which we pay, in direct and circuitous
trade, equal seven millions, making our imports from England, and exports
to pay for them fourteen millions, or equal to one seventh of the imports
and exports of England. Therefore, as it is the profits of trade which
support the British marine, we pay one seventh of its whole expence, or
about two millions sterling, and, in fact, support one seventh of seven
hundred and sixty armed ships, equal 108. Thus we cherish an evil of
which we complain, and unless we can destroy it, we must continue to
nourish it.

In 1700, the population of England and Wales amounted to 5,475,544; in
1800, to 9,343,578; it did not double in the last century notwithstanding
the great increase of trade. As her population is now equal to one person
for every six acres, there is a powerful check on its increase, and the
rational calculation is, that it will not double, or rise to eighteen
millions in the next two centuries. But the United States is doubling its
population in about twenty-five years, or, for probable correctness, say
in thirty years; consequently, in

  1830 we shall have;  10,429,602
  1860                 20,859,204
  1890                 40,718,408
  1920                 81,436,816

Even then, the acres of the United States will be more than ten to an
individual. As our habits and customs are English, it is a reasonable
calculation, that

  In 30 years, we shall take from them to the amount of 14,000,000
     60                                                 28,000,000
     90                                                 56,000,000

This is more than they now send to all the world, which wealth resulting
from American labour, being turned into England, will increase her
resources equal to the maintenance of her present marine: for, as I
before stated, if of seven millions which we now import, we furnish
funds for the seventh part of her naval expences, or say two millions.
Seven is into fifty-six, the imports of ninety years hence, eight times;
the United States will, therefore, furnish sixteen millions sterling
per annum, to support the British marine, and enable England to double
her present naval establishment. Thus we are continually aiding and
supporting, the only tyranny which can oppress us, or disturb our
tranquility.

I am aware that, opposed to this statement, it will be said that we
shall become manufacturers, and hereafter import, in proportion to our
population, less from England; but, in a vast country like the United
States, where lands are cheap, and men can easy be provided for in
agricultural pursuits; it will be difficult for the manufactures to keep
pace with the population. We are now much greater manufacturers than we
were twenty-five years ago; yet our imports increase; the manufactures
of England have augmented ten fold in the last century. Although her
population has not doubled, yet her exports and imports have kept near
even pace with each other. The consequence of manufactures, is to create
abundance and give the means of purchasing luxuries; therefore, more
persons enjoy the luxuries of fine articles. England has her manufactures
established and her people taught; she has the start of all the world,
which she will keep for very many years; nor can such superiority be
an injury to America, or to France, or any other nation, provided the
profits are not expended on a military marine to oppress them.[N] Then
what is to be done to arrest this enormous evil, this organizing system
of oppression? One of three things must be done: we must have a marine
of a force to be respected, or we must suffer our commerce to be as
limited as the British government may think proper, and be laid under
contribution; or, military marines must be destroyed, and liberty given
to the seas.

[Footnote N: Many appear to be of opinion, that if Bonaparte could get
the command of the seas, or had it in his power, he would reduce London
to ashes, and destroy the arts and manufactures of England. Carthage is
always cited as an example of a conqueror's vengeance. This, however,
has never been my opinion, because it is not justified by any act of his
life. In all the countries he has conquered, he has ever respected the
sciences and useful arts; he has not burned Vienna, Berlin, or Madrid.
Had he no other motive, his own fame, in a great measure, depends on the
protection which he may give to the sciences. But, independent of this,
I believe he well understands the benefit which Europe receives from
English arts and industry; and his war is not against them, but against
the manner in which their profits are applied; that is, against the
marine, and interference of the British government in all the concerns of
the continent.]

What kind of a marine would obtain for us that consideration and respect
which would give to our merchant ships unmolested admittance into the
ports of Europe? Fifty ships of 80 guns each, and thirty thousand men,
certainly could not guarantee to us such respect. Russia has a greater
naval force, and dare not show a ship out of the Baltic. Yet fifty such
ships would cost the United States twenty-five millions of dollars, and
seven millions of dollars a year; which, added to repairs, dock-yards,
arsenals, navy-boards, and agents, may be estimated at ten millions a
year. But even could such a marine secure to us a reasonable liberty
of commerce, America could not now bear such an expenditure; and where
is the additional commerce to pay for ten millions a year, expended to
protect it? Should our resources, in twenty years, enable us to support
such a marine, I have shewn, that the British can augment their fleets
also, and spare a force to meet us at sea. But were America to try her
finances to the utmost, and establish a marine equal to fifty ships of 80
guns, it would be to us the greatest of misfortunes; for so many persons
would become interested in obtaining a support from it, that, like
England, we should continue adding, until our successors would find it a
power superior to their liberty--one which would load them with taxes,
press their children into senseless wars, nor leave them permission to
complain. Should we ever be necessitated to have a marine of a force to
be respected, such are the accumulated evils under which our posterity
must suffer. But if science and energy should sweep military marines
from the ocean, America will be the garden of the world--an example
for Europe to imitate. When we contemplate the immense sums which are
expended in European marine establishments, and calculate the infinite
good which might have been done with the capital, we have to lament that
man, instead of gratifying his ambition in wars and devastation, has not
sought a more noble and lasting fame in promoting the arts, the sciences,
and civilization.

The annual expence of the navy of Great Britain amounts to upwards of
thirteen millions a year; as long as war continues, the expence will not
be diminished; but taking the chance of war and peace for the succeeding
twenty-five years, and estimate that the marine will cost ten millions
a year, the expenditure in twenty-five years will be two hundred and
fifty millions of pounds sterling. If driven to have a marine, such might
be the expenditure of our successors; if we can avoid it, the capital
might be expended in useful work. I will now give a short sketch of the
improvements which might be made in America for such a sum:

First, twelve canals, running from the eastern and northern parts of the
United States to the south, each fifteen hundred miles long, and fifty
miles distant from each other, equal to eighteen thousand miles; thirty
canals, running from the sea coast to the interior, each six hundred
miles long and fifty miles apart, or eighteen thousand miles--total,
thirty-six thousand miles, at three thousand pounds sterling a mile,
amounting to one hundred and eight millions. Canals to this extent,
would intersect a country fifteen hundred miles long six hundred miles
wide, equal nine hundred thousand square miles, or seven hundred and
fifty-six millions of acres, not an acre of which would be more than
twenty-five miles from canal carriage; and which acres, allowing six to
an individual which is equal to the density of English population, or say
seven, allowing for rivers, roads, and canals, would be ample space in a
country which, by its improvements, must be fertile for one hundred and
eight millions of inhabitants.

  2d, Two thousand bridges, at thirty thousand
      pounds sterling each, equal;                  60,000,000

      Two thousand and fifty public establishments
      for education, at forty thousand
      pounds sterling each                          82,000,000

      The canals;                                  108,000,000
                                                   -----------
                                      Total        250,000,000

The two hundred and fifty millions, raised by loan and funded at five
per cent. would, if expended on a marine, lay a tax on the people of
12,500,000_l._ sterling a year, equal to 55,555,555 dollars a year, with
a horde of excise-men and tax-gatherers, to torment honest industry. But
if expended on canals, the profits to transport would pay the interest,
and give inconceivable advantages to the people. Such communications
would facilitate every species of industry. Canals bending round the
hills, would irrigate the grounds beneath, and convert them into
luxuriant pasturage. They would bind a hundred millions of people in one
inseparable compact--alike in habits, in language, and in interest; one
homogeneous brotherhood, the most invulnerable, powerful, and respectable
on earth. Say, legislators, you who direct the destinies of this great
nation, shall Americans, like servile creatures of established habits,
imitate European vices, or copy them because they are familiar? Shall
they nourish a useless marine, lay the basis for its increase, and
send it down the current of time to futurity with all its complicated
evils? Shall such a system consume our resources, deprive the earth
of improvements, draw into its vortex ambitious men, divert the best
talents of our country from useful works, and interest them in its
support--creating non-productive labourers, who must be the consumers
of the produce of the productive class, and diminish their enjoyments?
Or will you search into the most hidden recesses of science, to find a
means for preventing such incalculable evils? And direct the genius and
resources of our country to useful improvements, to the sciences, the
arts, education, the amendment of the public mind and morals. In such
pursuits, lie real honour and the nation's glory; such are the labours
of enlightened republicans--those who labour for the public good. Every
order of things, which has a tendency to remove oppression and meliorate
the condition of man, by directing his ambition to useful industry
is, in effect, republican. Every system, which nourishes war and its
consequent thousands of idlers and oppressors, is aristocratic in its
effects, whatever may be its name. These sentiments exhibit my political
creed, the object of all my exertions; and these principles, practised by
Americans, will create for them a real grandeur of character, which will
secure to them the respect and admiration of the civilized world.


FINIS


_Number and Nature of Ordnance for each of the Ships in the British Navy_

  ------+-------+-----------------------------------++-------------------
        |Number |  Number of  guns of each  nature  ||    Carronades
  Rates |  of   +----+----+----+----+----+----+-----++----+----+----+----
        | guns  | 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12 |  9 |  6  || 32 | 24 | 18 | 12
  ------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----++----+----+----+----
  1st --|  100  | 28 |  - | 28 |  - | 30 |  - | 18  ||  2 |  6 |  - |  -
        |       |    |    |    |    |    |    |     ||    |    |    |
  2d  --|   98  |  - | 28 |  - | 30 | 40 |  - |  -  ||  2 |  - |  6 |  -
        |       |    |    |    |    |    |    |     ||    |    |    |
       {|   80  |  - | 26 |  - | 26 |  - | 24 |  1} ||    |    |    |  -
       {|   74  |  - | 28 |  - | 28 |  - | 18 |  -} ||  2 |  - |  6 |  -
  3d   {|   70  |  - | 28 |  - | 28 |  - | 14 |  -} ||    |    |    |  -
       {|   64  |  - |  - | 26 | 26 |  - | 12 |  -  ||  - |  2 |  6 |  -
        |       |    |    |    |    |    |    |     ||    |    |    |
  4th  {|   60  |  - |  - | 24 |  - | 26 |  - | 10  ||  - |  - |  - |  -
       {|   50  |  - |  - | 22 |  - | 22 |  - |  6  ||  - |  6 |  - |  6
        |       |    |    |    |    |    |    |     ||    |    |    |
       {|   44  |  - |  - |  - | 20 | 22 |  - |  6  ||  - |  - |  8 |  -
  5th  {|   36  |  - |  - |  - | 26 |  2 |  8 |  -  ||  8 |  - |  - |  -
       {|   32  |  - |  - |  - |  - | 26 |  - |  6  ||  - |  6 |  - |  -
        |       |    |    |    |    |    |    |     ||    |    |    |
       {|   28  |  - |  - |  8 |  - |  - | 24 |  4  ||  - |  6 |  - |  -
  6th  {|   24  |  - |  - |  - |  - |  - | 22 |  2  ||  - |  2 |  6 |  -
       {|   20  |  - |  - |  - |  - |  - | 20 |  -  ||  - |  - |  - |  8
        |       |    |    |    |    |    |    |     ||    |    |    |
  Sloops|   18  |  - |  - |  - |  - |  - |  - | 18  ||  - |  - |  - |  8
  ------+-------+----+----+----+----+----+----+-----++----+----+----+----

For "Notes on Vessels of War of the United States" see pages 6
and 7.

_Dimensions of Ships, Number of Men, and Draught of Water_

  -------+------------+---------+-----------------------+------------------
  Number | Length on  | Extreme |     Compliment of     | Depth of water
  of Guns|the Gun-deck| Breadth |Sailors |    Marines   | required for each
  -------+------------+---------+--------+--------------+------------------
         |  Ft.  In.  | Ft. In. |  Num.  |    Officers  |      Feet
    110  |  190   0   |  53  0  |  875   |1 Cap. 3 Subs.|       24
    100  |  186   0   |  52  0  |  875   |      Do.     |       24
     98  |  180   0   |  50  0  |  750   |      Do.     |       23
     90  |  177   6   |  49  0  |  750   |      Do.     |       23
     80  |  182   0   |  49  6  |  650   |      Do.     |       18
     74  |  182   0   |  48  7  |  650   |      Do.     |       18
     74  |  169   0   |  46 11  |  650   |      Do.     |       18
     64  |  160   0   |  44  6  |  650   |1 Cap. 2 Subs.|       18
     50  |  146   0   |  40  6  |  420   |2 Lieutenants.|       16
     44  |  140   9   |  38  8  |  300   | 1 Subaltern. |       16
     38  |  144   0   |  39  0  |  300   |      Do.     |       16
     36  |  142   0   |  38  0  |  300   |      Do.     |       16
     32  |  126   0   |  35  4  |  300   |      Do.     |       15
     28  |  120   0   |  33  6  |  200   |      Do.     |       15
     24  |  114   7   |  32  3  |  200   |      Do.     |       15
     20  |  108   0   |  30  0  |  200   |      Do.     |       15
     18  |  110   0   |  29  6  |  125   |   Sergeant.  |       13
     16  |  106   0   |  28  0  |  125   |      Do.     |       13
  -------+------------+---------+--------+--------------+-----------------

N. B. The usual Complement of Marines is one for every gun in the ship

For "Notes on Vessels of War of the United States" see pages 6
and 7.




      *      *      *      *      *      *




Transcriber's note:


The Plates were moved to the start of the section describing them.

Hyphenation was standardized.

The Table of Contents was added by the transcriber.