Title: Exercises upon the Different Parts of Italian Speech, with References to Veneroni's Grammar
Author: Ferdinando Bottarelli
Editor: Giambattista Rolandi
Release date: November 9, 2015 [eBook #50419]
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Barbara Tozier, Bill Tozier and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: Minor spelling and punctuation errors have been corrected but accents are retained as printed: inconsistently. The exception is the replacement of A’ with Á, and so on.
WITH
REFERENCES
TO
VENERONI’S GRAMMAR:
TO WHICH IS ADDED,
AN ABRIDGMENT OF THE ROMAN HISTORY,
INTENDED AT ONCE TO MAKE THE LEARNER ACQUAINTED WITH
HISTORY, AND THE IDIOM OF THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE.
By F. BOTTARELLI, A. M.
The Eighth Edition, carefully revised and corrected.
By G. B. ROLANDI.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR J. COLLINGWOOD; LONGMAN, HURST, REES
ORME & BROWN; SIMPKIN & MARSHALL; G. & W. B.
WHITTAKER; T. BOOSEY & SONS; AND J. BOOKER.
1822.
Printed by T. C. Hansard, Peterboro’-court, Fleet-street, London.
Amidst the laudable endeavours for the advancement of the Italian language, it is surprising that an easy and expeditious method of teaching it has been, in a great measure, neglected; and that beginners have hitherto been left without proper assistance. Under this impression, I have composed these Exercises upon the Syntax of Veneroni’s Italian Grammar; with what success I have executed the task, must be submitted to the decision of qualified and impartial judges.
These Exercises comprehend all the difficulties, and idiomatical expressions of the Italian language; the rules and exceptions of which are exemplified after such a method, that a learner cannot fail to become master of that language who has carefully gone through them once or twice.
The examples are of three sorts; the first, immediately following the rule, are short: as nothing farther is designed by them, than to illustrate that particular rule. The second sort are longer, and in them, not only the rule to which they refer, is exemplified, but also the foregoing ones are again brought into practice, the better to imprint them on the memory: since, were it not for this contrivance, learners would forget one rule, while they were learning another; the examples of the third kind, contain all the preceding, and some of the subsequent rules promiscuously; and for these reasons, are not to be attempted, until the student has gone twice at least, through the former part (for I think it advisable they should go through it more than once).
The radical Italian words are interlined, a thing very useful and requisite in a work of this nature, as well to save the trouble of consulting Dictionaries, as to prevent the use of improper terms, and wrong spelling, otherwise unavoidable; and those who wish to learn the Italian language, will thereby be enabled to make a much quicker progress than they[iv] could possibly do by the tedious task of searching a Dictionary for the words they require.
I have frequently omitted such words as had been often mentioned before, presuming there was no occasion for such repetition; and in order to excite attention in learners, that they might recollect what they had learned, and exert both their memory and judgment, or, on memory failing them, have recourse to a Dictionary, as a last resource. For these reasons, in the latter part of the Exercises, there are scarcely any Italian words but nouns and verbs, all the other parts of speech having already been gone through.
There is added, by way of Appendix, an Abridgment of the Roman History. As history is one of the most easy and entertaining parts of literature, and as that of the ancient Romans is absolutely necessary to a proper understanding of the Classics, I hope this addition will prove highly beneficial to young beginners.
N. B. Great pains have been taken to render this new Edition of Bottarelli’s Italian Exercises more perfect than any hitherto published. In order to facilitate the Italian pronunciation, the words have been accented according to the plan of Veneroni’s Grammar; the references to Veneroni have been compared, and carefully corrected, and many new ones added, together with several Notes and Remarks. All obsolete and improper phrases have been expunged; and the Chronology of the Roman History has been improved by the addition of Dates to each respective chapter: in short, on account of the many additions, alterations, and improvements, this edition may almost be considered as a new book, and a worthy companion of the celebrated Grammar of Veneroni.
⁂ A new Edition of the Key to these Exercises is just published.
Regular Verbs of the First Conjugation. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, page 88.]
[1] Verbs ending in care and gare, introduce h before e and i: wherefore, you must here write certifichino, not certificino. See Veneroni’s Grammar, page 92.
[2] See Gram. p. 92.
[3] Abbassarsi is for abbassare-si, see Gram. p. 148.
[4] See page 92.
Regular Verbs of the Second Conjugation. [See Grammar, p. 95.]
The following Verbs of the Second Conjugation are irregular. [See Gram. p. 111.]
For a full conjugation of all the verbs in ere, see Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 95.
[1] Combined with essere and not avere, in the compound tenses.
[2] See page 148.
[3] See page 122.
[4] With essere.
Regular Verbs of the Third Conjugation. [See Grammar, p. 102.]
[1] Coprire, morire, and soffrire, though regular in every other respect, make in the participle passive, coperto, morto, and soferto.
The following Verbs in ire are irregular.[1] [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 144.]
For the formation of compound tenses, see Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 77, 82, and 88.
[1] They make isco in the present and corresponding tenses; as comparisco, proferisco, &c. instead of comparo, profero, &c.
Other Verbs of the Second Conjugation that are irregular only in some Tenses and Persons. [See Grammar, p. 125, and the following.]
[1] Let it be remarked that, in all the following verbs in ere, not accentuated, the accent is on the antepenultima; as pórgere, richiédere, &c.
On the ORDER of WORDS. [See Gram. p. 196.]
[1] Nouns ending in a, make the plural in e, Ex. ora, plur. ore.
[2] Those in o, make the plural in i, giorno, giorni.
[3] It is a general rule, that all words of two syllables have the first long (except those whose last syllable takes a grave accent), therefore such words need not hereafter be accentuated.
[4] Subst. in e, make i in the plural, oratore, oratori.
[5] See Gram. p. 44, on words in tà indeclinable.
[6] See Gram. p. 158, on the formation of adverbs out of adjectives.
[7] To, must be translated by the word per.
[8] Che fa, as in French, qu’il fait.
[9] Bello loses its last syllable, and makes bel. See Gram. p. 56.
[10] See Gram. p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.
[11] See the declension of tutto, Gram. p. 73.
[12] See Gram. p. 53, on adjectives ending in o.
[13] Risólvere makes in the part. passive risolúto.
[14] Must be the future tense.
[15] See Gram. p. 205.
[16] See the rules on the preposition nello, nella, p. 42.
[17] Rispondere governs the dative case of the thing.
On the Articles lo, la, li, le, gli. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 35, and 200.]
[1] Lo before nouns beginning with an s, and followed by another consonant. See Gram. p. 36.
[2] Essere instead of avere. See p. 84.
[3] Words in ù are indeclinable. See p. 50.
[4] The article il must be put before signore: except before ecclesiastical titles, when we must say Monsignor.
The English particle to, before infinitives, is sometimes rendered in Italian by the Article il or lo. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 200.]
[1] See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 147, on reciprocal verbs.
On the SYNTAX of NOUNS. [See Grammar, p, 201.]
[1] An adjective with several substantives, must agree in gender with that which is the most worthy, the masculine being accounted more worthy than the feminine.
[2] Render it thus; towards me, verso di me.
[3] See Gram. p. 56, on superlatives.
On COMPARATIVES. [See Gram. p. 53.]
[1] See Gram. p. 45, on words ending in a of the masc.
[2] Words ending in cco, take an h in the plural, p. 49.
[3] Mano is of the fem. gender.
[4] Such words as end in co, and go, take also an h in the plural. See Gram. p. 49.
[5] Nouns of number ought to be put before the substantive.
[6] Nouns of order must be after the substantive, when we speak of ecclesiastical, or secular princes.
[7] Adjectives of quality must be put before substantives.
[8] Nouns of colours, elementary qualities, and of nations, must be put after the substantive.
[9] The adjectives of condition, figure, and quantity, must be put after substantives.
[10] Adjectives that have no substantives must be of the masculine gender, because man is always understood.
[11] When you ask for something without specifying the quantity of it, use the article partitive, del, della, &c. See Gram. p. 210.
[12] You must use the article indefinite di, when you specify the quantity of the thing.
[13] We put the indefinite article a before the names of cities.
[14] Before the names of men and women, we use al, alla, allo, a, &c.
[15] We use de’ before pronouns that are joined with substantives. See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 201.
The Adjectives expressing desire, knowledge, remembrance, ignorance, forgetting, care, fear, guilt, or any passion of the mind, require the following Noun to be in the Genitive case.
Adjectives expressing plenty, or want, as poor, destitute, empty, full, void, require the Genitive case after them.
The Adjectives worthy, unworthy, adorned, encompassed, content, must have a Genitive after them.
[1] See Gram. p. 44, on words ending in tà.
[2] See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 53, on comparatives.
[3] Ibid. p. 56, on superlatives.
Adjectives governing a Dative Case. Adjectives expressing submission, relation, pleasure, due, resistance, difficulty, likeness, have the following Noun in the Dative case.
[1] Words in ù are indeclinable. See Gram. p. 50.
[2] Re is indeclinable.
[3] Of his hair, dei capelli in plur. and without the possessive pronoun.
On Superlative Degrees. [See Gram. p. 56.]
[1] The most is rendered by il più, la più, i più, &c. See Gram. p. 56.
[2] Very often makes spessissimo.
[3] The superlative-comparative degree of buono is il migliore. See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 54 and 56.
[4] Pay is often turned by fare.
The Personal Pronouns io, tu, egli, essa, noi, voi, eglino, being the Nominative Case, ought to be put before the Verb; but if there is an Interrogation, they must be put after. [See Gram. p. 67.]
[1] See Gram. p. 203, on pronouns conjunctive.
[2] See Gram. p. 56, on superlatives.
[3] This supposes a future, which must be thus expressed: Quando lo riávréte, &c.
[4] Turn, and when you shall have done it.
[5] See Gram. p. 66.
On Pronouns Demonstrative and Possessive. The Pronouns Demonstrative, questo, quello, or questi, and the Pronouns Possessive, mio, mia, tuo, tua, suo, sua, agree with the Substantive in gender, number, and case. [See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 68, 70.]
[1] You must here add a negation, after a comparison, as in French, and turn it thus; than you not think: Che non credéte.
[2] Pronouns possessive take the article il, la, &c. in the nominative. See Veneroni’s Grammar, p. 68.
[3] Render it, as in the preceding page; than you not imagine.
The Pronoun Relative che is of all genders, and of all numbers. [See Gram. p. 72.]
Note that, he that, and she that, must be turned by quello che, and quella che. [See Gram. p. 72.]
[1] We put quale after the prepositions, speaking of reasonable creatures. See Gram. p. 72.
[2] See Gram. p. 205, on verbs of motion.
When between two Verbs there is a Noun, or a Pronoun, we put generally che after the first Verb.
[1] Render, than you do not.
[2] We use the verb avére instead of éssere, speaking of age. Ex. How old are you? Quanti anni avete?
[3] The verb stare must be used instead of éssere, in speaking of health.
We always put che instead of but in English, with a negation before the Verb.
[1] Non vi chiési che un favóre.
[2] When one has but, &c. must be rendered by quando non si ha che, &c.
[3] You do nothing but, &c. render it by, non fate altro che.
On the Particles Relative ci and vi. The Particles Relative ci and vi, are put instead of there, within and in that.
How to express some of it, or some of them. [See Grammar p. 215.]
[1] Non ne dubito punto.
[2] See Gram. p. 151, on the conjugation of there is, &c.
[3] See Gram. p. 215, on it is, they, &c.
The Present Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is present.
[1] When we inquire after any body’s health, we make use of the verb stare, instead of fare, or éssere.
[2] An impersonal verb; mi dispiáce che non vogliáte rimanére.
The Imperfect Tense is when the Action of which one speaks, is going on, or is interrupted.
[1] We also make use of the imperfect tense, when we speak in time past of the habitual qualities and actions of any person alive or dead.
The Perfect Definite is a Tense perfectly past, and often determined by an Adverb of time past.
Yes, all our conversation was in Italian.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: No Italian translation was provided for this line.
Yes, I told them I was learning of you.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE: No Italian translation was provided for this line.
[1] We also make use of the perfect definite, when we speak of the transactions of persons who are dead.
The Preterpluperfect is a Tense so perfectly past, that it cannot be interrupted.
[1] Gram. p. 206, on if before that tense.
[2] See Gram. p. 206, on the particle if before the imperfect indicative.
On the Future, or time to come.
[1] When you are there, render, when you shall be there.
[2] Ricevere, must be in the future, third person plural.
[3] Render, while I shall be there, mentre starò là.
[4] Render, when once you shall be there, quando una volta ci saréte.
On the Imperative, or Mood that commands.
The Auxiliary Verb avére, requires an accusative Case.
[1] Benchè governs the subjunctive mood.
[2] See Gram. p. 211, on the articles del, dello, della, &c.
Sometimes the Verb avére is used instead of éssere, especially when we speak of cold, heat, hunger, thirst, or of the age of any one.
On the Verb Substantive éssere. The Verb Substantive éssere requires the following noun in the Nominative Case.
[1] When we inquire after any one’s health, we make use of the verb stare, instead of fare.
[2] These two or three days, i. e. da due o tre giorni in quà.
[3] If I had money, Se avessi danari, and not avevo.
[4] When we speak of the weather, we use the third person singular of the verb fare, instead of the verb éssere.
[5] Use the optative mood, and say, vorrei.
The Verb aver pietà governs the Genitive.
The verb burlarsi governs the Genitive.
The verb pentirsi governs the Genitive.
The verb rallegrarsi governs the Genitive.
The verb ricordársi governs the Genitive.
The verb languíre requires a Genitive case.
The verbs obbedíre and disobbedíre require a Dative.
The verb parláre will have a Dative Case of the Person.
The verbs preténdere and aspiráre govern the Dative Case.
The verb giuocáre (when one speaks of all sorts of games) governs the Dative Case.
The verbs accusáre, biasimáre, avvertíre, and assólvere, will have the Accusative of the Person, and the Genitive of the Thing.
The verb condannáre governs the Accusative of the Person, and the Genitive of the Thing; but when it signifies to condemn to death, the name of the punishment ought to be put in the Dative Case.
[1] Nouns ending in ca and ga, make che and ghe in the plural, as forca, forche; pága, paghe.
The verb ottenére will have an Accusative of the Thing, and an Ablative of the Person.
The verbs invitáre, esortáre, will have an Accusative of the Person, and a Dative of the Thing.
Paragonáre requires an Accusative of the first Noun, (either of the Person or of the Thing) and the other in the Dative.
Dare and restituíre will have an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.
[1] Benchè governs the subjunctive mood. See Gram. p. 209.
These verbs dovére, prométtere, and pagáre, will have an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.
Insegnáre requires an Accusative of the Thing, and a Dative of the Person.
[1] I have been twelve years in this country; render, Sono dódici anni che sto in questo paése.
When after the verbs astenérsi, consideráre, and avvertíre, there follows an Infinitive, it ought to be put with the Preposition di.
The verbs supplicáre, consigliáre, incaricársi, and costríngere, will have an Infinitive with the Preposition di.
The verbs proibíre, desideráre, differíre, procuráre, impedíre, speráre, fíngere, affrettársi, require also an Infinitive with the Preposition di.
The verbs meditáre, parláre, perméttere, prométtere, propórre, presúmere, preténdere, protestáre, rifiutáre, risólvere, auguráre, will also have an Infinitive with the Preposition di, after them.
When there follows after the Verb avére either of these substantives permissióne, desidério, vóglia, cura, costúme, bisógno, motivo, ragióne, torto, dritto, occasióne, the following Verb must be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.
[1] Finchè governs the subjunctive mood.
[2] You are in the right, sir, Ella ha ragióne.
[3] I am in the wrong, sir, ho torto.
When a Verb is followed by l’opportunità, l’occasione, il tempo, il mezzo, la volontà, il cuóre, il potére, l’autorità, that Verb ought to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.
[1] I have, put it in the future, and say, avrò.
[2] We have it, is changed into it is for the Italian idiom.
When after the Verb substantive éssere there follows either of these nouns conténto, obbligáto, in pena, sul punto, in perícolo, the following Verb is to be put in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.
[1] I should have been sorry; mi sarébbe rincresciúto.
The Verbs avvezzársi, impiegáre, incoraggíre, eccitáre, invitáre, esibírsi, dilettársi, tenérsi pronto, lavoráre, will have after them an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or ad before a vowel.
When vi è, or v’è, precedes the Adverb niénte, the next Verb must be in the Infinitive with the Preposition da, or a.
[1] In serving God, nel servíre Iddío.
When an Adverb of quantity follows v’è, it requires an Infinitive with the Preposition a, or da.
[1] See Gram. p. 210, a great deal of.
When the English Participle in ing comes after a Verb of motion with the Preposition a before it, we use the corresponding substantive, instead of the Verb, though sometimes the latter.
[1] Ibid. p. 201, on verbs of motion.
[2] Preferisce il divertimento al profitto, la compagnia degli amici al, &c.
The English Participle in ing, after from, must be put in Italian in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.
The English Participle in ing after a Verb importing to cease, to leave, or to go over, must be rendered in Italian by the Infinitive mood with the Preposition di.
When the Participle in ing follows the auxiliary Verb to be, this verb must be left out, and the Italian Verb that represents the Participle, must be put in the same tense, number, and person as the auxiliary is.
[1] In the beginning of their lives; i. e. nella loro gioventù.
When one of these Pronouns che, il, lo, la, &c. meets before the compound tenses, the Pronoun ought to agree with the Participle in gender and number.
[1] She is very sorry for it; glíene dispiáce moltíssimo.
When these Pronouns, mio, me, te, noi, voi, &c. are the case of the Verb, they must agree with the Participle in gender and in number.
[See Gram. p. 209.]
Adverbs are generally put after the Verb, and in compound tenses between the Verb and the Participle.
[1] Rispondere governs the dative case of the thing.
Adverbs of Interrogation must always be put before the Verb.
[1] At, or to, before house or home, must be rendered by da, dal, or in casa. See Gram. p. 209.
[See Gram. p. 209.]
These Prepositions di diétro, vicíno, intórno, dirimpétto, infíno, will have a Dative after them.
[1] See Gram. p. 202, on se before a preterimperfect.
[2] Ibid. p. 203, when we use veníre instead of andare.
[See Gram. p. 204.]
The following Conjunctions prima che, acciocchè, finchè, per paura che, sin che, benchè, purchè, a meno che, Iddío voglia che, require the Subjunctive after them.
Some Verbs signifying will, desire, leave, or fear, will have the Conjunction che after them, and the following Verb in the Subjunctive.
We express the two Anglicisms this day se’nnight, this day fortnight, by d’oggi a otto, d’oggi a quindici.
The word people, when taken generally for the people of a whole country, is expressed in Italian by the word gente.
When the word people signifies subjects, it is expressed in Italian by the word pópolo.
On the Particle si, it is, they, one, &c. [See Gram. p. 211.] The Particle si is always put before a Verb, and the Verb must be impersonal.
[1] The lady’s father and your’s, vostro padre e quello della signora.
The Verb to use in English, signifies in Italian servírsi, assuefársi, accostumársi; when it signifies servírsi, it is commonly followed by a Noun, but otherwise it is followed by a Verb.
The Impersonal Verb impórta, requires a Dative Case.
When the word to speak, is joined with truth, it is expressed in Italian by dire.
When in English a period begins by these words, I wish, I would, we express them thus in Italian, vorréi potér, with the following Verb in the Infinitive Mood.
Ought and must are to be rendered in Italian by the Present of the Indicative of the Verb dovere, and are not Impersonal.
To be like, when followed by a Noun, is to be rendered in Italian by rassomigliáre, and will have a Dative Case.
To be so kind, must be rendered in Italian by avére la bontà, and the following Verb is put in the Infinitive Mood, with the Preposition di.
The English phrase, there is nothing but, ought to be rendered in Italian by non v’è niénte che non, and it requires the following Verb to be in the Subjunctive Mood.
This phrase, to be as good as one’s word, must be rendered in Italian by mantenére la sua paróla.
So much as, ought to be rendered in Italian by tanto, or quanto.
As long as, must be rendered in Italian by finchè, or mentre che.
I had rather, is expressed in Italian by ameréi méglio, or ameréi piuttósto.
When we inquire for some person’s name, we make use of the Verb chiamársi.
To entertain, must be rendered by trattáre.
Dipénde da voi, signifies in English, it lies in your power, it has all its tenses; and is Impersonal.
Andáre ad incóntrar uno, signifies to go and meet somebody.
We often make use of the Impersonal Verb rincréscere, when we speak of the misfortunes of others, which signifies in English, to be sorry, to be concerned; and then the following word must be in the Genitive Case.
Mi pare mill’ anni is an Italian expression which signifies to long; we make use of it only in the present of the Indicative, and the following verb must be in the Infinitive with the Preposition di.
We often make use of avér gran voglia, for to long, and it requires the following Verb to be in the Infinitive mood.
Degnársi is often used for to be so kind as, and requires the following verb in the Infinitive Mood.
Posso appéna, I can hardly, requires the following verb to be in the Infinitive Mood.
Scarce, or hardly must likewise be expressed by appéna.
To have much ado, must be rendered in Italian by stentáre, and requires the following verb in the Infinitive with the Preposition a.
To be quiet must be rendered in Italian by, star fermo, saldo, or chetársi.
Abbassár gli occhj, signifies to look down.
[See Gram. p. 70.]
[1] See Gram. p. 205, upon the conjunction though.
[2] See Gram. p. 147, upon the conjugation of the verb impersonal there is.
[See Gram. p. 61, and 66.]
[1] See Gram. p. 205, upon the conjunction though.
On the verb to play, with the Particles at, and on.
We use the Verb avére, instead of éssere, in speaking of being hungry, dry, cold, hot, or old.
[1] I believe, &c. Credo che voi abbiate sempre freddo alla testa.
The Impersonal Verb must, is sometimes rendered by dovere, and sometimes by bisognáre.
[1] Senza governs the infinitive mood.
[2] Neither one way, nor another, i. e. nè in bene, nè in male.
On the negative Particles and Adverbs.
On the Conjunctions.
[1] Render, avréte le staffiláte.
On most Prepositions.
Lately Published,
A KEY TO BOTTARELLI’S EXERCISES, with a few Extracts in Prose and Verse, with English Translations, for the use of Beginners, by P. R. Rota; a new edition, revised and corrected. 12mo. 2s. 6d. bound.
THE COMPLETE ITALIAN MASTER; containing the best and easiest Rules for attaining that Language, by Signor Veneroni; with a short Introduction to Italian Versification—Extracts from the Italian Poets; and the Italian words properly accented to facilitate the Pronunciation to Learners. A new edition, carefully corrected, and very considerably improved, 12mo. 6s. bound.
THE NEW ITALIAN, ENGLISH, and FRENCH POCKET DICTIONARY, carefully compiled from the Dictionaries of La Crusca, Dr. S. Johnson, the French Academy, and others of the best authority; having the Parts of Speech properly distinguished, and each Word accented according to its true Pronunciation. A new Edition, very greatly augmented, and much improved, by a union of the respective Works of F. Bottarelli and G. Polidori, in three volumes, square duodecimo, price 1l. 1s. boards.
N. B. As this work is much used, as well by Travellers, as Students, a short abstract of the relative value of Italian, French and English Money has been prefixed.
Of the Origin of the ROMANS.
(Year of the World, 2800—Before Christ, 1184.)
All [1]nations [2]seem [3]willing to [4]derive [5]merit from the [6]splendor of their [7]origin, and [8]where [9]history [10]is silent, they [11]generally [12]supply the [13]defect with [14]fable. The [15]Romans were [16]particularly [17]desirous of being [18]thought [19]descended from the [20]Gods, [21]as if they would [22]hide the [23]meanness of their [24]real [25]ancestry. [26]Æneas, the [27]son of [28]Venus and [29]Anchises, having [30]escaped from the [31]destruction of [32]Troy, [33]after [34]many [35]adventures and [36]dangers [37]arrived in [38]Italy, [39]where he was [40]kindly [41]received by [42]Latinus, [43]king of the [44]Latins, who [45]gave him his [46]daughter [47]Lavinia in [48]marriage. Italy was [49]then [50]as[96] it is [51]now, [52]divided into a [53]number of [54]small [55]states, [56]independent of [57]each other, and, [58]consequently, [59]subject to [60]frequent [61]contentions [62]among themselves. [63]Turnus, [64]king of the [65]Rutuli, was the [66]first who [67]opposed Æneas, he having [68]long [69]made pretensions to Lavinia himself. A [70]war [71]ensued, in which the [72]Trojan [73]hero was [74]victorious, and [75]Turnus [76]slain. In [77]consequence of this, Æneas [78]built a [79]city, which was [80]called [81]Lavinium, in [82]honour of his [83]wife; and [84]some time after [85]engaging in another [86]war [87]against [88]Mezentius, one of the [89]petty kings of the [90]country, he was [91]conquered in his [92]turn, and [93]died in [94]battle, after a [95]reign of four [96]years.
[97]Ascanius, his [98]son, [99]succeeded to the [100]kingdom, and to him, Silvius, a [101]second son, [102]whom he had by Lavinia. It would be [103]tedious to [104]recite a [105]dry [106]catalogue of the kings that [107]followed, and of whom we [108]know [109]little more than their [110]names; it will be [111]sufficient to [112]say, that the [113]succession [114]continued for [115]near [116]four [117]hundred[97] [118]years in the [119]family, and that [120]Numitor was the [121]last king of Alba.
[1] nazióne
[2] parére
[3] desideróso
[4] trarre
[5] mérito
[6] splendóre
[7] origine
[8] dove
[9] istória
[10] tacére
[11] generalménte
[12] sovveníre al
[13] difétto
[14] favóla
[15] Románo
[16] particolarménte
[17] ambíre
[18] credúto
[19] discéso
[20] dio pl. dei
[21] come se
[22] nascóndere
[23] bassézza
[24] vero
[25] antenáti
[26] Enéa
[27] figlio
[28] Vénere
[29] Anchíse
[30] scampáre
[31] distruzióne
[32] Troja
[33] dopo
[34] molto
[35] avventúra
[36] perícolo
[37] arriváre
[38] Itália
[39] dove
[40] corteseménte
[41] ricevúto
[42] Latíno
[43] re
[44] Latíno
[45] dare
[46] figliuóla
[47] Lavínia
[48] matrimónio
[49] allóra
[50] come
[51] ora
[52] diviso
[53] número
[54] píccolo
[55] stato
[56] independénte
[57] l’uno dall’altro
[58] conseguentemente
[59] soggétto
[60] frequénte
[61] contésa
[62] fra
[63] Turno
[64] re
[65] Rútuli
[66] primo
[67] oppórsi
[68] molto tempo
[69] esséndo che pretendeva egli pure a
[70] guerra
[71] náscere
[72] Trojáno
[73] eróe
[74] vittorióso
[75] Turno
[76] uccíso
[77] conseguénza
[78] edíficáre
[79] città
[80] chiamáto
[81] Lavínio
[82] onóre
[83] moglie
[84] qualche tempo dopo
[85] attaccáre
[86] guerra
[87] contro
[88] Mésenzio
[89] régolo
[90] paése
[91] vinto
[92] volta
[93] moríre
[94] battáglia
[95] regno
[96] anno
[97] Ascanio
[98] figlio
[99] succédere
[100] regno
[101] secondo genito
[102] nátogli da
[103] nojóso
[104] recitáre
[105] insípido
[106] catálogo
[107] seguíre
[108] sapére
[109] poco
[110] nome
[111] bastáre
[112] dire
[113] successióne
[114] continuáre
[115] vicíno
[116] quattro
[117] cento
[118] anno
[119] famíglia
[120] Numitóre
[121] último
(Of the World, 3301—Before Christ, 753.)
The [1]twelfth [2]king of the [3]Latins after [4]Æneas, was [5]Amulius, who [6]circumvented his [7]brother [8]Numitor, to whom the [9]right of [10]succession [11]appertained, upon the [12]account of his [13]age. Numitor had an [14]only [15]daughter [16]called Sylvia, and [17]Romulus and [18]Remus, [19]twin brothers, and founders of Rome, were, as it is said in fable and history, the [20]sons of [21]Mars and Sylvia. The children being [22]exposed by the [23]king’s [24]order, were [25]privately [26]educated by one [27]Faustulus, a [28]shepherd. When they were [29]grown up, they [30]slew Amulius, [31]restored their [32]grandfather, to his [33]kingdom, and [34]built [35]Rome 753 years before [36]Christ was [37]born.
Romulus, having [38]put his [39]rival brother to [40]death, [41]was [42]proclaimed king by his [43]followers; and having [44]settled the [45]state [46]affairs, and [47]being in want of females, he [48]seized upon all the [49]young women that [50]came to [51]see the [52]public [53]games[98] at Rome; upon which a [54]terrible and long [55]war with the [56]Sabines [57]ensued.
The [58]Cæninenses, [59]Antemnates, and [60]Crustumini were [61]conquered; and [62]at last the [63]Sabines, under the [64]conduct of [65]Tatius, [66]bearing hard upon the Romans, by the [67]interposition of the [68]Sabine women who had been [69]detained at Rome, it was [70]agreed upon [71]betwixt both [72]parties, [73]that they should [74]jointly [75]inhabit Rome, and Romulus and Tatius should [76]reign [77]together. Tatius being [78]slain six [79]years after, Romulus reigned [80]alone, and [81]completed the [82]term of 38 years, having conquered the [83]neighbouring cities. At last, [84]a great [85]tempest [86]arising as he [87]held an [88]assembly at the [89]lake of Caprea, [90]he was no where to be found, being [91]torn in pieces by the [92]senators (as it was [93]generally [94]thought) to whom he was [95]now [96]grown [97]odious on [98]account of his [99]cruelty. He [100]first [101]divided the city into [102]thirty [103]curiæ, and [104]three [105]tribes. The [106]poor he [107]put [108]under the [109]protection of the [110]great, whom he [111]named [112]patricii. He [113]triumphed [114]three times [115]over his [116]vanquished [117]enemies; [118]first, over the Cæninenses,[99] and Antemnates, in which [119]war having [120]killed their [121]king [122]Acron [123]with his own hand, he [124]consecrated his first [125]spoils to [126]Jupiter Feretrius; [127]secondly, over the [128]Camerini; [129]thirdly, over the [130]Fidenates, and [131]Veientes.
[132]After an [133]interregnum of a [134]year’s continuance, [135]Numa Pompilius, a Sabine, [136]born at [137]Cures, was [138]chosen king by the Romans, 714 years before [139]Christ was [140]born; [141]who [142]applying himself to the [143]preservation of the public [144]quiet, [145]instituted all the [146]religious [147]rites of the Romans. He [148]made an [149]addition of two [150]months to the year, which [151]till that time had [152]consisted of [153]ten, and [154]reigned forty-three years.
[155]The third king of the Romans was [156]Tullus Hostilius, a [157]man of a [158]restless temper, and [159]fit for nothing but war. He [160]conquered the Albans, and [161]destroyed their city, after he had first [162]removed the [163]inhabitants, and all their [164]substance to Rome; and [165]torn to pieces, [166]tied [167]betwixt two [168]chariots, [169]Metius Fusetius, [170]dictator of the [171]Albans, [172]convicted of [173]treachery. He [174]triumphed [175]three times over the Albans, the [176]Fidenates, and the Sabines. He [177]reigned [178]thirty-two years, and [179]perished with[100] his [180]wife, and [181]whole family, by [182]a thunderbolt [183]from heaven.
The [184]fourth king that reigned at Rome was [185]Ancus Martius, [186]grandson to Numa Pompilius, by whom the [187]Latins were [188]subdued, and most of them [189]taken into the city, and [190]settled in the [191]Aventine mount; [192]the Janiculum was [193]fortified by him, a [194]bridge made over the [195]Tiber, and Ostia [196]built. He reigned 24 years.
The [197]fifth king of Rome was [198]Tarquinius Priscus, the [199]son of [200]Demaratus, a [201]Corinthian. He [202]came to Rome from [203]Tarquinii, a [204]town of Etruria, [205]from whence he was [206]called [207]Lucius Tarquinius. After he [208]came to the [209]government, he [210]augmented the [211]senate, [212]subdued the [213]twelve [214]nations of Etruria, and [215]borrowed from them the [216]ensigns of [217]supreme [218]power, the [219]fasces; the [220]trabea; the [221]curule chair; the [222]prætexta; and other [223]things of that [224]kind. He was slain by the sons of [225]Ancus, after he had reigned 38 years.
His [226]son-in-law Servius Tullius, the [227]sixth in [228]order, [229]began his [230]reign in the year 577 before Christ. He was for his [231]rare [232]endowments [233]preferred before those of the royal [234]blood. He first [235]instituted the [236]census, and [237]ordered it to be[101] [238]kept [239]every five years; [240]divided the [241]people into [242]classes, and [243]centuries, and [244]enlarged the city: and after he had [245]governed the [246]kingdom with great [247]applause 44 years, he was [248]murdered through the [249]horrid [250]wickedness of his own [251]daughter, and Tarquin his [252]son-in-law.
The [253]seventh and [254]last king that reigned at Rome was Tarquin, [255]surnamed [256]the Proud, whom [257]most of the [258]old Roman [259]authors [260]affirm to be the son of [261]Priscus; [262]but [263]Dionysius [264]will have him to be his grandson. He [265]governed the [266]kingdom he had [267]procured by his [268]wickedness [269]no better than he got it, being [270]cruel to the [271]senators, and his [272]other [273]subjects. He [274]conquered the [275]Volsci, the Sabines, and Gabii; and having [276]built the [277]Capitol with the [278]spoils of the cities he had [279]taken, he was [280]at last [281]turned out of the city, and of his kingdom, for a [282]violence [283]committed by his [284]son upon [285]Lucretia.
[1] duodécimo
[2] re
[3] Latíno
[4] Enéa
[5] Amúlio
[6] ingannáre
[7] fratéllo
[8] Numitóre
[9] drítto
[10] successióne
[11] appartenére
[12] cagióne
[13] età
[14] único
[15] figlia
[16] chiamáre
[17] Rómolo
[18] Remo
[19] geméllo
[20] figlio
[21] Marte
[22] espórre
[23] re
[24] órdine
[25] segretaménte
[26] educáre
[27] Faústulo
[28] pastóre
[29] créscere
[30] uccídere
[31] restituíre
[32] avo
[33] regno
[34] edificáre
[35] Roma
[36] Cristo
[37] náscere
[38] méttere
[39] émolo
[40] morte
[41] éssere
[42] proclamáre
[43] seguáce
[44] regoláre
[45] stato
[46] affáre
[47] avéndo bisógno
[48] pigliáre per forza
[49] gióvane
[50] veníre
[51] vedére
[52] púbblico
[53] giuóco
[54] terríbile
[55] guerra
[56] Sabíni
[57] seguíre
[58] Ceninénsi
[59] Antemnáti
[60] Crustumíni
[61] conquistáre
[62] alla fine
[63] Sabíni
[64] comándo
[65] Tázio
[66] malmenando i Románi fieramente
[67] interposizióne
[68] donne Sabíne
[69] ritenére
[70] conveníre
[71] fra
[72] partíto
[73] che
[74] unitaménte
[75] abitáre
[76] regnáre
[77] insiéme
[78] uccídere
[79] anno
[80] solo
[81] compíre
[82] términe
[83] vicíno
[84] grande
[85] borrásca
[86] soppravenire
[87] tenére
[88] assembléa
[89] lago
[90] non si potétte trováre in nissun luógo
[91] messo a brani
[92] senatóre
[93] generalménte
[94] crédere
[95] ormai
[96] diveníre
[97] odióso
[98] cagióne
[99] crudeltà
[100] da princípio
[101] divídere
[102] trenta
[103] cúrie
[104] tre
[105] tribù
[106] i póveri
[107] méttere
[108] sotto
[109] protezióne
[110] grande
[111] chiamáre
[112] patrízio
[113] trionfáre
[114] tre volte
[115] dei
[116] vinto
[117] nemíco
[118] prima
[119] guerra
[120] uccídere
[121] re
[122] Acróne
[123] di propria mano
[124] consacráre
[125] spóglia
[126] Gióve Ferétrio
[127] secóndo
[128] Cameríni
[129] terzo
[130] Fidenáti
[131] Vejénti
[132] dopo
[133] interrégno
[134] anno
[135] Numa Pompílio
[136] nato
[137] Cure
[138] scelto
[139] Cristo
[140] nascesse
[141] il quale
[142] applicársi
[143] preservazióne
[144] pace
[145] istituíre
[146] religióso
[147] rito
[148] fare
[149] addizióne
[150] mese
[151] fin allóra
[152] consístere
[153] diéci
[154] regnáre
[155] il terzo
[156] Túllio Ostílio
[157] uómo
[158] inquiéto natúra
[159] proprio
[160] conquistáre
[161] distrúggere
[162] trasportáre
[163] abitánte
[164] sostánza
[165] fatto in pezzi
[166] attaccáre
[167] fra
[168] carro
[169] Mezio Fusézio
[170] dittatóre
[171] Albani
[172] convínto
[173] tradiménto
[174] trionfáre
[175] tre volte
[176] Fidénáti
[177] regnáre
[178] trentadue anni
[179] períre
[180] moglie
[181] tutta la sua famíglia
[182] per un fúlmine
[183] caduto dal cielo
[184] quarto
[185] Anco Márzio
[186] nipote
[187] Latíni
[188] soggiogáto
[189] posto
[190] stabilírsi
[191] monte Aventíno
[192] il Gianícolo
[193] fortificáto
[194] ponte
[195] Tevére
[196] edificáto
[197] quinto
[198] Tarquínio Prisco
[199] figlio
[200] Demaráto
[201] Corintéo
[202] veníre
[203] Tarquínio
[204] cíttà
[205] dal quale
[206] chiamáto
[207] Lúcio Tarquínio
[208] perveníre
[209] govérno
[210] aumentáre
[211] senáto
[212] soggiogáre
[213] dódici
[214] nazióne
[215] imprestáre
[216] insegnáre
[217] suprémo
[218] autorità
[219] fasce
[220] trabéa
[221] sédia curúle
[222] pretésta
[223] cosa
[224] sorta
[225] Anco
[226] genero Sérvio Túllio
[227] sesto
[228] órdine
[229] principiáre
[230] regno
[231] raro
[232] qualità
[233] preferíto
[234] sangue reale
[235] istituíre
[236] censo
[237] comando che fosse
[238] rifatto
[239] una volta ogni cinque anni
[240] divídere
[241] pópolo
[242] classe
[243] centúria
[244] estendere
[245] governáre
[246] regno
[247] appláuso
[248] assassináto
[249] orríbile
[250] scelleratézza
[251] figlia
[252] genero
[253] séttimo
[254] último
[255] cognomináto
[256] il supérbo
[257] la maggior parte
[258] antíco
[259] autóre
[260] affermáre
[261] Prísco
[262] ma
[263] Dionísio
[264] vuól che sia suo nipotíno
[265] governáre
[266] regno
[267] procuráre
[268] malvagità
[269] in un modo non migliore di quello con cui l’aveva ottenuto
[270] crudele
[271] senatóre
[272] altro
[273] suddito
[274] debelláre
[275] Volsci
[276] edificáre
[277] Campidóglio
[278] spóglie
[279] préndere
[280] alla fine
[281] scacciáre
[282] violenza
[283] commésso
[284] fíglio
[285] Lucrézia
(Of the World, 3545—Of Rome, 245.)
[1]King Tarquin, with his [2]family, being [3]banished, [4]L. Junius Brutus, and [5]L. Tarquinius Collatinus were [6]made [7]consuls. [8]The former was so [9]severe, that he [10]scourged and [11]beheaded his own sons for [12]favouring [13]the banished kings, being a [14]greater [15]friend to the [16]public [17]liberty than to his own family. A [18]field of the Tarquins, which [19]lay [20]between the city and [21]the Tiber, was [22]consecrated to [23]Mars, and [24]from thence [25]called [26]Campus Martius. [27]Brutus [28]died in the [29]war [30]against the Tarquins, who [31]prevailed upon some of the [32]neighbouring [33]nations to [34]assist them; [35]amongst the [36]rest, Porsena, king of Etruria, [37]made war upon the Romans, in [38]favour of the Tarquins: in which war the [39]bravery of [40]Horatius Coccles was very [41]remarkable, who [42]maintained the [43]fight [44]against the [45]victorious [46]enemy [47]till the [48]bridge on the Tiber was [49]cut down, [50]when he [51]swam and crossed the [52]river. Nor [53]must we [54]pass over in silence the [55]noble [56]attempt of [57]Mutius Scævola, who [58]secretly [59]entered the [60]enemy’s [61]camp with a [62]resolution to [63]kill[103] the king; [64]but having by [65]mistake [66]slain one of his nobles, he [67]thrust his [68]hand into the [69]fire that was upon the [70]altar; which so [71]terrified the king, that he [72]made [73]peace with the Romans, and [74]returned [75]home. [76]After this, the [77]Latins made [78]war upon the Romans, [79]under the [80]conduct of [81]Octavius Mamilius, Tarquin’s [82]son-in-law; [83]against whom [84]Posthumius being made [85]dictator, [86]vanquished them in a [87]memorable [88]battle at the [89]lake Regillus.
[90]Afterwards a war was [91]proclaimed [92]against the [93]Volsci, who had [94]raised some [95]troops, to [96]send to the [97]assistance of the [98]Latins in the [99]former war. The [100]fortune of [101]Caius Marcius Coriolanus was [102]remarkable in that war, who being [103]condemned in his [104]absence, [105]retired amongst the Volsci, and [106]advised them to [107]renew the war; for the [108]management of which, being [109]chosen [110]general with [111]Tullius Accius, after he had [112]routed the Romans in [113]several [114]engagements, and [115]advanced up [116]to the very walls of the city, he was [117]moved by the [118]prayers of his [119]mother, and he [120]raised the [121]siege. After the [122]death of [123]Coriolanus, the Volsci [124]continued the war, and [125]were[104] [126]together with the [127]Æqui, [128]and Hernici, [129]soundly [130]beaten by [131]Spurius Cassius, who had been [132]thrice [133]consul. [134]He being elevated by his [135]success, [136]aspired to the [137]throne, [138]but was [139]prevented in his [140]design, and [141]thrown headlong from the [142]Tarpeian rock.
In the year 261 from the [143]building of the city, the [144]common people being very [145]much in [146]debt, and [147]provoked by the [148]cruelty of their [149]creditors, [150]retired [151]beyond the [152]Anien into the [153]sacred mount, but were [154]reconciled by the [155]pacific [156]persuasions of [157]Menenius Agrippa; having [158]first [159]obtained from the [160]fathers, that [161]officers should be [162]appointed to [163]screen them from the [164]violence of the [165]patricii, who were [166] called [167]tribunes of the [168]people.
After this, the Romans had a war with the [169]Veientes, which the [170]family of the [171]Fabii [172]undertook to [173]carry on by themselves; and having [174]pitched their camp by the [175]river [176]Cremera, were [177]trepanned by the [178]enemy, and [179]cut off in one [180]day, to the [181]number of 306.
The war with the [182]Volsci [183]continued. They were [184]often [185]vanquished, [186]especially by T. [187]Quintius[105] Cincinnatus, who took [188]Antium, the [189]metropolis of their [190]nation. Cincinnatus being [191]afterwards [192]taken from the [193]plough, and [194]made [195]dictator [196]against the [197]Æqui, he [198]delivered the [199]consul [200]Minucius, who was [201]besieged by them, and [202]obliged the [203]enemy to [204]pass under the [205]yoke.
In the year 303, [206]after the [207]foundation of the city, and 451 years [208]before [209]Christ, the [210]form of the [211]government was [212]changed. [213]For [214]instead of [215]consuls, the [216]decemviri were [217]set up, with [218]supreme [219]power to [220]make [221]laws for the Roman [222]people, [223]from those which their ambassadors had the year before [224]brought from [225]Greece. But [226]abusing their [227]power, they were [228]obliged to [229]lay down their [230]authority; and the [231]consuls and [232]tribunes were [233]restored.
In the 315th year of the city, Sp. Melius, in the [234]time of a [235]famine, [236]endeavouring to [237]make his way to a [238]throne, by [239]sharing [240]corn [241]amongst the [242]people, was [243]slain by [244]order of [245]Quintius Cincinnatus the [246]dictator, by [247]C. Servilius Ahala [248]master of the horse. In the [249]following year the [250]Fidenates [251]revolted to [252]Lars Tolumnius,[106] king of the [253]Veientes, and [254]put the Roman ambassadors to [255]death, who had their [256]statues [257]erected in the [258]forum. The [259]Veientes [260]in the next year were [261]subdued by [262]Mamercus Æmilius, [263]dictator. [264]Tolumnius was [265]slain by [266]Cornelius Cossus, who was the [267]second from [268]Romulus that [269]dedicated the [270]spoils [271]called [272]Opima to Jupiter [273]Feretrius.
[274]Censors were [275]set up at Rome in the 311th year of the city, who [276]held their [277]office [278]at first for [279]five [280]years, [281]but were [282]afterwards, in the year 320, [283]reduced by [284]Mamercus Æmilius, [285]dictator, to a year and a [286]half. In the year 323, the [287]dictator [288]A. Posthumius was very [289]successful [290]against the [291]Æqui and the [292]Volsci; but [293]stained the [294]victory with the [295]blood of his own [296]son, whom he [297]beheaded for having [298]fought [299]contrary to his [300]orders.
In the year of the city 358, the [301]town of [302]Veii was [303]taken by [304]Camillus, dictator, [305]after a [306]siege of [307]ten years. He [308]likewise [309]reduced the [310]Falisci, [311]not so much by his [312]arms, as the [313]opinion they had of his [314]justice.
But after these [315]great [316]successes, the Romans were [317]nearly [318]ruined by the [319]Galli Senones,[107] who having [320]laid [321]siege to [322]Clusium in Etruria, the Romans [323]sent three of the [324]Fabian family ambassadors to them. These, [325]contrary to the [326]law of [327]nations, [328]marched out into the [329]field with the [330]Clusini against the [331]Gauls, which proceeding so [332]incensed the latter, that [333]leaving [334]Clusium, they marched to Rome. The Romans were [335]routed, and [336]put to [337]flight in the very [338]first [339]attack at Allia. After which the city was [340]taken and [341]burnt; the [342]Capitol, [343]whither the [344]flower of the Roman [345]youth [346]retreated, was [347]besieged, and had it not been for Manlius, who was afterwards surnamed [348]Capitolinus, would have been [349]taken by the [350]barbarians in the [351]night time; but he, being [352]awakened by the [353]cackling of [354]geese, and [355]others [356]with him, [357]pushed the [358]Gauls [359]as they [360]came up, [361]headlong down the precipice. [362]In the mean time [363]Camillus, who was [364]then in [365]exile at Ardea, being [366]recalled and [367]made [368]dictator, [369]raised an [370]army, [371]came to Rome, [372]drove them out, and at [373]about [374]eight [375]miles [376]distance from the city [377]utterly [378]destroyed their [379]whole [380]army.
[1] Il re Tarquínio
[2] famíglia
[3] bandíto
[4] L. Giúnio Bruto
[5] L. Tarquínio Collatíno
[6] fatto
[7] consóle
[8] il primo
[9] sevéro
[10] flagelláre
[11] decapitáre
[12] favoríre
[13] i re bandíti
[14] grande
[15] amíco
[16] púbblico
[17] libertà
[18] campo
[19] situato
[20] fra
[21] Tévere
[22] consacráto
[23] Marte
[24] indi
[25] chiamáto
[26] Campo Marzio
[27] Bruto
[28] moríre
[29] guerra
[30] contro
[31] riuscirono a persuadére
[32] vicíno
[33] nazióne
[34] assístere
[35] fra
[36] gli altri
[37] fare
[38] favóre
[39] bravúra
[40] Orázio Coclide
[41] rimarchevole
[42] mantenére
[43] conflítto
[44] contro
[45] vittorióso
[46] nemico
[47] infinchè
[48] ponte
[49] tagliáto
[50] allóra
[51] nuotáre e traversáre
[52] fiúme
[53] dovére
[54] passáre in silenzio
[55] nóbile
[56] intraprèsa
[57] Muzio Scévola
[58] segretaménte
[59] entráre
[60] nemíco
[61] campo
[62] risoluzióne
[63] uccídere
[64] ma
[65] isbáglio
[66] ammazzáre
[67] méttere
[68] mano
[69] fuóco
[70] altáre
[71] spaventáre
[72] fare
[73] pace
[74] ritornáre
[75] casa
[76] dopo
[77] Latíno
[78] guerra
[79] sotto
[80] condótta
[81] Ottávio Mamílio
[82] genero
[83] contro
[84] Postúmio
[85] dittatóre
[86] víncere
[87] memorábile
[88] battáglia
[89] Lago Regíllo
[90] dopo
[91] proclamáre
[92] contro
[93] Volsci
[94] leváre
[95] truppe
[96] mandáre
[97] soccórso
[98] Latíno
[99] precedente
[100] fortúna
[101] Caio Marzio Corioláno
[102] segnaláto
[103] condannáto
[104] assénza
[105] ritirársi
[106] consigliáre
[107] ricominciáre
[108] condótta
[109] scelto
[110] generále
[111] Tullio Accio
[112] sconfítto
[113] parécchie
[114] battáglia
[115] avanzáre
[116] infíno alle mura
[117] commósso
[118] preghiéra
[119] madre
[120] leváre
[121] assédio
[122] morte
[123] Corioláno
[124] continuáre
[125] confederatisi
[126] con gli
[127] Equi
[128] Erníci
[129] furono insieme potentemente
[130] battúto
[131] Spúrio Cássio
[132] tre volte
[133] consóle
[134] questi esaltáto
[135] succésso
[136] aspiráre
[137] trono
[138] ma
[139] impedíto
[140] diségno
[141] precipitáto
[142] rupe Tarpéa
[143] fondazióne
[144] plebe
[145] molto
[146] indebitáto
[147] irritáto
[148] crudeltà
[149] creditóre
[150] ritirársi
[151] di là
[152] Aniéno
[153] sacro monte
[154] riconciliáto
[155] pacifico
[156] persuasióne
[157] Menénio Agríppa
[158] prima
[159] ottenúto
[160] padre
[161] ufficiále
[162] costituíto
[163] protéggere
[164] violénza
[165] patrízj
[166] chiamáto
[167] tribúni
[168] popolo
[169] Vejénti
[170] famíglia
[171] Fabj
[172] intrapréndere
[173] maneggiáre
[174] accampáre
[175] fiúme
[176] Cremera
[177] acchiappáre
[178] nemíco
[179] uccíso
[180] giórno
[181] número
[182] Volsci
[183] continuáre
[184] spesso
[185] vinto
[186] specialménte
[187] Quínzio Cincinnáto
[188] Anzio
[189] metrópoli
[190] nazióne
[191] dopo
[192] preso
[193] áratro
[194] fatto
[195] dittatóre
[196] contro
[197] Equi
[198] liberáre
[199] consóle
[200] Minúcio
[201] assediáto
[202] forzáre
[203] nemico
[204] passáre sotto il
[205] giógo
[206] dopo
[207] fondazióne
[208] prima
[209] Cristo
[210] forma
[211] govérno
[212] cambiáto
[213] perchè
[214] invéce di
[215] consóle
[216] decemvíri
[217] creáto
[218] suprémo
[219] autorità
[220] fare
[221] legge
[222] pópolo
[223] sul modello di quello
[224] portáto
[225] Grécia
[226] abusáre
[227] potére
[228] obbligáto
[229] dimettere
[230] autorità
[231] cónsole
[232] tribúno
[233] ristabilíto
[234] tempo
[235] carestía
[236] procuráre
[237] arriváre
[238] trono
[239] distribuíre
[240] grano
[241] fra
[242] popolo
[243] ammazzáto
[244] órdine
[245] Quínzio Cincinnáto
[246] dittatóre
[247] C. Servílio Ahala
[248] maestro della cavalleria
[249] seguénte
[250] Fidenáti
[251] rivoltársi
[252] Larte Tolúnnio
[253] Vejénti
[254] méttere
[255] morte
[256] státua
[257] errétto
[258] fóro
[259] Vejénti
[260] l’anno dopo
[261] soggiogáto
[262] Mamérco Emílio
[263] dittatóre
[264] Tolúnnio
[265] ammazzáto
[266] Cornélio Cosso
[267] secóndo
[268] Romolo
[269] dedicáre
[270] spóglia
[271] chiamáto
[272] Opíme
[273] Gióve Feretrio
[274] censóre
[275] stabilíre
[276] tenére
[277] uffício
[278] al princípio
[279] cinque
[280] anno
[281] ma
[282] dopo
[283] ridótto
[284] Mamérco Emílio
[285] dittatóre
[286] mezzo
[287] dittatóre
[288] A. Postúmio
[289] fortunáto
[290] contro
[291] Equi
[292] Volsci
[293] macchiáre
[294] vittória
[295] sangue
[296] figlio
[297] decapitáre
[298] combáttere
[299] contro
[300] órdine
[301] città
[302] Vej
[303] preso
[304] Camíllo
[305] dopo
[306] assédio
[307] diéci
[308] pariménte
[309] ridúrre
[310] Falísci
[311] non tanto
[312] arme
[313] opinióne
[314] giustízia
[315] grande
[316] riuscita
[317] quasi
[318] rovináto
[319] Galli Sénoni
[320] méttere
[321] assédio
[322] Clusio
[323] mandáre
[324] famíglia de’ Fabj
[325] contro
[326] dirítto
[327] gente
[328] marciáre
[329] campo
[330] Clusíni
[331] Galli
[332] irritáre
[333] lasciáre
[334] Clusio
[335] sconfítto
[336] messo
[337] fuga
[338] primo
[339] attácco
[340] preso
[341] abbruciáto
[342] Campidóglio
[343] dove
[344] fiore
[345] gioventù
[346] ritirársi
[347] assediáto
[348] Capitolíno
[349] preso
[350] bárbaro
[351] notte tempo
[352] svegliáto
[353] il gracchiáre
[354] oca
[355] altro
[356] con
[357] buttáre
[358] Galli
[359] a misura che
[360] presentarsi
[361] a capo in giù nel precipízio
[362] nell’istésso tempo
[363] Camíllo
[364] allóra
[365] esílio
[366] richiamáto
[367] fatto
[368] dittatóre
[369] leváre
[370] armáta
[371] veníre
[372] scacciáre
[373] incírca
[374] otto
[375] míglia
[376] distánza
[377] completamente
[378] distrúggere
[379] tutto
[380] armáta
(Of the World, 3670—Of Rome, 370.)
The city being [1]destroyed by the Gauls, the Romans had [2]thoughts of [3]leaving it, and [4]removing to [5]Veii; but were [6]dissuaded from that [7]design by [8]Camillus; [9]whilst [10]Marcus Manlius (who [11]obtained the [12]surname of [13]Capitolinus for his [14]noble [15]defence of the [16]Capitol) [17]endeavoured by [18]ambition and [19]popular [20]favour [21]to possess himself of the [22]supreme [23]power, he was [24]thrown from the [25]Tarpeian rock, which he had [26]defended, in the year 370.
In the year 377, there was a [27]strong [28]contest [29]between the [30]nobility and the [31]people. [32]C. Licinius Stolo and [33]L. Sextius, [34]tribunes of [35]the people, [36]proposed a [37]law for [38]choosing [39]one of the consuls out [40]of the people. They [41]carried their point at last, in the year 387, and in the [42]following year [43]L. Sextius was elected consul.
[44]After this, the Romans had [45]war with the [46]Tiburtes, the [47]Tarquinenses, and [48]Falisci; and again with the [49]Gauls, who being [50]drawn up [51]in order of [52]battle, one of them [53]sent a [54]challenge[109] to the Romans, and was [55]slain by [56]one M. Valerius, a [57]tribune of the [58]soldiers, by the [59]assistance of a [60]crow, who [61]from thence had the [62]surname of [63]Corvinus.
[64]But of all their [65]wars, none was more [66]troublesome and [67]lasting than that [68]against the [69]Samnites; which the Romans [70]undertook the year of the city 411, at the [71]request of the [72]Campani. It [73]lasted [74]seventy years; [75]though they were [76]several times [77]beaten, as in the year 413, in which the [78]Latins [79]rose up in arms [80]against the Romans, but were the year after [81]conquered by the [82]consuls Torquatus and Decius; the [83]former of whom [84]beheaded his own [85]son for [86]fighting [87]without his [88]order; the [89]other [90]devoted himself to [91]destruction for the [92]army; after which the [93]enemies [94]submitted, but [95]soon after [96]rebelling again, they were [97]at last [98]entirely [99]reduced in the year 416.
[100]About this time the [101]Gauls [102]made a [103]peace with the Romans, which they [104]kept [105]thirty years. But in 450, the [106]Cisalpine, [107]together with the [108]Transalpine [109]Gauls, and the [110]Tuscans, [111]laid waste the [112]Roman [113]territories. The Cisalpine [114]returning [115]home [116]loaded with [117]spoils, [118]fell[110] out together about them. [119]Four years after that, having [120]joined the [121]Samnites and [122]Tuscans, they fell [123]upon the Roman [124]army [125]commanded by [126]L. Scipio, the [127]proprætor, in which [128]battle, [129]P. Decius [130]the consul [131]devoted himself.
[132]Ten years after this, the [133]Galli Senones being [134]invited by the [135]Lucani, [136]Brutii, Samnites, and Tuscans, [137]besieged [138]Aretium, and having [139]vanquished [140]L. Cæcilius the [141]prætor, [142]killed 13,000 Romans; which [143]overthrow the consul Dolobella [144]revenged upon them [145]soon after; for having [146]routed the [147]Gauls, and [148]taken their city of Sena, [149]he sent a [150]colony there. The [151]Boii being [152]moved at the [153]hard [154]fate of the [155]Senones, [156]entered into an [157]alliance with the [158]Tuscans, and [159]engaged the Romans at the [160]lake of [161]Vadimon; in which [162]battle [163]almost [164]all the Tuscans were [165]slain, and very [166]few of the Boii [167]escaped. This [168]happened in the year of the city 471; but in the [169]following year the Boii were [170]entirely [171]reduced, which was [172]about three years [173]before [174]Pyrrhus, [175]came into [176]Italy.
The [177]Palæpolitani [178]likewise, [179]where [180]now [181]Naples is, [182]venturing to make war upon the Romans,[111] were [183]subdued the third year [184]after, [185]that is to say, in the year of the city 428, by [186]Publius the proconsul.
The [187]twelve [188]nations of the Tuscans, [189]rising for the [190]utter ruin [191]of the Roman name in the year of the city 442, were [192]routed in a great [193]battle by Fabius the [194]consul, in the [195]year 444, in which were [196]slain, or [197]taken of the [198]enemy, to the [199]number of 60,000.
In the year 472, the [200]Tarentines, [201]brought the [202]Romans against them [203]by plundering their [204]fleet, and [205]assailing their [206]ambassadors, who [207]came to [208]complain of the [209]injury. They, [210]together with the [211]Samnites, and [212]Salentines, were [213]defeated by L. [214]Æmilius Barbula. [215]Terrified at this [216]ill fortune, they [217]sent for [218]Pyrrhus to their [219]assistance; who, in the year of the city 474, having [220]brought over an [221]army into [222]Italy, [223]waged against the Romans [224]a war which [225]lasted six years. In the [226]first [227]encounter the Romans, [228]headed by [229]Lævinus, being [230]conquered, not so much by the [231]strength of the [232]enemy, as by the [233]strange [234]shape of the [235]elephants, [236]yielded up the [237]day: Pyrrhus [238]dismissed all the [239]prisoners [240]without [241]ransom.[112] [242]Soon after, having [243]made some [244]fruitless [245]overtures of [246]peace by his [247]ambassador [248]Cyneas ([249]for [250]Appius Claudius [251]obstructed it), he [252]engaged the Romans [253]twice: the [254]victory [255]both times being [256]dubious. He was [257]then [258]invited by the [259]Syracusans [260]into Sicily against [261]the Carthaginians; [262]where [263]matters [264]not succeeding [265]according to his [266]desires, he [267]returned into [268]Italy in the year 479; and being [269]defeated, [270]forced out of his [271]camp, and [272]beaten from [273]Tarentum, he returned into [274]Epirus.
[1] distrúggere
[2] idea
[3] abbandonáre
[4] traslocarsi
[5] Vej
[6] dissuáso
[7] diségno
[8] Camíllo
[9] mentre
[10] Marco Mánlio
[11] ottenere
[12] cognóme
[13] Capitolíno
[14] nóbile
[15] difésa
[16] campidóglio
[17] cercáre
[18] ambizione
[19] popoláre
[20] favóre
[21] impadronírsi
[22] suprémo
[23] potére
[24] precipitáto
[25] rocca Tarpéa
[26] diféndere
[27] grande
[28] contésa
[29] fra
[30] nobiltà
[31] popolo
[32] C. Licínio Stolone
[33] L. Séstio
[34] tribúno
[35] popolo
[36] propórre
[37] legge
[38] scegliere
[39] cónsole
[40] d’infra’l popolo
[41] riuscíre
[42] seguénte
[43] L. Séstio fu eletto cónsole
[44] dopo
[45] guerra
[46] Tibúrti
[47] Tarquiniési
[48] Falísci
[49] Gálli
[50] méttersi
[51] órdine
[52] battáglia
[53] mandáre
[54] disfída
[55] uccídere
[56] certo M. Valério
[57] tribúno
[58] soldato
[59] assisténza
[60] corvo
[61] da ció
[62] cognóme
[63] Corvíno
[64] ma
[65] guerra
[66] gravóso
[67] lunga
[68] contro
[69] Sanníti
[70] intrapréndere
[71] richiésta
[72] Campáni
[73] duráre
[74] settánta
[75] benchè
[76] spesse volte
[77] battúto
[78] Latíno
[79] préndere l’armi
[80] contro
[81] vincere
[82] cónsoli Torquáto e Decio
[83] primo
[84] decapitáre
[85] figliuólo
[86] aver combáttuto
[87] senza
[88] órdine
[89] altro
[90] consacrársi
[91] morte
[92] armáta
[93] nemíco
[94] sottomettérsi
[95] poco dopo
[96] ribelláre
[97] alla fine
[98] affátto
[99] ridótto
[100] incírca
[101] Galli
[102] fare
[103] pace
[104] mantenere
[105] trenta
[106] Cisalpíno
[107] assieme con
[108] Transalpíno
[109] Galli
[110] Toscáni
[111] dare il guasto a
[112] Románo
[113] território
[114] ritornáre
[115] casa
[116] carico
[117] spóglia
[118] contendere
[119] quattro
[120] unírsi
[121] Sanníti
[122] Toscáni
[123] assalíre
[124] armáta
[125] comandáre
[126] L. Scipióne
[127] propretóre
[128] battáglia
[129] P. Decio
[130] cónsole
[131] sacrificò se stesso
[132] diéci
[133] Galli Senoni
[134] invitáto
[135] Lucáni
[136] Bruzi
[137] assediáre
[138] Arezzo
[139] víncere
[140] L. Cecílio
[141] pretore
[142] ammazzáre
[143] sconfítta
[144] vendicáre
[145] poco dopo
[146] sconfíggere
[147] Galli
[148] preso
[149] mandáre
[150] colónia
[151] Boj
[152] commósso
[153] duro
[154] condizione
[155] Senoni
[156] entráre
[157] alleánza
[158] Toscáni
[159] veníre a giornáta con
[160] lago
[161] Vadimóne
[162] battáglia
[163] quasi
[164] tutto
[165] uccíso
[166] poco
[167] scampáre
[168] succédere
[169] seguente
[170] affátto
[171] sottomesso
[172] incírca
[173] primachè
[174] Pirro
[175] veníre
[176] Itália
[177] Palepolitáni
[178] pariménte
[179] dove
[180] adésso
[181] Napóli
[182] avventuráre
[183] soggiogáto
[184] dopo
[185] cioè a dire
[186] próconsole Públio
[187] dódici
[188] nazióne
[189] essendosi levate in armi
[190] totale
[191] sterminio
[192] sconfíggere
[193] battáglia
[194] cónsole
[195] anno
[196] uccíso
[197] preso
[198] nemíco
[199] numero
[200] Tarentíni
[201] tirársi addósso
[202] Románo
[203] saccheggiáre
[204] flotta
[205] maltrattáre
[206] ambasciadóre
[207] veníre
[208] lamentársi
[209] ingiúria
[210] insiéme
[211] Sanníti
[212] Salentíni
[213] sconfítto
[214] Emílio Bárbula
[215] spaventáto
[216] sventúra
[217] mandár a cercáre
[218] Pirro
[219] ajúto
[220] trasportáre
[221] armáta
[222] Itália
[223] fare
[224] guerra
[225] duráre
[226] prima
[227] zuffa
[228] comandáto
[229] Lavínio
[230] superato
[231] sforza
[232] nemíco
[233] strano
[234] forma
[235] elefánte
[236] cédere
[237] vittoria
[238] rimandáre
[239] prigioniéro
[240] senza
[241] taglia
[242] poco dopo
[243] fatto
[244] inútile
[245] trattative
[246] pace
[247] ambasciadóre
[248] Cinéa
[249] perchè
[250] Áppio Cláudio
[251] impedíre
[252] attaccáre
[253] due volte
[254] vittória
[255] due
[256] dubbio
[257] allóra
[258] invitáto
[259] Siracuséi
[260] ad andáre in
[261] Cartaginése
[262] dove
[263] cosa
[264] riuscíre
[265] secóndo
[266] desiderio
[267] ritornáre
[268] Itália
[269] sconfítto
[270] forzato di sloggiáre
[271] accampamento
[272] scacciato
[273] Táranto
[274] Epíro
(Of the World, 3790—Of Rome, 490.)
[1]After this, a [2]war [3]broke out [4]between the Romans and the [5]Carthaginians, in the year of the city 490, [6]occasioned by the [7]ambition and [8]formidable [9]power of each of them. [10]Hiero, king of Syracuse, and [11]ally of the Carthaginians, [12]made war against the [13]Mamertini, who had [14]seized upon Messana. They [15]applied to the Romans for [16]help, who [17]carrying over an [18]army into [19]Sicily, [20]fell upon Hiero, and the Carthaginians. The [21]fortune of the war was for a [22]long time very [23]doubtful; the Carthaginians [24]being successful by[113] [25]sea, and the Romans by [26]land. The most [27]memorable [28]person in all this war was [29]Attilius Regulus, who having [30]brought the Carthaginians [31]very low by two [32]victories [33]obtained over them at sea and land; and [34]refusing to [35]grant them [36]peace but upon [37]hard terms, he was [38]vanquished by [39]Xantippus the [40]Lacedæmonian [41]general, and [42]taken [43]prisoner with 15,000 [44]men, 30,000 being [45]slain, in the year 498. Being [46]afterwards [47]sent to [48]Rome by the [49]Carthaginians, to [50]treat with the [51]senate upon an [52]exchange of [53]prisoners, he [54]interposed to [55]prevent it, and [56]returning to [57]Carthage, was [58]put to [59]death in the most [60]cruel [61]manner [62]imaginable, as [63]many [64]authors [65]tell us. The [66]first among the Romans that [67]obtained a [68]victory by sea, was C. [69]Duilius, in the first year of this [70]war. C. [71]Lutatius [72]gained [73]another in the 23rd and [74]last year; in which he [75]made an end of the war with the Carthaginians, [76]near the [77]island of the [78]Ægates. A [79]peace was [80]concluded upon these [81]terms, that they should [82]quit all the islands which [83]lie between Italy and Africa, and should [84]pay [85]yearly 2,200 [86]talents for [87]twenty[114] years [88]together. This [89]happened in the year of the city 513, and 241 before [90]Christ.
In the year 519, the [91]temple of [92]Janus was [93]shut, which very rarely [94]happened in Rome; but upon the [95]breaking out of new wars, it was [96]soon [97]open again. The [98]Ligures, the Sardi, and Corsi were [99]subdued; after which the Romans [100]had war with the [101]Illyrians, and their [102]queen Teuta, which war was [103]ended in [104]three years time. There [105]happened [106]about this [107]time a [108]dreadful [109]irruption of the [110]Gauls. The [111]Insubres and [112]Boii, having [113]first [114]sent for some [115]transalpine Gauls, [116]fell upon the Romans, [117]on account of the [118]land in Picene, that had been [119]taken from the Galli [120]Senones, and [121]disposed of by [122]Flaminius, [123]tribune of the [124]people, by virtue of the [125]Agrarian law, [126]made in the year of the city 452. They were [127]several times [128]worsted, and the Insubres [129]entirely [130]subdued, and king [131]Virdumarus [132]slain by C. [133]Marcellus, the [134]consul, who was the only person after [135]Romulus that [136]consecrated [137]Opima Spolia to [138]Jupiter Feretrius. In this war Hiero, king of Sicily, [139]sent the Romans a [140]vast quantity of [141]corn, the [142]price of which he [143]received after the war was [144]ended.
After this, [145]followed a [146]second war with the Carthaginians, four and twenty years after the [147]end of the [148]former; which [149]indeed did not [150]last [151]so long, but was [152]so much more [153]terrible for the [154]dreadful [155]slaughter that was made in it ([156]says Florus) that if [157]any one [158]compared the [159]losses on [160]each side, the [161]people that [162]proved [163]victorious [164]seemed more [165]likely to be [166]conquered. The first cause of this war was the [167]same with that of the former, [168]ambition and the [169]impatience of the Carthaginians [170]under their [171]servitude. The first cause of this [172]combustion was [173]Hannibal, the son of [174]Hamilcar, who was [175]general of the [176]Carthaginians in the [177]former [178]war, and had [179]accepted the [180]conditions of peace [181]with a heavy heart. For after [182]affairs were [183]settled in Africa, being [184]sent into [185]Spain, in the year of the city 517, he [186]carried along with him Hannibal, who [187]was then nine years old, having [188]first [189]brought him before an [190]altar, and [191]made him [192]swear that he [193]never would be a [194]friend to the Romans. Hamilcar being [195]slain about nine years after, Asdrubal, his son-in-law, was [196]put in his [197]place. He [198]sent for Hannibal, and being slain himself eight years after, was [199]succeeded by him, [200]being in the 27th year of his age.[116] [201]As soon as he was made [202]general, he [203]conquered all Spain within the river [204]Iberus. After that he [205]fell upon the [206]town of [207]Saguntum with all his [208]forces, and [209]took it, after a [210]siege of seven [211]months. The [212]Saguntines having [213]in vain [214]waited for [215]assistance from the Romans, [216]were all destroyed [217]partly by the [218]enemy’s [219]sword, and [220]partly by their own [221]hands. This war [222]broke out in the year of the city 536; and [223]lasted seventeen years.
Upon the first [224]coming of Hannibal into Italy, both the [225]consuls were [226]defeated, P. [227]Cornelius at [228]Ticinum, and [229]Sempronius at Trebia. They [230]received a greater [231]overthrow the [232]following year near the [233]Thrasymene [234]lake. [235]In the mean time, Q. [236]Fabius Maximus being made [237]dictator by the [238]people, [239]recovered in some [240]measure the Roman [241]affairs. But the most [242]fatal [243]stroke was that of Cannæ, in the year of the city 538, [244]occasioned by the [245]rashness of one of the [246]consuls, [247]Terentius Varro. [248]Forty thousand Romans were [249]killed in that [250]battle: [251]however, their [252]courage was not [253]cast down by this [254]overthrow; [255]for they would not [256]redeem those that had been [257]taken [258]prisoners, in the battle of Cannæ. In the year[117] 540, the [259]consul [260]Marcellus [261]besieged [262]Syracuse, which had [263]declared for the Carthaginians; it was [264]wonderfully [265]defended a long time by the [266]contrivance of [267]Archimedes, who was an [268]excellent [269]astronomer, but more [270]famous for the [271]invention of [272]military [273]engines. It was [274]taken [275]at last with [276]much [277]difficulty, after a [278]siege of three years. We are [279]told that Archimedes being very [280]intent upon his [281]study at that time, and not [282]minding the [283]hurry, and [284]noise of the [285]army, when they [286]broke into the [287]town, was [288]killed by a [289]soldier; that Marcellus was much [290]concerned for his [291]death, having [292]given [293]strict [294]charge to his [295]men to [296]spare his [297]life.
[298]In the mean time, [299]Lævinus the [300]prætor [301]stopt [302]Philip king of [303]Macedon, who having made an [304]alliance with Hannibal, was [305]ready to [306]come into Italy, and [307]forced him to [308]burn his [309]fleet, and [310]retreat into Macedon, in the year of the city 542. But in Spain, the two [311]brothers P. and C. [312]Scipio, who had [313]till then [314]prevented Hasdrubal’s [315]passage into Italy to his brother Hannibal, and had [316]performed a great many [317]gallant actions, were both slain, and their [318]armies [319]destroyed.[118] L. Marcus, a Roman knight, being [320]chosen general, by the [321]votes of the [322]soldiers, [323]upheld their [324]tottering [325]cause; by whose [326]conduct in one [327]day, and a [328]night, two [329]camps of the [330]enemy were [331]taken by [332]assault, and about [333]thirty-seven thousand [334]men [335]slain. The [336]same year [337]Tarentum, [338]except the [339]citadel, was taken by Hannibal; and Capua [340]besieged by the Romans; and Hannibal [341]marched to Rome to [342]draw them from it. But a [343]sudden [344]storm [345]arising, [346]forced him from the [347]walls, and the [348]sight of it. Capua was after that [349]surrendered to the Romans, the [350]grandees of which [351]poisoned themselves; the [352]senators were [353]beheaded, and the city [354]deprived of its [355]liberty.
There was a [356]son of that P. Scipio, who, as we have said was [357]killed in [358]Spain, [359]named [360]likewise P. Scipio, who after the [361]death of his [362]father and [363]uncle, was [364]sent into Spain, [365]being but twenty-four years old. There having [366]performed very great [367]things, and [368]vanquished Hasdrubal, the son of [369]Gisco and [370]Mago, [371]he drove the Carthaginians out of Spain, in five years after he [372]came there; from thence [373]passing over into Africa, he [374]made an [375]alliance with [376]Syphax, king of the [377]Masylians, and after that with Masanissa,[119] king of the [378]Masasulians. These things [379]were done in the year 548, and the [380]third from the [381]death of [382]Marcellus; who having been [383]successful in [384]several [385]battles with Hannibal, was [386]at last, [387]trepanned by an [388]ambuscade, and slain. In the [389]following year, Hasdrubal was [390]cut off, with his [391]army [392]before he could [393]join his [394]brother, by the two [395]consuls, [396]Claudius Nero and [397]Livius Salinator. Hannibal was [398]then in Apulia, [399]opposed by Nero the consul. [400]Livy was [401]encamped in [402]Cisalpine Gaul [403]against Hasdrubal, Nero [404]marched [405]through Italy [406]privately, in six [407]days time, [408]came to the [409]camp of his [410]colleague with a [411]part of his [412]army, and having [413]conquered the [414]enemy, [415]returned to his camp before Hannibal [416]perceived that he was [417]gone. There are [418]said to have been 56,000 of the [419]enemy [420]slain in the [421]battle, and 5,400 [422]taken [423]prisoners. The head [424]of Hasdrubal was [425]thrown before the [426]advanced guard of the Carthaginians by Nero.
P. Scipio [427]resolved to [428]carry the [429]war into Africa, that he might [430]draw Hannibal out of Italy; but [431]at first that being [432]looked upon as a [433]rash [434]design, he had neither [435]money nor [436]men from the[120] [437]government. [438]Wherefore, having [439]raised none but [440]volunteers, and [441]borrowed money, he first [442]went to [443]Sicily, and [444]from thence to Africa, in the year 550; [445]when the [446]image of the [447]Idæan mother was [448]brought from [449]Pessinus in [450]Phrygia, to Rome, [451]according to the [452]advice of [453]the oracle.
The general [454]employed [455]against him by the [456]Carthaginians was Hasdrubal, the son of Gisco, who had [457]contracted his daughter [458]Sophonisba to Masanissa. But the Carthaginians had [459]given her to [460]Syphax, (who being [461]in love with the [462]young lady, [463]laid waste their [464]country in the [465]absence of her [466]father and [467]husband) to [468]take him off from the Roman [469]alliance: at which [470]usage Masanissa being [471]incensed, he [472]gave himself up [473]entirely to the Roman [474]interest, and was very [475]serviceable to them in [476]reducing the Carthaginians.
[477]After a great many [478]overthrows, the Carthaginians [479]found themselves [480]obliged to [481]recall Hannibal out of Italy, to the [482]defence of their country, where, after a [483]fruitless [484]overture of [485]peace, he was [486]vanquished by Scipio, and an [487]end was put to the [488]war, after it had [489]lasted seven years.
The second [490]Punic war was [491]followed by the [492]Macedonian, [493]against king Philip. That which put[121] the Romans upon it was the [494]former injuries [495]Philip had done them, [496]as likewise the late [497]vexation he had given their [498]allies, [499]especially the Athenians, who being [500]harassed by the king, [501]fled to the Romans. [502]At length [503]Titus Quinctius Flaminius [504]put an end to the war, four years after it [505]began, by the [506]conquest of Philip at [507]Cynoscephalæ, in [508]Thessaly.
After this [509]followed the war with [510]Antiochus, king of Asia, who having [511]recovered Syria, and [512]conquered Scopas, the general of [513]Ptolemæus Epiphanes, [514]began now to be [515]formidable to the Romans, [516]against whom Hannibal did not a little [517]inflame him; who, for [518]fear of the same [519]enemy, had [520]fled to the king. The [521]ambassadors of the [522]Ætolians too, who were now [523]averse to the Roman [524]alliance, [525]contributed not a [526]little towards it. Antiochus [527]therefore having [528]clapped up a peace with [529]Ptolemy, to whom he [530]gave his daughter Cleopatra in [531]marriage, and [532]granted [533]Cœlo Syria, and [534]Judea by way of [535]portion, [536]made war upon the Romans, which being begun in the year of the city 562, [537]lasted three years in all. For in the year 565, L. [538]Cornelius Scipio the [539]consul, [540]going over into Asia, with his brother P. Scipio [541]Africanus, as his [542]lieutenant, did, by the [543]assistance,[122] [544]chiefly of his [545]counsel, [546]conquer Antiochus. Livy [547]tells us, there were 50,000 [548]foot [549]slain in one [550]battle, and 4,000 [551]horse. A peace was [552]granted Antiochus [553]upon the following condition [554]among others, that he should [555]recede [556]from all the countries [557]on this side [558]mount Taurus.
After Antiochus was [559]conquered, the Ætolians were [560]reduced by Fulvius the consul; and the same year the Gallo-Greci were [561]subdued by the other [562]consul, Cneius Manlius.
In the 149th [563]Olympiad [564]died three [565]famous generals, P. Scipio, Hannibal, and [566]Philopæmen. Scipio was [567]impeached for [568]taking [569]money of Antiochus for the peace [570]he granted him; after which he [571]retired to [572]Liturnum in Campania, and [573]died there in the year of the city 570. Hannibal a year or two after (for [574]historians are not [575]agreed upon the [576]matter) being [577]demanded of Drusias, king of Bythynia, by the Roman [578]ambassadors, [579]in order to be [580]put to [581]death, [582]poisoned himself. [583]About the [584]same time Philopæmen, general of the [585]Achæans, was [586]taken by the [587]Messenians, and [588]slain, after he had [589]forced to a [590]submission the Lacedæmonians, who had [591]thrown off the Achæan [592]alliance.
In the mean time Philip, being [593]checked [594]rather[123] than [595]conquered in the [596]former war, was [597]very busy in [598]making [599]preparations for [600]another; but before [601]matters were [602]ripe [603]enough [604]for that purpose, he died, and was [605]succeeded by his son [606]Perseus, who [607]went on with the [608]preparations of war [609]against the Romans; which was [610]finished in four years after its [611]beginning with the [612]ruin of him and the [613]kingdom of Macedon [614]together, in the year of the city 586. The general [615]employed by the Romans in that war, was [616]Paulus Æmilius, who in one [617]battle, [618]wherein were slain 20,000 [619]men, and 11,000 [620]taken [621]prisoners, [622]put a [623]final period to the [624]Macedonian [625]empire in the [626]11th year of king Perseus. About the same time, [627]Gentius, king of the [628]Illyrians, being [629]trepanned into an [630]alliance by Perseus, was [631]conquered by [632]Amicius the [633]prætor.
After the [634]conquest of Antiochus, the Macedonians [635]rebelled again, but were [636]subdued, and Macedon [637]reduced to the [638]rank of a [639]province.
Some time after a war [640]broke out with the [641]Achæans, who having [642]pulled down all the [643]walls of [644]Lacedæmon, and [645]taken away their [646]ancient [647]laws, had [648]obliged them to [649]unite with them; which the Lacedæmonians [650]complained of to the[124] Romans, who [651]sent [652]against the Achæans Metellus the prætor, by whom they were [653]defeated in two [654]engagements at [655]Thermopylæ, and in [656]Phocis; and [657]presently after [658]entirely reduced by the consul [659]L. Nummius, and [660]Corinth, the [661]metropolis of their [662]nation, [663]burnt.
The same year Carthage was [664]taken and [665]destroyed. The [666]occasion of this war was a [667]difference [668]between Masanissa and the Carthaginians [669]about their [670]territories; which [671]controversy being [672]referred to the Romans, they obliged the Carthaginians to [673]give up the [674]country in [675]dispute, and [676]money, also, to Masanissa. But the Romans had [677]before-hand [678]resolved [679]utterly to [680]raze Carthage, [681]right or wrong, [682]chiefly at the [683]instigation of [684]Marcus Cato the censor, who, whenever he [685]gave his [686]opinion upon any [687]debate in the [688]senate, [689]used [690]finally to [691]add, Carthage [692]must be [693]destroyed. [694]Wherefore in the year of the city 605, Carthage was [695]besieged by the consuls [696]Manilius and [697]Censorinus. They soon after [698]surrendered to the Romans; but being [699]ordered to [700]demolish their city, and [701]fix themselves at ten [702]miles [703]distance from the [704]sea, they were so [705]inflamed with [706]fury and [707]despair, that they [708]held out[125] even [709]beyond their [710]strength, [711]till in the fourth year, the [712]same in which [713]Corinth was destroyed, it was [714]taken by [715]P. Cornelius Scipio, the [716]proconsul, who was [717]Paulus Æmilius’s son, and had been [718]adopted by the son of Scipio Africanus. At the [719]beginning of the war Masanissa, king of the [720]Numidians, [721]died, in the 97th year of his [722]age, having [723]left behind him forty-four sons, and [724]continued [725]an ally of the Romans near 60 years.
[1] dopo
[2] guerra
[3] destarsi
[4] tra
[5] Cartaginése
[6] causáre
[7] ambizióne
[8] formidábile
[9] potére
[10] Gerone
[11] alleáto
[12] guerreggiáre
[13] Mamertíni
[14] usurpáto
[15] ricorrere
[16] ajúto
[17] trasportáre
[18] armáta
[19] Sicília
[20] attaccáre
[21] sorte
[22] lungo tempo
[23] incérto
[24] prosperando
[25] mare
[26] terra
[27] memorábile
[28] persóna
[29] Attílio Régolo
[30] abbattúto
[31] fortemente
[32] vittória
[33] riportáto
[34] rifiutáre
[35] accordáre
[36] pace
[37] dure condizioni
[38] vinto
[39] Santíppo
[40] Lacedémone
[41] generále
[42] fatto
[43] prigióne
[44] uómo
[45] uccíso
[46] indi
[47] mandáto
[48] Roma
[49] Cartaginési
[50] trattáre
[51] senáto
[52] cámbio
[53] prigioniéro
[54] interpórre
[55] impedíre
[56] tornáre
[57] Cartágine
[58] messo
[59] morte
[60] crudéle
[61] maniéra
[62] immaginábile
[63] molto
[64] autóre
[65] rapportáre
[66] primo
[67] riportáre
[68] vittória
[69] Duílio
[70] guerra
[71] Lutázio
[72] guadagnare
[73] altro
[74] último
[75] termináre
[76] vicíno
[77] ísola
[78] Egáte
[79] pace
[80] conclúso
[81] condizióne
[82] abbandonáre
[83] situáto
[84] pagáre
[85] annualménte
[86] talénto
[87] venti
[88] di séguito
[89] succédere
[90] Cristo
[91] témpio
[92] Giáno
[93] chiúso
[94] raraménte
[95] scopiáre
[96] presto
[97] apérto
[98] Líguri
[99] vinto
[100] guerreggiáre
[101] Illírici
[102] regína
[103] termináre
[104] tre anni
[105] avveníre
[106] incírca
[107] tempo
[108] terríbile
[109] incursióne
[110] Galli
[111] Insúbri
[112] Boj
[113] prima
[114] mandáre
[115] transalpíno
[116] attaccáre
[117] a cagióne
[118] terra
[119] tolto
[120] Sénoni
[121] distribuíre
[122] Flaminio
[123] tribuno
[124] pópolo
[125] legge Agrária
[126] fatto
[127] parécchie volte
[128] malmenato
[129] affátto
[130] soggiogato
[131] Virdumáro
[132] uccíso
[133] Marcéllo
[134] cónsole
[135] Rómolo
[136] consacráre
[137] Opíma spóglia
[138] Gióve Ferétrio
[139] mandáre
[140] imménsa quantità
[141] grano
[142] prezzo
[143] ricévere
[144] termináto
[145] seguíre
[146] secóndo
[147] fine
[148] precedénte
[149] alla verità
[150] duráre
[151] cotánto
[152] tanto
[153] più
[154] terríbile
[155] orréndo
[156] macéllo
[157] al dire di Floro
[158] paragonáre
[159] pérdita
[160] da ambe le parti
[161] nazione
[162] sortíre
[163] vittorióso
[164] parére
[165] più presto
[166] vinto
[167] stesso
[168] ambizióne
[169] impaziénza
[170] sotto
[171] servitù
[172] incéndio
[173] Anníbale
[174] Amílcare
[175] generále
[176] Cartaginési
[177] antecedénte
[178] guerra
[179] accettáto
[180] condizióne
[181] di mal animo
[182] affáre
[183] stabilíto
[184] mandáto
[185] Spagna
[186] condurre seco
[187] avére allóra nove anni
[188] primieraménte
[189] presentáto
[190] altáre
[191] fatto
[192] giuráre
[193] mai
[194] amíco
[195] uccíso
[196] messo
[197] posto
[198] mandár a cercáre
[199] succédere
[200] in età di venti sette anni
[201] súbito che
[202] fatto
[203] conquistáre
[204] fiúme Ibéro
[205] investíre
[206] città
[207] Sagúnto
[208] forza
[209] préndere
[210] assédio
[211] mese
[212] Saguntíni
[213] indárno
[214] aspettáto
[215] assisténza
[216] períre tutti
[217] parte
[218] nemíco
[219] spada
[220] parte
[221] mano
[222] principiáre
[223] duráre
[224] venúta
[225] cónsole
[226] sconfítto
[227] Cornélio
[228] Ticíno
[229] Semprónio
[230] ricévere
[231] rotta
[232] seguénte
[233] Trasiméne
[234] lago
[235] nell’ istésso témpo
[236] Fábio Mássimo
[237] dittatóre
[238] pópolo
[239] rimettere
[240] modo
[241] affáre
[242] fatále
[243] colpo
[244] cagionáto
[245] temerità
[246] cónsole
[247] Terénzio Varróne
[248] quaránta mila
[249] uccíso
[250] battáglia
[251] con tutto ciò
[252] corággio
[253] abbattuto
[254] rotta
[255] così che
[256] riscattáre
[257] preso
[258] prigioniéro
[259] cónsole
[260] Marcéllo
[261] assediáre
[262] Siracúsa
[263] dichiaráto
[264] maravigliosaménte
[265] diféso
[266] ingégno
[267] Archímede
[268] eccellénte
[269] astrónomo
[270] famóso
[271] invenzióne
[272] militáre
[273] mácchina
[274] preso
[275] alla fine
[276] molto
[277] difficoltà
[278] assédio
[279] dire
[280] fisso
[281] stúdio
[282] badáre
[283] confusióne
[284] strépito
[285] armáta
[286] avventársi
[287] città
[288] uccíso
[289] soldáto
[290] afflítto
[291] morte
[292] dato
[293] precíso
[294] órdine
[295] génte
[296] salváre
[297] vita
[298] nell’ istésso tempo
[299] Lavínio
[300] pretóre
[301] fermáre
[302] Filíppo
[303] Macedónia
[304] alleánza
[305] stava per
[306] veníre
[307] forzáre
[308] abbruciáre
[309] flotta
[310] ritirársi
[311] fratéllo
[312] Scipióne
[313] fin allóra
[314] impedíto
[315] passággio
[316] fare
[317] azioni valorose
[318] armáta
[319] distrútta
[320] elétto
[321] voto
[322] soldáto
[323] sostenére
[324] vacillánte
[325] causa
[326] condótta
[327] giórno
[328] notte
[329] campo
[330] nemíco
[331] preso
[332] assálto
[333] trenta sette mila
[334] uómo
[335] uccíso
[336] stesso
[337] Táranto
[338] eccettuáto
[339] cittadella
[340] assediáto
[341] marciáre
[342] trarre
[343] repentíno
[344] tempésta
[345] sollevársi
[346] lo costrínse d’allontanarsi
[347] muro
[348] vista
[349] reso
[350] grande
[351] avvelenársi
[352] senatóre
[353] decapitáto
[354] priváto
[355] libertà
[356] figlio
[357] ammazzáto
[358] Spagna
[359] nomináto
[360] pariménte
[361] morte
[362] padre
[363] zio
[364] mandáto
[365] non avéndo che 24 anni
[366] fatto
[367] cosa
[368] vinto
[369] Giscóne
[370] Magóne
[371] scacciáre
[372] veníre
[373] passáre
[374] fare
[375] alleánza
[376] Sifáce
[377] Masiliáni
[378] Masasuliáni
[379] succédere
[380] terzo
[381] morte
[382] Marcéllo
[383] fortunáto
[384] molto
[385] battáglia
[386] alla fine
[387] tiráto
[388] imboscata
[389] seguente
[390] tagliáto a pezzi
[391] armáta
[392] prima che
[393] unírsi
[394] fratéllo
[395] cónsole
[396] Claudio Neróne
[397] Lívio Salinatóre
[398] allóra
[399] oppósto
[400] Lívio
[401] accampáto
[402] Gállia Cisalpína
[403] contro
[404] marciáre
[405] attravérso
[406] segretaménte
[407] giórno
[408] veníre
[409] campo
[410] colléga
[411] parte
[412] armáta
[413] vinto
[414] nemíco
[415] tornáre
[416] accórgersi
[417] andáto
[418] dire
[419] nemíco
[420] uccíso
[421] battáglia
[422] preso
[423] prigioniéro
[424] testa
[425] gettáta
[426] la guárdia avanzáta
[427] risólvere
[428] portáre
[429] guerra
[430] trarre
[431] alla prima
[432] consideráto
[433] temerário
[434] diségno
[435] danáro
[436] gente
[437] govérno
[438] perciò
[439] leváre
[440] voluntário
[441] pigliar ad imprestito
[442] andáre
[443] Sicília
[444] di là
[445] quando
[446] simulácro
[447] madre Idéa
[448] portáto
[449] Pessínno
[450] Frígia
[451] secóndo
[452] consíglio
[453] orácolo
[454] impiegáto
[455] contro
[456] Cartaginési
[457] promésso
[458] Sofonísba
[459] dato
[460] Sifáce
[461] innamoráto
[462] gióvane
[463] devastáre
[464] paése
[465] assénza
[466] padre
[467] consórte
[468] distrárre
[469] alleánza
[470] tratto
[471] irritáto
[472] dedicarsi
[473] affátto
[474] interésse
[475] utile
[476] debelláre
[477] dopo
[478] sconfítta
[479] trovársi
[480] obbligáto
[481] richiamáre
[482] difesa
[483] vano
[484] trattativa
[485] pace
[486] vinto
[487] termináto
[488] guerra
[489] duráto
[490] Púnico
[491] seguíto
[492] Macédonico
[493] contro
[494] precedénte
[495] ingiúria
[496] come anche
[497] fastídio
[498] confederáto
[499] specialménte
[500] molestáre
[501] volgersi
[502] alla fine
[503] Tito Quínzio Flamínio
[504] termináre
[505] principiáre
[506] col vincere
[507] Cinoscefále
[508] Tesságlia
[509] seguíre
[510] Antíoco
[511] ricuperáto
[512] conquistato
[513] Toloméo Epífane
[514] principiáre
[515] formidábile
[516] contro
[517] infiammáre
[518] paúra
[519] nemíco
[520] fuggíto
[521] ambasciadóre
[522] Etoliáni
[523] contrário
[524] alleánza
[525] contribuíre
[526] poco
[527] perciò
[528] fatto una pace finta
[529] Toloméo
[530] dare
[531] matrimónio
[532] concédere
[533] Celo Síria
[534] Giudéa
[535] dote
[536] impréndere guerra
[537] duráre
[538] Cornélio Scipióne
[539] cónsole
[540] passáre
[541] l’Africáno
[542] luogotenénte
[543] ajúto
[544] sopra tutto
[545] consíglio
[546] vincere
[547] dire
[548] soldati d’infantería
[549] uccíso
[550] battáglia
[551] cavalleria
[552] concésso a
[553] con questo patto
[554] fra
[555] ritirarsi
[556] da tutto il paese
[557] di quà dal
[558] monte Tauro
[559] vinto
[560] debelláto
[561] soggiogáto
[562] cónsole Gneo Mánlio
[563] Olimpíade
[564] moríre
[565] famóso
[566] Filopeméno
[567] accusato
[568] d’aver ricevuto
[569] danáro
[570] accordáre
[571] ritirársi
[572] Litúrno
[573] moríre
[574] istórico
[575] d’accórdo
[576] cosa
[577] richiésto
[578] ambasciadóre
[579] acciò
[580] messo
[581] morte
[582] avvelenársi
[583] incírca
[584] stesso tempo
[585] Achei
[586] preso
[587] Messenj
[588] uccíso
[589] costrétto
[590] sommettersi
[591] rinunziato
[592] alleánza
[593] sbattuto
[594] piuttósto
[595] debelláto
[596] precedénte
[597] affaccendáto
[598] fare
[599] preparatívo
[600] altro
[601] cosa
[602] matúro
[603] abbastánza
[604] a questo effetto
[605] gli successe
[606] Perséo
[607] continuáre
[608] preparatívo
[609] contro
[610] termináto
[611] princípio
[612] rovína
[613] regno
[614] ancóra
[615] impiegáto
[616] Páolo Emílio
[617] battáglia
[618] nella quále
[619] uómo
[620] fatto
[621] prigioniéro
[622] méttere
[623] termine
[624] Macedonico
[625] império
[626] undécimo
[627] Génzio
[628] Illírj
[629] trascinato
[630] alleánza
[631] vinto
[632] Amício
[633] pretóre
[634] sconfitta
[635] ribellársi
[636] soggiogáto
[637] ridótto
[638] forma
[639] província
[640] accendersi
[641] Achei
[642] demolíto
[643] mura
[644] Lacedemónia
[645] leváre via
[646] antíco
[647] legge
[648] obbligáre
[649] unírsi
[650] lamentársi
[651] mandáre
[652] contro
[653] sconfítto
[654] battáglia
[655] Termópile
[656] Focíde
[657] poco dopo
[658] affátto
[659] L. Númmio
[660] Corínti
[661] metrópoli
[662] nazióne
[663] bruciáto
[664] preso
[665] distrútto
[666] cagióne
[667] disputa
[668] tra
[669] rispétto a
[670] território
[671] controvérsia
[672] referito
[673] abbandonáre
[674] paése
[675] dispúta
[676] danáro
[677] anticipataménte
[678] risólvere
[679] intieraménte
[680] spianáre
[681] a diritto o a torto
[682] sopra tutto
[683] istigazióne
[684] Marco Catóne censóre
[685] dare
[686] opinióne
[687] discussióne
[688] senáto
[689] solére
[690] per conclusione
[691] aggiúngere
[692] bisógna
[693] distrútto
[694] perciò
[695] assediáto
[696] Manílio
[697] Censoríno
[698] arréndersi
[699] comandáto
[700] demolíre
[701] stabilírsi
[702] miglia
[703] di distánza
[704] mare
[705] infiammáto
[706] collera
[707] disperazióne
[708] sostenérsi
[709] oltre
[710] forza
[711] infíno
[712] stesso
[713] Corínto
[714] preso
[715] P. Cornélio Scipióne
[716] procónsole
[717] Páolo Emílio
[718] adottáto
[719] princípio
[720] Numídi
[721] moríre
[722] età
[723] lasciáto
[724] continuáto
[725] nell’alleanza
(Of the World, 3908—Of Rome, 608.)
[1]About the same time the [2]Lusitanians in [3]Spain [4]beat the Romans most [5]shamefully [6]under the [7]conduct of [8]Viriathus; who from a [9]huntsman [10]became a [11]highwayman; and from a highwayman, a general, and [12]defeated the Roman [13]armies [14]several times. But that [15]overthrow was most [16]memorable of all [17]others, in which, in the year 608, having [18]routed the [19]forces of [20]Vetilius the [21]prætor, [22]he took him prisoner, and [23]put him [24]to death, according to [25]Appian. Nor was he the [26]only one that was [27]conquered by Viriathus, but several others [28]underwent the same [29]fate. The first that was [30]successful [31]against him was [32]C. Lælius the prætor, in the year 609. After which the proconsul[126] [33]Quintius Fabius Maximus [34]defeated him. In the year 614, [35]Q. Servilius Cæpio [36]basely [37]procured him to be [38]assassinated by some of his own [39]officers, whom he had [40]bribed [41]for that purpose, to the great [42]dishonour of the Roman [43]name.
After this a much more [44]dangerous war [45]broke out in Celtiberia. The Numantini having [46]received the [47]Segidenses their [48]allies, that had [49]escaped the [50]hands of the Romans, were [51]commanded by Metellus the proconsul, [52]to deliver up the [53]refugees, and [54]lay down their [55]arms, but they [56]refused both: and [57]though they were so much [58]inferior to the Romans, in [59]number and [60]strength, they [61]made a [62]gallant [63]resistance for some [64]years. The [65]army of [66]M. Popilius the proconsul, was [67]cut off by them, and the year [68]following, [69]thirty [70]thousand Romans, under the consul Mancinus, were [71]routed by four thousand of the Numantini; which [72]disgrace was [73]followed by a most [74]shameful [75]peace; but the senate [76]refused to [77]ratify it; [78]wherefore Mancinus was [79]delivered up into their hands, but the Numantini would not [80]receive him. [81]At last they were [82]vanquished in the [83]field by Scipio, who had [84]destroyed Carthage; and being [85]shut up within their own [86]walls, were [87]reduced[127] to [88]so desperate a condition, that they all [89]laid violent hands upon themselves; and Numantia was [90]levelled with the ground, in the ninth year after their [91]revolt from the Romans, and from the [92]foundation of the city 621.
[93]Whilst the Romans were [94]still at war with the [95]Achæans and Carthaginians, Macedon was [96]conquered a third time. [97]Andriscus, a [98]man of [99]mean birth, who [100]pretended to be [101]Philip the son of [102]Perseus, had [103]possessed himself of it. He was conquered by [104]Q. Cæcilius Metellus, with the [105]slaughter of 25,000 [106]of his men. Metellus had [107]from thence [108]the surname of [109]Macedonicus.
At the time that the Romans were [110]engaged in the [111]Numantine war, there was a [112]rising of the [113]slaves in Sicily. A [114]Syrian, [115]by name Eunus, [116]pretending to a [117]divine [118]inspiration, [119]called the slaves to [120]arms and [121]liberty, [122]as it were by the [123]order of the [124]gods; and having [125]raised a [126]vast [127]army, [128]consisting of no less than 70,000 men, he [129]vanquished four Roman prætors, and was [130]at last [131]routed himself, by P. Rupilius the consul, in the year of the city 622.
Attalus, son of [132]Eumenes, king of [133]Phrygia, when his [134]uncle Attalus was [135]dead (who after[128] Eumenes’ death had [136]managed the [137]kingdom as his [138]guardian), [139]reigned five years, and dying about the year of the city 621, made the Roman people his [140]heir: which [141]Aristonicus, a son of Eumenes by one of his [142]mistresses, [143]taking amiss, he [144]seized upon Asia, and [145]cut off the army of Crassus the prætor. Afterwards he was [146]vanquished by the consul Peperna, and an [147]end was put to the war the year [148]following, 625, by M. Aquilius the consul. This was a [149]melancholy year for the [150]death of Scipio Africanus, who was [151]found dead in his [152]bed, not without the [153]suspicion of having been [154]poisoned by his [155]wife.
The year in which Attalus [156]made the Roman people his [157]heir, there was a [158]formidable [159]sedition at Rome. For T. Gracchus, [160]tribune of the [161]people, having made the [162]Agrarian law, that [163]nobody should [164]possess above 500 [165]acres of [166]land, and [167]proposing to have the [168]money of king Attalus [169]divided amongst the people, and [170]likewise [171]suing for the [172]tribuneship against the year following, the senators being very much [173]disturbed at the [174]matter, he was, by the [175]order of P. Corn. Nasica, [176]slain in the [177]Capitol, [178]whither he had [179]fled for [180]refuge.
After the death of Tiberius, his [181]brother Caius[129] [182]pursuing the same [183]design, was [184]taken off by Opimius, the consul, and [185]together with him, Fulvius Flaccus, who had been consul.
In the year of the city 629, the Romans first made war upon the [186]Gauls [187]beyond the Alps. They [188]began with the Salii, and [189]Allobroges, whom Fulvius Flaccus [190]subdued. In the year 633, Fabius the consul made an end of the war with the Allobroges. He [191]conquered Bituitus, king of the Arverni, in [192]battle. The king himself [193]coming to Rome to [194]satisfy the senate, was [195]confined at Alba. Then Gallia Narbonensis was made a [196]province, and a [197]colony [198]sent to Narbon in the year 636.
The Romans were after this [199]almost [200]perpetually at war with the Gauls, by whom they were [201]oftentimes [202]soundly beaten; but, above all others, the Cimbri and Teutones were [203]terrible to them. They [204]marching for Italy, and not [205]being able to [206]prevail with the senate for [207]room to [208]settle in, they [209]routed M. Silanus the consul; the year following Scaurus was [210]defeated by the Cimbri, and L. Cassius by the Helvetii Tigurini the year after that. But the [211]overthrow of Q. Cæpio was more [212]memorable than all the [213]rest. He had [214]plundered [215]Tholouse in the [216]country of the Tectosagæ, and had [217]carried off an hundred thousand [218]pounds of [219]gold, and fifteen hundred thousand[130] pounds of [220]silver. This was done in the year of the city 648. But the following, he, with C. Manilius, [221]paid for this [222]sacrilege, with the [223]utter, [224]destruction of the Roman army. It is certain there were [225]slain in this [226]battle of the Romans and their [227]allies, [228]fourscore thousand, and of [229]servants that [230]followed the [231]camp [232]threescore thousand.
At length the Teutones and the [233]Ambrones were almost all [234]destroyed, two hundred thousand being slain, and seventy thousand [235]taken [236]prisoners, by C. Marius the consul, in the year 652; and the following year, the same Marius, [237]in conjunction with Catulus, defeated the Cimbri, that were [238]making their way through [239]Noricum, [240]slew an hundred and twenty thousand, and took sixty thousand prisoners.
With so many [241]victories did Marius [242]consummate the [243]glory he had [244]got in the war with Jugurtha. For in the year of the city 643, a war was [245]undertaken against Jugurtha, king of Numidia, because he had [246]deprived his [247]cousins Hiempsal and Adherbal, the sons of Micipsa, and [248]grandsons of Masanissa, of their [249]lives and [250]kingdom. He [251]prevailed against the Romans for some years, more by his gold than by his arms; but was at last [252]brought low by Metellus the consul, and [253]finally [254]entirely [255]subdued by Marius, and [256]delivered[131] up by Bocchus, king of Mauritania, to whom he had [257]fled for refuge; after which he was [258]carried to Rome, to [259]grace the [260]triumph of Marius, and [261]put to death in [262]prison.
This [263]happy [264]progress of the [265]empire [266]abroad, was [267]interrupted by [268]frequent and [269]shameful [270]disorders at [271]home, which were [272]occasioned by the tribunes. Saturninus having [273]had the Agrarian law [274]passed, to [275]divide among the people the land which Marius had got, by [276]driving the Cimbri out of Gaul, [277]banished Metellus Numidicus, who [278]opposed him; but at last was [279]slain himself by Marius, then consul for the sixth time, in the year 654; and the following year Metellus was [280]recalled from [281]banishment.
After Saturninus, Livius Drusus, tribune of the people, but [282]favouring the senate, being [283]desirous to [284]restore them to their [285]ancient [286]splendor, and to [287]put the [288]execution of their laws into their [289]hands, which C. Gracchus had [290]divided [291]between them and the [292]knights, he passed the same Agrarian laws, and put the [293]allies in [294]hopes of the [295]freedom of the city; which [296]being not able to [297]bring about, he [298]fell under an universal [299]odium, and was [300]stabbed, nobody [301]knew how, in the year 663.
After this, the Romans were [302]engaged in two[132] most [303]difficult and terrible wars, almost at the same time; one in Italy, and the other without. That was [304]called the [305]Social or [306]Marsic war, because the Marsi had been the first [307]beginners of it; for all the [308]Latins, and most of the people of Italy, being [309]disgusted, that they who were [310]sharers in all the [311]hardships and [312]dangers of the war, should be [313]excluded from the [314]honours and [315]dignities of the [316]state; and being [317]frustrated in the hopes of [318]obtaining the [319]freedom of the city by Drusus, [320]endeavoured to [321]compass that by [322]force of arms, which they could not obtain [323]by fair means. They first [324]attempted in the Latin [325]Feriæ, to [326]assassinate both the consuls, Philip and Cæsar; but the [327]matter being [328]discovered, they [329]openly [330]revolted, [331]massacred Q. Servilius the proconsul, [332]Fonteius and all the Romans at [333]Asculum. After this the war was [334]carried on with [335]various [336]success. Cn. [337]Pompey Strabo, father of Pompey the [338]Great, [339]distinguished himself upon this [340]occasion. He [341]forced the Vestini and Peligni to [342]submission, and [343]triumphed upon that [344]account. [345]Likewise L. Sylla Cæsar, the consul’s [346]lieutenant, did, by his great successes against the enemy, [347]obtain the [348]consulship, in which he [349]made an end of the war.
Soon after [350]broke out a war between the Romans[133] and [351]Mithridates, who having [352]taken off Ariarthes, king of Cappadocia, his [353]sister’s [354]husband, together with his son of the same [355]name, had [356]seized upon the kingdom; but being forced to [357]forego what he had [358]unjustly got, Ariobarzanes was [359]nominated king of Cappadocia by the senate, but forced out of his [360]dominions by Mithridates, and [361]restored by Sylla. After this he was once more [362]driven out of Cappadocia by Mithridates, [363]as was likewise Nicomedes out of Bithynia. But both [364]recovered their dominions again by a [365]decree of the senate; which Mithridates being [366]offended at, he [367]invaded Cappadocia and Bithynia, [368]routed the Roman armies, [369]massacred all the Italians, [370]throughout Asia in one day; and [371]reduced Macedon, [372]Thrace, [373]Greece, and [374]Athens. The consul Sylla [375]marching against him, [376]took Athens, and having [377]defeated his generals, forced him to a peace upon the [378]conditions of his [379]quitting Asia, Bithynia, and Cappadocia.
[1] incirca
[2] Lusitáni
[3] Spagna
[4] báttere
[5] ignominiosaménte
[6] sotto
[7] condótta
[8] Viriato
[9] cacciatóre
[10] diventáre
[11] ladro di strada
[12] sconfíggere
[13] armáta
[14] più volte
[15] sconfítta
[16] memorábile
[17] altro
[18] rotto
[19] truppa
[20] Vetílio
[21] pretóre
[22] fare
[23] méttere
[24] morte
[25] Appiáno
[26] solo
[27] vinto
[28] soffríre
[29] fato
[30] fortunáto
[31] contro
[32] C. Lelio
[33] Quinto Fabio Mássimo
[34] sconfíggere
[35] Q. Servílio Cepióne
[36] vilménte
[37] fare
[38] assassináre
[39] uffiziále
[40] corrótto
[41] a questo effétto
[42] disonóre
[43] nome
[44] pericolóso
[45] accendérsi
[46] ricevúto
[47] Segidénsi
[48] alleáto
[49] scampáto
[50] mano
[51] comandáto
[52] consegnáre
[53] rifuggiáto
[54] cédere
[55] arma
[56] ricusáre
[57] benchè
[58] inferióre
[59] número
[60] forza
[61] fare
[62] valente
[63] resisténza
[64] anno
[65] armáta
[66] M. Popílio
[67] tagliata fuori
[68] seguénte
[69] trenta
[70] mila
[71] sconfitto
[72] disastro
[73] seguíto
[74] vergognóso
[75] pace
[76] ricusáre
[77] ratificáre
[78] perciò
[79] consegnáto
[80] ricévere
[81] alla fine
[82] vinto
[83] battáglia campále
[84] distrútto
[85] rinchiúso
[86] muro
[87] ridótto
[88] estréma disperazióne
[89] uccidérsi
[90] spianáto
[91] sollevazióne
[92] fondaziòne
[93] mentre
[94] ancóra
[95] Achei
[96] conquistáto
[97] Andrísco
[98] uómo
[99] bassa nascita
[100] preténdere
[101] Filíppo
[102] Perséo
[103] impadroníto
[104] Q. Cecílio Metéllo
[105] macéllo
[106] de’ suoí
[107] quindi
[108] cognóme
[109] Macedónico
[110] impegnáto
[111] Numantíno
[112] ribellióne
[113] schiávo
[114] Sirio
[115] che si chiamáva Euno
[116] fingere
[117] divíno
[118] ispirazióne
[119] invitáre
[120] arma
[121] libertà
[122] come se fosse
[123] órdine
[124] nume
[125] leváto
[126] poderóso
[127] armáta
[128] compósto
[129] vincere
[130] alla fine
[131] sconfítto
[132] Euméne
[133] Frígia
[134] zio
[135] morto
[136] governáto
[137] regno
[138] curatóre
[139] regnáre
[140] erede
[141] Aristónico
[142] cortigiana
[143] avendo a male
[144] impadronírsi
[145] tagliáre a pezzi
[146] vìnto
[147] termináto
[148] seguénte
[149] malincónico
[150] morte
[151] trováto
[152] letto
[153] sospétto
[154] avvelenáto
[155] moglie
[156] fare
[157] erede
[158] formidabile
[159] sedizióne
[160] tribúno
[161] popolo
[162] legge Agrária
[163] nissúno
[164] possédere
[165] júgero
[166] terra
[167] propórre
[168] danáro
[169] spartíre
[170] pariménte
[171] sollecitáre
[172] tribunáto
[173] inquietáto
[174] cosa
[175] órdine
[176] uccíso
[177] Campidóglio
[178] dove
[179] fuggíto
[180] salvézza
[181] fratéllo
[182] proseguíre
[183] diségno
[184] uccíso
[185] insiéme
[186] Galli
[187] di là dall’Alpi
[188] principiáre
[189] Allobrógi
[190] soggiogáre
[191] víncere
[192] battáglia
[193] veníre
[194] soddisfáre
[195] rilegáto
[196] província
[197] colónia
[198] mandáto
[199] quasi
[200] perpetuamente
[201] spesso
[202] fieramente percosso
[203] terríbile
[204] marciáre
[205] potére
[206] ottenére
[207] sito
[208] stabilírsi
[209] méttere in rotta
[210] sconfítto
[211] rotta
[212] memorábile
[213] altro
[214] saccheggiáre
[215] Tolósa
[216] paése
[217] portáre via
[218] libbra
[219] oro
[220] argénto
[221] pagáre
[222] sacrilégio
[223] totále
[224] distruzióne
[225] uccíso
[226] battáglia
[227] alleáto
[228] ottánta
[229] servitóre
[230] seguíre
[231] campo
[232] sessánta
[233] Ambróni
[234] distrutto
[235] fatto
[236] prigioniéro
[237] unitaménte
[238] facéndosi strada tra
[239] Nórico
[240] uccídere
[241] vittória
[242] coronare
[243] glória
[244] acquistáre
[245] intrapréso
[246] priváto
[247] cugíno
[248] nipotíno
[249] vita
[250] regno
[251] sostenere
[252] abbassáto
[253] finalménte
[254] affátto
[255] soggiogáto
[256] consegnato
[257] fuggíto per scampo
[258] condótto
[259] adornáre
[260] triónfo
[261] messo
[262] prigióne
[263] felíce
[264] progrésso
[265] império
[266] al di fuóri
[267] interrótto
[268] frequénte
[269] vergognóso
[270] disórdine
[271] nel paése
[272] cagionáto
[273] fatto
[274] passáre
[275] spartíre
[276] scacciáre
[277] esiliáre
[278] oppórre
[279] uccíso
[280] richiamáto
[281] esílio
[282] favoreggiáre
[283] desideróso
[284] restituíre
[285] antíco
[286] splendóre
[287] méttere
[288] esecuzióne
[289] mano
[290] spartíto
[291] fra
[292] cavaliére
[293] alleáto
[294] speránza
[295] cittadinanza romana
[296] non potére
[297] effettuáre
[298] incórrere
[299] ódio
[300] pugnaláto
[301] sapére
[302] impegnáto
[303] faticóso
[304] chiamáto
[305] Sociále
[306] Mársico
[307] autóre
[308] Latíno
[309] disgustáto
[310] dividere
[311] fatíca
[312] perícolo
[313] esclúso
[314] onóre
[315] dignità
[316] stato
[317] deluso
[318] ottenére
[319] libertà
[320] procuráre
[321] spuntáre
[322] forza
[323] colle buóne
[324] tentáre
[325] Férie
[326] assassináre
[327] cosa
[328] scopérto
[329] apertaménte
[330] rivoltársi
[331] uccídere
[332] Fontéjo
[333] Ascolo
[334] continuáto
[335] vario
[336] succésso
[337] Pompeo Strabóne
[338] magno
[339] distínguersi
[340] occasióne
[341] forzáre
[342] obbediénza
[343] trionfáre
[344] cagióne
[345] pariménte
[346] luogotenénte
[347] ottenére
[348] consoláto
[349] termináre
[350] accendérsi
[351] Mitridáte
[352] uccíso
[353] sorélla
[354] maríto
[355] nome
[356] impossessáto
[357] abbandonáre
[358] ingiustaménte
[359] nomináto
[360] domínio
[361] ristabilíto
[362] scacciáto
[363] come pure lo fu
[364] ricuperáre
[365] decréto
[366] offéso
[367] invádere
[368] sconfíggere
[369] uccídere
[370] per tutta
[371] sottoporre
[372] Trácia
[373] Grécia
[374] Aténe
[375] marciáre
[376] pigliáre
[377] sconfíggere
[378] patto
[379] abbandonáre
(Of the World, 3966—Of Rome, 666.)
Marius, [1]though now [2]broken with [3]age and years, yet being very [4]ambitious of getting [5]employed against Mithridates, could not [6]bear with patience the [7]bestowing that [8]province upon Sylla. [9]Wherefore he [10]prevailed by the [11]means[134] of C. Sulpicius, the tribune of the people, to have it [12]taken from Sylla, and bestowed upon himself. At which Sylla being [13]enraged, [14]seized upon the city, and having [15]slain Sulpicius, [16]obliged Marius to [17]fly. In his [18]absence, Cinna the consul, making a [19]disturbance, was [20]driven out of the city, and being [21]joined by Marius, Carbo, and Sertorius, [22]assaulted Rome; which, having [23]taken, [24]he put a great many of the Romans [25]to the sword. Marius [26]died a natural death the year following.
Sylla having made peace with Mithridates, [27]returned into Italy, and [28]made an end of the civil war in two years time, by the [29]defeat of Carbo, Norbanus, young Marius, and others; and being [30]declared [31]dictator, [32]took off a great many of Marius’s party by means of a [33]proscription. Q. Sertorius [34]retired into Farther Spain, where he [35]held out for some years very [36]valiantly.
Sylla having in the year 675 [37]laid down the [38]dictatorship, died the year following of the [39]lousy [40]disease, in the sixtieth year of his [41]age. After his death, Lepidus the consul, [42]endeavouring to [43]annul the [44]acts of Sylla, was [45]forced out of the city by his [46]colleague Catulus. And the year following [47]advancing up to the city with an [48]army, he was defeated by the same Catulus and Cn. Pompey, and [49]fled into [50]Sardinia, where he [51]fell ill[135] and died. The same Pompey being [52]sent into Spain against Sertorius, [53]performed no important things; but the latter being [54]treacherously [55]slain by his own people, he [56]easily [57]recovered that province in the year 681.
In the mean time the war with Mithridates [58]broke out again, while Sylla was yet living; and after Sylla’s death, Mithridates having [59]entered into an [60]alliance with Sertorius, [61]seized by force of arms upon Bithynia, which Nicomedes at his death in 679, had [62]left to the Roman people. L. Lucullus consul, in 680, [63]went against him, and being very [64]successful both by [65]sea and [66]land, he [67]obliged him to fly, first into [68]Pontus, and soon after to [69]Tigranes in Armenia. Lucullus [70]conquered Pontus, and defeated both the kings who [71]engaged him with an army of two hundred thousand [72]foot and sixty thousand [73]horse, in the year of the city 685. After this, Tigranocerta, the capital of Armenia, and [74]Nisibis, two very great cities, were [75]taken. But this excellent general being [76]forsaken by his men, was [77]obliged to [78]leave the [79]fruit of his [80]toil and [81]victories to Cn. Pompey, in the year 688. He having [82]forced Tigranes to [83]surrender, obliged him to be [84]satisfied with Armenia; and whilst he [85]pursued Mithridates, he [86]added the [87]Iberians and [88]Albanians to the Roman empire, in the year 689. [89]Finally, Mithridates,[136] in the year 691, being [90]every where [91]beaten, [92]thought of [93]flying into [94]Gaul, but being [95]discouraged by the [96]revolt of his son [97]Pharnaces and the army, he [98]slew himself.
Whilst the war with Mithridates was [99]warmly [100]carried on, there [101]broke out another with the [102]slaves, in the year of the city 681. One [103]Spartacus Ænomanus, and [104]Crixus, [105]gladiators, having [106]broken up a [107]school of gladiators at Capua, [108]belonging to Lentulus, and [109]assembled an army of [110]desperadoes, [111]routed the Roman armies several times, but at last were [112]vanquished by Crassus the prætor, and Pompey, in the year 685.
Pompey [113]likewise [114]subdued the [115]pirates, who, at the [116]instigation of Mithridates, [117]infested the seas, having an [118]extraordinary [119]commission [120]for that purpose by the [121]Gabinian law. Whilst Pompey was [122]enlarging the Roman empire [123]abroad, the [124]head of the empire was in no small [125]danger from a [126]conspiracy which [127]Cataline, [128]Lentulus the prætor, [129]Cethegus, and other senators, had [130]entered into, to [131]murder the consul [132]Cicero, and to [133]burn and [134]plunder the city. But their [135]designs were [136]prevented by the [137]vigilance of the consul. Catiline being [138]forced out of the city,[137] [139]repaired to the army, which some of his [140]accomplices had [141]collected. Lentulus, and the rest of the [142]ringleaders of the [143]plot were put to death. This [144]happened in the year 691, and the following year Cataline was [145]defeated by [146]Petreius [147]Antony the proconsul’s [148]lieutenant, and [149]slain in the [150]fight.
The whole [151]world being now almost [152]subdued, the Roman empire was [153]arrived to that [154]grandeur, that it could [155]hardly [156]extend itself farther. No [157]outward [158]force was [159]sufficient to [160]ruin it; it [161]fell by its own [162]power, which was [163]occasioned by the [164]ambition of the [165]leading men, and the civil [166]contests that [167]arose from thence.
C. Cæsar, after the time of his [168]prætorship in the city was [169]expired, [170]obtained the province of Lusitania; and by the great feats he [171]performed there, [172]deserved well the honor of a [173]triumph; but [174]postponed the [175]hopes of that to the [176]consular [177]dignity; for which, [178]while he made all [179]possible [180]interest, Pompey [181]united with Cæsar and Crassus, while Lucullus and some others of the [182]grandees, [183]opposing his [184]acts, which he [185]desired might be [186]ratified by the senate. Thus Cæsar [187]gained the [188]consulship in the year 695, in which he [189]established the acts of Pompey by the senate, and[138] [190]divided the [191]public [192]lands in Campania amongst the [193]citizens. He [194]married his daughter Julia to Pompey, and [195]took Calphurnia, the daughter of [196]Piso [197]as a wife. Having by these [198]arts, and a [199]boundless [200]generosity, [201]gained the [202]favor of all [203]ranks and [204]degrees of men, he [205]procured the province of Gaul, which he [206]governed for nine years; during which time he [207]reduced all Gaul, that is [208]comprehended within the [209]Pyrenean mountains, the [210]Alps, the Rhone, and the [211]Rhine, in the [212]form of a province, and [213]imposed a [214]yearly [215]tribute upon it. He was the first of all the Romans that [216]attacked the [217]Germans [218]beyond the Rhine. He likewise [219]visited the [220]Britons, where [221]none before him had ever [222]come. In this [223]interval, in the year 698, he [224]entered into an [225]association with Pompey and Crassus; by [226]virtue of which he was to have Gaul [227]continued to him. Pompey was to have [228]Spain, and Crassus Syria, in order to a war against the [229]Parthians; to which he [230]accordingly [231]went in the year 699, and the third year after, [232]perished most [233]miserably, with the greater [234]part of his army; after which the Parthians made an [235]irruption into Syria, but were [236]bravely [237]repulsed by Cassius.
After the death of Crassus, Pompey not being[139] able to [238]endure an [239]equal, nor Cæsar a [240]superior, the civil war broke out. Pompey’s [241]party [242]endeavouring to [243]take away from Cæsar both his army and province, as soon as the time of his [244]government should [245]expire; whilst Cæsar’s on the other [246]hand were for [247]treating Pompey [248]in like manner. At last in the year 705, in the [249]consulship of C. Claudius Marcellus, and L. Cornelius Lentulus, the senate, by a [250]vote, obliged Cæsar to [251]disband his army by a certain day. Antonius and Cassius, tribunes of the people, [252]interposing their [253]authority in vain, [254]left the town, and [255]repaired to Cæsar, who [256]advancing his army towards the city, [257]struck such a [258]consternation into Pompey and the rest, that [259]leaving the city [260]without much ado, and [261]shortly after Italy, they [262]passed over into [263]Greece. Cæsar went to Spain, where he [264]vanquished Petreius and Afranius, and [265]forced their armies to [266]surrender [267]prisoners of war. In his [268]return he [269]took [270]Marseilles, and after that was made dictator, to which [271]office he was [272]chosen four times, and at last had it [273]given him for [274]life.
In the year 706, Pompey being [275]defeated by Cæsar in the [276]fields of [277]Pharsalia, went to [278]Egypt, where he was slain by the [279]order of [280]Ptolemy, in the 59th year of his [281]age. Hither Cæsar [282]likewise [283]came the following year, and after a very[140] [284]dangerous [285]rencounter, which he [286]happily [287]accomplished, [288]delivered the [289]kingdom of Egypt to Cleopatra and her brother. In the year following he vanquished Scipio and Cato, with king Juba, in Africa. Cato [290]laid violent hands upon himself at Utica. The year that [291]followed was [292]remarkable for the [293]correction of the [294]calendar and the year. The same year likewise he [295]conquered Pompey’s sons; and the year after was [296]stabbed in the [297]senate house, by a [298]conspiracy of Brutus and Cassius, and some others, in the 56th year of his age.
Besides these [299]convulsions, with which the whole [300]world was [301]shattered, there were some less [302]disturbances [303]happened a little before. [304]Clodius Pulcher being [305]made tribune of the people, [306]banished Cicero, for having [307]condemned the [308]associates of Cataline to death without a [309]trial; which [310]calamity he [311]bore too [312]meanly, and [313]by no means [314]agreeable to the [315]dignity of his past life. But he was [316]recalled the year after by the [317]interposition of Pompey, and Lentulus the consul, and [318]received with the greatest [319]honor. The same Clodius [320]declared [321]Cyprus to [322]belong to the Roman people, and Cato being [323]sent to [324]take possession of it, Ptolemy, king of the [325]island, after first [326]throwing all his [327]money into the sea, [328]prevented his [329]disgrace by a [330]voluntary death. The senate[141] [331]bestowed the [332]prætorship upon Cato at his [333]return, by a [334]vote of the house, without any [335]election; which honor he [336]refused, being [337]desirous to [338]obtain it rather by the [339]free [340]votes of the people. But he was [341]disappointed in his [342]hopes, and Vatinius was [343]preferred to him.
[344]Bribery [345]ruling in [346]all [347]elections, and the [348]candidates making a most [349]dismal [350]confusion, after a long [351]interregnum, Pompey was made consul, without a [352]colleague, a thing [353]wholly new, and never heard of before; in which office he made a [354]severe [355]inquiry into all other [356]misdemeanors, as likewise into the death of Clodius, whom Milo [357]killed the same year, and for which he was [358]banished.
After the death of Cæsar, Antony the consul so [359]inflamed the people by [360]a seditious [361]harangue, that they [362]burnt his [363]body [364]publicly, and [365]threatened to set fire, and [366]pull down the houses of the [367]assassins. Octavius Cæsar, the son of Accia [368]Julius’s sister, was his [369]adopted son by [370]will. He being [371]slighted by M. Antony, [372]raised an army of [373]veteran soldiers, and [374]opposed his [375]tyrannical [376]proceedings. Antonius [377]extorted from the people by force the province of Gaul, but his [378]passage there[142] was opposed by D. Brutus at Modena, where he was [379]besieged by Antony.
In the [380]consulship of [381]Hirtius and Pansa, in the year of the city 711, at the [382]instigation of Cicero Antony was [383]declared [384]enemy, and a war [385]undertaken against him; when Octavius [386]joined in [387]commission with the consuls, with the [388]power of proconsul, being then about the 20th year of his age. There was a [389]dreadful and [390]bloody [391]battle [392]fought near Modena, in which all Cæsar’s [393]life-guards were slain; but Antony was routed, and the [394]siege [395]raised, yet both the consuls were killed.
In Macedon, Brutus [396]took off C. Antonius, M. Antony’s brother, who was [397]intriguing against him, and [398]got together a [399]formidable army. Upon which the senate [400]resolved by [401]degrees to [402]take down Octavius, [403]for fear of his [404]growing too [405]powerful; which he being [406]apprehensive of, [407]he entered into an [408]association with Antony and Lepidus; and [409]consequently they were all three made [410]commissioners [411]for settling the [412]republic. They having [413]divided the whole [414]empire into three parts, [415]proscribed a great many of the Romans, and amongst the rest M. [416]Tully Cicero, who, whilst he was [417]endeavouring to [418]make his escape into Greece, was killed by Pompilius, a [419]captain, whose [420]cause he had [421]pleaded in a capital [422]action. There[143] was a [423]dreadful [424]havoc made in this [425]proscription. The [426]Epitome of Livy speaks of no less than an hundred and thirty senators; the same year, [427]gave [428]beginning to one of the finest cities of France, [429]Lyons.
The year following, Octavius and Antony [430]fought a battle with M. Brutus and the [431]principal of the [432]conspirators, near the city of Philippi. The [433]right [434]wings were [435]victorious on both [436]sides, and on both sides the [437]camps were [438]plundered. But Cassius, who was in the wing that was [439]routed, [440]giving up all for lost, [441]slew himself. Brutus, being [442]defeated in another [443]engagement, likewise put an end to his own life, being then thirty-seven years of age, and none of Cæsar’s [444]assassins [445]lived above three years after, being all [446]taken off by a [447]violent death, as [448]Suetonius says; some too [449]killed themselves with the same [450]dagger with which they had slain Cæsar.
After the [451]victory, Antony [452]went to Asia, and Octavius to Italy; where he [453]was engaged in a war with L. Antony, the brother of the [454]triumvir, and his [455]wife Fulvia, a [456]woman of a [457]manly [458]spirit. He forced Lucius from the town; after which, being [459]declared an enemy, he [460]besieged him in Perusia, and obliged him to [461]surrender. In the mean time, the Parthians being [462]invited by Labienus, one of Pompey’s party, made an [463]irruption into[144] Syria, whom Ventidius, after a very [464]signal [465]overthrow, in which the king was slain, [466]drove out again, and [467]recovered Syria.
S. Pompey, Cneius’s son, having a [468]fleet at his [469]command, [470]infested the seas. Cæsar made with him a peace, which was [471]soon [472]broken. [473]An engagement [474]followed, wherein Pompey was [475]worsted, and [476]forced to [477]fly. He was soon after [478]put to death by [479]order of M. Antony, under whose [480]protection he had put himself. About this time Antony made an [481]attempt upon the Parthians, by whom he was most [482]shamefully [483]beaten. At last Antony being [484]entirely [485]devoted to his Cleopatra, [486]divorced Octavia, Cæsar’s sister, and [487]declared war against him, in which he was at last defeated by sea near [488]Actium, a [489]promontory of [490]Epirus. Cæsar had upwards of 400 [491]ships, and Antony about 200, but so [492]prodigiously [493]large, that they [494]looked like [495]castles and cities [496]moving through the sea. The [497]flight of Cleopatra [498]turned the [499]fate of a [500]dubious [501]engagement into the [502]ruin of Antony; he followed her into Egypt, and being [503]besieged in Alexandria, he [504]slew himself, and Cleopatra soon [505]followed his [506]example.
[1] benchè
[2] affievolito
[3] vecchiája
[4] ambizióne
[5] impiegáto
[6] tolleráre
[7] affidare
[8] província
[9] perciò
[10] ottenére
[11] mezzo
[12] leváre
[13] sdegnáto
[14] impossessársi
[15] uccíso
[16] forzáre
[17] fuggíre
[18] assénza
[19] distúrbo
[20] scacciàto
[21] unito
[22] assaltáre
[23] preso
[24] méttere
[25] a fil di spada
[26] moríre
[27] tornáre
[28] conclúdere
[29] rotta
[30] dichiaráto
[31] dittatore
[32] si disfece di
[33] proscrizióne
[34] ritirársi
[35] sostenere
[36] coraggiosaménte
[37] rassegnáto
[38] dettatúra
[39] pediculare
[40] morbo
[41] età
[42] procuráre
[43] annulláre
[44] atto
[45] scacciáto
[46] colléga
[47] accostársi
[48] armáta
[49] fuggíre
[50] Sardégna
[51] ammalársi
[52] mandáto
[53] eseguíre
[54] proditoriaménte
[55] uccíso
[56] facilménte
[57] ricuperáre
[58] accendérsi
[59] entráto
[60] alleánza
[61] impadroníto
[62] lasciáto
[63] andáre
[64] fortunáto
[65] mare
[66] terra
[67] forzare
[68] Ponto
[69] Tigràne
[70] conquistáre
[71] attaccáre
[72] infantéria
[73] cavallería
[74] Nísibi
[75] preso
[76] abbandonáto
[77] obbligáto
[78] lasciáre
[79] frutto
[80] fatíca
[81] vittória
[82] forzáto
[83] arrendérsi
[84] contentarsi
[85] incalzáre
[86] aggiúngere
[87] Ibérj
[88] Albanési
[89] finalménte
[90] dappertútto
[91] battúto
[92] pensáre
[93] fuggíre
[94] Gállia
[95] scoraggíto
[96] rivólta
[97] Farnáce
[98] ammazzársi
[99] vigorosaménte
[100] continuáto
[101] accéndersi
[102] schiávo
[103] Spartáco Enománo
[104] Crisso
[105] gladiatóre
[106] disfatto
[107] scuóla
[108] appartenére
[109] radunáto
[110] disperáto
[111] sconfíggere
[112] vinto
[113] pariménte
[114] soggiogáre
[115] corsáro
[116] istigazióne
[117] infestáre
[118] straordinário
[119] commissióne
[120] a questo effétto
[121] Gabiáno
[122] aggrandíre
[123] fuóri
[124] capitale
[125] perícolo
[126] cospirazióne
[127] Catilína
[128] Léntulo
[129] Cetégo
[130] fare
[131] uccídere
[132] Ciceróne
[133] abbruciáre
[134] saccheggiáre
[135] diségno
[136] impedíto
[137] vigilánza
[138] scacciáto
[139] trasferírsi
[140] cómplice
[141] radunáto
[142] capo
[143] congiúra
[144] succédere
[145] sconfítto
[146] Petrejo
[147] António
[148] luogotenénte
[149] uccíso
[150] battáglia
[151] mondo
[152] soggiogáto
[153] arriváto
[154] grandézza
[155] appéna
[156] estendérsi
[157] estérno
[158] forza
[159] bastánte
[160] rovináre
[161] cadére
[162] potére
[163] cagionáto
[164] ambizióne
[165] principále
[166] contésa
[167] deriváre
[168] pretura
[169] spiráto
[170] ottenére
[171] eseguíre
[172] meritáre
[173] triónfo
[174] pospórre
[175] aspettativa
[176] consoláre
[177] dignità
[178] mentre
[179] possíbile
[180] diligenza
[181] unírsi
[182] grande
[183] oppórsi
[184] atto
[185] desideráre
[186] ratificáto
[187] ottenére
[188] consoláto
[189] fece ratificáre dal senato
[190] divídere
[191] terre della
[192] repubblica
[193] cittadíno
[194] maritáre
[195] préndere
[196] Pisóne
[197] in qualità di móglie
[198] arte
[199] imménso
[200] generosità
[201] guadagnáre
[202] favóre
[203] degli uomini di qualunque rango
[204] grado
[205] procuráre
[206] governáre
[207] debelláre
[208] compréso
[209] Pirenéi
[210] Alpi
[211] Reno
[212] forma
[213] impórre
[214] annuále
[215] tribúto
[216] attaccáre
[217] Tedeschi
[218] di là
[219] visitáre
[220] Británno
[221] niúno
[222] venúto
[223] intervállo
[224] entráre
[225] confederazióne
[226] virtù
[227] continuáre
[228] Spagna
[229] Parti
[230] in conseguénza
[231] andáre
[232] períre
[233] miseraménte
[234] parte
[235] incursióne
[236] valorosaménte
[237] rispinto
[238] tolleráre
[239] eguále
[240] superióre
[241] partíto
[242] cercáre
[243] leváre
[244] govérno
[245] spiráre
[246] canto
[247] trattáre
[248] nell’ istésso modo
[249] consoláto
[250] decreto
[251] licenziáre
[252] interpórre
[253] autorità
[254] lasciáre
[255] trasferírsi
[256] accostáre
[257] riempíre
[258] costernazióne
[259] abbandonáre
[260] senz’ altro
[261] poco dopo
[262] passáre
[263] Grécia
[264] víncere
[265] forzáre
[266] arrendérsi
[267] prigioniéro
[268] ritórno
[269] préndere
[270] Marsíglia
[271] uffízio
[272] scelto
[273] dato
[274] vita
[275] sconfítto
[276] campo
[277] Farságli
[278] Egítto
[279] ordine
[280] Toloméo
[281] età
[282] pure
[283] veníre
[284] pericolóso
[285] fatto d’armi
[286] fortunataménte
[287] fu vittorioso
[288] consegnáre
[289] regno
[290] uccidérsi
[291] seguíre
[292] segnalato
[293] correzióne
[294] calendário
[295] vincere
[296] pugnaláto
[297] senáto
[298] cospirazióne
[299] convulsióne
[300] mondo
[301] conturbato
[302] distúrbo
[303] succédere
[304] Clódio Pulcro
[305] fatto
[306] esiliáre
[307] condannáto
[308] complice
[309] procésso
[310] calamità
[311] soffríre
[312] vilménte
[313] in nissún conto
[314] come si conveniva
[315] dignità
[316] richiamáto
[317] interposizióne
[318] ricévere
[319] onóre
[320] dichiaráre
[321] Cipro
[322] appartenére
[323] mandáto
[324] impossessársi
[325] ísola
[326] gettáto
[327] danaro
[328] prevenire
[329] disgrázia
[330] volontária
[331] accordáre
[332] dignità di pretóre
[333] ritórno
[334] per votazione dell’assemblea
[335] elezióne
[336] rifiutáre
[337] desideróso
[338] ottenére
[339] libero
[340] suffragio
[341] frustráto
[342] speránza
[343] preferíto
[344] corruzióne
[345] domináre
[346] tutto
[347] elezióne
[348] candidáto
[349] rattristante
[350] confusióne
[351] interregno
[352] colléga
[353] affátto
[354] sevéro
[355] perquisizióne
[356] delítto
[357] uccídere
[358] bandíto
[359] accéndere
[360] sedizióso
[361] arrínga
[362] incendiáre
[363] corpo
[364] pubblicaménte
[365] minacciáre
[366] demolíre
[367] assassíno
[368] Giúlio
[369] adottáto
[370] testaménto
[371] sprezzáto
[372] leváre
[373] veteráno
[374] oppórre
[375] tiránnico
[376] portaménto
[377] strappáre
[378] passággio
[379] assediáto
[380] consoláto
[381] Írzio
[382] istigazióne
[383] dichiaráto
[384] nemíco
[385] intrapréso
[386] unírsi
[387] commissióne
[388] potére
[389] terribile
[390] sanguinóso
[391] battáglia
[392] dato
[393] soldáto della guárdia
[394] assedio
[395] leváto
[396] uccídere
[397] cabalizzare
[398] radunáre
[399] formidábile
[400] risólvere
[401] a poco a poco
[402] abbassáre
[403] per timóre che
[404] diventáre
[405] poténte
[406] timoróso
[407] entráre
[408] lega
[409] conseguenteménte
[410] commissionário
[411] regolare
[412] repúbblica
[413] divíso
[414] império
[415] proscrívere
[416] Túllio Ciceróne
[417] procuráre
[418] scampáre
[419] capitáno
[420] causa
[421] diféndere
[422] procésso
[423] orréndo
[424] strage
[425] proscrizióne
[426] sommário
[427] dare
[428] princípio
[429] Lióne
[430] dare
[431] principále
[432] congiuráto
[433] ala
[434] dritto
[435] vittorióso
[436] parte
[437] campo
[438] saccheggiáto
[439] sconfítto
[440] crédere
[441] uccidérsi
[442] rotto
[443] conflítto
[444] assassino
[445] vívere
[446] perire
[447] violénto
[448] Suetónio
[449] uccidérsi
[450] stilétto
[451] vittória
[452] partíre
[453] veníre alle armi
[454] triumvíro
[455] moglie
[456] donna
[457] virile
[458] spírito
[459] dichiaráto
[460] assediáre
[461] arrendérsi
[462] invitáto
[463] scorrería
[464] segnaláto
[465] sconfítta
[466] scacciáre
[467] ricuperáre
[468] flotta
[469] comándo
[470] infestáre
[471] présto
[472] rotto
[473] combattiménto
[474] seguíre
[475] malmenato
[476] forzáto
[477] fuggíre
[478] messo
[479] cenno
[480] protezióne
[481] intraprésa
[482] ignominiosamente
[483] battúto
[484] affátto
[485] dedicáto
[486] ripudiáre
[487] dichiaráre
[488] Azio
[489] promontório
[490] Epíro
[491] vascéllo
[492] prodigiosaménte
[493] grande
[494] rassomigliáre
[495] castéllo
[496] muóvere
[497] fuga
[498] cambiáre
[499] sorte
[500] dubbióso
[501] battáglia
[502] rovína
[503] assediáto
[504] ammazzársi
[505] seguíre
[506] esémpio
(Of Rome, 725—Of Christ, 11.)
After the death of Antony and Cleopatra, [1]Egypt was [2]reduced to the [3]form of a [4]province. Cæsar, in the year 725, [5]triumphed three times, for the [6]conquest of [7]Dalmatia, the victory at Actium, and the [8]reducing of Egypt. After which he [9]advised with Agrippa and Mecænas, either [10]seriously, or [11]pretendedly, about the [12]laying down of his [13]authority; Agrippa was for it, Mecænas against it; this last [14]advice he [15]resolved to follow, but [16]brought a [17]bill [18]nevertheless into the senate [19]to divest himself of his power, and by that [20]stratagem got it [21]secured to him both by the senate and the people, in the year 726.
[22]Cornelius Gallus, a [23]Roman [24]knight, [25]governor of Egypt, being [26]banished for his [27]insolence, slew himself. Augustus [28]carried on a war against the Cantabri and Austus for some years, by his [29]lieutenants: that is to say, from the year 729 to 735, in which they were entirely [30]reduced by Agrippa; who, upon his [31]return [32]refused a [33]triumph which was [34]offered him. [35]Phraates, king of the Parthians, about this time [36]restored the Roman [37]standards that had been [38]taken from Crassus.
For two of his [39]friends, Mecænas and M. Vipsanius Agrippa, he had a [40]particular [41]esteem above[146] all others; the [42]former was a great [43]patron of [44]learning and [45]learned men. Augustus made Agrippa his [46]son-in-law, by [47]marrying his daughter Julia to him, whom he had by Scribonia. She had children, C. and L. Cæsars, Agrippa Posthumus, Agrippina married to Germanicus, Drusus’s son, Livia’s [48]grandson, and Julia, whom Æmilius married. He took Livia, when she was [49]big with child, by her former [50]husband Tiberius Nero, by whom he had no [51]issue, though she had by Nero, Tiberius, who was emperor afterwards, and Drusus who [52]died in Germany.
Tiberius having gotten the [53]tribunitial [54]power for five years, was [55]sent to [56]settle the [57]affairs of Armenia. Soon after he [58]retired to Rhodes, where, for fear of [59]falling under the [60]displeasure of his [61]step-sons, he [62]continued seven years. But the [63]occasion of his [64]retirement was his [65]aversion for his wife Julia, who [66]spent her time in all [67]manner of [68]debauchery. Augustus, upon a [69]discovery of her [70]pranks, [71]banished her.
The [72]age of this emperor [73]produced several great [74]men: amongst the [75]Greeks [76]Dionysius Halicarnassensis and [77]Nicholas Damascenus were [78]famous for their [79]talents in writing [80]history; and amongst the [81]Latins [82]Cornelius Nepos, Atticus’s [83]son-in-law, and Sallust, who died four years before the [84]battle of Actium. In this age lived[147] likewise those [85]celebrated [86]poets, [87]Virgil, [88]Horace, [89]Ovid, [90]Tibullus, and [91]Propertius.
Augustus died at Nola, in Campania, in the 14th year of [92]Christ, and the 76th year of his age, having [93]held the empire by himself, from the death of M. Antony, forty-three years; he was an [94]excellent [95]prince, and [96]necessary for those times.
He was [97]succeeded by Tiberius, a prince of a [98]savage [99]disposition, and [100]given up to all manner of debauchery; he was the son of Livia by Nero. He [101]dissembled his [102]vices at the [103]beginning of his reign with [104]wonderful [105]art, through fear of Germanicus, his brother’s son, whom he had [106]adopted at the [107]command of his [108]father-in-law. For, as he [109]gained a great [110]reputation by his [111]virtues and [112]exploits in war, he was [113]looked upon with a [114]jealous eye, as [115]fitter for the empire than himself. He [116]removed him from Germany where he had [117]wonderful [118]success against the enemy, into the [119]East, to [120]fight against the Parthians, in the year 769, having sent at the same time Cn. Piso into Syria, between whom and Germanicus was a [121]mortal enmity. Wherefore Germanicus died, not without the [122]suspicion of having been [123]poisoned by him, for which being [124]prosecuted at Rome by Agrippina, the wife of Germanicus, he [125]prevented his [126]sentence by a [127]voluntary death.
[128]Ælius Sejanus, a Roman [129]knight, was afterwards [130]raised by Tiberius, who after a great many [131]wicked [132]actions, [133]aiming now at no less than the empire itself, was, by a [134]letter of Tiberius to the senate, [135]thrown from the [136]top of all his [137]grandeur, and died by the [138]hand of an [139]executioner, with all his [140]family, in the 18th year of Tiberius.
About the 18th year of his [141]reign, he [142]retired to Caprea, an [143]island on the [144]coast of Campania, with a [145]design of never returning to the town, where he [146]privately [147]wallowed in all manner of [148]debauchery, and died in the 23rd year of his reign, to the great [149]joy of every one, being then in the 78th year of his age.
[150]Jesus Christ, the son of God, was [151]born of the [152]Virgin Mary, in the reign of Augustus, and [153]crucified in that of Tiberius, being then thirty-three years of age.
Caius Cæsar Caligula, so [154]called from a [155]shoe [156]worn by the [157]soldiery, which, when a boy, he [158]wore in the camp, [159]succeeded Tiberius, being the son of Germanicus and Agrippina, the daughter of M. Agrippa and Julia. He was [160]entered into the five and twentieth year of his age. Great was the joy of the people upon his first [161]accession to the [162]throne, and no less were their [163]hopes that he would be [164]like Germanicus his father, who is said to have been [165]possessed of all the good [166]qualities[149] of [167]body and [168]mind. And indeed as the worst of princes frequently [169]begin well, he gave many [170]signs of his [171]moderation and [172]regard to the good of the public. But soon after, as if he had [173]put off all [174]humanity, he [175]outstripped the most savage [176]creatures in [177]cruelty; and having made sad [178]havoc among all [179]ranks and [180]degrees of men, he [181]killed likewise Macro, [182]commander of the [183]prætorian [184]bands, by whose [185]means he had been made emperor. He also [186]committed [187]crimes with his sisters. Having in a year’s time [188]exhausted [189]immense [190]treasures that had been [191]left by Tiberius, he [192]fell to [193]proscribing and [194]plundering. Among other proofs of his cruelty, he was [195]heard to say, I [196]wish the Roman people had but one [197]neck. In all his [198]buildings, or public [199]works, he [200]effected what was [201]looked upon to be impossible. He [202]ordered himself to be [203]worshipped as a god throughout the [204]world, and [205]temples to be [206]erected to him. At last, he was slain by Chærea Cassius, [207]tribune of a [208]cohort of his [209]guards, and some others, who had [210]entered into a [211]plot against him, after he had [212]reigned three years, ten months, and eight days, and [213]lived twenty-nine years.
Claudius Nero, Caligula’s uncle, and the son of Drusius [214]reigned after him, [215]naturally no bad man, but[150] [216]senseless and foolish. He was not naturally [217]cruel, but only so when [218]instigated by others, [219]especially by his [220]freedmen and his [221]wives, into whose hands he [222]gave up himself and his [223]affairs. His first lady was Messalina, whose [224]depravity and [225]dissoluteness every body [226]knew but himself; till at last [227]venturing to [228]marry one Silius, a knight, she was by her [229]husband’s order slain, together with her [230]paramour, at the [231]instigation of [232]Narcissus, who with [233]Pallas, another of his [234]freedmen, [235]ruled him entirely.
Another [236]instance of his [237]folly is, that after Messalina was [238]put to death, by whom he had his son [239]Britannicus, and Octavia, he married Agrippina Germanicus his brother’s daughter, the mother of Nero by [240]Domitius, in the ninth year of his reign, by the [241]advice of Pallas: at whose and Agrippina’s [242]request, he [243]adopted Nero, and [244]passing by Britannicus, [245]designed him for his [246]successor. He [247]banished the [248]Jews from Rome, and the [249]mathematicians out of Italy: and [250]undertaking an [251]expedition into [252]Britain, he [253]subdued it all in sixteen days time, as Dio says, in the third year of his reign. He died in the year of Christ 54, by [254]poison [255]put in a [256]mushroom by Agrippina. He reigned thirteen years eight months and twenty days, and lived sixty-four years.
Domitius Nero, [257]mounted the throne after the death of his [258]step-father, being then seventeen years of age. He at first, [259]behaved himself in such a manner, that he might be [260]reckoned among the best of [261]princes; that is, as long as he [262]listened to the [263]precepts of his [264]master Seneca. Afterwards, being [265]corrupted with [266]luxury and [267]flattery, he [268]became more like a [269]monster than a man. He [270]stopped the progress of the Parthians, who had [271]over-run Armenia, by Corbulo, a [272]gallant [273]commander, and a person of great [274]virtue and [275]authority, who [276]recovered Armenia, in the ninth year of Nero, and [277]obliged [278]Tiridates, Volegesis king of the Parthians brother, to [279]come to Rome, and to [280]beg his [281]crown of Nero, in the thirteenth year of Nero’s reign; in which year he [282]recalled Corbulo, and put him to death. He [283]destroyed Britannicus by [284]poison in the very [285]beginning of his reign. He likewise [286]ordered his mother Agrippina to be put to death, after having first [287]disgraced and [288]banished her from the [289]court, which [290]parricide, that nothing might be [291]wanting to [292]complete the [293]unhappiness of the times, the Senate [294]approved of. Afterwards having married Poppæa, whom he [295]took from Otho, he [296]banished Octavia, and at last put her to death. Upon the [297]discovery of a [298]plot, which Piso, and some[152] others had [299]laid against him; he put to death the [300]poet Lucan, and Seneca the philosopher, with several others, in the year of Christ 65, and the same year he [301]kicked his wife Poppæa, when [302]pregnant, [303]to death. He had the [304]impudence to [305]appear upon the [306]stage, and [307]act amongst the [308]players and [309]harpers, and [310]ride [311]chariot-races at the [312]Circensian games; and to [313]represent for his [314]diversion the [315]appearance of [316]Troy in [317]flames, he [318]set fire to the city, and [319]imputed it to the [320]Christians. He [321]became so odious and [322]contemptible by his [323]villanies, that he was [324]forsaken by all, and being [325]sought for in order to be [326]punished, he [327]performed the [328]executioner’s [329]office upon himself, in the 14th year of his [330]reign, and 68th of our Lord.
A little before Nero’s death, [331]C. Julius Vindex, who was [332]proprætor of Gaul, [333]openly [334]rebelled, and [335]persuaded Sergius Galba, [336]governor of Spain, to [337]set up for emperor, which he accordingly did, and [338]put Vindex to death presently after. He reigned about seven months, being very [339]old. He was slain together with Piso, whom he had [340]adopted, after M. Silvius Otho was [341]proclaimed emperor; he reigned only about three months.
In the mean time, Vitellius [342]trusting to the [343]legions of Germany, which he [344]commanded in [345]quality of a [346]consular [347]lieutenant-general, [348]took upon him the [349]name of emperor, and [350]defeated Otho’s army in a [351]rencounter near [352]Bebriacum, who being [353]weary of a civil war, killed himself.
Vitellius reigned eight months after Otho, and was [354]succeeded by Vespasian, who had been [355]sent by Nero to [356]quell the [357]Jews. He reigned ten years with the greatest [358]justice and [359]clemency. He was a great [360]encourager of [361]learning and [362]learned men. The only thing that was [363]blamed in him, was his [364]covetousness, which he used to [365]excuse, by [366]alleging the [367]emptiness of the [368]Exchequer.
The war in [369]Judea was [370]finished in his time, to which he was sent by Nero, as we have [371]already [372]said. It was [373]begun by some [374]seditious [375]people that were [376]headed by Eleazar, the son of Ananias, the [377]high-priest, who [378]took up arms against the Romans, under the [379]pretence of [380]religion. Cestius Gallus, [381]lieutenant of Syria, [382]laid siege to [383]Jerusalem, but was [384]beaten off with great [385]slaughter in the 12th year of Nero. The [386]victorious Jews upon their [387]return to Jerusalem, amongst other generals, [388]made choice of [389]Josephus, the[154] son of [390]Matthias for one. In the year of Christ 67, Vespasian, [391]carrying his arms through Galilee and Judea, [392]took, besides most of their towns, Josephus their [393]commander, who [394]foretold his [395]rise. At last, he [396]fell upon Jerusalem, the [397]metropolis of the [398]nation, which was taken by his son Titus, in the second year of his reign.
This [399]proved the [400]ruin of the nation, and of the very name of the Jews. The [401]calamity was indeed so [402]violent, and the [403]miseries they [404]suffered so [405]various, that it was [406]visible they were [407]punished for the [408]horrid [409]murder of the [410]only begotten son of God; for a [411]dreadful [412]famine [413]forced the [414]besieged to [415]live on human [416]flesh; mothers to [417]eat their own children; and eleven hundred thousand [418]persons (a thing hardly ever [419]heard of before), [420]perished in that [421]siege. The city was [422]finally [423]razed to the ground. Vespasian, in the third year of his reign [424]triumphed, with his son Titus, over the Jews; upon which he [425]shut up the [426]temple of [427]Janus. He [428]died in his ninth [429]consulship whilst he was [430]giving [431]audience to some [432]ambassadors, having lived sixty-nine years, one month and seven days, and reigned eight years.
Titus, who [433]succeeded his father, is [434]deservedly [435]ranked among the best [436]emperors, although before he [437]came to the [438]empire, he was [439]thought a[155] man of a cruel [440]temper, [441]covetous, and [442]depraved. But upon his [443]advancement, he was so much [444]altered for the better, that he [445]deserved the [446]title of the [447]delight of [448]mankind. He was [449]remarkable for great [450]mildness, and [451]easy temper, and never [452]sent any one away [453]dissatisfied; and [454]remembering once at [455]supper that he had [456]done nobody any [457]kindness that day, he told all those who were about him that he had [458]lost a day. In his reign, in the year of Christ 80, there was a [459]dreadful [460]eruption of [461]flames and [462]ashes out of [463]mount Vesuvius, which [464]flew as far as Africa, Syria, and Egypt; and the two towns of Pompeii and [465]Herculaneum[A] were [466]utterly [467]ruined by it. This good emperor died in the year of Christ 81, two years and three months after he had [468]succeeded his father, and in the one and fortieth year of his [469]age, not without the [470]suspicion of having been [471]poisoned by his [472]brother Domitian.
[A] The Manuscripts, Vases, &c. &c. which within the last few years have been found among the ruins of these places, are in the present day objects of great curiosity and interest.
Titus was very much [473]lamented both by the senate and people: and their [474]concern for his death was very much [475]increased by his brother and [476]successor Domitian, the worst prince of all that [477]came before, or [478]followed after him. At first he made some [479]show of [480]clemency and [481]justice, but soon [482]discovered his [483]temper, and [484]imitated Nero in[156] [485]cruelty, [486]rapine, and [487]debauchery. He [488]ordered himself to be [489]called God, and was at last [490]destroyed by means of a [491]plot, in the year of Christ 96, after he had reigned fifteen years.
[1] Egítto
[2] ridótto
[3] forma
[4] província
[5] trionfáre
[6] conquísta
[7] Dalmázia
[8] sommíssione
[9] consigliársi
[10] seriaménte
[11] fintaménte
[12] depórsi
[13] autorità
[14] consíglio
[15] risólvere
[16] presentáre
[17] dimanda
[18] nonostánte
[19] per rassegnare
[20] stratagémma
[21] assicurársi
[22] Cornélio Gallo
[23] Románo
[24] cavaliére
[25] governatóre
[26] esiliáto
[27] insolenza
[28] fare
[29] luogotenénte
[30] sottomessi
[31] ritórno
[32] ricusáre
[33] triónfo
[34] esibíto
[35] Fraate
[36] restituíre
[37] stendárdo
[38] preso
[39] amíco
[40] particoláre
[41] stima
[42] primo
[43] protettóre
[44] sciénza
[45] sapiénte
[46] género
[47] dare per moglíe
[48] nipóte
[49] grávida
[50] maríto
[51] progénie
[52] moríre
[53] tribunízio
[54] potére
[55] mandáto
[56] regoláre
[57] affáre
[58] ritirársi
[59] cadere
[60] dispiacére
[61] figliástro
[62] continuáre
[63] cagióne
[64] ritiratézza
[65] avversióne
[66] passáre
[67] sorta
[68] dissolutézza
[69] scopérta
[70] stravagánza
[71] bandíre
[72] sécolo
[73] prodúrre
[74] uomo
[75] Greco
[76] Dionísio Alicarnasséno
[77] Nicóla Damascéno
[78] célebre
[79] talénto
[80] istória
[81] Latino
[82] Cornélio Nepóte
[83] género
[84] battáglia
[85] célebre
[86] poéta
[87] Virgilio
[88] Orázio
[89] Ovídio
[90] Tibúllo
[91] Propérzio
[92] Cristo
[93] tenúto
[94] eccellénte
[95] príncipe
[96] necessário
[97] succédere
[98] salvático
[99] indole
[100] abbandonáto
[101] nascóndere
[102] vizio
[103] princípio
[104] maraviglióso
[105] arte
[106] adottáto
[107] comándo
[108] suócero
[109] acquistáre
[110] riputazióne
[111] virtù
[112] fatto d’arme
[113] risguardáto
[114] gelóso
[115] próprio
[116] rimuóvere
[117] maraviglióso
[118] succésso
[119] Levánte
[120] battersi
[121] rancóre mortále
[122] sospétto
[123] avvelenáto
[124] proseguíto
[125] preveníre
[126] senténza
[127] volontário
[128] Elio Sejáno
[129] cavaliére
[130] innalzáto
[131] malvaggio
[132] azióne
[133] aspiráre
[134] léttera
[135] precipitáto
[136] colmo
[137] grandézza
[138] mano
[139] carnéfice
[140] famiglia
[141] regno
[142] ritirársi
[143] ísola
[144] costa
[145] intenzióne
[146] segretamente
[147] voltoláre
[148] dissolutézza
[149] allegrézza
[150] Gesù Cristo
[151] nato
[152] Vergine Mária
[153] crocefísso
[154] chiamáto
[155] scarpa
[156] portáto
[157] soldatésca
[158] portáre
[159] succédere
[160] entráto
[161] avveniménto
[162] trono
[163] speránza
[164] rassomigliáre
[165] dotáto
[166] qualità
[167] corpo
[168] mente
[169] principiáre
[170] segno
[171] moderazióne
[172] risguárdo
[173] spogliáto
[174] umanità
[175] superáre
[176] animále
[177] crudeltà
[178] strage
[179] rango
[180] grado
[181] uccídere
[182] capitáno
[183] pretóriano
[184] guardia
[185] mezzo
[186] comméttere
[187] delitto
[188] dato fondo all’
[189] imménso
[190] tesóro
[191] lasciáto
[192] cominciáre
[193] proscrívere
[194] sacchegiáre
[195] sentíto
[196] vorréi
[197] collo
[198] edifízio
[199] lavóro
[200] effettuáre
[201] stimáto
[202] farsi
[203] adoráre
[204] mondo
[205] témpio
[206] edificáre
[207] tribuno
[208] coorte
[209] guárdia
[210] fatto
[211] cospirazióne
[212] regnáto
[213] vissúto
[214] regnáre
[215] naturalménte
[216] insensáto
[217] crudéle
[218] istigáto
[219] sopratútto
[220] liberto
[221] moglie
[222] abbandonársi
[223] affáre
[224] sfrenatezza
[225] dissolutézza
[226] essere noto
[227] arrischiáre
[228] sposáre
[229] maríto
[230] drudo
[231] istigazióne
[232] Narcísso
[233] Pállade
[234] libérto
[235] governáre
[236] argoménto
[237] pazzía
[238] messo
[239] Británnico
[240] Domízio
[241] consíglio
[242] richiésta
[243] adottáre
[244] dimenticáre
[245] destináre
[246] successóre
[247] bandíre
[248] Giudéo
[249] matemático
[250] intrapréndere
[251] spedizióne
[252] Brettágna
[253] soggiogáre
[254] veléno
[255] messo
[256] fungo
[257] ascéndere
[258] patrígno
[259] comportársi
[260] annoveráto
[261] príncipe
[262] ascoltáre
[263] precétto
[264] maéstro
[265] corrótto
[266] lussúria
[267] adulazióne
[268] diventáre
[269] mostro
[270] arrestáre
[271] trascórrere
[272] valoróso
[273] capitáno
[274] virtù
[275] autorità
[276] ricuperáre
[277] obbligáre
[278] Tiridáte Vologéso
[279] veníre
[280] domandáre
[281] coróna
[282] richiamáre
[283] far moríre
[284] veléno
[285] princípio
[286] ordináre
[287] privatala degli onori
[288] bandíto
[289] corte
[290] parricídio
[291] mancáre
[292] compíre
[293] miséria
[294] approváre
[295] leváre
[296] esiliáre
[297] scopérta
[298] trama
[299] macchináto
[300] poéta Lucáno
[301] dare dei calci
[302] grávida
[303] in modo da farla morire
[304] sfacciatággine
[305] comparíre
[306] teátro
[307] recitáre
[308] commediánte
[309] suonatóre d’arpa
[310] fare
[311] corse di carro
[312] giuóchi Circénsi
[313] rappresentáre
[314] spasso
[315] apparénza
[316] Troja
[317] fiámma
[318] incendiáre
[319] imputáre
[320] Cristiáno
[321] diventáre
[322] sprezzábile
[323] scelleratézza
[324] abbandonáto
[325] cercáto
[326] castigáto
[327] eseguíre
[328] carnéfice
[329] uffício
[330] regno
[331] C. Giúlio Vindíce
[332] propretóre
[333] apertaménte
[334] ribellársi
[335] persuadére
[336] governatóre
[337] farsi
[338] méttere
[339] vécchio
[340] adottáto
[341] proclamáto
[342] confidársi
[343] legióne
[344] comandáre
[345] qualità
[346] consoláre
[347] luogotenénte
[348] préndere
[349] nome
[350] sconfíggere
[351] combattiménto
[352] Bebríaco
[353] stanco
[354] succedúto
[355] mandáto
[356] reprímere
[357] Giudéo
[358] giustízia
[359] cleménza
[360] promotóre
[361] sciénza
[362] sapiénte
[363] biasimáto
[364] cupidígia
[365] scusáre
[366] allegáre
[367] povertà
[368] erário
[369] Giudéa
[370] termináto
[371] già
[372] detto
[373] principiáto
[374] sedizióso
[375] gente
[376] comandáto
[377] gran sacerdóte
[378] prendere
[379] pretésto
[380] religióne
[381] luogotenénte
[382] assediáre
[383] Gierusalémme
[384] rispínto
[385] stráge
[386] vincitóre
[387] ritórno
[388] scégliere
[389] Giuséppe
[390] Máttia
[391] portáre
[392] pigliáre
[393] comandánte
[394] prédire
[395] elevazióne
[396] gettársi
[397] metrópoli
[398] nazióne
[399] cagionáre
[400] rovína
[401] calamità
[402] violento
[403] miséria
[404] soffríre
[405] differénte
[406] visíbile
[407] puníto
[408] orréndo
[409] omicídio
[410] unigénito
[411] terríbile
[412] fame
[413] forzáre
[414] assediáto
[415] vívere
[416] carne
[417] mangiáre
[418] persóna
[419] sentíto
[420] períre
[421] assédio
[422] finalménte
[423] spianáto
[424] trionfáre
[425] chiúdere
[426] témpio
[427] Giáno
[428] moríre
[429] consoláto
[430] dare
[431] udiénza
[432] ambasciadóre
[433] succédere
[434] meritaménte
[435] annoveráto
[436] imperatóre
[437] arriváre
[438] império
[439] credúto
[440] natúra
[441] aváro
[442] sensuále
[443] avanzaménto
[444] cambiáto
[445] meritáre
[446] títolo
[447] delízia
[448] génere umáno
[449] notábile
[450] benignità
[451] piacevolézza
[452] rimandare
[453] malconténto
[454] ricordársi
[455] cena
[456] fatto
[457] benefício
[458] perdúto
[459] spaventévole
[460] eruzione
[461] fiámma
[462] cénere
[463] Monte Vesúvio
[464] spargersi
[465] Ercoláno
[466] affátto
[467] distrútto
[468] succedúto
[469] età
[470] sospétto
[471] avvelenáto
[472] fratéllo
[473] compianto
[474] afflizióne
[475] accresciúto
[476] successóre
[477] precedere
[478] seguíre
[479] mostra
[480] cleménza
[481] giustízia
[482] scopríre
[483] natúra
[484] imitáre
[485] crudeltà
[486] rapína
[487] lussúria
[488] farsi
[489] chiamáre
[490] uccíso
[491] cospirazióne
(Of Rome, 836—Of Christ, 96.)
[1]Cocceius Nerva succeeded Domitian in the empire. He reigned but one year, four months, and eleven days; an [2]excellent prince, but [3]despised for his age. He [4]annulled all the [5]acts of Domitian, and [6]restored what had been [7]taken from the people by [8]violence and [9]injustice: but he [10]wanted [11]authority to [12]keep the soldiers within [13]due bounds; wherefore those who were [14]concerned in the death of Domitian, from whom he had [15]received the empire, were [16]killed by the [17]guards, [18]in spite of all he could do to [19]prevent it. He made Trajan, [20]lieutenant of Germany, his [21]adopted son, with whom he lived three months.
Trajan [22]took upon him the [23]government of the empire at [24]Cologn, being then in the 42nd year of his age; and a man [25]excellently [26]skilled in the [27]military art. He was likewise a person of great prudence, [28]moderation, and [29]meekness of [30]temper; so that he was thought by all to [31]deserve the [32]surname[157] of [33]Optimus. He [34]added Dacia to the empire, and, [35]marching into the [36]East, [37]subdued the [38]Armenians, the [39]Iberians, the [40]Colchians, the [41]Sarmatians, the [42]Osrhoenians, the [43]Arabians, and the [44]Bosphoranians. He likewise [45]fell upon the Parthians, and [46]took the cities Seleucia, [47]Ctesiphon, and [48]Babylon, with several others. But upon his [49]taking a voyage in the [50]Red Sea, almost all those nations [51]rose in rebellion. He, however, [52]quickly [53]reduced them either in person or by his [54]lieutenants. There was in his time a great [55]earthquake, which [56]ruined the city of [57]Antioch: it [58]happened in the year of Christ 115, in the [59]consulship of Messala and Pedo, the latter of whom was [60]buried in the [61]ruins of the [62]place, and Trajan was [63]drawn through a [64]window, and had [65]much ado to [66]escape. The Jews of [67]Syrene [68]took up arms, and [69]exercised all manner of [70]cruelty upon the Romans and Greeks throughout [71]Egypt and [72]Cyprus. Trajan [73]suppressed this rebellion with infinite [74]slaughter, by his lieutenant Martius Turbo. [75]Whilst he was [76]preparing to march against the Parthians, who were up in arms, having [77]forced from amongst them the king that had been [78]given them by the Roman emperor; this excellent prince [79]fell ill, and [80]died at [81]Selinus in Cilicia. He[158] reigned nineteen years, six months, and fifteen days.
[82]Ælius Hadrianus, Trajan’s [83]cousin and [84]countryman, [85]obtained the empire after him, by the [86]favour of Plotina, Trajan’s wife; a man very [87]fickle in his [88]temper and [89]genius, [90]equally [91]formed for virtue and [92]vice. He [93]went through all the [94]provinces of the empire, so that nobody had ever [95]travelled over so much of the [96]world as he. After the death of Trajan, he [97]abandoned Armenia, Syria, and Mesopotamia, to the Parthians, and [98]intended likewise to [99]leave Dacia, had he not been [100]apprehensive of [101]ruining the many thousands of Romans that were there.
He [102]rebuilt Jerusalem, which he [103]called Ælia Capitolina, and [104]settled a colony there; and in the same place where the [105]temple had [106]stood, [107]built another in [108]honour of [109]Jupiter; which so [110]provoked the Jews, that, [111]taking up arms, they [112]carried on the war with more [113]fury than ever, under the [114]conduct of Barchochebas; against whom, amongst other [115]skilful generals that he [116]employed, Hadrian [117]sent for Julius Severus out of [118]Britain, by whom the Jews were by [119]degrees [120]suppressed and utterly [121]destroyed; there being no less than 50,000 slain in that war, besides an [122]innumerable [123]multitude that were [124]consumed by [125]famine, [126]pestilence,[159] and [127]fire; so that [128]Palestine became almost a [129]wilderness. After that time, the Jews were [130]forbidden, [131]under pain of death, to come to Jerusalem, unless one day in a year to [132]lament their [133]misery.
At last Hadrian [134]growing old and [135]infirm, having no [136]children of his own, [137]adopted [138]Arrius Antoninus, who was afterwards [139]surnamed [140]Pius, [141]upon condition that he should adopt Annius Verus, son of Ælius Verus, and [142]M. Aurelius Antoninus. After which he died at Baiæ, in the year of Christ 138, having lived sixty-two years, and reigned twenty-one and eleven months.
Antoninus Pius, adopted by Hadrian, [143]governed the Roman empire with so much virtue and [144]goodness, that he [145]surpassed all [146]example; for he [147]managed the [148]commonwealth rather with the [149]affection of a father, than with the authority of a prince, and [150]kept the world in [151]peace during his whole reign, for which [152]reason he was [153]compared to Numa. [154]Foreign and [155]remote princes and [156]nations [157]feared him to that degree, that they [158]referred the [159]decision of their [160]controversies to him. He [161]forbade any [162]scrutiny to be made after those, who had [163]entered into a [164]plot against his [165]life. He died in the seventieth year of his age, and twenty-fourth of his reign.
After him reigned M. Antonius Verus, [166]son-in-law of Pius; for he had married his daughter Valeria Faustina. He had from [167]his youth been [168]educated as well in the [169]knowledge of other [170]arts as the [171]studies of [172]wisdom, which he [173]made appear no less in his life and [174]conduct, than his [175]words and [176]professions. In the [177]beginning of his reign, he made L. Ælius Verus his [178]partner of the empire, to whom he married his daughter Lucilla. They reigned together eleven years, being of very [179]different [180]inclinations; for Verus was of a [181]listless, [182]luxurious, and [183]morose temper, but was [184]kept within [185]bounds through the [186]respect he had for his father-in-law; by whom he was [187]sent against the Parthians, and [188]carried on the war [189]successfully for four years, by his lieutenants; wherefore they both [190]triumphed over the Parthians. Afterwards they [191]undertook an [192]expedition against the Marcomanni, but upon their [193]march, Verus was [194]seized with an [195]apoplexy, between Concordia and [196]Altinum, and died. M. Aurelius carried on the war for three years against the Marcomanni, to whom the Quadi, [197]Vandals, [198]Sarmatians, and Suevi, [199]joined themselves. His army in [200]want [201]of water, was [202]relieved by a [203]legion of [204]Christians that was in it, who, by their [205]prayers [206]procured [207]rain from [208]heaven, according to [209]Eusebius. The[161] [210]exchequer being quite [211]exhausted by the great [212]expense of the war, that he might not [213]burthen the people with [214]taxes, he [215]produced all the imperial [216]furniture and [217]sold it; and after the victory [218]restored the [219]price to those [220]purchasers who [221]were willing to [222]part with what they had [223]bought. Avidius Cassius, upon [224]false advice that he was [225]dead, [226]seized the [227]government, and was slain three months after. M. Aurelius died at Vienna, after a reign of nineteen years, and eleven months.
He was [228]succeeded by his [229]wicked son Aurelius Commodus Antoninus, who [230]resembled Nero for [231]cruelty, [232]lust, [233]avarice, and such practices as are [234]scandalous in an emperor. Having [235]settled his affairs with the [236]Germans, he triumphed at Rome. He put to death his sister Lucilla, who, with [237]several others, had [238]conspired against his life. He [239]used to [240]fight among the [241]gladiators in the [242]public games. He was at last, after an [243]infamous life, [244]slain by the [245]contrivance of a [246]mistress, and the captain-general of his [247]life-guards, whom he had [248]determined to [249]put to death. He reigned twelve years, nine months, and fourteen days.
After Commodus was [250]killed in the year of Christ 193, P. [251]Helvius Pertinax, was [252]declared emperor, by those who had [253]dispatched Commodus,[162] who [254]endeavouring to [255]reduce the [256]commonwealth into better [257]order, and to [258]curb the [259]licentiousness of the [260]soldiery, was, within eighty days after his coming to the empire, [261]murdered by his own guards. The empire after this, was by the soldiers [262]exposed to [263]sale, and Didius Julianus [264]coming up to their [265]terms, was [266]accepted of, and [267]proclaimed emperor accordingly. But [268]not being able to [269]make up the [270]promised donative, he was [271]forsaken by them, and slain by [272]order of Septimius Severus, after he had reigned two months and five days.
This Severus, a [273]native of Africa, was at that time lieutenant of Pannonia, and [274]took upon him the government, under the [275]pretence of [276]revenging Pertinax’s death. He first of all [277]disbanded the guards for that [278]abominable [279]murder. Then he [280]fell upon Pescennius Niger, lieutenant of Syria, and Clodius Albinus of [281]Britain, his [282]competitor for the empire. Niger was [283]conquered, and Antioch, into which he [284]threw himself, was taken; after which, [285]flying towards the [286]river Euphrates, he was [287]taken and slain. After the [288]taking off of Niger, Severus [289]took [290]Byzantium, which had [291]declared for him, after a [292]siege of three years.
[293]Matters being [294]brought to a [295]peaceable [296]settlement[163] in the [297]East, he [298]turned his arms [299]westward against Clodius Albinus, and [300]engaged him at [301]Lyons in [302]France; where many being slain on both [303]sides, and amongst others, Albinus, he was [304]left sole [305]possessor of the empire. The city was [306]plundered and [307]burnt, Albinus’s [308]head [309]sent to Rome, and a [310]dreadful [311]havoc made among those who had been his [312]favourers and [313]friends.
After this, he [314]marched [315]eastward again, and [316]conquered the Parthians, the [317]Adiabenians, and Arabians, whilst Plotianus, in the mean time, [318]governed all at Rome. Plotilla, this man’s daughter, was [319]contracted to Antoninus, Severus’s son, and the [320]nuptials were [321]celebrated in the tenth year of Severus’s reign. But not long after, Plotianus being [322]engaged in a [323]plot against the emperor, was slain by his [324]son-in-law, and a great many that had been in his [325]interest, killed after him.
Severus [326]undertook an [327]expedition into Britain, with his two sons, in the 15th year of his reign, where he [328]continued three years; being very [329]successful, he [330]drew a [331]wall [332]across the [333]island for its [334]security. He died at York, after he had reigned seventeen years eight months and three days.
[335]Antoninus Caracalla and Geta, the two sons of Severus, were after him [336]advanced to the empire,[164] in the year of Christ 211. But the [337]difference of their [338]humour and [339]manners was such, that they were [340]perpetually at [341]variance. Geta was of a [342]mild and civil [343]temper, the other [344]cruel and [345]boisterous, who, in the second year of his reign, [346]slew his brother in his [347]mother’s [348]bosom. After him, a great many of his friends and [349]favourers were [350]put to death, amongst whom the [351]famous [352]lawyer [353]Papinian, because he would not [354]justify his [355]parricide. After this, he [356]marched into the [357]East. At Alexandria he made a [358]shocking [359]massacre of the [360]inhabitants, for having some time before made some [361]jests upon him. He then [362]invaded [363]Artabanus, king of the Parthians, and [364]laid waste his [365]dominions. He was [366]killed by the [367]contrivance of Opilius Macrinus after he had reigned six years and two months.
Macrinus [368]enjoyed the empire but a short time; for he and his sons were slain by the [369]soldiers within a year and two months after he obtained it: and was [370]succeeded by [371]Antoninus Heliogabalus, [372]supposed, but [373]falsely, to be the son of Caracalla. He was the [374]vilest [375]wretch that ever lived, [376]given up to all manner of [377]vice. Wherefore, after a reign of three years, and nine months, he was slain by the [378]soldiery, with his mother Julia, or Semiamira.
After this, [379]M. Aurelius Alexander [380]mounted the throne, having been [381]created Cæsar the year before; an [382]extraordinary prince, and well [383]instructed in all the [384]arts of [385]peace and war. He [386]carried a strict hand over the [387]judges, and was very [388]severe upon all those that by [389]favour or [390]bribery [391]transgressed the [392]bounds of [393]justice. He [394]banished from his [395]person all [396]flatterers, [397]buffoons, and such as are a [398]scandal to the [399]court. He [400]forbade the [401]sale of [402]offices, saying, that what was [403]bought would be [404]sold again. He [405]allowed the [406]deputies of the [407]provinces all their [408]furniture out of the [409]exchequer, that they might not be [410]burdensome to the people. He was [411]successful against the Persians, but at last slain in a [412]sedition of his army.
In the fifth year of his reign, [413]Artaxerxes, [414]the Persian, having [415]defeated the Parthians in three [416]battles, and slain their king Artabanus, [417]raised again the empire of the Persians in the East. He also made an [418]excursion into the Roman [419]territories, but was defeated by Alexander. After this, he [420]undertook an [421]expedition against the Germans, in which he was slain by Maximinus, together with his mother, after a reign of thirteen years.
Maximinus was made emperor after the [422]murder of Alexander, and [423]put a happy end to the German[166] war. In the mean time he made a [424]dreadful [425]havoc at Rome, by his governor there, and killed a great many of the [426]nobility. During this, the two [427]Gordians, father and son, while at [428]Carthage, [429]laid claim to the empire. The Romans, being [430]headed by the senate, [431]declared against Maximinus; and [432]persons were [433]dispatched away to [434]secure the provinces for the senate. At home, twenty [435]commissioners were [436]nominated for the [437]management of public [438]affairs. The Gordians being [439]killed in Africa, after a year and a few days, by [440]Capelian, Maximinus’s general, [441]Balbinus and [442]Maximus Pupienus, two of the [443]twenty [444]commissioners, were [445]advanced to the empire by the senate in the year of Christ 237; in which Maximinus, as he was [446]besieging Aquileia, was slain by the [447]soldiers with his son, who was but a [448]boy, after a reign of two years and ten months.
Balbinus and Pupienus, with Gordian ([449]a boy, who, as will be seen [450]hereafter, [451]perished in Africa), reigned together for a year. But afterwards being [452]desirous to [453]get rid of Gordian, who was more in [454]favour than themselves, they were slain by the soldiers in the year of Christ 238; from which time Gordian [455]enjoyed the empire by himself, a [456]youth of an [457]extraordinary [458]genius, and [459]prone to all manner of virtue; which was [460]improved by the [461]prudence of Misitheus, a very [462]learned and[167] [463]eloquent man, whose daughter he [464]married; with whom he [465]marched at the [466]head of the great army against the Persians, and [467]recovered from them [468]Carræ, [469]Nisibis, and other towns, and [470]forced them back into their own [471]country. The year [472]following, Misitheus being [473]murdered by the [474]contrivance of [475]Philip the Arabian, Gordian himself was soon after slain in a [476]tumult, which the same Philip [477]raised by the [478]help of some soldiers he had [479]corrupted, after he had reigned six years, in whose [480]place the [481]parricide [482]succeeded.
In the fourth year of Philip’s reign, the [483]Secular games were [484]celebrated at Rome, in the [485]thousandth year of the city. He was [486]at last [487]slain at Verona, by the soldiers, in the sixth year of his [488]reign.
Decius, [489]born in [490]Lower Pannonia, a man of great [491]courage and [492]experience in war, [493]succeeded him. He [494]perished in a [495]morass in a battle against the [496]Barbarians. This [497]defeat was [498]occasioned by the [499]treachery of Gallus, who [500]secretly [501]caballed with the enemy after he had reigned thirty months. This Gallus being made emperor by the [502]choice of the [503]soldiery, and having [504]taken his son as a [505]partner in the [506]government, was slain together with him by the soldiers, two years and four months after at Interamna, as he was [507]marching[168] against Æmilian, who was [508]raising a [509]rebellion in Mœtia.
Æmilian did not reign long, being slain three months after his [510]advancement, and was [511]succeeded by Valerian, with his son Gallienus, who reigned six years together; during which time the Roman empire was [512]miserably [513]rent by the Barbarians. Thirty [514]tyrants [515]started up in several [516]places, according to [517]Trebellius Pollio. Wherefore Valerian [518]marching against the [519]Scythians, who had [520]taken [521]Chalcedon, [522]burnt Nice, and the [523]temple of the [524]Ephesian Diana, and from thence [525]advancing against Sapores, who [526]was very troublesome to the [527]Eastern [528]borders, he [529]took him [530]prisoner, and [531]treated him like a vile [532]slave; for when he [533]mounted his [534]horse, he [535]set his [536]foot upon his [537]neck, who [538]bowed down [539]for that purpose. At last he [540]ordered him to be [541]flayed and [542]salted. This [543]victory over the Romans [544]happened in the year of Christ 260. After which Odenatus, a senator of the [545]Palmyrenians, whom Zenobia had [546]married, [547]bravely [548]repulsed the Persians that still [549]harassed the [550]borders.
[551]In the mean time Gallienus, wholly [552]given up to [553]luxury and [554]debauchery, [555]suffered the empire to be [556]torn to pieces by the Barbarians, and[169] [557]tyrants. Odenatus, after the [558]taking of Nisibis and Carræ, and the [559]recovery of Mesopotamia, [560]upon routing of the king of the Persians, having [561]sent the great [562]lords of the Persians to him in [563]chains, he was [564]not ashamed to [565]triumph, as if he had [566]conquered them himself. Odenatus was [567]murdered by his [568]cousin, together with his son Herod, whose [569]wife Zenobia, being a [570]woman of a [571]masculine spirit, [572]undertook the government. Gallienus was slain with his brother Valerian at [573]Milan, as he was marching against Aureolus the tyrant. He reigned almost seven years with his father, and eight alone.
Claudius [574]succeeded him; a [575]frugal and [576]moderate prince, and very [577]serviceable to the public, who having [578]taken off the tyrant Aureolus, was very [579]successful against the [580]Goths, of whom he [581]slew 320,000, and [582]sunk 200 of their [583]ships. The rest of the Barbarians were [584]consumed at [585]Hæmimontium by [586]famine and [587]pestilence; and soon after Claudius [588]died of the same [589]plague, after a reign of one year and nine months.
His brother Quintilius [590]usurping the empire, was slain by the soldiers ten days after, who had now [591]made choice of Aurelian, a person of [592]mean birth, but [593]reckoned amongst the most [594]glorious princes, only rather too [595]cruel. He [596]subdued the Alemanni and Marcomanni, from whom the Romans[170] had before [597]received a [598]signal [599]overthrow. After that victory he [600]came to Rome, [601]put several of the [602]senators to death, and [603]enlarged the [604]walls of the city. Then marching [605]eastward, he conquered Zenobia, whom with the tyrant [606]Tetrichus, he [607]led in [608]triumph. [609]Aurelius Victor tells us, he was the first of the Roman emperors who [610]wore a [611]diadem on his [612]head, or [613]used [614]jewels and [615]cloth of [616]gold. He was [617]taken off by [618]Mnestheus, a [619]notary to the [620]secretaries at [621]Cænophrurium, [622]betwixt [623]Byzantium and Heraclea. After his [624]death, there was an [625]interregnum of about seven months, [626]occasioned by a [627]dispute between the senate and the army, about the [628]choice of an emperor; at length Tacitus was [629]chosen by the senate, a person of [630]excellent [631]morals, and very [632]fit for the [633]government, he was [634]descended from Tacitus the [635]historian; and he [636]died of a [637]fever six months after at Tarsus. His brother Florianus [638]succeeded him: but Probus being [639]set up by a [640]majority of the army, Florianus [641]bled himself to death, two months after his brother died, in the year of Christ 276.
This Probus was [642]born in Pannonia Sirmiensis, a very fine man, and an excellent [643]soldier, of [644]unspotted morals. [645]As soon as he was [646]made emperor,[171] he [647]punished all those who [648]had a hand in the death of Aurelian. After that, he [649]marched to [650]Gaul, [651]recovered several towns out of the [652]hands of the [653]Barbarians, and [654]slew nearly 70,000 of them. After [655]reducing [656]Gaul, he recovered [657]Illyricum, and [658]subdued the people [659]called the [660]Getæ; then going into the [661]East, he [662]fell upon the [663]Persians; when having [664]defeated them, and [665]taken several towns, he was [666]slain on his [667]return to Italy, by the soldiers, at [668]Sirmium, who [669]hated him for his great [670]severity. This [671]happened in the seventh year of his [672]reign, and the 282nd of Christ.
Probus was [673]succeeded by M. Aurelius Carus, [674]born at [675]Narbon in France, who [676]immediately [677]made his sons Carinus, and Numerianus, [678]Cæsars; and having [679]sent Carinus to [680]take the care of Gaul, he [681]marched into the [682]East against the Persians with Numerianus; where, after he had [683]reduced Mesopotamia, and marched as far as [684]Ctesiphon, he was [685]struck dead by [686]lightning, having [687]reigned about a year. Numerianus being much [688]concerned for his father’s death, [689]contracted a [690]weakness in his [691]eyes with [692]weeping, and was [693]slain by the [694]contrivance of Aper his [695]father-in-law.
Carinus was nothing [696]like his father and brother,[172] being [697]guilty of all [698]manner of [699]wickedness; [700]wherefore he was [701]odious to all [702]ranks of [703]people. He was [704]betrayed by his own army at [705]Margum in Mœsia, and [706]killed by the soldiers of Dioclesian, who, as soon as Numerianus was [707]dead, [708]accepted of the [709]purple [710]offered him by the army, being born of [711]mean parents in [712]Dalmatia (for [713]he is said to have been the [714]slave of [715]Anulinus the senator), but a [716]gallant soldier. He [717]took his [718]oath in an [719]assembly of the soldiers, that he [720]had no hand in the death of Numerianus, and upon that [721]slew Aper with his own [722]hand; and so [723]fulfilled the [724]prophecy of him, that he should be emperor, when he had killed a [725]boar with his own hand; for which reason [726]as often as he [727]met with a boar, he [728]used to kill him. After he had killed Aper, he said he had [729]found the fatal boar. He [730]suppressed the [731]boors who made an [732]insurrection in Gaul, and [733]called themselves Bacaudæ, by means of [734]Maximianus Herculius, whom he [735]sent thither [736]for that purpose in the year 285, in which this Herculius was first made Cæsar, and the year [737]following he was made Augustus. About the same time Carausius having [738]seized upon [739]Britain, and Achilleus in [740]Egypt, [741]pretended to the empire; and in the [742]East, Narses king of Persia, being [743]ready to [744]fall upon the Romans,[173] and Africa being [745]wasted by the [746]Quinquegentians, the better to [747]conduct all these wars at once, he [748]created Constantius Chlorus, and Galerius Maximianus, Cæsars. The latter was [749]born in Dacia, not far from Sardica, and was [750]surnamed [751]Armentarius, because he had been a [752]herdsman. Dioclesian [753]gave his daughter Valeria to Armentarius, and Maximianus Herculius [754]disposed of his step-daughter Theodora to Constantius. After this, Dioclesian [755]went to Egypt, Herculius into Africa, Armentarius into the East, and Constantius into Britain. Alexandria was [756]taken by Dioclesian, after a [757]siege of eight months, in the twelfth year of his reign. Ceransius was [758]killed by his friend [759]Alectus, eight years after his [760]revolt. At the same time the Quinquegentians were [761]reduced by Maximianus Herculius: and Galerius Armentarius [762]defeated by Narsus, being [763]haughtily [764]received by Dioclesian, he the year following 297, [765]revenged this [766]disgrace, by [767]routing the Persian army, and [768]taking the [769]wives, [770]sisters, and [771]children of Narsus prisoners; upon which Dioclesian received him [772]honourably in Mesopotamia.
At length, after a [773]splendid [774]triumph, Dioclesian and Herculius [775]laid down their [776]authority; the former did it [777]by choice, and [778]retired to Salonæ; the other was [779]prevailed upon more by the [780]authority of his [781]colleague, than from any[174] [782]inclination for it. This [783]happened in the 20th of Dioclesian, and 304th year of Christ; upon which [784]Constantius Chlorus, and [785]Galerius Maximianus Armentarius, were [786]proclaimed emperors; Severus, and Galerius Maximianus, the [787]nephew of Armentarius by a sister, were [788]declared Cæsars. Constantius [789]divided the Roman empire with Maximian, [790]keeping to himself Gaul, Italy, and Africa; but the two [791]last he afterwards [792]left to his colleague, who had besides [793]Illyricum, Asia, and the [794]East. Of this he made Maximianus [795]governor, and [796]placed Severus in Italy.
[1] Coccéjo Nerva
[2] eccellénte
[3] sprezzáto
[4] annulláre
[5] atto
[6] restituíre
[7] preso
[8] violénza
[9] ingiustízia
[10] mancáre
[11] autorità
[12] tenére
[13] dovére
[14] avér parte
[15] ricevúto
[16] uccíso
[17] guárdia
[18] ad onta di
[19] impedíre
[20] luogotenénte
[21] adottáto
[22] pigliáre
[23] govérno
[24] Cológna
[25] ottimaménte
[26] versáto
[27] arte militáre
[28] moderazióne
[29] dolce
[30] temperamento
[31] meritáre
[32] sopranome
[33] Óttimo
[34] aggiúngere
[35] marciáre
[36] Levánte
[37] soggiogáre
[38] Armeni
[39] Ibérj
[40] Colchi
[41] Sármati
[42] Osroéni
[43] Árabi
[44] Bosforáni
[45] attaccáre
[46] préndere
[47] Tesifóne
[48] Babilónia
[49] fare un viággio
[50] per il mar rosso
[51] ribellársi
[52] presto
[53] ridúrre
[54] luogotenénte
[55] terremóto
[56] rovináre
[57] Ántíochia
[58] succédere
[59] consoláto
[60] seppellíto
[61] rovína
[62] piázza
[63] tiráto
[64] finéstra
[65] molta difficoltà
[66] scappáre
[67] Siréne
[68] prénder le armi
[69] esercitáre
[70] crudeltà
[71] Egítto
[72] Cipro
[73] sopprímere
[74] strage
[75] mentre
[76] preparársi
[77] scacciato
[78] dato
[79] ammalársi
[80] moríre
[81] Selíno
[82] Elio Adriáno
[83] cugíno
[84] compatriótto
[85] ottenére
[86] favóre
[87] mutábile
[88] natúra
[89] génio
[90] ugualménte
[91] formato
[92] vízio
[93] andáre
[94] província
[95] viaggiáre
[96] mondo
[97] cédere
[98] disegnáre
[99] lasciáre
[100] temúto
[101] rovináre
[102] riedificáre
[103] chiamáre
[104] stabilíre
[105] témpio
[106] situáto
[107] edificáre
[108] onóre
[109] Gióve
[110] irritáre
[111] pigliár l’armi
[112] fare
[113] fúria
[114] condótta
[115] sperimentáto
[116] impiegáre
[117] far veníre
[118] Brettágna
[119] gradualménte
[120] sopprésso
[121] distrútto
[122] innumerábile
[123] moltitúdine
[124] consumáto
[125] fame
[126] peste
[127] fuóco
[128] Palestína
[129] desérto
[130] proibíto
[131] sotto pena di morte
[132] compiángere
[133] miséria
[134] diveníre vécchio
[135] inférmo
[136] figliuólo
[137] adottáre
[138] Árrio Antoníno
[139] cognominato
[140] Pio
[141] con patto
[142] M. Aurélio Antonino
[143] governáre
[144] benignità
[145] sorpassáre
[146] esémpio
[147] maneggiáre
[148] repúbblica
[149] affezióne
[150] tenére
[151] pace
[152] ragióne
[153] comparáto
[154] straniéro
[155] remóto
[156] nazióne
[157] temére
[158] riméttere
[159] decisióne
[160] controvérsia
[161] proibíre
[162] scrutinio
[163] entráre
[164] cospirazióne
[165] vita
[166] género
[167] gioventù
[168] educáto
[169] conoscénza
[170] arte
[171] stúdio
[172] sapiénza
[173] mostrare
[174] condótta
[175] paróla
[176] professióne
[177] princípio
[178] compágno
[179] differénte
[180] inclinazióne
[181] pigro
[182] lussurióso
[183] fastidióso
[184] tenúto
[185] moderazióne
[186] rispétto
[187] mandáto
[188] fare
[189] con buon successo
[190] trionfáre
[191] intrapréndere
[192] spedizióne
[193] márcia
[194] assalíto
[195] apopléssia
[196] Altíno
[197] Vándali
[198] Sarmáti
[199] unírsi
[200] necessità
[201] acqua
[202] soccorsa
[203] legióne
[204] Cristiáno
[205] preghiéra
[206] procuráre
[207] pióggia
[208] ciélo
[209] Eusébio
[210] erário
[211] vuoto
[212] spesa
[213] caricáre
[214] dazio
[215] mise fuori
[216] forniménto
[217] véndere
[218] restituíre
[219] prezzo
[220] compratóre
[221] volére
[222] disfársi
[223] compráto
[224] falso avvíso
[225] morto
[226] usurpáre
[227] govérno
[228] succedúto
[229] malvágio
[230] rassomigliáre
[231] crudeltà
[232] sensualità
[233] avarízia
[234] scandalóso
[235] regoláto
[236] Germáni
[237] parécchi
[238] cospiráto
[239] solére
[240] battérsi
[241] gladiatóre
[242] giuóchi púbblici
[243] infáme
[244] uccíso
[245] arte
[246] amorósa
[247] guárdie del corpo
[248] risolúto
[249] méttere
[250] ammazzáto
[251] Elvio Pertináce
[252] dichiaráto
[253] spacciáto
[254] procuráre
[255] ridúrre
[256] repúbblica
[257] órdine
[258] reprímere
[259] licénza
[260] soldatésca
[261] assassináto
[262] espórre
[263] vendita
[264] componendosi colle
[265] condizioni
[266] accettáto
[267] proclamáto
[268] potere
[269] fornire
[270] donatívo premésso
[271] abbandonáto
[272] órdine
[273] natívo
[274] préndere
[275] pretésto
[276] vendicáre
[277] licenziáre
[278] abbominevole
[279] assassínio
[280] attaccáre
[281] Brettagna
[282] competitóre
[283] vinto
[284] ritirarsi
[285] fuggíre
[286] fiúme Eufráte
[287] preso
[288] presa
[289] prendere
[290] Bisánzio
[291] dichiaráto
[292] assédio
[293] le cose
[294] condótto
[295] pacifico
[296] accomodaménto
[297] Levánte
[298] voltáre
[299] verso l’occidénte
[300] attaccáre
[301] Lióne
[302] Fráncia
[303] canto
[304] lasciáto
[305] possessóre
[306] saccheggiáto
[307] abbrucciáto
[308] testa
[309] mandáto
[310] orríbile
[311] strage
[312] fautóre
[313] amíco
[314] marciáre
[315] verso il levánte
[316] conquistáre
[317] Adiabeniáni
[318] governáre
[319] fidanzáto
[320] nozze
[321] celebráto
[322] impegnáto
[323] cospirazióne
[324] género
[325] partito
[326] intrapréndere
[327] spedizióne
[328] continuáre
[329] fortunáto
[330] tiráre
[331] muro
[332] attravérso
[333] ísola
[334] sicurézza
[335] Antoníno Caracálla
[336] alzáto
[337] differénza
[338] umóre
[339] costúme
[340] perpetuaménte
[341] in lite
[342] benígno
[343] naturale
[344] crudéle
[345] impetuóso
[346] uccídere
[347] madre
[348] seno
[349] partitánte
[350] messo
[351] célebre
[352] giuriconsulto
[353] Papiniáno
[354] giustificáre
[355] parricídio
[356] marciáre
[357] levánte
[358] orríbile
[359] strage
[360] abitánte
[361] burla
[362] attaccare
[363] Artabáno
[364] desoláre
[365] domínio
[366] ucciso
[367] arte
[368] godére
[369] soldáto
[370] succedúto
[371] Antonino Eliogábalo
[372] suppósto
[373] falsaménte
[374] vile
[375] scelleráto
[376] abbandonáto
[377] vizio
[378] soldatésca
[379] M. Aurélio Alessándro
[380] ascéndere
[381] creáto
[382] straordinário
[383] istrútto
[384] arte
[385] pace
[386] comportársi rigorosaménte
[387] giúdice
[388] sevéro
[389] favóre
[390] corruzióne
[391] uscíre
[392] términe
[393] giustízia
[394] bandíre
[395] persóna
[396] adulatóre
[397] buffóne
[398] disdoro
[399] corte
[400] proibíre
[401] véndita
[402] uffízio
[403] compráto
[404] rivendúto
[405] concédere
[406] deputáto
[407] província
[408] móbili
[409] erário
[410] a carico al
[411] fortunáto
[412] sedizióne
[413] Artasérse
[414] il Persiáno
[415] sconfítto
[416] battáglia
[417] rialzáre
[418] scorrería
[419] território
[420] intrapréndere
[421] spedizióne
[422] assassínio
[423] termináre feliceménte
[424] spaventévole
[425] strage
[426] nobilità
[427] Gordiáni
[428] Cartágine
[429] pretendere
[430] comandáto
[431] dichiarársi
[432] persóna
[433] spedíto
[434] assicurársi
[435] commissário
[436] nomináto
[437] governo
[438] affáre
[439] ucciso
[440] Capeliáno Massimíno
[441] Balbíno
[442] Mássimo Pupiéno
[443] venti
[444] commissário
[445] alzáto
[446] assediáre
[447] soldáto
[448] ragázzo
[449] ràgazzo
[450] poi
[451] períre
[452] desideróso
[453] disfársi
[454] grázia
[455] godére
[456] gióvine
[457] straordinário
[458] génio
[459] inclináto
[460] coltiváto
[461] prudenza
[462] sapiente
[463] eloquénte
[464] sposáre
[465] marciáre
[466] testa
[467] ricuperáre
[468] Carréa
[469] Nísibi
[470] rispígnere
[471] paese
[472] seguénte
[473] uccíso
[474] insidia
[475] Filíppo l’Árabo
[476] tumúlto
[477] suscitáre
[478] assisténza
[479] corrótto
[480] luógo
[481] parricída
[482] succédere
[483] giuochi secolári
[484] celebráto
[485] millésimo
[486] finalménte
[487] ammazzáto
[488] regno
[489] nato
[490] basso
[491] corággio
[492] speriénza
[493] succédere
[494] períre
[495] palúde
[496] bárbaro
[497] sconfítta
[498] cagionáto
[499] perfídia
[500] nascostaménte
[501] congiuráre
[502] scelta
[503] soldatésca
[504] preso
[505] compágno
[506] govérno
[507] marciáre
[508] suscitáre
[509] ribellióne
[510] avanzaménto
[511] succedúto
[512] miserabilménte
[513] laceráto
[514] tiránno
[515] sollevársi
[516] luógo
[517] Trebéllio Pollióne
[518] marciáre
[519] Sciti
[520] preso
[521] Calcedónia
[522] abbruciáto
[523] témpio
[524] Efesino
[525] avanzáre
[526] inquietava assai
[527] orientále
[528] frontiere
[529] fare
[530] prigioniéro
[531] trattáre
[532] schiávo
[533] montáre
[534] cavállo
[535] porre
[536] piéde
[537] collo
[538] abbassársi
[539] a questo effétto
[540] fare
[541] scorticáre
[542] saláre
[543] vittória
[544] succédere
[545] Palmiriáni
[546] sposáto
[547] coraggiosaménte
[548] rispígnere
[549] dare il guasto
[550] confíne
[551] Intanto
[552] abbandonáto
[553] lussúria
[554] dissolutézza
[555] lasciáre
[556] laceráre in pezzi
[557] tiránno
[558] presa
[559] recuperaménto
[560] dopo la sconfítta
[561] mandáto
[562] signóre
[563] caténa
[564] vergógna
[565] trionfare
[566] vincere
[567] assassináto
[568] cugíno
[569] moglie
[570] donna
[571] ánimo virile
[572] intrapréndere
[573] Miláno
[574] succédere
[575] frugale
[576] moderáto
[577] serviziévole
[578] uccíso
[579] fortunáto
[580] Goti
[581] uccídere
[582] affondáre
[583] nave
[584] distrútto
[585] Emimónzio
[586] fame
[587] pestilénza
[588] moríre
[589] peste
[590] usurpáre
[591] scegliere
[592] bassa náscita
[593] annoveráto
[594] glorióso
[595] crudéle
[596] soggiogáre
[597] ricevúto
[598] segnaláto
[599] sconfítta
[600] veníre
[601] méttere
[602] senatóre
[603] ampliáre
[604] muro
[605] verso l’oriénte
[606] Tétrico
[607] condúrre
[608] triónfo
[609] Aurélio Vittóre
[610] portáre
[611] diadéma
[612] capo
[613] servírsi
[614] giója
[615] panno
[616] oro
[617] tolto di vita
[618] Nestéo
[619] notáro
[620] secretário
[621] Cenofrúrio
[622] tra
[623] Bisánzio
[624] morte
[625] interrégno
[626] cagionáto
[627] dispúta
[628] scelta
[629] scelto
[630] eccellénte
[631] costúme
[632] capáce
[633] govérno
[634] discéso
[635] istórico
[636] moríre
[637] febbre
[638] succédere
[639] innalzáto
[640] pluralità
[641] si apri le vene a morte
[642] nato
[643] soldáto
[644] intátta probitá
[645] súbito che
[646] fatto
[647] puníre
[648] éssere complíce
[649] marciare
[650] Gállia
[651] ricuperáre
[652] potére
[653] barbáro
[654] ammazzáre
[655] riduzióne
[656] Gállia
[657] Illírico
[658] soggiogáre
[659] chiamáto
[660] Geti
[661] Levánte
[662] attaccáre
[663] Persiáno
[664] sconfítto
[665] preso
[666] uccíso
[667] ritórna
[668] Sírmio
[669] odiáre
[670] severità
[671] succédere
[672] regno
[673] successo
[674] nato
[675] Narbóna
[676] súbito
[677] fare
[678] Césare
[679] mandáto
[680] aver cura
[681] marciáre
[682] Levánte
[683] ridótto
[684] Tesifóne
[685] ammazzato
[686] fúlmine
[687] regnáto
[688] afflítto
[689] contrarre
[690] debolezza
[691] ócchio
[692] piangere
[693] ucciso
[694] arte
[695] suócero
[696] rassomigliáre
[697] colpévole
[698] sorta
[699] scelleratezza
[700] perciò
[701] odióso
[702] stato
[703] gente
[704] tradíto
[705] Margo
[706] ammazzáto
[707] morto
[708] accettáre
[709] pórpora
[710] offérto
[711] bassi parenti
[712] Dalmázia
[713] si dice che
[714] schiávo
[715] Anulino
[716] bravo
[717] pigliáre
[718] giuraménto
[719] Assembléa
[720] éssere cómplíce
[721] uccídere
[722] mano
[723] adempíre
[724] profezía
[725] cignále
[726] ogni volta che
[727] incontráre
[728] solére
[729] trováto
[730] sopprímere
[731] Villano
[732] rivólta
[733] chiamársi
[734] Massimiáno Erculío
[735] mandáre
[736] a questo effétto
[737] seguénte
[738] impadroníto
[739] Brettágna
[740] Egítto
[741] preténdere
[742] Levánte
[743] pronto
[744] attaccáre
[745] desoláto
[746] Quinquegenziáni
[747] spingere
[748] creáre
[749] nato
[750] cognomináto
[751] Armentário
[752] pastóre
[753] dare
[754] accordáre
[755] andáre
[756] preso
[757] assédio
[758] ammazzáto
[759] Alétto
[760] rivólta
[761] ridótto
[762] sconfitto
[763] alteraménte
[764] ricevúto
[765] emendáre
[766] disgrázia
[767] sconfiggere
[768] fare
[769] moglie
[770] sorélla
[771] figliuólo
[772] onorataménte
[773] spléndido
[774] triónfo
[775] rinunziáre
[776] autorità
[777] spontaneaménte
[778] ritirársi
[779] dispósto
[780] autorità
[781] collega
[782] inclinazióne
[783] succédere
[784] Costánzo Cloro
[785] Galério Massimiáno Armentário
[786] proclamáto
[787] nipóte
[788] dichiaráto
[789] spartíre
[790] tenérsi
[791] último
[792] lasciáre
[793] Illírico
[794] Levánte
[795] governatóre
[796] collocáre
(Of Rome, 1044—Of Christ, 304.)
Constantius Chlorus having [1]enjoyed his [2]dignity one year, or as most [3]will have it, two years, [4]died at York. He was [5]mild and [6]civil in his [7]disposition; he would [8]suffer no [9]enquiry to be made after the [10]Christians, and [11]preferred such of his [12]servants as he [13]knew to be of that [14]profession before the [15]rest.
Constantine, his son, [16]began his [17]reign in the year of Christ 306, being 32 or 33 years of age, [18]born of [19]Helen of Bithynia, whom, most [20]authors say, was not, but some, that she was, the [21]lawful [22]wife of Constantius, though of [23]mean [24]birth.
At Rome, [25]Maxentius, the son of [26]Herculius, was [27]proclaimed emperor, by the [28]prætorian [29]bands: he, at first, to [30]gain the [31]people, [32]seemed to [33]favour the [34]Christians; but [35]presently after [36]wallowed in all [37]manner of [38]wickedness and [39]cruelty. Galerius Maximianus [40]sent Severus against him, who, being [41]forsaken by his men, [42]fled to Ravenna; Galerius, upon this, [43]marching for Rome, with his [44]army, was [45]likewise forsaken by his men, and went into [46]Illyricum, where he [47]made Licinius Cæsar. Upon which Herculius [48]being now in hopes of [49]recovering the empire which he had [50]quitted against his [51]will, [52]returned from Lucania to Rome, and [53]advised [54]Dioclesian, [55]living at Carnus in Pannonia, by his [56]letters to him, to [57]do the like, which he [58]refused. He [59]trepanned Severus by [60]perjury, and [61]slew him. Then [62]laying a plot for his son, he was [63]forced to [64]fly from Rome to Constantine in Gaul, to whom he [65]gave his daughter Faustina in [66]marriage. But some time after, having [67]entered into a [68]wicked [69]design against his [70]son-in-law, Constantine, (which was [71]discovered by his daughter), he [72]fled to [73]Marseilles, and there [74]suffered the [75]punishment of his [76]treachery. About this time, Galerius Maximianus [77]died[176] and was by his son-in-law Maxentius [78]enrolled amongst the [79]gods.
In the year 312, [80]Constantine [81]marched against [82]Maxentius, and was [83]encouraged to it by the [84]prodigy of a [85]cross he [86]saw in the [87]heavens. Having [88]passed the [89]Alps, and [90]defeated his generals near Verona, he [91]routed Maxentius himself not far from Rome, who [92]flying over a [93]bridge he had [94]laid upon the [95]Tyber, it [96]broke under him, and he was [97]drowned.
[98]Affairs being [99]settled in the city, Constantine in his [100]way to Germany, at Milan [101]married his sister [102]Constantia to Licinius, who had now been [103]made emperor. The same year Galericus Maximinus, a cruel [104]enemy of the [105]Christians, [106]undertaking a war against both the emperors, was [107]beaten by Licinius in [108]Illyricum, and [109]fled into Asia, where he [110]died a [111]horrible death at Tarsus in Cilicia. Nor did the [112]agreement betwixt the two [113]princes [114]last long; their first [115]rencounter was at Cibalis, a town in Pannonia; after which they had another [116]battle in the [117]plains of Mardia; in both which the [118]Licinians were [119]entirely defeated. At last a [120]peace was [121]made, and the empire again [122]divided.
In the year 324, Licinius [123]taking up arms against Constantine, [124]upon a pretence that he[177] [125]went beyond his [126]bounds, and had [127]broken into his [128]dominions, received a great [129]overthrow near Hadrianople. [130]From thence flying into [131]Byzantium, he was again [132]defeated by [133]sea; and being [134]routed in another [135]battle near [136]Chalcedon, he was [137]taken prisoner by Constantine, from whom he [138]procured his life by the [139]interposition of his sister, and was [140]banished to [141]Thessalonica, where, [142]endeavouring to make a new [143]insurrection, he was [144]put to death.
After this, [145]Crispus Cæsar, his son, by a former [146]wife Minervina, a [147]youth of an [148]extraordinary [149]genius, was put to death upon [150]suspicion of [151]attempting to [152]seduce his [153]step-mother; and the year [154]following, Fausta, being [155]found [156]guilty of [157]falsely [158]accusing him, was [159]suffocated in a hot [160]bath, by [161]order of her [162]husband Constantine.
In this emperor’s time, Byzantium was [163]rebuilt, and [164]enriched with the [165]spoils of almost the whole [166]world; so that it [167]equalled Rome, and [168]took its [169]name from its [170]restorer, being [171]called [172]Constantinople.
After this, having [173]subdued the [174]Sarmatians, and [175]disposed of them in several [176]places of the Roman [177]empire; Constantine died in the [178]suburbs of Nicomedia, where most [179]authors say he was [180]baptised a little before his [181]death.
He [182]left by Fausta, the daughter of Maximianus, three children, [183]heirs of the empire, who [184]divided it amongst them. Constantine the [185]eldest had [186]Gaul, and all [187]beyond the [188]Alps. [189]Constans the [190]youngest had Rome, Italy, Africa, Sicily, and the [191]rest of the [192]islands, Illyricum, [193]Thracia, Macedonia, and [194]Greece. Constantius, the [195]second son, Asia, and the [196]East, with [197]Egypt.
But the brothers did not long [198]agree; four years after his father’s [199]death, Constantine making war upon his brother Constans, and [200]invading his [201]territories, was [202]slain near Aquileia. Constans himself was slain ten years after by [203]Magnentius’s general, Gaison, near the [204]Pyrænean mountains. Constantius was [205]engaged in a [206]dangerous war with this Magnentius. In the [207]battle [208]fought at Morsa in Pannonia, Constantius’s army was [209]worsted in the first [210]attack, but at last [211]came off [212]victorious. Two years after this, Magnentius slew himself at Lyons in [213]despair.
Gallus was [214]declared Cæsar, and [215]governor of the East; but [216]abusing his [217]authority, he was [218]sent for by Constantius, and [219]put to death in Illyricum. [220]Julian, his brother, was [221]saved by the [222]interposition of Eusebia, Constantius’s [223]wife, and sent to Athens to [224]study. He was afterwards [225]advanced to the [226]dignity of Cæsar, [227]married to the emperor’s sister [228]Helen, and was [229]made governor of [230]Gaul, where[179] he was very [231]successful against the [232]Germans, [233]Franks, and [234]Alemans; he [235]sent the [236]king of the Alemans a [237]prisoner to Constantius at Rome, who [238]envying his [239]success, [240]endeavoured to [241]draw his soldiers from him, and [242]send them into the [243]East against the Persians. But they [244]proclaimed Julian emperor at [245]Paris, [246]whilst Constantius was [247]preparing for a war against the Persians. [248]As soon as he [249]understood this, he [250]marched against Julian, but died on the [251]road near Tarsus.
Julian, after the death of Constantius, was sole [252]master of the empire. He [253]killed, or [254]banished all the [255]friends of Constantius; [256]opened the [257]temples of the [258]idols, and [259]abjuring the [260]Christian [261]faith, was [262]consecrated [263]high-priest, [264]according to the [265]rites of the [266]pagan [267]religion. He made war against the Persians, and was [268]slain in it. They say that, when he [269]perceived his [270]wound to be [271]mortal, he [272]received the [273]blood in his [274]hand, and [275]threw it up [276]towards [277]heaven, with these [278]words: “Thou hast [279]conquered me, O [280]Galilæan!” [281]meaning [282]Christ, whose religion he had [283]abjured, and hence was called Julian the Apostate.
After the death of Julian, [284]Jovian, a [285]native of Pannonia, was [286]proclaimed emperor by the [287]soldiers. He [288]ordered the temples of the idols to be [289]shut up,[180] and their [290]sacrifices to be [291]abolished. He made an [292]inglorious peace with Sapor, king of the Persians, for thirty years, by which he [293]yielded up Nisibis, and the greatest [294]part of Mesopotamia. He died in his [295]return to Constantinople, in the [296]confines of Galatea and Bithynia.
In the year of Christ 364, [297]Valentinian was [298]chosen emperor at Nice, and not long after [299]gave the [300]title of [301]Augustus to his brother [302]Valens; and [303]leaving him in the East, [304]came into the [305]West himself. He had a great many good [306]qualities, but was [307]particularly [308]famed for his [309]love of [310]justice. He made war against the Alemanni, [311]Saxons, Quadri, and other [312]nations. He [313]died in Pannonia, of an [314]apoplexy, in the 55th year of his [315]age, and the 12th of his [316]reign.
His brother Valens [317]suppressed Procopius, a [318]relation of [319]Julian, who had [320]assumed the [321]purple at Constantinople. After which he made war with the [322]Goths; but upon the [323]suit of their king [324]Athanaricus, [325]granted them a [326]peace, in the year 369. Ten years after this, Athanaricus with Fritigernes, were [327]driven out of their [328]country by the [329]Huns, and were [330]kindly [331]received by Valens, and [332]settled with their Goths in [333]Thrace. They afterwards excited an [334]insurrection against the Romans, and Valens being [335]wounded in a [336]battle[181] with them, near [337]Hadrianople, was [338]burnt [339]alive by the barbarians, in a [340]cottage he [341]fled to. He reigned fourteen years and four months.
The emperor Valentinian had two sons, [342]Gratian and Valentinian. The former he [343]declared Augustus in Gaul, in the year 367; and his other son was [344]immediately after the death of his father [345]advanced to the same [346]dignity by the soldiers, in the year 375, and the 10th year of his age. Gratian had an [347]aversion to [348]public [349]business. After the death of Valens, the Goths [350]over-running Thrace, and other [351]provinces of the Roman empire, not [352]being able alone to [353]bear the [354]burthen, he [355]sent for [356]Theodosius out of [357]Spain, and made him his [358]associate, who was then in the 33rd year of his age.
Theodosius having [359]conquered the barbarians, [360]restored the public [361]peace. At last the whole [362]nation of the Goths, with their king, [363]delivered themselves up to the Romans, to whom the emperor [364]assigned [365]lands. After these things, Maximus [366]seized the [367]government in [368]Britain, in the year 382; and having [369]fixed his imperial [370]seat at Triers, [371]basely killed Gratian at Lyons, after he had been [372]forsaken by his army; but Theodosius [373]revenged his death, and [374]likewise [375]re-established Valentinian the [376]younger, who had been [377]obliged to [378]quit Italy. This [379]happened in the year 388, in which[182] he [380]overthrew and killed Maximus near Aquileia. Theodosius had all the [381]accomplishments [382]becoming a Christian emperor: [383]inferior to none of the [384]foregoing or [385]following princes; a [386]consummate general, never [387]undertaking any war but such as was [388]necessary; of [389]singular [390]clemency and [391]humanity, yet a little [392]inclined to [393]passion.
In the year 391, Eugenius, [394]supported by the [395]power of Arbogastes, [396]set up for emperor, and in the following year, Valentinian was slain at Vienne in Gaul, by the same Arbogastes. Two years after, [397]Eugenius was [398]routed, [399]taken prisoner, and put to [400]death by Theodosius. Arbogastes was his own [401]executioner. The year following, 395, this excellent emperor died at Milan, after a reign of sixteen years.
Theodosius [402]left two sons, [403]Arcadius and [404]Honorius; to the [405]former he [406]gave the [407]East, to the [408]latter the [409]West. Arcadius, [410]immediately after his father’s death, [411]married Eudoxia, which [412]match was [413]brought about by Eutropius, [414]for fear of his [415]taking to wife Ruffinus’s daughter. This Ruffinus in the East, and Stilicho in the West, were at that time two men of the greatest [416]eminence and [417]power in the empire. Stilicho, after the death of Theodosius, [418]laying claim to the [419]management of both the Eastern and Western empires, and [420]marching [421]Eastward, Ruffinus [422]endeavoured [423]to hinder him, by [424]posting[183] his [425]troops in all the [426]passages into [427]Greece, and [428]sent for Alaricus, king of the Goths, who [429]over-ran Greece, but was [430]defeated by Stilicho. At last, Ruffinus was [431]slain by the [432]soldiers, the same year in which Theodosius died. After his death, Eutropius [433]became very intimate with Arcadius, but was at last [434]disgraced and slain, in the very year in which he was [435]consul. In 403, died Arcadius, a prince of a [436]peaceable, but [437]indolent [438]temper, and too much [439]governed by his [440]wife. He left the [441]guardianship of his son, by [442]will, to Jezdegirdes, king of the [443]Persians, who [444]faithfully [445]executed that [446]trust, and [447]committed the [448]care of his [449]ward to Antiochus, a very [450]learned man, who [451]threatened to make war upon any that should [452]offer to [453]disturb him.
In the West, the [454]frequent [455]invasions of the barbarians were almost [456]fatal to the Roman [457]state. Radagisus, king of the Goths, with four, or as [458]others [459]say, two hundred thousand men, [460]invaded Italy, who were very [461]happily [462]cut off by Stilicho, the general himself being [463]taken and [464]slain. After Alaricus, a king of the [465]Goths, having [466]laid [467]Greece waste, and [468]continued a long time in [469]Epirus, at the [470]instigation of Stilicho, who was [471]desirous to [472]take [473]Illyricum from Arcadius, in order to [474]annex it to the [475]dominions of Honorius, afterwards [476]penetrated[184] into Italy. To [477]get rid of him, Honorius [478]gave him [479]Spain and Gaul to [480]live in, himself not being in a condition to [481]keep those [482]provinces. As Alaricus was [483]marching thither, Saul, a [484]pagan general, whom Stilicho had [485]placed at the [486]head of an army, [487]falling upon the Barbarians, was [488]defeated by them. This [489]success so [490]elevated Alaricus, that [491]quitting his [492]former [493]design, he [494]over-ran Italy, and [495]took Rome: but before this, Stilicho was [496]put to death by the [497]order of Honorius. For, after the death of Theodosius, [498]designing to get the empire to himself and to make his son [499]Eucherius, who was a [500]pagan, and an enemy to the [501]Christians, emperor; the better to [502]accomplish his [503]design, he [504]resolved to [505]throw all into [506]confusion. [507]Wherefore he sent for the Barbarians to [508]ravage the empire, and [509]let the Alans, the Vandals, the Suevi, and the Burgundians, loose upon France and Spain. His [510]relation to the emperor [511]encouraged him in it; for he had Serena, the daughter of Theodosius’s brother, in [512]marriage, and had [513]disposed of the two daughters he had by her, first, [514]Mary, and after her death, [515]Termantia, in marriage to Honorius. But these [516]intrigues being [517]discovered by [518]Olympius, in the year of Christ 408, he was slain by the [519]hands of [520]Heraclius. The year following, Eucherius was [521]put to death, with his mother Serena.[185] After Stilicho was [522]taken off, Alaricus was [523]desirous to [524]come to an [525]accommodation with Honorius, but was [526]foolishly [527]rejected. Wherefore, with a [528]body of [529]Goths, and [530]Huns, in [531]conjunction with his wife’s brother [532]Athaulfus, he [533]laid siege to Rome, and [534]carried it in the year 410. The [535]plunder of it he [536]gave to his soldiers, but with orders that all such as [537]fled to the [538]churches, [539]especially those of [540]Peter and [541]Paul, should have [542]quarter given them. He then [543]went to [544]Rhegium, in order to [545]pass over into Sicily and Africa, but there [546]died. He was [547]succeeded by Athaulfus, who [548]plundered Rome again, [549]carried off Placidia the emperor’s sister, and [550]married her.
During this [551]storm in Italy, the same [552]calamity [553]fell upon Gaul and Spain. The Alans, Vandals, Suevans, [554]laid waste Gaul, passed the [555]Pyrenæan mountains, and [556]made themselves [557]masters of Spain in the year 409. The Vandals and Suevans [558]seized upon Galæcia; the Alans, Lusitania and the [559]province of [560]Carthage; the [561]Silingans, which was another [562]branch of the Vandals, Bœtica.
After the [563]breaking in of the Goths in 410, [564]divers [565]pretenders to the empire [566]started up in [567]several [568]places. First Attalus was [569]made emperor, by the [570]senate, at the [571]command of Alaricus. He [572]proudly [573]rejected Honorius, who [574]offered by his [575]ambassadors[186] to [576]receive him as his [577]partner in the empire, but was [578]obliged by Alaricus to [579]return to a [580]private [581]condition, and was afterwards [582]put up and [583]down again several times. At length, [584]renewing his [585]pretensions in Gaul, but not being [586]supported by the [587]Goths, he was [588]taken [589]prisoner, and [590]put into the [591]hands of Honorius, who [592]spared his [593]life, but [594]cut off one of his hands.
[595]Martius Gratianus, and Constantine in [596]Britain, [597]usurped the [598]supreme [599]power, and were [600]taken off. [601]Jovin and [602]Sebastian, two brothers, then [603]pretended to the empire; but were [604]taken and [605]slain by [606]Athaulfus, king of the Goths. [607]Heraclianus was set up in Africa, and [608]venturing over into Italy against Honorius, was [609]routed by Marinus at [610]Utriculum; and [611]returning into Africa, was slain at [612]Carthage.
In the year 415, Athaulfus was slain by a Goth, and [613]succeeded by Sigericus, who was destroyed seven days after; and succeeded by Vuallia, who [614]made peace with the Romans, and [615]restored Placidia to Honorius; after which he made war against the Alans, Vandals, Suevi, and other [616]nations, who had [617]settled in Spain. Honorius [618]married Placidia against her [619]will to [620]Constantius Comes, who [621]confirmed the peace with Vuallia, [622]sent for him back[187] into Gaul, and [623]gave him that part of [624]Aquitain which [625]lies betwixt Thoulouse and the [626]sea, to [627]live in. Upon this, Thoulouse [628]became the [629]capital of the [630]Gothic, or [631]Visigothic [632]kingdom in Gaul. This [633]happened in the year 419. In the year following, Honorius, against his [634]will, made Constantius his [635]companion in the empire, who died seven months after, as did Honorius himself in the year 428.
He was [636]succeeded by Valentinian his sister’s son. In his reign the Vandals, whom Boniface had hitherto [637]repulsed from the [638]shores of Africa, [639]entered it from Spain, under the [640]command of Geisericus. For Boniface being [641]impeached by [642]Ætius of [643]high-treason, and [644]Sigisvulphus being [645]sent against him, [646]finding himself not a [647]match for the Romans, [648]fled to the Vandals for [649]assistance, with whom he had [650]contracted an [651]alliance before. Wherefore in the year 427, Geisericus, with 80,000 Vandals and Alans, [652]passed over into Africa, and [653]made himself master of it. In the mean time, Boniface being [654]reconciled to Placidia, and not [655]being able to [656]persuade the Barbarians, to [657]return home, [658]endeavoured to [659]oblige them, by [660]force of arms, and was [661]routed. He then [662]went to Rome, and died there soon after.
Ætius in Gaul [663]sustained his part very well for the Romans, against the Franks, Goths, Burgundians,[188] Huns, and other Barbarians. Ætius had [664]sent for the Huns to his assistance against the Goths. In the year 434, Honoria, the sister of Valentinian, being [665]banished the [666]court for [667]improper conduct with her [668]steward, and sent to Theodosius, emperor of the [669]East, [670]engaged Attila, king of the Huns, to make war upon the [671]West. [672]Litorius, a Roman general, having the [673]command of them, whilst he [674]endeavoured to [675]eclipse the [676]glory of Ætius, was so [677]foolish as to [678]regard the [679]answers of [680]soothsayers and [681]fortune-tellers, and [682]rashly [683]engaged [684]Theodoricus, king of the Goths, who by the most [685]abject [686]submission [687]declined the war, and after a great [688]overthrow was [689]taken and [690]slain in the year 439, in which [691]Carthage was [692]surprised by the Vandals. At last, in the year 442, Valentinian [693]renewed the peace with Geisericus, and Africa was [694]divided between them.
In the year 450, Attila [695]marched into Gaul, which at that time the [696]Visigoths, Franks, Burgundians, Alans, and other Barbarians, were in [697]possession of. Part of the Romans [698]reluctantly [699]remained under the [700]command of Ætius, who alone at that time [701]kept the [702]western [703]empire from [704]falling [705]to utter [706]ruin. Attila [707]laid siege to Aurelia, but Ætius [708]coming upon him, [709]obliged him to [710]raise the [711]siege, and [712]pursued him into Gallia, and Belgium[189] then [713]overthrew him, in a great [714]battle [715]fought on the [716]plains of Catalonia. There were [717]slain on both [718]sides at least 170,000, and amongst them Theodoricus king of the Goths. It is [719]certain the Huns might have been [720]utterly [721]destroyed, if Ætius had not [722]been afraid, that in the event of the Huns being [723]entirely [724]cut off, the Goths would be [725]insupportable in Gaul.
Attila having [726]unexpectedly [727]escaped, [728]poured his [729]troops into Italy, where he laid siege to Aquileia, and [730]levelled it with the ground. He afterwards [731]laid waste [732]Milan, [733]Ticinum, and other [734]towns; and [735]marching for Rome, was so [736]wrought upon by an [737]embassy from [738]Leo, who [739]met him at the [740]river Mincius, that he [741]went into his own [742]country; afterwards [743]returning into Gaul against the Alans, who had [744]posted themselves beyond the Loire, he was again [745]defeated by [746]Thorismundus, as he had been in the [747]plains of Catalonia; and in the year 454, after an [748]excess of [749]wine, died of [750]vomiting [751]blood.
It is [752]said the city of [753]Venice [754]owes its [755]origin to that [756]inroad of the Barbarians, most of the Italians, [757]especially those of [758]Patavium, [759]flying from the [760]fire and [761]ruins of their cities to some [762]rocks and [763]desert [764]islands in the [765]sea for [766]refuge.
Valentinian, upon the death of his mother Placidia, [767]let loose the [768]reins of [769]power and [770]abused his [771]authority, for the [772]gratification of his [773]baseness and [774]cruelty. He [775]seduced the [776]wife of Maximus the senator, [777]put Ætius to death, after Maximus had by his [778]crafty [779]contrivances [780]rendered him [781]suspected, in the year 454; and the year following, by the contrivance of the same Maximus, he was [782]stabbed by Ætius’s [783]life-guard in the [784]field of [785]Mars, being thirty-six years of age, and in the 31st of his reign. [786]Eudoxia, the [787]consort of Valentinian, to [788]revenge the death of her [789]husband, [790]sent for Gensericus out of Africa, into Italy. Maximus, upon his [791]arrival, [792]endeavoured to [793]save himself by [794]flight, but was [795]torn in pieces by his own men, and [796]thrown into the [797]Tiber, after a [798]reign of [799]hardly two [800]months. Gensericus, after he had [801]taken the city, was so [802]affected by an [803]address of [804]Pope Leo’s, that he did not [805]set it on fire, or [806]put any to the sword; but [807]made plunder of all the [808]wealth of the [809]place, both [810]sacred and [811]profane, for fourteen days together; and [812]carried off Eudoxia, with her two daughters, Eudocia and Placidia, into Africa: the [813]former of which he [814]married to his son [815]Hunericus.
In the mean time, [816]Avitus Gallus being proclaimed emperor by the [817]Gallic [818]army at Thoulouse,[191] made peace with the Goths; at whose [819]persuasion, Theodoric [820]entering Spain, [821]conquered the Suevi, and [822]killed their king [823]Richiarius in the year 456.
After him, [824]Majorianus [825]took the [826]government upon him at Ravenna; a [827]prince of a [828]great [829]soul, who being [830]desirous to [831]recover Africa, was going to Gensericus, under the [832]title of [833]ambassador; but being [834]seized by Ricimer at Dertona, and [835]obliged to [836]resign, was [837]put to death in the year 461, after a reign of four years and four months.
Ricimer [838]raised Severus for emperor, [839]according to an [840]agreement between them, and [841]poisoned him in the fourth year of his reign.
After this, there was an [842]interregnum of a year, and some months, till Anthemius was [843]sent into the West by [844]Leo, emperor of the [845]East, between whom and [846]Ricimer, it had been [847]agreed he should be [848]declared emperor, and his daughter should [849]marry Ricimer. Thus the barbarian being [850]made Anthemius’s [851]son-in-law, with his [852]wonted [853]treachery, first [854]raised a civil war against him, and then [855]put him to death at Rome, after he had [856]reigned five years and some months.
[857]Olybrius was then [858]put up in the [859]room of Anthemius by Ricimer, who [860]died forty days after Anthemius’s death: nor [861]was he long survived by[192] Olybrius, for he died the same year, about seven months after his [862]promotion.
[863]He was followed by [864]Glycerius, who [865]took the [866]government upon himself at Ravenna, in the year 473, and reigned a year and four months. He was [867]succeeded by [868]Julius Nepos, who was [869]killed about five years after his [870]advancement.
[871]Momyllus, who was [872]likewise [873]called [874]Augustulus, was [875]set up by his father [876]Orestes, being the [877]last of all the emperors in the [878]West; for [879]Odouacer, king of the [880]Turcilingans, with the [881]Scyrans, and [882]Herulans, [883]seized Italy, and after having [884]slain Orestes and his brother [885]Paul, [886]banished Augustus into Campania. Thus [887]ended the [888]empire of the West. In the year of [889]Christ 476.
[1] godúto
[2] dignità
[3] pretendere
[4] moríre
[5] affábile
[6] civíle
[7] natura
[8] permettere
[9] ricerche
[10] Cristiáno
[11] preferíre
[12] servitóre
[13] sapére
[14] professióne
[15] altro
[16] principiáre
[17] regno
[18] nato
[19] Élena
[20] autóre
[21] legíttimo
[22] moglie
[23] basso
[24] nascita
[25] Massénzio
[26] Ercúlio
[27] proclamáto
[28] pretoriáno
[29] guardia
[30] guadagnáre
[31] pópolo
[32] parére
[33] favoreggiáre
[34] Cristiáno
[35] poco dopo
[36] voltolársi
[37] sorte
[38] dissolutézza
[39] crudeltà
[40] mandáre
[41] abbandonáto
[42] fuggire
[43] marciáre
[44] armáta
[45] pariménte
[46] Illírico
[47] fare
[48] speráre
[49] ricuperáre
[50] lasciáto
[51] voglia
[52] ritornáre
[53] consigliáre
[54] Diocleziáno
[55] dimoráre
[56] léttera
[57] fare
[58] ricusáre
[59] adescáre
[60] spergiúro
[61] uccídere
[62] fare una congiúra
[63] forzáto
[64] fuggíre
[65] dare
[66] matrimónio
[67] entráto
[68] cattivo
[69] diségno
[70] género
[71] scopérto
[72] rifugiársi
[73] Marsíglia
[74] soffríre
[75] castígo
[76] tradiménto
[77] moríre
[78] annoveráre
[79] nume
[80] Costantíno
[81] marciáre
[82] Massénzio
[83] incorraggíto
[84] prodígio
[85] croce
[86] vedére
[87] ciélo
[88] traversáto
[89] Alpi
[90] sconfítto
[91] méttere in rotta
[92] fuggíre
[93] ponte
[94] messo
[95] Tévere
[96] rompérsi
[97] annegáto
[98] affáre
[99] regoláto
[100] gita
[101] maritáre
[102] Costánza
[103] fatto
[104] nemíco
[105] Cristiáno
[106] intrapréndere
[107] battúto
[108] Illírico
[109] fuggíre
[110] moríre
[111] orríbile
[112] patto
[113] príncipe
[114] duráre
[115] combattiménto
[116] battáglia
[117] pianúre
[118] Liciniáni
[119] affátto
[120] pace
[121] fatto
[122] divíso
[123] préndere
[124] sotto pretésto
[125] passáre
[126] límite
[127] sforzáto
[128] stato
[129] sconfítta vicino Adrianopoli
[130] di là fuggíre
[131] Bisánzio
[132] sconfítto
[133] mare
[134] messo in rotta
[135] battáglia
[136] Calcedónia
[137] fatto prigioniéro
[138] ottenére
[139] interposizióne
[140] bandíto
[141] Tessalónica
[142] cercáre
[143] sollevazióne
[144] messo
[145] Crispo Césare
[146] moglie
[147] gióvine
[148] straordinário
[149] génio
[150] sospétto
[151] tentáre
[152] sedúrre
[153] matrígna
[154] seguénte
[155] trováto
[156] colpévole
[157] falsaménte
[158] accusáre
[159] soffogáto
[160] bagno
[161] órdine
[162] maríto
[163] rifabbricáto
[164] arricchíto
[165] spóglia
[166] mondo
[167] uguagliáre
[168] préndere
[169] nome
[170] ristauratore
[171] chiamáta
[172] Costantinópoli
[173] soggiogáto
[174] Sarmáti
[175] mandáto
[176] luógo
[177] império
[178] sobbórgo
[179] autóre
[180] battezzáto
[181] morte
[182] lasciáre
[183] erede
[184] divídere
[185] primogénito
[186] Gállia
[187] di là dell’
[188] Alpi
[189] Costánte
[190] gióvine
[191] resto
[192] ísola
[193] Trácia
[194] Grécia
[195] secóndogénito
[196] Levánte
[197] Egítto
[198] accordársi
[199] morte
[200] invádere
[201] território
[202] uccíso
[203] Magnénzio
[204] Pirenéi
[205] impegnáto
[206] pericolóso
[207] battáglia
[208] dato
[209] soprafátto
[210] assálto
[211] sortire
[212] vittorióso
[213] disperazióne
[214] dichiaráto
[215] governatóre
[216] abusáre
[217] autorità
[218] mandáto a cercáre
[219] messo
[220] Giuliáno
[221] salváto
[222] interposizióne
[223] consórte
[224] studiáre
[225] promosso
[226] dignità
[227] maritáto
[228] Élena
[229] fatto
[230] Gállia
[231] fortunáto
[232] Alemanni
[233] Franchi
[234] Alemánni
[235] mandáre
[236] Re
[237] prigioniéro
[238] invidiáre
[239] succésso
[240] procuráre
[241] levare
[242] mandáre
[243] Levánte
[244] proclamáre
[245] Parígi
[246] mentre
[247] preparársi
[248] súbito che
[249] inténdere
[250] marciáre
[251] in viaggio
[252] padróne
[253] uccídere
[254] bandíre
[255] amíco
[256] apríre
[257] témpio
[258] ídolo
[259] abjuráre
[260] Cristiáno
[261] fede
[262] consacráto
[263] gran prete
[264] secóndo
[265] rito
[266] pagáno
[267] religióne
[268] uccíso
[269] accórgersi
[270] ferita
[271] mortále
[272] raccogliere
[273] sangue
[274] mano
[275] gettáre
[276] verso
[277] ciélo
[278] paróla
[279] vinto
[280] Galiléo
[281] voler dire
[282] Cristo
[283] abjuráre
[284] Gioviáno
[285] natívo
[286] proclamáto
[287] soldáto
[288] fare
[289] chiúdere
[290] sacrifízio
[291] abbolíre
[292] disonorevole
[293] cédere
[294] parte
[295] ritorno
[296] confíni
[297] Valentiniáno
[298] elétto
[299] dare
[300] títolo
[301] Augústo
[302] Valénte
[303] lasciáre
[304] veníre
[305] Occidénte
[306] qualità
[307] particolarménte
[308] distinto
[309] amóre
[310] giustízia
[311] Sássoni
[312] nazióne
[313] moríre
[314] apopléssia
[315] età
[316] regno
[317] reprímere
[318] parénte
[319] Giuliáno
[320] assúmere
[321] pórpora
[322] Goti
[323] sollecitazióne
[324] Atanárico
[325] accordáre
[326] pace
[327] scacciáto
[328] pátria
[329] Unni
[330] corteseménte
[331] ricevúto
[332] stabilírsi
[333] Trácia
[334] rivólta
[335] feríto
[336] battáglia
[337] Adrianópoli
[338] bruciáto
[339] vivo
[340] capánna
[341] rifugiársi
[342] Graziáno
[343] dichiaráre
[344] súbito
[345] promósso
[346] dignità
[347] avversióne
[348] púbblico
[349] affáre
[350] inondáre
[351] província
[352] non potére
[353] sopportáre
[354] peso
[355] far veníre
[356] Teodósio
[357] Spagna
[358] compágno
[359] battuto
[360] ristabilíre
[361] pace
[362] nazióne
[363] arrendérsi
[364] assegnáre
[365] terra
[366] usurpáre
[367] govérno
[368] Brettágna
[369] fissáto
[370] séggio
[371] in modo viliacco
[372] abbandonáto
[373] vendicársi
[374] pariménte
[375] ristabilíre
[376] gióvine
[377] obbligáto
[378] lasciáre
[379] succédere
[380] sconfíggere
[381] qualità
[382] convenévole
[383] inferióre
[384] precedénte
[385] seguénte
[386] consumáto
[387] intrapréndere
[388] necessário
[389] singoláre
[390] cleménza
[391] umanità
[392] inclináto
[393] cóllera
[394] sostenúto
[395] poténza
[396] farsi
[397] Eugénio
[398] sconfítto
[399] fatto
[400] morte
[401] carnéfice
[402] lasciáre
[403] Arcádio
[404] Onório
[405] primo
[406] dare
[407] Levánte
[408] último
[409] occidénte
[410] súbito
[411] sposáre
[412] matrimónio
[413] procurato
[414] di paura che
[415] pigliáre
[416] elevazione
[417] potére
[418] preténdere
[419] governo
[420] marciáre
[421] verso il levánte
[422] cercáre
[423] impedíre
[424] collocáre
[425] truppa
[426] passággio
[427] Grécia
[428] fare veníre
[429] trascórrere
[430] sconfítto
[431] uccíso
[432] soldáto
[433] diventáre
[434] disgraziáto
[435] consóle
[436] pacífico
[437] indolénte
[438] natúra
[439] governáto
[440] moglie
[441] tutéla
[442] testaménto
[443] Persiáno
[444] fedelménte
[445] eseguíre
[446] incombénza
[447] riméttere
[448] cura
[449] pupíllo
[450] sapiénte
[451] minacciáre
[452] tentáre
[453] molestáre
[454] frequénte
[455] invasióne
[456] fatále
[457] stato
[458] altro
[459] dire
[460] invádere
[461] fortunataménte
[462] tagliáto a pezzi
[463] preso
[464] uccíso
[465] Goti
[466] desoláto
[467] Grécia
[468] continuáto
[469] Epíro
[470] istigazióne
[471] desideráre
[472] préndere
[473] Illírico
[474] aggiúngere
[475] stato
[476] penetráre
[477] disfársi
[478] dare
[479] Spágna
[480] per suo státo
[481] mantenére
[482] província
[483] marciáre
[484] pagáno
[485] messo
[486] tésta
[487] attaccáre
[488] sconfítto
[489] succésso
[490] gonfiáre
[491] desístere
[492] primo
[493] diségno
[494] trascórrere
[495] préndere
[496] messo
[497] órdine
[498] propórsi
[499] Euchério
[500] pagáno
[501] Cristiáno
[502] compíre
[503] diségno
[504] risólvere
[505] méttere
[506] confusióne
[507] perciò
[508] saccheggiáre
[509] scatenáre
[510] affinità
[511] incorragíre
[512] matrimónio
[513] dare
[514] Maria
[515] Termánzia
[516] manéggio
[517] scopérto
[518] Olímpio
[519] mano
[520] Eráclio
[521] messo
[522] uccíso
[523] desideróso
[524] veníre
[525] accommodaménto
[526] scioccaménte
[527] rigettáto
[528] corpo
[529] Goti
[530] Unni
[531] congiúnzione
[532] Ataúlfo
[533] assediáre
[534] víncere
[535] bottíno
[536] dare
[537] rifugiársi
[538] chiésa
[539] specialmente
[540] Piétro
[541] Páolo
[542] fossero salve
[543] andáre
[544] Réggio
[545] passáre
[546] moríre
[547] succédere
[548] sacchegíáre
[549] portár via
[550] sposáre
[551] tempésta
[552] calamità
[553] attaccáre
[554] desoláre
[555] Pirenéi
[556] rendérsi
[557] padróne
[558] impossessársi
[559] província
[560] Cartágine
[561] Silingáni
[562] distaccamento
[563] incursióne
[564] divérso
[565] pretendénte
[566] levársi
[567] divérso
[568] luógo
[569] fato
[570] senáto
[571] comándo
[572] superbaménte
[573] rigettáre
[574] offeríre
[575] ambasciadóre
[576] ricévere
[577] compágno
[578] obbligáto
[579] ritornáre
[580] priváto
[581] stato
[582] esaltáto
[583] depósto
[584] rinnováre
[585] pretensióne
[586] sopportáto
[587] Goti
[588] fatto
[589] prigioniéro
[590] messo
[591] mano
[592] risparmiáre
[593] vita
[594] tagliáre
[595] Marco Graziáno
[596] Brettágna
[597] usurpáre
[598] suprémo
[599] potére
[600] uccíso
[601] Giovíno
[602] Sebastiáno
[603] preténdere
[604] preso
[605] uccíso
[606] Ataúlfo
[607] Eracliáno
[608] avventuráre di passáre
[609] sconfítto
[610] Otrículo
[611] ritornáre
[612] Cartágine
[613] succédere
[614] far pace
[615] restituíre
[616] nazióne
[617] stabilíto
[618] maritáre
[619] volontà
[620] Costánzo Cométe
[621] confermáre
[622] far ritornáre
[623] dare
[624] Aquitánia
[625] giáce
[626] mare
[627] dimoráre
[628] diveníre
[629] capitále
[630] Gótico
[631] Visigótico
[632] regno
[633] succédere
[634] volontà
[635] compágno
[636] succéssegli
[637] rispinto
[638] costa
[639] entráre
[640] comándo
[641] accusáto
[642] Ézio
[643] delítto di lesa maestà
[644] Sigisvúlfo
[645] mandáto
[646] trovársi
[647] uguále
[648] ricórrere
[649] assisténza
[650] contrattáto
[651] lega
[652] passáre
[653] impadronírsi
[654] riconciliáto
[655] potére
[656] persuadére
[657] ritornáre nel loro paese
[658] procuráre
[659] obbligáre
[660] forza delle armi
[661] sconfítto
[662] andáre
[663] sostenére
[664] mandáto a cercáre
[665] bandíto
[666] corte
[667] disonestà
[668] maggiordómo
[669] Levánte
[670] impegnáre
[671] Occidénte
[672] Litório
[673] comándo
[674] procuráre
[675] eclissáre
[676] glória
[677] stolto
[678] badáre
[679] rispósta
[680] astrólogo
[681] indovíno
[682] temerariaménte
[683] attaccáre
[684] Teodoríco
[685] abbietto
[686] sommissióne
[687] sfuggíre
[688] sconfítta
[689] preso
[690] uccíso
[691] Cartágine
[692] sorpréso
[693] rinnováre
[694] spartíto
[695] marciáre
[696] Visigóti
[697] possésso
[698] malvolontiéri
[699] rimanére
[700] comándo
[701] impedíre
[702] occidentále
[703] império
[704] cascáre
[705] totále
[706] rovína
[707] assediáre
[708] veníre addósso
[709] forzáre
[710] leváre
[711] assédio
[712] incalzáre
[713] rómpere
[714] battáglia
[715] dato
[716] pianúra
[717] uccíso
[718] banda
[719] certo
[720] affátto
[721] distrútto
[722] aver paúra
[723] interaménte
[724] sconfítto
[725] insoportábile
[726] impensataménte
[727] scappáto
[728] inondáre colle sue
[729] truppe
[730] spianáre
[731] devastáre
[732] Miláno
[733] Ticíno
[734] città
[735] marciáre
[736] commosso
[737] ambasciáta
[738] Leóne
[739] incontráre
[740] fiúme Míncio
[741] ritirársi
[742] paése
[743] tornáre
[744] messo
[745] sconfítto
[746] Torrismóndo
[747] pianúra
[748] stravízzo
[749] vino
[750] vómito
[751] sangue
[752] dire
[753] Venézia
[754] dovére
[755] orígine
[756] incursióne
[757] specialménte
[758] Padova
[759] fuggíre
[760] fuóco
[761] rovína
[762] scóglio
[763] disabitáto
[764] ísola
[765] mare
[766] a rifúgiarsi
[767] rilasciáre
[768] freno
[769] dissolutézza
[770] abusáre
[771] autorità
[772] soddisfazióne
[773] sensualità
[774] crudeltà
[775] sedúrre
[776] móglie
[777] méttere
[778] maligno
[779] invenzióne
[780] reso
[781] sospétto
[782] pugnaláto
[783] guárdia di corpo
[784] campo
[785] Marte
[786] Eudóssia
[787] consórte
[788] vendicáre
[789] maríto
[790] far veníre
[791] arriváre
[792] procuráre
[793] salvársi
[794] fuga
[795] fatto a pezzi
[796] gettáto
[797] Tévere
[798] regno
[799] appéna
[800] mese
[801] preso
[802] commosso
[803] súpplica
[804] papa Leóne
[805] méttere il fuóco
[806] méttere a fil di spada
[807] predáre
[808] ricchézza
[809] piázza
[810] sacro
[811] profáno
[812] portár via
[813] primo
[814] maritáre
[815] Uneríco
[816] Avíto Gallo
[817] Gállico
[818] armáto
[819] persuasióne
[820] entráre
[821] conquistáre
[822] uccídere
[823] Ricciário
[824] Maggioriáno
[825] préndere
[826] govérno
[827] príncipe
[828] gran
[829] mente
[830] bramóso
[831] ricuperáre
[832] títolo
[833] ambasciadóre
[834] arrestáto
[835] obbligáto
[836] rassegnáre
[837] messo
[838] innalzáre all’impero
[839] secóndo
[840] patto
[841] avvelenáre
[842] interrégno
[843] mandáto
[844] Leóne
[845] Oriente
[846] Ricímero
[847] convenúto
[848] dichiaráto
[849] sposáre
[850] divenuto
[851] género
[852] sólito
[853] perfídia
[854] suscitáre
[855] méttere
[856] regnáto
[857] Olíbrio
[858] messo
[859] luógo
[860] moríre
[861] sopravisse a questi lungo tempo
[862] promozióne
[863] venne dopo lui
[864] Glicério
[865] préndere
[866] govérno
[867] succédere
[868] Giúlio Nepóte
[869] uccíso
[870] elevazióne
[871] Momíllo
[872] pariménte
[873] chiamáto
[874] Augústolo
[875] innalzáto
[876] Oréste
[877] último
[878] Occidénte
[879] Odouácro
[880] Turcilingáni
[881] Sciráni
[882] Éruli
[883] usurpáre
[884] uccíso
[885] Páolo
[886] bandíre
[887] finíre
[888] império
[889] Cristo
FINE.
Printed by T. C. Hansard, Peterborough-court, Fleet-street, London.