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                             LITTLE RIVERS


[Illustration: The noise of the falls makes constant music.]

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                             LITTLE RIVERS

                          A BOOK OF ESSAYS IN
                          PROFITABLE IDLENESS


                                   BY

                             HENRY VAN DYKE


   “And suppose he take nothing, yet he enjoyeth a delightfull
   walk by pleasant Rivers, in sweet Pastures, amongst odoriferous
   Flowers, which gratifie his Senses, and delight his Mind; which
   Contentments induce many (who affect not _Angling_) to choose
   those places of pleasure for their summer Recreation and Health.”
     COL. ROBERT VENABLES, _The Experienc’d Angler_. 1662.


                              ILLUSTRATED


                                NEW YORK
                        CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS
                                MDCCCCIV


          _Copyright, 1895, 1903, by Charles Scribner’s Sons_


[Illustration]




                               DEDICATION


               To one who wanders by my side
               As cheerfully as waters glide;
               Whose eyes are brown as woodland streams,
               And very fair and full of dreams;
               Whose heart is like a mountain spring,
               Whose thoughts like merry rivers sing:
               To her—my little daughter Brooke—
               I dedicate this little book.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                CONTENTS


     _I._ _Prelude_                                                 1

    _II._ _Little Rivers_                                           7

   _III._ _A Leaf of Spearmint_                                    37

    _IV._ _Ampersand_                                              67

     _V._ _A Handful of Heather_                                   93

    _VI._ _The Ristigouche from a Horse-Yacht_                    135

   _VII._ _Alpenrosen and Goat’s-Milk_                            165

  _VIII._ _Au Large_                                              215

    _IX._ _Trout-Fishing in the Traun_                            267

     _X._ _At the Sign of the Balsam Bough_                       295

    _XI._ _A Song after Sundown_                                  337

          _Index_                                                 341

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                             ILLUSTRATIONS

                    _From drawings by F. V. DuMond_


 _The noise of the falls makes constant music_       Frontispiece iv

                                                         Facing page

 _The farmers’ daughters with bare arms and gowns
 tucked up_                                                       30

 _The bed whereon memory loves to lie and dream_                  40

 _Memory is a capricious and arbitrary creature_                 120

 _Lulling and soothing the mind into a quietude_                 162

 _The same that Titian saw_                                      174

 _The moon slips up into the sky from behind the
 Eastern hills_                                                  292

 _If I should ever become a dryad I should choose
 to be transformed into a white birch_                           304

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                                PRELUDE


                        AN ANGLER’S WISH IN TOWN

             _When tulips bloom in Union Square,
             And timid breaths of vernal air
               Are wandering down the dusty town,
             Like children lost in Vanity Fair;_

             _When every long, unlovely row
             Of westward houses stands aglow
               And leads the eyes toward sunset skies,
             Beyond the hills where green trees grow;_

             _Then weary is the street parade,
             And weary books, and weary trade:
               I’m only wishing to go a-fishing;
             For this the month of May was made._

                         ~~~

             _I guess the pussy-willows now
             Are creeping out on every bough
               Along the brook; and robins look
             For early worms behind the plough._

             _The thistle-birds have changed their dun
             For yellow coats to match the sun;
               And in the same array of flame
             The Dandelion Show’s begun._

             _The flocks of young anemones
             Are dancing round the budding trees:
               Who can help wishing to go a-fishing
             In days as full of joy as these?_

                         ~~~

             _I think the meadow-lark’s clear sound
             Leaks upward slowly from the ground,
               While on the wing the bluebirds ring
             Their wedding-bells to woods around:_

             _The flirting chewink calls his dear
             Behind the bush; and very near,
               Where water flows, where green grass grows,
             Song-sparrows gently sing, “Good cheer:”_

             _And, best of all, through twilight’s calm
             The hermit-thrush repeats his psalm:
               How much I’m wishing to go a-fishing
             In days so sweet with music’s balm!_

                         ~~~

             _’Tis not a proud desire of mine;
             I ask for nothing superfine;
               No heavy weight, no salmon great,
             To break the record, or my line:_

             _Only an idle little stream,
             Whose amber waters softly gleam,
               Where I may wade, through woodland shade,
             And cast the fly, and loaf, and dream:_

             _Only a trout or two, to dart
             From foaming pools, and try my art:
               No more I’m wishing—old-fashioned fishing,
             And just a day on Nature’s heart._

1894.

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                             LITTLE RIVERS


    “_There’s no music like a little river’s. It plays the same tune
    (and that’s the favourite) over and over again, and yet does not
    weary of it like men fiddlers. It takes the mind out of doors;
    and though we should be grateful for good houses, there is,
    after all, no house like God’s out-of-doors. And lastly, sir, it
    quiets a man down like saying his prayers._”——

                              ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON: _Prince Otto_.

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                             LITTLE RIVERS


A river is the most human and companionable of all inanimate things. It
has a life, a character, a voice of its own, and is as full of good
fellowship as a sugar-maple is of sap. It can talk in various tones,
loud or low, and of many subjects, grave and gay. Under favourable
circumstances it will even make a shift to sing, not in a fashion that
can be reduced to notes and set down in black and white on a sheet of
paper, but in a vague, refreshing manner, and to a wandering air that
goes;

                    “_Over the hills and far away_.”

For real company and friendship, there is nothing outside of the animal
kingdom that is comparable to a river.

I will admit that a very good case can be made out in favour of some
other objects of natural affection. For example, a fair apology has been
offered by those ambitious persons who have fallen in love with the sea.
But, after all, that is a formless and disquieting passion. It lacks
solid comfort and mutual confidence. The sea is too big for loving, and
too uncertain. It will not fit into our thoughts. It has no personality
because it has so many. It is a salt abstraction. You might as well
think of loving a glittering generality like “the American woman.” One
would be more to the purpose.

Mountains are more satisfying because they are more individual. It is
possible to feel a very strong attachment for a certain range whose
outline has grown familiar to our eyes, or a clear peak that has looked
down, day after day, upon our joys and sorrows, moderating our passions
with its calm aspect. We come back from our travels, and the sight of
such a well-known mountain is like meeting an old friend unchanged. But
it is a one-sided affection. The mountain is voiceless and
imperturbable; and its very loftiness and serenity sometimes make us the
more lonely.

Trees seem to come closer to our life. They are often rooted in our
richest feelings, and our sweetest memories, like birds, build nests in
their branches. I remember, the last time that I saw James Russell
Lowell, (only a few weeks before his musical voice was hushed,) he
walked out with me into the quiet garden at Elmwood to say good-bye.
There was a great horse-chestnut tree beside the house, towering above
the gable, and covered with blossoms from base to summit,—a pyramid of
green supporting a thousand smaller pyramids of white. The poet looked
up at it with his gray, pain-furrowed face, and laid his trembling hand
upon the trunk. “I planted the nut,” said he, “from which this tree
grew. And my father was with me and showed me how to plant it.”

Yes, there is a good deal to be said in behalf of tree-worship; and when
I recline with my friend Tityrus beneath the shade of his favourite oak,
I consent in his devotions. But when I invite him with me to share my
orisons, or wander alone to indulge the luxury of grateful, unlaborious
thought, my feet turn not to a tree, but to the bank of a river, for
there the musings of solitude find a friendly accompaniment, and human
intercourse is purified and sweetened by the flowing, murmuring water.
It is by a river that I would choose to make love, and to revive old
friendships, and to play with the children, and to confess my faults,
and to escape from vain, selfish desires, and to cleanse my mind from
all the false and foolish things that mar the joy and peace of living.
Like David’s hart, I pant for the water-brooks. There is wisdom in the
advice of Seneca, who says, “Where a spring rises, or a river flows,
there should we build altars and offer sacrifices.”

The personality of a river is not to be found in its water, nor in its
bed, nor in its shore. Either of these elements, by itself, would be
nothing. Confine the fluid contents of the noblest stream in a walled
channel of stone, and it ceases to be a stream; it becomes what Charles
Lamb calls “a mockery of a river—a liquid artifice—a wretched conduit.”
But take away the water from the most beautiful river-banks, and what is
left? An ugly road with none to travel it; a long, ghastly scar on the
bosom of the earth.

The life of a river, like that of a human being, consists in the union
of soul and body, the water and the banks. They belong together. They
act and react upon each other. The stream moulds and makes the shore;
hollowing out a bay here, and building a long point there; alluring the
little bushes close to its side, and bending the tall slim trees over
its current; sweeping a rocky ledge clean of everything but moss, and
sending a still lagoon full of white arrow-heads and rosy knotweed far
back into the meadow. The shore guides and controls the stream; now
detaining and now advancing it; now bending it in a hundred sinuous
curves, and now speeding it straight as a wild-bee on its homeward
flight; here hiding the water in a deep cleft overhung with green
branches, and there spreading it out, like a mirror framed in daisies,
to reflect the sky and the clouds; sometimes breaking it with sudden
turns and unexpected falls into a foam of musical laughter, sometimes
soothing it into a sleepy motion like the flow of a dream.

Is it otherwise with the men and women whom we know and like? Does not
the spirit influence the form, and the form affect the spirit? Can we
divide and separate them in our affections?

I am no friend to purely psychological attachments. In some unknown
future they may be satisfying, but in the present I want your words and
your voice with your thoughts, your looks and your gestures to interpret
your feelings. The warm, strong grasp of Greatheart’s hand is as dear to
me as the steadfast fashion of his friendships; the lively, sparkling
eyes of the master of Rudder Grange charm me as much as the nimbleness
of his fancy; and the firm poise of the Hoosier Schoolmaster’s shaggy
head gives me new confidence in the solidity of his views of life. I
like the pure tranquillity of Isabel’s brow as well as her—

                               “_most silver flow
                 Of subtle-pacèd counsel in distress._”

The soft cadences and turns in my lady Katrina’s speech draw me into the
humour of her gentle judgments of men and things. The touches of
quaintness in Angelica’s dress, her folded kerchief and smooth-parted
hair, seem to partake of herself, and enhance my admiration for the
sweet order of her thoughts and her old-fashioned ideals of love and
duty. Even so the stream and its channel are one life, and I cannot
think of the swift, brown flood of the Batiscan without its shadowing
primeval forests, or the crystalline current of the Boquet without its
beds of pebbles and golden sand and grassy banks embroidered with
flowers.

Every country—or at least every country that is fit for habitation—has
its own rivers; and every river has its own quality; and it is the part
of wisdom to know and love as many as you can, seeing each in the
fairest possible light, and receiving from each the best that it has to
give. The torrents of Norway leap down from their mountain home with
plentiful cataracts, and run brief but glorious races to the sea. The
streams of England move smoothly through green fields and beside
ancient, sleepy towns. The Scotch rivers brawl through the open moorland
and flash along steep Highland glens. The rivers of the Alps are born in
icy caves, from which they issue forth with furious, turbid waters; but
when their anger has been forgotten in the slumber of some blue lake,
they flow down more softly to see the vineyards of France and Italy, the
gray castles of Germany, the verdant meadows of Holland. The mighty
rivers of the West roll their yellow floods through broad valleys, or
plunge down dark cañons. The rivers of the South creep under dim
arboreal archways hung with banners of waving moss. The Delaware and the
Hudson and the Connecticut are the children of the Catskills and the
Adirondacks and the White Mountains, cradled among the forests of spruce
and hemlock, playing through a wild woodland youth, gathering strength
from numberless tributaries to bear their great burdens of lumber and
turn the wheels of many mills, issuing from the hills to water a
thousand farms, and descending at last, beside new cities, to the
ancient sea.

Every river that flows is good, and has something worthy to be loved.
But those that we love most are always the ones that we have known
best,—the stream that ran before our father’s door, the current on which
we ventured our first boat or cast our first fly, the brook on whose
banks we first picked the twinflower of young love. However far we may
travel, we come back to Naaman’s state of mind: “Are not Abana and
Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, better than all the waters of Israel?”

It is with rivers as it is with people: the greatest are not always the
most agreeable, nor the best to live with. Diogenes must have been an
uncomfortable bedfellow: Antinoüs was bored to death in the society of
the Emperor Hadrian: and you can imagine much better company for a
walking-trip than Napoleon Bonaparte. Semiramis was a lofty queen, but I
fancy that Ninus had more than one bad quarter-of-an-hour with her: and
in “the spacious times of great Elizabeth” there was many a milkmaid
whom the wise man would have chosen for his friend, before the royal
red-haired virgin. “I confess,” says the poet Cowley, “I love Littleness
almost in all things. A little convenient Estate, a little cheerful
House, a little Company, and a very little Feast, and if I were ever to
fall in Love again, (which is a great Passion, and therefore, I hope, I
have done with it,) it would be, I think, with Prettiness, rather than
with Majestical Beauty. I would neither wish that my Mistress, nor my
Fortune, should be a _Bona Roba_, as _Homer_ uses to describe his
Beauties, like a daughter of great _Jupiter_ for the stateliness and
largeness of her Person, but as _Lucretius_ says:

          ‘_Parvula, pumilio, Χαρίτων μία, tota merum sal._’”

Now in talking about women it is prudent to disguise a prejudice like
this, in the security of a dead language, and to intrench it behind a
fortress of reputable authority. But in lowlier and less dangerous
matters, such as we are now concerned with, one may dare to speak in
plain English. I am all for the little rivers. Let those who will, chant
in heroic verse the renown of Amazon and Mississippi and Niagara, but my
prose shall flow—or straggle along at such a pace as the prosaic muse
may grant me to attain—in praise of Beaverkill and Neversink and
Swiftwater, of Saranac and Raquette and Ausable, of Allegash and
Aroostook and Moose River. “Whene’er I take my walks abroad,” it shall
be to trace the clear Rauma from its rise on the _fjeld_ to its rest in
the _fjord_; or to follow the Ericht and the Halladale through the
heather. The Ziller and the Salzach shall be my guides through the
Tyrol; the Rotha and the Dove shall lead me into the heart of England.
My sacrificial flames shall be kindled with birch-bark along the wooded
stillwaters of the Penobscot and the Peribonca, and my libations drawn
from the pure current of the Ristigouche and the Ampersand, and my altar
of remembrance shall rise upon the rocks beside the falls of Seboomok.

I will set my affections upon rivers that are not too great for
intimacy. And if by chance any of these little ones have also become
famous, like the Tweed and the Thames and the Arno, I at least will
praise them, because they are still at heart little rivers.

If an open fire is, as Charles Dudley Warner says, the eye of a room;
then surely a little river may be called the mouth, the most expressive
feature, of a landscape. It animates and enlivens the whole scene. Even
a railway journey becomes tolerable when the track follows the course of
a running stream.

What charming glimpses you catch from the window as the train winds
along the valley of the French Broad from Asheville, or climbs the
southern Catskills beside the Æsopus, or slides down the Pusterthal with
the Rienz, or follows the Glommen and the Gula from Christiania to
Throndhjem. Here is a mill with its dripping, lazy wheel, the type of
somnolent industry; and there is a white cascade, foaming in silent
pantomime as the train clatters by; and here is a long, still pool with
the cows standing knee-deep in the water and swinging their tails in
calm indifference to the passing world; and there is a lone fisherman
sitting upon a rock, rapt in contemplation of the point of his rod. For
a moment you become a partner of his tranquil enterprise. You turn
around, you crane your neck to get the last sight of his motionless
angle. You do not know what kind of fish he expects to catch, nor what
species of bait he is using, but at least you pray that he may have a
bite before the train swings around the next curve. And if perchance
your wish is granted, and you see him gravely draw some unknown,
reluctant, shining reward of patience from the water, you feel like
swinging your hat from the window and crying out “Good luck!”

Little rivers seem to have the indefinable quality that belongs to
certain people in the world,—the power of drawing attention without
courting it, the faculty of exciting interest by their very presence and
way of doing things.

The most fascinating part of a city or town is that through which the
water flows. Idlers always choose a bridge for their place of meditation
when they can get it; and, failing that, you will find them sitting on
the edge of a quay or embankment, with their feet hanging over the
water. What a piquant mingling of indolence and vivacity you can enjoy
by the river-side! The best point of view in Rome, to my taste, is the
Ponte San Angelo; and in Florence or Pisa I never tire of loafing along
the Lung’ Arno. You do not know London until you have seen it from the
Thames. And you will miss the charm of Cambridge unless you take a
little boat and go drifting on the placid Cam, beneath the bending
trees, along the backs of the colleges.

But the real way to know a little river is not to glance at it here or
there in the course of a hasty journey, nor to become acquainted with it
after it has been partly civilised and spoiled by too close contact with
the works of man. You must go to its native haunts; you must see it in
youth and freedom; you must accommodate yourself to its pace, and give
yourself to its influence, and follow its meanderings whithersoever they
may lead you.

Now, of this pleasant pastime there are three principal forms. You may
go as a walker, taking the river-side path, or making a way for yourself
through the tangled thickets or across the open meadows. You may go as a
sailor, launching your light canoe on the swift current and committing
yourself for a day, or a week, or a month, to the delightful
uncertainties of a voyage through the forest. You may go as a wader,
stepping into the stream and going down with it, through rapids and
shallows and deeper pools, until you come to the end of your courage and
the daylight. Of these three ways I know not which is best. But in all
of them the essential thing is that you must be willing and glad to be
led; you must take the little river for your guide, philosopher, and
friend.

And what a good guidance it gives you. How cheerfully it lures you on
into the secrets of field and wood, and brings you acquainted with the
birds and the flowers. The stream can show you, better than any other
teacher, how nature works her enchantments with colour and music.

Go out to the Beaver-kill

                   “_In the tassel-time of spring_,”

and follow its brimming waters through the budding forests, to that
corner which we call the Painter’s Camp. See how the banks are all
enamelled with the pale hepatica, the painted trillium, and the delicate
pink-veined spring beauty. A little later in the year, when the ferns
are uncurling their long fronds, the troops of blue and white violets
will come dancing down to the edge of the stream, and creep venturously
out to the very end of that long, moss-covered log in the water. Before
these have vanished, the yellow crow-foot and the cinquefoil will
appear, followed by the star-grass and the loose-strife and the golden
St. John’s-wort. Then the unseen painter begins to mix the royal colour
on his palette, and the red of the bee-balm catches your eye. If you are
lucky, you may find, in midsummer, a slender fragrant spike of the
purple-fringed orchis, and you cannot help finding the universal
self-heal. Yellow returns in the drooping flowers of the jewel-weed, and
blue repeats itself in the trembling hare-bells, and scarlet is
glorified in the flaming robe of the cardinal-flower. Later still, the
summer closes in a splendour of bloom, with gentians and asters and
goldenrod.

You never get so close to the birds as when you are wading quietly down
a little river, casting your fly deftly under the branches for the wary
trout, but ever on the lookout for all the various pleasant things that
nature has to bestow upon you. Here you shall come upon the cat-bird at
her morning bath, and hear her sing, in a clump of pussy-willows, that
low, tender, confidential song which she keeps for the hours of domestic
intimacy. The spotted sandpiper will run along the stones before you,
crying, “_wet-feet, wet-feet!_” and bowing and teetering in the
friendliest manner, as if to show you the way to the best pools. In the
thick branches of the hemlocks that stretch across the stream, the tiny
warblers, dressed in a hundred colours, chirp and twitter confidingly
above your head; and the Maryland yellow-throat, flitting through the
bushes like a little gleam of sunlight, calls “_witchery, witchery,
witchery!_” That plaintive, forsaken, persistent note, never ceasing,
even in the noonday silence, comes from the wood-pewee, drooping upon
the bough of some high tree, and complaining, like Mariana in the moated
grange, “_weary, weary, wéary!_”

When the stream runs out into the old clearing, or down through the
pasture, you find other and livelier birds,—the robin, with his sharp,
saucy call and breathless, merry warble; the bluebird, with his notes of
pure gladness, and the oriole, with his wild, flexible whistle; the
chewink, bustling about in the thicket, talking to his sweetheart in
French, “_chérie, chérie!_” and the song-sparrow, perched on his
favourite limb of a young maple, close beside the water, and singing
happily, through sunshine and through rain. This is the true bird of the
brook, after all: the winged spirit of cheerfulness and contentment, the
patron saint of little rivers, the fisherman’s friend. He seems to enter
into your sport with his good wishes, and for an hour at a time, while
you are trying every fly in your book, from a black gnat to a white
miller, to entice the crafty old trout at the foot of the meadow-pool,
the song-sparrow, close above you, will be chanting patience and
encouragement. And when at last success crowns your endeavour, and the
parti-coloured prize is glittering in your net, the bird on the bough
breaks out in an ecstasy of congratulation: “_catch ’im, catch ’im,
catch ’im; oh, what a pretty fellow! sweet!_”

There are other birds that seem to have a very different temper. The
blue-jay sits high up in the withered-pine tree, bobbing up and down,
and calling to his mate in a tone of affected sweetness, “_salúte-her,
salúte-her_,” but when you come in sight he flies away with a harsh cry
of “_thief, thief, thief!_” The kingfisher, ruffling his crest in
solitary pride on the end of a dead branch, darts down the stream at
your approach, winding up his reel angrily as if he despised you for
interrupting his fishing. And the cat-bird, that sang so charmingly
while she thought herself unobserved, now tries to scare you away by
screaming “_snake, snake!_”

As evening draws near, and the light beneath the trees grows yellower,
and the air is full of filmy insects out for their last dance, the voice
of the little river becomes louder and more distinct. The true poets
have often noticed this apparent increase in the sound of flowing waters
at nightfall. Gray, in one of his letters, speaks of “hearing the murmur
of many waters not audible in the daytime.” Wordsworth repeats the same
thought almost in the same words:

                  “_A soft and lulling sound is heard
                     Of streams inaudible by day._”

And Tennyson, in the valley of Cauteretz, tells of the river

          “_Deepening his voice with deepening of the night._”

It is in this mystical hour that you will hear the most celestial and
entrancing of all bird-notes, the songs of the thrushes,—the hermit, and
the wood-thrush, and the veery. Sometimes, but not often, you will see
the singers. I remember once, at the close of a beautiful day’s fishing
on the Swiftwater, I came out, just after sunset, into a little open
space in an elbow of the stream. It was still early spring, and the
leaves were tiny. On the top of a small sumac, not thirty feet away from
me, sat a veery. I could see the pointed spots upon his breast, the
swelling of his white throat, and the sparkle of his eyes, as he poured
his whole heart into a long liquid chant, the clear notes rising and
falling, echoing and interlacing in endless curves of sound,

               “_Orb within orb, intricate, wonderful._”

Other bird-songs can be translated into words, but not this. There is no
interpretation. It is music,—as Sidney Lanier defines it,—

                     “_Love in search of a word._”

But it is not only to the real life of birds and flowers that the little
rivers introduce you. They lead you often into familiarity with human
nature in undress, rejoicing in the liberty of old clothes, or of none
at all. People do not mince along the banks of streams in patent-leather
shoes or crepitating silks. Corduroy and home-spun and flannel are the
stuffs that suit this region; and the frequenters of these paths go
their natural gaits, in calf-skin or rubber boots, or bare-footed. The
girdle of conventionality is laid aside, and the skirts rise with the
spirits.

A stream that flows through a country of upland farms will show you many
a pretty bit of _genre_ painting. Here is the laundry-pool at the foot
of the kitchen garden, and the tubs are set upon a few planks close to
the water, and the farmer’s daughters, with bare arms and gowns tucked
up, are wringing out the clothes. Do you remember what happened to Ralph
Peden in _The Lilac Sunbonnet_ when he came on a scene like this? He
tumbled at once into love with Winsome Charteris,—and far over his head.

And what a pleasant thing it is to see a little country lad riding one
of the plough-horses to water, thumping his naked heels against the ribs
of his stolid steed, and pulling hard on the halter as if it were the
bridle of Bucephalus! Or perhaps it is a riotous company of boys that
have come down to the old swimming-hole, and are now splashing and
gambolling through the water like a drove of white seals very much
sun-burned. You had hoped to catch a goodly trout in that hole, but what
of that? The sight of a harmless hour of mirth is better than a fish,
any day.

Possibly you will overtake another fisherman on the stream. It may be
one of those fabulous countrymen, with long cedar poles and bed-cord
lines, who are commonly reported to catch such enormous strings of fish,
but who rarely, so far as my observation goes, do anything more than
fill their pockets with fingerlings. The trained angler, who uses the
finest tackle, and drops his fly on the water as accurately as Henry
James places a word in a story, is the man who takes the most and the
largest fish in the long run. Perhaps the fisherman ahead of you is such
an one,—a man whom you have known in town as a lawyer or a doctor, a
merchant or a preacher, going about his business in the hideous
respectability of a high silk hat and a long black coat. How good it is
to see him now in the freedom of a flannel shirt and a broad-brimmed
gray felt with flies stuck around the band.

[Illustration: The farmer’s daughters with bare arms and gowns tucked
up.]

In Professor John Wilson’s _Essays Critical and Imaginative_, there is a
brilliant description of a bishop fishing, which I am sure is drawn from
the life: “Thus a bishop, sans wig and petticoat, in a hairy cap, black
jacket, corduroy breeches and leathern leggins, creel on back and rod in
hand, sallying from his palace, impatient to reach a famous salmon-cast
ere the sun leave his cloud, ... appears not only a pillar of his
church, but of his kind, and in such a costume is manifestly on the high
road to Canterbury and the Kingdom-Come.” I have had the good luck to
see quite a number of bishops, parochial and diocesan, in that style,
and the vision has always dissolved my doubts in regard to the validity
of their claim to the true apostolic succession.

Men’s “little ways” are usually more interesting, and often more
instructive than their grand manners. When they are off guard, they
frequently show to better advantage than when they are on parade. I get
more pleasure out of Boswell’s _Johnson_ than I do out of _Rasselas_ or
_The Rambler_. The _Little Flowers of St. Francis_ appear to me far more
precious than the most learned German and French analyses of his
character. There is a passage in Jonathan Edwards’ _Personal Narrative_,
about a certain walk that he took in the fields near his father’s house,
and the blossoming of the flowers in the spring, which I would not
exchange for the whole of his dissertation _On the Freedom of the Will_.
And the very best thing of Charles Darwin’s that I know is a bit from a
letter to his wife: “At last I fell asleep,” says he, “on the grass, and
awoke with a chorus of birds singing around me, and squirrels running up
the tree, and some woodpeckers laughing; and it was as pleasant and
rural a scene as ever I saw; and I did not care one penny how any of the
birds or beasts had been formed.”

Little rivers have small responsibilities. They are not expected to bear
huge navies on their breast or supply a hundred-thousand horse-power to
the factories of a monstrous town. Neither do you come to them hoping to
draw out Leviathan with a hook. It is enough if they run a harmless,
amiable course, and keep the groves and fields green and fresh along
their banks, and offer a happy alternation of nimble rapids and quiet
pools,

                  “_With here and there a lusty trout,
                    And here and there a grayling._”

When you set out to explore one of these minor streams in your canoe,
you have no intention of epoch-making discoveries, or thrilling and
world-famous adventures. You float placidly down the long stillwaters,
and make your way patiently through the tangle of fallen trees that
block the stream, and run the smaller falls, and carry your boat around
the larger ones, with no loftier ambition than to reach a good
camp-ground before dark and to pass the intervening hours pleasantly,
“without offence to God or man.” It is an agreeable and advantageous
frame of mind for one who has done his fair share of work in the world,
and is not inclined to grumble at his wages. There are few moods in
which we are more susceptible of gentle instruction; and I suspect there
are many tempers and attitudes, often called virtuous, in which the
human spirit appears to less advantage in the sight of Heaven.

It is not required of every man and woman to be, or to do, something
great; most of us must content ourselves with taking small parts in the
chorus. Shall we have no little lyrics because Homer and Dante have
written epics? And because we have heard the great organ at Freiburg,
shall the sound of Kathi’s zither in the alpine hut please us no more?
Even those who have greatness thrust upon them will do well to lay the
burden down now and then, and congratulate themselves that they are not
altogether answerable for the conduct of the universe, or at least not
all the time. “I reckon,” said a cowboy to me one day, as we were riding
through the Bad Lands of Dakota, “there’s some one bigger than me,
running this outfit. He can ’tend to it well enough, while I smoke my
pipe after the round-up.”

There is such a thing as taking ourselves and the world too seriously,
or at any rate too anxiously. Half of the secular unrest and dismal,
profane sadness of modern society comes from the vain idea that every
man is bound to be a critic of life, and to let no day pass without
finding some fault with the general order of things, or projecting some
plan for its improvement. And the other half comes from the greedy
notion that a man’s life does consist, after all, in the abundance of
the things that he possesses, and that it is somehow or other more
respectable and pious to be always at work making a larger living, than
it is to lie on your back in the green pastures and beside the still
waters, and thank God that you are alive.

Come, then, my gentle reader, (for by this time you have discovered that
this chapter is only a preface in disguise,—a declaration of principles
or the want of them, an apology or a defence, as you choose to take it,)
and if we are agreed, let us walk together; but if not, let us part here
without ill-will.

You shall not be deceived in this book. It is nothing but a handful of
rustic variations on the old tune of “Rest and be thankful,” a record of
unconventional travel, a pilgrim’s scrip with a few bits of blue-sky
philosophy in it. There is, so far as I know, very little useful
information and absolutely no criticism of the universe to be found in
this volume. So if you are what Izaak Walton calls “a severe,
sour-complexioned man,” you would better carry it back to the
bookseller, and get your money again, if he will give it to you, and go
your way rejoicing after your own melancholy fashion.

But if you care for plain pleasures, and informal company, and friendly
observations on men and things, (and a few true fish-stories,) then
perhaps you may find something here not unworthy your perusal. And so I
wish that your winter fire may burn clear and bright while you read
these pages; and that the summer days may be fair, and the fish may rise
merrily to your fly, whenever you follow one of these little rivers.

1895.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                          A LEAF OF SPEARMINT

                    RECOLLECTIONS OF A BOY AND A ROD


    “_It puzzles me now, that I remember all these young impressions
    so, because I took no heed of them at the time whatever; and yet
    they come upon me bright, when nothing else is evident in the
    gray fog of experience._”——

                                     R. D. BLACKMORE: _Lorna Doone_.




                          A LEAF OF SPEARMINT


Of all the faculties of the human mind, memory is the one that is most
easily “led by the nose.” There is a secret power in the sense of smell
which draws the mind backward into the pleasant land of old times.

If you could paint a picture of Memory, in the symbolical manner of
Quarles’s _Emblems_, it should represent a man travelling the highway
with a dusty pack upon his shoulders, and stooping to draw in a long,
sweet breath from the small, deep-red, golden-hearted flowers of an
old-fashioned rose-tree straggling through the fence of a neglected
garden. Or perhaps, for a choice of emblems, you would better take a yet
more homely and familiar scent: the cool fragrance of lilacs drifting
through the June morning from the old bush that stands between the
kitchen door and the well; the warm layer of pungent, aromatic air that
floats over the tansy-bed in a still July noon; the drowsy dew of odour
that falls from the big balm-of-Gilead tree by the roadside as you are
driving homeward through the twilight of August; or, best of all, the
clean, spicy, unexpected, unmistakable smell of a bed of spearmint—that
is the bed whereon Memory loves to lie and dream!

Why not choose mint as the symbol of remembrance? It is the true
spice-tree of our Northern clime, the myrrh and frankincense of the land
of lingering snow. When its perfume rises, the shrines of the past are
unveiled, and the magical rites of reminiscence begin.


                                   I.

You are fishing down the Swiftwater in the early Spring. In a shallow
pool, which the drought of summer will soon change into dry land, you
see the pale-green shoots of a little plant thrusting themselves up
between the pebbles, and just beginning to overtop the falling water.
You pluck a leaf of it as you turn out of the stream to find a
comfortable place for lunch, and, rolling it between your fingers to see
whether it smells like a good salad for your bread and cheese, you
discover suddenly that it is new mint. For the rest of that day you are
bewitched; you follow a stream that runs through the country of Auld
Lang Syne, and fill your creel with the recollections of a boy and a
rod.

[Illustration: The bed whereon memory loves to lie and dream.]

And yet, strangely enough, you cannot recall the boy himself at all
distinctly. There is only the faintest image of him on the endless roll
of films that has been wound through your mental camera: and in the very
spots where his small figure should appear, it seems as if the pictures
were always light-struck. Just a blur, and the dim outline of a new cap,
or a well-beloved jacket with extra pockets, or a much-hated pair of
copper-toed shoes—that is all you can see.

But the people that the boy saw, the companions who helped or hindered
him in his adventures, the sublime and marvellous scenes among the
Catskills and the Adirondacks and the Green Mountains, in the midst of
which he lived and moved and had his summer holidays—all these stand out
sharp and clear, as the “Bab Ballads” say,

                     “_Photographically lined
                     On the tablets of your mind._”

And most vivid do these scenes and people become when the vague and
irrecoverable boy who walks among them carries a rod over his shoulder,
and you detect the soft bulginess of wet fish about his clothing, and
perhaps the tail of a big one emerging from his pocket. Then it seems
almost as if these were things that had really happened, and of which
you yourself were a great part.

The rod was a reward, yet not exactly of merit. It was an instrument of
education in the hand of a father less indiscriminate than Solomon, who
chose to interpret the text in a new way, and preferred to educate his
child by encouraging him in pursuits which were harmless and wholesome,
rather than by chastising him for practices which would likely enough
never have been thought of, if they had not been forbidden. The boy
enjoyed this kind of father at the time, and later he came to
understand, with a grateful heart, that there is no richer inheritance
in all the treasury of unearned blessings. For, after all, the love, the
patience, the kindly wisdom of a grown man who can enter into the
perplexities and turbulent impulses of a boy’s heart, and give him
cheerful companionship, and lead him on by free and joyful ways to know
and choose the things that are pure and lovely and of good report, make
as fair an image as we can find of that loving, patient Wisdom which
must be above us all if any good is to come out of our childish race.

Now this was the way in which the boy came into possession of his
undreaded rod. He was by nature and heredity one of those predestined
anglers whom Izaak Walton tersely describes as “born so.” His earliest
passion was fishing. His favourite passage in Holy Writ was that place
where Simon Peter throws a line into the sea and pulls out a great fish
at the first cast.

But hitherto his passion had been indulged under difficulties—with
improvised apparatus of cut poles, and flabby pieces of string, and bent
pins, which always failed to hold the biggest fish; or perhaps with
borrowed tackle, dangling a fat worm in vain before the noses of the
staring, supercilious sunfish that poised themselves in the clear water
around the Lake House dock at Lake George; or, at best, on picnic
parties across the lake, marred by the humiliating presence of nurses,
and disturbed by the obstinate refusal of old Horace, the boatman, to
believe that the boy could bait his own hook, but sometimes crowned with
the delight of bringing home a whole basketful of yellow perch and
goggle-eyes. Of nobler sport with game fish, like the vaulting salmon
and the merry, pugnacious trout, as yet the boy had only dreamed. But he
had heard that there were such fish in the streams that flowed down from
the mountains around Lake George, and he was at the happy age when he
could believe anything—if it was sufficiently interesting.

There was one little river, and only one, within his knowledge and the
reach of his short legs. It was a tiny, lively rivulet that came out of
the woods about half a mile away from the hotel, and ran down
cater-cornered through a sloping meadow, crossing the road under a flat
bridge of boards, just beyond the root-beer shop at the lower end of the
village. It seemed large enough to the boy, and he had long had his eye
upon it as a fitting theatre for the beginning of a real angler’s life.
Those rapids, those falls, those deep, whirling pools with beautiful
foam on them like soft, white custard, were they not such places as the
trout loved to hide in?

You can see the long hotel piazza, with the gossipy groups of wooden
chairs standing vacant in the early afternoon; for the grown-up people
are dallying with the ultimate nuts and raisins of their mid-day dinner.
A villainous clatter of innumerable little vegetable-dishes comes from
the open windows of the pantry as the boy steals past the kitchen end of
the house, with Horace’s lightest bamboo pole over his shoulder, and a
little brother in skirts and short white stockings tagging along behind
him.

When they come to the five-rail fence where the brook runs out of the
field, the question is, Over or under? The lowlier method seems safer
for the little brother, as well as less conspicuous for persons who
desire to avoid publicity until their enterprise has achieved success.
So they crawl beneath a bend in the lowest rail,—only tearing one tiny
three-cornered hole in a jacket, and making some juicy green stains on
the white stockings,—and emerge with suppressed excitement in the field
of the cloth of buttercups and daisies.

What an afternoon—how endless and yet how swift! What perilous efforts
to leap across the foaming stream at its narrowest points; what escapes
from quagmires and possible quicksands; what stealthy creeping through
the grass to the edge of a likely pool, and cautious dropping of the
line into an unseen depth, and patient waiting for a bite, until the
restless little brother, prowling about below, discovers that the hook
is not in the water at all, but lying on top of a dry stone,—thereby
proving that patience is not the only virtue—or, at least, that it does
a better business when it has a small vice of impatience in partnership
with it!

How tired the adventurers grow as the day wears away; and as yet they
have taken nothing! But their strength and courage return as if by magic
when there comes a surprising twitch at the line in a shallow,
unpromising rapid, and with a jerk of the pole a small, wiggling fish is
whirled through the air and landed thirty feet back in the meadow.

“For pity’s sake, don’t lose him! There he is among the roots of the
blue flag.”

“I’ve got him! How cold he is—how slippery—how pretty! Just like a piece
of rainbow!”

“Do you see the red spots? Did you notice how gamy he was, little
brother; how he played? It is a trout, for sure; a real trout, almost as
long as your hand.”

So the two lads tramp along up the stream, chattering as if there were
no rubric of silence in the angler’s code. Presently another
simple-minded troutling falls a victim to their unpremeditated art; and
they begin already, being human, to wish for something larger. In the
very last pool that they dare attempt—a dark hole under a steep bank,
where the brook issues from the woods—the boy drags out the hoped-for
prize, a splendid trout, longer than a new lead-pencil. But he feels
sure that there must be another, even larger, in the same place. He
swings his line out carefully over the water, and just as he is about to
drop it in, the little brother, perched on the sloping brink, slips on
the smooth pine-needles, and goes sliddering down into the pool up to
his waist. How he weeps with dismay, and how funnily his dress sticks to
him as he crawls out! But his grief is soon assuaged by the privilege of
carrying the trout strung on an alder twig; and it is a happy, muddy,
proud pair of urchins that climb over the fence out of the field of
triumph at the close of the day.

What does the father say, as he meets them in the road? Is he frowning
or smiling under that big brown beard? You cannot be quite sure. But one
thing is clear: he is as much elated over the capture of the real trout
as any one. He is ready to deal mildly with a little irregularity for
the sake of encouraging pluck and perseverance. Before the three
comrades have reached the hotel, the boy has promised faithfully never
to take his little brother off again without asking leave; and the
father has promised that the boy shall have a real jointed fishing-rod
of his own, so that he will not need to borrow old Horace’s pole any
more.

At breakfast the next morning the family are to have a private dish; not
an every-day affair of vulgar, bony fish that nurses can catch, but
trout—three of them! But the boy looks up from the table and sees the
adored of his soul, Annie V——, sitting at the other end of the room, and
faring on the common food of mortals. Shall she eat the ordinary
breakfast while he feasts on dainties? Do not other sportsmen send their
spoils to the ladies whom they admire? The waiter must bring a hot
plate, and take this largest trout to Miss V—— (Miss Annie, not her
sister—make no mistake about it).

The face of Augustus is as solemn as an ebony idol while he plays his
part of Cupid’s messenger. The fair Annie affects surprise; she accepts
the offering rather indifferently; her curls drop down over her cheeks
to cover some small confusion. But for an instant the corner of her eye
catches the boy’s sidelong glance, and she nods perceptibly, whereupon
his mother very inconsiderately calls attention to the fact that
yesterday’s escapade has sun-burned his face dreadfully.

Beautiful Annie V——, who, among all the unripened nymphs that played at
hide-and-seek among the maples on the hotel lawn, or waded with white
feet along the yellow beach beyond the point of pines, flying with merry
shrieks into the woods when a boat-load of boys appeared suddenly around
the corner, or danced the lancers in the big, bare parlours before the
grown-up ball began—who in all that joyous, innocent bevy could be
compared with you for charm or daring? How your dark eyes sparkled, and
how the long brown ringlets tossed around your small head, when you
stood up that evening, slim and straight, and taller by half a head than
your companions, in the lamp-lit room where the children were playing
forfeits, and said, “There is not one boy here that _dares_ to kiss
_me_!” Then you ran out on the dark porch, where the honeysuckle vines
grew up the tall, inane Corinthian pillars.

Did you blame the boy for following? And were you very angry, indeed,
about what happened,—until you broke out laughing at his cravat, which
had slipped around behind his ear? That was the first time he ever
noticed how much sweeter the honeysuckle smells at night than in the
day. It was his entrance examination in the school of nature—human and
otherwise. He felt that there was a whole continent of newly discovered
poetry within him, and worshipped his Columbus disguised in curls. Your
boy is your true idealist, after all, although (or perhaps because) he
is still uncivilised.


                                  II.

The arrival of the rod, in four joints, with an extra tip, a brass reel,
and the other luxuries for which a true angler would willingly exchange
the necessaries of life, marked a new epoch in the boy’s career. At the
uplifting of that wand, as if it had been in the hand of another Moses,
the waters of infancy rolled back, and the way was opened into the
promised land, whither the tyrant nurses, with all their proud array of
baby-chariots, could not follow. The way was open, but not by any means
dry. One of the first events in the dispensation of the rod was the
purchase of a pair of high rubber boots. Inserted in this armour of
modern infantry, and transfigured with delight, the boy clumped through
all the little rivers within a circuit of ten miles from Caldwell, and
began to learn by parental example the yet unmastered art of complete
angling.

But because some of the streams were deep and strong, and his legs were
short and slender, and his ambition was even taller than his boots, the
father would sometimes take him up pickaback, and wade along carefully
through the perilous places—which are often, in this world, the very
places one longs to fish in. So, in your remembrance, you can see the
little rubber boots sticking out under the father’s arms, and the rod
projecting over his head, and the bait dangling down unsteadily into the
deep holes, and the delighted boy hooking and playing and basketing his
trout high in the air. How many of our best catches in life are made
from some one else’s shoulders!

From this summer the whole earth became to the boy, as Tennyson
describes the lotus country, “a land of streams.” In school-days and in
town he acknowledged the sway of those mysterious and irresistible
forces which produce tops at one season, and marbles at another, and
kites at another, and bind all boyish hearts to play mumble-the-peg at
the due time more certainly than the stars are bound to their orbits.
But when vacation came, with its annual exodus from the city, there was
only one sign in the zodiac, and that was Pisces.

No country seemed to him tolerable without trout, and no landscape
beautiful unless enlivened by a young river. Among what delectable
mountains did those watery guides lead his vagrant steps, and with what
curious, mixed, and sometimes profitable company did they make him
familiar!

There was one exquisite stream among the Alleghanies, called Lycoming
Creek, beside which the family spent a summer in a decadent inn, kept by
a tremulous landlord who was always sitting on the steps of the porch,
and whose most memorable remark was that he had “a misery in his
stomach.” This form of speech amused the boy, but he did not in the
least comprehend it. It was the description of an unimaginable
experience in a region which was as yet known to him only as the seat of
pleasure. He did not understand how any one could be miserable when he
could catch trout from his own dooryard.

The big creek, with its sharp turns from side to side of the valley, its
hemlock-shaded falls in the gorge, and its long, still reaches in the
“sugar-bottom,” where the maple-trees grew as if in an orchard, and the
superfluity of grasshoppers made the trout fat and dainty, was too wide
to fit the boy. But nature keeps all sizes in her stock, and a smaller
stream, called Rocky Run, came tumbling down opposite the inn, as if
made to order for juvenile use.

How well you can follow it, through the old pasture overgrown with
alders, and up past the broken-down mill-dam and the crumbling sluice,
into the mountain-cleft from which it leaps laughing! The water, except
just after a rain-storm, is as transparent as glass—old-fashioned
window-glass, I mean, in small panes, with just a tinge of green in it,
like the air in a grove of young birches. Twelve feet down in the narrow
chasm below the falls, where the water is full of tiny bubbles, like
Apollinaris, you can see the trout poised, with their heads up-stream,
motionless, but quivering a little, as if they were strung on wires.

The bed of the stream has been scooped out of the solid rock. Here and
there banks of sand have been deposited, and accumulations of loose
stone disguise the real nature of the channel. Great boulders have been
rolled down the alleyway and left where they chanced to stick; the
stream must get around them or under them as best it can. But there are
other places where everything has been swept clean; nothing remains but
the primitive strata, and the flowing water merrily tickles the bare
ribs of mother earth. Whirling stones, in the spring floods, have cut
well-holes in the rock, as round and even as if they had been made with
a drill, and sometimes you can see the very stone that sunk the well
lying at the bottom. There are long, straight, sloping troughs through
which the water runs like a mill-race. There are huge basins into which
the water rumbles over a ledge, as if some one were pouring it very
steadily out of a pitcher, and from which it glides away without a
ripple, flowing over a smooth pavement of rock which shelves down from
the shallow foot to the deep head of the pool.

The boy wonders how far he dare wade out along that slippery floor. The
water is within an inch of his boot-tops now. But the slope seems very
even, and just beyond his reach a good fish is rising. Only one step
more, and then, like the wicked man in the psalm, his feet begin to
slide. Slowly, and standing bolt upright, with the rod held high above
his head, as if it must on no account get wet, he glides forward up to
his neck in the ice-cold bath, gasping with amazement. There have been
other and more serious situations in life into which, unless I am
mistaken, you have made an equally unwilling and embarrassed entrance,
and in which you have been surprised to find yourself not only up to
your neck, but over,—and you are a lucky man if you have had the
presence of mind to stand still for a moment, before wading out, and
make sure at least of the fish that tempted you into your predicament.

But Rocky Run, they say, exists no longer. It has been blasted by miners
out of all resemblance to itself, and bewitched into a dingy water-power
to turn wheels for the ugly giant, Trade. It is only in the valley of
remembrance that its current still flows like liquid air; and only in
that country that you can still see the famous men who came and went
along the banks of the Lycoming when the boy was there.

There was Collins, who was a wondrous adept at “daping, dapping, or
dibbling” with a grasshopper, and who once brought in a string of trout
which he laid out head to tail on the grass before the house in a line
of beauty forty-seven feet long. A mighty bass voice had this Collins
also, and could sing, “Larboard Watch, Ahoy!” “Down in a Coal-Mine,” and
other profound ditties in a way to make all the glasses on the table
jingle; but withal, as you now suspect, rather a fishy character, and
undeserving of the unqualified respect which the boy had for him. And
there was Dr. Romsen, lean, satirical, kindly, a skilful though
reluctant physician, who regarded it as a personal injury if any one in
the party fell sick in summer time; and a passionately unsuccessful
hunter, who would sit all night in the crotch of a tree beside an
alleged deer-lick, and come home perfectly satisfied if he had heard a
hedgehog grunt. It was he who called attention to the discrepancy
between the boy’s appetite and his size by saying loudly at a picnic, “I
wouldn’t grudge you what you eat, my boy, if I could only see that it
did you any good,”—which remark was not forgiven until the doctor
redeemed his reputation by pronouncing a serious medical opinion, before
a council of mothers, to the effect that it did not really hurt a boy to
get his feet wet. That was worthy of Galen in his most inspired moment.
And there was hearty, genial Paul Merit, whose mere company was an
education in good manners, and who could eat eight hard-boiled eggs for
supper without ruffling his equanimity; and the tall, thin, grinning
Major, whom an angry Irishwoman once described as “like a comb, all back
and teeth;” and many more were the comrades of the boy’s father, all of
whom he admired, (and followed when they would let him,) but none so
much as the father himself, because he was the wisest, kindest, and
merriest of all that merry crew, now dispersed to the uttermost parts of
the earth and beyond.

Other streams played a part in the education of that happy boy: the
Kaaterskill, where there had been nothing but the ghosts of trout for
the last thirty years, but where the absence of fish was almost
forgotten in the joy of a first introduction to Dickens, one very
showery day, when dear old Ned Mason built a smoky fire in a cave below
Haines’s Falls, and, pulling _The Old Curiosity Shop_ out of his pocket,
read aloud about Little Nell until the tears ran down the cheeks of
reader and listener—the smoke was so thick, you know: and the Neversink,
which flows through John Burroughs’s country, and past one house in
particular, perched on a high bluff, where a very dreadful old woman
come out and throws stones at “city fellers fishin’ through her land”
(as if any one wanted to touch her land! It was the water that ran over
it, you see, that carried the fish with it, and they were not hers at
all): and the stream at Healing Springs, in the Virginia mountains,
where the medicinal waters flow down into a lovely wild brook without
injuring the health of the trout in the least, and where the only
drawback to the angler’s happiness is the abundance of rattlesnakes—but
a boy does not mind such things as that; he feels as if he were
immortal. Over all these streams memory skips lightly, and strikes a
trail through the woods to the Adirondacks, where the boy made his first
acquaintance with navigable rivers,—that is to say, rivers which are
traversed by canoes and hunting-skiffs, but not yet defiled by
steamboats,—and slept, or rather lay awake, for the first time on a bed
of balsam-boughs in a tent.


                                  III.

The promotion from all-day picnics to a two weeks’ camping-trip is like
going from school to college. By this time a natural process of
evolution has raised the first rod to something lighter and more
flexible,—a fly-rod, so to speak, but not a bigoted one,—just a
serviceable, unprejudiced article, not above using any kind of bait that
may be necessary to catch the fish. The father has received the new
title of “governor,” indicating not less, but more authority, and has
called in new instructors to carry on the boy’s education: real
Adirondack guides—old Sam Dunning and one-eyed Enos, the last and
laziest of the Saranac Indians. Better men will be discovered for later
trips, but none more amusing, and none whose woodcraft seems more
wonderful than that of this queerly matched team, as they make the first
camp in a pelting rain-storm on the shore of Big Clear Pond. The
pitching of the tents is a lesson in architecture, the building of the
camp-fire a victory over damp nature, and the supper of potatoes and
bacon and fried trout a veritable triumph of culinary art.

At midnight the rain is pattering persistently on the canvas; the fronts
flaps are closed and tied together; the lingering fire shines through
them, and sends vague shadows wavering up and down: the governor is
rolled up in his blankets, sound asleep. It is a very long night for the
boy.

What is that rustling noise outside the tent? Probably some small
creature, a squirrel or a rabbit. Rabbit stew would be good for
breakfast. But it sounds louder now, almost loud enough to be a
fox,—there are no wolves left in the Adirondacks, or at least only a
very few. That is certainly quite a heavy footstep prowling around the
provision-box. Could it be a panther,—they step very softly for their
size,—or a bear perhaps? Sam Dunning told about catching one in a trap
just below here. (Ah, my boy, you will soon learn that there is no spot
in all the forests created by a bountiful Providence so poor as to be
without its bear story.) Where was the rifle put? There it is, at the
foot of the tent-pole. Wonder if it is loaded?

“_Waugh-ho! Waugh-ho-o-o-o!_”

The boy springs from his blankets like a cat, and peeps out between the
tent-flaps. There sits Enos, in the shelter of a leaning tree by the
fire, with his head thrown back and a bottle poised at his mouth. His
lonely eye is cocked up at a great horned owl on the branch above him.
Again the sudden voice breaks out:

“_Whoo! whoo! whoo cooks for you all?_”

Enos puts the bottle down, with a grunt, and creeps off to his tent.

“De debbil in dat owl,” he mutters. “How he know I cook for dis camp?
How he know ’bout dat bottle? Ugh!”

There are hundreds of pictures that flash into light as the boy goes on
his course, year after year, through the woods. There is the luxurious
camp on Tupper’s Lake, with its log cabins in the spruce-grove, and its
regiment of hungry men who ate almost a deer a day; and there is the
little bark shelter on the side of Mount Marcy, where the governor and
the boy, with baskets full of trout from the Opalescent River, are
spending the night, with nothing but a fire to keep them warm. There is
the North Bay at Moosehead, with Joe La Croix (one more Frenchman who
thinks he looks like Napoleon) posing on the rocks beside his canoe, and
only reconciled by his vanity to the wasteful pastime of taking
photographs while the big fish are rising gloriously out at the end of
the point. There is the small spring-hole beside the Saranac River,
where Pliny Robbins and the boy caught twenty-three noble trout,
weighing from one to three pounds apiece, in the middle of a hot August
afternoon, and hid themselves in the bushes whenever they heard a party
coming down the river, because they did not care to attract company; and
there are the Middle Falls, where the governor stood on a long spruce
log, taking two-pound fish with the fly, and stepping out at every cast
a little nearer to the end of the log, until it slowly tipped with him,
and he settled down into the river.

Among such scenes as these the boy pursued his education, learning many
things that are not taught in colleges; learning to take the weather as
it comes, wet or dry, and fortune as it falls, good or bad; learning
that a meal which is scanty fare for one becomes a banquet for
two—provided the other is the right person; learning that there is some
skill in everything, even in digging bait, and that what is called luck
consists chiefly in having your tackle in good order; learning that a
man can be just as happy in a log shanty as in a brownstone mansion, and
that the very best pleasures are those that do not leave a bad taste in
the mouth. And in all this the governor was his best teacher and his
closest comrade.

Dear governor, you have gone out of the wilderness now, and your steps
will be no more beside these remembered little rivers—no more, forever
and forever. You will not come in sight around any bend of this clear
Swiftwater stream where you made your last cast; your cheery voice will
never again ring out through the deepening twilight where you are
lingering for your disciple to catch up with you; he will never again
hear you call: “Hallo, my boy! What luck? Time to go home!” But there is
a river in the country where you have gone, is there not?—a river with
trees growing all along it—evergreen trees; and somewhere by those shady
banks, within sound of clear running waters, I think you will be
dreaming and waiting for your boy, if he follows the trail that you have
shown him even to the end.

1895.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                               AMPERSAND


    “_It is not the walking merely, it is keeping yourself in tune
    for a walk, in the spiritual and bodily condition in which you
    can find entertainment and exhilaration in so simple and natural
    a pastime. You are eligible to any good fortune when you are in
    a condition to enjoy a walk. When the air and water taste sweet
    to you, how much else will taste sweet! When the exercise of
    your limbs affords you pleasure, and the play of your senses
    upon the various objects and shows of Nature quickens and
    stimulates your spirit, your relation to the world and to
    yourself is what it should be,—simple, and direct, and
    wholesome._”——

                                         JOHN BURROUGHS: _Pepacton_.




                               AMPERSAND


The right to the name of Ampersand, like the territory of Gaul in those
_Commentaries_ which Julius Cæsar wrote for the punishment of
school-boys, is divided into three parts. It belongs to a mountain, and
a lake, and a little river.

The mountain stands in the heart of the Adirondack country, just near
enough to the thoroughfare of travel for thousands of people to see it
every year, and just far enough from the beaten track to be unvisited
except by a very few of the wise ones, who love to turn aside. Behind
the mountain is the lake, which no lazy man has ever seen. Out of the
lake flows the stream, winding down a long, untrodden forest valley, to
join the Stony Creek waters and empty into the Raquette River.

Which of the three Ampersands has the prior claim to the name, I cannot
tell. Philosophically speaking, the mountain ought to be regarded as the
head of the family, because it was undoubtedly there before the others.
And the lake was probably the next on the ground, because the stream is
its child. But man is not strictly just in his nomenclature; and I
conjecture that the little river, the last-born of the three, was the
first to be christened Ampersand, and then gave its name to its parent
and grand-parent. It is such a crooked stream, so bent and curved and
twisted upon itself, so fond of turning around unexpected corners and
sweeping away in great circles from its direct course, that its first
explorers christened it after the eccentric supernumerary of the
alphabet which appears in the old spelling-books as _&_—and _per se_,
and.

But in spite of this apparent subordination to the stream in the matter
of a name, the mountain clearly asserts its natural authority. It stands
up boldly; and not only its own lake, but at least three others, the
Lower Saranac, Round Lake, and Lonesome Pond, lie at its foot and
acknowledge its lordship. When the cloud is on its brow, they are dark.
When the sunlight strikes it, they smile. Wherever you may go over the
waters of these lakes you shall see Mount Ampersand looking down at you,
and saying quietly, “This is my domain.”

I never look at a mountain which asserts itself in this fashion without
desiring to stand on the top of it. If one can reach the summit, one
becomes a sharer in the dominion. The difficulties in the way only add
to the zest of the victory. Every mountain is, rightly considered, an
invitation to climb. And as I was resting for a month one summer at
Bartlett’s, Ampersand challenged me daily.

Did you know Bartlett’s in its palmy time? It was the homeliest,
quaintest, coziest place in the Adirondacks. Away back in the
_ante-bellum_ days Virgil Bartlett had come into the woods, and built
his house on the bank of the Saranac River, between the Upper Saranac
and Round Lake. It was then the only dwelling within a circle of many
miles. The deer and bear were in the majority. At night one could
sometimes hear the scream of the panther or the howling of wolves. But
soon the wilderness began to wear the traces of a conventional smile.
The desert blossomed a little—if not as the rose, at least as the
gilly-flower. Fields were cleared, gardens planted; half a dozen log
cabins were scattered along the river; and the old house, having grown
slowly and somewhat irregularly for twenty years, came out, just before
the time of which I write, in a modest coat of paint and a broad-brimmed
piazza. But Virgil himself, the creator of the oasis—well known of
hunters and fishermen, dreaded of lazy guides and quarrelsome
lumbermen,—“Virge,” the irascible, kind-hearted, indefatigable, was
there no longer. He had made his last clearing, and fought his last
fight; done his last favour to a friend, and thrown his last adversary
out of the tavern door. His last log had gone down the river. His
camp-fire had burned out. Peace to his ashes. His wife, who had often
played the part of Abigail toward travellers who had unconsciously
incurred the old man’s mistrust, now reigned in his stead; and there was
great abundance of maple-syrup on every man’s flapjack.

The charm of Bartlett’s for the angler was the stretch of rapid water in
front of the house. The Saranac River, breaking from its first
resting-place in the Upper Lake, plunged down through a great bed of
rocks, making a chain of short falls and pools and rapids, about half a
mile in length. Here, in the spring and early summer, the speckled
trout—brightest and daintiest of all fish that swim—used to be found in
great numbers. As the season advanced, they moved away into the deep
water of the lakes. But there were always a few stragglers left, and I
have taken them in the rapids at the very end of August. What could be
more delightful than to spend an hour or two, in the early morning or
evening of a hot day, in wading this rushing stream, and casting the fly
on its clear waters? The wind blows softly down the narrow valley, and
the trees nod from the rocks above you. The noise of the falls makes
constant music in your ears. The river hurries past you, and yet it is
never gone.

The same foam-flakes seem to be always gliding downward, the same spray
dashing over the stones, the same eddy coiling at the edge of the pool.
Send your fly in under those cedar branches, where the water swirls
around by that old log. Now draw it up toward the foam. There is a
sudden gleam of dull gold in the white water. You strike too soon. Your
line comes back to you. In a current like this, a fish will almost
always hook himself. Try it again. This time he takes the fly fairly,
and you have him. It is a good fish, and he makes the slender rod bend
to the strain. He sulks for a moment as if uncertain what to do, and
then with a rush darts into the swiftest part of the current. You can
never stop him there. Let him go. Keep just enough pressure on him to
hold the hook firm, and follow his troutship down the stream as if he
were a salmon. He slides over a little fall, gleaming through the foam,
and swings around in the next pool. Here you can manage him more easily;
and after a few minutes’ brilliant play, a few mad dashes for the
current, he comes to the net, and your skilful guide lands him with a
quick, steady sweep of the arm. The scales credit him with an even
pound, and a better fish than this you will hardly take here in
midsummer.

“On my word, master,” says the appreciative Venator, in Walton’s
_Angler_, “this is a gallant trout; what shall we do with him?” And
honest Piscator, replies: “Marry! e’en eat him to supper; we’ll go to my
hostess from whence we came; she told me, as I was going out of door,
that my brother Peter, [and who is this but Romeyn of Keeseville?] a
good angler and a cheerful companion, had sent word he would lodge there
to-night, and bring a friend with him. My hostess has two beds, _and I
know you and I have the best_; we’ll rejoice with my brother Peter and
his friend, tell tales, or sing ballads, or make a catch, or find some
harmless sport to content us, and pass away a little time without
offence to God or man.”

Ampersand waited immovable while I passed many days in such innocent and
healthful pleasures as these, until the right day came for the ascent.
Cool, clean, and bright, the crystal morning promised a glorious noon,
and the mountain almost seemed to beckon us to come up higher. The
photographic camera and a trustworthy lunch were stowed away in the
pack-basket. The backboard was adjusted at a comfortable angle in the
stern seat of our little boat. The guide held the little craft steady
while I stepped into my place; then he pushed out into the stream, and
we went swiftly down toward Round Lake.

A Saranac boat is one of the finest things that the skill of man has
ever produced under the inspiration of the wilderness. It is a frail
shell, so light that a guide can carry it on his shoulders with ease,
but so dexterously fashioned that it rides the heaviest waves like a
duck, and slips through the water as if by magic. You can travel in it
along the shallowest rivers and across the broadest lakes, and make
forty or fifty miles a day, if you have a good guide.

Everything depends, in the Adirondacks, as in so many other regions of
life, upon your guide. If he is selfish, or surly, or stupid, you will
have a bad time. But if he is an Adirondacker of the best old-fashioned
type,—now unhappily growing more rare from year to year,—you will find
him an inimitable companion, honest, faithful, skilful and cheerful. He
is as independent as a prince, and the gilded youths and finicking fine
ladies who attempt to patronise him are apt to make but a sorry show
before his solid and undisguised contempt. But deal with him man to man,
and he will give you a friendly, loyal service which money cannot buy,
and teach you secrets of woodcraft and lessons in plain, self-reliant
manhood more valuable than all the learning of the schools. Such a guide
was mine, rejoicing in the Scriptural name of Hosea, but commonly
called, in brevity and friendliness, “Hose.”

As we entered Round Lake on this fair morning, its surface was as smooth
and shining as a mirror. It was too early yet for the tide of travel
which sends a score of boats up and down this thoroughfare every day;
and from shore to shore the water was unruffled, except by a flock of
sheldrakes which had been feeding near Plymouth Rock, and now went
skittering off into Weller Bay with a motion between flying and
swimming, leaving a long wake of foam behind them.

At such a time as this you can see the real colour of these Adirondack
lakes. It is not blue, as romantic writers so often describe it, nor
green, like some of those wonderful Swiss lakes; although of course it
reflects the colour of the trees along the shore; and when the wind
stirs it, it gives back the hue of the sky, blue when it is clear, gray
when the clouds are gathering, and sometimes as black as ink under the
shadow of storm. But when it is still, the water itself is like that
river which one of the poets has described as

                “_Flowing with a smooth brown current._”

And in this sheet of burnished bronze the mountains and islands were
reflected perfectly, and the sun shone back from it, not in broken
gleams or a wide lane of light, but like a single ball of fire, moving
before us as we moved.

But stop! What is that dark speck on the water, away down toward Turtle
Point? It has just the shape and size of a deer’s head. It seems to move
steadily out into the lake. There is a little ripple, like a wake,
behind it. Hose turns to look at it, and then sends the boat darting in
that direction with long, swift strokes. It is a moment of pleasant
excitement, and we begin to conjecture whether the deer is a buck or a
doe, and whose hounds have driven it in. But when Hose turns to look
again, he slackens his stroke, and says: “I guess we needn’t to hurry;
he won’t get away. It’s astonishin’ what a lot of fun a man can get in
the course of a natural life a-chasin’ chumps of wood.”

We landed on a sand beach at the mouth of a little stream, where a
blazed tree marked the beginning of the Ampersand trail. This line
through the forest was made years ago by that ardent sportsman and lover
of the Adirondacks, Dr. W. W. Ely, of Rochester. Since that time it has
been shortened and improved a little by other travellers, and also not a
little blocked and confused by the lumbermen and the course of Nature.
For when the lumbermen go into the woods, they cut roads in every
direction, leading nowhither, and the unwary wanderer is thereby led
aside from the right way, and entangled in the undergrowth. And as for
Nature, she is entirely opposed to continuance of paths through her
forest. She covers them with fallen leaves, and hides them with thick
bushes. She drops great trees across them, and blots them out with
windfalls. But the blazed line—a succession of broad axe-marks on the
trunks of the trees, just high enough to catch the eye on a level—cannot
be so easily obliterated, and this, after all, is the safest guide
through the woods.

Our trail led us at first through a natural meadow, overgrown with
waist-high grass, and very spongy to the tread. Hornet-haunted also was
this meadow, and therefore no place for idle dalliance or unwary
digression, for the sting of the hornet is one of the saddest and most
humiliating surprises of this mortal life.

Then through a tangle of old wood-roads my guide led me safely, and we
struck one of the long ridges which slope gently from the lake to the
base of the mountain. Here walking was comparatively easy, for in the
hard-wood timber there is little underbrush. The massive trunks seemed
like pillars set to uphold the level roof of green. Great yellow
birches, shaggy with age, stretched their knotted arms high above us;
sugar-maples stood up straight and proud under their leafy crowns; and
smooth beeches—the most polished and park-like of all the forest
trees—offered opportunities for the carving of lovers’ names in a place
where few lovers ever come.

The woods were quiet. It seemed as if all living creatures had deserted
them. Indeed, if you have spent much time in our Northern forests, you
must have often wondered at the sparseness of life, and felt a sense of
pity for the apparent loneliness of the squirrel that chatters at you as
you pass, or the little bird that hops noiselessly about in the
thickets. The midsummer noontide is an especially silent time. The deer
are asleep in some wild meadow. The partridge has gathered her brood for
their midday nap. The squirrels are perhaps counting over their store of
nuts in a hollow tree, and the hermit-thrush spares his voice until
evening. The woods are close—not cool and fragrant as the foolish
romances describe them—but warm and still; for the breeze which sweeps
across the hilltop and ruffles the lake does not penetrate into these
shady recesses, and therefore all the inhabitants take the noontide as
their hour of rest. Only the big woodpecker—he of the scarlet head and
mighty bill—is indefatigable, and somewhere unseen is “tapping the
hollow beechtree,” while a wakeful little bird,—I guess it is the
black-throated green warbler,—prolongs his dreamy, listless
ditty,—_’te-dé-terit-scā,—’te-dé-us-wait_.

After about an hour of easy walking, our trail began to ascend more
sharply. We passed over the shoulder of a ridge and around the edge of a
fire-slash, and then we had the mountain fairly before us. Not that we
could see anything of it, for the woods still shut us in, but the path
became very steep, and we knew that it was a straight climb; not up and
down and round about did this most uncompromising trail proceed, but
right up, in a direct line for the summit.

Now this side of Ampersand is steeper than any Gothic roof I have ever
seen, and withal very much encumbered with rocks and ledges and fallen
trees. There were places where we had to haul ourselves up by roots and
branches, and places where we had to go down on our hands and knees to
crawl under logs. It was breathless work, but not at all dangerous or
difficult. Every step forward was also a step upward; and as we stopped
to rest for a moment, we could see already glimpses of the lake below
us. But at these I did not much care to look, for I think it is a pity
to spoil the surprise of a grand view by taking little snatches of it
beforehand. It is better to keep one’s face set to the mountain, and
then, coming out from the dark forest upon the very summit, feel the
splendour of the outlook flash upon one like a revelation.

The character of the woods through which we were now passing was
entirely different from those of the lower levels. On these steep places
the birch and maple will not grow, or at least they occur but sparsely.
The higher slopes and sharp ridges of the mountains are always covered
with soft-wood timber. Spruce and hemlock and balsam strike their roots
among the rocks, and find a hidden nourishment. They stand close
together; thickets of small trees spring up among the large ones; from
year to year the great trunks are falling one across another, and the
undergrowth is thickening around them, until a spruce forest seems to be
almost impassable. The constant rain of needles and the crumbling of the
fallen trees form a rich, brown mould, into which the foot sinks
noiselessly. Wonderful beds of moss, many feet in thickness, and softer
than feathers, cover the rocks and roots. There are shadows never broken
by the sun, and dark, cool springs of icy water hidden away in the
crevices. You feel a sense of antiquity here which you can never feel
among the maples and birches. Longfellow was right when he filled his
forest primeval with “murmuring pines and hemlocks.”

The higher one climbs, the darker and gloomier and more rugged the
vegetation becomes. The pine-trees soon cease to follow you; the
hemlocks disappear, and the balsams can go no farther. Only the hardy
spruce keeps on bravely, rough and stunted, with branches matted
together and pressed down flat by the weight of the winter’s snow, until
finally, somewhere about the level of four thousand feet above the sea,
even this bold climber gives out, and the weather-beaten rocks of the
summit are clad only with mosses and Alpine plants.

Thus it is with mountains, as perhaps with men, a mark of superior
dignity to be naturally bald.

Ampersand, falling short by a thousand feet of the needful height,
cannot claim this distinction. But what Nature has denied, human labour
has supplied. Under the direction of the Adirondack Survey, some years
ago, several acres of trees were cut from the summit; and when we
emerged, after the last sharp scramble, upon the very crest of the
mountain, we were not shut in by a dense thicket, but stood upon a bare
ridge of granite in the centre of a ragged clearing.

I shut my eyes for a moment, drew a few long breaths of the glorious
breeze, and then looked out upon a wonder and a delight beyond
description.

A soft, dazzling splendour filled the air. Snowy banks and drifts of
cloud were floating slowly over a wide and wondrous land. Vast sweeps of
forest, shining waters, mountains near and far, the deepest green and
the palest blue, changing colours and glancing lights, and all so
silent, so strange, so far away, that it seemed like the landscape of a
dream. One almost feared to speak, lest it should vanish.

Right below us the Lower Saranac and Lonesome Pond, Round Lake and the
Weller Ponds, were spread out like a map. Every point and island was
clearly marked. We could follow the course of the Saranac River in all
its curves and windings, and see the white tents of the haymakers on the
wild meadows. Far away to the northeast stretched the level fields of
Bloomingdale. But westward all was unbroken wilderness, a great sea of
woods as far as the eye could reach. And how far it can reach from a
height like this! What a revelation of the power of sight! That faint
blue outline far in the north was Lyon Mountain, nearly thirty miles
away as the crow flies. Those silver gleams a little nearer were the
waters of St. Regis. The Upper Saranac was displayed in all its length
and breadth, and beyond it the innumerable waters of Fish Creek were
tangled among the dark woods. The long ranges of the hills about the
Jordan bounded the western horizon, and on the southwest Big Tupper Lake
was sleeping at the base of Mount Morris. Looking past the peak of Stony
Creek Mountain, which rose sharp and distinct in a line with Ampersand,
we could trace the path of the Raquette River from the distant waters of
Long Lake down through its far-stretched valley, and catch here and
there a silvery link of its current.

But when we turned to the south and east, how wonderful and how
different was the view! Here was no widespread and smiling landscape
with gleams of silver scattered through it, and soft blue haze resting
upon its fading verge, but a wild land of mountains, stern, rugged,
tumultuous, rising one beyond another like the waves of a stormy
ocean,—Ossa piled upon Pelion,—McIntyre’s sharp peak, and the ragged
crest of the Gothics, and, above all, Marcy’s dome-like head, raised
just far enough above the others to assert his royal right as monarch of
the Adirondacks.

But grandest of all, as seen from this height, was Mount Seward,—a
solemn giant of a mountain, standing apart from the others, and looking
us full in the face. He was clothed from base to summit in a dark,
unbroken robe of forest. _Ou-kor-lah_, the Indians called him—the Great
Eye; and he seemed almost to frown upon us in defiance. At his feet, so
straight below us that it seemed almost as if we could cast a stone into
it, lay the wildest and most beautiful of all the Adirondack
waters—Ampersand Lake.

On its shore, some five-and-twenty years ago, the now almost forgotten
Adirondack Club had their shanty—the successor of “the Philosophers’
Camp” on Follensbee Pond. Agassiz, Appleton, Norton, Emerson, Lowell,
Hoar, Gray, John Holmes, and Stillman, were among the company who made
their resting-place under the shadow of Mount Seward. They had bought a
tract of forest land completely encircling the pond, cut a rough road to
it through the woods, and built a comfortable log cabin, to which they
purposed to return summer after summer. But the civil war broke out,
with all its terrible excitement and confusion of hurrying hosts: the
club existed but for two years, and the little house in the wilderness
was abandoned. In 1878, when I spent three weeks at Ampersand, the cabin
was in ruins, and surrounded by an almost impenetrable growth of bushes.
The only philosophers to be seen were a family of what the guides
quaintly call “quill pigs.” The roof had fallen to the ground;
raspberry-bushes thrust themselves through the yawning crevices between
the logs; and in front of the sunken door-sill lay a rusty, broken iron
stove, like a dismantled altar on which the fire had gone out forever.

After we had feasted upon the view as long as we dared, counted the
lakes and streams, and found that we could see without a glass more than
thirty, and recalled the memories of “good times” which came to us from
almost every point of the compass, we unpacked the camera, and proceeded
to take some pictures.

If you are a photographer, and have anything of the amateur’s passion
for your art, you will appreciate my pleasure and my anxiety. Never
before, so far as I knew, had a camera been set up on Ampersand. I had
but eight plates with me. The views were all very distant and all at a
downward angle. The power of the light at this elevation was an unknown
quantity. And the wind was sweeping vigorously across the open summit of
the mountain. I put in my smallest stop, and prepared for short
exposures.

My instrument was a thing called a Tourograph, which differs from most
other cameras in having the plate-holder on top of the box. The plates
are dropped into a groove below, and then moved into focus, after which
the cap is removed and the exposure made.

I set my instrument for Ampersand Pond, sighted the picture through the
ground glass, and measured the focus. Then I waited for a quiet moment,
dropped the plate, moved it carefully forward to the proper mark, and
went around to take off the cap. I found that I already had it in my
hand, _and the plate had been exposed for about thirty seconds with a
sliding focus_!

I expostulated with myself. I said: “You are excited; you are stupid;
you are unworthy of the name of photographer. Light-writer! You ought to
write with a whitewash-brush!” The reproof was effectual, and from that
moment all went well. The plates dropped smoothly, the camera was
steady, the exposure was correct. Six good pictures were made, to
recall, so far as black and white could do it, the delights of that day.

It has been my good luck to climb many of the peaks of the
Adirondacks—Dix, the Dial, Hurricane, the Giant of the Valley, Marcy,
and Whiteface—but I do not think the outlook from any of them is so
wonderful and lovely as that from little Ampersand; and I reckon among
my most valuable chattels the plates of glass on which the sun has
traced for me (who cannot draw) the outlines of that loveliest
landscape.

The downward journey was swift. We halted for an hour or two beside a
trickling spring, a few rods below the summit, to eat our lunch. Then,
jumping, running, and sometimes sliding, we made the descent, passed in
safety by the dreaded lair of the hornet, and reached Bartlett’s as the
fragrance of the evening pancake was softly diffused through the
twilight. Mark that day, Memory, with a double star in your catalogue!

1885.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                          A HANDFUL OF HEATHER


    “_Scotland is the home of romance because it is the home of
    Scott, Burns, Black, Macdonald, Stevenson, and Barrie—and of
    thousands of men like that old Highlander in kilts on the
    tow-path, who loves what they have written. I would wager he has
    a copy of Burns in his sporran, and has quoted him half a dozen
    times to the grim Celt who is walking with him. Those old boys
    don’t read for excitement or knowledge, but because they love
    their land and their people and their religion—and their great
    writers simply express their emotions for them in words they can
    understand. You and I come over here, with thousands of our
    countrymen, to borrow their emotions._”——

                              ROBERT BRIDGES: _Overheard in Arcady_.




                          A HANDFUL OF HEATHER


My friend the Triumphant Democrat, fiercest of radicals and kindest of
men, expresses his scorn for monarchical institutions (and his
invincible love for his native Scotland) by tenanting, summer after
summer, a famous castle among the heathery Highlands. There he proclaims
the most uncompromising Americanism in a speech that grows more broadly
Scotch with every week of his emancipation from the influence of the
clipped, commercial accent of New York, and casts contempt on feudalism
by playing the part of lord of the manor to such a perfection of
high-handed beneficence that the people of the glen are all become his
clansmen, and his gentle lady would be the patron saint of the
district—if the republican theology of Scotland could only admit saints
among the elect.

Every year he sends trophies of game to his friends across the sea—birds
that are as toothsome and wild-flavoured as if they had not been hatched
under the tyranny of the game-laws. He has a pleasant trick of making
them grateful to the imagination as well as to the palate by packing
them in heather. I’ll warrant that Aaron’s rod bore no bonnier blossoms
than these stiff little bushes—and none more magical. For every time I
take up a handful of them they transport me to the Highlands, and send
me tramping once more, with knapsack and fishing-rod, over the braes and
down the burns.


                                   I.

                             BELL-HEATHER.

Some of my happiest meanderings in Scotland have been taken under the
lead of a book. Indeed, for travel in a strange country there can be no
better courier. Not a guide-book, I mean, but a real book, and, by
preference, a novel.

Fiction, like wine, tastes best in the place where it was grown. And the
scenery of a foreign land (including architecture, which is artificial
landscape) grows less dreamlike and unreal to our perception when we
people it with familiar characters from our favourite novels. Even on a
first journey we feel ourselves among old friends. Thus to read _Romola_
in Florence, and _Les Misérables_ in Paris, and _Lorna Doone_ on Exmoor,
and _The Heart of Midlothian_ in Edinburgh, and _David Balfour_ in the
Pass of Glencoe, and _The Pirate_ in the Shetland Isles, is to get a new
sense of the possibilities of life. All these things have I done with
much inward contentment; and other things of like quality have I yet in
store; as, for example, the conjunction of _The Bonnie Brier-Bush_ with
Drumtochty, and _The Little Minister_ with Thrums, and _The Raiders_
with Galloway. But I never expect to pass pleasanter days than those I
spent with _A Princess of Thule_ among the Hebrides.

For then, to begin with, I was young; which is an unearned increment of
delight sure to be confiscated by the envious years and never regained.
But even youth itself was not to be compared with the exquisite felicity
of being deeply and desperately in love with Sheila, the clear-eyed
heroine of that charming book. In this innocent passion my gray-haired
comrades, Howard Crosby, the Chancellor of the University of New York,
and my father, an ex-Moderator of the Presbyterian General Assembly,
were ardent but generous rivals.

How great is the joy and how fascinating the pursuit of such an ethereal
affection! It enlarges the heart without embarrassing the conscience. It
is a cup of pure gladness with no bitterness in its dregs. It spends the
present moment with a free hand, and yet leaves no undesirable mortgage
upon the future. King Arthur, the founder of the Round Table, expressed
a conviction, according to Tennyson, that the most important element in
a young knight’s education is “the maiden passion for a maid.” Surely
the safest form in which this course in the curriculum may be taken is
by falling in love with a girl in a book. It is the only affair of the
kind into which a young fellow can enter without responsibility, and out
of which he can always emerge, when necessary, without discredit. And as
for the old fellow who still keeps up this education of the heart, and
worships his heroine with the ardour of a John Ridd and the fidelity of
a Henry Esmond, I maintain that he is exempt from all the penalties of
declining years. The man who can love a girl in a book may be old, but
never aged.

So we sailed, lovers all three, among the Western Isles, and whatever
ship it was that carried us, her figurehead was always the Princess
Sheila. Along the ruffled blue waters of the sounds and lochs that wind
among the roots of unpronounceable mountains, and past the dark hills of
Skye, and through the unnumbered flocks of craggy islets where the
sea-birds nest, the spell of the sweet Highland maid drew us, and we
were pilgrims to the _Ultima Thule_ where she lived and reigned.

The Lewis, with its tail-piece, the Harris, is quite a sizable island to
be appended to such a country as Scotland. It is a number of miles long,
and another number of miles wide, and it has a number of thousand
inhabitants—I should say as many as three-quarters of an inhabitant to
the square mile—and the conditions of agriculture and the fisheries are
extremely interesting and quarrelsome. All these I duly studied at the
time, and reported in a series of intolerably dull letters to the
newspaper which supplied a financial basis for my sentimental journey.
They are full of information; but I have been amused to note, after
these many years, how wide they steer of the true motive and interest of
the excursion. There is not even a hint of Sheila in any of them. Youth,
after all, is a shamefaced and secretive season; like the fringed
polygala, it hides its real blossom underground.

It was Sheila’s dark-blue dress and sailor hat with the white feather
that we looked for as we loafed through the streets of Stornoway, that
quaint metropolis of the herring-trade, where strings of fish alternated
with boxes of flowers in the windows, and handfuls of fish were spread
upon the roofs to dry just as the sliced apples are exposed upon the
kitchen-sheds of New England in September, and dark-haired women were
carrying great creels of fish on their shoulders, and groups of
sunburned men were smoking among the fishing-boats on the beach and
talking about fish, and sea-gulls were floating over the houses with
their heads turning from side to side and their bright eyes peering
everywhere for unconsidered trifles of fish, and the whole atmosphere of
the place, physical, mental, and moral, was pervaded with fish. It was
Sheila’s soft, sing-song Highland speech that we heard through the long,
luminous twilight in the pauses of that friendly chat on the balcony of
the little inn where a good fortune brought us acquainted with Sam
Bough, the mellow Edinburgh painter. It was Sheila’s low sweet brow, and
long black eyelashes, and tender blue eyes, that we saw before us as we
loitered over the open moorland, a far-rolling sea of brown billows,
reddened with patches of bell-heather, and brightened here and there
with little lakes lying wide open to the sky. And were not these
peat-cutters, with the big baskets on their backs, walking in silhouette
along the ridges, the people that Sheila loved and tried to help; and
were not these crofters’ cottages with thatched roofs, like beehives,
blending almost imperceptibly with the landscape, the dwellings into
which she planned to introduce the luxury of windows; and were not these
Standing Stones of Callernish, huge tombstones of a vanished religion,
the roofless temple from which the Druids paid their westernmost
adoration to the setting sun as he sank into the Atlantic—was not this
the place where Sheila picked the bunch of wild flowers and gave it to
her lover? There is nothing in history, I am sure, half so real to us as
some of the things in fiction. The influence of an event upon our
character is little affected by considerations as to whether or not it
ever happened.

There were three churches in Stornoway, all Presbyterian, of course, and
therefore full of pious emulation. The idea of securing an American
preacher for an August Sabbath seemed to fall upon them simultaneously,
and to offer the prospect of novelty without too much danger. The
brethren of the U. P. congregation, being a trifle more gleg than the
others, arrived first at the inn, and secured the promise of a morning
sermon from Chancellor Howard Crosby. The session of the Free Kirk came
in a body a little later, and to them my father pledged himself for the
evening sermon. The senior elder of the Established Kirk, a snuff-taking
man and very deliberate, was the last to appear, and to his request for
an afternoon sermon there was nothing left to offer but the services of
the young probationer in theology. I could see that it struck him as a
perilous adventure. Questions about “the fundamentals” glinted in his
watery eye. He crossed and uncrossed his legs with solemnity, and blew
his nose so frequently in a huge red silk handkerchief that it seemed
like a signal of danger. At last he unburdened himself of his
hesitations.

“Ah’m not saying that the young man will not be orthodox—ahem! But ye
know, sir, in the Kirk, we are not using hymns, but just the pure Psawms
of Daffit, in the meetrical fairsion. And ye know, sir, they are ferry
tifficult in the reating, whatefer, for a young man, and one that iss a
stranger. And if his father will just be coming with him in the pulpit,
_to see that nothing iss said amiss, that will be ferry comforting to
the congregation_.”

So the dear governor swallowed his laughter gravely and went surety for
his son. They appeared together in the church, a barnlike edifice, with
great galleries half-way between the floor and the roof. Still higher
up, the pulpit stuck like a swallow’s nest against the wall. The two
ministers climbed the precipitous stair and found themselves in a box so
narrow that one must stand perforce, while the other sat upon the only
seat. In this “ride and tie” fashion they went through the service. When
it was time to preach, the young man dropped the doctrines as discreetly
as possible upon the upturned countenances beneath him. I have forgotten
now what it was all about, but there was a quotation from the Song of
Solomon, ending with “Sweet is thy voice, and thy countenance is
comely.” And when it came to that, the probationer’s eyes (if the truth
must be told) went searching through that sea of faces for one that
should be familiar to his heart, and to which he might make a personal
application of the Scripture passage—even the face of Sheila.

There are rivers in the Lewis, at least two of them, and on one of these
we had the offer of a rod for a day’s fishing. Accordingly we cast lots,
and the lot fell upon the youngest, and I went forth with a tall,
red-legged gillie, to try for my first salmon. The Whitewater came
singing down out of the moorland into a rocky valley, and there was a
merry curl of air on the pools, and the silver fish were leaping from
the stream. The gillie handled the big rod as if it had been a fairy’s
wand, but to me it was like a giant’s spear. It was a very different
affair from fishing with five ounces of split bamboo on a Long Island
trout-pond. The monstrous fly, like an awkward bird, went fluttering
everywhere but in the right direction. It was the mercy of Providence
that preserved the gillie’s life. But he was very patient and
forbearing, leading me on from one pool to another, as I spoiled the
water and snatched the hook out of the mouth of rising fish, until at
last we found a salmon that knew even less about the niceties of
salmon-fishing than I did. He seized the fly firmly, before I could pull
it away, and then, in a moment, I found myself attached to a creature
with the strength of a whale and the agility of a flying-fish. He led me
rushing up and down the bank like a madman. He played on the surface
like a whirlwind, and sulked at the bottom like a stone. He meditated,
with ominous delay, in the middle of the deepest pool, and then, darting
across the river, flung himself clean out of water and landed far up on
the green turf of the opposite shore. My heart melted like a snowflake
in the sea, and I thought that I had lost him forever. But he rolled
quietly back into the water with the hook still set in his nose. A few
minutes afterwards I brought him within reach of the gaff, and my first
salmon was glittering on the grass beside me.

Then I remembered that William Black had described this very fish in _A
Princess of Thule_. I pulled the book from my pocket, and, lighting a
pipe, sat down to read that delightful chapter over again. The breeze
played softly down the valley. The warm sunlight was filled with the
musical hum of insects and the murmur of falling waters. I thought how
much pleasanter it would have been to learn salmon-fishing, as Black’s
hero did, from the Maid of Borva, than from a red-headed gillie. But,
then, his salmon, after leaping across the stream, got away; whereas
mine was safe. A man cannot have everything in this world. I picked a
spray of rosy bell-heather from the bank of the river, and pressed it
between the leaves of the book in memory of Sheila.


                                  II.

                            COMMON HEATHER.

It is not half as far from Albany to Aberdeen as it is from New York to
London. In fact, I venture to say that an American on foot will find
himself less a foreigner in Scotland than in any other country in the
Old World. There is something warm and hospitable—if he knew the
language well enough he would call it _couthy_—in the greeting that he
gets from the shepherd on the moor, and the conversation that he holds
with the farmer’s wife in the stone cottage, where he stops to ask for a
drink of milk and a bit of oat-cake. He feels that there must be a drop
of Scotch somewhere in his mingled blood, or at least that the texture
of his thought and feelings has been partly woven on a Scottish
loom—perhaps the Shorter Catechism, or Robert Burns’s poems, or the
romances of Sir Walter Scott. At all events, he is among a kindred and
comprehending people. They do not speak English in the same way that he
does—through the nose—but they think very much more in his mental
dialect than the English do. They are independent and wide awake,
curious and full of personal interest. The wayside mind in Inverness or
Perth runs more to muscle and less to fat, has more active vanity and
less passive pride, is more inquisitive and excitable and sympathetic—in
short, to use a symbolist’s description, it is more apt to be
red-headed—than in Surrey or Somerset. Scotchmen ask more questions
about America, but fewer foolish ones. You will never hear them
inquiring whether there is any good bear-hunting in the neighbourhood of
Boston, or whether Shakespeare is much read in the States. They have a
healthy respect for our institutions, and have quite forgiven (if,
indeed, they ever resented) that little affair in 1776. They are all
born Liberals. When a Scotchman says he is a Conservative, it only means
that he is a Liberal with hesitations.

And yet in North Britain the American pedestrian will not find that
amused and somewhat condescending toleration for his peculiarities, that
placid willingness to make the best of all his vagaries of speech and
conduct, that he finds in South Britain. In an English town you may do
pretty much what you like on a Sunday, even to the extent of wearing a
billycock hat to church, and people will put up with it from a
country-man of Buffalo Bill and the Wild West Show. But in a Scotch
village, if you whistle in the street on a Lord’s Day, though it be a
Moody and Sankey tune, you will be likely to get, as I did, an
admonition from some long-legged, grizzled elder:

“Young man, do ye no ken it ’s the Sawbath Day?”

I recognised the reproof of the righteous, an excellent oil which doth
not break the head, and took it gratefully at the old man’s hands. For
did it not prove that he regarded me as a man and a brother, a creature
capable of being civilised and saved?

It was in the gray town of Dingwall that I had this bit of pleasant
correction, as I was on the way to a fishing tramp through
Sutherlandshire. This northwest corner of Great Britain is the best
place in the whole island for a modest and impecunious angler. There
are, or there were a few years ago, wild lochs and streams which are
still practically free, and a man who is content with small things can
pick up some very pretty sport from the highland inns, and make a good
basket of memorable experiences every week.

The inn at Lairg, overlooking the narrow waters of Loch Shin, was
embowered in honeysuckles, and full of creature comfort. But there were
too many other men with rods there to suit my taste. “The feesh in this
loch,” said the boatman, “iss not so numerous ass the feeshermen, but
more wise. There iss not one of them that hass not felt the hook, and
they know ferry well what side of the fly has the forkit tail.”

At Altnaharra, in the shadow of Ben Clebrig, there was a cozy little
house with good fare, and abundant trout-fishing in Loch Naver and Loch
Meadie. It was there that I fell in with a wandering pearl-peddler who
gathered his wares from the mussels in the moorland streams. They were
not of the finest quality, these Scotch pearls, but they had pretty,
changeable colours of pink and blue upon them, like the iridescent light
that plays over the heather in the long northern evenings. I thought it
must be a hard life for the man, wading day after day in the ice-cold
water, and groping among the coggly, sliddery stones for the shellfish,
and cracking open perhaps a thousand before he could find one pearl.
“Oh, yess,” said he, “and it iss not an easy life, and I am not saying
that it will be so warm and dry ass liffing in a rich house. But it iss
the life that I am fit for, and I hef my own time and my thoughts to
mysel’, and that is a ferry goot thing; and then, sir, I haf found the
Pearl of Great Price, and I think upon that day and night.”

Under the black, shattered peaks of Ben Laoghal, where I saw an eagle
poising day after day as if some invisible centripetal force bound him
forever to that small circle of air, there was a loch with plenty of
brown trout and a few _salmo ferox_; and down at Tongue there was a
little river where the sea-trout sometimes come up with the tide.

Here I found myself upon the north coast, and took the road eastward
between the mountains and the sea. It was a beautiful region of
desolation. There were rocky glens cutting across the road, and
occasionally a brawling stream ran down to the salt water, breaking the
line of cliffs with a little bay and a half-moon of yellow sand. The
heather covered all the hills. There were no trees, and but few houses.
The chief signs of human labour were the rounded piles of peat, and the
square cuttings in the moor marking the places where the subterranean
wood-choppers had gathered their harvests. The long straths were once
cultivated, and every patch of arable land had its group of cottages
full of children. The human harvest has always been the richest and most
abundant that is raised in the Highlands; but unfortunately the supply
exceeded the demand; and so the crofters were evicted, and great flocks
of sheep were put in possession of the land; and now the sheep-pastures
have been changed into deer-forests; and far and wide along the valleys
and across the hills there is not a trace of habitation, except the
heaps of stones and the clumps of straggling bushes which mark the sites
of lost homes. But what is one country’s loss is another country’s gain.
Canada and the United States are infinitely the richer for the tough,
strong, fearless, honest men that were dispersed from these lonely
straths to make new homes across the sea.

It was after sundown when I reached the straggling village of Melvich,
and the long day’s journey had left me weary. But the inn, with its
red-curtained windows, looked bright and reassuring. Thoughts of dinner
and a good bed comforted my spirit—prematurely. For the inn was full.
There were but five bedrooms and two parlours. The gentlemen who had the
neighbouring shootings occupied three bedrooms and a parlour; the other
two bedrooms had just been taken by the English fishermen who had passed
me in the road an hour ago in the mail-coach (oh! why had I not
suspected that treacherous vehicle?); and the landlord and his wife
assured me, with equal firmness and sympathy, that there was not another
cot or pair of blankets in the house. I believed them, and was sinking
into despair when Sandy M’Kaye appeared on the scene as my angel of
deliverance. Sandy was a small, withered, wiry man, dressed in rusty
gray, with an immense white collar thrusting out its points on either
side of his chin, and a black stock climbing over the top of it. I
guessed from his speech that he had once lived in the lowlands. He had
hoped to be engaged as a gillie by the shooting party, but had been
disappointed. He had wanted to be taken by the English fishermen, but
another and younger man had stepped in before him. Now Sandy saw in me
his Predestinated Opportunity, and had no idea of letting it post up the
road that night to the next village. He cleared his throat respectfully
and cut into the conversation.

“Ah’m thinkin’ the gentleman micht find a coomfortaible lodgin’ wi’ the
weedow Macphairson a wee bittie doon the road. Her dochter is awa’ in
Ameriky, an’ the room is a verra fine room, an’ it is a peety to hae it
stannin’ idle, an’ ye wudna mind the few steps to and fro tae yir meals
here, sir, wud ye? An’ if ye ’ill gang wi’ me efter dinner, ’a ’ll be
prood to shoo ye the hoose.”

So, after a good dinner with the English fishermen, Sandy piloted me
down the road through the thickening dusk. I remember a hoodie crow flew
close behind us with a choking, ghostly cough that startled me. The
Macpherson cottage was a snug little house of stone, with fuchsias and
roses growing in the front yard: and the widow was a douce old lady,
with a face like a winter apple in the month of April, wrinkled, but
still rosy. She was a little doubtful about entertaining strangers, but
when she heard I was from America she opened the doors of her house and
her heart. And when, by a subtle cross examination that would have been
a credit to the wife of a Connecticut deacon, she discovered the fact
that her lodger was a minister, she did two things, with equal and
immediate fervour; she brought out the big Bible and asked him to
conduct evening worship, and she produced a bottle of old Glenlivet and
begged him to “guard against takkin’ cauld by takkin’ a glass of
speerits.”

It was a very pleasant fortnight at Melvich. Mistress Macpherson was so
motherly that “takkin’ cauld” was reduced to a permanent impossibility.
The other men at the inn proved to be very companionable fellows, quite
different from the monsters of insolence that my anger had imagined in
the moment of disappointment. The shooting party kept the table
abundantly supplied with grouse and hares and highland venison; and
there was a piper to march up and down before the window and play while
we ate dinner—a very complimentary and disquieting performance. But
there are many occasions in life when pride can be entertained only at
the expense of comfort.

Of course Sandy was my gillie. It was a fine sight to see him exhibiting
the tiny American trout-rod, tied with silk ribbons in its delicate
case, to the other gillies and exulting over them. Every morning he
would lead me away through the heather to some lonely loch on the
shoulders of the hills, from which we could look down upon the Northern
Sea and the blue Orkney Isles far away across the Pentland Firth.
Sometimes we would find a loch with a boat on it, and drift up and down,
casting along the shores. Sometimes, in spite of Sandy’s confident
predictions, no boat could be found, and then I must put on the
Mackintosh trousers and wade out over my hips into the water, and
circumambulate the pond, throwing the flies as far as possible toward
the middle, and feeling my way carefully along the bottom with the long
net-handle, while Sandy danced on the bank in an agony of apprehension
lest his Predestinated Opportunity should step into a deep hole and be
drowned. It was a curious fact in natural history that on the lochs with
boats the trout were in the shallow water, but in the boatless lochs
they were away out in the depths. “Juist the total depraivity o’
troots,” said Sandy, “an’ terrible fateegin’.”

Sandy had an aversion to commit himself to definite statements on any
subject not theological. If you asked him how long the morning’s tramp
would be, it was “no verra long, juist a bit ayant the hull yonner.” And
if, at the end of the seventh mile, you complained that it was much too
far, he would never do more than admit that “it micht be shorter.” If
you called him to rejoice over a trout that weighed close upon two
pounds, he allowed that it was “no bad—but there’s bigger anes i’ the
loch gin we cud but wile them oot.” And at lunch-time, when we turned
out a full basket of shining fish on the heather, the most that he would
say, while his eyes snapped with joy and pride, was, “Aweel, we canna
complain, the day.”

Then he would gather an armful of dried heather-stems for kindling, and
dig out a few roots and crooked limbs of the long-vanished forest from
the dry, brown, peaty soil, and make our camp-fire of prehistoric
wood—just for the pleasant, homelike look of the blaze—and sit down
beside it to eat our lunch. Heat is the least of the benefits that man
gets from fire. It is the sign of cheerfulness and good comradeship. I
would not willingly satisfy my hunger, even in a summer nooning, without
a little flame burning on a rustic altar to consecrate and enliven the
feast. When the bread and cheese were finished and the pipes were filled
with Virginia tobacco, Sandy would begin to tell me, very solemnly and
respectfully, about the mistakes I had made in the fishing that day, and
mourn over the fact that the largest fish had not been hooked. There was
a strong strain of pessimism in Sandy, and he enjoyed this part of the
sport immensely.

But he was at his best in the walk home through the lingering twilight,
when the murmur of the sea trembled through the air, and the incense of
burning peat floated up from the cottages, and the stars blossomed one
by one in the pale-green sky. Then Sandy dandered on at his ease down
the hills, and discoursed of things in heaven and earth. He was an
unconscious follower of the theology of the Reverend John Jasper, of
Richmond, Virginia, and rejected the Copernican theory of the universe
as inconsistent with the history of Joshua. “Gin the sun doesna muve,”
said he, “what for wad Joshua be tellin’ him to stond steel? ‘A wad
suner beleeve there was a mistak’ in the veesible heevens than ae fault
in the Guid Buik.” Whereupon we held long discourse of astronomy and
inspiration; but Sandy concluded it with a philosophic word which left
little to be said: “Aweel, yon teelescope is a wonnerful deescovery; but
’a dinna think the less o’ the Baible.”


                                  III.

                             WHITE HEATHER.

[Illustration: Memory is a capricious and arbitrary creature.]

Memory is a capricious and arbitrary creature. You never can tell what
pebble she will pick up from the shore of life to keep among her
treasures, or what inconspicuous flower of the field she will preserve
as the symbol of

           “_Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears._”

She has her own scale of values for these mementos, and knows nothing of
the market price of precious stones or the costly splendour of rare
orchids. The thing that pleases her is the thing that she will hold
fast. And yet I do not doubt that the most important things are always
the best remembered; only we must learn that the real importance of what
we see and hear in the world is to be measured at last by its meaning,
its significance, its intimacy with the heart of our heart and the life
of our life. And when we find a little token of the past very safely and
imperishably kept among our recollections, we must believe that memory
has made no mistake. It is because that little thing has entered into
our experience most deeply, that it stays with us and we cannot lose it.

You have half forgotten many a famous scene that you travelled far to
look upon. You cannot clearly recall the sublime peak of Mont Blanc, the
roaring curve of Niagara, the vast dome of St. Peter’s. The music of
Patti’s crystalline voice has left no distinct echo in your remembrance,
and the blossoming of the century-plant is dimmer than the shadow of a
dream. But there is a nameless valley among the hills where you can
still trace every curve of the stream, and see the foam-bells floating
on the pool below the bridge, and the long moss wavering in the current.
There is a rustic song of a girl passing through the fields at sunset,
that still repeats its far-off cadence in your listening ears. There is
a small flower trembling on its stem in some hidden nook beneath the
open sky, that never withers through all the changing years; the wind
passes over it, but it is not gone—it abides forever in your soul, an
amaranthine blossom of beauty and truth.

White heather is not an easy flower to find. You may look for it among
the highlands for a day without success. And when it is discovered,
there is little outward charm to commend it. It lacks the grace of the
dainty bells that hang so abundantly from the _Erica Tetralix_, and the
pink glow of the innumerable blossoms of the common heather. But then it
is a symbol. It is the Scotch _Edelweiss_. It means sincere affection,
and unselfish love, and tender wishes as pure as prayers. I shall always
remember the evening when I found the white heather on the moorland
above Glen Ericht. Or, rather, it was not I that found it (for I have
little luck in the discovery of good omens, and have never plucked a
four-leaved clover in my life), but my companion, the gentle Mistress of
the Glen, whose hair was as white as the tiny blossoms, and yet whose
eyes were far quicker than mine to see and name every flower that
bloomed in those lofty, widespread fields.

Ericht Water is formed by the marriage of two streams, one flowing out
of Strath Ardle and the other descending from Cairn Gowar through the
long, lonely Pass of Glenshee. The Ericht begins at the bridge of Cally,
and its placid, beautiful glen, unmarred by railway or factory, reaches
almost down to Blairgowrie. On the southern bank, but far above the
water, runs the high road to Braemar and the Linn of Dee. On the other
side of the river, nestling among the trees, is the low white
manor-house,

                     “_An ancient home of peace._”

It is a place where one who had been wearied and perchance sore wounded
in the battle of life might well desire to be carried, as Arthur to the
island valley of Avilion, for rest and healing.

I have no thought of renewing the conflicts and cares that filled that
summer with sorrow. There were fightings without and fears within; there
was the surrender of an enterprise that had been cherished since
boyhood, and the bitter sense of irremediable weakness that follows such
a reverse; there was a touch of that wrath with those we love, which, as
Coleridge says,

                “_Doth work like madness in the brain;_”

flying across the sea from these troubles, I had found my old comrade of
merrier days sentenced to death, and caught but a brief glimpse of his
pale, brave face as he went away into exile. At such a time the sun and
the light and the moon and the stars are darkened, and the clouds return
after rain. But through those clouds the Mistress of the Glen came to
meet me—a stranger till then, but an appointed friend, a minister of
needed grace, an angel of quiet comfort. The thick mists of rebellion,
mistrust, and despair have long since rolled away, and against the
background of the hills her figure stands out clearly, dressed in the
fashion of fifty years ago, with the snowy hair gathered close beneath
her widow’s cap, and a spray of white heather in her outstretched hand.

There were no other guests in the house by the river during those still
days in the noontide hush of midsummer. Every morning, while the
Mistress was busied with her household cares and letters, I would be out
in the fields hearing the lark sing, and watching the rabbits as they
ran to and fro, scattering the dew from the grass in a glittering spray.
Or perhaps I would be angling down the river, with the swift pressure of
the water around my knees, and an inarticulate current of cooling
thoughts flowing on and on through my brain like the murmur of the
stream. Every afternoon there were long walks with the Mistress in the
old-fashioned garden, where wonderful roses were blooming; or through
the dark, fir-shaded den where the wild burn dropped down to join the
river; or out upon the high moor under the waning orange sunset. Every
night there were luminous and restful talks beside the open fire in the
library, when the words came clear and calm from the heart, unperturbed
by the vain desire of saying brilliant things, which turns so much of
our conversation into a combat of wits instead of an interchange of
thoughts. Talk like this is possible only between two. The arrival of a
third person sets the lists for a tournament, and offers the prize for a
verbal victory. But where there are only two, the armour is laid aside,
and there is no call to thrust and parry.

One of the two should be a good listener, sympathetic, but not silent,
giving confidence in order to attract it—and of this art a woman is the
best master. But its finest secrets do not come to her until she has
passed beyond the uncertain season of compliments and conquests, and
entered into the serenity of a tranquil age.

What is this foolish thing that men say about the impossibility of true
intimacy and converse between the young and the old? Hamerton, for
example, in his book on _Human Intercourse_, would have us believe that
a difference in years is a barrier between hearts. For my part, I have
more often found it an open door, and a security of generous and
tolerant welcome for the young soldier, who comes in tired and dusty
from the battle-field, to tell his story of defeat or victory in the
garden of still thoughts where old age is resting in the peace of
honourable discharge. I like what Robert Louis Stevenson says about it
in his essay on _Talk and Talkers_.

“Not only is the presence of the aged in itself remedial, but their
minds are stored with antidotes, wisdom’s simples, plain considerations
overlooked by youth. They have matter to communicate, be they never so
stupid. Their talk is not merely literature, it is great literature;
classic by virtue of the speaker’s detachment; studded, like a book of
travel, with things we should not otherwise have learnt.... Where youth
agrees with age, not where they differ, wisdom lies; and it is when the
young disciple finds his heart to beat in tune with his gray-haired
teacher’s that a lesson may be learned.”

The conversation of the Mistress of the Glen shone like the light and
distilled like the dew, not only by virtue of what she said, but still
more by virtue of what she was. Her face was a good counsel against
discouragement; and the cheerful quietude of her demeanour was a rebuke
to all rebellious, cowardly, and discontented thoughts. It was not the
striking novelty or profundity of her commentary on life that made it
memorable, it was simply the truth of what she said and the gentleness
with which she said it. Epigrams are worth little for guidance to the
perplexed, and less for comfort to the wounded. But the plain, homely
sayings which come from a soul that has learned the lesson of patient
courage in the school of real experience, fall upon the wound like drops
of balsam, and like a soothing lotion upon the eyes smarting and blinded
with passion.

She spoke of those who had walked with her long ago in her garden, and
for whose sake, now that they had all gone into the world of light,
every flower was doubly dear. Would it be a true proof of loyalty to
them if she lived gloomily or despondently because they were away? She
spoke of the duty of being ready to welcome happiness as well as to
endure pain, and of the strength that endurance wins by being grateful
for small daily joys, like the evening light, and the smell of roses,
and the singing of birds. She spoke of the faith that rests on the
Unseen Wisdom and Love like a child on its mother’s breast, and of the
melting away of doubts in the warmth of an effort to do some good in the
world. And if that effort has conflict, and adventure, and confused
noise, and mistakes, and even defeats mingled with it, in the stormy
years of youth, is not that to be expected? The burn roars and leaps in
the den; the stream chafes and frets through the rapids of the glen; the
river does not grow calm and smooth until it nears the sea. Courage is a
virtue that the young cannot spare; to lose it is to grow old before the
time; it is better to make a thousand mistakes and suffer a thousand
reverses than to refuse the battle. Resignation is the final courage of
old age; it arrives in its own season; and it is a good day when it
comes to us. Then there are no more disappointments; for we have learned
that it is even better to desire the things that we have than to have
the things that we desire. And is not the best of all our hopes—the hope
of immortality—always before us? How can we be dull or heavy while we
have that new experience to look forward to? It will be the most joyful
of all our travels and adventures. It will bring us our best
acquaintances and friendships. But there is only one way to get ready
for immortality, and that is to love this life, and live it as bravely
and cheerfully and faithfully as we can.

So my gentle teacher with the silver hair showed me the treasures of her
ancient, simple faith; and I felt that no sermons, nor books, nor
arguments can strengthen the doubting heart so deeply as just to come
into touch with a soul which has proved the truth of that plain religion
whose highest philosophy is “Trust in the Lord and do good.” At the end
of the evening the household was gathered for prayers, and the Mistress
kneeled among her servants, leading them, in her soft Scottish accent,
through the old familiar petitions for pardon for the errors of the day,
and refreshing sleep through the night and strength for the morrow. It
is good to be in a land where the people are not ashamed to pray. I have
shared the blessing of Catholics at their table in lowly huts among the
mountains of the Tyrol, and knelt with Covenanters at their household
altar in the glens of Scotland; and all around the world, where the
spirit of prayer is, there is peace. The genius of the Scotch has made
many contributions to literature, but none I think, more precious, and
none that comes closer to the heart, than the prayer which Robert Louis
Stevenson wrote for his family in distant Samoa, the night before he
died:—

    “_We beseech thee, Lord, to behold us with favour, folk of many
    families and nations, gathered together in the peace of this
    roof: weak men and women subsisting under the covert of thy
    patience. Be patient still; suffer us yet a while longer—with
    our broken promises of good, with our idle endeavours against
    evil—suffer us a while longer to endure, and (if it may be) help
    us to do better. Bless to us our extraordinary mercies; if the
    day come when these must be taken, have us play the man under
    affliction. Be with our friends, be with ourselves. Go with each
    of us to rest; if any awake, temper to them the dark hours of
    watching; and when the day returns to us—our sun and
    comforter—call us with morning faces, eager to labour, eager to
    be happy, if happiness shall be our portion, and, if the day be
    marked to sorrow, strong to endure it. We thank thee and praise
    thee; and, in the words of Him to whom this day is sacred, close
    our oblation._”

The man who made that kindly human prayer knew the meaning of white
heather. And I dare to hope that I too have known something of its
meaning, since that evening when the Mistress of the Glen picked the
spray and gave it to me on the lonely moor. “And now,” she said, “you
will be going home across the sea; and you have been welcome here, but
it is time that you should go, for there is the place where your real
duties and troubles and joys are waiting for you. And if you have left
any misunderstandings behind you, you will try to clear them up; and if
there have been any quarrels, you will heal them. Carry this little
flower with you. It’s not the bonniest blossom in Scotland, but it’s the
dearest, for the message that it brings. And you will remember that love
is not getting, but giving; not a wild dream of pleasure, and a madness
of desire—oh no, love is not that—it is goodness, and honour, and peace,
and pure living—yes, love is that; and it is the best thing in the
world, and the thing that lives longest. And that is what I am wishing
for you and yours with this bit of white heather.”

1893.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                         THE RISTIGOUCHE FROM A
                              HORSE-YACHT


    “_Dr. Paley was ardently attached to this amusement; so much so,
    that when the Bishop of Durham inquired of him when one of his
    most important works would be finished, he said, with great
    simplicity and good humour, ‘My Lord, I shall work steadily at
    it when the fly-fishing season is over.’_”——

                                       SIR HUMPHRY DAVY: _Salmonia_.




                         THE RISTIGOUCHE FROM A
                              HORSE-YACHT


The boundary line between the Province of Quebec and New Brunswick, for
a considerable part of its course, resembles the name of the poet Keats;
it is “writ in water.” But like his fame, it is water that never
fails,—the limpid current of the river Ristigouche.

The railway crawls over it on a long bridge at Metapedia, and you are
dropped in the darkness somewhere between midnight and dawn. When you
open your window-shutters the next morning, you see that the village is
a disconsolate hamlet, scattered along the track as if it had been
shaken by chance from an open freight-car; it consists of twenty houses,
three shops, and a discouraged church perched upon a little hillock like
a solitary mourner on the anxious seat. The one comfortable and
prosperous feature in the countenance of Metapedia is the house of the
Ristigouche Salmon Club—an old-fashioned mansion, with broad, white
piazza, looking over rich meadow-lands. Here it was that I found my
friend Favonius, president of solemn societies, pillar of church and
state, ingenuously arrayed in gray knickerbockers, a flannel shirt, and
a soft hat, waiting to take me on his horse-yacht for a voyage up the
river.

Have you ever seen a horse-yacht? Sometimes it is called a scow; but
that sounds common. Sometimes it is called a house-boat; but that is too
English. What does it profit a man to have a whole dictionary full of
language at his service, unless he can invent a new and suggestive name
for his friend’s pleasure-craft? The foundation of the horse-yacht—if a
thing that floats may be called fundamental—is a flat-bottomed boat,
some fifty feet long and ten feet wide, with a draft of about eight
inches. The deck is open for fifteen feet aft of the place where the
bowsprit ought to be; behind that it is completely covered by a house,
cabin, cottage, or whatever you choose to call it, with straight sides
and a peaked roof of a very early Gothic pattern. Looking in at the door
you see, first of all, two cots, one on either side of the passage; then
an open space with a dining-table, a stove, and some chairs; beyond that
a pantry with shelves, and a great chest for provisions. A door at the
back opens into the kitchen, and from that another door opens into a
sleeping-room for the boatmen. A huge wooden tiller curves over the
stern of the boat, and the helmsman stands upon the kitchen-roof. Two
canoes are floating behind, holding back, at the end of their long
tow-ropes, as if reluctant to follow so clumsy a leader. This is an
accurate description of the horse-yacht. If necessary it could be sworn
to before a notary public. But I am perfectly sure that you might read
this page through without skipping a word, and if you had never seen the
creature with your own eyes, you would have no idea how absurd it looks
and how comfortable it is.

While we were stowing away our trunks and bags under the cots, and
making an equitable division of the hooks upon the walls, the motive
power of the yacht stood patiently upon the shore, stamping a hoof, now
and then, or shaking a shaggy head in mild protest against the flies.
Three more pessimistic-looking horses I never saw. They were harnessed
abreast, and fastened by a prodigious tow-rope to a short post in the
middle of the forward deck. Their driver was a truculent, brigandish,
bearded old fellow in long boots, a blue flannel shirt, and a black
sombrero. He sat upon the middle horse, and some wild instinct of colour
had made him tie a big red handkerchief around his shoulders, so that
the eye of the beholder took delight in him. He posed like a bold, bad
robber-chief. But in point of fact I believe he was the mildest and most
inoffensive of men. We never heard him say anything except at a
distance, to his horses, and we did not inquire what that was.

Well, as I have said, we were haggling courteously over those hooks in
the cabin, when the boat gave a lurch. The bow swung out into the
stream. There was a scrambling and clattering of iron horse-shoes on the
rough shingle of the bank; and when we looked out of doors, our house
was moving up the river with the boat under it.

The Ristigouche is a noble stream, stately and swift and strong. It
rises among the dense forests in the northern part of New Brunswick—a
moist upland region, of never-failing springs and innumerous lakes—and
pours a flood of clear, cold water one hundred and fifty miles northward
and eastward through the hills into the head of the Bay of Chaleurs.
There are no falls in its course, but rapids everywhere. It is steadfast
but not impetuous, quick but not turbulent, resolute and eager in its
desire to get to the sea, like the life of a man who has a purpose,

             “_Too great for haste, too high for rivalry._”

The wonder is where all the water comes from. But the river is fed by
more than six thousand square miles of territory. From both sides the
little brooks come dashing in with their supply. At intervals a larger
stream, reaching away back among the mountains like a hand with many
fingers to gather

            “_The filtered tribute of the rough woodland,_”

delivers its generous offering to the main current.

The names of the chief tributaries of the Ristigouche are curious. There
is the headstrong Metapedia, and the crooked Upsalquitch, and the
Patapedia, and the Quatawamkedgwick. These are words at which the tongue
balks at first, but you soon grow used to them and learn to take
anything of five syllables with a rush, as a hunter takes a five-barred
gate, trusting to fortune that you will come down with the accent in the
right place.

For six or seven miles above Metapedia the river has a breadth of about
two hundred yards, and the valley slopes back rather gently to the
mountains on either side. There is a good deal of cultivated land, and
scattered farm-houses appear. The soil is excellent. But it is like a
pearl cast before an obstinate, unfriendly climate. Late frosts prolong
the winter. Early frosts curtail the summer. The only safe crops are
grass, oats, and potatoes. And for half the year all the cattle must be
housed and fed to keep them alive. This lends a melancholy aspect to
agriculture. Most of the farmers look as if they had never seen better
days. With few exceptions they are what a New Englander would call
“slack-twisted and shiftless.” Their barns are pervious to the weather,
and their fences fail to connect. Sleds and ploughs rust together beside
the house, and chickens scratch up the front-door yard. In truth, the
people have been somewhat demoralised by the conflicting claims of
different occupations; hunting in the fall, lumbering in the winter and
spring, and working for the American sportsmen in the brief angling
season, are so much more attractive and offer so much larger returns of
ready money, that the tedious toil of farming is neglected. But for all
that, in the bright days of midsummer, these green fields sloping down
to the water, and pastures high up among the trees on the hillsides,
look pleasant from a distance, and give an inhabited air to the
landscape.

At the mouth of the Upsalquitch we passed the first of the
fishing-lodges. It belongs to a sage angler from Albany who saw the
beauty of the situation, years ago, and built a habitation to match it.
Since that time a number of gentlemen have bought land fronting on good
pools, and put up little cottages of a less classical style than Charles
Cotton’s “Fisherman’s Retreat” on the banks of the river Dove, but
better suited to this wild scenery, and more convenient to live in. The
prevailing pattern is a very simple one; it consists of a broad piazza
with a small house in the middle of it. The house bears about the same
proportion to the piazza that the crown of a Gainsborough hat does to
the brim. And the cost of the edifice is to the cost of the land as the
first price of a share in a bankrupt railway is to the assessments which
follow the reorganisation. All the best points have been sold, and real
estate on the Ristigouche has been bid up to an absurd figure. In fact,
the river is over-populated and probably over-fished. But we could
hardly find it in our hearts to regret this, for it made the upward trip
a very sociable one. At every lodge that was open, Favonius (who knows
everybody) had a friend, and we must slip ashore in a canoe to leave the
mail and refresh the inner man.

An angler, like an Arab, regards hospitality as a religious duty. There
seems to be something in the craft which inclines the heart to kindness
and good-fellowship. Few anglers have I seen who were not pleasant to
meet, and ready to do a good turn to a fellow-fisherman with the gift of
a killing fly or the loan of a rod. Not their own particular and
well-proved favourite, of course, for that is a treasure which no decent
man would borrow; but with that exception the best in their store is at
the service of an accredited brother. One of the Ristigouche proprietors
I remember, whose name bespoke him a descendant of Caledonia’s patron
saint. He was fishing in front of his own door when we came up, with our
splashing horses, through the pool; but nothing would do but he must up
anchor and have us away with him into the house to taste his good cheer.
And there were his daughters with their books and needlework, and the
photographs which they had taken pinned up on the wooden walls, among
Japanese fans and bits of bright-coloured stuff in which the soul of
woman delights, and, in a passive, silent way, the soul of man also.
Then, after we had discussed the year’s fishing, and the mysteries of
the camera, and the deep question of what makes some negatives too thin
and others too thick, we must go out to see the big salmon which one of
the ladies had caught a few days before, and the large trout swimming
about in their cold spring. It seemed to me, as we went on our way, that
there could hardly be a more wholesome and pleasant summer-life for
well-bred young women than this, or two amusements more innocent and
sensible than photography and fly-fishing.

It must be confessed that the horse-yacht as a vehicle of travel is not
remarkable in point of speed. Three miles an hour is not a very rapid
rate of motion. But then, if you are not in a hurry, why should you care
to make haste?

The wild desire to be forever racing against old Father Time is one of
the kill-joys of modern life. That ancient traveller is sure to beat you
in the long run, and as long as you are trying to rival him, he will
make your life a burden. But if you will only acknowledge his
superiority and profess that you do not approve of racing after all, he
will settle down quietly beside you and jog along like the most
companionable of creatures. That is a pleasant pilgrimage in which the
journey itself is part of the destination.

As soon as one learns to regard the horse-yacht as a sort of moving
house, it appears admirable. There is no dust or smoke, no rumble of
wheels, or shriek of whistles. You are gliding along steadily through an
ever-green world; skirting the silent hills; passing from one side of
the river to the other when the horses have to swim the current to find
a good foothold on the bank. You are on the water, but not at its mercy,
for your craft is not disturbed by the heaving of rude waves, and the
serene inhabitants do not say “I am sick.” There is room enough to move
about without falling overboard. You may sleep, or read, or write in
your cabin, or sit upon the floating piazza in an arm-chair and smoke
the pipe of peace, while the cool breeze blows in your face and the
musical waves go singing down to the sea.

There was one feature about the boat, which commended itself very
strongly to my mind. It was possible to stand upon the forward deck and
do a little trout-fishing in motion. By watching your chance, when the
corner of a good pool was within easy reach, you could send out a hasty
line and cajole a sea-trout from his hiding-place. It is true that the
tow-ropes and the post made the back cast a little awkward; and the wind
sometimes blew the flies up on the roof of the cabin; but then, with
patience and a short line the thing could be done. I remember a pair of
good trout that rose together just as we were going through a boiling
rapid; and it tried the strength of my split-bamboo rod to bring those
fish to the net against the current and the motion of the boat.

When nightfall approached we let go the anchor (to wit, a rope tied to a
large stone on the shore), ate our dinner “with gladness and singleness
of heart” like the early Christians, and slept the sleep of the just,
lulled by the murmuring of the waters, and defended from the insidious
attacks of the mosquito by the breeze blowing down the river and the
impregnable curtains over our beds. At daybreak, long before Favonius
and I had finished our dreams, we were under way again; and when the
trampling of the horses on some rocky shore wakened us, we could see the
steep hills gliding past the windows and hear the rapids dashing against
the side of the boat, and it seemed as if we were still dreaming.

At Cross Point, where the river makes a long loop around a narrow
mountain, thin as a saw and crowned on its jagged edge by a rude wooden
cross, we stopped for an hour to try the fishing. It was here that I
hooked two mysterious creatures, each of which took the fly when it was
below the surface, pulled for a few moments in a sullen way and then
apparently melted into nothingness. It will always be a source of regret
to me that the nature of these fish must remain unknown. While they were
on the line it was the general opinion that they were heavy trout; but
no sooner had they departed, than I became firmly convinced, in
accordance with a psychological law which holds good all over the world,
that they were both enormous salmon. Even the Turks have a proverb which
says, “Every fish that escapes appears larger than it is.” No one can
alter that conviction, because no one can logically refute it. Our best
blessings, like our largest fish, always depart before we have time to
measure them.

The Slide Pool is in the wildest and most picturesque part of the river,
about thirty-five miles above Metapedia. The stream, flowing swiftly
down a stretch of rapids between forest-clad hills, runs straight toward
the base of an eminence so precipitous that the trees can hardly find a
foothold upon it, and seem to be climbing up in haste on either side of
the long slide which leads to the summit. The current, barred by the
wall of rock, takes a great sweep to the right, dashing up at first in
angry waves, then falling away in oily curves and eddies, until at last
it sleeps in a black deep, apparently almost motionless, at the foot of
the hill. It was here, on the upper edge of the stream, opposite to the
slide, that we brought our floating camp to anchor for some days. What
does one do in such a watering-place?

Let us take a “specimen day.” It is early morning, or to be more
precise, about eight of the clock, and the white fog is just beginning
to curl and drift away from the surface of the river. Sooner than this
it would be idle to go out. The preternaturally early bird in his greedy
haste may catch the worm; but the salmon never take the fly until the
fog has lifted; and in this the scientific angler sees, with gratitude,
a remarkable adaptation of the laws of nature to the tastes of man. The
canoes are waiting at the front door. We step into them and push off,
Favonius going up the stream a couple of miles to the mouth of the
Patapedia, and I down, a little shorter distance, to the famous Indian
House Pool. The slim boat glides easily on the current, with a smooth
buoyant motion, quickened by the strokes of the paddles in the bow and
the stern. We pass around two curves in the river and find ourselves at
the head of the pool. Here the man in the stern drops the anchor, just
on the edge of the bar where the rapid breaks over into the deeper
water. The long rod is lifted; the fly unhooked from the reel; a few
feet of line pulled through the rings, and the fishing begins.

First cast,—to the right, straight across the stream, about twenty feet:
the current carries the fly down with a semicircular sweep, until it
comes in line with the bow of the canoe. Second cast,—to the left,
straight across the stream, with the same motion: the semicircle is
completed, and the fly hangs quivering for a few seconds at the lowest
point of the arc. Three or four feet of line are drawn from the reel.
Third cast to the right; fourth cast to the left. Then a little more
line. And so, with widening half-circles, the water is covered,
gradually and very carefully, until at length the angler has as much
line out as his two-handed rod can lift and swing. Then the first “drop”
is finished; the man in the stern quietly pulls up the anchor and lets
the boat drift down a few yards; the same process is repeated on the
second drop; and so on, until the end of the run is reached and the fly
has passed over all the good water. This seems like a very regular and
somewhat mechanical proceeding as one describes it, but in the
performance it is rendered intensely interesting by the knowledge that
at any moment it is liable to be interrupted.

This morning the interruption comes early. At the first cast of the
second drop, before the fly has fairly lit, a great flash of silver
darts from the waves close by the boat. Usually a salmon takes the fly
rather slowly, carrying it under water before he seizes it in his mouth.
But this one is in no mood for deliberation. He has hooked himself with
a rush, and the line goes whirring madly from the reel as he races down
the pool. Keep the point of the rod low; he must have his own way now.
Up with the anchor quickly, and send the canoe after him, bowman and
sternman paddling with swift strokes. He has reached the deepest water;
he stops to think what has happened to him; we have passed around and
below him; and now, with the current to help us, we can begin to reel
in. Lift the point of the rod, with a strong, steady pull. Put the force
of both arms into it. The tough wood will stand the strain. The fish
must be moved; he must come to the boat if he is ever to be landed. He
gives a little and yields slowly to the pressure. Then suddenly he gives
too much, and runs straight toward us. Reel in now as swiftly as
possible, or else he will get a slack on the line and escape. Now he
stops, shakes his head from side to side, and darts away again across
the pool, leaping high out of water. Don’t touch the reel! Drop the
point of the rod quickly, for if he falls on the leader he will surely
break it. Another leap, and another! Truly he is “a merry one,” and it
will go hard with us to hold him. But those great leaps have exhausted
his strength, and now he follows the rod more easily. The men push the
boat back to the shallow side of the pool until it touches lightly on
the shore. The fish comes slowly in, fighting a little and making a few
short runs; he is tired and turns slightly on his side; but even yet he
is a heavy weight on the line, and it seems a wonder that so slight a
thing as the leader can guide and draw him. Now he is close to the boat.
The boatman steps out on a rock with his gaff. Steadily now and slowly,
lift the rod, bending it backward. A quick sure stroke of the steel! a
great splash! and the salmon is lifted upon the shore. How he flounces
about on the stones. Give him the _coup de grace_ at once, for his own
sake as well as for ours. And now look at him, as he lies there on the
green leaves. Broad back; small head tapering to a point; clean, shining
sides with a few black spots on them; it is a fish fresh-run from the
sea, in perfect condition, and that is the reason why he has given such
good sport.

We must try for another before we go back. Again fortune favours us, and
at eleven o’clock we pole up the river to the camp with two good salmon
in the canoe. Hardly have we laid them away in the ice-box, when
Favonius comes dropping down from Patapedia with three fish, one of them
a twenty-four pounder. And so the morning’s work is done.

In the evening, after dinner, it was our custom to sit out on the deck,
watching the moonlight as it fell softly over the black hills and
changed the river into a pale flood of rolling gold. The fragrant
wreaths of smoke floated lazily away on the faint breeze of night. There
was no sound save the rushing of the water and the crackling of the
camp-fire on the shore. We talked of many things in the heavens above,
and the earth beneath, and the waters under the earth; touching lightly
here and there as the spirit of vagrant converse led us. Favonius has
the good sense to talk about himself occasionally and tell his own
experience. The man who will not do that must always be a dull
companion. Modest egoism is the salt of conversation: you do not want
too much of it; but if it is altogether omitted, everything tastes flat.
I remember well the evening when he told me the story of the Sheep of
the Wilderness.

“I was ill that summer,” said he, “and the doctor had ordered me to go
into the woods, but on no account to go without plenty of fresh meat,
which was essential to my recovery. So we set out into the wild country
north of Georgian Bay, taking a live sheep with us in order to be sure
that the doctor’s prescription might be faithfully followed. It was a
young and innocent little beast, curling itself up at my feet in the
canoe, and following me about on shore like a dog. I gathered grass
every day to feed it, and carried it in my arms over the rough portages.
It ate out of my hand and rubbed its woolly head against my leggings. To
my dismay, I found that I was beginning to love it for its own sake and
without any ulterior motives. The thought of killing and eating it
became more and more painful to me, until at length the fatal
fascination was complete, and my trip became practically an exercise of
devotion to that sheep. I carried it everywhere and ministered fondly to
its wants. Not for the world would I have alluded to mutton in its
presence. And when we returned to civilisation I parted from the
creature with sincere regret and the consciousness that I had humoured
my affections at the expense of my digestion. The sheep did not give me
so much as a look of farewell, but fell to feeding on the grass beside
the farm-house with an air of placid triumph.”

After hearing this touching tale, I was glad that no great intimacy had
sprung up between Favonius and the chickens which we carried in a coop
on the forecastle head, for there is no telling what restrictions his
tender-heartedness might have laid upon our larder. But perhaps a
chicken would not have given such an opening for misplaced affection as
a sheep. There is a great difference in animals in this respect. I
certainly never heard of any one falling in love with a salmon in such a
way as to regard it as a fond companion. And this may be one reason why
no sensible person who has tried fishing has ever been able to see any
cruelty in it.

Suppose the fish is not caught by an angler, what is his alternative
fate? He will either perish miserably in the struggles of the crowded
net, or die of old age and starvation like the long, lean stragglers
which are sometimes found in the shallow pools, or be devoured by a
larger fish, or torn to pieces by a seal or an otter. Compared with any
of these miserable deaths, the fate of a salmon who is hooked in a clear
stream and after a glorious fight receives the happy despatch at the
moment when he touches the shore, is a sort of euthanasia. And, since
the fish was made to be man’s food, the angler who brings him to the
table of destiny in the cleanest, quickest, kindest way is, in fact, his
benefactor.

There were some days, however, when our benevolent intentions toward the
salmon were frustrated; mornings when they refused to rise, and evenings
when they escaped even the skilful endeavours of Favonius. In vain did
he try every fly in his book, from the smallest “Silver Doctor” to the
largest “Golden Eagle.” The “Black Dose” would not move them. The
“Durham Ranger” covered the pool in vain. On days like this, if a stray
fish rose, it was hard to land him, for he was usually but slightly
hooked.

I remember one of these shy creatures which led me a pretty dance at the
mouth of Patapedia. He came to the fly just at dusk, rising very softly
and quietly, as if he did not really care for it but only wanted to see
what it was like. He went down at once into deep water, and began the
most dangerous and exasperating of all salmon-tactics, moving around in
slow circles and shaking his head from side to side, with sullen
pertinacity. This is called “jigging,” and unless it can be stopped, the
result is fatal.

I could not stop it. That salmon was determined to jig. He knew more
than I did.

The canoe followed him down the pool. He jigged away past all three of
the inlets of the Patapedia, and at last, in the still, deep water
below, after we had laboured with him for half an hour, and brought him
near enough to see that he was immense, he calmly opened his mouth and
the fly came back to me void. That was a sad evening, in which all the
consolations of philosophy were needed.

Sunday was a very peaceful day in our camp. In the Dominion of Canada,
the question “to fish or not to fish” on the first day of the week is
not left to the frailty of the individual conscience. The law on the
subject is quite explicit, and says that between six o’clock on Saturday
evening and six o’clock on Monday morning all nets shall be taken up and
no one shall wet a line. The Ristigouche Salmon Club has its guardians
stationed all along the river, and they are quite as inflexible in
seeing that their employers keep this law as the famous sentinel was in
refusing to let Napoleon pass without the countersign. But I do not
think that these keen sportsmen regard it as a hardship; they are quite
willing that the fish should have “an off day” in every week, and only
grumble because some of the net-owners down at the mouth of the river
have brought political influence to bear in their favour and obtained
exemption from the rule. For our part, we were nothing loath to hang up
our rods, and make the day different from other days.

In the morning we had a service in the cabin of the boat, gathering a
little congregation of guardians and boatmen, and people from a solitary
farm-house by the river. They came in _pirogues_—long, narrow boats
hollowed from the trunk of a tree; the black-eyed, brown-faced girls
sitting back to back in the middle of the boat, and the men standing up
bending to their poles. It seemed a picturesque way of travelling,
although none too safe.

In the afternoon we sat on deck and looked at the water. What a charm
there is in watching a swift stream! The eye never wearies of following
its curls and eddies, the shadow of the waves dancing over the stones,
the strange, crinkling lines of sunlight in the shallows. There is a
sort of fascination in it, lulling and soothing the mind into a quietude
which is even pleasanter than sleep, and making it almost possible to do
that of which we so often speak, but which we never quite
accomplish—“think about nothing.” Out on the edge of the pool, we could
see five or six huge salmon, moving slowly from side to side, or lying
motionless like gray shadows. There was nothing to break the silence
except the thin clear whistle of the white-throated sparrow far back in
the woods. This is almost the only bird-song that one hears on the
river, unless you count the metallic “_chr-r-r-r_” of the kingfisher as
a song.

[Illustration: Lulling and soothing the mind into a quietude.]

Every now and then one of the salmon in the pool would lazily roll out
of water, or spring high into the air and fall back with a heavy splash.
What is it that makes salmon leap? Is it pain or pleasure? Do they do it
to escape the attack of another fish, or to shake off a parasite that
clings to them, or to practise jumping so that they can ascend the falls
when they reach them, or simply and solely out of exuberant gladness and
joy of living? Any one of these reasons would be enough to account for
it on week-days. On Sunday I am quite sure they do it for the trial of
the fisherman’s faith.

But how should I tell all the little incidents which made that lazy
voyage so delightful? Favonius was the ideal host, for on water, as well
as on land, he knows how to provide for the liberty as well as for the
wants of his guests. He understands also the fine art of conversation,
which consists of silence as well as speech. And when it comes to
angling, Izaak Walton himself could not have been a more profitable
teacher by precept or example. Indeed, it is a curious thought, and one
full of sadness to a well-constituted mind, that on the Ristigouche “I.
W.” would have been at sea, for the beloved father of all fishermen
passed through this world without ever catching a salmon. So ill does
fortune match with merit here below.

At last the days of idleness were ended. We could not,

                    “_Fold our tents like the Arabs,
                     And as silently steal away;_”

but we took down the long rods, put away the heavy reels, made the
canoes fast to the side of the house, embarked the three horses on the
front deck, and then dropped down with the current, swinging along
through the rapids, and drifting slowly through the still places, now
grounding on a hidden rock, and now sweeping around a sharp curve, until
at length we saw the roofs of Metapedia and the ugly bridge of the
railway spanning the river. There we left our floating house, awkward
and helpless, like some strange relic of the flood, stranded on the
shore. And as we climbed the bank we looked back and wondered whether
Noah was sorry when he said good-bye to his ark.

1888.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                       ALPENROSEN AND GOAT’S MILK


    “_Nay, let me tell you, there be many that have forty times our
    estates, that would give the greatest part of it to be healthful
    and cheerful like us; who, with the expense of a little money,
    have ate, and drank, and laughed, and angled, and sung, and
    slept securely; and rose next day, and cast away care, and sung,
    and laughed, and angled again; which are blessings rich men
    cannot purchase with all their money._”——

                                IZAAK WALTON: _The Complete Angler_.




                       ALPENROSEN AND GOAT’S MILK


A great deal of the pleasure of life lies in bringing together things
which have no connection. That is the secret of humour—at least so we
are told by the philosophers who explain the jests that other men have
made—and in regard to travel, I am quite sure that it must be illogical
in order to be entertaining. The more contrasts it contains, the better.

Perhaps it was some philosophical reflection of this kind that brought
me to the resolution, on a certain summer day, to make a little journey,
as straight as possible, from the sea-level streets of Venice to the
lonely, lofty summit of a Tyrolese mountain, called, for no earthly
reason that I can discover, the Gross-Venediger.

But apart from the philosophy of the matter, which I must confess to
passing over very superficially at the time, there were other and more
cogent reasons for wanting to go from Venice to the Big Venetian. It was
the first of July, and the city on the sea was becoming tepid. A
slumbrous haze brooded over canals and palaces and churches. It was
difficult to keep one’s conscience awake to Baedeker and a sense of
moral obligation; Ruskin was impossible, and a picture-gallery was a
penance. We floated lazily from one place to another, and decided that,
after all, it was too warm to go in. The cries of the gondoliers, at the
canal corners, grew more and more monotonous and dreamy. There was
danger of our falling fast asleep and having to pay by the hour for a
day’s repose in a gondola. If it grew much warmer, we might be compelled
to stay until the following winter in order to recover energy enough to
get away. All the signs of the times pointed northward, to the
mountains, where we should see glaciers and snow-fields, and pick
Alpenrosen, and drink goat’s milk fresh from the real goat.


                                   I.

The first stage on the journey thither was by rail to Belluno—about four
or five hours. It is a sufficient commentary on railway travel that the
most important thing about it is to tell how many hours it takes to get
from one place to another.

We arrived in Belluno at night, and when we awoke the next morning we
found ourselves in a picturesque little city of Venetian aspect, with a
piazza and a campanile and a Palladian cathedral, surrounded on all
sides by lofty hills. We were at the end of the railway and at the
beginning of the Dolomites.

Although I have a constitutional aversion to scientific information
given by unscientific persons, such as clergymen and men of letters, I
must go in that direction far enough to make it clear that the word
Dolomite does not describe a kind of fossil, nor a sect of heretics, but
a formation of mountains lying between the Alps and the Adriatic. Draw a
diamond on the map, with Brixen at the northwest corner, Lienz at the
northeast, Belluno at the southeast, and Trent at the southwest, and you
will have included the region of the Dolomites, a country so
picturesque, so interesting, so full of sublime and beautiful scenery,
that it is equally a wonder and a blessing that it has not been long
since completely overrun by tourists and ruined with railways. It is
true, the glaciers and snow-fields are limited; the waterfalls are
comparatively few and slender, and the rivers small; the loftiest peaks
are little more than ten thousand feet high. But, on the other hand, the
mountains are always near, and therefore always imposing. Bold, steep,
fantastic masses of naked rock, they rise suddenly from the green and
flowery valleys in amazing and endless contrast; they mirror themselves
in the tiny mountain lakes like pictures in a dream.

I believe the guide-book says that they are formed of carbonate of lime
and carbonate of magnesia in chemical composition; but even if this be
true, it need not prejudice any candid observer against them. For the
simple and fortunate fact is that they are built of such stone that wind
and weather, keen frost and melting snow and rushing water have worn and
cut and carved them into a thousand shapes of wonder and beauty. It
needs but little fancy to see in them walls and towers, cathedrals and
campaniles, fortresses and cities, tinged with many hues from pale gray
to deep red, and shining in an air so soft, so pure, so cool, so
fragrant, under a sky so deep and blue and a sunshine so genial, that it
seems like the happy union of Switzerland and Italy.

The great highway through this region from south to north is the Ampezzo
road, which was constructed in 1830, along the valleys of the Piave, the
Boite, and the Rienz—the ancient line of travel and commerce between
Venice and Innsbruck. The road is superbly built, smooth and level. Our
carriage rolled along so easily that we forgot and forgave its venerable
appearance and its lack of accommodation for trunks. We had been
persuaded to take four horses, as our luggage seemed too formidable for
a single pair. But in effect our concession to apparent necessity turned
out to be a mere display of superfluous luxury, for the two white
leaders did little more than show their feeble paces, leaving the gray
wheelers to do the work. We had the elevating sense of travelling
four-in-hand, however—a satisfaction to which I do not believe any human
being is altogether insensible.

At Longarone we breakfasted for the second time, and entered the narrow
gorge of the Piave. The road was cut out of the face of the rock. Below
us the long lumber-rafts went shooting down the swift river. Above, on
the right, were the jagged crests of Monte Furlon and Premaggiore, which
seemed to us very wonderful, because we had not yet learned how jagged
the Dolomites can be. At Perarolo, where the Boite joins the Piave,
there is a lump of a mountain in the angle between the rivers, and
around this we crawled in long curves until we had risen a thousand
feet, and arrived at the same Hotel Venezia, where we were to dine.

While dinner was preparing, the Deacon and I walked up to Pieve di
Cadore, the birthplace of Titian. The house in which the great painter
first saw the colours of the world is still standing, and tradition
points out the very room in which he began to paint. I am not one of
those who would inquire too closely into such a legend as this. The
cottage may have been rebuilt a dozen times since Titian’s day; not a
scrap of the original stone or plaster may remain; but beyond a doubt
the view that we saw from the window is the same that Titian saw. Now,
for the first time, I could understand and appreciate the
landscape-backgrounds of his pictures. The compact masses of mountains,
the bold, sharp forms, the hanging rocks of cold gray emerging from
green slopes, the intense blue aerial distances—these all had seemed to
be unreal and imaginary—compositions of the studio. But now I knew that,
whether Titian painted out-of-doors, like our modern impressionists, or
not, he certainly painted what he had seen, and painted it as it is.

The graceful brown-eyed boy who showed us the house seemed also to
belong to one of Titian’s pictures. As we were going away, the Deacon,
for lack of copper, rewarded him with a little silver piece, a
half-lira, in value about ten cents. A celestial rapture of surprise
spread over the child’s face, and I know not what blessings he invoked
upon us. He called his companions to rejoice with him, and we left them
clapping their hands and dancing.

Driving after one has dined has always a peculiar charm. The motion
seems pleasanter, the landscape finer than in the morning hours. The
road from Cadore ran on a high level, through sloping pastures, white
villages, and bits of larch forest. In its narrow bed, far below, the
river Boite roared as gently as Bottom’s lion. The afternoon sunlight
touched the snow-capped pinnacle of Antelao and the massive pink wall of
Sorapis on the right; on the left, across the valley, Monte Pelmo’s vast
head and the wild crests of La Rochetta and Formin rose dark against the
glowing sky. The peasants lifted their hats as we passed, and gave us a
pleasant evening greeting. And so, almost without knowing it, we slipped
out of Italy into Austria, and drew up before a bare, square stone
building with the double black eagle, like a strange fowl split for
broiling, staring at us from the wall, and an inscription to the effect
that this was the Royal and Imperial Austrian Custom-house.

[Illustration: The same that Titian saw.]

The officer saluted us so politely that we felt quite sorry that his
duty required him to disturb our luggage. “The law obliged him to open
one trunk; courtesy forbade him to open more.” It was quickly done; and,
without having to make any contribution to the income of His Royal and
Imperial Majesty, Francis Joseph, we rolled on our way, through the
hamlets of Acqua Bona and Zuel, into the Ampezzan metropolis of Cortina,
at sundown.

The modest inn called “The Star of Gold” stood facing the public square,
just below the church, and the landlady stood facing us in the doorway,
with an enthusiastic welcome—altogether a most friendly and entertaining
landlady, whose one desire in life seemed to be that we should never
regret having chosen her house instead of “The White Cross,” or “The
Black Eagle.”

“O ja!” she had our telegram received; and would we look at the rooms?
Outlooking on the piazza, with a balcony from which we could observe the
Festa of to-morrow. She hoped they would please us. “Only come in;
accommodate yourselves.”

It was all as she promised; three little bedrooms, and a little salon
opening on a little balcony; queer old oil-paintings and framed
embroideries and tiles hanging on the walls; spotless curtains, and
board floors so white that it would have been a shame to eat off them
without spreading a cloth to keep them from being soiled.

“These are the rooms of the Baron Rothschild when he comes here always
in the summer—with nine horses and nine servants—the Baron Rothschild of
Vienna.”

I assured her that we did not know the Baron, but that should make no
difference. We would not ask her to reduce the price on account of a
little thing like that.

She did not quite grasp this idea, but hoped that we would not find the
pension too dear at a dollar and fifty-seven and a half cents a day
each, with a little extra for the salon and the balcony. “The English
people all please themselves here—there comes many every summer—English
Bishops and their families.”

I inquired whether there were many Bishops in the house at that moment.

“No, just at present—she was very sorry—none.”

“Well, then,” I said, “it is all right. We will take the rooms.”

Good Signora Barbaria, you did not speak the American language, nor
understand those curious perversions of thought which pass among the
Americans for humour; but you understood how to make a little inn
cheerful and home-like; yours was a very simple and agreeable art of
keeping a hotel. As we sat in the balcony after supper, listening to the
capital playing of the village orchestra, and the Tyrolese songs with
which they varied their music, we thought within ourselves that we were
fortunate to have fallen upon the Star of Gold.


                                  II.

Cortina lies in its valley like a white shell that has rolled down into
a broad vase of malachite. It has about a hundred houses and seven
hundred inhabitants, a large church and two small ones, a fine stone
campanile with excellent bells, and seven or eight little inns. But it
is more important than its size would signify, for it is the capital of
the district whose lawful title is _Magnifica Comunità di Ampezzo_—a
name conferred long ago by the Republic of Venice. In the fifteenth
century it was Venetian territory; but in 1516, under Maximilian I., it
was joined to Austria; and it is now one of the richest and most
prosperous communes of the Tyrol. It embraces about thirty-five hundred
people, scattered in hamlets and clusters of houses through the green
basin with its four entrances, lying between the peaks of Tofana,
Cristallo, Sorapis, and Nuvolau. The well-cultivated grain fields and
meadows, the smooth alps filled with fine cattle, the well-built houses
with their white stone basements and balconies of dark brown wood and
broad overhanging roofs, all speak of industry and thrift. But there is
more than mere agricultural prosperity in this valley. There is a fine
race of men and women—intelligent, vigorous, and with a strong sense of
beauty. The outer walls of the annex of the Hotel Aquila Nera are
covered with frescoes of marked power and originality, painted by the
son of the innkeeper. The art schools of Cortina are famous for their
beautiful work in gold and silver filigree, and wood-inlaying. There are
nearly two hundred pupils in these schools, all peasants’ children, and
they produce results, especially in _intarsia_, which are admirable. The
village orchestra, of which I spoke a moment ago, is trained and led by
a peasant’s son, who has never had a thorough musical education. It must
have at least twenty-five members, and as we heard them at the Festa
they seemed to play with extraordinary accuracy and expression.

This Festa gave us a fine chance to see the people of the Ampezzo all
together. It was the annual jubilation of the district; and from all the
outlying hamlets and remote side valleys, even from the neighbouring
vales of Agordo and Auronzo, across the mountains, and from Cadore, the
peasants, men and women and children, had come in to the _Sagro_ at
Cortina. The piazza—which is really nothing more than a broadening of
the road behind the church—was quite thronged. There must have been
between two and three thousand people.

The ceremonies of the day began with general church-going. The people
here are honestly and naturally religious. I have seen so many examples
of what can only be called “sincere and unaffected piety,” that I cannot
doubt it. The church, on Cortina’s feast-day, was crowded to the doors
with worshippers, who gave every evidence of taking part not only with
the voice, but also with the heart, in the worship.

Then followed the public unveiling of a tablet, on the wall of the
little Inn of the Anchor, to the memory of Giammaria Ghedini, the
founder of the art-schools of Cortina. There was music by the band; and
an oration by a native Demosthenes (who spoke in Italian so fluent that
it ran through one’s senses like water through a sluice, leaving nothing
behind), and an original _Canto_ sung by the village choir, with a
general chorus, in which they called upon the various mountains to
“reëcho the name of the beloved master John-Mary as a model of modesty
and true merit,” and wound up with—

              “_Hurrah for John-Mary! Hurrah for his art!
                Hurrah for all teachers as skilful as he!
              Hurrah for us all, who have now taken part
                In singing together in_ do ... re ... mi.”

It was very primitive, and I do not suppose that the celebration was
even mentioned in the newspapers of the great world; but, after all, has
not the man who wins such a triumph as this in the hearts of his own
people, for whom he has made labour beautiful with the charm of art,
deserved better of fame than many a crowned monarch or conquering
warrior? We should be wiser if we gave less glory to the men who have
been successful in forcing their fellow-men to die, and more glory to
the men who have been successful in teaching their fellow-men how to
live.

But the Festa of Cortina did not remain all day on this high moral
plane. In the afternoon came what our landlady called “_allerlei
Dummheiten_.” There was a grand lottery for the benefit of the Volunteer
Fire Department. The high officials sat up in a green wooden booth in
the middle of the square, and called out the numbers and distributed the
prizes. Then there was a greased pole with various articles of an
attractive character tied to a large hoop at the top—silk aprons, and a
green jacket, and bottles of wine, and half a smoked pig, and a coil of
rope, and a purse. The gallant firemen voluntarily climbed up the pole
as far as they could, one after another, and then involuntarily slid
down again exhausted, each one wiping off a little more of the grease,
until at last the lucky one came who profited by his forerunners’
labours, and struggled to the top to snatch the smoked pig. After that
it was easy.

Such is success in this unequal world; the man who wipes off the grease
seldom gets the prize.

Then followed various games, with tubs of water; and coins fastened to
the bottom of a huge black frying-pan, to be plucked off with the lips;
and pots of flour to be broken with sticks; so that the young lads of
the village were ducked and blackened and powdered to an unlimited
extent, amid the hilarious applause of the spectators. In the evening
there was more music, and the peasants danced in the square, the women
quietly and rather heavily, but the men with amazing agility, slapping
the soles of their shoes with their hands, or turning cart-wheels in
front of their partners. At dark the festivities closed with a display
of fireworks; there were rockets and bombs and pin-wheels; and the boys
had tiny red and blue lights which they held until their fingers were
burned, just as boys do in America; and there was a general hush of
wonder as a particularly brilliant rocket swished into the dark sky; and
when it burst into a rain of serpents, the crowd breathed out its
delight in a long-drawn “Ah-h-h-h!” just as the crowd does everywhere.
We might easily have imagined ourselves at a Fourth of July celebration
in Vermont, if it had not been for the costumes.

The men of the Ampezzo Valley have kept but little that is peculiar in
their dress. Men are naturally more progressive than women, and
therefore less picturesque. The tide of fashion has swept them into the
international monotony of coat and vest and trousers—pretty much the
same, and equally ugly, all over the world. Now and then you may see a
short jacket with silver buttons, or a pair of knee-breeches; and almost
all the youths wear a bunch of feathers or a tuft of chamois’ hair in
their soft green hats. But the women of the Ampezzo—strong, comely, with
golden brown complexions, and often noble faces—are not ashamed to dress
as their grandmothers did. They wear a little round black felt hat with
rolled rim and two long ribbons hanging down at the back. Their hair is
carefully braided and coiled, and stuck through and through with great
silver pins. A black bodice, fastened with silver clasps, is covered in
front with the ends of a brilliant silk kerchief, laid in many folds
around the shoulders. The white shirt-sleeves are very full and fastened
up above the elbow with coloured ribbon. If the weather is cool, the
women wear a short black jacket, with satin yoke and high puffed
sleeves. But, whatever the weather may be, they make no change in the
large, full dark skirts, almost completely covered with immense silk
aprons, by preference light blue. It is not a remarkably brilliant
dress, compared with that which one may still see in some districts of
Norway or Sweden, but upon the whole it suits the women of the Ampezzo
wonderfully.

For my part, I think that when a woman has found a dress that becomes
her, it is a waste of time to send to Paris for a fashion-plate.


                                  III.

When the excitement of the Festa had subsided, we were free to abandon
ourselves to the excursions in which the neighbourhood of Cortina
abounds, and to which the guide-book earnestly calls every right-minded
traveller. A walk through the light-green shadows of the larchwoods to
the tiny lake of Ghedina, where we could see all the four dozen trout
swimming about in the clear water and catching flies; a drive to the
Belvedere, where there are superficial refreshments above and profound
grottos below; these were trifles, though we enjoyed them. But the great
mountains encircling us on every side, standing out in clear view with
that distinctness and completeness of vision which is one charm of the
Dolomites, seemed to summon us to more arduous enterprises. Accordingly,
the Deacon and I selected the easiest one, engaged a guide, and prepared
for the ascent.

Monte Nuvolau is not a perilous mountain. I am quite sure that at my
present time of life I should be unwilling to ascend a perilous mountain
unless there were something extraordinarily desirable at the top, or
remarkably disagreeable at the bottom. Mere risk has lost the
attractions which it once had. As the father of a family I felt bound to
abstain from going for amusement into any place which a Christian lady
might not visit with propriety and safety. Our preparation for Nuvolau,
therefore, did not consist of ropes, ice-irons, and axes, but simply of
a lunch and two long sticks.

Our way led us, in the early morning, through the clustering houses of
Lacedel, up the broad, green slope that faces Cortina on the west, to
the beautiful Alp Pocol. Nothing could exceed the pleasure of such a
walk in the cool of the day, while the dew still lies on the short, rich
grass, and the myriads of flowers are at their brightest and sweetest.
The infinite variety and abundance of the blossoms is a continual
wonder. They are sown more thickly than the stars in heaven, and the
rainbow itself does not show so many tints. Here they are mingled like
the threads of some strange embroidery; and there again nature has
massed her colours; so that one spot will be all pale blue with
innumerable forget-me-nots, or dark blue with gentians; another will
blush with the delicate pink of the Santa Lucia or the deeper red of the
clover; and another will shine yellow as cloth of gold. Over all this
opulence of bloom the larks were soaring and singing. I never heard so
many as in the meadows about Cortina. There was always a sweet spray of
music sprinkling down out of the sky, where the singers poised unseen.
It was like walking through a shower of melody.

From the Alp Pocol, which is simply a fair, lofty pasture, we had our
first full view of Nuvolau, rising bare and strong, like a huge bastion,
from the dark fir-woods. Through these our way led onward now for seven
miles, with but a slight ascent. Then turning off to the left we began
to climb sharply through the forest. There we found abundance of the
lovely Alpenrosen, which do not bloom on the lower ground. Their colour
is a deep, glowing pink, and when a Tyrolese girl gives you one of these
flowers to stick in the band of your hat, you may know that you have
found favour in her eyes.

Through the wood the cuckoo was calling—the bird which reverses the law
of good children, and insists on being heard, but not seen.

When the forest was at an end we found ourselves at the foot of an alp
which sloped steeply up to the Five Towers of Averau. The effect of
these enormous masses of rock, standing out in lonely grandeur, like the
ruins of some forsaken habitation of giants, was tremendous. Seen from
far below in the valley their form was picturesque and striking; but as
we sat beside the clear, cold spring which gushes out at the foot of the
largest tower, the Titanic rocks seemed to hang in the air above us as
if they would overawe us into a sense of their majesty. We felt it to
the full; yet none the less, but rather the more, could we feel at the
same time the delicate and ethereal beauty of the fringed gentianella
and the pale Alpine lilies scattered on the short turf beside us.

We had now been on foot about three hours and a half. The half hour that
remained was the hardest. Up over loose, broken stones that rolled
beneath our feet, up over great slopes of rough rock, up across little
fields of snow where we paused to celebrate the Fourth of July with a
brief snowball fight, up along a narrowing ridge with a precipice on
either hand, and so at last to the summit, 8600 feet above the sea.

It is not a great height, but it is a noble situation. For Nuvolau is
fortunately placed in the very centre of the Dolomites, and so commands
a finer view than many a higher mountain. Indeed, it is not from the
highest peaks, according to my experience, that one gets the grandest
prospects, but rather from those of middle height, which are so isolated
as to give a wide circle of vision, and from which one can see both the
valleys and the summits. Monte Rosa itself gives a less imposing view
than the Görner Grat.

It is possible, in this world, to climb too high for pleasure.

But what a panorama Nuvolau gave us on that clear, radiant summer
morning—a perfect circle of splendid sight! On one side we looked down
upon the Five Towers; on the other, a thousand feet below, the Alps,
dotted with the huts of the herdsmen, sloped down into the deep-cut vale
of Agordo. Opposite to us was the enormous mass of Tofana, a pile of
gray and pink and saffron rock. When we turned the other way, we faced a
group of mountains as ragged as the crests of a line of fir-trees, and
behind them loomed the solemn head of Pelmo. Across the broad vale of
the Boite, Antelao stood beside Sorapis, like a campanile beside a
cathedral, and Cristallo towered above the green pass of the Three
Crosses. Through that opening we could see the bristling peaks of the
Sextenthal. Sweeping around in a wider circle from that point, we saw,
beyond the Dürrenstein, the snow-covered pile of the Gross-Glockner; the
crimson bastions of the Rothwand appeared to the north, behind Tofana;
then the white slopes that hang far away above the Zillerthal; and,
nearer, the Geislerspitze, like five fingers thrust into the air; behind
that, the distant Oetzthaler Mountain, and just a single white glimpse
of the highest peak of the Ortler by the Engadine; nearer still we saw
the vast fortress of the Sella group and the red combs of the
Rosengarten; Monte Marmolata, the Queen of the Dolomites, stood before
us revealed from base to peak in a bridal dress of snow; and southward
we looked into the dark rugged face of La Civetta, rising sheer out of
the vale of Agordo, where the Lake of Alleghe slept unseen. It was a sea
of mountains, tossed around us into a myriad of motionless waves, and
with a rainbow of colours spread among their hollows and across their
crests. The cliffs of rose and orange and silver gray, the valleys of
deepest green, the distant shadows of purple and melting blue, and the
dazzling white of the scattered snow-fields seemed to shift and vary
like the hues on the inside of a shell. And over all, from peak to peak,
the light, feathery clouds went drifting lazily and slowly, as if they
could not leave a scene so fair.

There is barely room on the top of Nuvolau for the stone shelter-hut
which a grateful Saxon baron has built there as a sort of votive
offering for the recovery of his health among the mountains. As we sat
within and ate our frugal lunch, we were glad that he had recovered his
health, and glad that he had built the hut, and glad that we had come to
it. In fact, we could almost sympathise in our cold, matter-of-fact
American way with the sentimental German inscription which we read on
the wall:—

              _Von Nuvolau’s hohen Wolkenstufen
              Lass mich, Natur, durch deine Himmel rufen—
              An deiner Brust gesunde, wer da krank!
              So wird zum_ Völkerdank _mein_ Sachsendank.

We refrained, however, from shouting anything through Nature’s heaven,
but went lightly down, in about three hours, to supper in the Star of
Gold.

                                  IV.

When a stern necessity forces one to leave Cortina, there are several
ways of departure. We selected the main highway for our trunks, but for
ourselves the Pass of the Three Crosses; the Deacon and the Deaconess in
a mountain waggon, and I on foot. It should be written as an axiom in
the philosophy of travel that the easiest way is best for your luggage,
and the hardest way is best for yourself.

All along the rough road up to the Pass, we had a glorious outlook
backward over the Val d’ Ampezzo, and when we came to the top, we looked
deep down into the narrow Val Buona behind Sorapis. I do not know just
when we passed the Austrian border, but when we came to Lake Misurina we
found ourselves in Italy again. My friends went on down the valley to
Landro, but I in my weakness, having eaten of the trout of the lake for
dinner, could not resist the temptation of staying over-night to catch
one for breakfast.

It was a pleasant failure. The lake was beautiful, lying on top of the
mountain like a bit of blue sky, surrounded by the peaks of Cristallo,
Cadino, and the Drei Zinnen. It was a happiness to float on such
celestial waters and cast the hopeful fly. The trout were there; they
were large; I saw them; they also saw me; but, alas! I could not raise
them. Misurina is, in fact, what the Scotch call “a dour loch,” one of
those places which are outwardly beautiful, but inwardly so demoralised
that the trout will not rise.

When we came ashore in the evening, the boatman consoled me with the
story of a French count who had spent two weeks there fishing, and only
caught one fish. I had some thoughts of staying thirteen days longer, to
rival the count, but concluded to go on the next morning, over Monte
Pian and the Cat’s Ladder to Landro.

The view from Monte Pian is far less extensive than that from Nuvolau;
but it has the advantage of being very near the wild jumble of the
Sexten Dolomites. The Three Shoemakers and a lot more of sharp and
ragged fellows are close by, on the east; on the west, Cristallo shows
its fine little glacier, and Rothwand its crimson cliffs; and southward
Misurina gives to the view a glimpse of water, without which, indeed, no
view is complete. Moreover, the mountain has the merit of being, as its
name implies, quite gentle. I met the Deacon and the Deaconess at the
top, they having walked up from Landro. And so we crossed the boundary
line together again, seven thousand feet above the sea, from Italy into
Austria. There was no custom-house.

The way down, by the Cat’s Ladder, I travelled alone. The path was very
steep and little worn, but even on the mountain-side there was no danger
of losing it, for it had been blazed here and there, on trees and
stones, with a dash of blue paint. This is the work of the invaluable
DÖAV—which is, being interpreted, the German-Austrian Alpine Club. The
more one travels in the mountains, the more one learns to venerate this
beneficent society, for the shelter-huts and guide-posts it has erected,
and the paths it has made and marked distinctly with various colours.
The Germans have a genius for thoroughness. My little brown guide-book,
for example, not only informed me through whose back yard I must go to
get into a certain path, but it told me that in such and such a spot I
should find quite a good deal (_ziemlichviel_) of Edelweiss, and in
another a small echo; it advised me in one valley to take provisions and
dispense with a guide, and in another to take a guide and dispense with
provisions, adding varied information in regard to beer, which in my
case was useless, for I could not touch it. To go astray under such
auspices would be worse than inexcusable.

Landro we found a very different place from Cortina. Instead of having a
large church and a number of small hotels, it consists entirely of one
large hotel and a very tiny church. It does not lie in a broad, open
basin, but in a narrow valley, shut in closely by the mountains. The
hotel, in spite of its size, is excellent, and a few steps up the valley
is one of the finest views in the Dolomites. To the east opens a deep,
wild gorge, at the head of which the pinnacles of the Drei Zinnen are
seen; to the south the Dürrensee fills the valley from edge to edge, and
reflects in its pale waters the huge bulk of Monte Cristallo. It is such
a complete picture, so finished, so compact, so balanced, that one might
think a painter had composed it in a moment of inspiration. But no
painter ever laid such colours on his canvas as those which are seen
here when the cool evening shadows have settled upon the valley, all
gray and green, while the mountains shine above in rosy Alpenglow, as if
transfigured with inward fire.

There is another lake, about three miles north of Landro, called the
Toblacher See, and there I repaired the defeat of Misurina. The trout at
the outlet, by the bridge, were very small, and while the old fisherman
was endeavouring to catch some of them in his new net, which would not
work, I pushed my boat up to the head of the lake, where the stream came
in. The green water was amazingly clear, but the current kept the fish
with their heads up stream; so that one could come up behind them near
enough for a long cast, without being seen. As my fly lighted above them
and came gently down with the ripple, I saw the first fish turn and rise
and take it. A motion of the wrist hooked him, and he played just as
gamely as a trout in my favourite Long Island pond. How different the
colour, though, as he came out of the water. This fellow was all
silvery, with light pink spots on his sides. I took seven of his
companions, in weight some four pounds, and then stopped because the
evening light was failing.

How pleasant it is to fish in such a place and at such an hour! The
novelty of the scene, the grandeur of the landscape, lend a strange
charm to the sport. But the sport itself is so familiar that one feels
at home—the motion of the rod, the feathery swish of the line, the sight
of the rising fish—it all brings back a hundred woodland memories, and
thoughts of good fishing comrades, some far away across the sea, and,
perhaps, even now sitting around the forest camp-fire in Maine or
Canada, and some with whom we shall keep company no more until we cross
the greater ocean into that happy country whither they have preceded us.

                                   V.

Instead of going straight down the valley by the high road, a drive of
an hour, to the railway in the Pusterthal, I walked up over the
mountains to the east, across the Plätzwiesen, and so down through the
Pragserthal. In one arm of the deep fir-clad vale are the Baths of
Alt-Prags, famous for having cured the Countess of Görz of a violent
rheumatism in the fifteenth century. It is an antiquated establishment,
and the guests, who were walking about in the fields or drinking their
coffee in the balcony, had a fifteenth century look about them—venerable
but slightly ruinous. But perhaps that was merely a rheumatic result.

All the waggons in the place were engaged. It is strange what an
aggravating effect this state of affairs has upon a pedestrian who is
bent upon riding. I did not recover my delight in the scenery until I
had walked about five miles farther, and sat down on the grass, beside a
beautiful spring, to eat my lunch.

What is there in a little physical rest that has such magic to restore
the sense of pleasure? A few moments ago nothing pleased you—the bloom
was gone from the peach; but now it has come back again—you wonder and
admire. Thus cheerful and contented I trudged up the right arm of the
valley to the Baths of Neu-Prags, less venerable, but apparently more
popular than Alt-Prags, and on beyond them, through the woods, to the
superb Pragser-Wildsee, a lake whose still waters, now blue as sapphire
under the clear sky, and now green as emerald under gray clouds, sleep
encircled by mighty precipices. Could anything be a greater contrast
with Venice? There the canals alive with gondolas, and the open harbour
bright with many-coloured sails; here, the hidden lake, silent and
lifeless, save when

                                 “_A leaping fish
                Sends through the tarn a lonely cheer._”

Tired, and a little foot-sore, after nine hours’ walking, I came into
the big railway hotel at Toblach that night. There I met my friends
again, and parted from them and the Dolomites the next day, with regret.
For they were “stepping westward;” but in order to get to the
Gross-Venediger I must make a détour to the east, through the
Pusterthal, and come up through the valley of the Isel to the great
chain of mountains called the Hohe Tauern.

At the junction of the Isel and the Drau lies the quaint little city of
Lienz, with its two castles—the square, double-towered one in the town,
now transformed into the offices of the municipality, and the huge
mediæval one on a hill outside, now used as a damp restaurant and dismal
beer-cellar. I lingered at Lienz for a couple of days, in the ancient
hostelry of the Post. The hallways were vaulted like a cloister, the
walls were three feet thick, the kitchen was in the middle of the house
on the second floor, so that I looked into it every time I came from my
room, and ordered dinner direct from the cook. But, so far from being
displeased with these peculiarities, I rather liked the flavour of them;
and then, in addition, the landlady’s daughter, who was managing the
house, was a person of most engaging manners, and there was trout and
grayling fishing in a stream near by, and the neighbouring church of
Dolsach contained the beautiful picture of the Holy Family, which Franz
Defregger painted for his native village.

The peasant women of Lienz have one very striking feature in their
dress—a black felt hat with a broad, stiff brim and a high crown,
smaller at the top than at the base. It looks a little like the
traditional head-gear of the Pilgrim Fathers, exaggerated. There is a
solemnity about it which is fatal to feminine beauty.

I went by the post-waggon, with two slow horses and ten passengers,
fifteen miles up the Iselthal, to Windisch-Matrei, a village whose early
history is lost in the mist of antiquity, and whose streets are pervaded
with odours which must have originated at the same time with the
village. One wishes that they also might have shared the fate of its
early history. But it is not fair to expect too much of a small place,
and Windisch-Matrei has certainly a beautiful situation and a good inn.
There I took my guide—a wiry and companionable little man, whose
occupation in the lower world was that of a maker and merchant of
hats—and set out for the Pragerhütte, a shelter on the side of the
Gross-Venediger.

The path led under the walls of the old Castle of Weissenstein, and then
in steep curves up the cliff which blocks the head of the valley, and
along a cut in the face of the rock, into the steep, narrow Tauernthal,
which divides the Glockner group from the Venediger. How entirely
different it was from the region of the Dolomites! There the variety of
colour was endless and the change incessant; here it was all green grass
and trees and black rocks, with glimpses of snow. There the highest
mountains were in sight constantly; here they could only be seen from
certain points in the valley. There the streams played but a small part
in the landscape; here they were prominent, the main river raging and
foaming through the gorge below, while a score of waterfalls leaped from
the cliffs on either side and dashed down to join it.

The peasants, men, women and children, were cutting the grass in the
perpendicular fields; the woodmen were trimming and felling the trees in
the fir-forests; the cattle-tenders were driving their cows along the
stony path, or herding them far up on the hillsides. It was a lonely
scene, and yet a busy one; and all along the road was written the
history of the perils and hardships of the life which now seemed so
peaceful and picturesque under the summer sunlight.

These heavy crosses, each covered with a narrow, pointed roof and
decorated with a rude picture, standing beside the path, or on the
bridge, or near the mill—what do they mean? They mark the place where a
human life has been lost, or where some poor peasant has been delivered
from a great peril, and has set up a memorial of his gratitude.

Stop, traveller, as you pass by, and look at the pictures. They have
little more of art than a child’s drawing on a slate; but they will
teach you what it means to earn a living in these mountains. They tell
of the danger that lurks on the steep slopes of grass, where the mowers
have to go down with ropes around their waists, and in the beds of the
streams where the floods sweep through in the spring, and in the forests
where the great trees fall and crush men like flies, and on the icy
bridges where a slip is fatal, and on the high passes where the winter
snow-storm blinds the eyes and benumbs the limbs of the traveller, and
under the cliffs from which avalanches slide and rocks roll. They show
you men and women falling from waggons, and swept away by waters, and
overwhelmed in land-slips. In the corner of the picture you may see a
peasant with the black cross above his head—that means death. Or perhaps
it is deliverance that the tablet commemorates—and then you will see the
miller kneeling beside his mill with a flood rushing down upon it, or a
peasant kneeling in his harvest-field under an inky-black cloud, or a
landlord beside his inn in flames, or a mother praying beside her sick
children; and above appears an angel, or a saint, or the Virgin with her
Child.

Read the inscriptions, too, in their quaint German. Some of them are as
humourous as the epitaphs in New England graveyards. I remember one
which ran like this:

              _Here lies Elias Queer,
              Killed in his sixtieth year;
              Scarce had he seen the light of day
              When a waggon-wheel crushed his life away._

And there is another famous one which says:

                _Here perished the honoured and virtuous
                                maiden,
                                 G. V.
               This tablet was erected by her only son._

But for the most part a glance at these _Marterl und Taferl_, which are
so frequent on all the mountain-roads of the Tyrol, will give you a
strange sense of the real pathos of human life. If you are a Catholic,
you will not refuse their request to say a prayer for the departed; if
you are a Protestant, at least it will not hurt you to say one for those
who still live and suffer and toil among such dangers.

After we had walked for four hours up the Tauernthal, we came to the
Matreier-Tauernhaus, an inn which is kept open all the year for the
shelter of travellers over the high pass that crosses the mountain-range
at this point, from north to south. There we dined. It was a bare, rude
place, but the dish of juicy trout was garnished with flowers, each fish
holding a big pansy in its mouth, and as the maid set them down before
me she wished me “a good appetite,” with the hearty old-fashioned
Tyrolese courtesy which still survives in these remote valleys. It is
pleasant to travel in a land where the manners are plain and good. If
you meet a peasant on the road he says, “God greet you!” if you give a
child a couple of kreuzers he folds his hands and says, “God reward
you!” and the maid who lights you to bed says, “Good-night, I hope you
will sleep well!”

Two hours more of walking brought us through Ausser-gschlöss and
Inner-gschlöss, two groups of herdsmen’s huts, tenanted only in summer,
at the head of the Tauernthal. Mid-way between them lies a little
chapel, cut into the solid rock for shelter from the avalanches. This
lofty vale is indeed rightly named; for it is shut off from the rest of
the world. The portal is a cliff down which the stream rushes in foam
and thunder. On either hand rises a mountain wall. Within, the pasture
is fresh and green, sprinkled with Alpine roses, and the pale river
flows swiftly down between the rows of dark wooden houses. At the head
of the vale towers the Gross-Venediger, with its glaciers and
snow-fields dazzling white against the deep blue heaven. The murmur of
the stream and the tinkle of the cow-bells and the jödelling of the
herdsmen far up the slopes, make the music for the scene.

The path from Gschlöss leads straight up to the foot of the dark pyramid
of the Kesselkopf, and then in steep endless zig-zags along the edge of
the great glacier. I saw, at first, the pinnacles of ice far above me,
breaking over the face of the rock; then, after an hour’s breathless
climbing, I could look right into the blue crevasses; and at last, after
another hour over soft snow-fields and broken rocks, I was at the
Pragerhut, perched on the shoulder of the mountain, looking down upon
the huge river of ice.

It was a magnificent view under the clear light of evening. Here in
front of us, the Venediger with all his brother-mountains clustered
about him; behind us, across the Tauern, the mighty chain of the
Glockner against the eastern sky.

This is the frozen world. Here the Winter, driven back into his
stronghold, makes his last stand against the Summer, in perpetual
conflict, retreating by day to the mountain-peak, but creeping back at
night in frost and snow to regain a little of his lost territory, until
at last the Summer is wearied out, and the Winter sweeps down again to
claim the whole valley for his own.


                                  VI.

In the Pragerhut I found mountain comfort. There were bunks along the
wall of the guestroom, with plenty of blankets. There was good store of
eggs, canned meats, and nourishing black bread. The friendly goats came
bleating up to the door at nightfall to be milked. And in charge of all
this luxury there was a cheerful peasant-wife with her brown-eyed
daughter, to entertain travellers. It was a pleasant sight to see them,
as they sat down to their supper with my guide; all three bowed their
heads and said their “grace before meat,” the guide repeating the longer
prayer and the mother and daughter coming in with the responses. I went
to bed with a warm and comfortable feeling about my heart. It was a good
ending for the day. In the morning, if the weather remained clear, the
alarm-clock was to wake us at three for the ascent to the summit.

But can it be three o’clock already. The gibbous moon still hangs in the
sky and casts a feeble light over the scene. Then up and away for the
final climb. How rough the path is among the black rocks along the
ridge! Now we strike out on the gently rising glacier, across the crust
of snow, picking our way among the crevasses, with the rope tied about
our waists for fear of a fall. How cold it is! But now the gray light of
morning dawns, and now the beams of sunrise shoot up behind the
Glockner, and now the sun itself glitters into sight. The snow grows
softer as we toil up the steep, narrow comb between the Gross-Venediger
and his neighbour the Klein-Venediger. At last we have reached our
journey’s end. See, the whole of the Tyrol is spread out before us in
wondrous splendour, as we stand on this snowy ridge; and at our feet the
Schlatten glacier, like a long, white snake, curls down into the valley.

There is still a little peak above us; an overhanging horn of snow which
the wind has built against the mountain-top. I would like to stand
there, just for a moment. The guide protests it would be dangerous, for
if the snow should break it would be a fall of a thousand feet to the
glacier on the northern side. But let us dare the few steps upward. How
our feet sink! Is the snow slipping? Look at the glacier! What is
happening? It is wrinkling and curling backward on us, serpent-like. Its
head rises far above us. All its icy crests are clashing together like
the ringing of a thousand bells. We are falling! I fling out my arm to
grasp the guide—and awake to find myself clutching a pillow in the bunk.
The alarm-clock is ringing fiercely for three o’clock. A driving
snow-storm is beating against the window. The ground is white. Peer
through the clouds as I may, I cannot even catch a glimpse of the
vanished Gross-Venediger.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                                AU LARGE


    “_Wherever we strayed, the same tranquil leisure enfolded us;
    day followed day in an order unbroken and peaceful as the
    unfolding of the flowers and the silent march of the stars. Time
    no longer ran like the few sands in a delicate hour-glass held
    by a fragile human hand, but like a majestic river fed by
    fathomless seas.... We gave ourselves up to the sweetness of
    that unmeasured life, without thought of yesterday or to-morrow;
    we drank the cup to-day held to our lips, and knew that so long
    as we were athirst that draught would not be denied us._”——

                               HAMILTON W. MABIE: _Under the Trees_.




                                AU LARGE


There is magic in words, surely, and many a treasure besides Ali Baba’s
is unlocked with a verbal key. Some charm in the mere sound, some
association with the pleasant past, touches a secret spring. The bars
are down; the gate is open; you are made free of all the fields of
memory and fancy—by a word.

_Au large! Envoyez au large!_ is the cry of the Canadian voyageurs as
they thrust their paddles against the shore and push out on the broad
lake for a journey through the wilderness. _Au large!_ is what the man
in the bow shouts to the man in the stern when the birch canoe is
running down the rapids, and the water grows too broken, and the rocks
too thick, along the river-bank. Then the frail bark must be driven out
into the very centre of the wild current, into the midst of danger to
find safety, dashing, like a frightened colt, along the smooth, sloping
lane bordered by white fences of foam.

_Au large!_ When I hear that word, I hear also the crisp waves breaking
on pebbly beaches, and the big wind rushing through innumerable trees,
and the roar of headlong rivers leaping down the rocks. I see long
reaches of water sparkling in the sun, or sleeping still between
evergreen walls beneath a cloudy sky; and the gleam of white tents on
the shore; and the glow of firelight dancing through the woods. I smell
the delicate vanishing perfume of forest flowers; and the incense of
rolls of birch-bark, crinkling and flaring in the camp-fire; and the
soothing odour of balsam-boughs piled deep for woodland beds—the
veritable and only genuine perfume of the land of Nod. The thin shining
veil of the Northern lights waves and fades and brightens over the night
sky; at the sound of the word, as at the ringing of a bell, the curtain
rises. _Scene, the Forest of Arden; enter a party of hunters._

It was in the Lake St. John country, two hundred miles north of Quebec,
that I first heard my rustic incantation; and it seemed to fit the
region as if it had been made for it. This is not a little pocket
wilderness like the Adirondacks, but something vast and primitive. You
do not cross it, from one railroad to another, by a line of hotels. You
go into it by one river as far as you like, or dare; and then you turn
and come back again by another river, making haste to get out before
your provisions are exhausted. The lake itself is the cradle of the
mighty Saguenay: an inland sea, thirty miles across and nearly round,
lying in the broad limestone basin north of the Laurentian Mountains.
The southern and eastern shores have been settled for twenty or thirty
years; and the rich farm-land yields abundant crops of wheat and oats
and potatoes to a community of industrious _habitants_, who live in
little modern villages, named after the saints and gathered as closely
as possible around big gray stone churches, and thank the good Lord that
he has given them a climate at least four or five degrees milder than
Quebec. A railroad, built through a region of granite hills, which will
never be tamed to the plough, links this outlying settlement to the
civilised world; and at the end of the railroad the Hotel Roberval,
standing on a hill above the lake, offers to the pampered tourist
electric lights, and spring-beds, and a wide veranda from which he can
look out across the water into the face of the wilderness.

Northward and westward the interminable forest rolls away to the shores
of Hudson’s Bay and the frozen wastes of Labrador. It is an immense
solitude. A score of rivers empty into the lake; little ones like the
Pikouabi and La Pipe, and middle-sized ones like the Ouiatchouan and La
Belle Rivière, and big ones like the Mistassini and the Peribonca; and
each of these streams is the clue to a labyrinth of woods and waters.
The canoe-man who follows it far enough will find himself among lakes
that are not named on any map; he will camp on virgin ground, and make
the acquaintance of unsophisticated fish; perhaps even, like the maiden
in the fairy-tale, he will meet with the little bear, and the
middle-sized bear, and the great big bear.

Damon and I set out on such an expedition shortly after the nodding
lilies in the Connecticut meadows had rung the noon-tide bell of summer,
and when the raspberry bushes along the line of the Quebec and Lake St.
John Railway had spread their afternoon collation for birds and men. At
Roberval we found our four guides waiting for us, and the steamboat took
us all across the lake to the Island House, at the northeast corner.
There we embarked our tents and blankets, our pots and pans, and bags of
flour and potatoes and bacon and other delicacies, our rods and guns,
and last, but not least, our axes (without which man in the woods is a
helpless creature), in two birch-bark canoes, and went flying down the
Grande Décharge.

It is a wonderful place, this outlet of Lake St. John. All the floods of
twenty rivers are gathered here, and break forth through a net of
islands in a double stream, divided by the broad Ile d’Alma, into the
Grande Décharge and the Petite Décharge. The southern outlet is small,
and flows somewhat more quietly at first. But the northern outlet is a
huge confluence and tumult of waters. You see the set of the tide far
out in the lake, sliding, driving, crowding, hurrying in with smooth
currents and swirling eddies, toward the corner of escape. By the rocky
cove where the Island House peers out through the fir-trees, the current
already has a perceptible slope. It begins to boil over hidden stones in
the middle, and gurgles at projecting points of rock. A mile farther
down there is an islet where the stream quickens, chafes, and breaks
into a rapid. Behind the islet it drops down in three or four foaming
steps. On the outside it makes one long, straight rush into a line of
white-crested standing waves.

As we approached, the steersman in the first canoe stood up to look over
the course. The sea was high. Was it too high? The canoes were heavily
loaded. Could they leap the waves? There was a quick talk among the
guides as we slipped along, undecided which way to turn. Then the
question seemed to settle itself, as most of these woodland questions
do, as if some silent force of Nature had the casting-vote. “_Sautez,
sautez!_” cried Ferdinand, “_envoyez au large!_” In a moment we were
sliding down the smooth back of the rapid, directly toward the first big
wave. The rocky shore went by us like a dream; we could feel the motion
of the earth whirling around with us. The crest of the billow in front
curled above the bow of the canoe. “_Arrét’, arrét’, doucement!_” A
swift stroke of the paddle checked the canoe, quivering and prancing
like a horse suddenly reined in. The wave ahead, as if surprised, sank
and flattened for a second. The canoe leaped through the edge of it,
swerved to one side, and ran gayly down along the fringe of the line of
billows, into quieter water.

Every one feels the exhilaration of such a descent. I know a lady who
almost cried with fright when she went down her first rapid, but before
the voyage was ended she was saying:—

            “_Count that day lost whose low, descending sun
            Sees no fall leaped, no foaming rapid run._”

It takes a touch of danger to bring out the joy of life.

Our guides began to shout, and joke each other, and praise their canoes.

“You grazed that villain rock at the corner,” said Jean; “didn’t you
know where it was?”

“Yes, after I touched it,” cried Ferdinand; “but you took in a bucket of
water, and I suppose your _m’sieu’_ is sitting on a piece of the river.
Is it not?”

This seemed to us all a very merry jest, and we laughed with the same
inextinguishable laughter which a practical joke, according to Homer,
always used to raise in Olympus. It is one of the charms of life in the
woods that it brings back the high spirits of boyhood and renews the
youth of the world. Plain fun, like plain food, tastes good
out-of-doors. Nectar is the sweet sap of a maple-tree. Ambrosia is only
another name for well-turned flapjacks. And all the immortals, sitting
around the table of golden cedar-slabs, make merry when the clumsy
Hephaistos, playing the part of Hebe, stumbles over a root and upsets
the plate of cakes into the fire.

The first little rapid of the Grande Décharge was only the beginning.
Half a mile below we could see the river disappear between two points of
rock. There was a roar of conflict, and a golden mist hanging in the
air, like the smoke of battle. All along the place where the river sank
from sight, dazzling heads of foam were flashing up and falling back, as
if a horde of water-sprites were vainly trying to fight their way up to
the lake. It was the top of the _grande chûte_, a wild succession of
falls and pools where no boat could live for a moment. We ran down
toward it as far as the water served, and then turned off among the
rocks on the left hand, to take the portage.

These portages are among the troublesome delights of a journey in the
wilderness. To the guides they mean hard work, for everything, including
the boats, must be carried on their backs. The march of the canoes on
dry land is a curious sight. Andrew Marvell described it two hundred
years ago when he was poetizing beside the little river Wharfe in
Yorkshire:—

                 “_And now the salmon-fishers moist
                 Their leathern boats begin to hoist,
                 And like antipodes in shoes
                 Have shod their heads in their canoes.
                 How tortoise-like, but none so slow,
                 These rational amphibii go!_”

But the sportsman carries nothing, except perhaps his gun, or his rod,
or his photographic camera; and so for him the portage is only a
pleasant opportunity to stretch his legs, cramped by sitting in the
canoe, and to renew his acquaintance with the pretty things that are in
the woods.

We sauntered along the trail, Damon and I, as if school were out and
would never keep again. How fresh and tonic the forest seemed as we
plunged into its bath of shade. There were our old friends the cedars,
with their roots twisted across the path; and the white birches, so trim
in youth and so shaggy in age; and the sociable spruces and balsams,
crowding close together, and interlacing their arms overhead. There were
the little springs, trickling through the moss; and the slippery logs
laid across the marshy places; and the fallen trees, cut in two and
pushed aside,—for this was a much-travelled portage.

Around the open spaces, the tall meadow-rue stood dressed in robes of
fairy white and green. The blue banners of the _fleur-de-lis_ were
planted beside the springs. In shady corners, deeper in the wood, the
fragrant pyrola lifted its scape of clustering bells, like a lily of the
valley wandered to the forest. When we came to the end of the portage, a
perfume like that of cyclamens in Tyrolean meadows welcomed us, and
searching among the loose grasses by the water-side we found the
exquisite purple spikes of the lesser fringed orchis, loveliest and most
ethereal of all the woodland flowers save one. And what one is that? Ah,
my friend, it is your own particular favourite, the flower, by whatever
name you call it, that you plucked long ago when you were walking in the
forest with your sweetheart,—

                      “_Im wunderschönen Monat Mai
                      Als alle Knospen sprangen._”

We launched our canoes again on the great pool at the foot of the first
fall,—a broad sweep of water a mile long and half a mile wide, full of
eddies and strong currents, and covered with drifting foam. There was
the old camp-ground on the point, where I had tented so often with my
lady Greygown, fishing for ouananiche, the famous land-locked salmon of
Lake St. John. And there were the big fish, showing their back fins as
they circled lazily around in the eddies, as if they were waiting to
play with us. But the goal of our day’s journey was miles away, and we
swept along with the stream, now through a rush of quick water, boiling
and foaming, now through a still place like a lake, now through

                                  “_Fairy crowds
                     Of islands, that together lie,
                     As quietly as spots of sky
                     Among the evening clouds._”

The beauty of the shores was infinitely varied, and unspoiled by any
sign of the presence of man. We met no company except a few kingfishers,
and a pair of gulls who had come up from the sea to spend the summer,
and a large flock of wild ducks, which the guides call “Betseys,” as if
they were all of the gentler sex. In such a big family of girls we
supposed that a few would not be missed, and Damon bagged two of the
tenderest for our supper.

In the still water at the mouth of the Rivière Mistook, just above the
Rapide aux Cèdres, we went ashore on a level wooded bank to make our
first camp and cook our dinner. Let me try to sketch our men as they are
busied about the fire.

They are all French Canadians of unmixed blood, descendants of the men
who came to New France with Samuel de Champlain, that incomparable old
woodsman and life-long lover of the wilderness. Ferdinand Larouche is
our _chef_—there must be a head in every party for the sake of
harmony—and his assistant is his brother François. Ferdinand is a stocky
little fellow, a “sawed off” man, not more than five feet two inches
tall, but every inch of him is pure vim. He can carry a big canoe or a
hundred-weight of camp stuff over a mile portage without stopping to
take breath. He is a capital canoe-man, with prudence enough to balance
his courage, and a fair cook, with plenty of that quality which is
wanting in the ordinary cook of commerce—good humour. Always joking,
whistling, singing, he brings the atmosphere of a perpetual holiday
along with him. His weather-worn coat covers a heart full of music. He
has two talents which make him a marked man among his comrades. He plays
the fiddle to the delight of all the balls and weddings through the
country-side; and he speaks English to the admiration and envy of the
other guides. But like all men of genius he is modest about his
accomplishments. “H’I not spik good h’English—h’only for camp—fishin’,
cookin’, dhe voyage—h’all dhose t’ings.” The aspirates puzzle him. He
can get through a slash of fallen timber more easily than a sentence
full of “this” and “that.” Sometimes he expresses his meaning queerly.
He was telling me once about his farm, “not far off here, in dhe Rivière
au Cochon, river of dhe pig, you call ’im. H’I am a widow, got five
sons, t’ree of dhem are girls.” But he usually ends by falling back into
French, which, he assures you, you speak to perfection, “much better
than the Canadians; the French of Paris in short—M’sieu’ has been in
Paris?” Such courtesy is born in the blood, and is irresistible. You
cannot help returning the compliment and assuring him that his English
is remarkable, good enough for all practical purposes, better than any
of the other guides can speak. And so it is.

François is a little taller, a little thinner, and considerably quieter
than Ferdinand. He laughs loyally at his brother’s jokes, and sings the
response to his songs, and wields a good second paddle in the canoe.

Jean—commonly called Johnny—Morel is a tall, strong man of fifty, with a
bushy red beard that would do credit to a pirate. But when you look at
him more closely, you see that he has a clear, kind blue eye and a most
honest, friendly face under his slouch hat. He has travelled these woods
and waters for thirty years, so that he knows the way through them by a
thousand familiar signs, as well as you know the streets of the city. He
is our pathfinder.

The bow paddle in his canoe is held by his son Joseph, a lad not quite
fifteen, but already as tall, and almost as strong as a man. “He is yet
of the youth,” said Johnny, “and he knows not the affairs of the camp.
This trip is for him the first—it is his school—but I hope he will
content you. He is good, M’sieu’, and of the strongest for his age. I
have educated already two sons in the bow of my canoe. The oldest has
gone to _Pennsylvanie_; he peels the bark there for the tanning of
leather. The second had the misfortune of breaking his leg, so that he
can no longer kneel to paddle. He has descended to the making of shoes.
Joseph is my third pupil. And I have still a younger one at home waiting
to come into my school.”

A touch of family life like that is always refreshing, and doubly so in
the wilderness. For what is fatherhood at its best, everywhere, but the
training of good men to take the teacher’s place when his work is done?
Some day, when Johnny’s rheumatism has made his joints a little stiffer
and his eyes have lost something of their keenness, he will be wielding
the second paddle in the boat, and going out only on the short and easy
trips. It will be young Joseph that steers the canoe through the
dangerous places, and carries the heaviest load over the portages, and
leads the way on the long journeys.

It has taken me longer to describe our men than it took them to prepare
our frugal meal: a pot of tea, the woodsman’s favourite drink, (I never
knew a good guide that would not go without whisky rather than without
tea,) a few slices of toast and juicy rashers of bacon, a kettle of
boiled potatoes, and a relish of crackers and cheese. We were in a hurry
to be off for an afternoon’s fishing, three or four miles down the
river, at the Ile Maligne.

The island is well named, for it is the most perilous place on the
river, and has a record of disaster and death. The scattered waters of
the Discharge are drawn together here into one deep, narrow, powerful
stream, flowing between gloomy shores of granite. In mid-channel the
wicked island shows its scarred and bristling head, like a giant ready
to dispute the passage. The river rushes straight at the rocky brow,
splits into two currents, and raves away on both sides of the island in
a double chain of furious falls and rapids.

In these wild waters we fished with immense delight and fair success,
scrambling down among the huge rocks along the shore, and joining the
excitement of an Alpine climb with the placid pleasures of angling. At
nightfall we were at home again in our camp, with half a score of
ouananiche, weighing from one to four pounds each.

Our next day’s journey was long and variegated. A portage of a mile or
two across the Ile d’Alma, with a cart to haul our canoes and stuff,
brought us to the Little Discharge, down which we floated for a little
way, and then hauled through the village of St. Joseph to the foot of
the Carcajou, or Wildcat Falls. A mile of quick water was soon passed,
and we came to the junction of the Little Discharge with the Grand
Discharge at the point where the picturesque club-house stands in a
grove of birches beside the big Vache Caille Falls. It is lively work
crossing the pool here, when the water is high and the canoes are heavy;
but we went through the labouring seas safely, and landed some distance
below, at the head of the Rapide Gervais, to eat our lunch. The water
was too rough to run down with loaded boats, so Damon and I had to walk
about three miles along the river-bank, while the men went down with the
canoes.

On our way beside the rapids, Damon geologised, finding the marks of
ancient glaciers, and bits of iron-ore, and pockets of sand full of
infinitesimal garnets, and specks of gold washed from the primitive
granite; and I fished, picking up a pair of ouananiche in foam-covered
nooks among the rocks. The swift water was almost passed when we
embarked again and ran down the last slope into a long dead-water.

The shores, at first bold and rough, covered with dense thickets of
second-growth timber, now became smoother and more fertile. Scattered
farms, with square, unpainted houses, and long, thatched barns, began to
creep over the hills toward the river. There was a hamlet, called St.
Charles, with a rude little church and a campanile of logs. The curé,
robed in decent black and wearing a tall silk hat of the vintage of
1860, sat on the veranda of his trim presbytery, looking down upon us,
like an image of propriety smiling at Bohemianism. Other craft appeared
on the river. A man and his wife paddling an old dugout, with half a
dozen children packed in amidships; a crew of lumbermen, in a
sharp-nosed bateau, picking up stray logs along the banks; a couple of
boatloads of young people returning merrily from a holiday visit; a
party of berry-pickers in a flat-bottomed skiff; all the life of the
country-side was in evidence on the river. We felt quite as if we had
been “in the swim” of society, when at length we reached the point where
the Rivière des Aunes came tumbling down a hundred-foot ladder of broken
black rocks. There we pitched our tents in a strip of meadow by the
water-side, where we could have the sound of the falls for a
slumber-song all night and the whole river for a bath at sunrise.

A sparkling draught of crystal weather was poured into our stirrup-cup
in the morning, as we set out for a drive of fifteen miles across
country to the Rivière à l’Ours, a tributary of the crooked, unnavigable
river of Alders. The canoes and luggage were loaded on a couple of
_charrettes_, or two-wheeled carts. But for us and the guides there were
two _quatre-roues_, the typical vehicles of the century, as
characteristic of Canada as the carriole is of Norway. It is a
two-seated buckboard, drawn by one horse, and the back seat is covered
with a hood like an old-fashioned poke bonnet. The road is of clay and
always rutty. It runs level for a while, and then jumps up a steep ridge
and down again, or into a deep gully and out again. The _habitant’s_
idea of good driving is to let his horse slide down the hill and gallop
up. This imparts a spasmodic quality to the motion, like Carlyle’s
style.

The native houses are strung along the road. The modern pattern has a
convex angle in the roof, and dormer-windows; it is a rustic adaptation
of the Mansard. The antique pattern, which is far more picturesque, has
a concave curve in the roof, and the eaves project like eyebrows,
shading the flatness of the face. Paint is a rarity. The prevailing
colour is the soft gray of weather-beaten wood. Sometimes, in the better
class of houses, a gallery is built across the front and around one
side, and a square of garden is fenced in, with dahlias and hollyhocks
and marigolds, and perhaps a struggling rose-bush, and usually a small
patch of tobacco growing in one corner. Once in a long while you may see
a balm-of-Gilead tree, or a clump of sapling poplars, planted near the
door.

How much better it would have been if the farmer had left a few of the
noble forest-trees to shade his house. But then, when the farmer came
into the wilderness he was not a farmer, he was first of all a
wood-chopper. He regarded the forest as a stubborn enemy in possession
of his land. He attacked it with fire and axe and exterminated it,
instead of keeping a few captives to hold their green umbrellas over his
head when at last his grain fields should be smiling around him and he
should sit down on his doorstep to smoke a pipe of home-grown tobacco.

In the time of adversity one should prepare for prosperity. I fancy
there are a good many people unconsciously repeating the mistake of the
Canadian farmer—chopping down all the native growths of life, clearing
the ground of all the useless pretty things that seem to cumber it,
sacrificing everything to utility and success. We fell the last green
tree for the sake of raising an extra hill of potatoes; and never stop
to think what an ugly, barren place we may have to sit in while we eat
them. The ideals, the attachments—yes, even the dreams of youth are
worth saving. For the artificial tastes with which age tries to make
good their loss grow very slowly and cast but a slender shade.

Most of the Canadian farmhouses have their ovens out-of-doors. We saw
them everywhere; rounded edifices of clay, raised on a foundation of
logs, and usually covered with a pointed roof of boards. They looked
like little family chapels—and so they were; shrines where the ritual of
the good housewife was celebrated, and the gift of daily bread, having
been honestly earned, was thankfully received.

At one house we noticed a curious fragment of domestic economy. Half a
pig was suspended over the chimney, and the smoke of the summer fire was
turned to account in curing the winter’s meat. I guess the children of
that family had a peculiar fondness for the parental roof-tree. We saw
them making mud-pies in the road, and imagined that they looked lovingly
up at the pendent porker, outlined against the sky,—a sign of promise,
prophetic of bacon.

About noon the road passed beyond the region of habitation into a barren
land, where blueberries were the only crop, and partridges took the
place of chickens. Through this rolling gravelly plain, sparsely wooded
and glowing with the tall magenta bloom of the fireweed, we drove toward
the mountains, until the road went to seed and we could follow it no
longer. Then we took to the water and began to pole our canoes up the
River of the Bear. It was a clear, amber-coloured stream, not more than
ten or fifteen yards wide, running swift and strong, over beds of sand
and rounded pebbles. The canoes went wallowing and plunging up the
narrow channel, between thick banks of alders, like clumsy sea-monsters.
All the grace with which they move under the strokes of the paddle, in
large waters, was gone. They looked uncouth and predatory, like a pair
of seals that I once saw swimming far up the river Ristigouche in chase
of fish. From the bow of each canoe the landing-net stuck out as a
symbol of destruction—after the fashion of the Dutch admiral who nailed
a broom to his masthead. But it would have been impossible to sweep the
trout out of that little river by any fair method of angling, for there
were millions of them; not large, but lively, and brilliant, and fat;
they leaped in every bend of the stream. We trailed our flies, and made
quick casts here and there, as we went along. It was fishing on the
wing. And when we pitched our tents in a hurry at nightfall on the low
shore of Lac Sâle, among the bushes where firewood was scarce and there
were no _sapins_ for the beds, we were comforted for the poorness of the
camp-ground by the excellence of the trout supper.

It was a bitter cold night for August. There was a skin of ice on the
water-pail at daybreak. We were glad to be up and away for an early
start. The river grew wilder and more difficult. There were rapids, and
ruined dams built by the lumbermen years ago. At these places the trout
were larger, and so plentiful that it was easy to hook two at a cast. It
came on to rain furiously while we were eating our lunch. But we did not
seem to mind it any more than the fish did. Here and there the river was
completely blocked by fallen trees. The guides called it _bouchée_,
“corked,” and leaped out gayly into the water with their axes to
“un-cork” it. We passed through some pretty lakes, unknown to the
map-makers, and arrived, before sundown, at the Lake of the Bear, where
we were to spend a couple of days. The lake was full of floating logs,
and the water, raised by the heavy rains and the operations of the
lumbermen, was several feet above its usual level. Nature’s
landing-places were all blotted out, and we had to explore halfway
around the shore before we could get out comfortably. We raised the
tents on a small shoulder of a hill, a few rods above the water; and a
glorious camp-fire of birch logs soon made us forget our misery as
though it had not been.

The name of the Lake of the Beautiful Trout made us desire to visit it.
The portage was said to be only fifty acres long (the _arpent_ is the
popular measure of distance here), but it passed over a ridge of newly
burned land, and was so entangled with ruined woods and desolate of
birds and flowers that it seemed to us at least five miles. The lake was
charming—a sheet of singularly clear water, of a pale green tinge,
surrounded by wooded hills. In the translucent depths trout and pike
live together, but whether in peace or not I cannot tell. Both of them
grow to an enormous size, but the pike are larger and have more
capacious jaws. One of them broke my tackle and went off with a silver
spoon in his mouth, as if he had been born to it. Of course the guides
vowed that they saw him as he passed under the canoe, and declared that
he must weigh thirty or forty pounds. The spectacles of regret always
magnify.

The trout were coy. We took only five of them, perfect specimens of the
true _Salvelinus fontinalis_, with square tails, and carmine spots on
their dark, mottled sides; the largest weighed three pounds and
three-quarters, and the others were almost as heavy.

On our way back to the camp we found the portage beset by innumerable
and bloodthirsty foes. There are four grades of insect malignity in the
woods. The mildest is represented by the winged idiot that John
Burroughs’ little boy called a “blunderhead.” He dances stupidly before
your face, as if lost in admiration, and finishes his pointless tale by
getting in your eye, or down your throat. The next grade is represented
by the midges. “Bite ’em no see ’em,” is the Indian name for these
invisible atoms of animated pepper which settle upon you in the twilight
and make your skin burn like fire. But their hour is brief, and when
they depart they leave not a bump behind. One step lower in the scale we
find the mosquito, or rather he finds us, and makes his poisoned mark
upon our skin. But after all, he has his good qualities. The mosquito is
a gentlemanly pirate. He carries his weapon openly, and gives notice of
an attack. He respects the decencies of life, and does not strike below
the belt, or creep down the back of your neck. But the black fly is at
the bottom of the moral scale. He is an unmitigated ruffian, the
plug-ugly of the woods. He looks like a tiny, immature house-fly, with
white legs as if he must be innocent. But, in fact, he crawls like a
serpent and bites like a dog. No portion of the human frame is sacred
from his greed. He takes his pound of flesh anywhere, and does not
scruple to take the blood with it. As a rule you can defend yourself, to
some degree, against him, by wearing a head-net, tying your sleeves
around your wrists and your trousers around your ankles, and anointing
yourself with grease, flavoured with pennyroyal, for which cleanly and
honest scent he has a coarse aversion. But sometimes, especially on
burned land, about the middle of a warm afternoon, when a rain is
threatening, the horde of black flies descend in force and fury knowing
that their time is short. Then there is no escape. Suits of chain
armour, Nubian ointments of far-smelling potency, would not save you.
You must do as our guides did on the portage, submit to fate and walk
along in heroic silence, like Marco Bozzaris “bleeding at every
pore,”—or do as Damon and I did, break into ejaculations and a run,
until you reach a place where you can light a smudge and hold your head
over it.

“And yet,” said my comrade, as we sat coughing and rubbing our eyes in
the painful shelter of the smoke, “there are worse trials than this in
the civilised districts: social enmities, and newspaper scandals, and
religious persecutions. The blackest fly I ever saw is the Reverend ——”
but here his voice was fortunately choked by a fit of coughing.

A couple of wandering Indians—descendants of the _Montagnais_, on whose
hunting domain we were travelling—dropped in at our camp that night as
we sat around the fire. They gave us the latest news about the portages
on our further journey; how far they had been blocked with fallen trees,
and whether the water was high or low in the rivers—just as a visitor at
home would talk about the effect of the strikes on the stock market, and
the prospects of the newest organization of the non-voting classes for
the overthrow of Tammany Hall. Every phase of civilisation or barbarism
creates its own conversational currency. The weather, like the old
Spanish dollar, is the only coin that passes everywhere.

But our Indians did not carry much small change about them. They were
dark, silent chaps, soon talked out; and then they sat sucking their
pipes before the fire, (as dumb as their own wooden effigies in front of
a tobacconist’s shop,) until the spirit moved them, and they vanished in
their canoe down the dark lake. Our own guides were very different. They
were as full of conversation as a spruce-tree is of gum. When all
shallower themes were exhausted they would discourse of bears and canoes
and lumber and fish, forever. After Damon and I had left the fire and
rolled ourselves in the blankets in our own tent, we could hear the men
going on and on with their simple jests and endless tales of adventure,
until sleep drowned their voices.

It was the sound of a French _chanson_ that woke us early on the morning
of our departure from the Lake of the Bear. A gang of lumbermen were
bringing a lot of logs through the lake. Half-hidden in the cold gray
mist that usually betokens a fine day, and wet to the waist from
splashing about after their unwieldy flock, these rough fellows were
singing at their work as cheerfully as a party of robins in a cherrytree
at sunrise. It was like the miller and the two girls whom Wordsworth saw
dancing in their boats on the Thames:

                 “_They dance not for me,
                  Yet mine is their glee!
         Thus pleasure is spread through the earth
           In stray gifts to be claimed by whoever shall find;
           Thus a rich loving-kindness, redundantly kind,
         Moves all nature to gladness and mirth._”

But our later thoughts of the lumbermen were not altogether grateful,
when we arrived that day, after a mile of portage, at the little Rivière
Blanche, upon which we had counted to float us down to Lac Tchitagama,
and found that they had stolen all its water to float their logs down
the Lake of the Bear. The poor little river was as dry as a theological
novel. There was nothing left of it except the bed and the bones; it was
like a Connecticut stream in the middle of August. All its pretty
secrets were laid bare; all its music was hushed. The pools that
lingered among the rocks seemed like big tears; and the voice of the
forlorn rivulets that trickled in here and there, seeking the parent
stream, was a voice of weeping and complaint.

For us the loss meant a hard day’s work, scrambling over slippery
stones, and splashing through puddles, and forcing a way through the
tangled thickets on the bank, instead of a pleasant two hours’ run on a
swift current. We ate our dinner on a sandbank in what was once the
middle of a pretty pond; and entered, as the sun was sinking, a narrow
wooded gorge between the hills, completely filled by a chain of small
lakes, where travelling became easy and pleasant. The steep shores,
clothed with cedar and black spruce and dark-blue fir-trees, rose sheer
from the water; the passage from lake to lake was a tiny rapid a few
yards long, gurgling through mossy rocks; at the foot of the chain there
was a longer rapid, with a portage beside it. We emerged from the dense
bush suddenly and found ourselves face to face with Lake Tchitagama.

How the heart expands at such a view! Nine miles of shining water lay
stretched before us, opening through the mountains that guarded it on
both sides with lofty walls of green and gray, ridge over ridge, point
beyond point, until the vista ended in

                   “_Yon orange sunset waning slow._”

At a moment like this one feels a sense of exultation. It is a new
discovery of the joy of living. And yet, my friend and I confessed to
each other, there was a tinge of sadness, an inexplicable regret mingled
with our joy. Was it the thought of how few human eyes had even seen
that lovely vision? Was it the dim foreboding that we might never see it
again? Who can explain the secret pathos of Nature’s loveliness? It is a
touch of melancholy inherited from our mother Eve. It is an unconscious
memory of the lost Paradise. It is the sense that even if we should find
another Eden, we would not be fit to enjoy it perfectly, nor stay in it
forever.

Our first camp on Tchitagama was at the sunrise end of the lake, in a
bay paved with small round stones, laid close together and beaten firmly
down by the waves. There, and along the shores below, at the mouth of a
little river that foamed in over a ledge of granite, and in the shadow
of cliffs of limestone and feldspar, we trolled and took many fish: pike
of enormous size, fresh-water sharks, devourers of nobler game, fit only
to kill and throw away; huge old trout of six or seven pounds, with
broad tails and hooked jaws, fine fighters and poor food; stupid,
wide-mouthed chub—_ouitouche_, the Indians call them—biting at hooks
that were not baited for them; and best of all, high-bred ouananiche,
pleasant to capture and delicate to eat.

Our second camp was on a sandy point at the sunset end of the lake—a
fine place for bathing, and convenient to the wild meadows and blueberry
patches, where Damon went to hunt for bears. He did not find any; but
once he heard a great noise in the bushes, which he thought was a bear;
and he declared that he got quite as much excitement out of it as if it
had had four legs and a mouthful of teeth.

He brought back from one of his expeditions an Indian letter, which he
had found in a cleft stick by the river. It was a sheet of birch-bark
with a picture drawn on it in charcoal; five Indians in a canoe paddling
up the river, and one in another canoe pointing in another direction; we
read it as a message left by a hunting party, telling their companions
not to go on up the river, because it was already occupied, but to turn
off on a side stream.

There was a sign of a different kind nailed to an old stump behind our
camp. It was the top of a soap-box, with an inscription after this
fashion:

                          AD. MEYER & B. LEVIT
                            SOAP Mfrs. N. Y.
                          CAMPED HERE JULY 18—
                     1 TROUT 17-1/2 POUNDS. II OUAN
                       ANISHES 18-1/2 POUNDS. ONE
                           PIKE 147-1/2 LBS.

There was a combination of piscatorial pride and mercantile enterprise
in this quaint device, that took our fancy. It suggested also a curious
question of psychology in regard to the inhibitory influence of horses
and fish upon the human nerve of veracity. We named the place “Point
Ananias.”

And yet, in fact, it was a wild and lonely spot, and not even the Hebrew
inscription could spoil the sense of solitude that surrounded us when
the night came, and the storm howled across the lake, and the darkness
encircled us with a wall that only seemed the more dense and
impenetrable as the firelight blazed and leaped within the black ring.

“How far away is the nearest house, Johnny?”

“I don’t know; fifty miles, I suppose.”

“And what would you do if the canoes were burned, or if a tree fell and
smashed them?”

“Well, I’d say a _Pater noster_, and take bread and bacon enough for
four days, and an axe, and plenty of matches, and make a straight line
through the woods. But it wouldn’t be a joke, M’sieu’, I can tell you.”

The river Peribonca, into which Lake Tchitagama flows without a break,
is the noblest of all the streams that empty into Lake St. John. It is
said to be more than three hundred miles long, and at the mouth of the
lake it is perhaps a thousand feet wide, flowing with a deep, still
current through the forest. The dead-water lasted for several miles;
then the river sloped into a rapid, spread through a net of islands, and
broke over a ledge in a cataract. Another quiet stretch was followed by
another fall, and so on, along the whole course of the river.

We passed three of these falls in the first day’s voyage (by portages so
steep and rough that an Adirondack guide would have turned gray at the
sight of them), and camped at night just below the Chûte du Diable,
where we found some ouananiche in the foam. Our tents were on an islet,
and all around we saw the primeval, savage beauty of a world unmarred by
man.

The river leaped, shouting, down its double stairway of granite,
rejoicing like a strong man to run a race. The after-glow in the western
sky deepened from saffron to violet among the tops of the cedars, and
over the cliffs rose the moonlight, paling the heavens but glorifying
the earth. There was something large and generous and untrammelled in
the scene, recalling one of Walt Whitman’s rhapsodies:—

          “_Earth of departed sunsets! Earth of the mountains
              misty-topped!
          Earth of the vitreous pour of the full moon just
              tinged with blue!
          Earth of shine and dark, mottling the tide of the
              river!_”

All the next day we went down with the current. Regiments of black
spruce stood in endless files like grenadiers, each tree capped with a
thick tuft of matted cones and branches. Tall white birches leaned out
over the stream, Narcissus-like, as if to see their own beauty in the
moving mirror. There were touches of colour on the banks, the ragged
pink flowers of the Joe-Pye-weed (which always reminds me of a happy,
good-natured tramp), and the yellow eardrops of the jewel-weed, and the
intense blue of the closed gentian, that strange flower which, like a
reticent heart, never opens to the light. Sometimes the river spread out
like a lake, between high bluffs of sand fully a mile apart; and again
it divided into many channels, winding cunningly down among the islands
as if it were resolved to slip around the next barrier of rock without a
fall. There were eight of these huge natural dams in the course of that
day’s journey. Sometimes we followed one of the side canals, and made
the portage at a distance from the main cataract; and sometimes we ran
with the central current to the very brink of the chûte, darting aside
just in time to escape going over. At the foot of the last fall we made
our camp on a curving beach of sand, and spent the rest of the afternoon
in fishing.

It was interesting to see how closely the guides could guess at the
weight of the fish by looking at them. The ouananiche are much longer in
proportion to their weight than trout, and a novice almost always
overestimates them. But the guides were not deceived. “This one will
weigh four pounds and three-quarters, and this one four pounds, but that
one not more than three pounds; he is meagre, M’sieu’, _but_ he is
meagre.” When we went ashore and tried the spring balance (which every
angler ought to carry with him, as an aid to his conscience), the guides
guess usually proved to be within an ounce or two of the fact. Any one
of the senses can be educated to do the work of the others. The eyes of
these experienced fishermen were as sensitive to weight as if they had
been made to use as scales.

Below the last fall the Peribonca flows for a score of miles with an
unbroken, ever-widening stream, through low shores of forest and bush
and meadow. Near its mouth the Little Peribonca joins it, and the
immense flood, nearly two miles wide, pours into Lake St. John. Here we
saw the first outpost of civilisation—a huge unpainted storehouse, where
supplies are kept for the lumbermen and the new settlers. Here also we
found the tiny, lame steam launch that was to carry us back to the Hotel
Roberval. Our canoes were stowed upon the roof of the cabin, and we
embarked for the last stage of our long journey.

As we came out of the river-mouth, the opposite shore of the lake was
invisible, and a stiff “Nor’wester” was rolling big waves across the
bar. It was like putting out into the open sea. The launch laboured and
puffed along for four or five miles, growing more and more asthmatic
with every breath. Then there was an explosion in the engine-room. Some
necessary part of the intestinal machinery had blown out. There was a
moment of confusion. The captain hurried to drop the anchor, and the
narrow craft lay rolling in the billows.

What to do? The captain shrugged his shoulders like a Frenchman. “Wait
here, I suppose.” But how long? “Who knows? Perhaps till to-morrow;
perhaps the day after. They will send another boat to look for us in the
course of time.”

But the quarters were cramped; the weather looked ugly; if the wind
should rise, the cranky launch would not be a safe cradle for the night.
Damon and I preferred the canoes, for they at least would float if they
were capsized. So we stepped into the frail, buoyant shells of bark once
more, and danced over the big waves toward the shore. We made a camp on
a wind-swept point of sand, and felt like shipwrecked mariners. But it
was a gilt-edged shipwreck. For our larder was still full, and as if to
provide us with the luxuries as well as the necessities of life, Nature
had spread an inexhaustible dessert of the largest and most luscious
blueberries around our tents.

After supper, strolling along the beach, we debated the best way of
escape; whether to send one of our canoes around the eastern shore of
the lake that night, to meet the steamer at the Island House and bring
it to our rescue; or to set out the next morning, and paddle both canoes
around the western end of the lake, thirty miles, to the Hotel Roberval.
While we were talking, we came to a dry old birch-tree, with ragged,
curling bark. “Here is a torch,” cried Damon, “to throw light upon the
situation.” He touched a match to it, and the flames flashed up the tall
trunk until it was transformed into a pillar of fire. But the sudden
illumination burned out, and our counsels were wrapt again in darkness
and uncertainty, when there came a great uproar of steam-whistles from
the lake. They must be signalling for us. What could it mean?

We fired our guns, leaped into a canoe, leaving two of the guides to
break camp, and paddled out swiftly into the night. It seemed an endless
distance before we found the feeble light where the crippled launch was
tossing at anchor. The captain shouted something about a larger
steamboat and a raft of logs, out in the lake, a mile or two beyond.
Presently we saw the lights, and the orange glow of the cabin windows.
Was she coming, or going, or standing still? We paddled on as fast as we
could, shouting and firing off a revolver until we had no more
cartridges. We were resolved not to let that mysterious vessel escape
us, and threw ourselves with energy into the novel excitement of chasing
a steamboat in the dark.

Then the lights began to swing around; the throbbing of paddle-wheels
grew louder and louder; she was evidently coming straight toward us. At
that moment it flashed upon us that, while she had plenty of lights, we
had none! We were lying, invisible, right across her track. The
character of the steamboat chase was reversed. We turned and fled, as
the guides say, _à quatre pattes_, into illimitable space, trying to get
out of the way of our too powerful friend. It makes considerable
difference, in the voyage of life, whether you chase the steamboat, or
the steamboat chases you.

Meantime our other canoe had approached unseen. The steamer passed
safely between the two boats, slackening speed as the pilot caught our
loud halloo! She loomed up above us like a man-of-war, and as we climbed
the ladder to the main-deck we felt that we had indeed gotten out of the
wilderness. My old friend, Captain Savard, made us welcome. He had been
sent out, much to his disgust, to catch a runaway boom of logs and tow
it back to Roberval; it would be an all night affair; but we must take
possession of his stateroom and make ourselves comfortable; he would
certainly bring us to the hotel in time for breakfast. So he went off on
the upper deck, and we heard him stamping about and yelling to his crew
as they struggled to get their unwieldy drove of six thousand logs in
motion.

All night long we assisted at the lumbermen’s difficult enterprise. We
heard the steamer snorting and straining at her clumsy, stubborn convoy.
The hoarse shouts of the crew, disguised in a mongrel dialect which made
them (perhaps fortunately) less intelligible and more forcible, mingled
with our broken dreams.

But it was, in fact, a fitting close of our voyage. For what were we
doing? It was the last stage of the woodman’s labour. It was the
gathering of a wild herd of the houses and churches and ships and
bridges that grow in the forests, and bringing them into the fold of
human service. I wonder how often the inhabitant of the snug Queen Anne
cottage in the suburbs remembers the picturesque toil and varied
hardship that it has cost to hew and drag his walls and floors and
pretty peaked roofs out of the backwoods. It might enlarge his home, and
make his musings by the winter fireside less commonplace, to give a
kindly thought now and then to the long chain of human workers through
whose hands the timber of his house has passed, since it first felt the
stroke of the axe in the snow-bound winter woods, and floated, through
the spring and summer, on far-off lakes and little rivers, _au large_.

1894.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                       TROUT-FISHING IN THE TRAUN


    “_Those who wish to forget painful thoughts do well to absent
    themselves for a time from the ties and objects that recall
    them; but we can be said only to fulfil our destiny in the place
    that gave us birth. I should on this account like well enough to
    spend the whole of my life in travelling abroad, if I could
    anywhere borrow another life to spend afterwards at home._”——

                              WILLIAM HAZLITT: _On Going a Journey_.




                       TROUT-FISHING IN THE TRAUN


The peculiarity of trout-fishing in the Traun is that one catches
principally grayling. But in this it resembles some other pursuits which
are not without their charm for minds open to the pleasures of the
unexpected—for example, reading George Borrow’s _The Bible in Spain_
with a view to theological information, or going to the opening night at
the Academy of Design with the intention of looking at pictures.

Moreover, there are really trout in the Traun, _rari nantes in gurgite_;
and in some places more than in others; and all of high spirit, though
few of great size. Thus the angler has his favourite problem: Given an
unknown stream and two kinds of fish, the one better than the other; to
find the better kind, and determine the hour at which they will rise.
This is sport.

As for the little river itself, it has so many beauties that one does
not think of asking whether it has any faults. Constant fulness, and
crystal clearness, and refreshing coolness of living water, pale green
like the jewel that is called _aqua marina_, flowing over beds of clean
sand and bars of polished gravel, and dropping in momentary foam from
rocky ledges, between banks that are shaded by groves of fir and ash and
poplar, or through dense thickets of alder and willow, or across meadows
of smooth verdure sloping up to quaint old-world villages—all these are
features of the ideal little river.

I have spoken of these personal qualities first, because a truly moral
writer ought to make more of character than of position. A good river in
a bad country would be more worthy of affection than a bad river in a
good country. But the Traun has also the advantages of an excellent
worldly position. For it rises all over the Salzkammergut, the summer
hunting-ground of the Austrian Emperor, and flows through that most
picturesque corner of his domain from end to end. Under the desolate
cliffs of the Todtengebirge on the east, and below the shining
ice-fields of the Dachstein on the south, and from the green alps around
St. Wolfgang on the west, the translucent waters are gathered in little
tarns, and shot through roaring brooks, and spread into lakes of
wondrous beauty, and poured through growing streams, until at last they
are all united just below the summer villa of his Kaiserly and Kingly
Majesty, Francis Joseph, and flow away northward, through the rest of
his game-preserve, into the Traunsee. It is an imperial playground, and
such as I would consent to hunt the chamois in, if an inscrutable
Providence had made me a kingly kaiser, or even a plain king or an
unvarnished kaiser. But, failing this, I was perfectly content to spend
a few idle days in fishing for trout and catching grayling, at such
times and places as the law of the Austrian Empire allowed.

For it must be remembered that every stream in these over-civilised
European countries belongs to somebody, by purchase or rent. And all the
fish in the stream are supposed to belong to the person who owns or
rents it. They do not know their master’s voice, neither will they
follow when he calls. But they are theoretically his. To this legal
fiction the untutored American must conform. He must learn to clothe his
natural desires in the raiment of lawful sanction, and take out some
kind of a license before he follows his impulse to fish.

It was in the town of Aussee, at the junction of the two highest
branches of the Traun, that this impulse came upon me, mildly
irresistible. The full bloom of mid-July gayety in that ancient
watering-place was dampened, but not extinguished, by two days of
persistent and surprising showers. I had exhausted the possibilities of
interest in the old Gothic church, and felt all that a man should feel
in deciphering the mural tombstones of the families who were exiled for
their faith in the days of the Reformation. The throngs of merry Hebrews
from Vienna and Buda-Pesth, amazingly arrayed as mountaineers and
milk-maids, walking up and down the narrow streets under umbrellas, had
Cleopatra’s charm of an infinite variety; but custom staled it. The
woodland paths, winding everywhere through the plantations of fir-trees
and provided with appropriate names on wooden labels, and benches for
rest and conversation at discreet intervals, were too moist for even the
nymphs to take delight in them. The only creatures that suffered nothing
by the rain were the two swift, limpid Trauns, racing through the woods,
like eager and unabashed lovers, to meet in the middle of the village.
They were as clear, as joyous, as musical as if the sun were shining.
The very sight of their opalescent rapids and eddying pools was an
invitation to that gentle sport which is said to have the merit of
growing better as the weather grows worse.

I laid this fact before the landlord of the hotel of the Erzherzog
Johann, as poetically as I could, but he assured me that it was of no
consequence without an invitation from the gentleman to whom the streams
belonged; and he had gone away for a week. The landlord was such a
good-natured person, and such an excellent sleeper, that it was
impossible to believe that he could have even the smallest inaccuracy
upon his conscience. So I bade him farewell, and took my way, four miles
through the woods, to the lake from which one of the streams flowed.

It was called the Gründlsee. As I do not know the origin of the name, I
cannot consistently make any moral or historical reflections upon it.
But if it has never become famous, it ought to be, for the sake of a
cozy and busy little Inn, perched on a green hill beside the lake and
overlooking the whole length of it, from the groups of toy villas at the
foot to the heaps of real mountains at the head. This Inn kept a thin
but happy landlord, who provided me with a blue license to angle, for
the inconsiderable sum of fifteen cents a day. This conferred the right
of fishing not only in the Gründlsee, but also in the smaller tarn of
Toplitz, a mile above it, and in the swift stream which unites them. It
all coincided with my desire as if by magic. A row of a couple of miles
to the head of the lake, and a walk through the forest, brought me to
the smaller pond; and as the afternoon sun was ploughing pale furrows
through the showers, I waded out on a point of reeds and cast the artful
fly in the shadow of the great cliffs of the Dead Mountains.

It was a fit scene for a lone fisherman. But four sociable tourists
promptly appeared to act as spectators and critics. Fly-fishing usually
strikes the German mind as an eccentricity which calls for remonstrance.
After one of the tourists had suggestively narrated the tale of seven
trout which he had caught in another lake, _with worms_, on the previous
Sunday, they went away for a row, (with salutations in which politeness
but thinly veiled their pity,) and left me still whipping the water in
vain. Nor was the fortune of the day much better in the stream below. It
was a long and wet wade for three fish too small to keep. I came out on
the shore of the lake, where I had left the row-boat, with an empty bag
and a feeling of damp discouragement.

There was still an hour or so of daylight, and a beautiful place to fish
where the stream poured swirling out into the lake. A rise, and a large
one, though rather slow, awakened my hopes. Another rise, evidently made
by a heavy fish, made me certain that virtue was about to be rewarded.
The third time the hook went home. I felt the solid weight of the fish
against the spring of the rod, and that curious thrill which runs up the
line and down the arm, changing, somehow or other, into a pleasurable
sensation of excitement as it reaches the brain. But it was only for a
moment; and then came that foolish, feeble shaking of the line from side
to side which tells the angler that he has hooked a great, big,
leather-mouthed chub—a fish which Izaak Walton says “the French esteem
so mean as to call him Un Vilain.” Was it for this that I had come to
the country of Francis Joseph?

I took off the flies and put on one of those phantom minnows which have
immortalised the name of a certain Mr. Brown. The minnow swung on a long
line as the boat passed back and forth across the current, once, twice,
three times—and on the fourth circle there was a sharp strike. The rod
bent almost double, and the reel sang shrilly to the first rush of the
fish. He ran; he doubled; he went to the bottom and sulked; he tried to
go under the boat; he did all that a game fish can do, except leaping.
After twenty minutes he was tired enough to be lifted gently into the
boat by a hand slipped around his gills, and there he was, a
_lachs-forelle_ of three pounds’ weight: small pointed head; silver
sides mottled with dark spots; square, powerful tail and large fins—a
fish not unlike the land-locked salmon of the Saguenay, but more
delicate.

Half an hour later he was lying on the grass in front of the Inn. The
waiters paused, with their hands full of dishes, to look at him; and the
landlord called his guests, including my didactic tourists, to observe
the superiority of the trout of the Gründlsee. The maids also came to
look; and the buxom cook, with her spotless apron and bare arms akimbo,
was drawn from her kitchen, and pledged her culinary honour that such a
_pracht-kerl_ should be served up in her very best style. The angler who
is insensible to this sort of indirect flattery through his fish does
not exist. Even the most indifferent of men thinks more favourably of
people who know a good trout when they see it, and sits down to his
supper with kindly feelings. Possibly he reflects, also, upon the
incident as a hint of the usual size of the fish in that neighbourhood.
He remembers that he may have been favoured in this case beyond his
deserts by good-fortune, and resolving not to put too heavy a strain
upon it, considers the next place where it would be well for him to
angle.

Hallstatt is about ten miles below Aussee. The Traun here expands into a
lake, very dark and deep, shut in by steep and lofty mountains. The
railway runs along the eastern shore. On the other side, a mile away,
you see the old town, its white houses clinging to the cliff like
lichens to the face of a rock. The guide-book calls it “a highly
original situation.” But this is one of the cases where a little less
originality and a little more reasonableness might be desired, at least
by the permanent inhabitants. A ledge under the shadow of a precipice
makes a trying winter residence. The people of Hallstatt are not a
blooming race: one sees many dwarfs and cripples among them. But to the
summer traveller the place seems wonderfully picturesque. Most of the
streets are flights of steps. The high-road has barely room to edge
itself through among the old houses, between the window-gardens of
bright flowers. On the hottest July day the afternoon is cool and shady.
The gay, little skiffs and long, open gondolas are flitting continually
along the lake, which is the main street of Hallstatt.

The incongruous, but comfortable, modern hotel has a huge glass veranda,
where you can eat your dinner and observe human nature in its
transparent holiday disguises. I was much pleased and entertained by a
family, or confederacy, of people attired as peasants—the men with
feathered hats, green stockings, and bare knees—the women with bright
skirts, bodices, and silk neckerchiefs—who were always in evidence,
rowing gondolas with clumsy oars, meeting the steamboat at the wharf
several times a day, and filling the miniature garden of the hotel with
rustic greetings and early Salzkammergut attitudes. After much
conjecture, I learned that they were the family and friends of a
newspaper editor from Vienna. They had the literary instinct for local
colour.

The fishing at Hallstatt is at Obertraun. There is a level stretch of
land above the lake, where the river flows peaceably, and the fish have
leisure to feed and grow. It is leased to a peasant, who makes a
business of supplying the hotels with fish. He was quite willing to give
permission to an angler; and I engaged one of his sons, a capital young
fellow, whose natural capacities for good fellowship were only hampered
by a most extraordinary German dialect, to row me across the lake, and
carry the net and a small green barrel full of water to keep the fish
alive, according to the custom of the country. The first day we had only
four trout large enough to put into the barrel; the next day I think
there were six; the third day, I remember very well, there were ten.
They were pretty creatures, weighing from half a pound to a pound each,
and coloured as daintily as bits of French silk, in silver gray with
faint pink spots.

There was plenty to do at Hallstatt in the mornings. An hour’s walk from
the town there was a fine waterfall, three hundred feet high. On the
side of the mountain above the lake was one of the salt-mines for which
the region is celebrated. It has been worked for ages by many successive
races, from the Celt downward. Perhaps even the men of the Stone Age
knew of it, and came hither for seasoning to make the flesh of the
cave-bear and the mammoth more palatable. Modern pilgrims are permitted
to explore the long, wet, glittering galleries with a guide, and slide
down the smooth wooden rollers which join the different levels of the
mines. This pastime has the same fascination as sliding down the
balusters; and it is said that even queens and princesses have been
delighted with it. This is a touching proof of the fundamental
simplicity and unity of our human nature.

But by far the best excursion from Hallstatt was an all-day trip to the
Zwieselalp—a mountain which seems to have been especially created as a
point of view. From the bare summit you look right into the face of the
huge, snowy Dachstein, with the wild lake of Gosau gleaming at its foot;
and far away on the other side your vision ranges over a confusion of
mountains, with all the white peaks of the Tyrol stretched along the
horizon. Such a wide outlook as this helps the fisherman to enjoy the
narrow beauties of his little rivers. No sport is at its best without
interruption and contrast. To appreciate wading, one ought to climb a
little on odd days.

Ischl is about ten or twelve miles below Hallstatt, in the valley of the
Traun. It is the fashionable summer-resort of Austria. I found it in the
high tide of amusement. The shady esplanade along the river was crowded
with brave women and fair men, in gorgeous raiment; the hotels were
overflowing; and there were various kinds of music and entertainments at
all hours of day and night. But all this did not seem to affect the
fishing.

The landlord of the Königin Elizabeth, who is also the Burgomaster and a
gentleman of varied accomplishments and no leisure, kindly furnished me
with a fishing license in the shape of a large pink card. There were
many rules printed upon it: “All fishes under nine inches must be gently
restored to the water. No instrument of capture must be used except the
angle in the hand. The card of legitimation must be produced and
exhibited at the polite request of any of the keepers of the river.”
Thus duly authorised and instructed, I sallied forth to seek my pastime
according to the law.

The easiest way, in theory, was to take the afternoon train up the river
to one of the villages, and fish down a mile or two in the evening,
returning by the eight o’clock train. But in practice the habits of the
fish interfered seriously with the latter part of this plan.

On my first day I had spent several hours in the vain effort to catch
something better than small grayling. The best time for the trout was
just approaching, as the broad light faded from the stream; already they
were beginning to feed, when I looked up from the edge of a pool and saw
the train rattling down the valley below me. Under the circumstances the
only thing to do was to go on fishing. It was an even pool with steep
banks, and the water ran through it very straight and swift, some four
feet deep and thirty yards across. As the tail-fly reached the middle of
the water, a fine trout literally turned a somersault over it, but
without touching it. At the next cast he was ready, taking it with a
rush that carried him into the air with the fly in his mouth. He weighed
three-quarters of a pound. The next one was equally eager in rising and
sharp in playing, and the third might have been his twin sister or
brother. So, after casting for hours and taking nothing in the most
beautiful pools, I landed three trout from one unlikely place in fifteen
minutes. That was because the trout’s supper-time had arrived. So had
mine. I walked over to the rambling old inn at Goisern, sought the cook
in the kitchen, and persuaded her, in spite of the lateness of the hour,
to boil the largest of the fish for my supper, after which I rode
peacefully back to Ischl by the eleven o’clock train.

For the future I resolved to give up the illusory idea of coming home by
rail, and ordered a little one-horse carriage to meet me at some point
on the high-road every evening at nine o’clock. In this way I managed to
cover the whole stream, taking a lower part each day, from the lake of
Hallstatt down to Ischl.

There was one part of the river, near Laufen, where the current was very
strong and waterfally, broken by ledges of rock. Below these it rested
in long, smooth reaches, much beloved by the grayling. There was no
difficulty in getting two or three of them out of each run.

The grayling has a quaint beauty. His appearance is æsthetic, like a
fish in a pre-Raphaelite picture. His colour, in midsummer, is a golden
gray, darker on the back, and with a few black spots just behind his
gills, like patches put on to bring out the pallor of his complexion. He
smells of wild thyme when he first comes out of the water, wherefore St.
Ambrose of Milan complimented him in courtly fashion: “_Quid specie tua
gratius? Quid odore fragrantius? Quod mella fragrant, hoc tuo corpore
spiras._” But the chief glory of the grayling is the large iridescent
fin on his back. You see it cutting the water as he swims near the
surface; and when you have him on the bank it arches over him like a
rainbow. His mouth is under his chin, and he takes the fly gently, by
suction. He is, in fact, and to speak plainly, something of a sucker;
but then he is a sucker idealised and refined, the flower of the family.
Charles Cotton, the ingenious young friend of Walton, was all wrong in
calling the grayling “one of the deadest-hearted fishes in the world.”
He fights and leaps and whirls, and brings his big fin to bear across
the force of the current with a variety of tactics that would put his
more aristocratic fellow-citizen, the trout, to the blush. Twelve of
these pretty fellows, with a brace of good trout for the top, filled my
big creel to the brim. And yet, such is the inborn hypocrisy of the
human heart that I always pretended to myself to be disappointed because
there were not more trout, and made light of the grayling as a thing of
naught.

The pink fishing license did not seem to be of much use. Its exhibition
was demanded only twice. Once a river guardian, who was walking down the
stream with a Belgian Baron and encouraging him to continue fishing,
climbed out to me on the end of a long embankment, and with proper
apologies begged to be favoured with a view of my document. It turned
out that his request was a favour to me, for it discovered the fact that
I had left my fly-book, with the pink card in it, beside an old mill, a
quarter of a mile up the stream.

Another time I was sitting beside the road, trying to get out of a very
long, wet, awkward pair of wading-stockings, an occupation which is
unfavourable to tranquillity of mind, when a man came up to me in the
dusk and accosted me with an absence of politeness which in German
amounted to an insult.

“Have you been fishing?”

“Why do you want to know?”

“Have you any right to fish?”

“What right have you to ask?”

“I am a keeper of the river. Where is your card?”

“It is in my pocket. But pardon my curiosity, where is _your_ card?”

This question appeared to paralyse him. He had probably never been asked
for his card before. He went lumbering off in the darkness, muttering
“My card? Unheard of! _My_ card!”

The routine of angling at Ischl was varied by an excursion to the Lake
of St. Wolfgang and the Schafberg, an isolated mountain on whose rocky
horn an inn has been built. It stands up almost like a bird-house on a
pole, and commands a superb prospect; northward, across the rolling
plain and the Bavarian forest; southward, over a tumultuous land of
peaks and precipices. There are many lovely lakes in sight; but the
loveliest of all is that which takes its name from the old saint who
wandered hither from the country of the “furious Franks” and built his
peaceful hermitage on the Falkenstein. What good taste some of those old
saints had!

There is a venerable church in the village, with pictures attributed to
Michael Wohlgemuth, and a chapel which is said to mark the spot where
St. Wolfgang, who had lost his axe far up the mountain, found it, like
Longfellow’s arrow, in an oak, and “still unbroke.” The tree is gone, so
it was impossible to verify the story. But the saint’s well is there, in
a pavilion; with a bronze image over it, and a profitable inscription to
the effect that the poorer pilgrims, “who have come unprovided with
either money or wine, should be jolly well contented to find the water
so fine.” There is also a famous echo farther up the lake, which repeats
six syllables with accuracy. It is a strange coincidence that there are
just six syllables in the name of “der heilige Wolfgang.” But when you
translate it into English, the inspiration of the echo seems to be less
exact. The sweetest thing about St. Wolfgang was the abundance of purple
cyclamens, clothing the mountain meadows, and filling the air with
delicate fragrance like the smell of lilacs around a New England
farmhouse in early June.

There was still one stretch of the river above Ischl left for the last
evening’s sport. I remember it so well: the long, deep place where the
water ran beside an embankment of stone, and the big grayling poised on
the edge of the shadow, rising and falling on the current as a kite
rises and falls on the wind and balances back to the same position; the
murmur of the stream and the hissing of the pebbles underfoot in the
rapids as the swift water rolled them over and over; the odour of the
fir-trees, and the streaks of warm air in quiet places, and the faint
whiffs of wood-smoke wafted from the houses, and the brown flies dancing
heavily up and down in the twilight; the last good pool, where the river
was divided, the main part making a deep, narrow curve to the right, and
the lesser part bubbling into it over a bed of stones with half-a-dozen
tiny waterfalls, with a fine trout lying at the foot of each of them and
rising merrily as the white fly passed over him—surely it was all very
good, and a memory to be grateful for. And when the basket was full, it
was pleasant to put off the heavy wading-shoes and the long
rubber-stockings, and ride homeward in an open carriage through the
fresh night air. That is as near to sybaritic luxury as a man should
care to come.

The lights in the cottages are twinkling like fire-flies, and there are
small groups of people singing and laughing down the road. The honest
fisherman reflects that this world is only a place of pilgrimage, but
after all there is a good deal of cheer on the journey, if it is made
with a contented heart. He wonders who the dwellers in the scattered
houses may be, and weaves romances out of the shadows on the curtained
windows. The lamps burning in the wayside shrines tell him stories of
human love and patience and hope, and of divine forgiveness.
Dream-pictures of life float before him, tender and luminous, filled
with a vague, soft atmosphere in which the simplest outlines gain a
strange significance. They are like some of Millet’s paintings—“The
Sower,” or “The Sheepfold,”—there is very little detail in them; but
sometimes a little means so much.

[Illustration: The moon slips up into the sky from behind the Eastern
hills.]

Then the moon slips up into the sky from behind the eastern hills, and
the fisherman begins to think of home, and of the foolish, fond old
rhymes about those whom the moon sees far away, and the stars that have
the power to fulfil wishes—as if the celestial bodies knew or cared
anything about our small nerve-thrills which we call affection and
desires! But if there were Some One above the moon and stars who did
know and care, Some One who could see the places and the people that you
and I would give so much to see, Some One who could do for them all of
kindness that you and I fain would do, Some One able to keep our beloved
in perfect peace and watch over the little children sleeping in their
beds beyond the sea—what then? Why, then, in the evening hour, one might
have thoughts of home that would go across the ocean by way of heaven,
and be better than dreams, almost as good as prayers.

1892.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                    AT THE SIGN OF THE BALSAM BOUGH

               “_Come live with me, and be my love,
               And we will all the pleasures prove
               That valleys, groves, or hills, or field,
               Or woods and steepy mountains yield._

               “_There we will rest our sleepy heads,
               And happy hearts, on balsam beds;
               And every day go forth to fish
               In foamy streams for ouananiche._”
                           _Old Song with a New Ending._




                    AT THE SIGN OF THE BALSAM BOUGH


It has been asserted, on high philosophical authority, that woman is a
problem. She is more; she is a cause of problems to others. This is not
a theoretical statement. It is a fact of experience.

Every year, when the sun passes the summer solstice, the

                “_Two souls with but a single thought_,”

of whom I am so fortunate as to be one, are summoned by that portion of
our united mind which has at once the right of putting the question and
of casting the deciding vote, to answer this conundrum: How can we go
abroad without crossing the ocean, and abandon an interesting family of
children without getting completely beyond their reach, and escape from
the frying-pan of housekeeping without falling into the fire of the
summer hotel? This apparently insoluble problem we usually solve by
going to camp in Canada.

It is indeed a foreign air that breathes around us as we make the
harmless, friendly voyage from Point Levis to Quebec. The boy on the
ferry-boat, who cajoles us into buying a copy of _Le Moniteur_
containing last month’s news, has the address of a true though
diminutive Frenchman. The landlord of the quiet little inn on the
outskirts of the town welcomes us with Gallic effusion as well-known
guests, and rubs his hands genially before us, while he escorts us to
our apartments, groping secretly in his memory to recall our names. When
we walk down the steep, quaint streets to revel in the purchase of
moccasins and water-proof coats and camping supplies, we read on a wall
the familiar but transformed legend, _L’enfant pleurs, il veut son
Camphoria_, and remember with joy that no infant who weeps in French can
impose any responsibility upon us in these days of our renewed
honeymoon.

But the true delight of the expedition begins when the tents have been
set up, in the forest back of Lake St. John, and the green branches have
been broken for the woodland bed, and the fire has been lit under the
open sky, and, the livery of fashion being all discarded, I sit down at
a log table to eat supper with my lady Greygown. Then life seems simple
and amiable and well worth living. Then the uproar and confusion of the
world die away from us, and we hear only the steady murmur of the river
and the low voice of the wind in the tree-tops. Then time is long, and
the only art that is needful for its enjoyment is short and easy. Then
we taste true comfort, while we lodge with Mother Green at the Sign of
the Balsam Bough.


                                   I.

                        UNDER THE WHITE BIRCHES.

Men may say what they will in praise of their houses, and grow eloquent
upon the merits of various styles of architecture, but, for our part, we
are agreed that there is nothing to be compared with a tent. It is the
most venerable and aristocratic form of human habitation. Abraham and
Sarah lived in it, and shared its hospitality with angels. It is exempt
from the base tyranny of the plumber, the paper-hanger, and the gas-man.
It is not immovably bound to one dull spot of earth by the chains of a
cellar and a system of water-pipes. It has a noble freedom of
locomotion. It follows the wishes of its inhabitants, and goes with
them, a travelling home, as the spirit moves them to explore the
wilderness. At their pleasure, new beds of wild flowers surround it, new
plantations of trees overshadow it, and new avenues of shining water
lead to its ever-open door. What the tent lacks in luxury it makes up in
liberty: or rather let us say that liberty itself is the greatest
luxury.

Another thing is worth remembering—a family which lives in a tent never
can have a skeleton in the closet.

But it must not be supposed that every spot in the woods is suitable for
a camp, or that a good tenting-ground can be chosen without knowledge
and forethought. One of the requisites, indeed, is to be found
everywhere in the St. John region; for all the lakes and rivers are full
of clear, cool water, and the traveller does not need to search for a
spring. But it is always necessary to look carefully for a bit of smooth
ground on the shore, far enough above the water to be dry, and slightly
sloping, so that the head of the bed may be higher than the foot. Above
all, it must be free from big stones and serpentine roots of trees. A
root that looks no bigger than an inch-worm in the daytime assumes the
proportions of a boa-constrictor at midnight—when you find it under your
hip-bone. There should also be plenty of evergreens near at hand for the
beds. Spruce will answer at a pinch; it has an aromatic smell; but it is
too stiff and humpy. Hemlock is smoother and more flexible; but the
spring soon wears out of it. The balsam-fir, with its elastic branches
and thick flat needles, is the best of all. A bed of these boughs a foot
deep is softer than a mattress and as fragrant as a thousand
Christmas-trees. Two things more are needed for the ideal camp-ground—an
open situation, where the breeze will drive away the flies and
mosquitoes, and an abundance of dry firewood within easy reach. Yes, and
a third thing must not be forgotten; for, says my lady Greygown:

“I shouldn’t feel at home in camp unless I could sit in the door of the
tent and look out across flowing water.”

All these conditions are met in our favourite camping place below the
first fall in the Grande Décharge. A rocky point juts out into the river
and makes a fine landing for the canoes. There is a dismantled
fishing-cabin a few rods back in the woods, from which we can borrow
boards for a table and chairs. A group of cedars on the lower edge of
the point opens just wide enough to receive and shelter our tent. At a
good distance beyond ours, the guides’ tent is pitched; and the big
camp-fire burns between the two dwellings. A pair of white-birches lift
their leafy crowns far above us, and after them we name the place _Le
Camp aux Bouleaux_.

“Why not call trees people?—since, if you come to live among them year
after year, you will learn to know many of them personally, and an
attachment will grow up between you and them individually.” So writes
that _Doctor Amabilis_ of woodcraft, W. C. Prime, in his book, _Among
the Northern Hills_, and straightway launches forth into eulogy on the
white-birch. And truly it is an admirable, lovable, and comfortable
tree, beautiful to look upon and full of various uses. Its wood is
strong to make paddles and axe handles, and glorious to burn, blazing up
at first with a flashing flame, and then holding the fire in its glowing
heart all through the night. Its bark is the most serviceable of all the
products of the wilderness. In Russia, they say, it is used in tanning,
and gives its subtle, sacerdotal fragrance to Russia leather. But here,
in the woods, it serves more primitive ends. It can be peeled off in a
huge roll from some giant tree and fashioned into a swift canoe to carry
man over the waters. It can be cut into square sheets to roof his shanty
in the forest. It is the paper on which he writes his woodland
despatches, and the flexible material which he bends into drinking-cups
of silver lined with gold. A thin strip of it wrapped around the end of
a candle and fastened in a cleft stick makes a practicable chandelier. A
basket for berries, a horn to call the lovelorn moose through the
autumnal woods, a canvas on which to draw the outline of great and
memorable fish—all these and many other indispensable luxuries are
stored up for the skilful woodsman in the birch bark.

Only do not rob or mar the tree, unless you really need what it has to
give you. Let it stand and grow in virgin majesty, ungirdled and
unscarred, while the trunk becomes a firm pillar of the forest temple,
and the branches spread abroad a refuge of bright green leaves for the
birds of the air. Nature never made a more excellent piece of handiwork.
“And if,” said my lady Greygown, “I should ever become a dryad, I would
choose to be transformed into a white-birch. And then, when the days of
my life were numbered, and the sap had ceased to flow, and the last leaf
had fallen, and the dry bark hung around me in ragged curls and
streamers, some wandering hunter would come in the wintry night and
touch a lighted coal to my body, and my spirit would flash up in a fiery
chariot into the sky.”

[Illustration: If I should ever become a dryad I should choose to be
transformed into a white birch.]

The chief occupation of our idle days on the Grande Décharge was
fishing. Above the camp spread a noble pool, more than two miles in
circumference, and diversified with smooth bays and whirling eddies,
sand beaches and rocky islands. The river poured into it at the head,
foaming and raging down a long _chûte_, and swept out of it just in
front of our camp in a merry, musical rapid. It was full of fish of
various kinds—long-nosed pickerel, wall-eyed pike, and stupid chub. But
the prince of the pool was the fighting ouananiche, the little salmon of
St. John.

Here let me chant thy praise, thou noblest and most high-minded fish,
the cleanest feeder, the merriest liver, the loftiest leaper, and the
bravest warrior of all creatures that swim! Thy cousin, the trout, in
his purple and gold with crimson spots, wears a more splendid armour
than thy russet and silver mottled with black, but thine is the kinglier
nature. His courage and skill compared with thine

      “_Are as moonlight unto sunlight, and as water unto wine._”

The old salmon of the sea who begot thee, long ago, in these inland
waters, became a backslider, descending again to the ocean, and grew
gross and heavy with coarse feeding. But thou, unsalted salmon of the
foaming floods, not land-locked, as men call thee, but choosing of thine
own free-will to dwell on a loftier level, in the pure, swift current of
a living stream, hast grown in grace and risen to a higher life. Thou
art not to be measured by quantity, but by quality, and thy five pounds
of pure vigour will outweigh a score of pounds of flesh less vitalised
by spirit. Thou feedest on the flies of the air, and thy food is
transformed into an aerial passion for flight, as thou springest across
the pool, vaulting toward the sky. Thine eyes have grown large and keen
by peering through the foam, and the feathered hook that can deceive
thee must be deftly tied and delicately cast. Thy tail and fins, by
ceaseless conflict with the rapids, have broadened and strengthened, so
that they can flash thy slender body like a living arrow up the fall. As
Lancelot among the knights, so art thou among the fish, the
plain-armoured hero, the sunburnt champion of all the water-folk.

Every morning and evening, Greygown and I would go out for ouananiche,
and sometimes we caught plenty and sometimes few, but we never came back
without a good catch of happiness. There were certain places where the
fish liked to stay. For example, we always looked for one at the lower
corner of a big rock, very close to it, where he could poise himself
easily on the edge of the strong downward stream. Another likely place
was a straight run of water, swift, but not too swift, with a sunken
stone in the middle. The ouananiche does not like crooked, twisting
water. An even current is far more comfortable, for then he discovers
just how much effort is needed to balance against it, and keeps up the
movement mechanically, as if he were half asleep. But his favourite
place is under one of the floating islands of thick foam that gather in
the corners below the falls. The matted flakes give a grateful shelter
from the sun, I fancy, and almost all game-fish love to lie in the
shade; but the chief reason why the ouananiche haunt the drifting white
mass is because it is full of flies and gnats, beaten down by the spray
of the cataract, and sprinkled all through the foam like plums in a
cake. To this natural confection the little salmon, lurking in his
corner, plays the part of Jack Horner all day long, and never wearies.

“See that _belle brou_ down below there!” said Ferdinand, as we
scrambled over the huge rocks at the foot of the falls; “there ought to
be salmon there _en masse_.” Yes, there were the sharp noses picking out
the unfortunate insects, and the broad tails waving lazily through the
foam as the fish turned in the water. At this season of the year, when
summer is nearly ended, and every ouananiche in the Grande Décharge has
tasted feathers and seen a hook, it is useless to attempt to delude them
with the large gaudy flies which the fishing-tackle-maker recommends.
There are only two successful methods of angling now. The first of these
I tried, and by casting delicately with a tiny brown trout-fly tied on a
gossamer strand of gut, captured a pair of fish weighing about three
pounds each. They fought against the spring of the four-ounce rod for
nearly half an hour before Ferdinand could slip the net around them. But
there was another and a broader tail still waving disdainfully on the
outer edge of the foam. “And now,” said the gallant Ferdinand, “the turn
is to madame, that she should prove her fortune—attend but a moment,
madame, while I seek the _sauterelle_.”

This was the second method: the grasshopper was attached to the hook,
and casting the line well out across the pool, Ferdinand put the rod
into Greygown’s hands. She stood poised upon a pinnacle of rock, like
patience on a monument, waiting for a bite. It came. There was a slow,
gentle pull at the line, answered by a quick jerk of the rod, and a
noble fish flashed into the air. Four pounds and a half at least! He
leaped again and again, shaking the drops from his silvery sides. He
rushed up the rapids as if he had determined to return to the lake,
and down again as if he had changed his plans and determined to go to
the Saguenay. He sulked in the deep water and rubbed his nose against
the rocks. He did his best to treat that treacherous grasshopper as
the whale served Jonah. But Greygown, through all her little screams
and shouts of excitement, was steady and sage. She never gave the fish
an inch of slack line; and at last he lay glittering on the rocks,
with the black St. Andrew’s crosses clearly marked on his plump sides,
and the iridescent spots gleaming on his small, shapely head. “_Une
belle!_” cried Ferdinand, as he held up the fish in triumph, “and it
is madame who has the good fortune. She understands well to take the
large fish—is it not?” Greygown stepped demurely down from her
pinnacle, and as we drifted down the pool in the canoe, under the
mellow evening sky, her conversation betrayed not a trace of the pride
that a victorious fisherman would have shown. On the contrary, she
insisted that angling was an affair of chance—which was consoling,
though I knew it was not altogether true—and that the smaller fish
were just as pleasant to catch and better to eat, after all. For a
generous rival, commend me to a woman. And if I must compete, let it
be with one who has the grace to dissolve the bitter of defeat in the
honey of a mutual self-congratulation.

We had a garden, and our favourite path through it was the portage
leading around the falls. We travelled it very frequently, making an
excuse of idle errands to the steamboat-landing on the lake, and
sauntering along the trail as if school were out and would never keep
again. It was the season of fruits rather than of flowers. Nature was
reducing the decorations of her table to make room for the banquet. She
offered us berries instead of blossoms.

There were the light coral clusters of the dwarf cornel set in whorls of
pointed leaves; and the deep blue bells of the _Clintonia borealis_
(which the White Mountain people call the bear-berry, and I hope the
name will stick, for it smacks of the woods, and it is a shame to leave
so free and wild a plant under the burden of a Latin name); and the
gray, crimson-veined berries for which the Canada Mayflower had
exchanged its feathery white bloom; and the ruby drops of the twisted
stalk hanging like jewels along its bending stem. On the three-leaved
table which once carried the gay flower of the wake-robin, there was a
scarlet lump like a red pepper escaped to the forest and run wild. The
partridge-vine was full of rosy provision for the birds. The dark tiny
leaves of the creeping snow-berry were all sprinkled over with delicate
drops of spicy foam. There were a few belated raspberries, and, if we
chose to go out into the burnt ground, we could find blueberries in
plenty.

But there was still bloom enough to give that festal air without which
the most abundant feast seems coarse and vulgar. The pale gold of the
loosestrife had faded, but the deeper yellow of the goldenrod had begun
to take its place. The blue banners of the fleur-de-lis had vanished
from beside the springs, but the purple of the asters was appearing.
Closed gentians kept their secret inviolate, and bluebells trembled
above the rocks. The quaint pinkish-white flowers of the turtle-head
showed in wet places, and instead of the lilac racemes of the
purple-fringed orchis, which had disappeared with midsummer, we found
now the slender braided spikes of the lady’s-tresses, latest and
lowliest of the orchids, pale and pure as nuns of the forest, and
exhaling a celestial fragrance. There is a secret pleasure in finding
these delicate flowers in the rough heart of the wilderness. It is like
discovering the veins of poetry in the character of a guide or a
lumberman. And to be able to call the plants by name makes them a
hundredfold more sweet and intimate. Naming things is one of the oldest
and simplest of human pastimes. Children play at it with their dolls and
toy animals. In fact, it was the first game ever played on earth, for
the Creator who planted the garden eastward in Eden knew well what would
please the childish heart of man, when He brought all the new-made
creatures to Adam, “to see what he would call them.”

Our rustic bouquet graced the table under the white-birches, while we
sat by the fire and watched our four men at the work of the camp—Joseph
and Raoul chopping wood in the distance; François slicing juicy rashers
from the flitch of bacon; and Ferdinand, the _chef_, heating the
frying-pan in preparation for supper.

“Have you ever thought,” said Greygown, in a contented tone of voice,
“that this is the only period of our existence when we attain to the
luxury of a French cook?”

“And one with the grand manner, too,” I replied, “for he never fails to
ask what it is that madame desires to eat to-day, as if the larder of
Lucullus were at his disposal, though he knows well enough that the only
choice lies between broiled fish and fried fish, or bacon with eggs and
a rice omelet. But I like the fiction of a lordly ordering of the
repast. How much better it is than having to eat what is flung before
you at a summer boarding-house by a scornful waitress!”

“Another thing that pleases me,” continued my lady, “is the
unbreakableness of the dishes. There are no nicks in the edges of the
best plates here; and, oh! it is a happy thing to have a home without
bric-à-brac. There is nothing here that needs to be dusted.”

“And no engagements for to-morrow,” I ejaculated. “Dishes that can’t be
broken, and plans that can—that’s the ideal of housekeeping.”

“And then,” added my philosopher in skirts, “it is certainly refreshing
to get away from all one’s relations for a little while.”

“But how do you make that out?” I asked, in mild surprise. “What are you
going to do with me?”

“Oh,” said she, with a fine air of independence, “I don’t count you. You
are not a relation, only a connection by marriage.”

“Well, my dear,” I answered, between the meditative puffs of my pipe,
“it is good to consider the advantages of our present situation. We
shall soon come into the frame of mind of the Sultan of Morocco when he
camped in the Vale of Rabat. The place pleased him so well that he staid
until the very pegs of his tent took root and grew up into a grove of
trees around his pavilion.”


                                  II.

                               KENOGAMI.

The guides were a little restless under the idle régime of our lazy
camp, and urged us to set out upon some adventure. Ferdinand was like
the uncouth swain in Lycidas. Sitting upon the bundles of camp equipage
on the shore, and crying,—

             “_To-morrow to fresh woods and pastures new_,”

he led us forth to seek the famous fishing grounds on Lake Kenogami.

We skirted the eastern end of Lake St. John in our two canoes, and
pushed up La Belle Rivière to Hebertville, where all the children turned
out to follow our procession through the village. It was like the train
that tagged after the Pied Piper of Hamelin. We embarked again,
surrounded by an admiring throng, at the bridge where the main street
crossed a little stream, and paddled up it, through a score of back
yards and a stretch of reedy meadows, where the wild and tame ducks fed
together, tempting the sportsman to sins of ignorance. We crossed the
placid Lac Vert, and after a carry of a mile along the high-road toward
Chicoutimi, turned down a steep hill and pitched our tents on a crescent
of silver sand, with the long, fair water of Kenogami before us.

It is amazing to see how quickly these woods-men can make a camp. Each
one knew precisely his share of the enterprise. One sprang to chop a dry
spruce log into fuel for a quick fire, and fell a harder tree to keep us
warm through the night. Another stripped a pile of boughs from a balsam
for the beds. Another cut the tent-poles from a neighbouring thicket.
Another unrolled the bundles and made ready the cooking utensils. As if
by magic, the miracle of the camp was accomplished.—

                 “_The bed was made, the room was fit,
                 By punctual eve the stars were lit_”—

but Greygown always insists upon completing that quotation from
Stevenson in her own voice; for this is the way it ends,—

                    “_When we put up, my ass and I,
                     At God’s green caravanserai._”

Our permanent camp was another day’s voyage down the lake, on a beach
opposite the Point Ausable. There the water was contracted to a narrow
strait, and in the swift current, close to the point, the great trout
had fixed their spawning-bed from time immemorial. It was the first week
in September, and the magnates of the lake were already assembling—the
Common Councilmen and the Mayor and the whole Committee of Seventy.
There were giants in that place, rolling lazily about, and chasing each
other on the surface of the water. “Look, M’sieu’!” cried François, in
excitement, as we lay at anchor in the gray morning twilight; “one like
a horse has just leaped behind us; I assure you, big like a horse!”

But the fish were shy and dour. Old Castonnier, the guardian of the
lake, lived in his hut on the shore, and flogged the water, early and
late, every day with his home-made flies. He was anchored in his dugout
close beside us, and grinned with delight as he saw his over-educated
trout refuse my best casts. “They are here, M’sieu’, for you can see
them,” he said, by way of discouragement, “but it is difficult to take
them. Do you not find it so?”

In the back of my fly-book I discovered a tiny phantom minnow—a dainty
affair of varnished silk, as light as a feather—and quietly attached it
to the leader in place of the tail-fly. Then the fun began.

One after another the big fish dashed at that deception, and we played
and netted them, until our score was thirteen, weighing altogether
thirty-five pounds, and the largest five pounds and a half. The guardian
was mystified and disgusted. He looked on for a while in silence, and
then pulled up anchor and clattered ashore. He must have made some
inquiries and reflections during the day, for that night he paid a visit
to our camp. After telling bear stories and fish stories for an hour or
two by the fire, he rose to depart, and tapping his fore-finger solemnly
upon my shoulder, delivered himself as follows:—

“You can say a proud thing when you go home, M’sieu’—that you have
beaten the old Castonnier. There are not many fishermen who can say
that. But,” he added, with confidential emphasis, “_c’était votre sacré
p’tit poisson qui a fait cela_.”

That was a touch of human nature, my rusty old guardian, more welcome to
me than all the morning’s catch. Is there not always a “confounded
little minnow” responsible for our failures? Did you ever see a
school-boy tumble on the ice without stooping immediately to re-buckle
the strap of his skates? And would not Ignotus have painted a
masterpiece if he could have found good brushes and a proper canvas?
Life’s shortcomings would be bitter indeed if we could not find excuses
for them outside of ourselves. And as for life’s successes—well, it is
certainly wholesome to remember how many of them are due to a fortunate
position and the proper tools.

Our tent was on the border of a coppice of young trees. It was pleasant
to be awakened by a convocation of birds at sunrise, and to watch the
shadows of the leaves dance out upon our translucent roof of canvas.

All the birds in the bush are early, but there are so many of them
that it is difficult to believe that every one can be rewarded with a
worm. Here in Canada those little people of the air who appear as
transient guests of spring and autumn in the Middle States, are in
their summer home and breeding-place. Warblers, named for the magnolia
and the myrtle, chestnut-sided, bay-breasted, blue-backed, and
black-throated, flutter and creep along the branches with simple
lisping music. Kinglets, ruby-crowned and golden-crowned, tiny,
brilliant sparks of life, twitter among the trees, breaking
occasionally into clearer, sweeter songs. Companies of redpolls and
crossbills pass chirping through the thickets, busily seeking their
food. The fearless, familiar chickadee repeats his name merrily, while
he leads his family to explore every nook and cranny of the wood.
Cedar wax-wings, sociable wanderers, arrive in numerous flocks. The
Canadians call them “_récollets_,” because they wear a brown crest of
the same colour as the hoods of the monks who came with the first
settlers to New France. They are a songless tribe, although their
quick, reiterated call as they take to flight has given them the name
of chatterers. The beautiful tree-sparrows and the pine-siskins are
more melodious, and the slate-coloured juncos, flitting about the
camp, are as garrulous as chippy-birds. All these varied notes come
and go through the tangle of morning dreams. And now the noisy
blue-jay is calling “_Thief—thief—thief!_” in the distance, and a pair
of great pileated woodpeckers with crimson crests are laughing loudly
in the swamp over some family joke. But listen! what is that harsh
creaking note? It is the cry of the Northern shrike, of whom tradition
says that he catches little birds and impales them on sharp thorns. At
the sound of his voice the concert closes suddenly and the singers
vanish into thin air. The hour of music is over; the commonplace of
day has begun. And there is my lady Greygown, already up and dressed,
standing by the breakfast-table and laughing at my belated appearance.

But the birds were not our only musicians at Kenogami. French Canada is
one of the ancestral homes of song. Here you can still listen to those
quaint ballads which were sung centuries ago in Normandie and Provence.
“_A la Claire Fontaine_,” “_Dans Paris y a-t-une Brune plus Belle que le
Jour_,” “_Sur le Pont d’Avignon_,” “_En Roulant ma Boule_,” “_La
Poulette Grise_,” and a hundred other folk-songs linger among the
peasants and voyageurs of these northern woods. You may hear

                   “_Malbrouck s’en va-t-en guerre—
                   Mironton, mironton, mirontaine_,”

and

                        “_Isabeau s’y promène
                        Le long de son jardin_,”

chanted in the farmhouse or the lumber shanty, to the tunes which have
come down from an unknown source, and never lost their echo in the
hearts of the people.

Our Ferdinand was a perfect fountain of music. He had a clear tenor
voice, and solaced every task and shortened every voyage with melody. “A
song, Ferdinand, a jolly song,” the other men would say, as the canoes
went sweeping down the quiet lake. And then the leader would strike up a
well-known air, and his companions would come in on the refrain, keeping
time with the stroke of their paddles. Sometimes it would be a merry
ditty:

                    “_My father had no girl but me,
                    And yet he sent me off to sea;
                    Leap, my little Cécilia._”

Or perhaps it was:

                “_I’ve danced so much the livelong day,—
                Dance, my sweetheart, let’s be gay,—
                I’ve fairly danced my shoes away,—
                      Till evening.
                Dance, my pretty, dance once more;
                Dance, until we break the floor._”

But more frequently the song was touched with a plaintive pleasant
melancholy. The minstrel told how he had gone into the woods and heard
the nightingale, and she had confided to him that lovers are often
unhappy. The story of _La Belle Françoise_ was repeated in minor
cadences—how her sweetheart sailed away to the wars, and when he came
back the village church bells were ringing, and he said to himself that
Françoise had been faithless, and the chimes were for her marriage; but
when he entered the church it was her funeral that he saw, for she had
died of love. It is strange how sorrow charms us when it is distant and
visionary. Even when we are happiest we enjoy making music

                  “_Of old, unhappy, far-off things._”

“What is that song which you are singing, Ferdinand?” asks the lady, as
she hears him humming behind her in the canoe.

“Ah, madame, it is the _chanson_ of a young man who demands of his
_blonde_ why she will not marry him. He says that he has waited long
time, and the flowers are falling from the rose-tree, and he is very
sad.”

“And does she give a reason?”

“Yes, madame—that is to say, a reason of a certain sort; she declares
that she is not quite ready; he must wait until the rose-tree adorns
itself again.”

“And what is the end—do they get married at last?”

“But I do not know, madame. The _chanson_ does not go so far. It ceases
with the complaint of the young man. And it is a very uncertain
affair—this affair of the heart—is it not?”

Then, as if he turned from such perplexing mysteries to something plain
and sure and easy to understand, he breaks out into the jolliest of all
Canadian songs:

                “_My bark canoe that flies, that flies,
                Hola! my bark canoe!_”


                                  III.

                            THE ISLAND POOL.

Among the mountains there is a gorge. And in the gorge there is a river.
And in the river there is a pool. And in the pool there is an island.
And on the island, for four happy days, there was a camp.

It was by no means an easy matter to establish ourselves in that lonely
place. The river, though not remote from civilisation, is practically
inaccessible for nine miles of its course by reason of the steepness of
its banks, which are long, shaggy precipices, and the fury of its
current, in which no boat can live. We heard its voice as we approached
through the forest, and could hardly tell whether it was far away or
near.

There is a perspective of sound as well as of sight, and one must have
some idea of the size of a noise before one can judge of its distance. A
mosquito’s horn in a dark room may seem like a trumpet on the
battlements; and the tumult of a mighty stream heard through an unknown
stretch of woods may appear like the babble of a mountain brook close at
hand.

But when we came out upon the bald forehead of a burnt cliff and looked
down, we realised the grandeur and beauty of the unseen voice that we
had been following. A river of splendid strength went leaping through
the chasm five hundred feet below us, and at the foot of two snow-white
falls, in an oval of dark topaz water, traced with curves of floating
foam, lay the solitary island.

The broken path was like a ladder. “How shall we ever get down?” sighed
Greygown, as we dropped from rock to rock; and at the bottom she looked
up sighing, “I know we never can get back again.” There was not a foot
of ground on the shores level enough for a tent. Our canoe ferried us
over, two at a time, to the island. It was about a hundred paces long,
composed of round, coggly stones, with just one patch of smooth sand at
the lower end. There was not a tree left upon it larger than an
alder-bush. The tent-poles must be cut far up on the mountain-sides, and
every bough for our beds must be carried down the ladder of rocks. But
the men were gay at their work, singing like mocking-birds. After all,
the glow of life comes from friction with its difficulties. If we cannot
find them at home, we sally abroad and create them, just to warm up our
mettle.

The ouananiche in the island pool were superb, astonishing, incredible.
We stood on the cobble-stones at the upper end, and cast our little
flies across the sweeping stream, and for three days the fish came
crowding in to fill the barrel of pickled salmon for our guides’ winter
use; and the score rose,—twelve, twenty-one, thirty-two; and the size of
the “biggest fish” steadily mounted—four pounds, four and a half, five,
five and three-quarters. “Precisely almost six pounds,” said Ferdinand,
holding the scales; “but we may call him six, M’sieu’, for if it had
been to-morrow that we had caught him, he would certainly have gained
the other ounce.” And yet, why should I repeat the fisherman’s folly of
writing down the record of that marvellous catch? We always do it, but
we know that it is a vain thing. Few listen to the tale, and none accept
it. Does not Christopher North, reviewing the _Salmonia_ of Sir Humphry
Davy, mock and jeer unfeignedly at the fish stories of that most
reputable writer? But, on the very next page, old Christopher himself
meanders on into a perilous narrative of the day when he caught a whole
cart-load of trout in a Highland loch. Incorrigible, happy
inconsistency! Slow to believe others, and full of sceptical inquiry,
fond man never doubts one thing—that somewhere in the world a tribe of
gentle readers will be discovered to whom his fish stories will appear
credible.

One of our days on the island was Sunday—a day of rest in a week of
idleness. We had a few books; for there are some in existence which will
stand the test of being brought into close contact with nature. Are not
John Burroughs’ cheerful, kindly essays full of woodland truth and
companionship? Can you not carry a whole library of musical philosophy
in your pocket in Matthew Arnold’s volume of selections from Wordsworth?
And could there be a better sermon for a Sabbath in the wilderness than
Mrs. Slosson’s immortal story of _Fishin’ Jimmy_?

But to be very frank about the matter, the camp is not stimulating to
the studious side of my mind. Charles Lamb, as usual, has said what I
feel: “I am not much a friend to out-of-doors reading. I cannot settle
my spirits to it.”

There are blueberries growing abundantly among the rocks—huge clusters
of them, bloomy and luscious as the grapes of Eshcol. The blueberry is
nature’s compensation for the ruin of forest fires. It grows best where
the woods have been burned away and the soil is too poor to raise
another crop of trees. Surely it is an innocent and harmless pleasure to
wander along the hillsides gathering these wild fruits, as the Master
and His disciples once walked through the fields and plucked the ears of
corn, never caring what the Pharisees thought of that new way of keeping
the Sabbath.

And here is a bed of moss beside a dashing rivulet, inviting us to rest
and be thankful. Hark! There is a white-throated sparrow, on a little
tree across the river, whistling his afternoon song

                “_In linkèd sweetness long drawn out._”

Down in Maine they call him the Peabody-bird, because his notes sound to
them like _Old mān—Péabody, péabody, péabody_. In New Brunswick the
Scotch settlers say that he sings _Lōst—lōst—Kénnedy, kénnedy, kénnedy_.
But here in his northern home I think we can understand him better. He
is singing again and again, with a cadence that never wearies,
“_Sweet—sweet—Cánada, cánada, cánada!_” The Canadians, when they came
across the sea, remembering the nightingale of southern France, baptised
this little gray minstrel their _rossignol_, and the country ballads are
full of his praise. Every land has its nightingale, if we only have the
heart to hear him. How distinct his voice is—how personal, how
confidential, as if he had a message for us!

There is a breath of fragrance on the cool shady air beside our little
stream, that seems familiar. It is the first week of September. Can it
be that the twin-flower of June, the delicate _Linnæa borealis_, is
blooming again? Yes, here is the threadlike stem lifting its two frail
pink bells above the bed of shining leaves. How dear an early flower
seems when it comes back again and unfolds its beauty in a St. Martin’s
summer! How delicate and suggestive is the faint, magical odour! It is
like a renewal of the dreams of youth.

“And need we ever grow old?” asked my lady Greygown, as she sat that
evening with the twin-flower on her breast, watching the stars come out
along the edge of the cliffs, and tremble on the hurrying tide of the
river. “Must we grow old as well as gray? Is the time coming when all
life will be commonplace and practical, and governed by a dull ‘of
course’? Shall we not always find adventures and romances, and a few
blossoms returning, even when the season grows late?”

“At least,” I answered, “let us believe in the possibility, for to doubt
it is to destroy it. If we can only come back to nature together every
year, and consider the flowers and the birds, and confess our faults and
mistakes and our unbelief under these silent stars, and hear the river
murmuring our absolution, we shall die young, even though we live long:
we shall have a treasure of memories which will be like the twin-flower,
always a double blossom on a single stem, and carry with us into the
unseen world something which will make it worth while to be immortal.”

1894.

------------------------------------------------------------------------




                          A SONG AFTER SUNDOWN




                      THE WOOD-NOTES OF THE VEERY


    _The moonbeams over Arno’s vale in silver flood were pouring,
    When first I heard the nightingale a long-lost love deploring:
    So passionate, so full of pain, it sounded strange and eerie,
    I longed to hear a simpler strain, the wood-notes of the veery._

    _The laverock sings a bonny lay, above the Scottish heather,
    It sprinkles from the dome of day like light and love together;
    He drops the golden notes to greet his brooding mate, his
       dearie;
    I only know one song more sweet, the vespers of the veery._

    _In English gardens green and bright, and rich in fruity
       treasure,
    I’ve heard the blackbird with delight repeat his merry measure;_
    _The ballad was a lively one, the tune was loud and cheery,
    And yet with every setting sun I listened for the veery._

    _O far away, and far away, the tawny thrush is singing,
    New England woods at close of day with that clear chant are
    ringing;
    And when my light of life is low, and heart and flesh are weary,
    I fain would hear, before I go, the wood-notes of the veery._

1895.




                                 INDEX


  Affection, misplaced: an instance of, 157, 158.

  Altnaharra: 111.

  Alt-Prags, the Baths of: their venerable appearance, 202.

  Ambrose, of Milan: his compliment to the Grayling, 286.

  Ampersand: derivation of the name, 70;
    the mountain, 71;
    the lake, 89;
    the river, 71.

  Ananias: a point named after him, 254.

  Anglers: the pretensions of rustic, exposed, 30;
    a group of, 57, 58;
    a friendly folk, 145, 146.

  Angling: its attractions, 3-5;
    an education in, 4 ff.;
    Dr. Paley’s attachment to, 136;
    a benefaction to fish, 159.

  Antinoüs: the cause of his death, 17.

  Architecture: prevailing style on the Ristigouche, 144;
    the superiority of a tent to other forms of, 300;
    domestic types in Canada, 238, 239.

  Arnold, Matthew: quoted, 140.

  Aussee: 272.


  Baldness: in mountains and men, 85.

  Barrie, J. M.: 97.

  Bartlett, Virgil: a tribute to his memory, 72, 73.

  Bear-stories: their ubiquity, 62.

  Bellinghausen, von Münch: quoted, 297.

  Birds: a good way to make their acquaintance, 24;
    differences in character, 25-27;
    a convocation of, 321.

  Birds named:
    Blackbird, 339.
    Bluebird, 4, 26.
    Cat-bird, 24.
    Cedar-bird, 322, 323.
    Chewink, 4, 26.
    Chickadee, 322.
    Crossbill, 322.
    Crow, Hoodie, 115.
    Cuckoo, 190.
    Ducks, “Betseys,” 229.
    Eagle, 112.
    Grouse, Ruffed, 81.
    Gull, 229.
    Jay, Blue, 26, 322.
    Kingfisher, 27, 162, 229.
    Kinglet, ruby, and golden-crowned, 321, 322.
    Laverock, 339.
    Meadow-lark, 4.
    Nightingale, 333, 339.
    Oriole, 25.
    Owl, Great Horned, 62.
    Pewee, Wood, 25.
    Pine-Siskin, 323.
    Redpoll, 322.
    Robin, 3, 25.
    Sand-piper, Spotted, 24.
    Sheldrake, 77.
    Shrike, 323.
    Sky-lark, 188, 339.
    Sparrow, Song, 4, 26.
    Sparrow, Tree, 323.
    Sparrow, White-throated, 162, 333.
    Thistle-bird, 4.
    Thrush, Hermit, 4, 28.
    Thrush, Wood, 28.
    Veery, 28, 339, 340.
    Warbler, black-throated green, 82.
    Warbler, various kinds of Canada, 321.
    Woodpecker, 31, 32.
    Woodpecker, Great-pileated, 322.
    Woodpecker, Red-headed, 81.
    Yellow-throat, Maryland, 24.

  Bishops: the proper costume for, 30;
    a place frequented by, 177.

  Black, William: his “Princess of Thule,” 97 ff.

  Black-fly: his diabolical nature, 246.

  Blackmore, R. D.: quoted, 37.

  Blunderhead: a winged idiot, 245.

  Boats: Adirondack, 76.

  Bonaparte, Napoleon: as a comrade on foot, 17.

  Bridges, Robert: quoted, 93.

  Burroughs, John: his views on walking, 67;
    his essays, 331.

  Byron, George, Lord: misquoted, 282, 283.


  Cambridge: looks best from the rear, 21.

  Camping-out: a first experience, 60-64;
    lessons to be learned from it, 65;
    discretion needed in, 301;
    skill of guides in preparation for, 317.

  Character: expressed in looks, 14.

  Chub: a mean fish, 276-277.

  Cities: enlivened by rivers, 21.

  Conservatism: Scotch style of, 108.

  Contentment: an example of, 316.

  Conversation: best between two, 125;
    the most valuable kind, 128;
    egoism the salt of, 156;
    the fine art of, 163, 164;
    current coin in, 247.

  Cook: the blessing of having a good-humoured, 229, 230.

  Cortina: 178-194.

  Cotton, Charles: quoted, 286.

  Courtesy: in a custom-house officer, 174;
    among the Tyrolese peasants, 209;
    of a French Canadian, 231.

  Cow-boy: pious remark of a, 34.

  Cowley, Abraham: on littleness, 17, 18.

  Credulity: of anglers in regard to their own fish-stories, 330.

  Crockett, S. R.: quoted, 29, 98.


  Darwin, Charles: quoted, 31, 32.

  Davy, Sir Humphry: quoted, 136.

  Deer-hunting: in the Adirondacks, 78.

  Depravity, total: in trout, 118.

  Diogenes: as a bedfellow, 17.

  Dolomites: described, 169-171 ff.

  Driving: four-in-hand, 172;
    after dinner, 174;
    the French Canadian idea of, 237.


  Economy: an instance of, 241.

  Education: a wise method of, 42, 43.

  Education: in a canoe, 232.

  Edwards, Jonathan: his love of nature, 31, 32.

  Egoism, modest: the salt of conversation, 156.

  Epics: not to be taken as discouragement to lyrics, 34.

  Epigrams: of small practical value, 127, 128.


  Failures: the philosophic way of accounting for, 321.

  Fame: the best kind of, 182.

  Farming: demoralised on the Ristigouche, 142, 143.

  Fashion: unnecessary for a well-dressed woman to follow, 186.

  Fatherhood: the best type of, 42, 43;
    its significance, 232.

  Fiction: its uses, 96-98, 102.

  Fish: fact that the largest always escape, 150.

  Flowers named:
    Alpenrosen, 168, 189, 210.
    Anemone, 4.
    Arrow-head, 13.
    Asters, 24, 313.
    Bear-berry (Clintonia borealis), 312.
    Bee-balm, 23.
    Blue-bells, 313, 314.
    Canada May-flower, 312.
    Cardinal flower, 24.
    Cinquefoil, 23.
    Clover, 188.
    Crowfoot, 23.
    Cyclamen, 227, 297.
    Dahlia, 238.
    Daisy, ox-eye, 14.
    Dandelion, 4.
    Dwarf cornel, 312.
    Fireweed, 241.
    Fleur-de-lis, 227, 312.
    Forget-me-not, 188.
    Fuchsia, 115.
    Gentian, Alpine, 188.
    Gentian, closed, 24, 257, 313.
    Goldenrod, 24, 312.
    Hare-bell, 23.
    Heather, 18, 95 ff.
    Hepatica, 23.
    Hollyhock, 238.
    Honey-suckle, 110, 111.
    Jewel-weed, 23, 257.
    Joe-Pye weed, 257.
    Knot-weed, 13.
    Ladies’-tresses, 313.
    Lilac, 39, 290.
    Loose-Strife, yellow, 23, 312.
    Marigold, 138, 139.
    Meadow-rue, 227.
    Orchis, purple-fringed, 23, 227, 313, 314.
    Pansy, 209.
    Partridge-berry, 312.
    Polygala, fringed, 100.
    Pyrola, 227.
    Rose, 39, 115, 125.
    Santa Lucia, 188.
    Self-heal, 24.
    Snow-berry, 312.
    Spring-beauty, 23.
    St. John’s-wort, 24.
    Star-grass, 24.
    Tansy, 39.
    Trillium, painted, 23.
    Tulips, 3.
    Turtle-head, 313, 314.
    Twinflower, 16, 233.
    Twisted-stalk, 312.
    Violet, 23.
    Wake-Robin, 312.

  Flowers: Nature’s embroidery, 23, 24, 187, 227, 312;
    the pleasure of knowing by name, 313, 314;
    second bloom of, 333, 334.

  Forests: the mid-day silence of, 81;
    flowers in, 188, 189, 227, 311-314.

  Friendship: the great not always adapted for it, 17;
    pleasure in proximity, 13;
    a celestial gift, 124.


  Gay, John: quoted, 9.

  Germans: their sentiment, 193, 194;
    their genius for thoroughness, 197;
    their politeness, 288.

  Gilbert, W. S.: quoted, 42.

  Goat’s-milk: the proper way to drink it, 168;
    obliging disposition of the goat in regard to it, 211.

  Gray, Thomas: quoted, 27.

  Grayling: described, 285-287.

  Gross-Venediger: the, 210-214.

  Guides: Adirondack, 76;
    Canadian, 229-234.


  Halleck, Fitz-Greene: quoted, 247.

  Hallstatt: 278.

  Haste: the folly of, 146, 147.

  Hazlitt, William: quoted, 267.

  Heine, Heinrich: quoted, 227.

  Hoosier Schoolmaster, the: the solidity of his views, 14.

  Hornet: the unexpected quality of his sting, 79, 80.

  Horse-yacht: a description of, 138;
    drawbacks and advantages, 146, 147.

  Hospitality: in a Highland cottage, 115, 116;
    among anglers, 144;
    in an Alpine hut, 211.

  Housekeeping: the ideal, 315.

  Human nature: best seen in little ways, 31, 32;
    a touch of, 318.

  Humour: American, difficult for foreigners, 177;
    plain, best enjoyed out-of-doors, 224, 25.


  Idealist: a boy is the true, 51.

  Ideals: the advantage of cherishing, 240.

  Idleness: occasionally profitable, 34.

  Immortality: the hope of, 130;
    love makes it worth having, 335.

  Indian: the noble, 247.

  Insects: classified according to malignity, 245 ff.

  Ischl, 282, 283.


  James, Henry: his accuracy in words, 30.

  Johnson, Robert Underwood: quoted, 23, 24.


  Kenogami, Lake, 316 ff.


  Lairg, 140.

  Lake George, 44 ff.

  Lamb, Charles: his poor opinion of aqueducts, 13;
    his disinclination to reading out-of-doors, 331.

  Landro, 198, 199.

  Lanier, Sidney: quoted, 28.

  Lienz, 203 ff.

  Life: more in it than making a living, 35, 36.

  Littleness: praised, 17, 18.

  London: the way to see, 21.

  Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth: quoted, 187.

  Love: a boy’s introduction to, 50;
    a safe course in, 98, 99;
    the true meaning of, 132;
    uncertainty of its course, 326.

  Lowell, James Russell: a reminiscence of him, 10.

  Luck: defined, 64.

  Lucretius, T.: quoted, 18.

  Lumbermen: their share in making our homes, 264.


  Mabie, Hamilton W.: quoted, 216.

  “Maclaren, Ian,” 97.

  Manners: their charm, when plain and good, 209.

  Marvell, Andrew: quoted, 226.

  Medicinal Springs: an instance of their harmlessness, 59, 60.

  Meditation: an aid to, 161;
    on the building of a house, 264;
    at nightfall, 290.

  Melvich, 113.

  Memory: associated with odours, 39;
    capricious, 120;
    awakened by a word, 217;
    sweetest when shared by two, 335.

  Metapedia, 137.

  Midges: animated pepper, 228.

  Milton, John: quoted, 316, 332.

  Mint: a symbol of remembrance, 40, 41.

  Misurina, Lake, 195.

  Mountains: their influence, 11;
    invitations to climb, 71, 72;
    growth of trees upon them, 83-85;
    the Adirondacks, 87;
    the Dolomites, 169 ff.;
    the Hohe Tauern, 205 ff.;
    of the Salzkammergut, 270 ff.

  Mountain-climbing: charms of, 79 ff.;
    moderation in, 187;
    disappointment in, 213, 214.

  Mosquito: his mitigating qualities, 246.


  Naaman, the Syrian: his sentiment about rivers, 16.

  Naming things: pleasure of, 313.

  Navigable rivers: defined, 60.

  Neu-Prags: the Baths of, 201.

  Noah: a question about, 164.

  Nuvolau, Mount, 187 ff.


  Old Age: sympathy with youth, 126;
    the wisdom and beauty of, 128-130;
    preparation for, 333.

  Ouananiche, 228, 235, 236, 252, 253, 256-258, 306 ff., 330.

  Oven: the shrine of the good housewife, 240.


  Paley, the Rev. Dr.: quoted, 135.

  Patience: not the only virtue, 46.

  Peasant-life: the perils of, in the Tyrol, 206-208.

  Perch: a good fish for nurses to catch, 44.

  Philosophers: a camp of, 88;
    their explanation of humour, 167.

  Philosophy: of a happy life, 128;
    of travel, 167;
    of success, 183;
    of housekeeping, 313-315;
    of perpetual youth, 333-335.

  Photography: its difficulties, 89-91;
    a good occupation for young women, 146.

  Pian, Mount, 196.

  Pike, 243, 252, 302.

  Pleasures: simple, not to be purchased with money, 165.

  Plenty: a symbol of, 72.

  Prayer: the secret of peace, 130, 131;
    in a Tyrolese hut, 211;
    thoughts almost as good as, 293.

  Preaching: under supervision, 103.

  Predestination: an instance of faith in, 114.

  Prime, W. C.: quoted, 302.

  Pronunciation: courage in, 141.

  Prosperity: should be prepared for in the time of adversity, 240.


  Quarles, Francis: his emblems, 39.

  Quebec, 297.


  Railway travel: beside a little river, 19;
    its general character, 168.

  Rapids, 222 ff.

  Relations: the advantage of temporary separation from, 315;
    distinguished from connections by marriage, 316.

  Religion: the best evidence of, 130.

  Resignation: the courage of old age, 128.

  Rivers: their personality, 9, 13;
    in different countries, 15;
    little ones the best, 16-19;
    methods of knowing them, 22, 33;
    advantages of their friendship, 22-30;
    their small responsibilities, 33;
    pleasure of watching them, 161;
    variety of life upon, 236;
    disconsolate when dry, 250;
    merry in the rain, 272;
   the voice of, 327.

  Rivers named:
    Abana, 17.
    Æsopus, 20.
    Allegash, 18.
    A l’Ours, 237, 241.
    Amazon, 18.
    Ampersand, 19, 69.
    Arno, 19, 21.
    Aroostook, 18.
    Ausable, 18.
    Batiscan, 15.
    Beaverkill, 18, 23.
    Blanche, 250.
    Boite, 171, 172.
    Boquet, 15.
    Cam, 21.
    Connecticut, 16.
    Dee, 123.
    Delaware, 16.
    Des Aunes, 237.
    Dove, 19, 144.
    Drau, 203.
    Ericht, 19, 147.
    French Broad, 20.
    Glommen, 20.
    Grand Décharge, 220 ff., 302 ff.
    Gula, 20.
    Halladale, 19.
    Hudson, 16.
    Isel, 203.
    Kaaterskill, 58-60.
    La Belle Rivière, 220, 317 ff.
    La Pipe, 220.
    Lycoming, 53.
    Metapedia, 142.
    Mississippi, 18.
    Mistassini, 220.
    Mistook, 229.
    Moose, 18.
    Neversink, 18, 59.
    Niagara, 18.
    Opalescent, 63.
    Ouiatchouan, 220.
    Patapedia, 142.
    Penobscot, 19.
    Peribonca, 19, 220, 259 ff.
    Pharpar, 17.
    Piave, 171, 172.
    Pikouabi, 220.
    Quatawamkedgwick, 142.
    Raquette, 18.
    Rauma, 19.
    Rienz, 20, 171.
    Ristigouche, 19, 137 ff.
    Rocky Run, 54.
    Rotha, 19.
    Saguenay, 219.
    Salzach, 19.
    Saranac, 18, 64, 73.
    Swiftwater, 18, 40, 65.
    Thames, 19, 21.
    Traun, 267 ff.
    Tweed, 19.
    Upsalquitch, 142.
    Wharfe, 226.
    Ziller, 19.

  Roberval, 220.

  Rome: the best point of view in, 21.

  Rudder Grange: the author of, 14.


  St. John, Lake: 218 ff., 298 ff.

  Salmon: a literary, 106;
    a plain, 152-155;
    a delusive, 158-160;
    curious habit of leaping on Sunday, 162;
    manner of angling for, 151-153.

  Sea, the: disadvantages of loving, 10.

  Semiramis: her husband, 17.

  Seneca, L. Annæus: his advice concerning altars, 12.

  Scotch character: contrasted with the English, 107-110;
    caution, 103, 118;
    Orthodoxy, 119;
    true religion, 128-131.

  Seriousness: may be carried too far, 34.

  Shakspere, William: quoted, 295.

  Slosson, Annie Trumbull: her story of Fishin’ Jimmy, 331.

  Solomon: improved, 42;
    quoted, 104.

  Songs, French, 324 ff.

  Stevenson, Robert Louis: on rivers, 8;
    on friendship between young and old, 127;
    his last prayer, 131;
    on camping-out, 318.

  Stornoway, 100 ff.

  Sunday: reflections upon, 159-161;
    a good way to spend, 331-333.

  Sun-fish: their superciliousness when over-fed, 44.


  Tea: preferred to whisky, 233.

  Tennyson, Alfred: quoted, 14, 27, 33, 53, 141, 251.

  Tents: their superiority to houses, 299, 300.

  Time, old Father: the best way to get along with, 146.

  Titian: his landscapes, 173.

  Toblach, Lake of, 198-200.

  Trees: their human associations, 10-12;
    their growth on mountains, 83-85;
    advisability of sparing, 238;
    on their way to market, 250;
    their personality, 302.

  Trees named:
    Alder, 54, 241, 270.
    Ash, 270.
    Balm of Gilead, 39, 239.
    Balsam, 83, 227, 251, 301, 314.
    Beech, 81.
    Birch, white, 55, 226, 257, 303 ff.
    Birch, yellow, 80.
    Cedar, white, 226, 251, 256.
    Fir, 205, 270, 290.
    Hemlock, 16, 25, 54, 83, 85, 301.
    Horse-chestnut, 10.
    Larch, 174, 185.
    Maple, 9, 54, 80.
    Oak, 11, 289.
    Pine, 84.
    Poplar, 240, 268.
    Pussywillow, 3, 36.
    Spruce, 16, 83-85, 226, 248, 251, 256, 301, 317.

  Trout-fishing: a beginning at, 46;
    a specimen of, 74;
    in Scotland, 110, 111, 116-118;
    in the Tyrol, 195, 199;
    in the Traum, 269 ff.;
    in Canada, 149, 242 ff., 318 ff.


  Universe: no man responsible for the charge of it, continuously, 34.

  Utilitarianism: a mistake, 40.


  Venice: in warm weather, 167, 168.

  Veracity: affected by fish, 254.

  Virgil: quoted, 269.


  Walton, Izaak: quoted, 33, 36, 75, 165, 276;
    his ill fortune as a fisherman, 163.

  Warner, Charles Dudley: his description of an open fire, 19.

  Watts, Isaac: quoted, 18.

  Whitman, Walt: quoted, 256.

  Wilson, John: his description of a bishop, 31;
    his skepticism about all fish stories but his own, 330.

  Wish: a modest, 3-5.

  Wolfgang, Saint: his lake, 288;
    his good taste, 289.

  Women: prudence in expressing an opinion about, 18;
    more conservative than men, 184;
    problematic quality of, 297;
    generous rivals (in angling), 311.

  Words: their magic, 217.

  Wordsworth, William: quoted, 27, 120, 229, 250.


  Youth: the secret of preserving it, 334.




                          Transcriber’s note.

The original punctuation and spelling has been preserved, except on Page
320, where a double quotation mark before “But” has been removed.