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                               Den Hunting

                               as a Means

                            of Coyote Control


                     [Illustration: LEAFLET No. 132]





                DEN HUNTING AS A MEANS OF COYOTE CONTROL

  By Stanley P. Young, _principal biologist and chief of division_, and
   Harold W. Dobyns, _assistant leader, Section of Predator and Rodent
    Control, Division of Game Management, Bureau of Biological Survey_

                           Issued October 1937




CONTENTS


                                                             Page

  Importance of den hunting                                     2

  Qualifications and equipment of the den hunter                2

  Breeding habits and number of young                           3

  Denning sites and habits                                      3

  Methods of den hunting                                        5

  Activities of whelps                                          7

  Removing whelps from dens                                     7

  Trapping and shooting adults                                  8


Importance of Den Hunting

There is perhaps no better method of keeping down the increase of coyotes
than to destroy the newly born whelps before they abandon the dens to
shift for themselves. A little time spent in locating dens in April, May,
and June and destroying the whelps will save months of strenuous effort
trying to rid the range of the predators after they have reached maturity.

Coyotes are particularly destructive during the denning season because of
the need of extra food both for themselves and their young. Lambing bands
of sheep on open ranges suffer the heaviest losses. Coyotes that kill
lambs during April and May generally have dens, and when the dens are
located and the whelps destroyed, the sheep killing usually stops. Some
coyotes show great cunning in refraining from killing lambs near their
dens and will pass by a band of sheep that is herded right over a den
only to raid another several miles distant. They have been known to carry
leg of lamb a distance of 8 miles to their young in the den. Contrary
to the belief of stockmen and others, the male coyote is as destructive
as the female, and special attention to fresh kills at lambing time has
shown that the tracks of male coyotes are more in evidence than those of
the females.


Qualifications and Equipment of the Den Hunter

The most essential qualifications of a den hunter are keen observation,
persistence, and familiarity with the habits of coyotes. He can probably
become more skilled in den hunting than in any other phase of coyote
control. The denning habits of coyotes are similar in most sections,
and the same general methods of den hunting can be applied to humid
mountainous sections and to semiarid deserts.

"Den sign" means indications of denning activity and should always be
watched for. It may consist of tracks, a well-worn path leading to and
from a den, or holes freshly cleaned out. Holes made by the coyotes in
digging out squirrels or rabbits should not be confused, however, with
those prepared for dens. A good hunter will overlook no likely place and
should take advantage of every hint, for dens are often found where least
expected. He should look for den sign in every locality where animals
are frequently seen. He should keep in mind the places used by pairs of
coyotes and visit all old dens known, as sign may often be discovered
there at whelping time. Holes may be cleaned out in one canyon and the
den be just over the hill in another. Sheep herders on a range usually
can give valuable information as to locations of dens.

The equipment of a den hunter should include at least two good, gentle
saddle horses, a small shovel, a pair of good field glasses, a rifle of
not less than .25 caliber, and a dog. Coyotes are not so much afraid of a
man on horseback as of one on foot. A rider, therefore, can get many good
shots, and in heavy sagebrush he can more easily see and track coyotes
from his vantage seat upon a horse.


Breeding Habits and Number of Young

In the mating season coyotes may be heard yelping much more than usual,
and packs of three to a dozen animals may be seen. Later the breeding
animals pair off. Some pairs may remain together for a number of years,
but as a rule coyotes do not mate for life.

The whelping season varies with latitude. In general, according to
studies of a large number of embryos by G. W. D. Hamlett, of the
Biological Survey, the season in the northern tier of States seems
somewhat earlier than farther south; in Montana, for example, breeding
begins about February 1 and lasts throughout the month, the average date
being February 15. In Texas, breeding seems to begin somewhat later,
although data are inadequate for definite conclusions. In some States, as
in Oregon and Arizona, Hamlett found a variation of at least 2 months in
the time of breeding, probably because of great diversity in habitat. A
study on the spot, with due attention to altitude and other environmental
factors, would probably explain any unusual variation.

Coyote pups are born 60 to 63 days after breeding. Their eyes open when
they are 9 to 14 days old. The average number of young to the litter is
normally 7. Although there may be smaller litters when food is scarce, it
is not uncommon to find litters of 9 to 12 (fig. 1, A), and some females
have been known to have as many as 17 young. The only thing provided in
the nature of a nest is an enlarged section of the den, and some dens do
not have even this. The pups lie in the dry dust on the floor.

Dens are often found to contain two litters, one consisting of young with
eyes not yet open and the other of pups about a month old. One litter
may be large and the other small, the latter probably belonging to a
young female that, apparently at a loss for a place to den, had taken up
quarters with her mother. Young females usually whelp about 10 days to
2 weeks later than the older ones. An occasional den may harbor three
litters. At a den where two litters are found there is usually only one
male, which would suggest polygamy.

Under normal conditions a pair of coyotes is found with every den unless
one parent has been killed. If this happens to be the female and the pups
are young, they die. If they are old enough to eat meat, the male parent
cares for them, as he does his part in providing food.


Denning Sites and Habits

Coyotes do not select denning sites according to any recognizable rule,
but many of them return to the same general locality year after year,
even though dens are regularly dug out and the pups killed by den
hunters. If the female is killed, the male may bring his new mate to the
same den the next season. A dug out den that has not been badly damaged
in removing coyotes may remain unoccupied for two or three seasons and
then be used again, as was the case with the den in Conejos County,
Colo., shown on the title page.

[Illustration: B27874; B4847A

Figure 1.--A, Coyote and a litter of 10 taken from a den
in San Luis Valley, Colo., in cooperative predator-control operations;
B, coyote den (directly beneath hunter) in a hillside thicket in rugged
country, Lance Creek, Wyo.]

Dens may be found in a canyon, wash-out, or coulee, on a bank or
hillside (fig. 1, B), in a rock bluff, or even in level ground, as in
a wheatfield, stubblefield, or plowed field. They have been discovered
under deserted homestead shacks in the desert, under grain bins, in a
drainage pipe, under a railroad, in a hollow log, in a thicket, and under
a clump of thistles that had blown into a canyon.

As a rule, instead of digging all new dens, coyotes will enlarge
abandoned badger or rabbit holes or use deserted porcupine dens in rocky
promontories or canyon walls. Usually they start cleaning out the holes
several weeks prior to whelping. They generally claw out the dirt in
one direction from the mouth of the den, where it piles up into a mound,
although some dens have no such mound (fig. 2, A).

The female continues digging and cleaning out den holes, sometimes a
dozen or more, until the young are born. Then, if one den is disturbed
the family moves to another. Sometimes the animals move only a few
hundred yards, apparently just to have a cleaner home, leaving many fleas
behind. Occasionally a female that has lost her whelps will clean out
several holes before becoming reconciled to her loss. Barren females
sometimes clean out holes, but they are not found traveling with a mate.
Male coyotes also work at many holes in spring but generally to dig
out dead rabbits. The tracks of the male will usually be seen at these
freshly dug holes, which have a different appearance from those cleaned
out for dens, and dried-up rabbit carcasses will generally be found
nearby.

[Illustration: B34748; B30757

Figure 2.--A, Entrance to a coyote den in a dry
creek bank, Morrow County, Oreg.; B, a former Biological Survey
predator-control leader at the mouth of the coyote den dug out near
Cokeville, Wyo. (Remains of three lambs in foreground, including two
skulls out of which the brains had been lapped by coyotes.)]

When entering the den, the coyotes almost always go around, not over, the
mound, if one is present. Dens may have one or several entrances in use,
and several passages may branch from the main one. After the pups are
born, small balls of rolled fur and hair from the mother's belly may be
found in the dry dirt in the mouth of the den.

Parent coyotes have no set time for being at home and may be found near
the den at any hour. Although they do most of their killing early in the
morning, they sometimes visit the den only at night. They are clean about
their dens; so there is little refuse or odor.


Methods of Den Hunting

The proper time for hunting coyote dens is from April 5 to June 15.
If one starts too early, before some of the coyotes have whelped, the
territory will have to be covered again. Where signs indicate a late den,
however, it should be sought in a follow-up visit.

The coyote den is usually made in rougher surroundings than are dens of
small burrowing rodents and is normally within reach of water. Contrary
to general supposition, however, coyotes do not always have their dens
near water. In hilly areas they usually do, but on the large deserts of
eastern Oregon the dens are often found as far as 6 miles from water.
Coyotes do not go to water regularly unless the weather is warm, and pups
do not need water until they are several months old.

Den hunting should be systematic and thorough. Where the soil is sandy
the movements of coyotes can be readily ascertained by means of tracks
and other signs characteristic of the whelping season. The general
location of a den may occasionally be learned by hearing the howling of
the coyotes, but other means must be employed to actually find it. It may
be located by tracking, by watching the movements of old coyotes, or by
riding the range looking for holes, but systematic tracking insures the
best results.

A good time to hunt dens by tracking is just after a rain. Another good
time is the day after a severe windstorm, as storms restrict the activity
of the coyotes.

Water holes and springs in the desert are excellent places from which to
start in locating dens. It is best to circle the water hole, noting the
direction of the tracks and giving special attention to those of pairs
and to their relative freshness, for when fresh tracks of a pair are
noted they are generally close to the den. When sign is found, it should
be back-tracked to a point where there are tracks going both ways; the
tracks begin to form a trail within a quarter of a mile from the dens.
Near the den, unless the ground is too hard, many tracks will be found
going and coming in every direction. Finding the den is then an easy
matter. Sometimes, however, tracks lead to a den from only one direction.

Loose hairs and distinctive tracks are often to be found in the mouth
of a used coyote den. The coyote track is elongated, and not nearly so
rounded as a dog track, and the coyote side-toe track is longer than that
of a dog of the same size. The tracks of young coyotes, barren females,
and those that have lost their pups can be distinguished from those of
denning pairs, as the latter generally travel by a direct route, the
tracks of the female usually being smaller and more pointed than those of
the male.

When the female leaves the den for water she almost always travels on a
direct line, probably not deviating over a hundred yards from it in a
distance of several miles. Coyotes do not always water at the same place
each time, however, nor return to their den direct from the watering
place unless the den is a long distance from water. Sometimes the male
will remain near the den while the female is away, but more often the
two travel together, the female holding a little more to a true course
than the male. The tracks often indicate that they travel side by side
for some distance, the male then wandering away several hundred yards but
later returning to his mate.

Coyotes with dens have regular hunting grounds to which they usually
travel on a nearly straight course, whether near or several miles
distant, but they do not travel back to the den on a direct line again
until after they have made their kills.

When the den is in danger of being discovered coyotes act in a nervous
manner. Some will circle about it at a distance when the hunter is near;
the old female may be seen in one direction and, after disappearing, may
later be seen peering over a hill in another quarter. When a female with
a den first sees a person, she looks first at him for a moment, then
almost invariably toward the den, sometimes turning completely around to
do so.

A den is usually located within a radius of approximately a mile of
freshly cleaned out holes. An experienced hunter can tell by the
appearance of a den and by signs nearby whether it is occupied, without
dismounting from his horse. When a den is located, if the whelps are
roaming a considerable distance away, the searcher should circle it,
making plenty of noise to stimulate their return. They should not be
rushed, however, as they will then scatter and run into any accessible
hole, where extra effort in digging them out will be required.

As a rule, one will not find many living rabbits near a den, so that in a
rabbit-infested district a scarcity of rabbits may be a clue to a nearby
den.


Activities of Whelps

Inexperienced hunters often dig out dens that contain no young. If the
searcher listens at the mouth of the den he can usually hear any whelps
inside, especially when they are quite young, as they are then seldom
quiet. If a nursing whelp loses hold of a teat, it is rather noisy until
it regains its hold.

The whelps emerge when about 3 weeks old, and then their tracks and other
sign are easily noted. At this age, they do not whine as young pups do
but can be heard moving around when in the den, where, if crowded, they
sometimes growl. Curiosity to see what is going on outside will drive
some to the entrance. When the burrow is steep they are unable to clamber
out at as early an age as when it is nearly level. Little scratches made
in their attempt to crawl out will often be noted on the side walls and
floor of the den.

When the whelps are about 8 to 10 weeks old the dens are abandoned and
the entire family roves about, remaining together until early fall.


Removing Whelps from Dens

The digging necessary to capture pups depends largely on the nature
of the soil and the location of the den (fig. 2, B). Some dens are so
shallow that little digging is required; others cannot be dug out; and
some burrows lead straight into a bank or under a hardpan ledge. Much
work can be avoided by running a shovel handle or long stick as far as
possible into the hole to ascertain its direction and then digging a
pit down to the den instead of following the burrow. Where digging is
extremely difficult, the animals may be disturbed and induced to move,
frequently to a den from which they can be more readily taken. Usually
they move from a quarter of a mile to a mile away and can easily be
tracked. If pups can be seen back in a den but cannot be reached in
digging, a forked stick or a wire so twisted as to catch in their fur has
been employed to save labor; but if the den or burrow branches and turns,
such an instrument is never wholly satisfactory, as some of the whelps
are likely to be missed.

Before digging is begun, the den entrance should be blocked to prevent
the escape of the mother coyote, should she be inside the den. When the
pups are of suckling age she is often in the den with them, but when they
are old enough to play and be fed outside she seldom goes into it. It is
difficult to tell her whereabouts by her tracks, as she backs out of the
den unless disturbed and the tracks all appear as if made in entering.

Pups are wobbly on their legs when only 2 or 3 weeks old, so that if a
pit 18 inches deep is dug just outside the mouth of the den they fall
into it when they attempt to crawl out and are easily captured.

Smoking the young out of the den is not satisfactory as a rule but is
sometimes successful. A good smoker can be made by soldering a half-inch
hose coupling to the spout of a bellows-operated bee smoker and using
sulphur and pieces of burlap as fuel. A piece of garden hose about 10
feet long can be attached and worked down into the den close to the pups,
preferably behind them. The operator should stand back from the mouth of
the den, armed with a good club to dispatch the pups as they come out.
Throwing a handful of calcium cyanide into a den and stopping the hole
with dirt is an effective method of fumigation, but this chemical must be
handled with extreme care--as a rule by experienced workers only--as it
is also dangerous to man.

A small dog trained to go into dens and bring out the whelps is useful.
Such dogs are scarce, but with careful handling, the proper breed
(wire-haired fox terrier or other terrier) soon learns and enjoys this
work. Any dog, however, is a great help, as the parent coyotes become
much alarmed if it nears their den and often set up a howl or series of
barks and yelps, thus betraying the fact that a den is near. A dog that
runs rabbits and hunts several hundred yards from the hunter is better
than one that follows at the horse's heels. A small dog is preferable.
Coyotes are likely to give wide berth to a large one, but will sometimes
fight and chase a small dog, thus presenting a good target for shots,
particularly when they go some distance from the den to fight the
intruder. For several days after the den has been destroyed females that
have lost their whelps frequently fight or chase any dog that comes near.

A 12-gage pump shotgun loaded with BB shot is good for hunting pups that
have left the dens but are still together. They may be found lying under
sagebrush or among the rocks and are more easily hit with a shotgun than
with a rifle when they start to scatter.


Trapping and Shooting Adults

A hunter should leave as few traces as possible of his visit to a den. He
should carry several traps, with which to try to capture the old coyotes.
It is well to set a few traps "blind"--that is, without bait or scent--in
the trails leading to the den, although some coyotes never return to a
den after a hunter has visited it. A good set can be made by burying a
dead whelp, leaving one foot exposed, and setting traps nearby. Holes
that have been cleaned out for dens make excellent places for trap sets,
particularly for catching females as they go in or out before whelping.
In such a situation, two traps should be set blind, one on each side
of the entrance or mound. Other favorable sites are the beds where old
coyotes lie, presumably on guard. These beds may be close to the den or
on a hillside or canyon rim half a mile away. Directions for trapping
coyotes are given in Department of Agriculture Leaflet No. 59.

When coyotes are sighted near their dens they are usually quiet, and some
good shots may be possible. A hunter should never dismount from his horse
when a coyote stops to watch him, but should wait until it starts moving
and then dismount on some high spot and be ready to shoot the instant it
stops again. If it does not stop of its own accord, a low whistle will
often bait it long enough to offer the hunter a good target.


                    *       *       *       *       *


                 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1937

     For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.

                              Price 5 cents


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Transcriber Notes


Illustrations were moved so as to not split paragraphs.