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Transcriber’s notes:

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paired asterisks denote *bold text*.

A short table of contents has been inserted to assist readers.

The following spelling errors have been corrected silently:

  pathognomic —> pathognomonic
  accidently —> accidentally
  coalesence —> coalescence
  hematomesis —> hematemesis
  hemorraghic —> hemorrhagic
  uniformily —> uniformly




                                   A

                          PRACTICAL TREATISE

                                  ON

                               SMALLPOX



                  _ILLUSTRATED BY COLORED PHOTOGRAPHS
                              FROM LIFE_



                                  BY

                     GEORGE HENRY FOX, A.M., M.D.

  CONSULTING DERMATOLOGIST TO THE HEALTH DEPARTMENT OF NEW YORK CITY

                       WITH THE COLLABORATION OF

  S. D. HUBBARD, M.D., S. POLLITZER, M.D., AND J. H. HUDDLESTON, M.D.




                          Technical Book Co.

                   Domestic and Foreign Directories,
                   Telegraphic Codes, Maps, Foreign
                       and Domestic Periodicals,
                            Technical Books

                   MILLS BUILDING      SAN FRANCISCO

                         Telephone Garfield 19




                            Copyright, 1902
                          By GEORGE HENRY FOX


      PRINTED BY J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA, U. S. A.




CONTENTS


  Chapter                     Page
    I Symptoms and course        1
   II Diagnosis                  9
  III Treatment                 15
   IV Vaccination               26




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.


    NOTE.--The names of the colored plates are in capitals. The
    letters H., P., and F. in brackets indicate that the cases were
    photographed by Hubbard, Pollitzer, or Fox.

PLATE

I. VARIOLA ERYTHEMATOSA. (First Day.)

    This shows the earliest eruption upon back and buttocks. The
    photograph was taken about seven hours after its first appearance.
    The patient was sent to Riverside Hospital, where she developed
    hemorrhagic smallpox, and died on the fourth day. [H.]

II. VARIOLA PAPULOSA. (Second Day.)

    Showing numerous incipient papules upon the face. Those upon the
    forehead were the first to appear and are most prominent. The
    cheeks present a characteristic leathery appearance. [H.]

III. Variola Hemorrhagica.

    Showing upon the face and cheeks a form of the disease commonly
    known as “black smallpox.” Figs. 1 and 2 were photographed on the
    second day and show a profuse and dark eruption. The swelling and
    disfigurement of the face present a most striking appearance. Figs.
    3 and 4 were photographed on the fourth day, when the patient was
    in a moribund condition. [H.]

IV. VARIOLA VESICULOSA. (Fourth Day.)

    A case of moderate severity, with well-developed vesicles and
    characteristic grouping of lesions upon the face. [P.]

V. Variola Vesiculosa.

    Fig. 1 shows a mixed eruption of papules and vesicles upon the
    right thigh. (Third day.) This condition is exceptional in Variola,
    though quite common in Varicella. [F.] Fig. 2 shows well developed
    umbilicated vesicles upon the forearm. (Fifth day.) [H.] Fig. 3
    shows a hemorrhagic effusion into the vesicles on the thigh and
    leg, a condition far less serious than the purpuric eruption of
    malignant variola. [P.]

VI. VARIOLA SEMI-CONFLUENS. (Fifth Day, Sixth Day.)

    These illustrations show a partly confluent character which the
    eruption frequently presents, even in mild cases, and especially
    upon the legs. The influence of pressure in developing a more
    profuse eruption may be noted above the ankles, where shoes were
    laced, and below the knees, where garters were worn. [F.]

VII. VARIOLA CONFLUENS. (Seventh Day, Eighth Day.)

    Fig. 1 shows umbilicated pustules with an intense œdema of the
    foot, considerably increasing its size and causing much pain.
    Fig. 2 shows the epidermis raised in a large, irregular patch by
    the confluence of pustules. [F.]

VIII. Variola Pustulosa. (Ninth Day.)

    Fig. 1 shows an eruption discrete upon the trunk and even upon the
    hand, while confluent upon the forearm. [H.] Fig. 2 shows a vaccine
    pustule coexisting with variolous pustules. The vaccination took
    place before the disease began, but too late to exert a decided
    prophylactic effect. [P.] Fig. 3 shows an eruption of large,
    flaccid pustules with swelling of the foot. [P.] Fig. 4 shows an
    eruption of discrete, tense, hemispherical pustules. [F.]

IX. VARIOLA DISCRETA. (Ninth Day.)

    A typical case of mild smallpox occurring after vaccination and
    sometimes called Variola modificata or Varioloid. [P.]

X. VARIOLA PUSTULOSA. (Tenth Day.)

    A severe case, showing the characteristic aggregation of lesions on
    the face and extremities. [P.]

XI. VARIOLA PUSTULOSA. (Ninth Day, Tenth Day, Eleventh Day.)

    These illustrations show the pustular lesions in the stages of
    complete distention, when they present a rounded appearance, and
    of incipient desiccation, when they appear flattened and with a
    central depression or “secondary umbilication.” [P., F., F.]

XII. Variola Pustulosa et Crustosa. (Tenth Day, Twelfth Day.)

    In Fig. 1 an occlusion of the nasal passages is indicated by the
    lips parted in respiration. [P.] Fig. 2. shows a palmar condition
    which, in the adult, is found only in smallpox. [P.] Fig. 3 shows
    the desiccation of the facial eruption in advance of other regions.
    [P.] Fig. 4 shows a mild discrete case in which a diagnosis of
    acne had been made. [F.] Fig. 5 shows the eruption in the stage of
    desiccation. [F.]

XIII. VARIOLA CRUSTOSA. (Eighteenth Day.)

    Showing a few thick crusts remaining upon the face with numerous
    dull red spots from which the crusts have fallen. [F.]

XIV. VARIOLA DESICCATA ET SQUAMOSA. (Twentieth Day.)

    Figs. 1 and 3 show the dried pustules remaining in the thickened
    skin of palm and sole after the crusts have fallen elsewhere.
    [F., P.] Fig. 2 shows the superficial desquamation which follows
    the falling of the crusts, producing rings of partly detached
    epidermis. [F.]

XV.

    Fig. 1 shows a peculiar pigmentation sometimes left after
    the eruption. The central portion, being darker, produces a
    “bull’s-eye” appearance. [F.] Fig. 2 shows the hypertrophic
    condition of the scars which occurs in certain cases in place of
    the usual pitting, and which tends to disappear in time. [H.]
    Fig. 3 shows severe pitting, a partial loss of hair and eyebrows,
    and destruction of one eye. [H.]

XVI.

    Fig. 1 shows the typical appearance of a successful revaccination.
    (Fourth day.) [F.] Fig. 4 shows a small, well-formed vaccination
    pustule at its height. (Eighth day.) [F.] Fig. 2 shows a large,
    irregular pustule resulting from scarification of an area of
    unnecessary extent. (Eighth day.) [F.] Fig. 5 shows an ulcer
    resulting from infection of the vaccination lesion. [F.] Fig. 3
    shows a primary vaccination at its height (eighth day) with a
    characteristic areola. [F.] Fig. 6, a case of Varicella on the
    third day. [F.]




PREFACE.


Whenever a physician is called to a case of suspected smallpox,
he confronts a grave responsibility. If young or without special
experience, he is apt to feel a sore need of assistance, and, although
a book can never take the place of an experienced consultant, it is
the object of the present work to render him as much aid as possible.
The text aims to be practical rather than elaborate. The plates are
reproductions of photographs from life, some of which have been
obtained under great difficulty.

While many articles on variola have been illustrated by a few
photographs of cases, mostly of the pustular type, this work is
believed to be the first which has presented illustrations of the
smallpox eruption in each of its successive stages. It is sincerely
hoped that the reader will find it of service in familiarizing him with
the peculiar features of the disease.

                                                     GEORGE HENRY FOX.




SMALLPOX.




CHAPTER I.

SYMPTOMS AND COURSE.


Variola, or smallpox, is an acute, contagious disease, characterized by
an eruption upon both the skin and mucous membrane, with constitutional
symptoms of greater or less severity. The eruption presents
successively a macular, papular, vesicular, and pustular stage, the
pustules finally drying into crusts, which fall and leave the skin
temporarily discolored. Where ulceration has occurred it is permanently
scarred or pitted. The lesions of the mucous membrane appear upon
those parts more or less exposed to the air,--the mouth and eyes, for
example,--but in exceptional cases they may be found throughout the
entire intestinal tract, and in the uterus and bladder. These lesions
do not run a course similar to those observed upon the skin, but
appear as red macules, which rapidly change into ulcerations, covered
with a whitish pellicle. The ulcers are imbedded in the substance of
the mucous membrane and are not as superficial as in cancrum oris.
The constitutional symptoms are most prominent during the periods of
invasion and pustulation.

There are various clinical forms of smallpox, which may be conveniently
described as (1) discrete, (2) confluent, and (3) hemorrhagic, or
malignant; and then, according to intensity, as (_a_) very mild, (_b_)
mild, and (_c_) severe. The few purpuric spots seen in the severe
discrete and the confluent forms are not of great significance, as they
are generally due to a peculiar diathesis, and as a rule the patient
recovers. The malignant form is almost invariably fatal.

The term discrete implies that the lesions are separate and distinct,
not coalescent. If the lesions coalesce and form patches of various
shapes and sizes, the eruption is called confluent. For the purpose of
differentiating the various forms above mentioned, it is convenient
to first trace a normal, unmodified case of smallpox from the initial
symptoms to recovery, and then to consider the severe forms, and
finally the rare and obscure forms of the disease.

*Period of Incubation.*--This extends from the date of exposure to the
occurrence of clinical symptoms, a period usually lasting from twelve
to fourteen days.

*Period of Invasion.*--The disease is usually ushered in by fever,
with a distinct chill or chilly sensations, headache, neuralgia, and
a general malaise. Frequently the first symptom is a distressing
backache. This is located in the lumbar region, but it may be as
high up as the lower angle of the scapula, or it may be sacral and
extend down into the thighs. The backache is an important symptom when
present, but it is not always on hand to help one out in the diagnosis.
The backache of smallpox is not peculiar or distinctive, but it is its
severity which attracts attention.

The headache is usually frontal and is an ache that is constant in
character. The neuralgia is about the orbits, but may be facial, and is
of a lancinating character.

The fever may precede the backache or it may follow. It may be at first
a rise of only a degree or two, or it may jump to 104° F., or as high
as 106° F. The latter is most frequently seen in neurasthenic subjects
and in children. The pulse rises in frequency and in tension.

In children a convulsion not infrequently ushers in the disease. At
this time convulsions are of little significance, but late in the
disease they are of serious import. There are other constitutional
symptoms, such as loss of appetite, vomiting, muscular pains, a dry,
coated tongue, and at times an active delirium.

The face is congested and swollen. The eyes are injected and present a
bleared appearance, but the watery or weeping condition seen in measles
is usually absent. The nose is dry, and a sore throat is not uncommon.
Epistaxis is frequent.

A very important symptom which sometimes occurs in this stage is a
cutaneous efflorescence, which may resemble urticaria, scarlet fever,
or measles. This latter resemblance is very close and often leads to
diagnostic error. The efflorescence occurs most frequently in the
young, and also in vaccinated adults. In some epidemics it is not at
all uncommon, but as a rule it is rare.

The duration of the stage of invasion varies from two to four days.
Usually it is about three days.

*Period of Eruption.*--Late on the third day or early on the fourth the
eruption makes its appearance, and the constitutional symptoms subside
to a certain extent.

The rash appears first on the confined and moist portions of the skin
or in irritated parts,--under a blister, for instance, which may have
been applied for the backache. Normally, it is first seen upon the
forehead at the hair-line, then behind the ears and down the tender
part of the neck. It gradually extends down the trunk and arms, the
hands and lower extremities being affected last. The eruption generally
takes from twenty-four to thirty-six hours to cover the entire body.
The best location to observe the rash for diagnostic purposes is on the
back, where it cannot be obscured by scratching and where the warmth
of the body causes the mildest congestion to appear at its best. The
exposed parts are usually ill adapted for study of the rash, being
obscured by the swelling and congestion of the face and by more or less
dirt or staining of the hands.

The rash consists first of small round or oval, rose-colored macules,
which seem to be in the skin, coming up from beneath it, as it were.
They disappear readily on pressure or on tension of the skin. When
coalescence occurs, the lesions may resemble the blotches of measles.
The macule at this stage is about from one-eighth to one-fourth of an
inch in diameter, and its color is of an intense red which shows well
at night, even by the light of a match. In less than twenty-four hours
the centre of the macule becomes hard; and as this hardness increases,
the lesion gradually rises above the skin. It is now changing into
the papular stage. The macular stage lasts usually from eight to
twenty-four hours.

The papules continue to increase slowly in size, the apex becoming
flattened or indented in some lesions. While this change is going on
the redness of the macule forms an areola about the hard portion or
central papule. This areola tends to get smaller as the papule gets
larger, and at last is completely lost.

If the pulp of the finger is passed over the papule, especially in its
early stage, the latter seems to roll beneath it, giving the sensation
of a small shot buried in the skin. When the papule is fully developed,
the surrounding skin is put on the stretch, and the rolling sensation
is lost, but the papule is so dense and hard that it is frequently
described as “shotty.” The papule of varicella and of acne is not so
dense and resisting as the papule of variola. The fully-developed
papule in smallpox is rarely surrounded by a halo of congestion as
it is in varicella, but in the modified form of smallpox this is not
infrequently the case. The papule always arises from the centre of its
halo like a bull’s eye, whereas in chicken-pox it arises from within
the circumference, but not always in the centre. The halo of congestion
in chicken-pox is always very broad and extensive, and is best seen
upon the back. When a halo is present in smallpox it is very narrow and
insignificant. The papule is usually fully developed in twenty-four
hours.

At the end of another twenty-four or thirty-six hours the apex of
the papule shows a further change. It appears to be transformed from
a solid to a fluid. The color also changes as the fluid increases,
and the lesion appears bluish or purplish. The fluid continues to
increase in amount until the papule is converted into a little blister
or vesicle. As the change is going on, the height of the papule grows
less and less, and when vesiculation is complete we have a broad,
flat, umbilicated vesicle with a firm, dense base. To the touch these
vesicles are firm and resisting, and the membranous covering is not
easily broken, unless macerated by the perspiration due to heavy
flannels.

The vesicle is divided irregularly by little bands, or septa, which
permit only a portion of the fluid to escape when one is punctured.
Vesiculation is usually complete about the third day, and the stage
generally lasts three days. It may be stated here that the reckoning
in smallpox is usually from the appearance of the rash. The period
of incubation and invasion are considered in reckoning the length of
illness, but in descriptions of smallpox it is considered best to state
the day of the eruption, and not of the disease.

There is an old and oft-repeated statement that a uniform rash is a
characteristic of smallpox and that a mixed rash indicates chicken-pox.
This deserves to be promptly refuted. It is most unusual to find a
case of smallpox with its eruption all in one stage. While it is
a well known fact that chicken-pox runs a hasty course,--so that
in from one to two days we may have macules, papules, vesicles,
and even crusts,--in smallpox this is not likely to occur, as the
disease never runs such a rapid course. In the early stage we may see
macules changing into papules on the head and the neck, while there
are simply macules on the trunk. Later in the disease the eruption
may be vesicular on the head while still papular on the body. When
vesiculation is complete, we have the distinct umbilicated appearance
that has long been recognized as a characteristic of smallpox. The
vesicles are broad, firm, flat, and hard, and are invariably indented
or umbilicated.

It is not until the stage of vesiculation that the constitutional
symptoms diminish to a marked degree. In fact it is considered one of
the landmarks of the disease for the fever curve to show a decline at
this time.

Late in the fifth or early in the sixth day the vesicle begins to
assume a cloudy or yellowish hue, which denotes the commencement of
pustulation. The fluid continues to grow more yellow, and about the
time that it has assumed a dense straw color the umbilication begins
to disappear, so that in from one to three days the pustule loses its
indented appearance and becomes globular in form. To the touch it
appears to involve as much of the skin below the surface as it is high
above it. It is during the stage of pustulation that the surrounding
skin becomes swollen and œdematous, with an area of redness about the
pustules giving the appearance of a bull’s eye. It is also during the
pustular stage that the constitutional symptoms become more intense
and the fever rises in proportion to the severity of the attack. The
pustules are fully matured about the eighth day of the eruption.

During the pustular stage the affection of the mucous membranes reaches
its height. The eyelids, lips, and nose are often tremendously swollen.
The tongue swells and deglutition becomes impossible. The voice is
husky, and is sometimes lost, owing to the swelling of the glottis.

About the ninth or tenth day of the rash another change appears in
the pustule. In mild cases this change sometimes takes place several
days earlier. In the centre of the pustule is observed a small, darker
spot, which gradually grows larger. The membrane of the pustule becomes
shriveled, and the little, dark spot continues to get larger and darker
until it involves the entire area of the pustule. This is the drying
stage, during which the fluid part of the pustule is absorbed, leaving
the solid part behind to be exfoliated in the form of a crust. It
is during this stage that, owing to the softening of its membranous
covering, the pustule is broken by the movements of the patient or the
contact of rough bed-linen. The pustules of the face are usually the
first ones broken, and an ulceration frequently occurs which destroys
the true skin and results in a pit or scar. Pustules do not rupture
spontaneously and discharge their contents. Dessication lasts usually
from five to twenty days, the exposed parts being the first to dry and
shed their crusts. On the palms and soles the dessicated débris is left
deeply buried in the skin, and often has to be removed by the aid of
a lancet or other instrument. Sometimes there is a pustule under the
nail, and the removal of the kernel or seed is quite painful, though
necessary.

The crust is usually thin, of a light yellowish-brown tint, but
slightly adherent, and is shed or picked off without discomfort. The
spot where the crust has been is of a deep purplish hue, and the many
little stains here and there give the patient a peculiar spotted
appearance, which in time disappears, except where the ulceration has
left a pit or cicatrix. The pit soon loses its color and becomes of a
whitish hue.

As dessication proceeds the constitutional symptoms decline, the
appetite returns, and the patient gains strength.

*Complications.*--Sepsis is the one generally to be expected, and this
may assume any form from a local affection, such as a furuncle, to a
general septicæmia. Furunculosis is frequent and is often annoying,
and no sooner is one boil healed than others follow. Bed-sores are
also frequent if proper care is not used to prevent them. Bronchitis
from the affection of the mucous membranes may occur. When simple,
this can be handled easily; but when general pneumonia results, death
is inevitable in the weakened condition of the patient. Ulcers and
opacities of the cornea, laryngitis and croup (the latter generally
fatal), zoster, sciatica, nephritis and gastritis, are all frequent
complications, especially in severe cases.

*Confluent Smallpox.*--In this form the vesicles coalesce or run
together, forming variously shaped and sized blisters, which as
pustulation proceeds are usually ruptured in some manner and become
infected, forming large, thick scabs with extensive ulceration
underneath. The inability to properly cleanse such cases causes a
very fetid odor to be given off and makes the patient an exceedingly
difficult one to treat.

In the mild confluent form the disease is similar to the discrete form
only that several lesions coalesce. In the severe confluent form the
coalescence is extensive and large blisters are formed. The swelling
about them is intense, and with the extensive sepsis the patient
rarely survives. The swelling of the face and extremities is sometimes
enormous, and the suffering is so severe as to make death a welcome
visitor.

Confluent smallpox runs a course similar to that of the other forms,
except that it is not as rapid as the third and is usually more severe
than the first.

*Hemorrhagic Smallpox.*--This is recognized as the malignant form
of variola, and is rapidly fatal in most cases. It runs its course
precipitately, and at times most unexpectedly,--sometimes killing the
patient in a few hours and in other cases not completing its career
until the fourth or fifth day. Hemorrhages may come on suddenly and the
patient expire before any rash appears. In one case an efflorescence
appeared and so closely resembled scarlet fever that it was mistaken
for it. Suddenly hemorrhages set in, and within six hours the patient
was dead. There was a question at the time as to whether the case was
malignant scarlet fever or malignant smallpox. Later a room-mate came
down with a typical case of smallpox and helped to clear the doubt. The
hemorrhage usually occurs as the disease changes from vesiculation into
pustulation.

The severity of the hemorrhagic form of the disease is shown by the
rapidity with which it passes through the various stages. Macules
appear, and within a few hours rapidly change into papules, which
almost as rapidly change into pustules; and before pustulation is
complete hemorrhage occurs, and death quickly follows. It is not
unusual in these cases for the disease to run its course in from
twenty-four to thirty-six hours. In many, severe constitutional
symptoms mark the onset, hemorrhages occur immediately, and death
results before the rash appears. The hemorrhages are from the mucous
membrane of the eyes, nose, and mouth, and from the anal, vaginal,
and urethral orifices, the membrane swelling enormously. Hemorrhage
occurring in the skin causes it to become raised and of a livid purple
or bluish tint. The eyes seem to bulge as if about to drop from the
orbital cavity. On the abdomen the hemorrhage is beneath the skin,
causing raised lesions with a sharp border and a flattened top,
feeling dense and firm to the touch. In the peritoneum the hemorrhages
are extensive.

The constitutional symptoms in this severe form are typhoidal in
character. The mind appears at ease, quietly passing into a comatose
state. The countenance is pinched and sunken, and the skin is dusky
and purplish. The eyes appear bloodshot and listless. The breathing is
rapid and superficial. The delirium is of a quiet character, and death
comes as a most welcome termination.

    CASE I.--McD. Admitted to the hospital with a high fever
    (106.4° F.) and complaining of sore throat. One hour after
    admission there was noticed a very intense red rash, eyes
    bloodshot, and patient stupid. Patient isolated for scarlet fever.
    Hemorrhages came from eyes, nose, and mouth. Vomited blood in large
    quantities. Purplish spots appeared on the skin and spread rapidly
    over the whole cutaneous surface. Three hours after admission the
    patient died.

    CASE II.--The patient, J. H., attended the funeral of a relative in
    New Jersey. Ten days afterwards he received a letter stating that
    the person had died of smallpox, but that they desired the matter
    to be kept secret. Feeling nervous, he got vaccinated. Three days
    from the receipt of the letter he did not return to work after
    his lunch, and complained of feeling weary. Went to bed, telling
    his wife to call him at four o’clock, as he had an important
    engagement. At half-past three his wife went to call him, and
    found him bleeding profusely. She called a neighboring doctor, who
    notified the Board of Health. The health inspector called at five
    P.M. Patient unconscious; face dark and dusky; eyeballs bulging and
    blood oozing from them. Hemorrhage from nose and mouth. Vomited
    a large quantity of dark, coagulated material. Pulseless at both
    wrists. Temperature 108° F., by rectum. Diagnosis, hemorrhagic
    variola. Ordered patient removed. Ambulance arrived at 7.15, just
    after the patient had died. No autopsy.

Through the courtesy of Dr. A. H. Doty, the following cases may be
quoted. They were reported to the Health Department of New York City
with a diagnosis of malignant hemorrhagic smallpox.

    CASE I.--Mr. J. F., aged forty-four years. Removed to Reception
    Hospital on suspicion of typhus fever, December 8, 1893, when
    the following history was obtained: Patient was taken ill on
    December 3. On the following day, December 4, great weakness was
    experienced. Gradually became worse. Epistaxis, etc. On December
    7 an eruption appeared. On December 8 the patient presented the
    following appearance: Face uniformly red, or of a dusky hue, and
    swollen; on close examination a faintly papular condition was
    apparent. Over chest, abdomen, and extremities was found a profuse
    papular eruption, of a very dusky or violet-colored hue. On the
    abdomen some of the papules had coalesced. Papules were noticeable
    on the hands and feet, particularly on the palms. On the inner
    surface of the thighs the entire skin presented the appearance of
    a scarlatinous eruption, although darker in color. Pressure on the
    surface did not leave a white streak or spot typical of scarlet
    fever. In some parts of the body papules were found which were
    almost black. At this time, December 8, there was no evidence
    of vesication. On December 9, the third day of the eruption,
    the latter presented no particular change in its appearance or
    progress. It still remained papular. Intense depression and
    delirium were present. At 3 P.M., December 9, the patient was
    removed to North Brothers Island. On December 10, the fourth day
    of the eruption, a few vesicles appeared for the first time. These
    formed slowly about the lower part of the abdomen and thighs. At
    these sites were four or five typical umbilications. On December
    11, the fifth day of the eruption, many more umbilications were
    found. The patient became rapidly worse, and died on the following
    day, December 12.

    CASE II.--Mr. F. S., aged twenty-four years. Removed to Reception
    Hospital on suspicion of typhus fever. On December 8 the appearance
    of this case was similar to Case I., inasmuch as the face was
    swollen and presented an erysipelatous appearance, although
    the color was more of a dusky hue. Large erythematous patches,
    suggestive of scarlet fever, were found covering different parts
    of the body. The same condition was present in this case as was
    noticed in Case I.,--_i.e._, the color of the patches was darker
    than in scarlet fever, and when the finger was drawn over the patch
    it did not leave a white line. No patches were found on the arms;
    but at these sites were dark, almost black, papules, which slowly
    became vesicular and umbilicated. The eruption was confluent on
    the upper part of the thighs and the face, and the patient died on
    December 8.

    CASE III.--Mr. P. B., aged twenty-six years. Removed to Reception
    Hospital, December 16, 1893, on suspicion of typhus fever. On
    December 17 he presented the following appearance: The face and
    the entire trunk and upper portions of the thighs and shoulders
    presented an eruption which could easily have been mistaken for
    scarlet fever. The eruption was dotted with dark or black papules;
    some vesicles were noticed on the trunk. The eruption on the thighs
    was shotty and umbilicated and quite characteristic of variola. The
    face presented the same appearance as in Cases I. and II. On the
    legs and forearms, where the general redness was not present, the
    eruption had hardly gone beyond the macular stage, but was very
    dark,--almost black. As in the other cases, the finger drawn across
    left no white mark. It was stated that epistaxis had occurred. The
    patient became rapidly worse, without much change in the eruption,
    and died on December 17.

    CASE IV.--Mr. L. R., lawyer, aged forty-three years. Removed from
    boarding-house, December 24, 1893, to Reception Hospital. Seen
    at home previous to removal, December 24. Patient felt badly on
    December 17. On December 20 was quite ill; pains in different parts
    of the body; nausea and vomiting. This condition continued until
    December 23, when an eruption appeared. Diagnosis, scarlet fever.
    On December 24, with the exception of the legs and forearms, the
    entire body and face was involved in a general eruption resembling
    scarlet fever. However, as in the preceding cases, it was of a
    darker hue than that found in scarlet fever, and pressure upon the
    skin made no impression so far as changing its color. Over the legs
    and forearm was distributed a profuse papular eruption, very dark
    in color. On other parts of the body were scattered some dark or
    almost black papules, with a few vesicles; typical umbilication
    was also present in some. A few small vesicles were noticed on the
    nose. These had the appearance of inflamed follicles, and were
    not as dark colored as the rest. The conjunctivæ were very much
    congested, and the membrane of the mouth was so much swollen that
    it was impossible to examine the throat. Hematemesis was present,
    also great prostration from the outset. The patient died on
    December 25.




CHAPTER II.

DIAGNOSIS.


There are few diseases the prompt recognition of which is of greater
importance to the physician than variola. On the one hand, failure
to recognize the disease may subject the family of the patient and
the community at large to the danger of contagion, and thus even be
the starting-point of a widespread epidemic; on the other hand, to
pronounce a case smallpox when it is not, entails so much needless pain
and anxiety that the physician guilty of so grave an error merits the
severe condemnation which will certainly be visited upon him.

The recognition of a case of smallpox may be simple, difficult, or even
impossible, depending on the case and on the stage of the disease. In
general the disease is readily recognized when the case is typical and
the eruption has reached the vesicular or pustular stage. The diagnosis
is difficult in atypical and complicated cases. It is impossible
with any degree of positiveness in most cases in the pre-eruption
period,--the stage of invasion.

The initial symptoms of smallpox resemble the first symptoms of so
many infectious fevers that it is only through a consideration of the
prevalence of an epidemic and the opportunities for infection in a
given case that the physician may be put on his guard. It is important
in this connection to notice whether the patient has been successfully
vaccinated within a recent period. The physician who during the
prevalence of an epidemic finds an unvaccinated subject suffering
from a febrile disease of acute onset, with severe lumbar and dorsal
pains, may, in the absence of definite symptoms pointing to some other
disease, suspect smallpox; but a positive diagnosis at this stage is,
of course, impossible.

*Prodromal Rashes.*--The occurrence of the prodromal rashes, the
roseola variolosa,--a more or less diffuse scarlatiniform, morbillic,
or urticarial rash which may appear on the second day of the
fever,--has a certain diagnostic value; but this roseola occurs in
only a small percentage of the cases, and, unfortunately, sometimes
appears in other acute toxæmic conditions,--typhoid, for instance. The
scarlatiniform rash may lead to a diagnosis of scarlet fever and the
morbillic roseola be mistaken for measles; but these diseases would
be excluded by the absence of the angina and the strawberry tongue of
scarlatina in the one case and of the catarrhal symptoms of measles
in the other, aside from other considerations. The appearance of the
eruption on the second day of scarlatina is followed by a marked
defervescence, while the scarlet rash of smallpox is not accompanied
by any change in the temperature curve. The eruption in measles occurs
on the fourth day of the illness, a circumstance which alone suffices
to differentiate it from the morbilliform roseola of smallpox. The
characteristic and pathognomonic “Koplik spots” on the buccal mucous
membrane in measles are, of course, absent in smallpox. Furthermore,
these prodromal eruptions of variola are of extremely evanescent
character and usually disappear within eight or ten hours.

Of somewhat greater diagnostic value in this stage is the appearance
of small hemorrhages, or petechiæ, varying in size from a pin’s head
to a pea, in the brachial and crural triangles of Simon. This form of
prodromal eruption, however, is extremely rare, and, it may be added,
is of grave prognostic significance, as it is usually the precursor of
hemorrhagic smallpox.

*Meningitis.*--The intense headache, vertigo, delirium, and coma of
meningitis, especially meningitis of the convexity without localizing
symptoms, may be mistaken for severe prodromal symptoms of smallpox. As
a rule, pulse and respiration are slow in meningitis, while in smallpox
respiration and pulse are both markedly rapid.

*Cerebro-spinal Meningitis.*--In cerebro-spinal meningitis, in which an
erythematous or purpuric rash appears, the difficulties of diagnosis
are often such as tax the skill of the most expert clinician. It is
important to remember that the rash of cerebro-spinal meningitis
usually develops gradually or in successive crops, and that its
distribution over the cutaneous surface is irregular, while the
eruption of smallpox makes its complete appearance within the space of
a few hours and is localized chiefly on the face and extremities. The
stiffness at the back of the neck and the retraction of the head are
symptoms that do not belong to smallpox.

*Septicæmia and Pyæmia.*--Acute septicæmic and pyæmic conditions in
which there are hemorrhagic and bullous lesions in the skin sometimes
present grave difficulties in making a differential diagnosis from
smallpox. In general, however, a careful elucidation of the history of
the case will bring out some points that serve for differentiation.

It must be admitted, however, that the diagnosis between cryptogenetic
septicæmia and hemorrhagic smallpox is sometimes impossible _intra
vitam_. A case of this kind may be cited which occurred in New York
during the epidemic last year. A woman of thirty, not vaccinated
since childhood, living in a house adjoining one from which a case
of smallpox had been removed, was reported to the authorities as a
possible case of smallpox. It was the sixth day of her illness, which
had begun abruptly with headache, backache, vomiting, and fever. On
the third day of the illness there was a profuse hemorrhage from the
uterus, and thereafter metrorrhagia was almost constant. On the fourth
day a scarlatiniform eruption was noticed on the legs and abdomen.
The rash rapidly extended and was soon interspersed with hemorrhagic
points. When seen on the evening of the sixth day the patient was
semi-comatose. The skin was literally covered with a dusky scarlet rash
in which were noted countless hemorrhagic macules, from a pin-point
to a bean in size. The conjunctivæ bulbi were chemotic, the tongue
was swollen, and the fauces were deeply congested. The post-mortem
examination made the following morning, six hours after death, revealed
a septic endometritis, and streptococci were cultivated from the blood
and the peritoneal serum.

*Grippe.*--An attack of grippe may simulate the early symptoms of
smallpox very closely. The onset may be sudden, the muscular pains
severe, the pyrexia decided, the general prostration as marked as
in smallpox. In grippe, however, the muscular pains are, as a rule,
more general than in smallpox, there is rarely profuse sweating, and
symptoms referable to the respiratory tract soon develop, if indeed
they are not present from the beginning.

*Rheumatism.*--The severe lumbar and sacral pains of smallpox have
been mistaken for rheumatism, but such an error can be made only where
the use of the clinical thermometer is unknown. A febrile movement
in lumbago is absent or but slight, while in smallpox the pyrexia is
usually pronounced.

*Typhoid and Typhus.*--Typhoid and typhus fevers have at times been
confounded with smallpox. But errors of this kind can be made only
where the history of the case is completely ignored. In typhus, it is
true, the eruption, petechial and almost papular in character, may
suggest hemorrhagic smallpox; but the eruption of typhus rarely appears
before the fourth or fifth day of the illness and is located chiefly on
the trunk, sparing the face. The rash of malignant smallpox develops
usually on the third or even the second day of the illness and is not
limited to the trunk.

Upon the appearance of the rash in a typical case of smallpox the
febrile diseases with which it is most frequently confounded are
measles and varicella. It is interesting to note that until the time of
Sydenham, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, measles and
smallpox were regarded as manifestations of the same disease, and that
the Vienna school of dermatologists, even to this day, insists on the
etiological unity of variola and varicella.

*Measles.*--As a matter of fact the early papular eruption of measles
bears a considerable resemblance to the first stage of the eruption of
smallpox. In both the eruption is noted first in the face. In smallpox,
however, the papules have a firm, “shotty” feeling on palpation, while
in measles they are smooth and velvety to the touch. In measles the
eruption, viewed at a little distance, seems to present a distinctly
corymbose or crescentic grouping, an arrangement which is absent in
smallpox. The eruption of smallpox appears at the end of the third
day, that of measles on the fourth day. The temperature in smallpox
undergoes a rapid defervescence upon the appearance of the rash,
while in measles it continues to rise after the eruption appears.
The pronounced pain in the back is absent in measles, while the very
marked catarrhal symptoms, coryza, conjunctivitis, etc., are lacking in
smallpox. The subsequent course of the eruption will leave no room for
doubt, since within twenty-four hours the papules of smallpox will have
developed into characteristic vesicles.

*Varicella.*--In varicella the stage of invasion is usually much
shorter than in smallpox, the prostration less marked, and the lumbar
pains of the latter disease are absent. The eruption in varicella comes
out in successive crops and runs a shorter course, so that lesions in
various stages of development may be seen side by side. The temperature
does not necessarily fall on the appearance of the eruption, and there
may be a more or less marked rise with each fresh crop of vesicles, the
temperature curve presenting thus a remittent character. The eruption
itself presents marked differences in the character and the course of
the individual lesions, as well as in their distribution. The clear
vesicles shoot up from the surface, as it were, without warning; or
there may be for a brief period only a circumscribed erythema like
that which usually precedes the appearance of an urticarial wheal.
The vesicles of varicella have usually a somewhat obtusely conical
shape, while those of smallpox are distinctly hemispherical. The
characteristic umbilication of the smallpox vesicle is wanting in
varicella. It is true the varicella vesicle often shows a depression
at its apex; but this false umbilication, as it is called, is due to
the rupture of the vesicle and the escape of some of its fluid or to
a partial drying of its watery contents, and occurs only after the
vesicle has existed for some time. The vesicle of varicella appears
much more superficial in its seat, and its roof is much thinner, so
that it ruptures readily. Very moderate pressure with the finger
suffices to break it. When ruptured in this way the vesicle usually
collapses completely, contrasting in this respect with the smallpox
vesicle, from which, owing to the multilocular character of the lesion,
all the fluid does not escape.

In varicella the distribution of the lesions over the surface is far
more erratic than in smallpox. The very decided tendency to grouping
of lesions upon the face and about the wrists so characteristic of
smallpox does not occur in varicella, in which the vesicles may appear
even more extensively on the trunk than upon the face. In varicella
the palms and the soles, except in infants, are almost never affected;
while in smallpox these regions are practically never exempt. It is
true that in the extraordinarily mild cases of smallpox, such as have
constituted the majority of cases during the past two years throughout
the West, lesions may or may not be present on the palms and soles; but
in the severe and moderately severe cases, such as have characterized
the recent epidemic in New York, the soles and especially the palms
have practically without exception shown the lesions. The localization
of smallpox lesions on the palms and soles deserves far more emphasis
than is generally accorded it in the textbooks, many of which even
fail to mention it all. It may be put down as a safe rule that a
case showing an extensive eruption of vesicles or pustules, however
suspicious in other respects, is not smallpox if the palms and soles
are free.

*Acne.*--Among the skin diseases proper there are a few whose
appearance upon hasty examination may occasion some confusion with
smallpox. Acne pustulosa presents only a superficial resemblance to
variola, but in cases where it is accidentally associated with an acute
febrile disease, like grippe, for instance, it may give rise to some
diagnostic difficulty. In these cases, however, inquiry will develop
the fact that the acne lesions have been present before the inception
of the febrile disease; and the presence of comedos, the limitation of
the lesions to the face, chest, and back, together with the absence of
any lesions on the palms and soles, will serve to exclude smallpox.

*Impetigo Contagiosa.*--In impetigo contagiosa there might under
similar circumstances be a momentary doubt as to the nature of the
illness. Impetigo lesions have no typical distribution on the surface,
the mucous membranes are always exempt; the vesicle itself is extremely
superficial, ruptures very readily, and is at once replaced by a crust,
so that lesions in various stages, vesicles, pustules, and crusts may
always be seen at the same time.

*Zoster.*--Zoster is, as a rule, readily distinguished by the definite
grouping of the lesions in the tract supplied by one or more nerves,
its asymmetrical distribution, and the more or less severe neuralgic
pain that precedes or accompanies the eruption. It must be remembered,
however, that in zoster, in addition to the typical grouped lesions,
there are occasionally seen a few isolated vesico-pustules scattered
promiscuously over the entire surface; and the difficulty of diagnosis
may be increased by the occurrence of a moderate temperature movement.
In these cases, to which attention was first called by Teneson, the
history of the case, the presence of characteristic herpetic groups,
and the evolution and course of the individual lesions will suffice to
clear the diagnosis.

*Drug Eruptions.*--The ingestion of bromides, iodides, and quinine
is sometimes followed by an eruption which may create some confusion
in diagnosis. In general the drug eruptions may be distinguished by
the absence of fever and of the subjective symptoms of smallpox. The
bromide and the iodide acne never occur on the palms and soles, where
there are no sebaceous glands, and the lesions lack the evolution
and course of the variolous eruption. The erythematous and purpuric
eruption of quinine may be confused with the hemorrhagic form of
smallpox; but here, too, the history of the course of the illness and
the absence of fever will obviate the difficulty.

*Syphilis.*--Of all the diseases of the skin it is the pustular
syphilide which most resembles the lesions of smallpox. Dermatologists
and experts in variola are agreed that the pustular syphilide may be
absolutely indistinguishable from smallpox so far as the appearance and
distribution of the lesions is concerned. Furthermore, the pustular
syphilide is frequently accompanied by a decided febrile movement. The
differential diagnosis can be made in these cases only by the closest
inquiry into the history of the case and by careful observation of
the course of the disease. The characteristic history of an acute
illness of short duration followed by a remission on the appearance
of the eruption will of course be wanting in syphilis. The syphilitic
eruption is more sluggish in its evolution as well as in the course of
its subsequent changes; and though there may be lesions of syphilis on
the mucous membrane of the mouth, they will lack the characteristic
appearance of the vesicles and pustules of smallpox in this region.
The palms and soles are not apt to show any lesions in this form of
syphilis; and finally some other forms of syphilitic manifestation are
very often present in this polymorphic disease to give the clue to the
real nature of the eruption.

In conclusion, the fact should be emphasized that there are cases of
smallpox of so mild a character, with general symptoms so slight and
eruption so sparse and ill-defined, as to make a positive diagnosis
extremely difficult. It is a good plan to employ vaccination in such
cases as a test. Within three or four days the experienced observer
will be able to determine whether the vaccination is successful or
not; a negative result will of course have but a moderate value, but
a positive result will serve to definitely exclude the diagnosis of
smallpox. In all cases of doubt, whether before or after the eruption
has appeared, the physician owes it to himself not less than to the
patient and the community to frankly explain to the patient or his
family the difficulty in arriving at a diagnosis, and to express his
suspicions that the case may be one of smallpox. It need hardly be said
that such a case should be as strictly isolated as if the diagnosis of
smallpox were already established.




CHAPTER III.

TREATMENT.


In the treatment of smallpox the therapeutic measures employed must
necessarily vary with the severity of the disease and the condition of
the patient in its successive stages. No remedy or plan of treatment
will apply to all cases and at all times. As in the other exanthemata,
there are cases of variola in which the disease runs so mild a course
that a little nursing or simple attention to the personal comfort of
the patient is all that is absolutely necessary. Such cases occur
in those who have already had the disease,--for a second attack of
smallpox must always be considered as a possibility, although it is a
more rare occurrence than some writers would lead us to believe. Such
cases also occur and with the greatest frequency in those who have been
rendered more or less immune by a previous vaccination. But mild cases
of smallpox may also occur among the unvaccinated; and in the present
epidemic I have noted a few cases where, in spite of the lack of any
protection from vaccination, the eruption and other symptoms of the
disease were quite as mild as in some cases of so-called varioloid, or
smallpox modified by previous vaccination.

In contrast with these cases which require no special medical
treatment, there are others of marked severity with unexpected
complications which tax the physician’s skill to its utmost capacity.
Still another class of cases, fortunately rare in most epidemics, are
those to which the name of variola maligna has been given, and in which
medical treatment seems to be almost as unnecessary as in the mild
cases, since all attempts to avert a fatal termination have so far
proved utterly futile.

In the successive stages of a typical case of variola a marked
change in the character of the treatment is demanded both by the
peculiarities of the eruption and the accompanying general symptoms.
Instead of considering the various types of variola from a therapeutic
stand-point, therefore, it would seem more practical to discuss in
their natural order those measures which are adapted to the successive
stages of the disease, beginning with the

*Period of Incubation.*--During this period, which extends from the
date of infection to the appearance of the earliest symptoms of the
disease, treatment is rarely demanded, since in the great majority of
cases the outbreak of the disease is a surprise, and in no case can
it be positively known that a patient has smallpox until the initial
symptoms appear, and often not until the characteristic eruption has
developed. In many instances, however, it is quite certain that an
individual has been exposed to the contagion of variola; and when
such a one happens to be unvaccinated, or has not been vaccinated in
recent years, the assumption is strong that the disease may have been
contracted and will manifest itself in due time.

The question as to whether vaccination can have any notable effect
in modifying the course of variola when performed after a person has
been exposed to and has contracted the disease is one concerning which
a considerable difference of opinion is expressed by modern writers.
While some contend that even if vaccination fails to prevent the
development of variola it is quite certain to modify its severity,
others claim that it can be of no more advantage than locking the barn
after a horse has been stolen.

The precise effect which vaccination during the stage of incubation
may exert upon the subsequent course of the disease is very difficult
to determine in one or even a small number of cases, since it is
almost impossible to predict in any given case what the severity of
the disease will be. In the opinion of Curschmann it is very doubtful
whether vaccination can even render the course of smallpox milder. He
states that in many instances where vaccination has been performed
after exposure to smallpox infection the pustules of vaccinia and
variola have been seen developing side by side, the former having
apparently no effect upon the latter. In the opinion of Welsh, on the
other hand, vaccination after infection often modifies the disease,
and not infrequently prevents it altogether. He believes that when
vaccinia has advanced to the stage of the formation of an areola around
the vesicle, about the eighth day, it begins to exert its prophylactic
power against smallpox; and as the period of incubation in variola
is usually twelve days or more, an early vaccination may exert its
protective influence in advance of the time when the variolous eruption
should appear.

Welsh reports one hundred and ninety-four cases of vaccination
performed during the stage of incubation, in which thirty-eight
were perfectly protected against smallpox, sixteen almost perfectly
protected, thirty-one protected to a well-marked degree, thirty
partially protected, and seventy-nine were unprotected.

Of these one hundred and ninety-four cases the death-rate was 12.90
among those vaccinated early in the stage of incubation; it was 40.98
among those vaccinated from one to seven days before the eruption of
smallpox appeared; while among the unvaccinated cases the death-rate
amounted to fifty-eight per cent.

As it is well known that a secondary vaccination runs its course more
rapidly than a primary one, it is evident that if an exposed patient
has been already vaccinated a secondary vaccination is more apt to
exert a protective influence. Since vaccination with humanized virus
is more speedy in its effect than when bovine lymph is used, it is
advisable to employ the former when readily obtainable and to make
several insertions in order to increase the probability of success.
Even a late vaccination in the stage of incubation may be of value,
as it sometimes happens that this period lasts fourteen days or more.
Early in the nineteenth century Waterhouse claimed that two days after
infection vaccination would save the patient.

Good results from the subcutaneous injection of vaccine lymph have also
been claimed by Farley and others, but the efficacy of this method of
treatment appears to have been assumed rather than proven.

The speedy vaccination of all those who have been accidentally exposed
to smallpox infection will do no harm, even if it fails to modify the
disease when contracted. Indeed, it is always advisable, since the
persons exposed, even if not already infected, are liable to contract
the disease through possible subsequent exposure; and in the case of a
threatening epidemic no precaution should be neglected which might tend
to lessen the number of possible cases.

Since no drug nor specific remedy exists which administered during the
period of incubation will abort or modify the subsequent eruption, the
only thing to be done is to prepare the patient by means of a rigid
regimen and all possible hygienic measures to withstand the impending
attack. When the fact of exposure is certain, forewarned should be
forearmed.

*Period of Invasion (Initial Stage).*--At the outbreak of the initial
symptoms of smallpox a correct diagnosis is rarely made, owing to the
fact that headache, lumbar pain, chills, fever, and nausea are not
sufficiently pathognomonic to always suggest the true nature of the
disease. In those cases, however, where it is known that the patient
has been exposed to infection and an attack of variola is consequently
anticipated, the diagnosis is comparatively easy. In such a case the
patient should be put to bed, or at least confined in a large, airy
room, from which all draperies and superfluous articles, capable of
absorbing infectious germs, should be at once removed. The temperature
of the room should be kept as low as possible in summer and should
not exceed 60° to 65° F. in winter. An extra bed or couch should be
provided, to which the patient can make a convenient and agreeable
change later in the course of the disease, especially if it proves to
be of a severe type.

At the outset the bowels should be freely opened by a dose of calomel
and soda, followed in the morning by a saline purgative; and since
constipation is apt to persist in most cases throughout the course of
the disease, it is advisable to administer a little cold citrate of
magnesia or some other agreeable laxative from day to day.

A warm bath should be taken and the skin from head to foot thoroughly
cleansed by vigorous soap friction and the application of an antiseptic
lotion. If the disease proves mild, a daily bath can be taken; or when
this does not seem advisable, the daily sponging of the whole body with
cool water will usually lessen the fever and add greatly to the comfort
of the sufferer. If the patient happens to belong to the class of the
unvaccinated, or has not been vaccinated for many years, and there
exists consequently the prospect of a severe attack, the hair and beard
should be closely clipped. In most cases, however, this procedure can
be left until the eruption has appeared, and if this is moderate in
amount, the cutting of the hair, especially in the case of young girls
and women, may not be necessary.

The diet, which throughout the course of smallpox is a matter of the
greatest importance, should be light and nutritious during this stage,
consisting mainly of milk, broth, or gruel.

The medicinal treatment of smallpox in this stage and throughout
the course of the disease must be mainly symptomatic. Upon careful
nursing and the prompt treatment of the various symptoms as they
present themselves we must depend in great measure for the fortunate
termination in any case. The remedies and special methods which have
been vaunted by some as tending to abort or modify the eruption and
to lessen the severity of the disease, have been tested by others and
found wanting. A specific for variola comparable in its action to
that of mercury in syphilis or quinine in malaria is at the present
time unknown, although, in view of the recent advances in antitoxic
medication, the discovery of such is a hope that may possibly be
realized in the near future.

A high degree of fever in the initial stage of smallpox with intense
headache and backache are symptoms which call loudly for relief,
although they may not betoken a corresponding severity of the disease
in its subsequent stages. Aconite, quinine, phenacetine, and other
antipyretics are remedies which may now be advantageously given, and
the daily cool bath, although it may not have the notable effect
so often observed in typhoid fever, will assist in lowering the
temperature.

If the fever is combined with extreme nervousness, the old and reliable
Dover’s powder will be found of service. In some cases delirium is
present during the initial stage, and occasionally a suicidal tendency
is manifested, which makes it necessary to have a watchful nurse in
constant attendance upon the patient. Potassium bromide in full doses,
chloral, or sulphonal may be advantageously employed as a sedative, but
the most effective remedy is probably the hypodermic injection of the
sulphate of morphine (gr. 1/4).

If the headache, which is almost invariably present, is very severe, an
ice-bag or cold cloth applied to the scalp will afford relief. The fear
which has been entertained by some that such a procedure might tend to
suppress the eruption is utterly groundless. For the lumbar pain, of
which the patient often complains, a hot application will usually feel
more grateful. The custom of applying mustard-plasters to the lower
part of the back is not to be recommended, since the irritation of the
skin which is caused thereby is liable to increase the eruption in
that region and add to the subsequent discomfort of the patient. The
theory that the eruption can be lessened upon the face by increasing
the number of lesions upon some other part of the body has never proved
successful in practice.

The sensation of thirst which is always present, and is often
intolerable, can be alleviated by frequent sips of cold milk or by weak
lemonade, either hot or cold. If there is extreme nausea and vomiting,
as is usually the case with children, small pieces of ice dissolved in
the mouth will relieve it together with the excessive thirst.

*Period of Eruption.*--With the outbreak of the papular eruption of
smallpox, which usually appears upon the face on the third day of
the disease, a notable decrease of the fever occurs with a decided
improvement in the general condition of the patient. In a mild case,
when a diagnosis of variola is not promptly made, the patient often
returns to his business or pursues his or her customary duties with no
thought of the danger to which others are exposed through contact or
association. But the rapid development of the eruption soon leads to
the discovery of its true nature and a realization of the importance of
continued isolation.

During the papular and vesicular stage little or no internal medication
is required, Gayton, an English writer on smallpox, who evidently
shares the popular belief that the main duty of a physician is to give
medicine, remarks that “we may also prescribe a little effervescing
saline, for unless something is given in the form of medicine, the
impression on the sick man’s mind is that you are doing nothing to
assist him.” An intelligent public, in this country at least, is
gradually awakening to the fact that skilful medical treatment cannot
longer be measured by the number and size of the apothecaries’ bottles.

Although the appetite may now return, a restriction of the diet to
simple and nutritious articles of food, such as milk-toast, eggs,
oysters, and jellies, should be enforced.

The daily bath should be continued, and there is no objection to its
being made antiseptic by the addition of carbolic acid or bichloride of
mercury. It is simpler and safer, however, to employ a plain bath and
to disinfect the skin later by sponging with some antiseptic lotion,
such as peroxide of hydrogen or permanganate of potassium. It has been
claimed by some enthusiast, though never demonstrated, that carbolic
soap will abort the disease.

The local treatment of the eruption during the papular and vesicular
stage has been a subject of experimentation for centuries, and the
prevailing opinion at the present time is that little or nothing can
be done to arrest its development. Most of the local applications,
like the mercurial and other plasters of former days, though doubtless
of some value, have proved generally to be more uncomfortable than
beneficial to the patient. Tincture of iodine, pure or diluted, with
an equal part of alcohol, nitrate of silver solution, collodion,
picric acid, and more recently ichthyol, have been advocated by some
and rejected by others after a careful test of their merits. Gayton
recommends the use of the old itch lotion of sulphur and quicklime when
cases present themselves before eruption or during the papular stage.
He claims that if the lotion is rubbed over the whole body every four
or six hours it will prevent the papules from reaching the pustular
stage and thus avert the severe secondary fever. This surprising
statement he bases on the observation of hundreds of cases.

The effect of light upon the development of the smallpox eruption is
a subject of considerable interest, and in recent years it has become
one of therapeutic importance. As long ago as the fourteenth century
John of Gaddesden and other physicians of his time were in the habit
of excluding both light and fresh air from smallpox patients. The
walls and furniture of the sick-room were painted red, on account of a
peculiar virtue supposed to reside in this color, and the unfortunate
occupant was nearly smothered by red curtains hung around his bed.
Ever since that time it has been a common custom to darken the room
of a smallpox patient, partly on account of the photophobia present
during the course of the disease and partly on account of the idea that
sunlight would aggravate the eruption. The fact that the face and hands
are most intensely affected would seem to substantiate this idea, but
the argument fails when we consider that the feet are usually the seat
of an eruption scarcely less profuse.

It was claimed by Black, in 1867, that the complete exclusion
of light from the eruption of smallpox, even when occurring in
unvaccinated persons, effectually prevented pitting of the face.
Barlow, Gallivardin, and others, have expressed a similar belief.
Experimentation by Finsen, Unna, and others having demonstrated that
it was not the heat of the sun but the ultra-violet or chemical rays
which cause solar eczema and pigmentation of the skin, it was suggested
by Finsen that in place of the complete exclusion of light in the
treatment of variola, it was only necessary to eliminate the chemical
rays of sunlight by means of red glass windows or red curtains.

Acting upon this suggestion Lindholm, Svensen, Day, and others, treated
smallpox by this new method, and made most favorable reports of their
results. The red light proved agreeable and soothing to the eyes of
the patients, frequently caused the vesicles to dry without becoming
purulent, and lessened the suppurative fever. The patients, it is
claimed, passed directly from the vesicular stage into convalescence,
and neither pitting nor pigmentation of the skin was observed.

Some less enthusiastic experimenters with the red-light treatment of
variola have been more moderate in their praises, and in some smallpox
hospitals it has been tried and given up.

My own experience with this method is limited to the observation of
a few cases treated at the Riverside Hospital in 1893. Under the
direction of Dr. Cyrus Edson, health commissioner, one ward was fitted
with red glass windows. The cases treated were of a mild type, and
although no deaths occurred, the disease appeared to run its usual
course and the experiment was negative as to results. In reply to a
letter of inquiry, Dr. Edson writes me that “if the results had not
been negative a very careful report would have been made.” For the
advancement of therapeutic knowledge it is indeed unfortunate that
while the enthusiast is always so ready to write, the sceptic or
unsuccessful experimenter is usually inclined to remain silent.

*Period of Suppuration.*--With the transformation of the smallpox
vesicles into pustules a rise of temperature occurs which is commonly
known as the “secondary fever,” and in severe cases the swelling of the
face, hands, and feet usually occasions the most intense suffering.
The chief dangers of this stage arise from the possibility of septic
poisoning and the probability of a greater or less degree of exhaustion.

A nutritious diet is now of the utmost importance, and in severe cases
bouillon, malted milk, or other prepared foods which can be readily
swallowed should be given every two or three hours. If the patient
is in a stupor, he may be awakened in order to receive the necessary
nourishment, but the calm, refreshing sleep which sometimes follows a
period of wakefulness and complete exhaustion should not be disturbed.
Alcoholic stimulants are usually of great service in this stage and may
be given freely, especially at night and in the early morning hours
when the patient’s vitality is at its lowest ebb. In case of delirium,
rectal alimentation will often be found necessary as a substitute for
or a supplement to oral feeding. The rectum should first be thoroughly
cleansed by an enema of soap and water and then from four to six ounces
of milk and brandy or eggnog may be injected.

As the eruption of smallpox attacks the mucous membrane of the mouth,
nose, and throat, as well as the skin, difficulty in swallowing and
considerable discomfort in breathing is often present, especially
during the suppurative stage. If the patient is able to sit up and
gargle, peroxide of hydrogen or some other antiseptic solution
should be used at regular and frequent intervals. In case of extreme
prostration, when any effort by the patient or the mere raising of the
head might lead to syncope or symptoms of collapse, it is advisable
to wash out the patient’s throat and nostrils with a large swab of
absorbent cotton, dipped in a saturated solution of boric acid.
Pyrozone, borolyptol, listerine, and other liquids may be conveniently
used for this purpose diluted with one or two parts of water. Small
pieces of ice or ice-cream given at frequent intervals with a small
coffeespoon will usually be found extremely grateful to the suffering
patient.

For a purulent conjunctivitis which may sometimes result from the
presence of pustules on the lids, the saturated solution of boric acid
should be frequently used in the form of a spray.

When delirium occurs in this stage the patient must be closely watched,
and, if necessary, the limbs may be kept quiet by linen sheets folded
and carried across the bed and fastened at either end. Since chloral
given by the mouth is liable to cause œdema of the glottis, it may be
advantageously administered by the rectum, or in its place the bromides
or a hypodermic injection of sulphate of morphine may be substituted,
although when the patient is suffering at the same time from severe
bronchitis the use of opium is objectionable.

The treatment of the eruption in the suppurative stage is of the
greatest importance so far as the comfort of the patient is concerned.
A host of applications and peculiar methods of treatment have been
recommended and tested in successive epidemics. Many of these have
been found to have no effect save to intensify the patient’s horrible
appearance and to aggravate his discomfort. From time immemorial
attempts have been made to prevent the pitting of the face after the
disease by treatment of the individual lesions. The cauterization of
the pustules with nitrate of silver after evacuation of the pus--the
so-called ectrotic method--has been practised by many in the past,
but the consensus of opinion at the present day seems to be that the
procedure is as useless as it is painful. The ointments, plasters,
pastes, and varnishes which have also been advocated are usually
unpleasant or troublesome to use, and in the pustular stage are not
likely to accomplish any desirable end. At this period it is too
late to consider the possibility of preventing pitting, although the
resulting injury to the skin may be reduced to a minimum by the use of
all local measures which tend to reduce the grade of inflammation.

For the highly inflamed condition of the skin which characterizes
the suppurative stage of smallpox, especially in its confluent form,
cold water is, beyond all doubt, the best antiphlogistic. The cold
compresses advocated years ago by Hebra constitute the simplest method
of local treatment and one which is most grateful and beneficial to
the patient. They exclude the air, macerate and soften the lesions,
and lessen the local inflammation. Although it cannot be claimed that
they modify in any degree the development and course of the eruption,
it is doubtful whether anything better in the way of local treatment
has ever been suggested. Pieces of lint should be dipped in cold water
and applied smoothly to the face and other portions of the body where
the eruption is abundant and the skin inflamed. To prevent their drying
too rapidly a little glycerine may be added to the water and the lint
covered with gutta-percha tissue or oiled silk. Moore recommends
covering the face with a light mask of lint and oiled silk, having
holes for the eyes, nose, and mouth. The lint is wet with a mixture
of glycerin and iced water (fʒi-f℥i). If preferred, a cold solution
of boric acid may be used in place of plain water, and when there is
an excessive and unpleasant odor present, thymol may be added to the
solution. Immermann states that he used for a time sublimate dressings
to the face (1-1000), but found that plain water did quite as much good
and was safer to use.

Next to the face, the hands and feet suffer most from the eruption of
smallpox, and, owing to the fact that the skin is not as lax in the
latter region, particularly upon the fingers and toes, the inflammatory
swelling of these parts is always attended with extreme pain when
pustules are numerous. Under such conditions it may be found advisable,
in place of merely wrapping the hands and feet in lint and oiled silk,
to immerse them in pans or pails of water, or to supply the patient
with mittens and stockings made of vulcanized rubber cloth. Indeed, if
the patient is not in too critical a condition, he may be immersed for
hours in a bath, as recommended by Hebra for the treatment of extensive
burns, pemphigus, and various ulcerating affections involving a large
portion of the body.

*Period of Dessication.*--When the distended, semi-globular pustules
begin to dry, they tend to flatten, and often undergo a secondary
umbilication from the shriveling of the central portion of the pock. In
favorable cases the general condition of the patient improves as the
fever subsides, and a more substantial diet may now be allowed.

The symptom which usually causes most local discomfort at this stage is
the itching which invariably accompanies the drying of the pustules.
This is often intolerable, and much of the pitting left after an attack
of smallpox may be due to the tearing of the crusts from the face and
other parts.

The best application which can now be made to the skin for the double
purpose of softening the crusts and allaying the pruritus is a solution
of carbolic acid in olive oil (five or ten per cent.). When the itching
sensation of the face and hands is intense, it can be greatly relieved
if the nurse will frequently spray these parts with pure chloroform,
or, if the crusts have an unpleasant odor, with a mixture of chloroform
and some antiseptic solution.

In the case of restless or unmanageable children the elbows may be put
in splints so that the finger-nails cannot come in contact with the
face.

*Period of Convalescence.*--When the crusts have dried and fallen
from the face and body and no unpleasant complications still exist,
the patient may be considered as a convalescent. No treatment is
now required except a liberal diet, the daily bath, and a continued
application of carbolized vaseline or some antiseptic oil. When the
discolored cicatrices left after the falling of the crusts appear
elevated and hard, as is frequently the case upon the face and hands
(variola verrucosa), it is customary with some to paint them with
tincture of iodine. A pleasanter and more effective application is a
twenty per cent. solution of resorcin in rose-water.

When the skin has assumed its normal smoothness, and no indication of
the disease remains except the dull purplish-red spots where the crusts
have fallen, the patient may be regarded as well, and, after a careful
disinfection of his body, he may be furnished with fresh or thoroughly
disinfected clothing and discharged from the hospital or sick-room.

In disinfecting a patient prior to his discharge, not only should a
prolonged bath be taken, but the head should be thoroughly shampooed
with carbolic soap, the nails cut and scrubbed with the same, and the
mucous orifices of the body cleansed with peroxide of hydrogen.

*Prophylactic Treatment.*--The prophylactic treatment of smallpox
is of vastly more importance than any therapeutic measure, since it
concerns a community and not merely an individual. In dealing with
smallpox cases many physicians discover only too late that an ounce of
prevention is worth many pounds of cure. When a case of smallpox is
first recognized, or even suspected, the patient should be isolated in
a room from which all unnecessary articles of furniture, especially of
soft texture, have been removed. A sheet moistened with some volatile
disinfectant should be hung before the door, and no one allowed to
enter the room save the nurse and doctor. A change of clothing should
be made outside by the former whenever leaving the room, and a gown
should be ready for the latter to wear at each visit. Upon leaving
the sick-room the physician should carefully disinfect his hands and
remain for some time in the fresh air before making another call. When
the diagnosis is positively made, all who have come in contact with
the patient, unless manifestly immune, should be found and vaccinated
without delay.

During the course of the disease all discharges, such as fæces,
urine, sputa, or vomited matter, should be received in glass or
earthen vessels containing a five per cent. solution of carbolic
acid. Handkerchiefs and soiled rags should be burned or with towels
and soiled sheets placed in a carbolic solution and allowed to remain
for twelve hours. The plates, knives, forks, and spoons used by the
patient should be kept in the sick-room and washed in a disinfectant
solution by the nurse, while any uneaten food should be treated in the
same manner as the patient’s discharges. When the patient has fully
recovered, and, after personal disinfection, has left the sick-room,
this should be thoroughly fumigated. The mattress and bed-coverings
should be burned or, in large cities, sent to the Board of Health for
disinfection. In case of death the corpse should be washed with a
strong bichloride solution or painted with carbolized oil (twenty per
cent.), and buried or cremated as quickly as possible. The clothing
worn by the patient at the beginning of the disease should be destroyed
or disinfected by baking for an hour in an oven at a temperature of
220° F., or steamed for five minutes at a temperature of 212° F.

In disinfecting the sick-room, the furniture, woodwork, and floor
should first be scrubbed with carbolic soap and hot water or a
solution of bichloride of mercury (1-500). The windows, ventilators,
and fireplace should then be tightly closed and the fumes of burning
sulphur or formaldehyde gas used to complete the disinfection. Sublimed
sulphur burned in a moist atmosphere (one pound to every thousand cubic
feet of space) is effective, but is at the same time objectionable on
account of its tendency to bleach or discolor all textile fabrics.
In well-furnished rooms, containing articles liable to be injured by
sulphur or steam, such as wall-paper, paintings, books, etc., it is
advisable to use, whenever possible, a formaldehyde gas-generator,
which can usually be obtained from the local Board of Health.




CHAPTER IV.

VACCINATION.


Vaccination consists in the inoculation of virus taken from the pock
produced by vaccinia.

*Vaccine Virus.*--Virus has been taken from vaccine vesicles on almost
all animals susceptible to vaccinia, but throughout the greater part of
the last century the material used in the vaccination of human subjects
was taken generally from a vaccine vesicle on the arm of a previously
unvaccinated healthy child. Such virus when collected at the proper
time was found to take with great regularity, and vesicles resulting
from its use were uniformly well developed and typical. Humanized
virus was, however, open to the objection that it could communicate
disease if the child were not perfectly healthy, and as a matter of
fact it did communicate syphilis in a certain number of instances.
The possibility of this infection was so serious an objection to the
use of virus from this source that in the last quarter of the century
calf virus, recommended and used in Italy many years before, was
gradually substituted for human virus, and at the present time the
use of animal virus is general in Europe and in the United States. In
the production of virus, calves are for commercial reasons generally
preferred to other animals. Calves take typically, and a large amount
of virus can be collected from them, whereas all other animals either
are comparatively expensive, or take poorly, or are able to furnish but
little virus. Cows also are more expensive, are less easily handled,
and develop vaccine vesicles less typically.

In the practical production of vaccine virus calves are vaccinated
much as human beings are vaccinated, but over a larger area. Usually
the posterior abdomen and the insides of the thighs are covered with
superficial linear incisions, and into these incisions the seed virus
is rubbed. In the laboratory of the New York City Health Department
all operations relating to the vaccination of the animals and to the
collection of the virus are carried on in an operating-room provided
with a cement floor, glazed brick walls, and equipped with enamelled
metal operating furniture, such as would be used in a hospital. The
attendants wear sterile gowns and the technique of the operations is
aseptic. The seed virus is either humanized virus collected by touching
sterile pieces of bone to the serum exuding from ruptured vesicles
on the arms of children, or in the great majority of cases bovine
glycerinated virus which has been preserved two months or longer.

It is found that the crust of the vesicle, the serum issuing from the
vesicle after the crust is removed, the pulp which forms the semi-solid
contents and base of the vesicle, and the serum which exudes from the
base of the vesicle after the pulp has been removed by a curette,
all convey material capable of producing the vaccine vesicle in a
susceptible person, and are therefore all different forms of vaccine
virus. It has been shown, however, that if any of this material is
filtered, so that all the solid particles are removed, the filtrate is
inefficient. In other words, the serum is efficient as vaccine virus
simply by virtue of the solid particles which it contains. It is also
found that the pulp is so rich in the active principle of vaccine virus
that it may be mixed with several times its weight of glycerin or other
diluent and still maintain its efficiency.

The different sorts of vaccine virus on the market are simply different
ways of supplying this material coming from the vesicle. Most material
is in one of three forms,--

(_a_) The pulp diluted with some excipient, such as glycerin, vaseline,
or lanolin. The emulsion, made by mixture with glycerin, may be
contained in a vial or in a capillary tube, or may rest on some holder,
such as an ivory or bone point. In the latter case the point is usually
protected by some form of cap. Mixture with vaseline or lanolin makes
a paste, which is usually issued in a box. This is in use in parts of
Italy and in India.

(_b_) The serum dried on a holder, as an ivory or bone point or a quill.

(_c_) The serum mixed with some excipient, usually solid or semi-solid,
until it becomes a paste, and furnished like dried serum on a holder.

For a physician the choice among these three forms is governed by
considerations of efficiency, safety, and ease of use. All the forms
are under certain conditions efficient, but comparative tests show that
the emulsion of the pulp issued by different laboratories is much more
certainly efficient than the other forms, and the glycerinated emulsion
is at present in most general use both abroad and in this country.

It is also true that all forms may be perfectly safe. All forms
contain bacteria when prepared, and the majority of these bacteria
die within a few weeks or months after preparation. On account of the
mildly antiseptic quality of glycerin the bacteria in the glycerinated
emulsion usually die sooner than those in the other forms of virus,
and so far as bacteria are objectionable in the virus the glycerinated
form may therefore be said to be somewhat preferable. It should be
added, however, both that glycerinated virus is usually put in the
market before the bacteria have disappeared and that the bacteria
present in virus issued by well-conducted laboratories are not found
to be pathogenic to persons when inoculated by the customary method of
vaccination.

The ease of use of any form of virus depends largely upon the custom of
the physician. In vaccinating a large number at one time there can be
no question that the use of a liquid virus supplied in vials is more
rapid than the use of a dried virus, as the latter has to be thoroughly
moistened before it can be applied effectively.

*Methods of Vaccination.*--The usual method of vaccination is to
scarify a spot on the skin and to rub the virus on that spot. The
choice of place depends partly on æsthetic reasons and partly on
convenience. To avoid the formation of an unsightly scar on the arm,
the leg may be used instead. If the arm is chosen, the insertion of
the deltoid is the place of election on account of the small number of
lymphatics there. If the leg is chosen, the area just below the head of
the fibula presents the same anatomical advantage; but a spot a short
distance above the knee on the outside of the thigh is often thought
to offer less opportunity for injury and infection. Choice between the
sides depends in an adult on the use to which the vaccinated limb is to
be put, and in a baby on the advantage of vaccinating the side which is
carried away from the nurse.

The size of the scarification is important. The vesicle is always
somewhat larger than the scarification, and the larger the vesicle the
greater danger that the surface may be broken, and the more opportunity
there is for the introduction of extraneous infection. A spot as
large as the head of a medium pin is about as small as can be easily
scarified, and vesicles formed on such scarifications are least liable
to have inflammatory complications. If, as certain evidence tends to
show, a larger area of scar guarantees greater protection, and if a
larger area is therefore desired, it is better to vaccinate in two or
three small spots than in one large one. It is somewhat difficult to
rub the virus from a bone point on a spot of the minute size described,
and as this form of virus is usually more dilute than glycerinated
virus, a larger area may safely be employed.

The scarification may be made with any sharp instrument, or with the
point itself. The only precaution necessary is that the instrument
should be free from infection. As a scarifier the ordinary cambric
needle presents the advantages that it is usually clean, is easily
sterilized, and is so inexpensive that a fresh one can be used for
every operation.

It is not necessary that the scarification should draw blood, although
blood is not objectionable unless it flows so freely as to wash away
the virus, or unless the subject has hæmophilia.

Although with a notably susceptible subject or with especially active
virus it may be sufficient simply to smear the virus on the scarified
area, it is usually necessary and always advisable to rub in the virus
with a wooden slip or with the point firmly and thoroughly.

Other methods of introducing vaccine virus are by puncture, by deep
injection, and by the mouth.

In the method by puncture either a grooved lancet or a hollow needle
may be used. A shallow puncture is made and the virus is deposited in
it. The resulting vesicle is usually small and nearly circular, and
generally remains free from infection; but as the hole in which the
virus is placed is small, it is possible that the issuing blood may
wash it away completely, and the percentage of success with this method
of inoculation is not quite so large, even in careful hands, as by
the process of scarification with the same virus. Animal experiments
with deep injection of virus through a hypodermic syringe and with
administration of virus by the mouth show that there is no certainty of
successful vaccination by these means, and that when success results
there is no proof of it without a subsequent vaccination on the skin to
test or to demonstrate the immunity.

*Care after Vaccination.*--As vaccination is a surgical procedure, it
should be conducted aseptically with a sterile instrument on clean
skin, and the wound should be guarded against extraneous infection.
It is well therefore to put either a sterile gauze cover or a clean
shield over the wound as soon as the virus has been sufficiently
absorbed, and to leave the protection on until the natural crust has
been formed,--_i.e._, for a few hours. If the guard could be kept
in position without motion and also without injurious pressure, it
might remain until the process ended with the formation of a scar and
the exfoliation of the crust; but practically it is so certain that
the guard will be moved that it is wise to remove it and to trust
to the protection of a clean muslin or linen cloth attached to the
loose sleeve or other undergarment. For a day or two at the time when
the inflammation is at its height it may be well again to guard by
a shield against injury from a blow or push, but the shield should
always be regarded as itself a danger. If by any accident the vaccine
pustule becomes infected, it should be treated like any other infected
wound,--the crust removed, the ulcer cleansed with antiseptics and
dressed surgically. The immunity given by the pock is not at all
lessened by this treatment.

*Normal Clinical Course.*--After primary vaccination in man there is a
stage of incubation lasting for from forty-eight to seventy-two hours;
a papule then develops, and by the end of the third or fourth day
this has begun to show umbilication and a vesicular structure. When
fully developed, about the sixth day after vaccination, the vesicle is
distended and pearly in color. On the seventh or eighth day the areola
develops,--_i.e._, the skin about the vesicle becomes hard, sensitive,
and red, the redness extending a variable distance, not usually more
than two inches from the edge of the vesicle. In the course of the next
day or two the vesicle loses its pearly appearance and becomes opaque
and often slightly yellow. With the development of the areola and of
the pustule the adjacent lymph glands may swell and become somewhat
painful; there may also be constitutional derangement,--some fever,
pain, anorexia, restlessness, and more or less prostration; there is
usually a moderate leucocytosis. About the eleventh or twelfth day the
areola begins to fade, the constitutional symptoms to subside, and
the pustule to dry up. A dark crust is formed which drops off usually
between the eighteenth and twenty-fifth days, leaving a rosy depressed
scar on which not infrequently a secondary scab is formed, to be shed a
few days later.

*Variations in the Clinical Course.*--The vesicles may appear on the
second day, but it is more frequently delayed until the fourth, fifth,
sixth, seventh, or even the eighth day, and cases have been observed in
which the delay was even longer.

The areola, which should be bright red, may be purple, and may extend a
long distance from the vesicle.

The pustule may be hemorrhagic or may be filled with greenish pus; in
this case there is probably a mixed infection.

Sometimes instead of a vesicle there appears a hard elevated nodule, in
color like a red raspberry. With this there is usually no areola, and
no constitutional symptoms develop. The growth is usually an evidence
of poor virus. It may persist for some time before absorption.

The course may be abortive,--_i.e._, the vesicle does not develop
completely; pustulation comes early and the crust is shed and the scar
formed before the end of the second week. This course is normal though
not invariable in revaccinations.

The scar may be poorly marked, even when the vaccination has run a
typical course.

*Complications.*--The most frequent complications are infections and
eruptions. An infection may be, of course, of many sorts. It may be,
for example, the streptococcus of erysipelas, or the bacillus of
tetanus, but it is oftenest a skin coccus. These infections may be
introduced with the virus, with the instrument, or later through wounds
in the vesicle or pustule. Erysipelas and tetanus following vaccination
are exceedingly rare, and it has never been shown that in a case of
tetanus the germ was inoculated at the time of vaccination.

Eruptions are probably usually due to a chemical irritation produced by
the development of the vaccinia; they are analogous to the eruptions
following the injection of antitoxine and the ingestion of various
drugs. They vary in appearance, sometimes resemble the eruption of
measles or of scarlet fever, and again are urticarial; they are
macular, papular, and vesicular.

When a moist eczema is present there may be auto-inoculation of the
pock on the affected area and a general confluent vaccine eruption
appear.

*Immunity.*--The immunity against smallpox, or vaccinia, produced
by vaccination is of gradual growth, and is not complete until the
period of suppuration, about the beginning of the second week. Natural
immunity is said to exist, and is probable, but it is exceedingly rare.
Vaccination of a pregnant woman rarely, if ever, confers immunity on
the fœtus.

*Duration of Immunity.*--Sometimes a single vaccination gives immunity
for life. Usually, however, susceptibility returns at latest seven
to ten years after vaccination, and the second vaccination may give
immunity for the rest of the lifetime, or susceptibility may return
again and again. Failure of active, properly inserted virus shows only
that the person so vaccinated is at that time immune, but conveys
absolutely no information about the condition a few months later. The
appearance of the scar is not a trustworthy guide as to immunity.
Susceptibility to vaccination returns frequently within one year, and
has returned in three months from the time of a successful vaccination.
Susceptibility to smallpox probably returns, as a rule, later than
susceptibility to vaccinia. It is rare that a case even of varioloid
occurs within five years of a successful vaccination.

*Conclusions.*--Every child should be vaccinated at the time of
election during the first year of life, and should be revaccinated
before beginning school-life with its possibility of exposure.
Every person, no matter at what age, should be vaccinated at a time
of possible exposure to smallpox unless he has been successfully
vaccinated within three months.


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA ERYTHEMATOSA.

(First day of eruption).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA PAPULOSA.

(Second day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA HEMORRHAGICA.

(Second day--Fourth day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA VESICULOSA.

(Fourth day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA VESICULOSA.

(Third day--Fifth day--Sixth day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA SEMI-CONFLUENS.

(Fifth day--Sixth day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA CONFLUENS.

(Seventh day--Eighth day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA PUSTULOSA.

(Ninth day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA DISCRETA.

(Ninth day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA PUSTULOSA.

(Tenth day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA PUSTULOSA.

(Ninth day--Tenth day--Eleventh day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA PUSTULOSA ET CRUSTOSA.

(Tenth day--Twelfth day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA CRUSTOSA.

(Eighteenth day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

VARIOLA DESICCATA ET SQUAMOSA.

(Twentieth day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

1. PIGMENTATION AFTER VARIOLA. (30th day).

2. VERRUCOUS SCARS. (25th day).

3. CONFLUENT PITTING. (35th day).]


[Illustration: Copyright, 1902, by G. H. Fox.

1. VACCINIA. (4th day).

2. VACCINIA. (8th day).

3. PRIMARY VACCINATION. (8th day).

4. VACCINIA. (8th day).

5. VACCINATION ULCER.

6. VARICELLA. (3d day).]