The Project Gutenberg eBook of Borth Lyrics This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Borth Lyrics Author: Edward Thring Engraver: Edward Dalziel George Dalziel Illustrator: Charles Rossiter Release date: March 10, 2015 [eBook #48457] Language: English *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BORTH LYRICS *** Transcribed from the 1881 John Hawthorn edition by David Price, email ccx074@pglaf.org [Picture: Book cover] [Picture: Borth from the North] BORTH LYRICS BY EDWARD THRING, M.A. HEAD MASTER OF UPPINGHAM SCHOOL LATE FELLOW OF KING’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE [Picture: Postern in Quad] WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY C. ROSSITER _ENGRAVED BY DALZIEL BROTHERS_ UPPINGHAM JOHN HAWTHORN 1881 INTRODUCTION. THOSE who took part in that strange camping out of the School in 1876 and 1877 will be glad to be reminded of their experiences now they are over. And perhaps the School at Uppingham, in years to come, may like to have some hint, however imperfect, of that medley of ruin and safety, fear and fun, which passed from risk and danger, which seemed almost impossible to be faced, to a happy ending. THE SCHOOL-HOUSE, UPPINGHAM, _August_, 1880. Dedication. TO MR. T. H. BIRLEY AND MR. W. T. JACOB, THE TWO SCHOOL TRUSTEES WITHOUT WHOSE HELP THE SCHOOL WOULD HAVE BEEN LOST; TO SIR PRYSE PRYSE, BART., AND THE KINDLY WELSH PEOPLE, WHO MADE SAFETY POSSIBLE AND SUCCESSFUL; TO THE PARENTS, WHO TRUSTED THE SCHOOL, AND SENT IN FULL NUMBERS ON THE EVENTFUL NIGHT OF APRIL 4, 1876; TO ALL FAITHFUL COLLEAGUES, WHO DID TRUE WORK THROUGH THOSE DANGEROUS AND ANXIOUS MONTHS, THIS MEMORIAL OF A COMMON CAUSE IS DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. List of Illustrations. BORTH FROM THE NORTH _Frontispiece_ POSTERN IN QUAD _Title_ PORTION OF SCHOOL-HOUSE, GARDEN FRONT _to face page_ 9 SCHOOL-HOUSE QUAD 10 BORTH FROM THE SOUTH 12 THE LERY ABOVE TAL-Y-BONT 19 THE BEACH BY MOEL YNYS 21 THE MARSH BEHIND BORTH 24 CHAPEL AND SCHOOL-HOUSE FROM MIDDLE GROUND 30 I. THE PROLOGUE. O SWALLOW, with resistless wing, that hold’st the air in fee, O swallow, with thy joyous sweep o’er earth and sunlit sea, O swallow, who, if night were thine, would’st wheel amongst the stars, Why linger round the eaves? Unhappy! free of all the world hast knit thy soul to clay? And glued thy heart up on the wall, thou swiftest child of day? Claim, glorious wing, thy heritage; break, break thy prison bars, Nor linger round the eaves. Sweep, glorious wings, adown the wind; fly, swallow, to the west; Before thee, life and liberty; behind, a ruined nest. Blow, freshening breeze, sweep, rapid wing, for all the winds are thine, The nest is only clay. The rapid wings were stretched in flight, the swallow sped away, And left its nest beneath the eaves, the much-loved bit of clay, Turned with the sun, to go where’er the happy sun might shine, And passed into the day. [Picture: Portion of School-house, Garden Front] II. THE SUMMONS. A THOUSAND year is nought to prayer, One day, so GOD it will: So the chapel fair, in GOD’S clear air, Looks calmly from its hill; And true and bold the schoolhouse old Before it sentinel, With close at hand a trusty band Of comrades guards it well. Each morn they meet, the young, young feet, They lightly come and go, A changeful stream, that still doth seem The same, and still doth flow. The stream shall run while shines the sun, And still the buttressed stone Shall hear the beat of young, young feet, And count them all its own. The fair sun shone, but ghastly and wan There came a spectral dream; The stone stood fast, but a dim fear passed Through buttress, and roof, and beam: With sad, sad heart life did depart, A ghostly silence fell; With sad, sad heart they turned to depart, And—farewell, home, farewell. [Picture: School-House Quad] III. THOUGHTS. DARKEST clouds drop tender rain, Every leaf and blade is fain Its own jewel to obtain From the casket of its pain. And the thunder, black as night, Down descends in orbs of white, For the sun to fill with light, Tiny chambers of his might. Precious beads of hope are pearled On each sorrow through the world, Softest dews of peace in showers Lie beneath the clouded hours. IV. THE JOURNEY. THE ice froze cold, as cold as death, Yet runs the stream below; The very spring breathes bitter breath, But still the flowerets blow. Nor shall it perish from the land, The living seed they bore, As forth they fared, that pilgrim band, As pilgrims went of yore. Lead, river, down the mountain glen, Glide ’mid the sunny slopes; Now lose thyself, now come again, E’en like a pilgrim’s hopes. And careless rivulets with their peace Smiled on the passers-by, From many a valley, where the trees See but their own dear sky. So swept they on a great bright plain, A charmèd breadth out-laid, Where mountains rounded to the main A charmèd circle made; And northward couched a huge hill dream, Which ofttimes, as it lay. To heave and pant in sleep did seem, Beneath the sultry day. And leaning up against the hill, Whose headland, purple-black, The southern waters, as they fill, Kiss daily, and fall back, A simple hamlet, nowise planned, Puts out a long arm white, Where level sea and level sand Scarce know each other’s right. The mountains rule the east, but all The west, the sea, the sea; Save when the sun at evenfall Disputes her sovereignty. A kindly people held the land, A kindly race and free; So rest they found, that pilgrim band, At Borth beside the sea. [Picture: Borth from the South] V. THE SEA.—SAFETY. BRIGHT sea, in thy waters rolled Dost eternity enfold, Endless being, uncontrolled, Freedom, more than heart can hold, Every wave a hope divine, Sun-charms, golden line on line, Thou great moving mystery-shrine! Thine the first sounds that the earth Heard, its cradle-song at birth. Hidden voices in thy deep Half untold their secret keep, As they murmur evermore Old-world tidings to the shore. Glorious sea, thy moving light Spreads round earth a mantle bright, Wide as range of eye or mind, Tameless playmate of the wind. Like a shuttle glancing free In and out, thy life, O sea, Whatsoe’er thy mood hath been, Weaves a web of magic sheen. Gracious wandering life, the air Sports around thee for its share; Winds that move, and winds that rest, Heaving softly on thy breast, Like a sea-bird from the crest, Rise from off thy waves, and fly, Sweeping fresh the summer sky. Glorious sea, glad, unconfined, Free as range of eye or mind, Tameless playmate of the wind, Gracious power, whate’er thou be, Lay thy sweetest liberty At the pilgrims’ feet, O sea. VI. THE COLONY. EAST and west, and north and south, As if we were shot from a cannon’s mouth, Hurrah, hurrah! here we all are. Never was heard in peace or war, The first in the world are we, Never, oh, never, was heard before, Since a ball was a ball, And a wall a wall, And a boy to play was free, That a school as old as an old oak-tree, Fast by the roots, was flung up in the air, Up in the air without thought or care, And pitched on its feet by the sea, the sea, Pitched on its feet by the sea. Ere the old school walls were dumb With the silence of despair, “March boys, march! the end has come!” Rang the watchword proud and clear. We our standard rallied round, Thrice a hundred faithful found. Playgrounds—leagues on leagues of shore; Class-rooms—all the sea-king’s caves; We are touched by Ariel’s power, Free of air, and earth, and waves. We are elves of Ariel’s range, Nought but suffers a sea change. Ah! the wand has laid its spell Over cricket-fields and trees; Presto!—woods, and mountains, shells, Rocks, and sea-anemones; Thrice turn round and shut your eyes, Open to a fresh surprise. Open on the level sward Slid Gogerddan’s {16a} hills between, When Gogerddan’s genial lord Looked upon the starry green, Lady-bright with summer stars, Heard the schoolboys’ loud hurrahs. Lo! the panting cricket train Up the valley slowly creeps, Lo! a boyish hurricane E’en o’er Cader Idris sweeps. Never in the good greenwood Lived more gaily Robin Hood. Little bits of fairy world, Fairy streamlets, dropping rills, And the Lery {16b} softly curled In amongst the dreaming hills: Never in the good greenwood Lived more gaily Robin Hood. East and west, and north and south, As if we were shot from a cannon’s mouth, Hurrah, hurrah! here we all are. Never was heard in peace or war, The first in the world are we, Never, oh, never, was heard before, Since a ball was a ball, And a wall a wall, And a boy to play was free, That a school as old as an old oak-tree, Fast by the roots, was flung up in the air, Up in the air without thought or care, And pitched on its feet by the sea, the sea, Pitched on its feet by the sea. VII. RIPPLES. JOLLY, O, jolly, at eve, When the golden waves Are tumbling into the sun, And the silent air Is thinking of nothing, to run Down to the shore, Boys by the score, Into the hollow way Curved by the ebbing spray, Chasing him back to his watery den, Lightly, O, lightly he leaps out again. Backward, O, backward we run (Thinking-of-nothing-o fun), Jolly wet every one. Rare, O, rare, Nought can compare When the silent air Is thinking of nothing, to run, In thinking-of-nothing-o fun, Out on the ebbing wave, Chasing him back to his watery lair, Jolly wet every one, Thinking-of-nothing-o fun. Jolly, O, jolly, at eve, When the golden waves Are tumbling into the sun, And the silent air Is thinking of nothing, to go, All in a row, A hundred or so, Manfully take a stand, Just on the edge of the land, Just where the pebbles and inrushing sea Battle, and rattle, and never agree, Solemnly, solemnly, O! Each his own pebble to throw, With a heigho! jolly heigho! Rare, O, rare, Nought can compare When the silent air Is thinking of nothing, to go, With a heigho! jolly heigho! Solemnly, solemnly, throw Pebbles and pebbles at our jolly foe, Hundreds of heads in a row, Thinking of nothing, heigho! VIII. THE LERY. O HAPPY days, O happy days, Ye pass, but do not die, Bright visitants, like summer rain Dropped softly from the sky; Which rests awhile on earth, And sinks unseen, and reappears again In wondrous birth on birth, New born in herb and flower, in bud and tree, And fountain waters flowing clear and free. O happy days, thy glow is on Green slope and heathery hill, Reflection bright of happy eyes, Which there have looked their fill. Ye choose ye valleys sweet, Where o’er the water-song the dim woods rise, Your votaries to meet, And sweetest far your home where Lery bright Plays in your smile with pebbles and the light. We find you where we left you last, When that glad summer noon We turned to go, half gay, half sad, An end had come so soon; Just where the wider sweep, With oak, and fern, and purple heather clad, Curves from the shoulder steep, Whereon ye watch the streamlet down the glade Send its white thoughts through narrowing glooms of shade. [Picture: The Lery above Tal-y-Bont] Look, now th’ imprisoned light is spread On a clear bed of rock; And the next moment tossed about, A fairy shuttlecock; Then in a still pool deep, Heart laid to heart in chambers hollowed out, The quiet wood doth sleep. So wooing still and wooed, demure or gay, The Lery down the vale a soul of joy doth stray. Thy train, dear happy days, are here, Each leaflet in its place, They tell me round yon jutting rock That I shall see your face. Lo! all are paddling there, For happy time recks not of mortal clock, The children of last year. Our fishers throw, while on the pebbly ridge Tea boils, and rash feet shake the miner’s bridge. Each tendril the old welcome gives, Each leaflet in its place, The very ants are marching still Along the selfsame trace; The hours themselves forget To drop another shadow on the rill, So there it lingers yet, And year by year we wake up with a kiss The sleeping princess of our summer bliss. IX. THE SANDS. EACH shall have his own love, High be linked to high, Sky be kissing mountain, Mountain kissing sky. Dozing in the orchard Let the goodman sit, Count on summer evenings Apples he will eat. Glory to the sands O! Glory give who can, Where a man, who stands O! Feels himself a man. Where the east wind gallops, Keen with keen-edged knife, And the wide world freshens, Salted with sea-life. Where the great free waters Have their freedom rolled, And the golden sunbeams Powdered them with gold. Blow, ye winds, your trumpets, Blow, ye winds, your fife, Glory to the sands O! Salted with sea-life. With the sea-bird shrieking To the sea below, Clang thy wild clang, sea-bird, Sea, thy organ blow. [Picture: The beach by Moel Ynys] When the summer whispers Float in o’er the sea, Then a moving rainbow Spreads itself o’er thee. Rainbow light and silver, Silver sheen and gold, All the light of childhood, Happy childhood bold. There it gleams and glistens Moving as we go, Light of sun or childhood, Who is skilled to know? Liberty and joyance Still ye give each one, Manhood with the east wind, Childhood with the sun. Blow, ye winds, your trumpets, Blow, ye winds, your fife, Glory to the sands O! Salted with sea-life. With the sea-bird shrieking To the sea below; Clang thy wild clang, sea-bird, Sea, thy organ blow. X. THE MARSH CIRCLE. CHIMES there are on earth, harmonious splendours, Subtle symphonies of ear and eye, Yea, dim bridals, when the mortal spirit Weds a half-veiled immortality. Moments, as when some dumb, wistful creature Gazes in its master’s eyes, to find Deeps on deeps, and wins a higher nature By mysterious touch of higher mind. Whoso sees the deep eyes turned upon him, Nature’s dreamlike radiance, on the height Breathless-happy stands, and draws by seeing Blissful inspiration, clearer sight. Go where from his rampart Taliesin {23} O’er the beaten gold of the great plain Throws his charm on river, sea, and mountain, Blending all in one bright living strain. Now a sunny silence makes heart-music, As it comes up smiling o’er the sea; All the hill-sides dimple; on it passes, In and out the enchanted shadows flee. Now within the coronet of mountains And the sea-fringed margin of the west Nature’s thoughts are stirring, gusts of passion Ruffle the embroidery on her breast. Far away a trouble on the waters ’Gins to whiten, then a living veil Drops down from the sky, black gleam the headlands, Gleam the hills through drifts of shadowy trail. And the weird wild freedom of the marshland Stretches, breadths on breadths of level gold, Where the storm-scuds wander, and the rainbow In the midst lets fall its glittering hold. Broad, bright plain, free wanderland of fancy, Robed in colours, all the sun can weave Out of silver seas, and hill-sides glooming, Molten in the ruddy fires of eve, Cloth of gold from sands, and silken tissue Spun from the blue distance, threads of white Shot through by the rivers, crimson buddings Of the oak groves flushed with spring delight. He on whom the deep eyes once have turned their Hidden splendours, be he where he will, Evermore a prophet’s dream enfolding, Walks with yearnings which he ne’er can fill. [Picture: The marsh behind Borth] XI. SHELLS. FAIRIES all, whoever ran Pell-mell from smoke-witted man, Scared from haunted well and tree Fairy mermaidens to be, Colonists of fairy sea; Empire found, and perils o’er, Soon ye peeped out on the shore, Frolic-bold as heretofore; Village green and woodland spells Lightly changed for shells O, shells! Your sea besoms twice a day Swish, and swirl, and hissing spray, Brush all mortal taint away. Twice a day the saucy waves, Heads bent low, your merry slaves, Tumble in of shells a store From the sea-king’s palace floor. On a day remembered well, Never butterfly befell Brighter bursting from his cell, Picked we the first fairy shell. Time his hinge had backward swung, Youth and Age together sprung In a world where all was young. Age was young and Youth as old, Age and Youth, two children bold, Caught old Time with potent spells, Magic words of shells O, shells! Shells—the very air did seem Opening into some bright dream, And an unseen gladness swept All around us as we stept. Miles of hope before us lay, Golden, glistening sheets of day, With a sea-charm washed alway, Fairy-sprinkled! who could tell? Every yard might give its shell; Little Cockles’ pearly sheen, Chariot fit for fairy queen, Pectens, dipped in colours won From the rays slipped off the sun In the waves, when day is done. Here a ripple in and out Mocking whirls the Cones about, Brings them to our fingers, then Laughs, and swings them off again. There a dark line softly lies Rich in promise ’neath the skies; Happy he foredoomed to burst On that fairy treasure first, Ere assailed by foot accurst, Or the jealous, tricksy sea Rushing catch him to the knee, And with slow malicious glee Gently suck it back; ah me! Shells O, shells! the slanted hail, Thunder-driven, blind, and pale, Beat on rovers bent, subdued, Each apart in solitude, Nursing his own woeful mood. Lo! a shell bank—at the cry Sunshine flashed along the sky, Reckless-bright each sunny eye Glistened, on the spoil they fly, Cockles, Mactras, Artemis, Pectens, unknown shapes of bliss, Turritella, Tellens frail, Orphans, delicate and pale, Newly risen from the sea Peerless Venus Chione. Such a ring was never seen Glancing coy on minstrel’s een In the sweetest, shyest gloom Of the young world’s maiden bloom, Ere the tender dew had died Hopeless, on the mountain-side, And away the fairies hied. Where the fairies hied would’st know? To the printless margin go, Where sea besoms twice a day Swish, and swirl, and hissing spray, Purge all mortal taint away, There the fairy children play. XII. SUNDAY.—THE HILL-TOP. HOW softly leading upward, the green slope Leans ’gainst the southern sky, And restful feet have reached the top before They know they are so high. E’en so, up from the levels of the week, In its own quiet air, Enthroned within a more ethereal blue, The Sunday rises fair. And ofttimes, as GOD’S peace from church and field Upon their spirit lay, A happy group down set made all their own That gracious place and day. Far down the shadowy tracts of gleaming sand Seemed melting from the eye, And all the busy week, a few dark specks, Which sight could scarce descry. The small waves chattered all along the shore; But with low pleading sweet The billows crept up to the tall black rocks, And clasped their giant feet. And there in talk, or silence dearer still, They let their hearts go free, In that sweet confidence, which nothing asks But being still to be. The sea discourses to them, or they launch On summer clouds, that throw A purple mantle wrought in peaceful skies On dreaming waves below. And gathering up the light of the great plain, A web of colours rare, They blend them, as they look, with fancies meet, And peace of upper air, Till where the river ’twixt the distant hills Leads up into the skies, In that fair borderland of earth and heaven The changeful glory lies. Whoso within that dreamy circle sits, For him abideth still The calm of upper air, the magic light That hill sends on to hill. XIII. THE RETURN. SALT, and sand, and rocking wave, Salt, and sand, and sky, All ye had to give ye gave, But—good bye, good bye. Hey, the robin, the lark, and the green green grass, And the ivy that clings to the wall; Hey, the robin, the lark, and the green green grass, And the oak, and the ash-tree tall. Rocking wave, and mountain bold, Bright air, free to roam, Say not that our hearts are cold; Oh! but—home is home. Hey, the robin, the lark, and the green green grass, And the ivy that clings to the wall; Hey, the robin, the lark, and the green green grass, And the oak, and the ash-tree tall. Smoothest turf, a sunshine floor, Dance of cricket ball, Studies, where we shut the door On our cosy all. Hey, the robin, the lark, and the green green grass, And the ivy that clings to the wall; Hey, the robin, the lark, and the green green grass, And the oak, and the ash-tree tall. Grey old school-house, consecrate On thy hill afar, Chapel, keeping solemn state— Home we go, hurrah! Hey, the robin, the lark, and the green green grass, And the ivy that clings to the wall; Hey, the robin, the lark, and the green green grass, And the oak, and the ash-tree tall. [Picture: Chapel and School-house from Middle Ground] XIV. THE FLAGS. TO him, who wounded turned aside, It mattered little that he died In sunshine, in the fair springtide. On many a grave the flowers are gay, Oft ruin creeping on his prey Puts forth a velvet paw in play. O Flags, ye wrap within your fold A stranger tale than e’er was told Of Muses’ sons in days of old. The homeless school, of fortune braved, Will aye remember how ye waved Above them, in the hour that saved. As long as youth breathes living fire, As long as scorn is on the liar, And men can mount from high to higher. Rest in the school-room, rest, and be A spirit moving calm and free, A silent flame of liberty. Say, peace more stern than war demands Devotion purer, cleaner hands, Life larger, foot that firmer stands. Bid Hope his thrilling clarion blow, And fearless truth in boyhood glow, And honour send him on his foe. So life shall foster life, each son Still better what his sire hath done, And truth from truth full circle run. FOOTNOTES. {16a} Gogerddan, the seat of Sir Pryse Pryse, Bart. {16b} The river at Borth. {23} Taliesin, the great Welsh Bard, buried on a hill overlooking the plain of Borth. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BORTH LYRICS *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.