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THE RIVERS AND STREAMS
OF ENGLAND




AGENTS


AMERICA          THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
                   64 & 66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

AUSTRALASIA      THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
                   205 FLINDERS LANE, MELBOURNE

CANADA           THE MACMILLAN COMPANY OF CANADA, LTD.
                   ST. MARTIN'S HOUSE, 70 BOND STREET, TORONTO

INDIA            MACMILLAN & COMPANY, LTD.
                   MACMILLAN BUILDING, BOMBAY
                   309 BOW BAZAAR STREET, CALCUTTA

[Illustration]

[Illustration: THE DERWENT, HIGH TOR, MATLOCK, DERBYSHIRE]




THE
RIVERS & STREAMS
OF ENGLAND

PAINTED BY
SUTTON PALMER

DESCRIBED BY
A. G. BRADLEY

[Illustration: colophon]
PUBLISHED BY 4 SOHO SQUARE

ADAM AND CHARLES LONDON, W

BLACK MCMIX




PREFACE


Though this is not a book on angling, a life-long attachment to the
fly-rod on the part of the author, and to the delightful scenes into
which such predilections notoriously lead one, makes it at once more
difficult and more easy to write than if one were approaching the
subject as a stranger to the atmosphere, and merely to "write round" the
pictures Mr. Palmer has so admirably painted. But in my case it is by no
means only this. A predilection for British landscape in general, and
all that thereby hangs, has stimulated a far wider acquaintance with it
than any mere angling rambles could achieve, and resulted in the
publication of several books concerned with such things, and covering
more or less about twenty counties. I feel this explanation is
desirable, lest the note of intimacy with many far-sundered streams, in
allusion and otherwise, that must occur in these pages may be suspect.
The more so, as from the fascination of the Cook's ticket or what not,
comparatively few of my countrymen have any considerable knowledge of
their own land. The Rhine is certainly better known than the Wye, and
the Danube probably than the Severn.

But these very experiences made the first proposal to write a book,
other than a mere encyclopædia, within a brief space on such a big
subject, seem almost hopeless. Rivers and streams from every direction,
by scores, came surging out upon the memory at the very thought of it,
in quite distracting fashion. It was finally agreed, however, that the
literary part of the book should take shape in a series of essays or
chapters dealing with the rivers mainly in separate groups or
water-sheds, leaving the proportions to my discretion. Capricious in a
measure this was bound to be. Selection was inevitable. It is not of
supreme importance. _Caeteris paribus_, and without diverging more than
necessary from the skilful illustrator, I have dealt more freely with
the rivers I know best, and also with those I hold to be more worthy of
notice. There are, of course, omissions, this book being neither a guide
nor an encyclopædia, but rather a collection of descriptive essays and
of water-colour sketches covering, though necessarily in brief, most of
the groups. In this particular subject there is happily no need for
author and illustrator to keep close company in detail. What inspires
the pen, and in actual survey stirs the blood, is often unpaintable.
What makes a delightful picture, on the other hand, tells sometimes but
a dull tale in print. I have had to leave to the artist's capable brush,
owing to the necessary limitations of the letterpress, several subjects;
a matter, however, which seems to me as quite immaterial to the general
purport of the book, as it is unavoidable. But otherwise I think we run
reasonably together. At first sight the omission of the Thames in
description may seem outrageous. A moment's reflection, however, will, I
am sure, conduce to a saner view. Illustration is wholly another matter;
but to attempt ten or fifteen pages on that great and familiar river,
dealt with, too, in bulk and brief by innumerable pens, that could serve
any purpose or gratify any reader, seems to me a fatuous undertaking.
The Severn, on the other hand, as great, almost as important as the
Thames, and still more beautiful, is by comparison an absolutely unknown
river, and we have given it the first place.

A. G. B.




CONTENTS


CHAPTER I

                                                                    PAGE

THE SEVERN                                                             1

CHAPTER II

THE WYE                                                               39

CHAPTER III

THE CHALK STREAMS                                                     64

CHAPTER IV

THE BORDER RIVERS                                                    101

CHAPTER V

TWO AVONS                                                            149

CHAPTER VI

THE RIVERS OF DEVON                                                  161

CHAPTER VII

THE RIVERS OF THE SOUTH-EAST                                         209

CHAPTER VIII

THE YORKSHIRE DALES                                                  227

CHAPTER IX

AN EAST ANGLIAN RIVER                                                269




LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS


1. The Derwent, High Tor, Matlock                          _Frontispiece_

                                                             FACING PAGE
2. The Severn, near Arley, Shropshire                                  6

3. The Severn, Bridgenorth, Shropshire                                18

4. The Severn, near Cam, Gloucestershire                              30

5. Chepstow with Wye and Severn                                       34

6. The Wye, Haddon Hall, Derbyshire                                   38

7. The Wye, Hay, Breconshire                                          40

8. The Wye, Ross, Herefordshire                                       46

9. The Monnow, Old Bridge, Monmouth                                   52

10. The Wye, Symond's Yat, Herefordshire                              60

11. The Wye, Tintern, Monmouthshire                                   62

12. The Thames, looking towards Henley                                64

13. The Avon, near Salisbury                                          66

14. The Thames, the Bells of Ouseley, Old Windsor                     70

15. Stapleford on the Wiley                                           82

16. The Itchen, St. Cross, Winchester                                 88

17. The Itchen, and St. Giles' Hill, Winchester                       94

18. The Dove, Dovedale, Derbyshire                                   100

19. The Tyne, Hexham, Northumberland                                 102

20. The Coquet, and Warkworth Castle, Northumberland                 124

21. The Eden, Samson's Chamber, near Carlisle                        136

22. The Eden, near Lazonby, Cumberland                               140

23. The Derwent, Grange, Borrowdale                                  142

24. Skelwith Force, near Ambleside, Westmoreland                     144

25. The Derwent, Borrowdale, Cumberland                              146

26. The Brathay, Langdale, Westmoreland                              150

27. The Thames, Backwater by the Islands, Henley                     152

28. The Avon at Clifton                                              154

29. The Avon, Stratford, Warwickshire                                158

30. A Glimpse of the Thames, Kew                                     160

31. The Hamoaze, Devonport, from Mount Edgcumbe                      162

32. The Dart, Dittisham, Devon                                       166

33. The Erme, Ivy Bridge, Devon                                      172

34. The Tamar, Cotehele, Cornwall                                    178

35. The Tamar, near Calstock, Cornwall                               182

36. The Tavy, Tavistock, Devon                                       186

37. The Okement, Oakhampton, Devon                                   192

38. On the West Lynn, Lynmouth, Devon                                198

39. The Exe, Countess Weir, Devon                                    200

40. The Exe, Topsham, Devon                                          202

41. The Axe, Axmouth, Devon                                          204

42. The Thames, Eton                                                 208

43. The Thames, Richmond                                             208

44. The Arun, Arundel Castle, Sussex                                 208

45. The Arun, Amberley, Sussex                                       210

46. The Ouse, near Barcombe Mills, Sussex                            212

47. The Ouse, near Lewes, Sussex                                     214

48. A Stream, near Leith Hill, Surrey                                216

49. The Rother, Fittleworth, Sussex                                  216

50. The Wey, Surrey                                                  218

51. The Medway, Aylesford, Kent                                      220

52. The Wey, Elstead, Surrey                                         222

53. The Medway, Maidstone, Kent                                      224

54. The Medway, Rochester                                            226

55. The Trent, Nottingham                                            228

56. The Wharfe, Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire                              230

57. The Wharfe, the Strid, Yorkshire                                 234

58. The Wharfe, Barden Tower, Yorkshire                              238

59. The Nidd, Knaresborough, Yorkshire                               242

60. The Ure, near Ripon, Yorkshire                                   246

61. The Ure, Aysgarth Force, Yorkshire                               250

62. The Swale, Richmond, Yorkshire                                   252

63. The Swale, Richmond, Yorkshire                                   254

64. The Swale, Richmond, Yorkshire                                   256

65. The Swale, Easby Abbey, Yorkshire                                258

66. High Force, Tees, Yorkshire                                      260

67. The Tees, Cotherstone, Yorkshire                                 264

68. The Tees, Barnard Castle, Durham                                 266

69. The Stour, Bergholt, Suffolk                                     268

70. The Ouse, near St. Ives, Huntingdonshire                         268

71. The Ouse, Huntingdonshire                                        270

72. The Ouse, Houghton Mill, Huntingdonshire                         272

73. The Ouse, Hemingford Abbots, Huntingdonshire                     274

74. The Ouse, near Holywell, Huntingdonshire                         276

75. The Stour, near Dedham, Essex                                    278

_Sketch Map at end of Volume._




RIVERS AND STREAMS OF ENGLAND




CHAPTER I

THE SEVERN


There is surely some peculiar fascination in the birthplace of a famous
river when this lies in the heart of moors and mountains. For myself, I
admit at once to but scant interest in the infant springs of even such
slow running rivers as I have some personal affection for. There is
neither mystery, nor solitude, nor privacy about their birth. They come
into the world amid much the same surroundings as those in which they
spend the greater part of their mature existence--amid ploughed fields,
cattle pastures, and villages, farmyards, game covers, and ozier beds.
When full they are inevitably muddy, and when empty are very empty
indeed; lifeless, and mute at the best, at the worst actually dry. The
river of low-country birth acquires, in short, neither character nor
quality worthy of consideration till as a full-grown stream it can trace
a shining coil in the valley, or reflect the shadow of spire, bridge or
mill, of willow or poplar.

How different is the source of a mountain-born river, above all when it
boasts some name famous in story, and is to become the feeder of
historic cities and bearer of great navies. Its hoarse voice plashing
amid the silence of the eternal hills strikes the chord responsive to
such scenes as these with singular force, and a little louder perhaps
than its comparatively nameless neighbour, which leaves their common
watershed for some other sea. As the lowland landscape of England is
unique, so the mountain and moorland solitudes of these two islands are
quite different from anything else in the whole universe. The mountain
regions of England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland, exhibit, to be sure,
some slight variety of detail, due partly to human and partly to natural
agencies. But such differences are positively trifling compared to the
contrast they each and all present to any other of the waste places of
the earth, unless perhaps some wilder portion of Brittany may be a
qualified exception. This delightful singularity, to my thinking a
wholly favourable one, is not sufficiently understood or appreciated.
There are tremendous masses of snow and crag and evergreen timber, as
well as marvellous formations of naked rock, in four continents
appealing to practically another sense. There are lower ranges, too, on
the scale of our own mountains, in many parts of the world draped in
timber from base to summit, which again are of another family, and those
who have lived or been much among them know how unsatisfactory by
comparison are their limitations, how obstructive both of free movement
and of outlook.

But there is nothing anywhere resembling our open hills where heather
and bog grasses of many hues, where emerald turf, spreading bracken and
golden gorse, broken with cliff and crag and scaur, invite the wanderer
to a delightful and easy intimacy with their innermost haunts. Here you
may ramble practically at will, with the unobstructed glories of earth
and air always before your eyes, the fresh tempered breezes of our
gulf-stream-washed island in your lungs, your feet pressing upon plants
and grasses all instinct of a soil that knows nothing of fierce heats
and binding frosts as those terms are understood in most other lands.
And then, again, how futile to parade the altitude of our British
mountains as evidence of insignificance. They laugh to scorn all such
arithmetic, and many times in a single day will wrap themselves in some
magic veil, and lift their peaks and shoulders round you, till scale and
altitude as expressed in figures become practically a thing of naught.
The obvious of the past garish and sunny hour, when their modest
measurement proclaimed itself to any reasonably experienced eye, has
vanished, and you find yourself confronted by heights that lack
absolutely nothing in stature and dignity, and are in effect mountains
of 10,000 feet. Everything that shapely form and atmosphere can achieve
in the way of effect these little mountains of ours are capable of. Our
much maligned climate not merely clothes them in a chequered mantle of
green and russet, of grey, purple, or saffron, only less in winter than
in summer, but gives them those ever-changing moods and aspects that few
people who know both would as a permanency exchange for all the sun
glare of the earth. And how solitary are the hollows of these hills
where rivers rise: nay, often more than that, and little short of
awesome. Here again, perhaps, comes in the quite undisturbing reflection
that there is a railway within five miles and a town possibly within
ten! What does it matter, when nobody ever comes here, and there is not
a trace visible anywhere of man's handiwork but possibly the dark line
of some stone dyke built two centuries ago? The very consciousness that
this is in populous Britain makes the wild wilder, the silence stiller,
the solitude more solitary.

For myself, I know of a score of such valley heads in the North and
Wales, whence streams and rivers have their birth, that provoke a
feeling of positive and pleasurable creepiness, such as the wildest
woods and the remotest prairies never touched me with. Whether opening
and shutting in a driving winter mist, or with their high rocky
shoulders turned gloomily from the sun on a fine autumn morning, these
inner sanctuaries and water-sheds where so many of our English rivers
rise seem as if they gathered the silence of unlimited wastes and
distilled its very essence. The very sounds that break their solitude,
intensify it: the plashing of the tiny stream when it has struggled out
of the meshes of the high bog that gives it birth, and is taking its
first leap for liberty and independence down the rocky ledges of the
precipice towards the world below, the mournful call of the curlew, the
fitful, plaintive bleat of the mountain sheep, or the faint rattle of
stones misplaced by its nimble feet. Poets have written of the "startled
air," and some of them perhaps have used the phrase but tritely, and
themselves but half suspecting the true felicity of the metaphor. In
these sombre chambers of the hills, walled in upon every side, the
stillness seems literally to grasp at every slight sound and cling to it
with strange vibrations and lingering echoes, which remind one how
utterly alien to these places are the common sounds of the everyday
world that pass unnoticed--a world so ridiculously near and yet so
infinitely remote.

Among the outstanding geographical facts which used to be hammered into
the heads of schoolboys was that of Plinlimmon being the parent of both
the Severn and the Wye. Many poems both in Welsh and English have been
inspired by this picture of two infant streams springing from the bosom
of the same mountain, and after following widely sundered courses
through various counties, meeting again as great rivers, just in time to
mingle their waters before merging them in the brine. It would be a
pretty conceit even if it were not in the case of these two rivers an
actual fact. Whether

[Illustration: THE SEVERN, NEAR ARLEY, SHROPSHIRE]

[Illustration]

it is on this account, or because of the huge bulk and prominent
situation of Plinlimmon, many "eminent geographers" of not very remote
days wrote it down for the benefit of generations of misguided students
as the third loftiest mountain in Wales. But it is not even in the first
rank, being less than 2500 feet. There are several mountains in South
Wales alone of greater altitude and more graceful shape. But Plinlimmon,
all the same, is a fine upstanding mass of wild bog, linked upon both
sides to far-spreading solitudes, and worthy to be the mother of the
greatest and of the most beautiful river respectively in England or
Wales.

That the former deserves the epithet is a mere geographical fact. That
the Wye contains a greater mileage of the highest types of British
scenery than any other river, will surely be conceded by any one
sufficiently equipped with a knowledge of British rivers to pronounce an
opinion worth having and not disqualified by too intimate personal
association with some other possible claimant. For it is the only river
in the country that rises to the highest scale of physical beauty and
distinction as we know them in Britain, both in its earlier and its
later stages. A few large rivers, notably the Cheshire Dee, the Usk,
the Tynes, the Tees, and of course many smaller ones in the north and
west, compare with the Wye, though few surpass it in their higher
reaches, being all distinguished by the same type of rugged and
mountainous scenery. But none of them, after they have left such
associations behind and become by comparison low-country rivers on their
progress to the sea, break out again like the Wye for such a long period
of their later course in scenes that vie with those of its youth and are
among the recognised gems of British scenery.

The fountain springs of the Severn and the Wye are less than a mile
apart on the long slope of Plinlimmon. The one flowing north-east, the
other south-east, there is little to choose between them as they fume
and fret in their sombre mountain cradles or sparkle among the narrow
stone-walled meadows, the little white-washed sycamore-shaded homesteads
of the upland farms. The Wye has greater things in store for her than
even the wild foothills of Plinlimmon as she dashes off into the
mountain gorges of Radnorshire and Brecon. But the Severn, though
flowing always from source to mouth through a landscape consistently
fair and often striking, seldom rises to the level maintained by her
younger sister for more than half of her journey to the sea. The Severn,
called hereabouts the Hafryn by the Welsh, may be said to emerge into
civilization near the little Montgomeryshire town of Llanidloes, noted
for its sheep fairs and its fish poachers. Here it meets, to follow
northwards the only railroad which even now links North and South Wales.
This will have brought with it over the wild heathery moorland watershed
between Wye and Severn, where dark brooding hills enclose the region of
Pant-y-dwr (Hollow of the waters), the brown streams of the Tylerch. The
Clywedog meeting the other two just below their junction, the Severn now
becomes a lusty little river, brawling incessantly upon a wide stony
bed.

Of the thousands of tourists who every season travel on the Cambrian
railway to the Welsh watering-places, few probably realise that the
little trout stream which prattles in and out of the line in the high
country around Moat Lane Junction bears the name of the greatest, though
truly the second in fame, of English rivers. From first to last the
Severn is faithful to Montgomeryshire as the Welsh county of its birth.
From Blaen Hafryn, its source on Plinlimmon, just within the county
bounds, for some 50 miles straight measure along its valley--all the
way, indeed, from Llanidloes to the Breiddon Hills--it waters the
richest pastures and the fattest corn lands of the ancient kingdom of
Powys Fadog. But if the Severn drains the richest portion of this most
delectable and highland country, it must not be supposed that its
environment is tame or its streams lazy. Everywhere to the right and to
the left lofty hills, though for the most part somewhat back-lying,
bound the limits of the vale, while now and again a glimpse of some
distant mountain serves to remind one that Montgomeryshire is in the
main a mountain county. For the Severn valley is so intercepted with
small hills, so richly wooded, so ornate in places with the park lands
and foliage of country seats, so sprinkled with pleasant villages, one
is apt to forget that the little streams hurrying down to the river from
the north come from a really wild Wales beyond, while lying back to the
south the regions of Kerry and Clun speak in their very names to the
initiated of the spirit of solitude.

But the human or certainly the historic interest of Montgomeryshire and
much of its visible wealth clusters along this broad and broken vale of
the Severn. Newtown and its flannel industries and the name of
Pryce-Jones will strike a responsive note in the ear of every British
housewife. But the stern fragments of Montgomery Castle, perched on the
summit of a rock 350 feet above the river, is perhaps more in harmony
with the mood in which we should follow an historic artery through this
Border country. The little town, absolutely the smallest and most
somnolent county capital in the two countries, lies behind the rocky
castle height. The Norman, Roger of Montgomery, was granted this country
by his friend and chief William the Conqueror, who appears to have
assumed it was in Shropshire, because Offa's Dyke crosses the river near
by. This misconception soon became apparent, and though the well-nigh
impregnable castle, called always Tre-Faldwin by the Welsh after Roger's
constable, Baldwin, was retained in Anglo-Norman hands, it is not too
much to say that it was a centre of strife between the Welsh and English
for 200 years, till Edward the First completed the conquest of Wales and
created the North Welsh counties, this one being fortunate in acquiring
the sonorous name which had clung to the castle and lordship. The actual
building, whose scant fragments are now so conspicuous and suggestive,
was erected by Henry the Third, who in his troubles with his barons was
compelled to promise Llewelyn the Second or "the Great" that this should
be the uttermost western limit of his pretensions to dominion.

But a more accessible celebrity than either Henry the Third or Llewelyn,
seeing that he has left us one of the raciest autobiographies in the
language, owned and lived in Montgomery Castle, to wit, Lord Herbert of
Chirbury. His period was the first half of the seventeenth century, but
his exploits were not confined to Montgomeryshire, as his reputation for
courage, brains, and eccentricity was a national one and something more.
His literary remains, which are numerous, are matter, perhaps, for the
specialist, but his autobiography, which in a reprint can be bought for
a shilling or two, is the most delightful picture in brief of country
and domestic life, of Courts and Camps abroad and at home, of social
London, and, above all, of the point of view of a shrewd, original,
experienced and travelled man of the world, warrior, courtier, scholar,
and theologian. Chirbury is the adjoining parish, and this
sombre-looking fortress above the Severn may in a sense be regarded as
the cradle of the great race of Herbert, which with its many noble
branches and varied achievements is perhaps the most illustrious in
England. One branch, in the persons of the Earls of Powis, is still very
much represented here on the Severn. For as the river tumbles along in
occasional pools where the salmon ought to rise to the fly, but for some
inscrutable reason refuse to do so, and in long gliding deeps to
Welshpool, Powis Castle, the "Castell Goch," the "Red Castle" of old
Border days, rises out of its wooded park lands on the left bank. Known
locally as "Pool," Welshpool was a Border town like Berwick-on-Tweed and
Hay-on-Wye. Two nations dwelt there in separate quarters in a sort of
armed neutrality in days when nationality at intermittent periods meant
life or death, and still dwell there in long-mingled unity.

Shropshire runs close up to the Severn at Montgomery Castle upon the
south bank, and English only is spoken by the Welsh population all down
the valley from Moat Lane, though with the spring of the hills to the
northward the native tongue still everywhere asserts itself. Around
Welshpool, too, the Jones's, Hughes's, and Williams's begin to display
the Shropshire type of man as opposed to the Welshman, whether
English-speaking or otherwise. But the Severn turns away and clings to
its native county for yet another 10 miles. Receiving the first of its
three important affluents, the Vyrnwy from the north, it finally takes
leave of Wales beneath the shadow of those imposing twins the Breiddons,
which like a pair of huge sentinels stand guarding the gateway from the
plains of north Shropshire into the hills of Wales. Indeed, the exit of
the Severn, by this time a considerable river, from Welsh territory is
finely marked, for when it has run a pleasant, uneventful course,
touching by the way no place of note, to Shrewsbury, the westward view
from the latter is significant and striking. To the last mile of
Montgomeryshire, Wales stands finely out above the rich undulations of
this once frontier and much harassed county, with singular distinction.
The properly constituted Salopian as he stands upon the western
outskirts of his town, where his famous school has in recent times
perched itself above the high banks of Severn, sees his past laid out
before him, like a page of history; the fat Saxon lowland spreading
westward for a dozen miles, and the sharp rampart of Wales from north to
south as far as the eye can see, height after height, range after range,
almost precisely delimiting the outworks behind which for centuries lay
a vigilant, unforgetting, and alien people, ready to strike at the
first sign of over-confident negligence. This to the indifferent eye may
seem ancient history, but it was real enough even as late as the days of
Henry the Fourth, when for ten years Glyndwr kept the Border counties in
a continual state of apprehension. Part of the walls are still standing,
while the Severn, bending in horse-shoe shape round the town, still runs
under both the _English_ and the _Welsh_ bridge, and the castle rises
above the river-bank whence Henry the Fourth and his army marched out on
that July morning 500 years ago to meet the Percies on the bloody field
of Haytely.

Shrewsbury is a fine old town, and the encircling Severn adds no little
to its pride of pose. It sprang into being on the ashes of the
neighbouring Brito-Roman city of Uriconium a few miles down the river,
so ruthlessly destroyed by the Saxon pagans. First as Pengwern, then as
Schrobbesberie, the principal city of the middle March, it gave in time
its name to a county, and kept chief watch and ward against the Welsh of
Powys land and of North Wales. It has a great story and stout traditions
like all Border towns, and looks it. Of late years it has begun to share
the attentions of over-sea visitors with Chester, a fact in no way
surprising. For though its antiquities are not so definite and obviously
on show, Shrewsbury, unlike the other, is far removed from the
disfiguring industrial atmosphere of the North. It is nothing, to be
sure, but the historic market-town of a great district; but the latter
is so large, so important and interesting, including as it does both
English and Welsh territory, that Shrewsbury has at once the peaceful
air of a country borough with the size and dignity of something very
much more. It is rich in ancient half-timbered houses, often standing in
their original narrow wynds or rows. Its sixteenth-century market-hall
is one of the best in England. There are some beautiful old mansions
too, that were the town-houses of great Salopian families in the days
when counties or groups of counties were a social unit unto themselves,
and London a far-away rendezvous for great nobles or pronounced
courtiers only. Shrewsbury is justly proud of its old churches. The
Abbey is a fine Norman building with later additions and much recent
successful restoration, and will be the Cathedral when Shropshire--only
a matter of time--becomes a diocese. St. Mary's, however, is the more
interesting, being of large dimensions and exhibiting almost every
style of architecture from Norman onwards, and lifting a lofty and
beautiful spire heavenwards. In its windows is a wealth of old
stained-glass, brought at various times from various places both in the
locality and on the Continent. Battlefield Church, beyond the town, was
raised over the burial pits of the many thousand dead who fell at that
great encounter, to say masses for ever for their souls and for those of
Henry the Fourth and the pious founders. With its fine tower planted
amid the quiet fields upon the site of the very shock of battle it seems
to tell a strange story, and to have long outlived the prodigiously
important function it was destined for, if numbers counted for
responsibility in the repetition of masses.

It was here, of course, that our old friend Falstaff was almost at his
very best in the scene of the fight between Hotspur and Prince Henry. To
return to fact, however, it was in Shrewsbury market-place that
Hotspur's naked body, after being three days buried, was set up between
two mill-stones to show the world that the lion of the north, the terror
of his enemies, was in truth dead. It was on Severn's banks at Berwick,
close to Shrewsbury, that this paragon of his day and type, whose very
defects of speech the golden youth of England affected, spent the last
night of his life; and in the morning, when he was told the name of the
place, turned pale and said that "he had ploughed his last furrow," for
a wizard in Northumberland had told him he should die at Berwick,
meaning, as he supposed, that more famous one in the north, where every
generation of Percy in those days fought and bled. He traced the outline
of his hand with a dagger on an oak panel of the house, and it became a
tradition of the Bettons, the owners, that if the panel was lost Berwick
would go with it, and sure enough the double disaster occurred within
quite recent times. Near a century later, Mytton, the Governor of
Shrewsbury, refused to open the gates to Henry the Seventh as he was
marching to fight for that title on Bosworth Field, swearing he should
only enter the town "over his belly." Matters having arranged themselves
pleasantly, however, the too protesting Governor, to save his oath, lay
on his back in the gate while Henry stepped over him.

The Severn is in sober mood for much of its progress round Shrewsbury,
providing both the school and the townsfolk with an admirable boating
course, after which it breaks out again into

[Illustration: THE SEVERN, BRIDGENORTH, SHROPSHIRE]

[Illustration]

those interludes of shallow rapids that mark its normal course. Soon
after leaving Shrewsbury, having run under the high ridge of Haughmond
Hill and the ruinous Abbey of that name, the river swerves southward,
and for the rest of its long course holds more or less to that point of
the compass. In spite of increasing volume from various small
affluents--the Meole at Shrewsbury, the Condover brook and the little
river Tern which joins it just below--the Severn still retains, in
subdued fashion, the qualities of a big hill-born stream running from
long pike-haunted deeps into shallow rapids, where persevering anglers
still catch occasional trout, and up which the salmon run in high water
as they head for their breeding-grounds among the Montgomery Hills. It
is a sore point among Severn anglers that for some occult reason no
Severn salmon can be persuaded to take a fly--one of those mysteries
with which the king of fishes continues to bewilder and exasperate
generations of experts. Here all the way up through Shropshire and
Montgomery are the fish, the water, and the conditions that make the
salmon a fly-taker more or less in every other river of this pattern in
Great Britain. Nay, its very tributaries, the Wye and the Usk, though
you would expect, to be sure, greater things of them than of the
Severn, are conspicuous in this particular. Salmon are taken
occasionally on a minnow above Welshpool, but so rarely on a fly as not
to be worth noting.

Running under the picturesque church and bridge of Atcham the river soon
passes Uriconium or Wroxeter, the partly excavated Roman British city
some six miles below Shrewsbury. The wall of the Basilica (as supposed)
at Uriconium is, I think, the only ruin south of the Roman wall country
that has weathered the storms of centuries and the hand of man above
ground--the only one, at any rate, like this one springing out of a
lonely rural landscape,--and thus sitting against the skyline with a
turnip-field as a foreground, it seems to move one even beyond a Norman
or a Saxon church--and no wonder. How the "White city" was utterly
destroyed by the west Saxons after the battle of Deorham in 577 is told
us vaguely in the wail of Llywarch Hen, whose sons perished in the
carnage. Still winding through a pleasant undulating region, passing the
high red cliff and the deep dingle near Hamage and the wooded slopes
about Shadwell, the Severn runs within a mile or two of the Wrekin,
which rises some 1300 feet high to the eastward. Away to the west
Wenlock Edge, Caradoc, and the Longmynd, approaching 2000 feet in
altitude, show their shapely forms. At Buildwas the beautiful ruins of
its Norman Cistercian Abbey overlook the river, while those of Much
Wenlock Priory, once the greatest and most powerful in Shropshire, cover
twenty acres not far from its banks. Just above Buildwas the Severn
begins to accelerate its pace in the deep trough it has cut in the
limestone hills, and enters the mining district of Coalbrook dale, where
for a few miles what must once have been a beautiful gorge has been for
ages smirched with many disfiguring industries; for here in the
seventeenth century iron is said to have been first smelted with coal.
The phase, however, is a very short one, for with Coalport the smoke and
turmoil are left behind, and through peaceful and delightful scenes the
river forges on to Bridgenorth.

Here, perched on a high promontory between the river and a tributary
ravine, with the leaning wall of its ancient castle upon the summit and
its houses clinging to the steeps, the historic little Shropshire town
makes a brave show. And from this point, by Hampton Wood and Highley, to
Arley and Bewdley the Severn runs in a narrow valley with woody hills
pressing upon the right and left, and oftentimes rolling glades of
birch and bracken about its banks, and the entire distance beautifully
varied with foliage and meadow. Below Arley, a place of renown for its
scenery, the Severn may be said to abandon definitely all semblance of a
mountain river, to cease from intermittent fretting on rocky channels,
and to sober down for good--a procedure due in part no doubt to certain
weirs below--into a fairly fast but smooth, deep, and navigable stream.
Bewdley, though but a small town now of some 2000 souls, is a place of
peculiar interest in Severn annals; for in times remote, those of the
Saxon and the Roman at any rate, it was certainly the head of the swampy
lagoon through which the river wandered from here to the Bristol
Channel, and the head consequently of navigation. But much more
interesting than this, Bewdley was, till the period of canals, a great
shipping port for Birmingham and other Midland centres. Long barges
travelled down to Bristol, and it can be readily understood what this
meant in days when roads were practically useless for transportation.
Bewdley, moreover, at one time manufactured as a monopoly the famous
"Monmouth caps" worn by soldiers, sailors, and others when sumptuary
laws ordained in what manner each rank of life should array itself. But
canals which struck the Severn lower down, followed in due course by
railroads, destroyed Bewdley. It is now, however, a singularly
interesting illustration of a Queen Anne and Georgian town left
commercially derelict in the full career of its prosperity. A long row
of substantial buildings once full of merchandize spreads along the
river-bank, while a wide street runs inland up the hill slope bordered
with houses, which speak eloquently, to any one who can read such
messages, of the prosperous provincial merchant of the Jacobean and
Georgian period, put to such humble modern uses as an insignificant
agricultural market-town can find for them. With its sombre Queen Anne
church, its placid old-world air, and leafy hills mounting high in
pleasant confusion above it, and its fine stone bridge spanning the
river, Bewdley is a place to remember among the Severn towns. Always
celebrated for its beauty of situation, old Leland, brief and curt to
the verge of humour, broke out in its presence into verse:

    Deliciis rerum Bellus locus undique floret
    Fronde coronatus Viriarae, tempora sylvae.

Here, too, as an occasional alternative to Ludlow, was held the Court of
Wales and the Marches. Of Bewdley Forest nothing is left but some great
oaks scattered over meadow and park land, but that of Wyre, near by,
still rolls back from the Severn, ridge upon ridge of scrub oak
woodland, covering about twenty square miles with dense foliage scarcely
anywhere broken but by the trail of the little streams that prattle down
its narrow glens. There is nothing quite approximating to Wyre Forest
remaining in England--this dense mantle of scrub oak, laid over a large
tract of uninhabited hilly country. In autumn this uniform sea of
russet, splashed about with the dark green of stray yew trees, rolling
over hill and dale for many miles, presents a sight common enough in
some other countries, but quite unfamiliar in English landscape.
Stourport, a little outpost of murky industry, soon follows, with the
tributary of the Stour from the Birmingham country, together with the
canal that in pre-railroad days virtually killed Bewdley. But from here
to Worcester the Severn steals serenely on, through pastoral scenes of
quiet but engaging charm. Hills of moderate height, and muffled betimes
in foliage, trend upon the narrow vale, which is always one long carpet
of meadow, while a weir or two at long intervals now checks any natural
tendency the wide river might have had to retain the livelier habits of
its youth, being now everywhere navigable for boats, barges, or small
steamers. But the Severn, unlike its famous twin the Thames, remains for
all that a lonely river. At certain spots of course, such as Bewdley,
Holt, Fleet, and Worcester, Midland holiday-makers paddle about within
limits, but, fine boating river in a practical sense though it must
everywhere be, in its long solitary journey from point to point the
pleasure-boat is conspicuously absent. Probably the high, bare, grassy
banks which are almost continuous, and must shut out the surrounding
country from any one down on the surface of the stream, has something to
do with this.

Once a day, perhaps, in summer a small steamer from Worcester or
Tewkesbury carries a load of holiday-makers between those places or up
to Bewdley, while occasionally a long line of tarpaulin-covered barges,
drawn by a tug, lashes the brown sombre river into great commotion. Save
for these rare interruptions, however, Sabrina in her pilgrimage through
Worcestershire is a lonely stream; at close quarters even a thought
sombre and moody, swishing noiselessly between those high grass
embankments and half-submerged willows, over the top of which she gets
up so readily when the fountains of the Welsh hills are loosed. Seats
of old renown lie here and there upon the ridges to the right and left.
Hartlebury Palace is near by, where the Bishops of Worcester are still
seated in the Jacobean halls of their gorgeous predecessors, behind
moats and ramparts that sheltered much earlier prelates even than these;
past the many-hundred-acred wood of Shrawley and past Astley, where are
the remains of hermitages cut in the cliff, used in quite recent years
for profane purposes, but of old by pious recluses who exchanged
benedictions with the Severn boatmen for small coin. Thence to
Ombersley, the seat and village of the Sandys, who were foremost among
Worcestershire loyalists in the Civil War; and Holt Castle, where the
Elizabethan Chancellor, the first of the Bromleys, set up house and
founded the present family. Close by, too, are the ancient oaks of
Whitley, almost brushing the costly fountains and terraced gardens of
the Earls of Dudley, till the uplifted glades of Hallow Park, where
Queen Elizabeth stayed with a little retinue of 1500 horses, and shot a
buck, makes a fitting approach to Worcester, whose Cathedral stands out
conspicuously above the town, which lies sloping upwards from the
river-bank.

Plain though stately in exterior and nobly poised, Worcester Cathedral
holds the visitor rather by the richness of its interior and the many
successive styles of architecture it displays, including the original
crypt--almost the best in England--of Bishop Wulfstan, the
eleventh-century founder of the present fabric. Little of the latter
indeed but this Norman crypt is left, for the church of the great
Monastery of Worcester suffered sorely from fire and mischance in the
Middle Ages, while during the civil wars, the city being nearly the
whole time "in action," as it were, was more fleeced and knocked about
than almost any other in England. The first small battle of the war,
fought by Rupert, which struck a long and serious misgiving into the
minds of the raw mounted troopers of the Commonwealth, took place at
Powick Bridge over the Teme, near the city. The last battle of the
second brief war, as every one knows--a fierce and bloody one--was also
fought at Worcester. Otherwise it was occupied for a brief time by
Essex's raw army, who worked havoc among the monuments, windows, and
ornamentation of the Cathedral. Thenceforward the "ever faithful city"
was held for the King, though at the cost of much hardship and constant
exactions for his cause, till near the end of the struggle, when it was
captured.

Modern Worcester is singularly fortunate in the wide range of its
industries, gloves and porcelain still claiming pre-eminence. It still
retains, however, among much of that reconstruction inevitable to a busy
town, quite a large number of sixteenth and seventeenth century
half-timbered houses. That occupied by Charles the Second, at the great
battle of Worcester, and from which he escaped by only a hair's breadth
to pursue the adventurous course of a hunted fugitive, is still
standing, as also is the yet finer old house which was the headquarters
of the Scottish commanders, and in which the Duke of Hamilton died of
his wounds. It would be out of place, even if space permitted, to dwell
here on the peculiar position which Worcester, and the county of which
the Severn valley is so important a part, occupied from the Norman
Conquest to the Reformation. It was of all English counties the one
where the Church had most property and most power, and the influence of
great lay magnates was least. While here too, and above all while
treating of the Severn, the fact must be emphasized what an influence
the river had on the drift of race and political balance in England. In
British, Roman, and probably for most of the Saxon period, the Severn
was by no means the well-behaved river, a hundred or so yards broad,
flowing between well-defined banks, that we see to-day, but the whole
valley through which it now flows was a marshy lagoon. Beyond the valley
was a strip of forest wilderness, and beyond the wilderness was Wales
and its dubious Borderland. Worcester first came into being as the chief
passage of the Severn, since Roman, British, and Saxon roads, and the
route of travel for long afterwards, all converged here. As a historical
boundary no river in England has played such a part. Even in that more
or less authentic compact known as the Tripartite convention,
caricatured by Shakespeare, between Owen Glyndwr and the Percies in the
early fifteenth century to divide England and Wales into three kingdoms,
the Severn was the natural frontier of the western dominion. Its west
bank even to-day has a faint Celtic flavour, while nothing to the
eastward of the river could possibly suggest anything but the Saxon.

Leaving Worcester for its twenty-mile run to Tewkesbury, the Severn
almost immediately receives the Teme, that famous trout and grayling
river which from here to its source in the Radnor moors has scarcely a
dull mile. Whether brawling in the woody limestone gorges of Downton,
gliding under the storied walls of Ludlow, slipping from pool to rapid
through the pleasant meads of Herefordshire, or running its
Worcestershire course through the deep romantic vale between Tenbury and
Powick, the Teme is always beautiful. With this final contribution from
the Welsh mountains, the Severn pursues its sombre, smooth, fast-gliding
course between the same high banks of red sandstone soil, held together
by tufted grass for the better resistance of winter floods, and the low
willows which trail and dip in the stream. Occasionally some slope of
woodland makes a brief change in its character. But no villas nor
country-houses to speak of venture on the river edge, nor vary its
somewhat monotonous character of foreground detail with their ornate
accessories, such as display themselves in one shape or another on most
of our famous rivers. Neither punts nor skiffs nor house-boats, nor
flannelled youths nor gay parasols, ever brighten its broad silent
stream. But as a natural feature in a typical English landscape of more
than common beauty, rolling majestically along between

[Illustration: THE SEVERN, NEAR CAM, GLOUCESTERSHIRE]

[Illustration]

wide ox-pastures and meadows that in June are busy with haymakers and
instinct with pastoral life, it leaves little to be desired. One
feature, however, here adds abiding lustre to the Severn valley; for the
Malvern Hills, by far the finest range for their modest altitude in all
England, rise within easy distance of its western bank, and following in
the same direction make a mountain background to a scene that even
without them would be fair enough.

While noting contrasts, too, though in this case not anywise concerned
with the physical attributes of Thames or Severn, what a curiously
different tale is told in the ownership of their respective banks. Along
the former, for instance, with its gayer surface, its more ornate and
gregarious shores and splendid mansions, how few occupants of these last
have any hereditary association with the soil, how utterly broken are
most ties with the past! Along the Worcestershire Severn, on the other
hand, the ancient stocks hold their ground with singular tenacity. Above
Worcester something of this has been indicated; and again, as one
follows the river downwards and recalls the names of Lygon (Earl
Beauchamp), Hornyold, Berington, Lechmere, Coventry, Temple, or
Martin--all but the last two, who are about a century later,
representatives by descent of Tudor ancestors--it seems to cover almost
every seat of note within hail of the river, and probably the greater
portion of the land abutting on its banks to the county's limit: and
this for modern England anywhere is extremely creditable and rare
enough.

Upton, a little town of some importance in the more primitive times of
Severn navigation, has now scarcely anything but a bridge and small
market to live upon. In the churchyard and predecessor of the present
abandoned and conspicuous Georgian church was fought a desperate
skirmish between the Scots and Fleetwood's vanguard, just before the
last battle of Worcester. Approaching Tewkesbury the river runs out into
a wide expanse of meadow land, and through this, under the walls of the
beautiful old town with its superb Abbey church rising conspicuously
above its banks, Shakespeare's Avon, having now run its course by
Warwick, Stratford, Evesham, and Pershore, rolls its classic waters to
their confluence.

Tewkesbury has some claim to be the most picturesque of the Severn
towns, though lying absolutely upon the flat. It is small, unsmirched
by any industry, and undoubtedly contains in its two long streets a
greater proportion for its size of really good sixteenth and seventeenth
century houses than any of its neighbours on either Severn or Avon, rich
beyond measure in this respect as both these valleys are. Then the Abbey
church alone would make a town famous. To dwell upon this imposing pile,
practically a Cathedral, is here out of the question. Its massive Norman
tower with its wealth of rich external arcading is one of the finest in
England. Its long nave with vaulted roof resting upon massive
cylindrical Norman pillars is of scarcely less renown. Its aisles and
transepts, choir and chapels, its pointed windows with their old
stained-glass, its many monuments, and above all its superb west front,
make a subject almost foolish to touch upon in half a page. One may
state, however, that its lay founder was that celebrated Robert
Fitzhamon, Earl of Gloucester, who in the time of Rufus added to his
earldom by a romantic adventurous exploit, well remembered in Wales, the
province of Glamorgan. His body lies, too, where it should lie, in his
own abbey, beneath an elegant chantry raised nearly three centuries
later to his memory by a pious abbot.

It would be ill omitting, however space may press, all mention of the
battle of Tewkesbury, when on May 4, 1471, the Yorkist forces under
Edward the Fourth encountered the Lancastrians under Queen Margaret
outside the town in the final battle of the long Wars of the Roses. The
latter were defeated with prodigious slaughter; a place near Severn's
bank being still known as the _Bloody Meadow_. But the slaughter was not
confined to the battle: the Lancastrian fugitives, when all was long
over, were hunted and hounded to death, and with their chief, who had
sought sanctuary in the Abbey, were dragged in great numbers to the
scaffold. After this a solemn thanksgiving was held in the Abbey by the
bloodthirsty victor, whose notions of a benignant deity, like most of
his kind in those pitiless days, was merely the God whom he fancied had
interfered in his favour.

Swishing silently onward between its high, monotonous banks of red earth
and green tufty turf and unaspiring willows; stirred perhaps once a day
by a trail of steam-dragged barges, but otherwise noiseless always,
unless for the occasional plunge of a fish on its reddish-brown surface,
the Severn rolls towards Gloucester through a fat and

[Illustration: CHEPSTOW WITH WYE AND SEVERN]

[Illustration]

teeming country. Peaceful hay meadows of ample acreage, astir but for a
week of June, save when some winter flood rolling over them makes for
their yet greater silence. Towering elms and yet older oaks, following
some flood ditch or hedgerow along the river's edge or across the flat
valley, which give a certain sense of dignity and opulence to this part
of the Severn's course, and not least when a summer wind is ruffling
their thousand leaves and curling over these great seas of mowing grass.
Farms and cottages shrink backward a couple of fields' length from the
river-bank on to the edge of the upland for obvious and sufficient
reason. And so by Deerhurst with its part Saxon church and wholly Saxon
chapel, by Apperley Court and Ashelworth ferry to the outskirts of
Gloucester. Here the navigation of the river, helped by a canal cut
across to Sharpness Point 18 miles below, assumes an ocean-going
character and considerable importance for small ships. The well-known
"bore" or tidal wave rushes up the Severn periodically, often achieving
the height of 9 feet and a speed of 14 miles an hour, and special
embankments have been made below Gloucester to preserve the land from
its attacks. When the Severn begins to open out into wide watery flats,
and below Gloucester to take on the muddy qualities of a tidal river,
there is little occasion to follow it. The general outlook, however,
during the last forty-mile stretch of the Severn, is worthy of its fame,
for on both sides the uplands spread back in deep lofty ridges. The
Cotswolds upon the one hand, with Mayhill and the Forest of Dean upon
the other, give character and interest even to the shining flats of salt
marsh, sand, and mud, through which the Severn, from any height, can be
seen coiling like a serpent to meet the Wye, and with the later advent
of the Avon to merge into the Bristol Channel.

But Gloucester is the real port of the Severn, a clean and pleasant
city, and like Worcester has two long main streets meeting where an
ancient cross stood, and still in name stands; for the heart of the
city, unlike the other, is a mile from the Severn as well as lower
lying, and its navigation is effected by canals. As an historic town in
the Middle Ages Gloucester counted for much, its earldom carrying for
many reasons extraordinary power, and its situation on the edge of the
Welsh Marches, and on the lowest bridge of the Severn, having alone a
significance that can scarcely be realised without some understanding of
the military and political importance of this corner of England and
Wales before the Wars of the Roses. Centres of influence shift, and when
the archer and the man-at-arms under the Clares and Mortimers ceased to
be a potent factor in English political life, the country between and
about the Severn and the Wye, the original home of English archery, lost
its peculiar significance and took rank by mere geographical and
commercial considerations. In the Civil War, however, Gloucester came
again to the front. Its stubborn retention by the Parliamentary party in
a Royalist country, and its defence by Massey, entitles it to rank with
Royalist Worcester as among the most conspicuous centres of strife in
that distressing conflict. But strangers nowadays only visit Gloucester
to see the Cathedral--an expedition well worth the making. Belonging to
the middle group of cathedrals in size, this one is chiefly celebrated
for its beautiful tower and cloisters, both of the Perpendicular period.
Most of the nave, however, retains the original Norman character in
piers and arches with exceptional grandeur of elevation; elsewhere it is
much obscured by Perpendicular casing. Gloucester boasts also one of the
four eleventh-century crypts and the largest east window in England,
still containing a good deal of the old painted glass. Originally a
Benedictine monastery, the burial within its walls of Edward the Second,
murdered at Berkeley Castle near by, and afterwards held as a martyr,
brought pilgrims, money, and additions to the church, which became the
Cathedral of the new See of Gloucester, cut off from Worcester by Henry
the Eighth. A fragment too of Llanthony Abbey, the twin sister, though
in fact the unfilial daughter, of that stately ruin, that other
Llanthony in the Welsh vale of Honddu, still stands amid the modern
litter of the docks.

[Illustration: THE WYE, HADDON HALL, DERBYSHIRE]

[Illustration]




CHAPTER II

THE WYE


If the Severn under its infant name of Hafren leaps towards such
modified civilization as Llanidloes and the lonely trail of the Cambrian
railway implies, amid solitudes profound, the Wye, though running even
longer in the wild, has the company almost from its source of that
ancient coach-road that in the good old stay-at-home days took even
persons of condition on their wedding tours to Aberystwith. It was a
wild and long way though, and its solitudes must have struck something
like terror into the hearts of a Midland or East Anglian squire of the
Regency period, getting outside the hedges as it were for the first time
in his life, and looking possibly for the only one, upon actual
mountains and tumbling streams. The Severn running north-east, and
drawing mainly on the fountains of North Wales in its way to Welshpool
and Shrewsbury, taps another country from the Wye. The latter is soon
swollen into quite a large river by many lusty affluents from one of the
wildest and most prolific watersheds in England or Wales. Birmingham,
some of us may regret, has already discovered and laid this last under
tribute. London engineers have had it all surveyed this ten years, and
some day it is to be feared London will make it a burning question. The
ordinary Londoner of intelligence, however, knows nothing about it
outside possibly the path from Aberystwith to the top of Plinlimmon and
back. Of its great lonely heart, tuneful only with the noise of waters,
the bleat of sheep, and the plovers' cry, of its romantic girdle of crag
and wood, of little white-washed sycamore shaded homesteads and rude
hoary shrines of British saints through which these bog-fed torrents
break, the outer world knows absolutely nothing at all. Here, however,
are about 600 to 800 square miles of more continuously wild upland than
anything even in North Wales, all lying in a block, to which the
counties of Montgomery, Radnor, Brecon, Cardigan, and Caermarthen each
contribute a slice. A land penetrated by no roads south of the Upper
Wye, though pricked around its edges by rough and short-lived arteries

[Illustration: THE WYE, HAY, BRECONSHIRE]

[Illustration]

for local use. A region whose hidden charms are for the stout pedestrian
alone, but have remained so far undiscovered even by him, for
practically no human form but the Welsh-speaking sheep farmer on his
pony or some more than commonly adventurous angler or occasional grouse
shooter ever breaks upon the solitude of this far-reaching mountain
waste even in mid-August. This barrier, so broad, so lofty, and so long,
which counted for so much in Welsh history, was known by the men of old
as "the mountains of Ellineth." They have now no composite name, and
there is not a range in Britain needs one more. It is as if Dartmoor and
Exmoor, which could be together dropped into this other one, each lacked
a concrete designation.

The Wye draws little further on this watershed, till after 20 miles of
wandering in the wilderness, growing gradually less savage, and playing
all the tunes and chords known to little trout streams amid the pastures
of Llangurig, it meets the Marteg and the Elan, near Rhayader, and
begins to take itself seriously. This indeed is the real beginning of
the Wye, for most of those who know its upper reaches. For here it
achieves maturity and enters the world; and a beautiful world too, of
waving woodlands and overhanging mountains, but one which many pass
their lives in and others visit, and traversed by a good valley road and
a railway. The Elan but a few short years ago came from the west out of
this Ellineth wilderness, bringing with it the waters of the Claerwen
through a deep vale, unforgettable by those who knew it for the
exquisite combination of luxuriant low ground and the fine grouping of
its overhanging mountain walls. If Cwm Elan was retired from the world
in the ordinary sense, it is a familiar enough name to all students of
Shelley, whose cousins then owned it, and who himself settled here for a
time with his young, hapless, and ill-suited wife. The hills and crags,
however, that inspired the poet's earliest muse,

    Those jagged peaks that frown sublime,
    Mocking the blunted scythe of time,

look down now upon far different scenes, though perhaps in their way not
less lovely ones. Deep waters now glimmer from hill to hill where the
Elan ran but yesterday through wood and pasture to join the Wye; and yet
deeper into the hills, where the Claerwen leaped from the wild into this
now submerged Arcadia, is another lake, thus laying both the main stem
of the valley and its forks under the same vast sheet of water. If this
chain of lakes is the work of the Birmingham Corporation and not of
Nature, they are of this last at any rate a good imitation, and reflect
upon their bosoms no shadows less harmonious than those of the
everlasting hills.

The Wye is a delightful river from its source to its mouth; scarcely a
suggestion of industrial defilement comes near it anywhere. The, in this
respect, utterly guileless Cathedral town of Hereford is, indeed, the
only place above the scale of a small market-town within touch of its
banks. Everywhere, even between the rapids, the river itself is instinct
with the sense of buoyancy. After leaving the Black Mountains above
Hereford it becomes at intervals for pleasure-boats a navigable stream;
but till it leaves Wales it has all the boil and rush and stir of a
salmon river. It is easy to pick out those sections of the Wye, charming
as they are in a quiet, pastoral, Severn-like fashion, which are the
least distinguished. And that they form collectively much the smaller
portion of a river running a course of 130 miles, says something for its
qualities. The Wye divides itself readily into four distinct stages. The
first, its infancy as a mere mountain stream to Rhayader; the second,
its course thence for some 30 odd miles as a considerable river
fretting in a rocky channel, and pressed between the heavily-wooded feet
of hills and mountains, to Boughrood with a few reaches more of less
violent perturbation, but imposingly guarded by the Black Mountains, to
Hay or Clifford. The third stage may be reckoned as covering the rich
and broken low country of Herefordshire; while the fourth begins near
Ross, where the river enters that series of magnificent scenes which,
opening with Symond's Yat, continues for above 30 miles, past Monmouth
to Tintern, the Wyndcliff and Chepstow, maintaining a standard of beauty
and grandeur altogether above the scale that you would look for, even in
the more than pretty region through which it cuts its way. It is by
means of this lower stage that the Wye seems to defy a rival; for as
regards its upper reaches between Rhayader and Hay, beautiful as they
are, the Dee through the vales of Edeyrnion and Llangollen, the Usk
between Brecon and Abergavenny, the North Tyne, and one or two Yorkshire
rivers, could show 30 miles of as noble a torrent, equally beautiful in
environment. But none of these rivers, after they have abandoned their
highland glories and settled down into the comparative quiet of the low
country, wake again as they near the sea as the Wye awakes, and repeat,
though with a difference of detail that is the more charming, the
glories of their prime. Which of the two sections of the Wye is the more
beautiful it would be ill saying. Their contrast, happily, makes
comparison foolish. No other English river of any size can offer at once
such a spectacle as Symond's Yat on the Wyndcliff, near its mouth, and
the long gorge between Aberedw and the Epynt in its higher reaches.

This it is which crowns the Wye as fairest of English rivers by a
practically indisputable title. So, carrying thus the Elan and the spare
water of its many lakes with it, the Wye thunders on in rocky channels
or heaves in wide swirling pools, beneath woods of oak and ash and
larch, with the green or purple crests of the great hills looming high
above. Plunging past Doldowlod and Llysdinam it receives the sprightly
Ithon, which, born in the Kerry hills and gathering in its course half
the waters of Radnorshire, has twisted between its red crumbly banks
with much sound and laughter through 50 miles of that most delectable
little county. Dividing Brecon here from Radnor, two unknown shires that
outside North Wales and the Lake District it would be hard to match,
counted as one, for their high qualities of form and detail, the Wye
rages down those jagged stairways known as "Builth rocks," and noted as
a famous stretch of salmon water. Here on the western bank a large
tributary, and itself at times no mean salmon river, the Irfon comes
pouring in its amber bog-fed streams. Born far away in the very heart of
the high moors, within hail of the resounding struggles of the infant
Towy in the gorges of Fanog; cradled in unvisited hollows beneath
raven-haunted crags of old Silurian rock; fretting amid the lush bracken
glades and indigenous mountain oaks of Abergwessin and "the steps of the
Wolf," this bewitching stream drives downward through a rich and narrow
vale encompassed by lofty hills, till, fuller by a half-score of
mountain brooks, it meets the Wye near that historic spot where Llewelyn
the Third, the last Prince of Wales, fell in battle at an unknown
soldier's hand.

Flowing under the many-arched stone bridge of Builth, that ancient
little mart of sheep and cattle, and receiving the Edw from Radnor
Forest, the Wye now enters on perhaps the most inspiring of all its
upper reaches. For here on the Radnor shore the bold ridge of Aberedw
lifts its

[Illustration: THE WYE, ROSS, HEREFORDSHIRE]

[Illustration]

rock-plated sides some 1200 feet above the fretting river which upon the
Brecon bank chafes the green and woody feet of the high sheep-walks of
Epynt. What makes, too, for the exceeding beauty of these particular
reaches of the Wye is not alone the lofty hills which press upon its
here tempestuous streams, but the further fact that every downward view
of the river has for a background the line of the Black Mountains waving
at a great height against the skyline. Breaking at length out of its own
pent-up channels, and turned back by the formidable barrier before it,
which protects the vale of Usk, the Wye now swings to the east and down
the broader meadowy vales of Glasbury and Hay; the Black Mountains of
Brecon looming high and abrupt on the right, the Radnor moors rising
more gradually upon the left, each bank from time to time ornate with
some country-seat set back against the base of the hills. This is the
spot to remind the reader, if such be needed, that the Wye is a famous
salmon river, and that its fish, unlike those of the Severn, share the
normal habit of all other salmon, mysterious and unaccountable though
that instinct be, of rising in more or less capricious fashion to what
we facetiously call, and the salmon most certainly does not consider to
be, a fly. The upper or rockier portion from Rhayader to Glasbury is
perhaps the best of the river, but all the way down, till it meets the
tide at the proper and appointed casts, the Wye is a true salmon river
in the angling sense of the word. To discuss its ups and downs, or to
dwell upon the tribulations that this one in common with most salmon
rivers has experienced in some recent years, is not our province. But
the Wye is cursed with the pike, a gentleman that the salmon
loathes--not, of course, like the trout, from bodily fear, but he shuns
his presence and neighbourhood as a fastidious mortal moves from a
neighbourhood invaded by vulgarians. The Llyfni comes with slowish
current into the Wye above Glasbury from the neighbouring reedy lake of
Tal-y-llyn, otherwise Savaddan, set like a gem in the rich basin between
the Brecon beacons and the Epynt Hills, and it is by this route that the
unwelcome aliens are said to make their entry. The Wye is also a trout
river from its source to near its mouth, though of vastly varying
quality, which we need not dwell on here. But in its mountain reaches
two generations ago, if the local grandfather is veracious, it was equal
to the Usk or Dee or Teify. These halcyon days till you get well above
Builth are no more; for not only pike but the chub has pushed in, and
in pellucid rocky pools where he has no business whatever, you may now
have as fine fly-fishing for chub as anywhere probably in Great Britain.
But the trout whose native and perfect haunt it is, has retired a good
deal into the background. He exists, to be sure, everywhere, and may
with luck be caught anywhere, but the fisherman can no longer as of yore
wade up the rapids of Erwood or Aberedw and kill his 10-lb. basket, on a
good day, with fly, though he may take a few on a minnow.

Hay (Le Haie, as the Normans called it) marks the boundary on one bank
between England and Wales. It was of old a sort of small
Berwick-on-Tweed, and many a fight has taken place in its neighbourhood.
As at Welshpool the English, mainly the dependants of the Norman castle,
now a residence, lived in the east, the native Welsh in the west part of
the town, and the memory of such divisions survives even to this day in
the respective districts of English and Welsh Hay. Just below Hay the
ruined towers of Clifford Castle, whence came fair Rosamond, cast their
shadows on the stream. It is sixteen miles from here to Hereford. The
Black Mountains recede from the river's southern shore and droop to the
lower ridges, in whose parallel troughs the Monnow, the Honddu, and the
Dore, their backs here turned upon the Wye, hurry southward to meet it
at Monmouth, 40 miles below. The Radnor moors on the north bank, too,
have already fallen back, and the river has broken out into England and
the plains of Herefordshire--if so diversified a country may be called
by comparison a plain--and to a quiet life, unvexed by mountain spurs
and unchafed by resisting rocks. The Wye, however, keeps plenty of life
within it, tumbling oftener over gravelly shallows than the Severn,
loitering less sullenly in long reaches, and lurking less frequently
between high grassy banks--a brighter and more joyous river altogether
to be with, and clearer too, for there is practically nothing to defile
its waters. Shooting swiftly under the old bridge of Bredwardine, or
stealing quietly through the park lands of Moccas, or winding among the
pastures of Monington, where Owen Glyndwr is thought to have spent his
closing years at his daughter's home, the Wye is always the best of
company. Sleek Hereford cattle, the most decorative of all breeds to
English landscape, are everywhere. The high wooded ridges, so
characteristic of Herefordshire, rise now on one bank and now on the
other, while always the long line of the Black Mountains fills the
western sky. Fish of every kind worth having are in the river that
offers such variety of lodging--the salmon in his season, the trout, the
grayling, the pike and chub and perch, and all the lesser fry. And thus
to Byford and Bridge Sollars where Offa's Dyke, having run from North
Wales, ends its course, and leaves the Wye for the rest of its journey
to form the eighth-century line of demarcation between Welsh and Saxon,
or, more literally perhaps, between those who knocked under to the
Mercian Kings and those who would not.

Not much of a boating river as will have been gathered is the Wye, but
as it draws near Hereford there is a mile or two of deep water and a
good deal more that is available to the energetic oarsman: sufficiently
so, at any rate, to make the little cathedral city a boating centre in a
modest way. Below the ancient bridge, over which so many armed hosts
have marched to fight the Welsh, the Wye spreads into rapid shallows and
thus skirts the city; fair meadows upon one side, upon the other the
Bishop's Palace and the Cathedral, and the broad Castle green, where
that vanished fortress once stood. And now upon high terraces the
citizens of Hereford muster in strength when the sun shines, with a fine
prospect over the broad rippling river and over the most wooded of
landscapes, to the dark masses of the Black Mountains, behind which the
sun sets. Hereford is a clean and pleasant old town, quite unsmirched by
any factory chimneys, and largely concerned in cider-making, county
business, and matters educational and ecclesiastical: a typical
cathedral town, with the virtues and failings of its type in great
perfection. It is not so rich in Tudor architecture as Shrewsbury,
Ludlow, or Tewkesbury, but has a fair sprinkling of seventeenth-century
houses, and many restful byways of Queen Anne or Early Georgian type.
The Cathedral is of course one of the lesser ones in size, but is of
great interest. Built at the end of the eleventh century to replace a
humbler predecessor burnt by the Welsh, it has a great deal of the
original Norman work, as, for instance, the piers of the nave, with much
of the choir and south transept. As for the rest, there is much fine
work, Early English, Decorated and Perpendicular.

[Illustration: THE MONNOW, OLD BRIDGE, MONMOUTH]

[Illustration]

The building is double cruciform in shape, with a massive central tower.
It has several rich chantries of Perpendicular date and some fine
cloisters. It was much injured by the fall of a west tower in the
eighteenth century, and still more by the inept reparation of the damage
by Wyatt, that misguided architect who gained the favour of an
uncritical generation and ran amuck among such English cathedrals as
were unfortunate enough to demand attention during his lifetime.
Hereford may be dismissed with the perhaps serviceable remark that it is
the best centre for seeing the Wye valley--using the latter term in the
proper sense, not merely as applicable to the reaches between Ross and
Monmouth, the conventional limitations of tourist literature.

The second stage of the river's third or lowland section, if so
geometrical a term is in order, that, namely, from Hereford to Ross,
must merely be indicated as of the same quality, though in detail
perhaps more emphatically picturesque, as the stage from Hay to
Hereford. The delightfully inconsequent outcropping wooded heights and
ranges of Herefordshire press more closely on the river, particularly on
its eastern banks, and amid the stately purlieus of Holm Lacy. From the
gate of Wales to Hereford, ever charming though the river itself be,
one looks always westward and up stream to the dominant Welsh hills and
mountains as the outstanding feature and background of the canvas. Below
Hereford, as Wales grows dim, the valley begins to supply more prominent
characteristics of its own--not such as it achieves later, but quite
sufficiently distinguished in height and opulence of colouring to save
its reputation from the reproach of a single commonplace interlude. Just
below Hereford, too, the Lugg, bringing with it the waters of the Arrow,
joins the Wye. Both these rivers rise in the Radnor hills, and have been
always noted for their trout and grayling, particularly the latter, a
fish now fairly distributed, but a generation ago only found in the
comparatively few rivers where it was indigenous. Among these the Lugg,
like the Teme, held high rank. After running out of Wales through the
deep woody glens about Presteign and Aymestry, and then traversing the
battlefield of Mortimers Cross, it turns due south at Leominster, and
ripples brightly over a stony bed, amid lush meadows and ruddy banks,
down the heart of Herefordshire towards the Wye.

Ross is, of course, quite a noted little place, and has associated
itself with the glories of the Wye with a particularity that is, I
think, just a trifle unfair to Hereford, which as a town is of course
incomparably more interesting, and even as a vantage point on the Wye
has some advantages. But Ross is the place where oarsmen, with a trip to
Chepstow in view, usually hire their boats, and if not archæologically
inspiring, it is picturesquely seated on a ridge above the river, with a
fine church crowning it, and a good Jacobean town hall. Also a "man of
Ross," an estimable and philanthropic eighteenth-century country
gentleman no doubt, whom Pope made fortuitously famous by a line or two,
but as a claimant on the interest of the outsider is now made something
of a bore by Ross literature.

It is at Goodrich Castle, where Sir Thomas Meyrick once kept his
celebrated collection of armour, with its Norman keep and imposing
modern substitute half a mile away crowning the steeps, that the first
premonitions of the transcendent beauties of the Lower Wye show
themselves, and lofty hills begin to trench upon the river-banks. At
Symond's Yat begin those remarkable lower reaches of the Wye, which in a
sense challenge comparison with the Welsh section, and are far better
known. But this should not be, for they are quite different. The latter
lie among the moors and mountains. The Wye is there what you expect to
find it--a characteristic mountain river. Down here, however, its
suddenly uplifting qualities and transcendent beauty burst upon you in
the nature of the unexpected. In a series of quite extraordinary loops
it burrows in deep troughs for many tortuous miles, overhung on both
sides by masses of woodland. These almost perpendicular walls of
foliage, 600 to 800 feet in height, are buttressed, as it were, by grey
bastions and pillars of rock that project in bold and fine contrast to
the soft curtain of leaves that hang in folds round them. The noted view
from the summit of Symond's Yat is as bewildering as it is beautiful;
for the river here makes a loop of 4 miles, the neck of which is but a
few hundred yards wide. For over 10 miles, in alternate moods of shallow
rapids and quiet deeps, the Wye is forcing itself in violent curves
through this strange group of lofty sandstone hills. Roads scarcely
penetrate them, but the railway from Ross to Monmouth, with the help of
tunnelling, gets through with stations at Lydbrooke Junction and
Symond's Yat. At the latter place is a good hotel attractively
situated, besides accommodation of other kinds. All this district is now
Crown property, which greatly simplifies the question of exploring it.
Escaping from this delightful and stupendous entanglement of cliff and
wood, the Wye runs down to Monmouth through a most exquisite valley, and
between hills of goodly stature verdant to their summits with green
pastures, criss-crossed by straggling hedges or belts of woodland. Small
farms and cottages, with brightly-tinted walls, perched here and there
upon a ledge on the steep face of the hills, are a characteristic
feature too of all this lower Wye. Away to the south-east, stretching
almost to the river, spreads the Forest of Dean. To the west the rolling
surface of Monmouthshire, luxuriant in verdure and opulent in colouring,
is cloven by the valley of the Monnow, which well-nourished and rapid
stream meets the Wye at Monmouth.

Rising at the head of the outermost eastern gorge of the Black
Mountains, the Monnow runs a course from its source to its mouth of
unremitting loveliness. Met at the base of the mountains by the Honddu,
coming fresh from the sacred pastures of mountain-girdled Llanthony, the
united streams are still further reinforced at Pontrilas by the waters
of the Golden Valley. Thence, running under the high-poised ruinous
Castle of Grosmont, through the chase of Kentchurch Court, where another
daughter of Glyndwr lived and her descendants live to-day, and onward
yet down a deep, narrow vale overhung by hills over a thousand feet in
height, washing the ivy-clad ruins of Skenfrith Castle, the beautiful
stream slacks something for the last half-dozen miles of its pilgrimage
to Monmouth. For the number and average weight of its fish the Monnow is
perhaps the best trouting stream on the whole Welsh Borderland, which is
saying a good deal, though the introduction of grayling has not been
favourable to its maintaining its former high standard. It has given its
name at any rate to a town, a county, and a king. A great king too was
Harry of Monmouth, of whose birthplace, the Castle, there is not a great
deal left, beyond the very perfect gateway on the Monnow Bridge.
Regarding the county whose boundary against Herefordshire the Monnow
forms for the greater part of its career, this was named, of course,
from the town when Henry the Eighth created it out of many lordships. It
would be ill forgetting, however, Geoffrey of Monmouth, whose "study,"
by a pious fiction, is pointed out to the stranger in a fragment still
remaining of a twelfth-century Benedictine Priory. Whether Geoffrey as a
historian was over-credulous or a bit of a wag does not matter. The
later poets and their readers are much indebted to him for the Arthurian
legend. If Arthur did not hold his Court at Monmouth, he held it at
Caerleon, in the next valley, and the glorious Usk, child of the Black
Mountains, and almost the Wye's equal in its upper reaches, is nowhere
an English river--happily for our space. With the memory of many a
ramble by the Teme and Lugg, the Monnow and the Honddu, it goes hard
enough to pass them by, but the passing of the Usk in such light fashion
would be harder still. As for Monmouth itself, there is nothing else
remarkable about it, nor yet, fortunately, is there anything calculated
to disturb the peaceful and romantic nature of its setting.

For the ten succeeding miles to Tintern Abbey the Wye valley is only
less delectable of aspect than above Monmouth, while below Tintern,
retaining almost to the last some of the stir of a salmon river in its
maturer stages, it has all the charm of a broad one, flowing in a narrow
valley between hills at once lofty in altitude and opulent in detail.
For a time, however, below Monmouth the river flows in what approaches
to a gorge with heavily wooded sides. At Redbrook, too, where a stream
comes in, there is just a smirch of industrial life from the Forest of
Dean. But this quickly passes, and the vale again opens. The lush
wandering hedgerows again climb the steeps; the little white houses
blink through orchards upon high-pitched terraces. Here still are the
rich red patches of tillage, the woodland drapery, the country-seats,
conscious no doubt that they have an atmosphere to live up to. All these
are grouped with an effect peculiar to the Wye, for the simple reason
that no other English river valley combines the luxuriance of a soft and
forcing climate with a physical environment so consistently
distinguished in scale and altitude as does the Wye for the 30 odd miles
between Ross and Chepstow. There are interludes, of course, where both
lofty sides of the vale are clad with an unbroken mantle of wood, and it
is this variety of decoration that is so alluring. What is left of the
great Cistercian Abbey Church of Tintern stands in a somewhat ampler
opening in the vale, just wide enough to spread a generous carpet of
meadow, as it were, on which to lay so beautiful a fabric.

Tintern has been so celebrated in prose and

[Illustration: THE WYE, SYMOND'S YAT, HEREFORDSHIRE]

[Illustration]

verse and by the artist's brush, it would seem almost futile to deal in
paragraphs with this glorious specimen of the Decorated period, raised
by the great Border House of Clare for the Cistercian Order, whose
genius for selecting a site seems to have been in no way inferior to the
lavish splendour of their architectural conceptions. Just beyond Tintern
this wonderful valley makes its greatest and almost its final effort.
Whether the Wyndcliff or Symond's Yat be its greater achievement matters
nothing. The latter, of course, combines its scenic splendours with
extraordinary physical conditions. The Wyndcliff is simply a most superb
wall of woodland and outstanding limestone crag upon a large scale,
which from its summit displays a noble prospect of the final passage of
the Wye out on to the Severn levels; a glittering, sinuous trail through
a fold of precipitous wood-clad hills opening on to shining flats and
infinite distances beyond. Fortunate is the wight who is privileged to
enjoy the Wyndcliff on some still, sunny morning when that stupendous
curtain of foliage is fully lit by the fires of autumn, into a blaze of
gold and russet, broken here and there by columnar limestone crags, and
those sombre patches of yew that upon all the cliffs of the Wye seem
purposely introduced to set off the contrasting brilliance of the
autumnal foliage.

But the glories of the Wyndcliff in only a modified form extend the
whole way upon one bank or the other to Chepstow, and here on the very
verge of a low precipitous cliff, washed by the Wye, are the still
considerable ruins of the great Castle of Chepstow or Striguil; and a
more appropriate and significant ornament to what is practically the
mouth of the river could not be imagined. In these few pages we have had
to concern ourselves mainly with the physical aspects of this the most
consistently beautiful of rivers. But to those, few enough it is to be
feared, who care for the stirring story of this Borderland, the Wye is a
great deal more than a long procession of ever-changing and enchanting
scenes. Every stage of its course from its wild fountain-head, above
which Glyndwr first flew his dragon flag to the castle of the Clares on
this frontier of the Lordship of Lower Gwent, resounds, for those that
have ears to hear, with the long clash of arms, rich in the memories and
traditions and legends that are always thickest where two contentious
and hostile races have for centuries kept each others'

[Illustration: THE WYE, TINTERN, MONMOUTHSHIRE]

[Illustration]

wits and limbs alert, and each others' swords from rusting. The
Guide-book may lead you to infer, with perhaps a shrewd estimate of its
public, that the principal interest of Chepstow Castle lies in the
incarceration there of one of the many regicides in the matter of
Charles I. These hoary walls, whose shadows fall on the now tidal stream
of the Wye, were something more than a seventeenth-century jail, by
which time, indeed, their mission and their story was long done with.
But we will let that pass, and reverting once again to those physical
and visible charms of a river that may well abide by those alone, close
this chapter with the reminder that Wordsworth, steeped to the heart and
lips in an atmosphere that might well make such a part and parcel of it
as he was, hyper-critical as regards all others, succumbed absolutely
before the glories of the Wye:

                              How oft--
    In darkness and amid the many shapes
    Of joyless daylight; when the fretful stir
    Unprofitable, and the fever of the world,
    Have hung upon the beatings of my heart--
    How oft, in spirit, have I turned to thee,
    O sylvan Wye! thou wanderer thro' the woods,
    How often has my spirit turned to thee?




CHAPTER III

THE CHALK STREAMS


Particular distinction may be fairly ascribed to what is commonly known
as the Chalk Streams. There are not many of them in the world, and
nearly all of them are in England, being even here the possession of but
a few counties. For Wilts, Hants, Dorset, and Berks, with Bucks, Kent,
and Herts in a less degree, contain practically all the rivers of this
type, and of these the two first-mentioned are more exclusively the home
of the chalk stream. Wiltshire gives birth to the Kennet, the
Christchurch or Salisbury, Avon, and the Wiley--all notable rivers of
this class; the upper part of the first, most of the second, and the
whole of the third being within the county, while Hampshire has the
Itchen and the Test, of the same class and rank. The quality of the
chalk stream lies in its exceeding clarity. The water filtering
through

[Illustration: THE THAMES, LOOKING TOWARDS HENLEY]

[Illustration]

the great masses of dry chalk upland, where it meets the clay or
greensand on which they lie, breaks out of the base of the hills as
pellucid in texture as the springs that rise in the limestone countries
of the north and west, and form their more rocky streams. In the valleys
of the chalk counties, too, the beds of the rivers are apt to wash out
hard and clean, and set off to great advantage the crystal currents that
glide or ripple over them.

They combine the clearness of a mountain stream with only a degree more
current than the slow-running rivers of central or eastern England. They
savour, in short, of the unexpected. There is no stir nor movement of
water on the hillsides, as in Wales or Devonshire, to suggest the
natural corollary of a clear torrent in the valley below. The hills
here, though graceful and delightful in their peculiar way, are more
waterless than any clay ridge in Northamptonshire or Suffolk, for
reasons already given. Nor does the chalk stream usually run like a
western river. It moves at most times but little faster than the rivers
on which men go boating or float-fishing for roach. Its environment is
smooth, its course is peaceful, and its fall gradual. It is all this
that gives the flavour and charm of the unexpected, when you arrive at
the bank and find a stream gliding past your feet as translucent as if
it had just gushed out from a limestone mountain in Cumberland.

The Chalk Stream gives best evidence of its quality in being the natural
home of the trout and grayling, fish that do not often flourish in, and
are never indigenous to, slow-running streams of other than chalk
origin. There are two Avons in Wiltshire which illustrate the contrast
to perfection: the one which runs westward through the fat pastoral
regions, the clays and greensands of north-west Wilts towards Bath and
Bristol; the other, which rises in the Marlborough Downs, and cuts
through the heart of Salisbury Plain, as translucent as a mountain
stream. The last alive with lusty trout; the other, which moves slowly
with murkier current over a muddier bottom, breeding only coarser fish
and belonging to another family of rivers.

The Kennet is assuredly of noble birth; for it is the offspring of the
once sacred upland pastures of Avebury, where stand the uncanny
fragments of the great prehistoric temple of the sun, and twines its
infant arms around the mighty and mysterious mound of Silbury: the
child, in fact, of one of the

[Illustration: THE AVON, NEAR SALISBURY]

[Illustration]

three great wonders of Britain, leaving Stonehenge to its rival the
southern Avon.

The head of the Kennet, like that of most chalk streams, however, is a
winter bourne--a fact sufficiently proclaimed by the names of two
villages about its source, as in many similar cases throughout the chalk
counties. Its upper channels, that is to say, relapse into a dry bed
through the summer months above the point where some strong unfailing
springs, welling up beneath the chalk, mark the commencement of the
perennial flow. After laving with thin and feeble streams the skirts of
some half-dozen downland villages, keeping company in the meantime with
the London and Bath road, the Kennet, with a rapid accession of vigour
from subterranean sources, approaches Marlborough as quite a well-grown
little river. Brushing the walls of the little Norman Church at
Preshute, and skirting its chestnut-shaded graveyard, it now coils
through the level meads, beyond which spring the stately groves that
half conceal the ancient Queen Anne mansion of the Seymours, with its
wide lawns and terraces and clipped yew-trees and lime walks, where the
College has been so felicitously seated for nearly seventy years.
Hugging the foot of Granham Hill, where one of the five white horses of
Wiltshire, cut large upon the chalk, is conspicuously displayed, it
plunges into a mill pool, and then soon afterwards, stealing beneath an
old brick bridge, disappears into a maze of orchards, gardens, and
foliage, which spread back from the old High Street of Marlborough.
Parallel with the river, and lying back on the gentle slope that rises
from it, the quaint, wide, tilted-up street runs a long straight course
from church tower to church tower. Of Roundhead proclivities in the
Civil War, but much battered and held for the King through most of it,
and burned nearly to the ground soon afterwards, Marlborough is beyond
question the most characteristic and interesting of the Kennet towns. It
was a great coaching place, of course, but of more than ordinary
Bath-road notoriety, since for a long time the Seymour mansion and
grounds, the present College, was the finest hostelry in England, and
extremely popular with fashionable travellers for what we should now
call "week ends." During the Middle Ages a royal castle stood on its
site, and was constantly the abode of kings and queens.

Upon the ridge, just across the river from the town, which commands a
fine view of the Kennet valley, the poet Thomson, when a guest of Lady
Hertford at the Seymour house, wrote his "Spring," the first of the
_Seasons_; and, farther on, the spreading beeches of Savernake Forest
look down on the stream as it comes coiling out into the meadows again
below Marlborough. Increased considerably just below the town by the Og,
another winter bourne which issues from the heart of the downland to the
north, the Kennet slips down through narrow water-meadows from mill to
mill, till it enters Ramsbury chase. Here, held back by a weir, it
expands into a broad sheet of water before the lawns of another Queen
Anne mansion, that of the Burdett family. Indeed, by the banks of Kennet
in this part of its course great things have been done; for in the
predecessor of this house Cromwell stopped on that famous march to
Ireland which resulted in the sanguinary affairs of Drogheda and
Wexford. In the same house forty years later, when Dutch William was
marching to London, King James's Commissioners under Halifax, who came
out to treat with him, tarried for several days, while William himself
lay at Littlecote, whose beautiful Tudor gables and chimneys stand on
the opposite bank of the stream 3 miles below. Who again has not heard
of Wild Darrell of Littlecote, who flung his base-born child into the
fire, and, as uncritical locals have it, bought his life from Judge
Popham, who tried him for murder, with the reversion of the estate, even
yet held by his name and lineage. On these same pleasant river-banks,
too, at Ramsbury, in Saxon times, were seated Bishops, their diocese
covering most of Wiltshire. And altogether, throughout the 20 miles or
so of its course within the county, the Kennet, in all these natural
features that gather round such a one as this, is not merely a clear,
wholesome, and well-favoured stream, but from its cradle at Avebury and
Silbury, by Marlborough, Savernake, Ramsbury, and Littlecote, it has
constantly watered scenes not only of more than ordinary beauty, but of
more than ordinary fame in their several degrees.

A river too, above all a chalk stream, cannot possibly be dissociated
from its fish. It is perhaps hardly too much to say that the waters of
Ramsbury and Littlecote, always, however, most strictly preserved, have
enjoyed for all time that matters a reputation for trout in point of
numbers, quality, and undoubtedly size unsurpassed in England. A trout
of 19 lbs. was once taken from the Kennet, and several have been
registered of from 14 lbs. to 17 lbs.

[Illustration: THE THAMES, THE BELLS OF OUSELEY, OLD WINDSOR]

[Illustration]

A fish of 10 lbs. to 12 lbs. is discovered almost annually, and very
occasionally caught with a rod between here and Hungerford. One curious
natural phenomenon is incidental to the Kennet, namely, that the
May-fly, not merely the joy of fish and fishermen, but one of the most
graceful in form and flight of all Nature's creations, though abounding,
as in other chalk streams, as far up as the Ramsbury water, there
suddenly ceases to breed. At Hungerford the Kennet passes into
Berkshire, where the grayling begin to put in an appearance, and, a
little later, that ravager of trouting streams, the pike. Flowing
through gradually widening water-meadows between low hills, the river
flows by Kintbury and Newbury to the Thames at Reading.

The Salisbury Avon rises hard by the foot of Martinsell, that fine,
upstanding, camp-crowned headland of turf down that drops almost
perpendicularly for 600 or 700 feet into the vale of Pewsey, near
Marlborough. While still but a brook it crosses the village street of
Pewsey and ripples westward through withy beds and by plough land and
meadow. Turning a mill-wheel here and there on its way, it passes
Manningford Bruce with its notable little Norman church, and so onward
to a junction with the Upper Avon brook, after which the united waters,
making something more of a stream, turn southward and head for a gap in
the long rampart of Salisbury Plain close at hand. It is a narrow
trough, and for that very reason perhaps an interesting and picturesque
one, that carries the Avon to Salisbury by way of its famous plain. A
succession of picturesque, old-world thatched-roofed villages,
clustering around their ancient churches of flint or stone, follow one
another at every bend of the valley: Upavon, Chisenbury, Enford,
Netheravon, Figheldean, Durrington, and so to Amesbury. Amid its narrow
belt of meadow the clear little stream gleams brightly in its sinuous
course, now jumping over a hatchway into a churning pool, now brushing
an osier bed noisy with the splash and cries of water-fowl, now rippling
merrily over gravelly bottoms, or held up betimes by the dam of some old
mill, to disappear below into the lush foliage enveloping some homestead
or hamlet. Mighty, rook-haunted elms, which flourish greatly in the
chalk valleys, strike here and there a fine contrasting note, with the
silvery thread of the river twisting about their feet, and the
broad-backed down rising upon either hand and spreading away into
solitude. Cobbett in his racy and delightful _Rural Rides_, pays much
attention to this valley of the Upper Avon. As poet and farmer he
declares with enthusiasm that no journey ever gave him so much pleasure
in his life as one he made along its banks. As reformer, in those days
when in truth there was much to reform, he finds unlimited scope for
that strenuous invective in which his honest soul but unbridled tongue
delighted.

The bursting stackyards in the ample homesteads of the vale, the sheep
clamouring in their hurdled folds upon the lower slopes, the strange
silence of the vast unchanging downs above, green escarpments notching
their crests, and the low burial mounds dimpling the skyline, each
eloquent of prehistoric strife and the mysterious dead,--all the
generous abundance gathered in fold and stackyard in this thinly-peopled
land, stirred the perfervid but observant and much-travelled democrat to
admiring periods. Then the other side of the picture, as witnessed in
the 'twenties of the last century, lashed Cobbett to fury. "Where are
the small country gentry?" he cries, that once lived in these snug
little manor houses perched here and there by the river-bank. A question
he promptly answers himself in unmeasured indictments of the "great and
grasping landlords who have gobbled them all up." Then he turns to the
labourer, as indeed he could well turn in that day with much oratorical
effect, and demands what share of the abundance falls to the men who
through storm and sunshine have been mainly instrumental in producing
it. Here again the answer was simple enough in the sum total of 8s. a
week, and it had only been a shilling more when the wheat they were
producing was fetching from 80s. to 100s. a quarter!

But times have changed on the banks of the Avon, and not merely in these
matters in which all rural England has changed. For though the river
steals as of old from mill to mill by grey old church towers, thatched
hamlets, and homesteads, private ownership has nearly all been swept
away and the Crown has entered into possession. Netheravon, formerly the
seat of the Hicks-Beach family, the most notable place of recent abode
on the Upper Avon, is now the quarters of colonels and majors. At any
moment, too, you may meet on the uplifted highway above the stream a
group of cavalry scouts, watching for a distant glimpse of imaginary
Teutonic invaders, or a train of military waggons rumbling northward to
the Pewsey vale and the Great Western railroad. Every one knows that the
Crown has recently purchased a portion of Salisbury Plain for the
better prosecution of military manoeuvres, and it is this Avon and
eastern district that they have preëmpted. The small, unsightly
"Aldershot" of brick and corrugated iron is in the south-east corner in
the Tidworth country, and does not as yet greatly affect the Avon even
between Netheravon and Amesbury. The larger farmers are still there upon
its banks as tenants of the Crown, under special conditions. And in the
seasons for mimic warfare, cavalry and infantry sweep over the stubbles
and pastures, and sheep and cattle are shifted for the time being. The
little trout stream of former days, though still almost everywhere in
the full enjoyment of its pristine simplicity, has acquired a quite
curious notoriety through its strategetic importance in the national
military manoeuvres. Indeed the topography of this little corner of
the world is on every breakfast-table, in rough maps and big letters,
for two or three weeks of most autumns. The "fords of the Avon" are
fought for by contending armies, and become for the moment places of
renown. Sometimes the whole course of the little river from Salisbury to
its source is proclaimed by the makers of the great war game to be the
coast of England, while Marlborough is constituted its chief seaport,
and crowded with the troops and transport of an army that is supposed to
be invading Britain.

Amesbury, not touched happily by the new camps, which as yet all lie
away to the eastward, is an ancient spot, something better than a
village, and always, as now, the little metropolis of Salisbury Plain.
Beneath its sombre but stately and minster-like cruciform church, part
Gothic and part Norman, the Avon, expanding somewhat, sweeps with smooth
swift current under the road to Stonehenge, and curves away in graceful
loops through the meadows below the village. It has already flowed
through the woods of Amesbury Abbey, a country-house, standing on the
site of a nunnery which was founded by the Saxon Queen Elfrida, and
flourished greatly till the Dissolution. The daughter of Edward I. among
many noble dames was a nun here, and here also that king's mother took
the veil, died, and left her dust. Katherine of Arragon, too, was lodged
at Amesbury on her arrival in England, and we have, of course, the
authority of Geoffrey of Monmouth and Tennyson that

    Queen Guinevere had fled the court, and sat
    There in the holy house at Amesbury.

Rural, village-like, and till lately a long coach-drive out of the
world, a great deal, nevertheless, has happened at Amesbury. It was
granted at the Dissolution to the Protector Somerset, and his descendant
Lord Hertford, on bringing his third wife here as a bride, unwittingly
provided the neighbourhood with an unforgettable tragedy; for poor Sir
George Rodney, whom this third Lady Hertford, fickle and beautiful, had
thrown over for the greater match, went out with the crowd as if to
greet the home-coming of the happy pair, and fell on his sword a dead
man at the very feet of his fickle sweetheart, the affrighted bride.
Later on the Duke and Duchess of Queensbury were in possession, and as
the Kennet at Marlborough watered the elaborate grottos and gardens of a
great Early Georgian hostess and patroness of poets, and inspired the
muse of Thomson, so at Amesbury, too, a duchess maintained a rival
Arcadia and another poet, in the person of Gay. In the Jacobean period,
too, and later, this then sequestered spot was famous throughout England
for its clay pipes. In short, they were the fashion, and a gentleman was
not properly equipped unless he had a pipe bearing the magic brand of
"Amesbury."

Amesbury is now, as always, the objective point for Stonehenge, a mile
and a half distant. It is 8 miles from here to Salisbury, and the river
continues to plough its deep furrow through the plain. But the
atmosphere by this time is a less aloof and more populous one, the
river-side road more travelled, for British, American, and foreign
pilgrims from Salisbury to Stonehenge will in summer time be frequently
in evidence upon it. The villages are still thatch-roofed, and
flint-walled after the chess-board pattern common to Wiltshire, and the
cult of flowers, that generations of low wages have not extinguished in
the Wiltshire peasant, add to their charm. The high downs on either hand
no longer suggest such a solitary hinterland. A thicker foliage mantles
from time to time in the vale. The river skirts the lawns of some
country-seat such as Lake House, one of the best Tudor buildings in
Wiltshire, and a little below, again, of Heale, where Charles II. on his
flight from Worcester lay concealed by its then owner, Mrs. Hyde, for
nearly a week.

Often performed twice a season and generally by men wading in with
scythes, weed cutting is a regular operation in the life of such streams
as this; nowadays, particularly, since trout fishing has become so
valuable, these rivers for the most part are kept assiduously clean. Nor
is any aspect of a chalk stream perhaps more beautiful than where some
swift-gliding current is running a couple of feet over the growing
water-weed, all swaying and flickering in green streamers with every
motion of the pellucid and wayward current. The Avon, too, is a prolific
and notable trout river, where the disciples of the modern cult of the
dry-fly leave no half-mile of water going begging for a lessee, and the
May-fly here hatches out right up to the river's source.

But Salisbury is, of course, the place with which the Avon for the best
of reasons is chiefly identified; for here the river races clear and
buoyant over a gravelly bed through the very heart of the picturesque
old town. The big trout can be seen sucking in flies beside its busiest
streets, as well as later, where its lively streams wash the ivied walls
and woody banks of the Cathedral precincts. Here beneath the shadow of
the loftiest spire in England, in a wide sweep of water-meadow lying
amid encircling downs, and interlaced with silvery threads of clear
bubbling waters, is a famous meeting-place of streams. The "Sink of the
Plain" was the designation bestowed by ancient writers on the capital
of Wiltshire. From every quarter of Salisbury Plain, using the term in
the wider and physical sense, come the limpid chalk waters hurrying to
meet the Avon. From the bounds of Dorset, and familiar to all habitual
travellers on the south-western main line, comes the Nadder. Born upon
the edge of Wiltshire, watering in infancy the glades of Wardour and the
ancient House of Arundel, and fed by affluents from the wooded heights
of Font Hill of notorious association, it runs, a now lusty trout
stream, through mellow lowlands where Penruddocks and Windhams have sat
for centuries. Past Dinton, where the great Lord Clarendon and Lawes the
musician and friend of Milton were both born, the Nadder completes its
existence as a separate river in the gardens of Wilton House.

Its hitherto untrammelled moods now curbed and bent to the needs of some
former landscape gardener of the House of Pembroke, it here laves the
lawns on which Philip Sidney is confidently said to have written much of
his _Arcadia_, and then almost immediately joins the Wiley, the
confluence occurring just below the ancient town of Wilton, once the
capital of Wiltshire and of Wessex. Thence a couple of uneventful miles
save for their passage by the little Church and Rectory of Bemerton,
where George Herbert spent his latter days, brings them to the greater
meeting with the Avon beneath Salisbury Spire.

But what of the Wiley, or Wylye? for this by no means insignificant
little river has never yet achieved finality in the matter of spelling!
Unquestionably it gave the county its name, being quite obviously
responsible for Wilton, which lies on its banks, and is most certainly
in its turn the god-parent of Wiltshire. If we were to believe Cobbett,
who was no native, the Wiley valley is the most beautiful in the world!
I am myself inclined to think it is perhaps the most engaging of all the
chalk-stream vales. Coming down from Warminster and Heytesbury, it cuts
its way, like the Avon, in a deep trough where charming old-world
villages nestle, through the wild downland. It divides what is more
definitely known as Salisbury Plain from the south-western block of the
same vast tract, still spoken of sometimes as the South Plain. The
camp-crowned heights stand up on either side of the vale with even more
significant distinction than those which guard the Avon. No disturbing
element has yet intruded upon the perfect peace which reigns for miles
upon the high chalk uplands whose heart the tortuous valley cleaves;
nor is there any place the world wots much of between Warminster and
Wilton, or, in other words, upon the river's whole course.

But hoary villages, half muffled in stately elms and rich as any in
England in thatched eave and gable and in bright cottage gardens, look
over to one another across the rich carpet of meadowland upon which the
Wiley lays its shining coils. Grey old churches lift their towers or
spires along the vale, and cover many a sculptured tomb and many an
effigy of the men and women who ruled long ago in the small Tudor
manor-houses that still in many cases survive to fill a lowlier rôle.

Perhaps what greatly helps in giving some especial charm to the Wiley
valley are the fine unimpeded vistas all up and down it, which it
affords the traveller at each little rise he mounts on one or other of
the valley roads that lie along the toes of the down. Nor is any other
stream coming out of the Wiltshire chalk quite so translucent, I think,
as the Wiley. Most of the river, so far as the fishing is concerned, is
held by a famous Angling Club that many years ago migrated here from the
Kennet at Hungerford, and whose fortunate members hail from every part
of the south of England.

[Illustration: STAPLEFORD ON THE WILEY]

[Illustration]

What they have achieved by care and constant stocking in a naturally
fine trout stream can be seen by any strollers upon the bank. The
smaller trout of wild rapid streams, who take the fly so much more
readily, rush madly for safety the moment you show yourself upon the
bank above a pool. But the big chalk-stream trout, so much more wary of
the deadly fly, is comparatively indifferent to the mere spectator.
Possibly the superior education that has quickened his perception in the
matter of artificial flies and their method of presentation has also
taught him that in them alone danger lurks, and in mere man as such
there is none whatever. So it comes about that in the Wiley you may look
down in places through three or four feet of crystal water, and at quite
close quarters watch every movement of a score or so of great trout or
grayling of from 1 to 2 lbs. weight, as they lie poised above the clear
gravelly bottom; a beautiful and interesting spectacle only possible in
the chalk streams, and, one might almost add, only in those that modern
fish-culture and science have been busy with. So between the banks of
what is still called the Avon, all these chalk streams and a few others
of less size and note pour their united waters in broader and more
chastened current from Salisbury towards the sea. They have a long and
pleasant journey yet, however, before they meet the tide at
Christchurch. By the great seats of Longford, Clarendon, and Trafalgar
the Avon makes its way down a rich valley to Fordingbridge. Thence, with
the skirts of the New Forest rising above its narrow opulent valley upon
one side and the high country of Dorset upon the other, this whole
burden of clear Wiltshire water, every drop curiously enough that the
county produces south of the Thames or the Bristol Avon watersheds,
urges its now chastened course to Ringwood and Christchurch. It has
often struck me, when standing by one or other of the great surging
mill-pools which make such delightful interludes in this pleasant valley
between Fordingbridge and Ringwood, as a curious and pretty thought that
the entire overflow of the most romantic and famous chalk region in
England should be thus chafing in a single Hampshire pool beneath one's
feet; that not a drop from all this vast wild Wiltshire upland should
have escaped elsewhere, but that every welling spring beneath the downs
from Savernake Forest to Cranborne Chase, from Warminster to
Ludgershall, should here find its inevitable destiny.

Clear as the waters of the Avon for this reason still remain, the trout
by now have gradually yielded to the pike and perch, which for their
size and quality have made these lower reaches of the river somewhat
celebrated among anglers who follow that branch of the craft.

But at the old-fashioned market-town of Ringwood, where the last
ten-mile stretch of the river begins, is a famous hostelry known as "The
White Hart." I use the epithet advisedly, for near Ringwood the Avon
having degenerated in the matter of its inhabitants from trout to pike,
now aspires to greater honours than ever, and ends its days as a salmon
river, and one, too, with a reputation for harbouring the largest of the
royal race of almost any river in England, though in no great numbers to
be sure. The "White Hart" has been the immemorial trysting-place of the
few anglers who assemble here to catch the Avon salmon, a fish more
notable, as I have said, for weight than numbers, and not infrequently
running over 40 lbs. The blind Cambridge tutor and Postmaster-General of
a generation ago, Professor Fawcett, a native of South Wilts, was in his
day a well-known member of this band. The Avon and the Test, also in
Hampshire, are, I think, the only two chalk streams up which the salmon
runs, though in both, of course, but for a limited distance, and rises
to the fly. This fact has naturally always given the final stretch of
the Avon, below Ringwood, peculiar interest among those concerned not
merely with angling but with the natural history of rivers, which might
almost be accounted, however, a branch of the craft. So, leaving the
great fir-sprinkled heaths, a continuation, as it were, of the New
Forest, to spread westward towards Bournemouth, our river flows
uneventfully onward through meadow flats to Christchurch and the sea.

Christchurch Abbey, at the Avon's mouth, is, of course, the goal of
innumerable excursionists from the neighbouring Bournemouth; but
Salisbury, a beautiful old town in itself, and a Cathedral matchless of
its kind and Cathedral precincts matchless for their beauty, without any
reservation is, of course, the Avon's glory. Usually called the
"Hampshire," sometimes the "Christchurch" Avon, it should, of course, by
rights be called the Salisbury Avon, for it is pre-eminently a Wiltshire
river, bearing, as we have seen, the waters of half that county to the
sea through a strip of Hampshire without receiving any contribution of
consequence from that fair county. But there is, one must remember,
another Wiltshire Avon, which runs through the lower-lying greensand and
dairy country of North Wilts, and curiously enough, like its southern
chalk-stream namesake, gathers all the waters of North Wilts that the
Kennet or infant streams do not bear away eastward, into its bed. This
Avon, of quite another quality, and one more akin to that of
Shakespeare's farther north again, finds a world of fame and consequence
in its lower reaches at Bath and Bristol, far different from such as
Ringwood and Christchurch with their 40 lb. salmon can lend to the mouth
of the purer and otherwise more beautiful stream.

But Hampshire need not quarrel about terms, nor resent the suggestion
that she merely gives right of way to the waters of half Wiltshire, for
has she not the Itchen and the Test? Now, what measure of importance
their names suggest to the ear of those unconcerned with such things I
do not know. But among the great army of disciples of old Izaak these
names, with that of the Kennet, form a classic trio, which of their kind
have no equivalent. They do not clash with the rivers of the North, of
Wales, or of the west country in any one's ears when their names are
sounded. But I venture to think that to thousands of persons who never
even threw a line these names vaguely suggest, as does Leicestershire to
those who do not hunt, the headquarters, as it were, of one of the three
principal field-sports of England. The outsider, indeed, has probably a
more exaggerated view of the supremacy of these rivers in this
particular than the fisherman himself who knows his southern counties,
but, nevertheless, would not hesitate to give priority to the Itchen and
the Test if it came to the point; while in general reputation,
bracketed, as I have said, with the Kennet, they stand as a type quite
alone. Some readers may resent my taking this aspect of a stream so
seriously, but if they were on intimate terms with such rivers they
would understand what a part the trout and grayling play in riparian
life. For it is not merely the privileged few who pay high prices for
casting their flies upon these sacred waters that are interested; but
every rustic in the villages along the bank talks trout and takes a sort
of second-hand interest in the doings of fishermen, and can tell as tall
stories of bygone performances as the performers themselves, or even
taller ones. The beautiful purling streams of the Itchen, as they sweep
in broad current over the gravelly shallows of Itchen Abbas, beloved by
Charles Kingsley, or slide under

[Illustration: THE ITCHEN, ST. CROSS, WINCHESTER]

[Illustration]

Twyford Bridge into the shade of the Shawford chestnuts below, one half
fancies to be sounding an almost self-conscious note of the fame they
have acquired in the past thirty years. For when, nearly half a century
ago, the present writer as a diminutive schoolboy at this same Twyford
on Itchen--from a home oddly enough on the banks of the Kennet--used to
behold his tutor sallying forth on a half holiday with long wobbly rod
to cast two wet-flies on these now sacred waters, it is quite certain
that few outsiders save an occasional angler ever heard of the
Itchen--unless some glimmer from their school-room days reminded them
that it was the river upon which Winchester stood. In those days local
proprietors up and down the river gave their neighbours a day or two's
fishing, no doubt, when they asked for it, as men do to-day upon obscure
rivers. And the old-time sportsman, with no sense of a priceless favour
conferred, went to work and cast his two wet-flies across and down the
swifter streams, and took his chance of cut or uncut weeds and his
modest share of trout, pure-blooded lineal descendants of those the
monks of Winchester netted for their stew ponds in the days of old. But
Heaven knows what might be the ancestry of a modern Itchen trout! Then
came the great revolution, the Art of the dry-fly with a big A, which
first developed itself on this very Itchen and its neighbour the Test.
The elderly angler needs no telling what a revolution was this, breaking
the tradition of centuries, and sending its echoes all over the world
wherever men angle for trout; changing the method of thousands,
upsetting old standards--fruitful, too, of much misunderstanding, of
recrimination even, and a good deal of foolishness which still prevails.
But the great fact remains that it exalted the chalk stream from a
rather dull field for the angler's operations compared to the mountain
river, into a valuable heritage ranking almost with the deer forest and
the grouse moor. This inevitably brought in its train a certain amount
of vulgarity as well as a good deal of pose and affectation, vices from
which the honest sport of angling alone had hitherto been absolutely
free. In short, it came perilously near to one of those essentials that
a would-be sporting parvenu thought he ought to possess. This, however,
is a trifle. The chalk-stream trout became all at once an Epicurean of
the first degree, and in time such a mixture of selected stocks it would
puzzle him to know his own father, handsome fellow though he be. His
habits, indeed, have undergone within easy memory an absolute
transformation. He will now very often look you steadily in the face for
half an hour at close quarters, but when it comes to business will only
consider an oiled and floating fly placed above him in thoroughly
up-to-date fashion. Most of us really know that he cannot always
maintain this high standard that is expected of him--but it is not the
thing to say so. To fish for him now in the old wet-fly way would be
regarded much as the shooting of pheasants rising at your feet, since
Mr. Chalk-stream trout is assumed to regard as a positive insult the
offer of a fly after the fashion in which the trout of Tweed or Usk like
it offered, and as his own ancestors, or at any rate predecessors, used
themselves to be content with. This sounds paradoxical. The whole thing,
indeed, savours somewhat of contradiction, but not so much so as these
over-frank and irreverently enumerated truisms might suggest to the
uninitiated. I have, however, seen myself, from the overlooking
vantage-point of a highway traversing the Kennet valley, three partners
in an angling syndicate well out of sight of one another, flogging a
noted dry-fly water down and across with a wet-fly before a light
breeze, and probably not without success. It was delightful to the
wayfaring angler to watch these furtive and guilty souls, each thinking
no eye but that of some unconscious waggoner could peradventure behold
their crooked deeds, and safe at least from one another. Alas, weak
human nature! It was delicious to think how differently any fish that
might take those draggled "chuck-and-chance-it" flies would be killed
again in the smoking-room that night. But we are now on the Itchen, and
of course such things are never done here.

No reader with any sense of humour or proportion will, I presume, look
here for a boiled-down treatise on the oldest and historically the most
famous city in England next to London. As we left the shyer charms of
Salisbury, with its wealth of Mediæval and Tudor architecture, lawn and
towers, elms and glistering waters, with its fine flavour of those
Trollopian chronicles of Barset which it inspired, to the unaided
intelligence of the wanderer by the Avon, so, much more in these brief
pages, must we leave alone the kindred but more voluminous subject of
Winchester. Unlike Salisbury, however, where the Avon tumbles through
the heart of the town before skirting the sacred groves where Mrs.
Proudie once reigned, the Itchen only skirts the older city, which lies
like Salisbury in the lap of downs. It is near enough, however, to
associate itself in the landscape with the great Cathedral, lately in
such peril of collapse, with the famous school whose domain actually
touches its banks, with the beautiful old fabric of St. Cross and its
Norman tower lying in the meadows beyond. The life of the Itchen is
singularly short, considering the volume of water and the measure of
fame it at once gathers in so brief a space. Twenty minutes in a motor,
or forty on a cycle, up its banks from Winchester would bring you to the
head of it; for above Alresford, where three streams unite, fortified by
many independent springs, the Itchen is hardly worth considering. Down
the river again from Winchester, to continue this form of reckoning,
about the same expenditure of time would bring you to Bishopstoke, after
which the buoyant stream soon begins to feel the influence of the tide
from Southampton Water, which it then approaches. Twenty miles by road
along the valley would easily cover all that counts of the famous
Itchen. The prettiest half, undoubtedly, is that above Winchester, and
the road practically follows the river for several miles to Alresford,
through the successive hamlets of Headbourne and Abbots Worthy, Itchen
Abbas and Itchen Stoke. Out in the wide water-meadows the crystal
streams of the river, flowing often in two or three separate channels,
pursue their twisting courses. Below Winchester the slopes of the vale
are somewhat marred by the natural desire of Southampton citizens and
others to perch themselves where delectable scenery and a good
train-service co-exist. In these upper reaches there is little of this,
but the immediate slopes of the valley wear, nevertheless, not only an
air of physical luxuriance but of rural opulence, so significant not
merely of the presence of great landlords but of a popular
neighbourhood, where in lodges and granges and other attractive
snuggeries prosperous aliens, with fishing proclivities in most cases,
spend a part at least of their days. It is in this feature that the
scenery and atmosphere of the Itchen, though naturally very similar,
differs from that of the Wiltshire rivers, which are for the most part
severely local. But here, after all, we are more in the world, and
though the high downs, as in Wiltshire, rise above the luxuriant
foregrounds, save for St. Catherine's Hill, of Wykhamist traditions,
which drops bare and abrupt right into the Itchen valley, they lie more
aloof and remote.

[Illustration: THE ITCHEN, AND ST. GILES' HILL, WINCHESTER]

[Illustration]

In travelling up the Alresford road on the west banks of the river, past
the gates of pleasant residences and the thatched cottages of typical
Hampshire hamlets, one might pause under other conditions to make
acquaintance with the interesting old churches of Headbournworthy and
Itchen Abbas. But, as it is, one would rather, I think, take every
opportunity of following the short lanes that at intervals run down from
the highway to the meadows and to the banks of the brimming buoyant
stream. It is almost as captivating, I think, to watch the gurgling
sweep of a chalk stream as the more boisterous humours of her wilder
sister of the mountain. The Itchen, having regard merely to the water
between its banks, is singularly beautiful. As pellucid as the Wiley,
there is a life and movement and rush over the gravel greater even than
in that engaging stream, whose surroundings, however, like those of the
Upper Avon, are far more natural and characteristic than the slightly
conventional atmosphere of the Itchen. But the almost constant stir and
the melodious voice of the latter river are infinitely pleasing: singing
now over a pebbly bottom whose water-polished stones show varied and
almost radiant colours upon a gleaming chalk-bed, now swishing silently
over streaming green weeds that in another month will fall beneath the
cutter's scythe lest they choke the stream. And as to the fat trout,
they are everywhere in evidence, splashing perhaps at the iron blues or
olive duns as they fall before the light puffing airs upon the stream's
surface, or lying motionless, but for their slightly swaying tails, in
mid-current, surfeited with a recent meal, or quietly absorbing such
subaqueous morsels and atoms as drift along. How rich, too, in colour
are the low green banks whose very rims these brimming chalk streams,
even in the dryest season, seem ever to press against, whether in early
days before the first May-fly heralds the Itchen's carnival, and the
cuckoo-flower and the kingcup star the growing grass; or again, later,
when the purple willow-herb blazes behind the waving sedges, and the
glorious meadow-sweet, in feathered ivory masses, ladens the fresh moist
air that moves above the stir of so many waters. Many, to be sure, of
our winged friends that are always with us in the streams of the north
and west are absent here. The white-breasted dipper will have nothing to
say to chalk streams. The migrant sandpiper from the sea-coasts, with
rare exceptions, holds absolutely with the dipper, and hies him away
for the breeding season to share with his dark-frocked, white-throated
friend and permanent resident there the snugger bank-harbourage of the
bosky western torrents. But there are water-fowl here at any rate, if of
a less elusive and more clamorous kind; for the osier beds by the chalk
streams are strident by day with the various notes and boisterous antics
of the breeding moor-hens, and often melodious by night with the song of
the reed-warbler. The willow-wren keeps you company in the pollards, the
rare kingfisher loves the chalk stream, and there is nothing in which
the corncrake more delights than to grind out his monotonous love
notes--for all the world like a gigantic salmon reel--in a water-meadow
put up for hay.

But even the Itchen does not exist wholly for the trout, and like other
chalk streams submits itself to the hand of the irrigator. And over the
broad meadows its numerous runlets fertilize, it is always pleasant to
pick one's way by such paths as bridge the numerous channels spouting
and shining, fresh, cool, and lusty in the lush grass, be the weather
ever so torrid.

Avington Park, where the Merry Monarch and Nell Gwyn spent some time,
with its long stretches of fringing wood, is a prominent feature upon
the east bank of the river between Winchester and Alresford. And as you
draw near the latter, one of the three streams that form the Itchen
comes pouring down rapid and shallow over a radiant gravelly bed. Follow
it up for a mile, and lying low in trees, with a park spreading above it
on the one side and an old church perched high upon the other, is the
doubly famous mansion of Tichborne. For as the ancient abode of probably
the oldest landed family of distinction in Hampshire it would call for
notice. But much more than on such account as this would it appeal to
any middle-aged wight whose memory has not badly failed him, for that
_cause célèbre_ of the early 'seventies, which lasted for so many years,
rent England into factions, broke up families, and severed friendships
in the amazing partisanship and excitement it engendered. Alresford is a
pleasant, old-fashioned, wide, open, typical south-country market-town.
Beneath it is a pool or mere, covering, perhaps, three or four acres.
Though not literally such, this might be roughly held as the source of
the Itchen, since above it the river loses all claim to consequence,
while below it come in the Candover and the Tichborne, brooks of equal
volume to itself. Yet more, for, as already mentioned, there are several
curious welling springs in the outskirts of Alresford which contribute
almost as much water to the river as its three parent streams.

The Test is of the same quality in all respects as the Itchen, and as
large if not larger. As a dry-fly trouting river it stands perhaps at
the actual head of the list, and like the Avon is also a salmon river in
its lower reaches, which fall into Southampton Water just to the west of
the mouth of the Itchen. Travellers on the main line of the
South-Western from London to Exeter must be familiar with its infant
efforts if they have any sort of eye for a country. For after an hour or
so out of London, of monotonous pine and heather region varied by
cemeteries, golf links, and jerry-built suburban-like villages, the
train bursts over a valley's head and gives a beautiful breezy glimpse
of altogether another kind of country. A limpid chalk stream, obviously
near its source, trails down towards an old-world-looking town. The
latter is Whitchurch, and the tiny clear stream is the famous Test. We
cannot follow it here. No places of high renown stand upon its banks,
unless the old abbey of Romsey may retrieve its reputation in this
respect. But lovers of the Test do not rest their affections on such
things as these. It is enough for them that in their opinion it is the
finest trouting river in England for the display of what they regard as
the quintessence of scientific fly-fishing. In this sense it is known
throughout the English-speaking world much as the Pytchley and the Quorn
hunts are known. In short, like the Itchen, it is classic ground, and
there we will leave it.

Though it is not our business here to catalogue the streams of England,
one cannot dismiss the chalk streams without a word of reference to the
Colne and the Gade, whose clear buoyant waters strike such a pleasant
and even unexpected note within 20 or 30 miles of London, in the fat and
formal luxuriance of Hertfordshire. Born in the chalk ridges of the
Chilterns, they show in their quite considerable span of existence many
a delightful vista of fresh glancing waters amid opulent forest or park
scenery, flowing as they do through a county that for generations has,
more perhaps than any other, been associated with the country-seat of
the city magnate.

[Illustration: THE DOVE, DOVEDALE, DERBYSHIRE]

[Illustration]




CHAPTER IV

THE BORDER RIVERS


Northumberland is a county of generous limits as well as of character
and distinction far above the common. For the entire space of its
greatest length--which runs north and south, speaking freely, or from
the Tweed to the Roman Wall and the South Tyne--a deep belt against its
western frontier, spread the solitudes of Cheviot. Here, as in South
Wales, is a vast watershed, covering a little matter of 700 or 800
square miles of silent mountain and moorland, not to reckon its overlap
into Roxburgh and Cumberland, which, like the other, the outside world
knows absolutely nothing about. Crossing the head waters of the South
Tyne and the Eastern Derwent, which last divides Durham and
Northumberland, the Cheviot range (not locally thus designated for the
whole distance) merges at length into the Durham moors on the one hand
and the Pennines on the other. A fine block of mountain solitude this,
and, judged by our English standards, of really vast extent, as well as
of worthy altitude; for the "Great Cheviot" on the north is 2700 feet,
and Cross Fell on the Pennines, a range familiar in the distance, at any
rate, to Lake tourists, is higher still. Humped up between the Irish
Channel and the North Sea these highlands pour their waters copiously to
the right and left through the intervening low country into either
ocean. Eastward go the North and South Tyne, the Allen, the Wandsbeck,
the Aln, the Coquet, and the Till, the last alone swerving northward,
and, as every one who knows their Scott will remember, flowing by
Flodden Field into the Tweed. Most of its farther waters flow westward
into Scotland, save the Eden and the Irthling, while the Liddel at any
rate touches Cumbrian soil. One may remember, too, that Northumberland
owns the right bank of Tweed for its last 20 miles, and both banks at
its mouth. But one turns to the Tyne instinctively--though Durham has
claims upon one shore in its final uproarious stages--as the typical, as
it is much the greatest, of Northumbrian rivers.

One shrinks, however, amid such an atmosphere

[Illustration: THE TYNE, HEXHAM, NORTHUMBERLAND]

[Illustration]

as lies between the covers of this book, with something of dismay from
the smoke, the uproar, and the resounding clamour through which the Tyne
moves from Newcastle to the sea, with its busy shipyards, its
coal-mines, its foundries. But from another point of view it is well
worth the voyage down by one of the little steamers that ply continually
to Tweedmouth, in which brief hour or two the very heart and vitals of
the industrial North reveal themselves at close quarters; for the Tyne,
though full of the largest ships, is comparatively narrow to its mouth
both on the Durham and Northumbrian shores, each resounding with human
energy in its noisiest and most strenuous forms. A striking feature of
the Tyne, too, is the alacrity with which at the last moment it shakes
all this off, and flows out under the ruinous Abbey of Tynemouth and
over the narrow bar, between yellow sands and woody cliffs, into the
fresh blue sea, as if the murky pandemonium had been but a hideous
dream.

Almost every one knows the look of Newcastle, seeing how imposing is the
view of town and river from the lofty railroad bridge on the highway to
Scotland. Nor from that point is it easy to realise that, 12 or 15 miles
above, this same river is brawling wide over a stony bed, with trout and
samlets leaping in its clear streams. The "Tynesider" is the product of
this lower and industrial stretch of the river, and not by any means a
person who lives anywhere upon its banks. He is a type unto himself, and
speaks a vernacular all his own, and the most unintelligible to the
stranger of all North-country dialects. His ancestors were, for the most
part, ordinary rural Northumbrians, dalesmen or otherwise. But the
atmosphere of the coal trade, carried on quite actively since the Tudor
period, has formed a type of man blunt of manner and raucous of speech,
into which all who come are absorbed. Such is the Tynesider in the true
meaning of the term. As a matter of fact, the colliery district of
Northumberland is extremely small, and mainly confined to the
south-eastern corner of the county, the rest of which is as sweet as
Westmoreland. Twenty miles up the river, and half-a-dozen beyond the
limits of the smirched country, the finely situated uplifted town of
Hexham, crowned with its exquisite Abbey church, stands near the parting
of the streams. If the Tyne is relatively narrow at Newcastle for the
navies it floats, it is extremely wide at Hexham for a river of its
boisterous quality. The sober interludes in which both Wye and Severn
indulge between their shallows are brief and rare upon the Tynes.
Severally and in their final partnership they remain gigantic mountain
brooks almost to the end, and this is why they have punished Newcastle
so fearfully in former days. In the eighteenth century the main bridge,
covered then with dwellings, and full at the time of sleeping inmates,
was swept into space and darkness in a few seconds. Few of the bridges
on either Tyne have failed to succumb at one time or another to its
fury. That at Hexham has seven arches, which will indicate the breadth
of the river. Even when parted just above, each branch forms a salmon
river of the first class as regards size, while the North Tyne is so in
the more literal sense. The South Tyne, rather the smaller, and though
always imposing and often beautiful the least so of the two, comes up
from the very south-east corner of the county.

Rising just over the Cumbrian border at Alston, tapping the gorges of
the wild, shapely, mountainous hills which girdle that racy and romantic
little market-town, the river brawls northward through a deep and
tortuous vale to Haltwhistle. Gathering _becks_ from the Cumbrian
fringes and further _burns_ as it descends--for the change from a
Scandinavian to a Saxon etymology is here well defined--the South Tyne
now turns sharply eastward, and runs along the foot of the ridge bearing
towards Hexham. Here too it meets the Carlisle and Newcastle railroad,
which follows its valley the whole way to the sea. Receiving the Allen
at the mouth of Allendale, the South Tyne becomes a fair-sized river,
and Haydon Bridge, which in the old raiding days was the only one on the
South Tyne, and was "chained" in periods of alarm, rests upon six
arches, through all of which the clear impetuous currents shoot even in
low water. It is a formidable thing for any one on tolerably intimate
terms not merely with their banks but with their traditions and
literature, to be confronted by the Tynes and but a few pages at
disposal. It is the Severn and the Wye over again--the Border atmosphere
surcharged with memories and traditions and many things beguiling to a
discursiveness that must be at all costs resisted.

But here we have all the physical sternness of the north, above all of
the north-east. The bed of a salmon river or a rocky trout stream
whether in Breconshire or Northumberland differs nowise. The swirling
pools, the gliding shallows, the angry rock-fretted rapids, the mossy
crags and fringing woods or fern-clad banks, are approximately the same
on Tyne or Wye, on Dove or Dart, and of a kind that has never yet bred
satiety in those whose ways have lain much beside them. The same music,
in all its infinite variety of tone and chord, is played by the Coquet,
the Monnow, or the Wharfe; the same familiar flies, the drakes and duns,
the alders and march-browns, dance to the familiar harmonies, while the
white-breasted ousel and his summer visitor the sandpiper are as
inevitably in evidence on the Tyne as on the Tamar. It is outside the
immediate fringe of such a river that local character and features
assert themselves. The South Tyne, from Haltwhistle to Hexham, sweeps
bravely down a valley of grass farms, with here and there a village of
stern uncompromising stone and slate set on its banks. There is no charm
of village architecture in Northumberland, or scarcely any. Nor on the
lofty slopes of Tynedale does the rose-embowered, orchard-girdled,
thatched-roof cot that Wordsworth saw on the high terraces of the Wye,
and sang of, send up its smoke wreaths.

The Northumbrian is practical and rectangular in his handling of the
landscape. In other words, he is an advanced farmer and generally a big
one, only surpassed by the Scotsman in those merits which are fatal to
picturesque detail in landscape so far as it can be controlled. The
Northumbrian dalesman was a picturesque cattle-lifter, or constant
fighter of cattle-lifters, long after the rest of England had settled
down to humdrum respectability, and even the Welsh Border had for two
centuries buried the hatchet. But when he reformed he did so to some
purpose, and has for some generations been very far ahead of the others
in eliminating all those luxuriant irregularities of Nature that in the
South make for artistic foregrounds. But Northumberland is in many vital
respects altogether too much for him. He can trace big rectangles with
stone dykes or bridled hedgerows, and lay out well-drained fields in the
broader valleys, and erect square, comfortable, unlovely homesteads of
whinstone that would stand a siege; but the spirit of the country in its
uplifted hills, its wild moors, remains untouched in spite of him. If
the modern dwelling by the Tyne, scattered enough in any case, is
deplorable from the artist's point of view, the nearer hills to the
southward trend upwards gradually in mile-long sweeps to wild and lonely
moors, from which come, winding down to the main valley, beautiful glens
like those of the two Allens or the Devil's Water, even still more
exquisite. It was in the dense woods of Dipton Dene, upon the latter
stream, that Queen Margaret, abandoned after the second battle of Hexham
in the Wars of the Roses, threw herself and infant son on the mercy of
the bandit, and, as we all know, was safely harboured by him. At its
mouth, too, on the Tyne, and just below Hexham, are the ruined towers of
Dilston, home of the ill-fated Derwentwater, who was lord of all this
country till the Jacobite rising of the "Fifteen" cost him his head and
his heirs their vast estates. If there are no half-timbered cottages or
few Tudor homesteads upon the Tyne, the valley still abounds in the
remains of peel-towers and bastel houses, redolent of the raiding days;
while here and there a great castle suggestive of some dominant name,
some Warden of the March or Keeper of the dale, broods over the stream
with its four grey towers and lofty curtains, and strikes a fine stern
note against the waving background of the moorish hills of Hexhamshire.
Dilston, as related, is below Hexham, and so is Prudhoe, the whilom
fortress of Umfravilles and Percies, whose massive walls are yet more
proudly perched. This South Tyne valley was thick with Ridleys and
Featherstonhaughs, a very cradle of many families of which these were
the chief. Men did not wander about the country and set up houses
anywhere and everywhere in the old Border days. They were wanted at
home, and by no means in demand in other dales, the stamping ground of
other and probably unfriendly stocks, though some of them were badly
enough wanted in another sense. Clans or "greynes" had to stick together
both for purposes of offence and defence, and fighting men were
valuable. Constant raids of Elliots, Armstrongs, Kerrs, and Scotts from
beyond Cheviot and the necessity for retaliation kept both long dales of
Tyne on the alert.

Nowadays so thinly peopled, in the time of the Tudors and the early
Stuarts they contained more of these wild and lawless people than the
country could legitimately support. "Honest men all, but who did a
little shifting for their living," as a contemporary play puts it with
some humour; the despair alike, together with their Scottish equivalents
across the Cheviots, of English and Scottish Kings, of Parliaments and
officials. Williemoteswyke, a chief stronghold of the Ridleys, whence
came the celebrated martyr Bishop, still survives by the South Tyne, a
later farm-house built into the ancient towers. But all along the line
of the river, from Haltwhistle eastwards, within two or three miles for
the most part, and cresting the second ridge to the northward for the
entire distance, is a monument much older than the peel-towers of
Ridleys or Featherstonhaughs. The Roman Wall, as perhaps needs no
telling, ran here from sea to sea. Much of it was destroyed in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Half the farm-houses, cottages,
and barns to the north of the river are built of its stones, quarried
and squared at the expense of Imperial Rome in the second century. But
parallel with this stretch of the South Tyne, for many miles the Wall
still pursues with an average height of 6 to 8 feet its direct and
lonely course along a wild and rugged skyline. Edging the face of the
rock escarpments, plunging into deep ravines, dividing the comb of lofty
whinstone ridges, this old northern barrier of the Roman Empire forges
always onward, regardless of obstacles, in its undeviating pursuit of
the highest points in an uplifted and lonely land. To the south of the
Wall, in the green troughs and broken ridges that divide it from the
South Tyne, lie the scattered homesteads of small sheep-farms, built at
the expense of its diminished stature, for even in the time of Elizabeth
it still retained its original height of some 18 or 20 feet.

To the northward the Roman soldier, whether bred in Spain or Gaul or on
the Rhine, looked down over what is even to-day an unpeopled wilderness
stretching far away over bog and heather and moor grass, to dim and
distant hills that mark the windings of the North Tyne. No reminders of
the Roman occupation in all England, no excavated towns, no dug-up villa
foundations among the haunts of men, are comparable in dramatic
significance with this persistent pile of masonry, punctuated with the
remnants of its walled camps and watch towers, in which Rome traced,
through this remote and wild land, the limit for three centuries of her
Imperial rule. About 12,000 men lay here perpetually along the 60 miles
between Carlisle and Newcastle. We know precisely, too, from the Roman
army list and the corroborating testimony carved upon scores of tablets
and altars, what regiments they were: which were the cavalry and which
the infantry stations. We know also the names of numbers of their
officers, for memorial tablets to the dead and inscriptions of honour to
the living are abundant. We see the officers' quarters, the men's
barracks, the baths, the market-houses; the narrow double gateways,
their stone lintels deeply rutted with the waggon wheels of this
mysterious and remote age. An amphitheatre here, a shrine there,
confronts one with rows of altars to forgotten gods, gathered upon the
walls of local museums. Here again is a milestone, elaborately inscribed
to the glory of emperors and pro-consuls, and ending like any county
council finger-post with the mileage to the nearest camp. But we know
nothing more of this wonderful and exasperatingly dark period, of three
long centuries at least, when England was mute, peaceful, and the sharer
in an advanced exotic civilization. One certainty amid the darkness we
are sure of, namely, that this perilous and war-like frontier above the
Tyne, now so lonely, was, by virtue not merely of its permanent garrison
but of the tributary communities which ministered to their service and
support, one of the most populous parts of England.

Hexham, standing at the forks of Tyne, was the ancient entrance to the
raiding dales. Beyond it the stranger would have most assuredly needed
the very best of introductions, while over the altars of its Abbey
church the heady champions of Tynedale hung their gloves for him to
pluck who held himself a sufficiently stout man to take the
consequences. Scott remembered this in _Rokeby_--

    Edmund, thy years were scarcely mine,
    When, challenging the Clans of Tyne,
    To bring their best my brand to prove,
    O'er Hexham's altar hung my glove;
    But Tynedale, nor in tower nor town,
    Held champion meet to take it down.

The seventeenth-century evangelist, Dr. Gilpin, on his first appearance
in Hexham Church, says a well-known story, terrified the more peaceful
souls around him by plucking one of these profane gauges of battle from
the sacred wall. Only his piety, eloquence, and undaunted front saved
the doctor from rough treatment at the hands of those sons of war who
had gathered from the dales to hear such an arraignment of their wild
ways as they were not accustomed to. Founded late in the seventh century
by St. Wilfrid, then Bishop of York, the crypt, largely fashioned of
Roman stones from the great station at Corbridge, still remains of the
original Abbey, ultimately destroyed by the Danes. Endowed by Queen
Etheldreda with her own dowry, the lands, still comprised in the three
large upland parishes south of the Tyne, and known as _Hexhamshire_,
remained with the monastery till the Dissolution. Rebuilt in 1112 by
another Prelate of York, the church was again practically destroyed by
the Scots. But what we now see used as the parish church is a choir,
tower, and transepts of beautiful Early English work throughout, save
for a recently and badly restored east end. Whether the original nave
was ever completed or not is a matter of contention. A new one at any
rate is being now built--a proceeding which provokes a good deal of
reasonable dissension from archæologists. The wide, square market-place
of Hexham was quite recently the most picturesque in the North. Modern
innovations have much damaged its reputation; but it still possesses,
fronting the Abbey, the Edwardian Moot Hall with its Gothic archway
surmounted by towers, warlike of aspect in their corbels and
machicolations, and yet another tower behind of equal age and imposing
look. Our artist's admirable and suggestive sketch of Hexham leaves us
little to add regarding its felicitous pose and charm of site and
outlook.

If, like the salmon, we prefer the North to the South Tyne, it is after
all but a selection between good things; for the valley of the former,
winding for 30 miles to its source just over the Scottish frontier, is,
together with its tributary the Rede, the absolute embodiment, the
quintessence, not merely of Border and Cheviot scenery, but of that
stirring past which gives the Anglo-Scottish Border an atmosphere all
its own. The Welsh Marches are instinct with the same spirit. The
difference in their detail for those to whom both have made their appeal
furnish an interesting and instructive contrast with which we have no
business here. But rivers after all play such a conspicuous and romantic
part in both. The streams of Wye and Dee, of Usk, Severn, and Towy on
the one hand, of Tyne and Coquet and Till and Tweed on the other, blend
their music with the harp of the bard or the voice of the minstrel, and
their names bite deep into every page of the moving chronicle. The one
has upon the whole a note of a pathos, something of the wail of a
conquered race, not as the Saxon was conquered, but of a small people
contending long and heroically against hopeless odds to a climax that in
the long run brought little to regret. The other, robust and racy of
retrospect with the consciousness of equal struggle. The one Celtic to
the core, clad in a tongue unknown to the conquerors, who in their turn
celebrated, so far as I know, no single triumph in ode or ballad, and
accompanied two centuries of mortal strife with no single verse. In the
other we have two communities, bone of the same bone, flesh of the same
flesh, furnished with almost the same racy variety of the same rich
tongue, who flung ballads across the Border as they shot arrows or
crossed spears. But above all, they left off quits, and amid a hundred
fights have always a Flodden for a Bannockburn, and a Homildon Hill for
an Otterburn. "I never hear," wrote Sir Philip Sidney, "the old song of
Percy and Douglas that I find not my heart more moved than by a
trumpet." One luminous and sufficiently accurate fact may be remembered
in this connection, namely, that the end of one long struggle was the
beginning of the other; that the same iron hand which, speaking broadly,
crushed the last gleam of Welsh independence, permanently alienated by
efforts of similar intent the hitherto not unfriendly northern kingdom.
For till the Scottish wars of Edward the First and the days of Bruce and
Wallace, Border feuds in the full meaning of the term had little
significance. The very Border line upon the North Tyne and Rede was
vague. Scotland and England fought occasionally and vigorously, but
there was no rancour nor unfriendliness when the game was over.
Redesdale and Liddesdale cut each other's throats and lifted each
other's cattle no doubt, as did other dales, promiscuously, but not as
Scot and Southern and as bitter hereditary foes.

Nowhere in its whole course is the North Tyne more striking in its
actual bed than for the last mile before its confluence at Hexham, when
its amber peat-stained waters fret amid a huge litter of limestone crags
and ledges between the woods of Warden. It is curious, too, in time of
spate to watch the powerful rivers rushing into one another's arms at
the meeting of the waters; the one a yellowy-brown, the other a rich
mahogany-black, as if no fallowed field or muddy lane had cast a stain
upon it. A few miles up, in a stretch of park land on the very banks of
the river, is Chesters, one of the principal Roman stations on the wall,
which last here leaped the stream. Much skilful excavation has been
done, laying bare the foundations and the lower walls of a large cavalry
station, for all to see on the day of the week when those in possession,
who have performed this admirable labour of years, admit the public.
Here too, in a normal state of the water, you can yet see the remains of
the Roman bridge which have defied the floods of Tyne for all these
centuries. As one travels up the river, pursuing its narrow and for a
time much-wooded vale, places of ancient fame or the scene of Border
ballads hold one at every mile. Houghton Castle, long restored and
inhabited, but still plain and grim, with much of the old fabric and its
ten-foot walls, stands proudly upon a woody steep above the wide
churning stream. Built in the thirteenth century by a Swinburne when
North Tynedale was Scottish ground, it was occupied by his descendants
through much of the turbulent period; for when the Border was shifted it
became the nearest castle of importance to the Scottish raiding valleys,
and many a moss-trooper has languished in its dungeons. A space farther
up on the other bank is Chipchase Castle, the ancient seat of the
Herons, where is still the original peel-tower, bearing a roof of
six-foot flagstones with battlements corbelled and machicolated,
circular corner towers, and the wooden fragments of a portcullis still
embedded in its pointed archway. Annexed to this is a beautiful Late
Tudor house of 1621, the first, no doubt, of its kind on this wild
frontier. In the sixteenth century Chipchase was the headquarters of a
corps of light horsemen, stationed here for the policing of Tynedale
under the command of its "Keeper," who was generally a Swinburne or a
Heron, subject in turn to the orders of the Warden of the Middle March,
very often a Dacre. But the little village of Wark, where a modern
bridge crosses the river, still some 50 or 60 yards wide, was in older
times than this the capital of North Tynedale. Here law was administered
and the visiting Scottish judges sat, before the embittered Border feuds
began to make any law other than that of the sword almost a farce. Above
Wark the valley grows wilder and more open, the river losing nothing,
however, of its size, and still proceeding, in a succession of rapids
and splendid salmon pools, between woods of birch and larch and ash.
Dark burns come splashing down anon from the high moors through bosky
denes, and an innocent-looking stream, not much bigger, pipes quietly in
on the east bank, and gives the name of Reedsmouth to a trifling hamlet.
This is the far-famed Rede, and this the mouth of Redesdale, that dark
and bloody ground, that inmost artery of Border feud. For over 20 miles
the little river goes winding away amid the moors and sheep-farms of the
Cheviots, with a village here and a hamlet there, till at the Reidseweir
by Carter Fell, scene of a famous Border fight, it finds its source in
the watershed and the Scottish Border. The main road that in a stretch
of 50 miles climbs the Cheviots into Scotland now runs up Redesdale, and
the frequent motor traffic along it seems something of a jarring note
amid the solitude of the great hills and the wide sweeping moors. It is
an old main highway nevertheless, and the world hurrying through it in
flying fragments at intervals seems incongruous in method rather than in
act; for Redesdale was not only a favourite pass for Border raiders, but
for large Scottish and English armies. The valley forms a V with that of
the North Tyne, both leading up to a pass over the spine of the
Cheviots. Though the Rede carries, as always, the highway, the Tyne,
with but a rough route for wheel traffic, has now a little railroad,
which at long intervals awakes its echoes. Redesdale, like Tynedale,
from its mouth to its source is a string of landmarks that tell of
doughty deeds, of triumph and defeat, of valour and treachery. At
Otterburn by the Rede, as every one knows, took place that most famous
of all true Border fights, when Hotspur and Douglas, with a great force
of Borderers behind either, maintained the most ferocious struggle known
even to Froissart, through most of a moonlight night, to the death of
Douglas, the capture and worsting of the Percies. Between Rede and Tyne
is a pathless solitude of moor and fell. Between North Tyne and the
Roman Wall, as already related, is just such another. The not
unpicturesque village of Bellingham, effectively poised on a high bank
above the river, is now the capital of the dale and the rendezvous of
its widespread sheep industry. The descendants of the men who formed the
greynes or clans of Tyne, soldiers, moss-troopers, cattle-lifters, the
terror of the low countries, are all here in absolute possession--Charltons,
Robsons, Hedleys, Dodds, Halls and Milburnes--great sheep-farmers many,
landowners still some of them. But tempting as it is to pursue this wild
and beautiful valley to the springs of Tyne on the Scottish watershed,
with its still surviving peel-towers, its wealth of tradition and
legend, it is necessary to forbear, for I have already somewhat exceeded
the limits of my space.

"Coquet" and Northumbrians, like the Scots, it may be noted, are
addicted to dropping the article in alluding to their larger rivers,
which conveys a pleasant suggestion of greater intimacy and
affection,--Coquet, then, rises also in the Cheviots, and, not far from
Rede, pursues her way through the same class of scenery, and boasts
more or less the same stirring story as the Tynes. A fine, lusty,
peat-tinged stream after a long pilgrimage through fern and heath-clad
uplands, amid which Scott laid the opening chapters of _Rob Roy_, the
river finally parts company with the Cheviots at the pleasant town of
Rothbury, that nestles beneath their outer ramparts, at this point of
considerable height and more than common shapeliness. Thence for 15
miles the river urges its streams over a clean rocky bottom, through the
undulating lowlands of Northumbria to the sea. Coquet holds the
affections of Northumbrians, I think, above all their rivers. There is
an obvious feeling in the county that it is their typical representative
stream, partly perhaps because it flows right through the centre of it,
and is more generally familiar than the remoter dales of Tyne. The North
Tyne, as a river, has a greater volume of water, and is more imposing.
Both have a stormy and dramatic past, but that of Tyne and Rede, since
they were notable passes into Scotland, is on a more imposing scale,
though the raider was in no way bound to beaten routes. But Coquet is a
fascinating and delightful river, and one understands the point of view
which makes it the darling of its county and the subject of much local
verse, racy and vigorous or sentimental, within the last century.

Northumberland, Yorkshire, Wales, and other regions of like character
are the true land of the angler. Wiltshire, Hampshire, and their
prototypes have great reputations. But the native to any extent worth
mentioning is not a trout fisherman. He neither knows nor cares aught
about it, nor has any opportunity for contracting the habit or love of
trouting. The conditions are all against him. The fat trout of these
"dry-fly" countries, to put the matter in technical but concrete
fashion, are the quarry of a few individuals: groups of men mainly
strangers, or, in any case of necessity, persons of means or the friends
of such. It is like pheasant-shooting. The farmer and the well-to-do
tradesmen, much less the labourer or mechanic of these counties, have
scarcely more instinct for fly-fishing than if they lived in the fens.
But in counties like Northumberland and many others dealt with in this
book, the rivers are objects of popular affection or at least of general
understanding. Every third man can throw a fly in some sort of fashion,
or cast a worm for trout in clear water. Opportunities in recent years,
owing partly to the increase of fishing among

[Illustration: THE COQUET, AND WARKWORTH CASTLE, NORTHUMBERLAND]

[Illustration]

wealthy townsmen and partly to an ignorance of the whole subject on the
part of many new landowners, have been enormously curtailed for the
humbler sportsman. But the instinct is an inheritance of all classes in
those counties where hills mount high and streams run fast. The North
Tyne is a good salmon and sea-trout river and a splendid trout stream.
It is a little remote, and withal, of late years, somewhat exclusive;
but the Coquet is naturally as good. It has always been, and even still
is, more accessible to the Northumbrian angler. The salmon, the bull
trout, the sea trout, and the brown trout thrive in its clear mountain
waters.

Now the laymen, even such as are in the highest degree susceptible to
the charms of Nature and scenery, cannot easily realise the hold that
streams of this type and their localities acquire over the affections
and imaginations of anglers; not all, of course, for the fraternity
includes every kind of temperament. But to a considerable proportion,
and by no means of necessity only those whom education and culture make
susceptible to such emotion, the appeal of the river, quite apart from
the mere act of killing fish, is overmastering. It is no figure of
speech but a mere simple statement of fact that, compared to the trout
fisherman's familiarity with a stream, the relationship of the rest of
the world to it is a mere nodding acquaintance. Long days are spent in
the closest intimacy with its ever-changing surface and the
ever-changing melodies it plays. Miles of water, much of it buried in
woody dingles from every eye but the fisherman's, its only visitor, are
traversed by him on the bank edge, or in the stream itself, over and
over again, till every eddy and pool, every rock and pendent bough,
becomes printed in the mind, and hung, so to speak, in its picture
gallery. Weeks or months of days, from youth to age, on many streams
gives the properly constituted disciple of old Izaak a feeling towards
them that can have no counterpart outside the craft, and at the best
could be but vaguely realised.

A man would be a dull dog to be continuously exposed, in what are,
_primâ facie_, among the happiest hours of his life, to surroundings
that are the most perfect of all Nature's efforts and not grow to
associate them with something more than a mere love of killing things;
and there are fewer dull dogs among trout fishermen, one may fairly
hazard the statement, than in the ranks of any other sport or pastime.
There is a poetry in all field-sports. But in most others there are
also accessories which attract the crowd, which conduce to vanity, or
popularity, or give a leg up to the social climber. There is usually an
audience of some sort, the applause of a circle or a multitude. The
fisherman, in this respect at least, is beyond suspicion. He is at any
rate genuine and the real thing. Very often, indeed, he is a poet,
generally of course an inarticulate one, and unconscious of any such
label. But his gratification belongs in part to the higher senses: the
romance of the river is strong within him, and it would be strange
indeed, seeing the sort of scenes among which he spends his hours, if it
were otherwise. The fishermen of the Coquet, however, are not all
inarticulate. The river has invoked a good deal of verse on the part of
its frequenters, which, if not Swinburnian, is melodious and from the
heart, and reveals the love of the Northumbrian angler for its winsome
streams. Heaven forbid I should suggest that only an angler can
appreciate the glories of a mountain stream; I have but attempted to
indicate the more intimate affection for it that men must have, and do
have, whose happiest hours are associated with its inmost haunts and
with its thousand moods, and whose very ears sing in the evening of
long days with its unending melodies.

In the northern counties, as in Wales, the rivers play a greater part in
local lore and in the affections of the people generally than in the
south. They are intertwined with their legends and their folklore, their
ordinary interests. They stimulate the local imagination by their
capricious moods, their fury in flood-time, their tempestuous qualities.
Even the untutored rustic, one may think, feels insensibly the influence
of the cataract, or the charm of the summer shallows where as an urchin
he paddled or tickled trout. They riot beside his village street, and
their little tributaries plunge beside his cottage door. The southern or
midland river is apt to steal noiselessly through interdicted
water-meadows, and seems to feel neither storm nor drought till one day,
perchance, the valley gradually fills with gently oozing water that
recedes with unexciting deliberation.

The considerable remains of Brinkburn Priory, an Augustinian house,
stand near the banks of the Coquet, while at Felton Bridge, a village of
some note in Northumbrian story, it has been forced to cut a channel
through hard ledges of rock, which results in some fine grouping of
foam and foliage. Our illustration, however, represents the final stage
of the river, where in its more peaceful mood it winds beneath the
renowned Castle of Warkworth towards the sea. Though abandoned for
centuries as a residence, its great Keep, built in the third Edward's
stirring days by a Percy in star-shape fashion, with eight lofty
clustered towers, is practically intact and eminently imposing, while
some of the outer walls and other buildings still survive around the
great outer bailly. Originally a fortress and manor of the Claverings,
it was granted by the same Edward to Henry Percy in payment for his
expenses as Warden of the March, and also as a recognition of his share
in the defeat of the invading Scots at Neville's Cross, while the King
and his army were fighting the campaign of Crecy. It was their chief
seat, rather than Alnwick, for some generations, including that of
Hotspur. Shakespeare, it will be remembered, here lays the scene in
which that fiery soul is planning his intended revolt against Henry the
Fourth which ended on the fatal field of Shrewsbury, and repels his
curious wife's persistent sallies anent his moody ways and broken,
restless nights. The second part of the same play also opens here at
Warkworth, where the old Earl awaits the news from Shrewsbury, and
receives the messenger announcing the rout of his friends and Hotspur's
death.

Warkworth, like Alnwick, fell into decay during the long absence of the
Percys from the north, a compulsory absence but little broken for
generations, and wholly due to the fear of them felt by the Tudors, who
were strong enough to coerce those they feared. When in the person of
the first Duke they returned during the eighteenth century to a
permanent residence in Northumberland, it was a mooted question whether
Alnwick or Warkworth should be restored, the former, as we know, being
selected. And if the Alne, winsome little river though it be, cannot
compare with the Coquet, it has some compensation in the miles of
beautiful and diversified park it waters, and in the honour of laving
the feet of the proudest and greatest castle in all England. On arriving
beneath the high-perched towers of Warkworth, the Coquet has relapsed
into a smooth gliding stream, and in a red sandstone cliff abutting on
its banks, just above the castle, is a quite remarkable cell or
hermitage, like those on the Severn near Bewdley. But this one is more
elaborate by far, and uncanny to a high degree. A flight of steps hewn
in the rock mounts up from the river bank to a cave, entered by an
ecclesiastically-fashioned porch. The interior itself was cunningly
wrought some six centuries ago into the form of a chapel of Gothic
design, some twenty feet by seven, with a two-light window, an altar,
and a vaulted roof with central bosses supported by short circular
columns, all being hewn out of the solid rock. To the south of this
altar, under the window, is the rather gruesome explanation of these
pious labours. For here lies the rude and greatly worn figure of a
female, with a man seated at her feet resting his head upon his hand,
and though much worn by time still eloquently indicating an attitude of
remorse and despair. Over the outside of the door is carved a Latin
inscription signifying, "My tears have been my meat day and night,"
while within is another chamber of a ruder kind.

The story runs thus, that the man is a Bertram of Bothal and the lady a
Widdrington, his intended bride, whom he killed by mistake, and then,
fashioning this hermitage, mourned her here in seclusion for the
remainder of his life. How the mistake arose and the tragedy came about
is too long a tale for these pages. Hotspur's son, when an exile in
Scotland, after his father's death and attainder, is supposed to have
contracted a stealthy marriage with a daughter of the rival Marcher
house of Neville, whom he afterwards publicly espoused, in this same
hermitage. Just beneath the cliff is a small ruinous building on the
river bank, built of hewn rock in the fifteenth century; concerning
this, however, there is no mystery though some interest, as the cell of
a priest attached to the Percy family under ordinary conditions, which
are still preserved in writing. The inevitably sombre, but in a sense
rather picturesque little town of Warkworth, with its market cross,
straggles up from the fifteenth-century bridge, guarded by an old
turreted gateway, to the castle in most suggestively feudal fashion. So
soon after this does the Coquet join the sea that Warkworth considers
itself something of a watering-place, though no disturbing evidences of
anything of the kind mar the bygone flavour of dominant castle and
tributary townlet which it still so pleasantly retains. Passengers to
and from Scotland on the main line must assuredly be familiar with these
proud towers standing out above the bare fields, a mile or two eastward
against the sea. Not so obvious is a beautiful glimpse of the Coquet
which must be snatched at precisely the proper moment. But as the train
crosses the river some four miles from its mouth, it may be seen for a
few brief seconds down a long straight half-mile trail of glancing light
between luxuriant walls of woodland.

The Till, though not one of the artist's subjects on these pages, must
have a brief word, if only because it is quite unlike any other river on
the Border, and is, moreover, the only English stream that feeds the
Tweed. Rising, like the Alne, and not far from it, in the Cheviots about
half-way down their course, it fails to achieve the other's feat and
break through that isolated central block of North Northumbrian moors
between the Cheviots and the sea. Thus baffled and turning away to the
north quite in its infancy, it runs along the eastern base of the
Cheviots to the Tweed. Passing Chillingham and thence to Wooler, the
Till winds with extraordinary contortions through broad level meadows,
the great humpy masses of the Northern Cheviots, reaching here the
height of 2700 feet, towering majestically above it. Rippling gently
over gravelly shallows of singularly lustrous colouring and many hues,
it lingers long and constantly, so slight is the fall, in sullen deeps,
into which the high crumbling red sandstone banks are continually
toppling. In actual appearance the Till is almost a replica of those
famous Hereford grayling rivers the Teme and the Lugg, and, as is but
natural, that useful and handsome fish, which was only introduced here
fifteen years ago, now swarms in its streams somewhat to the ousting of
the trout, its natural denizens, and no doubt to the disgust of its
autumn visitors, the salmon and the sea-trout. These, however, pass on
for the most part up the brawling tributaries which the grayling do not
face, and it is an interesting sight to watch the "sea-fish," as inland
Northumbrians call the salmon tribe, leaping the dam on the Wooler burn
in a half flood.

Mild as it looks and gently as it murmurs, the Till is formidable in
flood for the wide grazing lands it submerges at short notice, when the
fountains of the Cheviots are loosed. Beautiful burns hurry down from
the not very distant heart of this narrow but lofty northern point of
the range, into the Till, babbling through deep glens, clad like the
hills above with bracken, sprinkled in fine confusion with birch and
alder, and littered with fragments of grey rock. The stone bridge over
which Surrey led the English army as he marched down its valley to
Flodden, whose high green ridge confronts you everywhere, still spans
the Till. Above it, abrupt and bare, like a lower buttress to the
Cheviot range, rises Homildon Hill, where Hotspur defeated ten thousand
Scots under another Douglas with fearful slaughter by archers alone, and
no great force of them, without moving a single horseman from his
ranks--the only instance of the kind known, according to experts, in
mediæval warfare; a battle by no means after Hotspur's heart,
extraordinary triumph though it was, and more particularly as most of
these triumphant archers were Welsh mercenaries. But the Till, opening
straight to Scotland and to the Tweed, is literally steeped in such
doings, and lest I find myself drifting into the tale of Flodden Field,
in which the "Sullen Till" played so notable a part, it will be prudent
to cross the watershed at once without further delay or palaver. Anent
the leisurely habits of the Till, however, they are commemorated on the
Border by the time-honoured jibe with which Tweed greets the appearance
of its only English tributary, and the latter's effective rejoinder:--

    Said Tweed to Till
    What gars ye rin sae still?
    Said Till to Tweed
    Though ye rin wi' speed
    And I rin slaw,
    Whar ye droon ae man
    I droon twa.

It is in those central highlands south of the Tyne, made up of portions
of the counties of Northumberland, Durham, Westmoreland, and Cumberland,
that the Tees, with its tributaries the Greta and Lune, also the Swale
and Lancashire Lune, and last, but not least, the Eden, all find their
source, not merely in this wild upland, but actually within the confines
of west Westmoreland. The Eden, though nowhere touching that famous
district known as Lakeland which the two counties mostly share, is by
far the foremost river in Westmoreland or Cumberland. The very fact of
its propinquity to the Lake District makes for its isolation as regards
the stranger in search of the picturesque, just as the Pennines, which
at Crossfell almost touch 3000 feet, are obscured by the near
neighbourhood of the Lake mountains, whose shapes, like those of Wales,
as much as their heights, exalt them beyond comparison with the most
inspiring and the wildest of round-capped moorlands. Between the
Pennines and the Lakeland mountains, always with a north-westward
course, the Eden urges its quickly gathering waters through
Westmoreland, with a swish and swirl and ripple rather than any great
show of agitation, traversing the pleasant pastoral and agricultural

[Illustration: THE EDEN, SAMSON'S CHAMBER, NEAR CARLISLE]

[Illustration]

valley amid which Appleby, the little capital of Westmoreland, lies
astride the stream. To the east of the Eden for practically its whole
journey to Carlisle, spreads an unbroken wilderness of moor and fell.
Upon the west, from Kirkby Stephen, above which it rises, through
Appleby to near Penrith, and reaching to the edge of the Lake country,
lies a picturesque, broken region of small valleys, secluded villages,
and farms. From the Pennines and its eastern fringes, numerous becks
hurry to the Eden, and from the west, by long courses with the grain of
the country, many little rivers eventually reach the generous shingly
bed of the same hospitable stream. From Penrith, on the edge of
Cumberland and but four miles to the west, comes down the beautiful
river Eamont, which is the outlet of Ulswater, just as the Lowther,
another arrival at the same moment, brings the burden of Haweswater.
This Westmoreland Eden has also a particular interest as the open valley
of the West Marches and the natural channel for such Scottish raids as
broke past Penrith and its surrounding group of fortified houses. This
whole corner, indeed, between the Eden and the latter town and just
around it still proclaims to the observant wanderer what a vital spot it
was. The fortified granges of Yanwath and Blencowe, the perfect little
fortalice of Dacre, the numerous peel-towers such as Clifton, and those
embodied in the later mansions of Brougham, Newbiggin, or Hutton John,
and the fine old red ruins of Brougham Castle itself, with many others
that recur to memory, lend an abiding interest to this particular
neighbourhood. A broad gap was this between the rugged chaos of
Lakeland, which offered the Scots nothing to the south but a possible
ambush of hardy mountaineers, and the Pennine wilderness upon the inner
side. Over the levels of central Cumberland horsemen could travel
anywhere once Carlisle was evaded or disposed of. The narrow streets of
Penrith again, all converging into open spaces for the better
safe-guarding of herds of cattle and other valuables, are significant
enough of the perilous days of old for the few to whom such things
appeal, whilst up on the crest of the ridge above the town there is
still the iron cage in which flared the beacon light of war, when all
heights to the northward twinkled with the ominous news that the Scots
had crossed the Solway.

In broad and surging current the Eden now courses between more
precipitous steeps with greater commotion and of more inspiring
character than marked the pleasant but gentler murmurs of its previous
wanderings. At Kirkoswald, Crossfell displays its smooth but lofty brow,
the virtual peer of Skiddaw and Helvellyn in all but the little matter
of quality and distinction, in something like intimacy with the river,
and spreads its skirts almost to its eastern shore. At Kirkoswald, too,
is an ancient monastery, developed at the Dissolution into a manor house
acquired by the Featherstonhaughs, who still possess it, and on the hill
slope are the scant remnants of "one of the fairest castles," says an
Elizabethan writer, "that ever eyes beheld." Won by a Dacre, who raiding
south on a certain occasion instead of north, carried off its heiress
from Warwick Castle, it gathers some added interest from having been the
fortress whence the Dacre of Flodden fame marched to that immortal field
with his thousand Cumbrian horse, the only cavalry on the English side.
A detached church belfry, standing high and alone near the castle site,
gives pause to the ecclesiologist as an almost unique spectacle in the
north, and from its summit presents a delightful view to such chance
visitors as might light upon Kirkoswald of the Eden valley and the
Pennines. The river has already swept past Salkeld, with its red
embattled church tower and traditions of Dick Whittington and the first
Lord Ellenborough, who were both born here. Nearly opposite Kirkoswald
is Lazonby, on whose high banks our artist, it will be seen, has set up
his easel. Below Kirkoswald is the nunnery, an ancient manor house
celebrated for its walks and woods and waterfalls upon the banks of the
river. Farther on towards Carlisle is Ormathwaite, where for a time the
Eden ceases from troubling and is overhung by crags and woods and the
ancient castle of the Skeltons. Just before reaching Carlisle the
Irthling, a mountain river of some length and volume, comes down from
the wildest portion of the old Middle March, just north of the Upper
Tyne beyond Gilsland and about Bewcastle, whose moss-troopers and
cattle-lifters were perhaps the most incorrigible of all English
Borderers. It is a common saying among old men, with probably a half
truth in it, that the King's writ within their memory did not run in
Bewcastle. And at Carlisle, too, comes in the Petteril, which has run
northward from near Penrith through the vanished forest of Inglewood, a
parallel course to the Eden and quite near to it. Here the Calder
arrives almost at the same moment from the far back of Skiddaw Forest,

[Illustration: THE EDEN, NEAR LAZONBY, CUMBERLAND]

[Illustration]

watering in its infancy the hill village of Caldbeck, which John Peel
has made famous, and murmuring by the churchyard where that hero lies
beneath a tombstone decorated with the emblems of the chase. The Eden
then, it will have been gathered, is a great and important river, as our
English standards go, watering a broad region of singular beauty and
romantic interest, and drawing tribute both from the Lake country, the
Pennines, and the lower Cheviots.

The city of Carlisle, which rises on its sandstone ridge above the Eden,
steeped in the stirring deeds of centuries, must for that very reason be
passed lightly by. The river, however, it should be noted, had its share
in the Roman wall of Hadrian, which crossed it here upon a bridge and
finished at Stanwix, just below Carlisle, where stood the Roman station
of Lugubalium. Roman Carlisle with its camps, roads, and garrisons, was
of extreme importance, but the later Carlisle, from the time when it
ceased to be Scottish ground in the thirteenth century till the
rebellion of 1745, when so many things happened here, is altogether too
racy and stirring a subject to mock at with a page or paragraph. In
connection, however, with this last leisurely progress of the Eden to
the Solway estuary, it is worthy of note that the seven or eight miles
of country through which it winds, the corner lying between Carlisle and
Scotland, that is to say, is a dead level; a melancholy expanse of
reclaimed moss, as the prevalent fir-woods significantly proclaim, while
peat hags even yet show here and there between the grey fallows and pale
pastures. It was along here, too, just to the east of the Eden, that
runaway couples in former days galloped hot foot before their pursuers
to Gretna Green, which lies at the farther end of it. But as a matter of
fact this belt of level country, over which the castle walls of Carlisle
look so proudly to the Scottish hills across the Solway, strikes a
perfect note in this romantic and significant Border topography. The
Eden could not possibly contrive a more harmonious finish than in this
complete change of scene and demeanour, this silent progress through
unadorned, infertile, almost uncared-for looking levels, that for this
very reason seem to keep a firmer hold of the grim spirit of the past; a
tramping ground of hostile armies, a cockpit of lawless clan warfare, a
treacherous galloping ground of the moss-trooper with the rope dangling
for him on Carlisle Castle, each in their day and generation. This even
still rather thinly peopled

[Illustration: THE DERWENT, GRANGE, BORROWDALE]

[Illustration]

region terminates near the mouth of Esk, where Solway Moss of old
renown, bristling with scrub pine-trees and waist deep in spongy
heather, still spreads a quaking bog for many a level mile, while the
once threatening dales of Esk and Liddel open significantly in whole or
part for any traveller with a soul within him who pursues the shaking
highway across the moss. But these levels of the Eden and the Solway
mouth are even in a mere physical sense a fitting complement to this
wide prospect of the Western March. For away in their rear, where
Carlisle springs at its southern edge, and away again behind the low
indefinite undulations of agricultural as opposed to mountainous
Cumberland, the pale cone of Skiddaw with its lesser satellites leaps
high into the southern sky. On the north the dark Dumfriesshire moors
fill a long horizon with their billowy forms, and all about the mouth of
the Eden are the wide-spreading yellow sands of the Solway estuary,
white with sea-fowl and blended with blue waters just flaked, as they
come back to me, with the snowy caps of a breezy June morning. Here,
perhaps, under other conditions, the more sombre memories of Redgauntlet
would be uppermost, or on the bridge of Esk the shadows of Dandie
Dinmont and Guy Mannering might displace the sterner realities of the
Grahams of Netherby--those watch-dogs of the Western March--of
Musgraves, Armstrongs, or Scotts of Buccleuch. The Eden, being a clean,
unpolluted river, is naturally the haunt in season of the salmon and
sea-trout. But above all it is a trouting stream of the very highest
class, often ranked by those well qualified to judge as the best of its
kind in the whole north of England, yielding to the expert hand heavy
creels of fish, which average two to the pound, a standard which the
_habitué_ in rapid waters knows well is more often a paper than an
actual one.

And now what is one to say about those beautiful but short-lived streams
that in Lakeland link lake to lake, and which all the world after a
fashion knows so well? Their identity is in a sense lost, absorbed and
merged in the famous and familiar region, to whose well-nigh matchless
beauties, however, they so materially contribute. Hitherto we have been
for the most part beside rivers of great individuality, but by
comparison with these others unknown, save by name, to the outer world;
rivers steeped in history and tradition, and that have themselves helped
much in the making of both. Here, on the other hand, we are in a
little

[Illustration: SKELWITH FORCE, NEAR AMBLESIDE, WESTMORELAND]

[Illustration]

enchanted land that, speaking relatively, has no history. A democracy in
the past of yeomen or peasant owners, with little story but their own
extremely racy and domestic one, they owed nothing to landlord, chief,
or king but the service of military tenure by which they held their
farms, and which they rendered when called upon by the Warden of the
Western March, but offering small temptation to the predatory instincts
of the Scottish raider. The Lakelanders were neither raiders nor Border
fighters in the same sense as the men of the Tyne and Eden, or only
incidentally so. They led comparatively humdrum lives. Their ancient
condition is one of no little economic and social interest, but not of
the kind to stir the blood of the stranger as does that which existed on
the Solway, the Irthling, the Tynes, the Coquet, and the Tweed. The
modern literary associations of Lakeland have absolutely obscured any
ancient story it might have to tell, while the temperament of neither
Wordsworth, Southey, the Coleridges, nor de Quincey turned in any
appreciable degree to the past of the country that so closely held their
affections. Others have done so, if not in very popular or accessible
fashion, for those to whom such things appeal. If Wordsworth, however,
did not sing much of the past, he sang of his native streams to such
effect that it seems likely they will play accompaniments to his verse
in the ears of such visitors as have got any so long as time lasts. The
Rothay into which the Brathay runs might seem, perhaps, to have the
greatest claim on Wordsworth or he on it, since it plunged beneath his
very gate on its journey from Rydal to Windermere. But Wordsworth was
everywhere. He did not stay indoors all day like the industrious
Southey, who must, nevertheless, have accomplished most of his life's
work with the song of the Keswick Greta in his ears. Wordsworth lived in
the open, was possessed of a stout pair of legs as well as an unrivalled
imagination, and looked like a country farmer, little enough as he
resembled one. His outward man fitted his environment as a grey mossy
rock blends with a mountain stream; and one likes to have it so, for the
Nature poet is sometimes in habit and person rather painfully at odds
with the scenes of which he sings.

One is now among beauteous short-lived rivers and becks innumerable that
almost everybody--for who has not been in Lakeland?--is more or less
familiar with. Since crossing the Pennines, too, we have been in a
country where Scandinavian

[Illustration: THE DERWENT, BORROWDALE, CUMBERLAND]

[Illustration]

blood and etymology is everywhere in striking evidence; whereas on the
east of them the Saxon is held to be almost untouched with Norse blood.
We there walked by "burns" and "forces" and beneath "laws." Of "becks"
and "ghylls" there were none, nor scarcely any "fells," till the spine
of the dividing range was almost reached. Many of the Lakeland streams
run under their original name to the sea; the Kent, rising behind
Mardale and flowing by Kendal to Morecambe Bay; the Leven, carrying the
waters of Windermere under Newby bridge by a short course to the same
destination; the Esk, rising under Scafell and pursuing its own
delightful dale to Ravenglass on the coast of Cumberland. The Irt bears
the burden of Wastwater to the same destination, while the Ehen carries
the waters of Ennerdale to the coast upon its own account. The Duddon,
which Wordsworth invoked so freely, rising near Langdale Pikes, runs a
long course, dividing Cumberland from Lancashire to Broughton-in-Furness
and its own well-known estuary. But these streams themselves, save while
nameless becks, are not so familiar to Lakers--to use an obsolete
term--as the Derwent, which, gathering size above Rossthwaite within a
very short space, races down Borrowdale into Derwentwater, a beautiful
and lusty river. Indeed, the head of the Lake knows Derwent well: when
raging down in flood from the rainiest watershed in England, to lift its
surface over field and roadway. Every one, too, knows the Derwent during
its three-mile run through the meadows by Portinscale into
Bassenthwaite. Thence it leaves the rather circumscribed bounds of the
Lake tourist, and, running a rapid picturesque course to Cockermouth,
where the Cocker brings down to it the waters of Buttermere and
Crummock, soon afterwards passes into the sea at Workington amid much
signs of coal smoke, of which there was little enough when Mary Queen of
Scots made the landing here which sealed her fate. But amid such a maze
of spouting rivers, a score of which will leap to the memory of those
who know and love this glorious bit of England, it will be seen at once
how futile it would be to single out any one or two of them merely to
dwell in ineffective prose upon their natural charms.




CHAPTER V

TWO AVONS


Two Avons join the Severn, if that of Bristol may be accounted a
tributary at so late a period of its entry. Such hair-splitting,
however, matters nothing, for, as the other Wiltshire Avon has claimed
so much notice in our chapter on Chalk Streams, no process of selection
would quite justify another pilgrimage by what is, on the whole, a less
seductive stream.

If the tidal reaches of a river count for aught, however, the North
Wilts Avon should rank with the Thames, the Mersey, and the Tyne; for
all the world knows it is the life-blood of the great port of Bristol,
and that Ocean liners load and unload within its mouth. The harbourage
aspect of rivers, however, as already stated, does not come within our
survey. Even eliminating this, it may fairly be said that the Bristol
Avon, as the world usually designates it, is no mean river above its
tidal ways, and washes no mean cities. Indeed, from the beautiful old
town of Bradford, where the river leaves its native county--a town that
boasts at once the most perfect Saxon church, and in the eyes at any
rate of an International Exhibition Committee the most perfect Tudor
mansion in England--on to Bath and by Keynsham to Brislington above
Bristol, the Avon winds through singularly gracious scenery with all the
distinction natural to a region of lofty hills.

Below Bristol, too, on its tidal way to the Severn, all the world knows
personally or by illustration the striking gorge over which nearly
half-a-century ago was flung the famous suspension bridge of Clifton.
Nor would it be fair to omit that, before leaving its native county,
this more sluggish Avon has gathered into its bosom all the waters of
North-West Wilts. Obscure streams most of them, one or two bursting from
the Chalk of the Marlborough Downs, but, heading the wrong way, soon to
lose their qualities and efface themselves in sluggish partners which
draw nourishment from the clays and greensands. Beside these waters,
however, of the Avon or its immediate feeders, rises on its rocky seat
the noble half-ruinous pile

[Illustration: THE BRATHAY, LANGDALE, WESTMORELAND]

[Illustration]

of Malmesbury. On the main river, too, are the Abbey and village of
Lacock, which, taken together as a survival of fifteenth and sixteenth
century England, have no match within my knowledge in the whole of
Wessex. Calne, Chippenham, Trowbridge, and Westbury are all upon the
Avon or its tributaries; and, if these run sluggishly and gather mud
after the manner of those in the Midlands, they have their moments of
inspiration. It can be said, too, for the Wiltshire basin of the Avon,
that it is not only rich in village architecture, both of the Bath or
Cotswold stone, as well as the half-timbered and thatched type, but
excels by comparison even more in its profusion of fine country houses
of great traditions, from the Tudor to the Georgian age. Nor is this a
mere accident, but for a good reason which stands out for those who know
anything of Old England. It is worth noting, too, of this North Wilts
Avon, that it is from all these accessories, and from its association
with such scenes and memories, rather than from any particular charms of
its own beyond such as are inseparable from any combination of water,
meadow, and woodland, that its merit arises. Further, that almost at the
moment it leaves Wiltshire it leaves the purely arcadian behind it;
and, as it drops down through scenes beyond measure more naturally
beautiful, civilisation of another and denser sort, industrial or
residential, takes at the same time something from it. A river, however,
that is concerned with almost everything which makes North-West Wilts a
region of more than common interest, that washes Bradford, and flows
through two places so famous and in such different ways as Bristol and
Bath, might well claim to be the Avon of Avons. In any such dispute its
sister of South Wilts might fare badly, even with a cathedral town and
Stonehenge to its credit. But then it belongs in itself to the order of
chalk stream, and consequently ranks among the aristocracy of rivers.

In the ears of many persons, however, probably a majority of my readers,
neither the Salisbury nor the Bristol Avon have such a familiar ring as
that one of Shakespeare, the mouth of which we passed at Tewkesbury with
scant notice, having in mind this brief return to it.

The "Stratford Avon," as usually entitled, deserves some fame even apart
from its uncommon claim to notoriety; for of all the rivers of its type
and class, the reedy and the leisurely, it is surely the most beautiful.
It is of no use pretending

[Illustration: THE THAMES, BACKWATER BY THE ISLANDS, HENLEY]

[Illustration]

that its waters are pellucid or its streams melodious, for they are
neither, unless urged to unwonted activity by a weir or one of the many
old brick water-mills that may be accounted among its indisputable
charms. Like all such rivers, it is in maturity, not in youth, that it
shines. Yet if the Avon were in need of further associations, which it
assuredly is not, it might boast among other distinctions of its birth
on the field of Naseby in Northamptonshire, and, while still young, of
figuring on the immortal pages of _Tom Brown_ as the familiar haunt of
Rugby boys. But though in the deer park at Stoneleigh its streams really
frolic upon gravel and turn corners with a hurried swish almost like a
Herefordshire grayling river, it is in later stages drifting idly with a
pair of oars on its quiet surface that the Avon commends itself so
irresistibly to those--and they are many, nay, almost a multitude--who
know it. The wider expanse of water at Guy's Cliff, the beautiful
stretch above which Warwick Castle rises so superbly, are as familiar to
almost as large a public as the reaches of the Thames at Windsor.
Stratford, also, with its two bridges, and the stately church wherein
lies Shakespeare's dust, all casting shadows on the widened surface of
the river, is a scene of even more world-wide note. No river of
secondary size in England has so many places of distinction upon its
banks. Rising at Naseby, skirting Rugby, and washing Leamington,
Warwick, and Stratford, is a fine record for the upper part of a single
river. This is the group of names with which the world chiefly
associates the Avon; but the world knows much less of its lower half,
which is far the most naturally beautiful, and has to its credit the
more or less ample remains of three great abbeys, Evesham, Pershore, and
Tewkesbury. It is a river of locks and weirs, so to cast its leisurely
progress in its teeth coming fresh from the Teme or the Dart or the
Itchen would not be fair, as the Avon was harnessed by an enterprising
Tudor squire of the Sandys family and made navigable for freight boats
between Evesham and the Severn, a wonderful benefit we are told to the
people of the Vale if only by introducing them to the use of coal.
Moreover, it is just as well that a Midland stream should be thus
artificially held back. Its natural antics tended probably to spreading
and oozing and trickling amid weeds and willows and muddy channels
rather than to the sparkle and rush of a mountain burn or a chalk
stream. But when dammed back, the water in

[Illustration: THE AVON AT CLIFTON]

[Illustration]

some reaches brims well up to the buttercup-spangled bank, with its
purple fringe of willow herb, or laps among the long battalions of
quivering flags, all making for quality and greater beauty in these slow
rivers. And the Avon, too, gathers about it a fine wealth of foliage,
often stealing for long periods between screens of drooping alder and
willow; avenues of verdure quivering again in the glassy depths, as the
oar dips into the greenwood fantasy which would cheat one into
forgetfulness of the muddy bottom, and the fact that the waters are not
as those which come from the Black Mountains or from the Wiltshire
Downs. But such waters as these are for dreaming on in the full flush of
summer, for catching the moods of summer skies, or doubling the
splendour of autumn woods; for reflecting the ruddy glow of old brick
bridges, the moist and lichen-covered walls of old brick mills. And
after all this peace comes now and again in delightful contrast those
interludes in which the Avon so often rejoices: the white rush of the
water over a long sloping weir of rugged stones, a fine spread of swirl
and ripple over a gravelly bottom racing away in tortuous channels
between small bosky islands of tangled verdure. And not least, there is
the ancient mill of mellow brick, its wheel often missing, but
occasionally still rumbling on as of yore, with the white water tearing
over it from the mill-stream into the churning pool below. And round
about the mill there are generally some tall trees, veteran oaks or
beech or ash that clutch with their long roots at the mossy walls, which
hold the steep bank against the rush of the water.

If the Warwick and Stratford reaches of the Avon are best known, as is
only natural, its lower portions as a river are beyond question the more
beautiful. In the former the scenery through which it flows, though
possessed of the graciousness of the Midlands, has also its limitations.
Halfway between Stratford and Evesham, however, as the traveller tops
the hill which runs down into the riverside village of Bidford, the
traditional scene of Shakespeare's drinking bout, the Avon would seem to
be entering into almost another country as the vale of Evesham lies
spread before him. For this is something more than glorified Midland in
scale and distinction, and the flavour of the West Country would almost
seem to be upon it. The Cotswolds rise steadily to the heights of
Broadway and Cleeve upon the south; the great humpy mass of Bredon Hill
seems to lie right athwart the vale, while in the no remote distance
the amazingly bold peaks of the Malverns look like some range of Welsh
mountains that have strayed eastward and lost their way. The people of
Evesham, like those of Warwick and Stratford, have widened and
beautified the Avon as it washes the foot of the green slopes on which
the noble belfry of Abbot Lichfield, barely finished at the Dissolution,
alone marks the site of the once splendid Abbey. Between Stratford and
Evesham the long ridge of Edgehill, where the first great battle of the
Civil War was fought, rises away to the south, and the villages by
inference or evidence associated with Shakespeare's life are all about
the stream. The Avon has already passed by many scenes characteristic of
its sober charms--Wellford Bridge and Bidford, Cleeve Prior and
Offenham. Flowing through the garden of England, the Vale of Evesham,
where thousands of acres of plum and damson, apple and pear make a
matchless blaze of bloom in springtime, there is not a dull mill upon
its banks between here and its confluence with the Severn. Swollen by
the entry of the Stour near Stratford, it runs henceforward a good
brimming stream, where in many parts two or three boats can row
abreast. Shooting down the weir and with great stir below upon gravel
reaches about Chadbury Mill, gliding peacefully under the woods and
lawns of Fladbury to another weir and another mill, it winds along to
Pershore, the second of its three abbey towns, with the beautiful
portion of its great abbey church still standing intact.

Drawing near the foot of Bredon Hill the last twelve-mile stage of the
Avon is occupied in curving around it on its tortuous way to Tewkesbury.
And continually beside or near its banks, from Stratford down, but above
all in the Evesham and Bredon neighbourhood, are rural villages, that
for consistency of architectural beauty are as a whole surpassed in no
part of England. Cleeve Prior and Abbot's Cleeve, Norton, Cropthorne,
Birlingham and the Combertons, Elmley Castle and Bredon, will occur at
once to any one who knows the Avon, with their wealth of half-timbered
black and white buildings, in which the country of the Wye, the Severn,
and the Stratford-Avon so pre-eminently excel. Most of the great army of
worshippers at the Stratford shrine and the banks of Avon content
themselves with a visit to two or three of the surrounding villages
which either evidence, speculation, or inference have associated

[Illustration: THE AVON, STRATFORD, WARWICKSHIRE]

[Illustration]

with Shakespeare or his relatives. Comparatively few realise what a
beautiful stream of its kind it is, what a wealth of architectural
treasures--churches, manor-houses, and cottages--are clustered along its
banks. Nor had any river in England more concern with the great war
between King and Parliament, watering as it were the very cockpit of the
strife.

Naseby and Edgehill, as we have seen, were both fought upon or near its
banks. But they were almost as nothing compared with the constant
skirmishes and minor sieges, the burning and harrying that for four
years went on along the banks of the Worcestershire Avon. The Upper or
Warwickshire Avon was held for the Parliament, the lower or
Worcestershire portion for the King, nearly all through the war. But the
fords and bridges of the river, being vital points between Oxford and
the West, were constant scenes of strife. Evesham was the scene of siege
and battle then as it had been four centuries earlier, when
Simon-de-Montfort heard his last Mass in the Abbey church and fell that
same day upon the banks of Avon. Charles and Rupert, Maurice and Massey,
Essex, Waller, and Cromwell himself knew the Lower Avon as well as a
modern general commanding on Salisbury Plain knows the Avon of South
Wilts, and in grimmer fashion. Its mouth was dyed crimson with
Lancastrian blood at Tewkesbury in the last sanguinary battle in the
Wars of the Roses, and Tewkesbury itself was taken and retaken no less
than eleven times in the wars of King and Parliament. And then
inseparable from the story of the Avon is that of the three great
monasteries upon its banks, from the legends associated with their
inception in Saxon times down to the great power they became in the West
Midlands prior to their fall at the Dissolution. Finally, the Avon can
boast, not merely of all the Shakespeare and Warwick glories, and of its
great abbeys, but yet further of what in regard to its wealth of Tudor
and Jacobean buildings is perhaps the most striking country town in
England. Tewkesbury Abbey would alone be sufficient glory for any little
town, but even without its abbey Tewkesbury would be very hard in its
own style to find a match for anywhere.

[Illustration: A GLIMPSE OF THE THAMES, KEW]

[Illustration]




CHAPTER VI

THE RIVERS OF DEVON


Devonshire is notoriously prolific in bold streams, a fact due to the
presence of those two great areas of spongy moorland, Dartmoor and
Exmoor, which lie in whole or part within her borders. Next to her
splendid sea-coast, both north and south, the streams of Devon and the
deep valleys they have cut are her chief glory. The actual
moorland--Dartmoor, for instance, Exmoor being largely in Somerset--owes
its celebrity in a great measure to the unexpected nature of its
situation: a patch of South Wales or Yorkshire dropped, as it were, into
the heart of a warm southern county. The uplands of the moor, save for a
scantier supply of heather, are practically identical in appearance with
hundreds of square miles in South and Mid Wales, or the northern
counties of England, that have no notoriety at all outside their own
districts. The same indeed may be said for the beautiful Devonshire
streams. They are merely the streams of the North and of Wales
disporting themselves in an unexpected quarter. Or, to put it more
lucidly, the contrast between the soft low-pitched, bridled landscape,
with its gentle streams of the neighbouring southern counties and the
moors of Devonshire, with the impetuous rivers that they send spouting
through the humpy low country, upsets the equilibrium of people not
widely acquainted with their native land, and gives rise to a good deal
of ill-instructed gush. Again and again in fiction, on the stage, or in
fugitive articles, you find the Devonshire village glibly quoted as the
ideal of English rustic architecture and bowery cosiness. As a matter of
fact, with the exception of Cornwall, Devonshire stands easily last in
this respect of all the southern and west midland counties, including
the rural counties of South Wales. The wanderer by Devon streams other
than those on the Dorsetshire side of the county must not expect, save
in a few favoured districts, to find the picturesque villages that will
confront him everywhere on the chalk streams, or by the slow rivers of
Warwickshire, Gloucester, or Worcester, or the livelier brooks of
Shropshire, Hereford, and

[Illustration: THE HAMOAZE, DEVONPORT, FROM MOUNT EDGCUMBE]

[Illustration]

Monmouth, or even by the mountain streams of Radnor, Brecon, Carmarthen,
and rural Glamorgan. There are such villages to be sure, but nothing
like so many as in all these other districts, for the rustic builder in
Devon has revelled this long time in slate and stucco and bare stone
fabrics of painful angularity. In architecture of the class above the
cottage again, of the farm and manor house type, that is to say, the
county is comparatively sterile, as every archæologist knows. As a
matter of fact, a majority of Devonshire villages do not nestle by the
river bank in a sunny combe embowered in orchards as depicted by the
writers of stories and essays in London, but are much more often
perched, together with their fine churches, on the bare summit of
extremely steep and windy hill-tops, and have the appearance of being
contrived with a view mainly of defying the driving moisture.

Devonshire is, in truth, a county of extraordinary contrasts. Large
portions of it are extremely beautiful. Almost as large regions again
are as devoid of every essential of the picturesque in a general survey
as any English landscape could possibly be; mile upon mile of bare humpy
hill-top, ruthlessly shorn of every stick of timber and laid out in
small and largely arable fields with painful chess-board regularity. No
one would guess, for instance, when standing upon any elevation between
the Dart and Plymouth, that through this almost forbidding prospect the
Avon and the Erme cut deep channels which are perfect dreams of beauty,
hidden away amid this patchwork of cultivated upland unsurpassed in any
part of England for uncompromising, unrelieved monotony. This region to
the west of the Dart covers the little matter of some 300 square miles,
and has given a rude shock in the prospect to many a stranger possessed
of the very generally preconceived notions of the county. Considerable
parts of North Devon again present almost the same singular spectacle,
redeemed, as here, at intervals by the deep-cut valleys of moorland bred
streams, that, wherever they may be, diffuse an atmosphere of charm and
beauty about their banks.

Devonshire, as I have said, thanks to its moorlands, abounds in such
streams. Cornwall has relatively as many, but its physical shape so
curtails their scope, whether flowing to the north or to the south, that
as a county of streams it is almost insignificant compared to its
greater neighbour, so fortunate and so opulent in this invaluable
asset. The large slices of Cornwall too that have been made desolate in
appearance by the mining enterprise of centuries, combined with the
overwhelming reputation of its sea-coast, have tended to obscure its
many picturesque and unspoiled valleys, particularly in the north-east
of the county, that are practically counterparts of their equivalents
across the Tamar.

The subject of Devonshire rivers is a matter of _embarras de richesses_
indeed. To the writer, who has trodden the banks of most of them at one
time or another from earliest youth, and spent long periods on intimate
terms with many, some preferences due to such associations are well-nigh
unsurmountable. But no impartial soul who knows the county well will, I
think, dispute the claim of the Dart to be absolutely the Queen of
Devonshire rivers. In the wild Dartmoor wanderings of its two branches
to their junction at Dartmeet it has all the qualities and atmosphere
which we look for, and many of us greatly love, of a typical moorland
peaty stream. When it escapes through the high gateway of the moor,
through that fringing country between the absolutely wild and the wholly
domestic in which transitional condition Devon is always at its best,
the Dart has perhaps no equal in the county. From some distance above
the deservedly famous Chase of Holne till it approaches the little town
of Buckfastleigh the exceptional altitude and abruptness of the hills
through which it breaks its impetuous way, the lavish display of
verdure--mostly, as in other Devonshire valleys, of oak--which clothes
the steeps, the rugged character of the rocky ledges where the streams
are now lashed to white-capped fury, or now pent into narrow rushing
flumes of deep black water, are nowhere excelled. Released from this
beautiful tangle of woods and the rugged bed over which it has fought
its way out from the solitudes of the moor, the Dart sobers down into a
typical salmon river of the less riotous order. For when it shoots under
the bridge at Buckfastleigh it has attained quite imposing dimensions in
a wonderfully short space of time, and for the seven or eight miles that
remain to it before meeting the tide at Totnes makes a fine display, in
alternate moods of speed and quiet, of deep and shallow, in the green
vale between the now much lowlier hills.

Buckfastleigh is not a dream of wood and stone, but it does no great
violence to the charm of its site, and has an old Benedictine Abbey,
which has been recently restored and occupied by French

[Illustration: THE DART, DITTISHAM, DEVON]

[Illustration]

ecclesiastics of that order. High above the streams of the Dart, too, in
Holne Vicarage, Charles Kingsley was born nearly a century ago. After
passing through the village of Staverton the Dart spends the last mile
or two of its fresh-water career before tumbling over the Totnes weir in
the slower tree-shaded waters that bound the grounds of Dartington Hall.
This is the ancient and present seat of the Champernownes, whose
ancestor was a quite distinguished member of that group of enterprising
Devonian squires who shed such unforgettable lustre on the county in the
Elizabethan age. Though the present house at Dartington is more or less
of that period, what more particularly constitutes it one of the
memorable houses of Devonshire is the still ample ivy-clad shell of the
noble fourteenth-century banqueting hall, the great clock tower, and
many subsidiary buildings of an extremely early date. Not very far
across the river, too, are the splendid ruins of Berry Pomeroy Castle,
one of the best existing mediæval monuments of the kind in the county.

The little town of Totnes, where those celebrated tidal reaches, to
which the Dart owes perhaps a somewhat disproportionate measure of its
fame, begin, is about the most picturesque inland town in a county by
no means architecturally rich in this particular. With its castle, its
quaint and steep narrow High Street climbing from the river level
through an embattled gateway, its penthouses and fine church, Totnes has
something to show on its own account to the great numbers of people who
come here for the sole purpose of making the beautiful trip by steamer
to Dartmouth. There are still, moreover, in Totnes, some fine old houses
where its merchants dwelt when Devon did such a roaring trade with the
Newfoundland fisheries and the Mediterranean in the seventeenth century,
to say nothing of a little profitable buccaneering, when the Spaniards
were so well worth robbing, and the beard of their king requiring to be
so frequently singed.

In due accordance with the nonsensical habit of labelling the natural
beauties of England after stock scenes on the Continent, this tidal
stretch of the Dart has been advertised ever since most of us can
remember as the "English Rhine." Anything more utterly different from
the banks and waters of the Rhine than the banks and waters of the Dart
it would be difficult to conceive. One is reminded of the gushing lady
who, while walking upon one occasion with the venerable Bishop Philpotts
of Exeter above the cliffs near Torquay, asked the Bishop if he did not
think the prospect was very Swiss like.

"Very, ma'am," snapped the bored prelate, "only here there are no
mountains and in Switzerland there is no sea."

Britons of average powers of observation, with an intelligent knowledge
of their own country and a sufficient one of others, know very well that
Great Britain, whether in its wilder or its tamer aspects, resembles no
other country in the least little bit, but is absolutely unique in
almost every detail, natural and artificial, that goes to make a
landscape. The very atmosphere that many of us abuse for its moisture
and lack of clarity is no small factor in wrapping this favoured isle in
that mantle of velvet, which the graces of English rural life have
perfected into a land without equal in mellow finished beauty. Only
Britons who have never experienced banishment seem to be unconscious of
what kind of a land they live in. Let them ask an intelligent foreigner
or an American how it strikes them on first seeing it! The Dart is no
more like the Rhine than Torquay is like Switzerland or Cornwall like
the Riviera, or North Wales like the Alleghanies or the Grampians like
the mountains of the moon.

It is absolutely English. The woodlands that mantle so richly about
Sharpham could not possibly be anything else, still less the brilliant
pastures that cling like velvet to the slopes of the folding hills, nor
yet the cottages that lie amid the orchards of Dittisham, nor the
homesteads sprinkling the high slopes, nor the tracery of the fields
that enclose their groups of red Devon cattle or the long-wooled sheep
of the South Hams. Nobody with sense could imagine this looked like
anything but England. As one nears Dartmouth the spirit of British
seamanship, ancient and modern, dominates everything and seizes the
imagination. The old _Britannia_, lying where she has lain ever since we
can remember, and the new naval college standing out upon the hillside
above, speak loudly enough of the present, while the home of Hawkins,
whose brave parting words as his ship foundered off the coast of
Newfoundland are historic, greets us from the opposing heights. Of
Raleigh, too, and his first pipe of tobacco smoked on a rocky islet in
the river, Dartmouth has much to say. But if Devonshire rivers lead us
to discuss Devonshire harbours and all that they mean, we shall become
involved in the heroic west country age of the Great Eliza, and of the
protracted epoch of the Newfoundland fisheries, which so profoundly
affected Devonshire life to its inmost recesses for two centuries
afterwards. And this will not do. It will be enough to say that the
mouth of the Dart is worthy of the river's deserved reputation; a fine
deep, winding harbour, channelled between lofty hills and embellished at
its narrow mouth with the keep of an ancient castle. Dartmouth town is,
in its different way, as picturesque as Totnes, and if it were not, its
great memories would hallow the homeliest walls. But in treating of
Devonshire villages and country houses one has hardly in mind the abodes
of sea-goers and fishermen. They belong to another type altogether, and
one regards them with different eyes. When you get to the mouth of a
river, for instance, you no longer look for thatched cottages or
half-timbered houses or Tudor homesteads. You expect hard-featured,
storm-smitten tenements of stone, and seek the picturesque with probable
success in narrow tortuous streets, in steep stairway wynds, in
low-browed taverns soaked in mariners' tales. We have nothing to do with
these things here. It may be said that rivers whose storm-sheltered
mouths are so intimately concerned with sea-going have much to do with
them. But it is not with that side of a river's influence at any rate
which in the main this book aspires to deal.

Between the Dart and Plymouth, or, to be more precise, between the Dart
and that beautiful little stream, the Erme, a glimpse of which adorns
these pages: between Dartmoor again on the north and the sea to the
south, lies that block of Devon known as the South Hams. As I have said,
it is not precisely a part of the county which a patriotic Devonian, not
obsessed by his patriotism, would select for taking, let us say, a
Herefordshire friend up on to a high place and asking his opinion of
Devonshire. But furrowing its way southward from Dartmoor to the sea,
hidden from the eye till you are right down beside it, runs one of the
most entrancing little rivers in Devonshire. Larger and longer than the
Erme, which at Ivybridge has some outside notoriety, the Avon is quite
as beautiful, with the advantage of comparative obscurity. This is an
inversion, too, of what one might look for, since from South Brent
Junction on the Great Western main line, where the Avon breaks from the
fringes of the moor, a little railway follows down its woody mazes,
hugging it closely for most of its journey to the sea, and culminating
at Kingsbridge, whence travellers go by road or water to

[Illustration: THE ERME, IVY BRIDGE, DEVON]

[Illustration]

Salcombe, another harbour on the Dartmouth pattern, but even more
beautiful.

The Avon, like all its sisters, starts life as a peaty burn prattling
for many miles through the silence of the moors. Then comes the
beautiful fringe country, where it plunges in many a cascade through
woods and ravines, and thence emerging sparkles down through the meadows
beneath the village of Brent into what might be called the low country,
if the phrase in Devonshire were not absurd. A country "all 'ills and
'oles," as a venerable Suffolk cook within my knowledge curtly and
pithily summed up Devonshire to East Anglian friends, after visiting her
old mistress, who had migrated westward. If the hills of the South Hams
are mostly a bare patchwork of cultivation, the "holes" through which
the Avon flows are a long delight. Leaving villages, such as Huish,
Dipford, Woodleigh, and Loddiswell, to face the south-west storms on
windy brows, away upon either hand the Avon urges its bright impetuous
streams for a dozen or so miles beneath an almost unbroken canopy of
foliage; churning here over mossy rocks, rolling there over gravelly
beds, or lingering in some deep and broad pool shadowed by fern-tufted,
mossy crags or by some giant trees of the woods, waxed mightier than
common, as if conscious that long arms were needed to join hands across
the expanded stream. Green strips of meadow spread now and again along
one bank or the other. But even then the foliage bristles upon the
river's immediate edge and screens its waters from every attempt at
undue familiarity on the part of the casual wanderer. Betimes, too, some
old stone bridge festooned with trailing ivy gives a more perfect finish
to the vista of water that dances through flickering bands of sun and
shade beneath the swaying boughs. But after all, it is only the angler
down in the water who penetrates these inner sanctuaries of Devon
streams, and others like them, and gathers of their best.

Occasionally some little farm with an orchard abuts upon the bank, or a
water-mill where in a big kitchen the miller's wife will serve the
angler, wearied with battling knee deep in the rocky rapid stream--for
no other strangers come this way--with a grateful confection in which
clotted cream and honey play a treasured part. But for much of the way
wild woods towering to the skyline several hundred feet above, often,
too, pathless, trackless woods, hold hill and stream alike in their
sylvan grip. And what a spangled carpet it is that Nature stretches here
upon the cool mossy ground, above all, perhaps, in the season when April
wanes and the shy leaves of May have as yet shut out but half the
sunshine. What a continual blaze is here of primroses and violets and
wild geranium, of star of Bethlehem, of celandine, which in these moist
cool shades all linger on till the kingcup and the bluebell have burst
upon the mossy floor with something more than the promise of their
coming splendour. The oak is the staple tree of these Devon valleys,
and, as the latest to put forth its leaves, the bloom of spring flowers
in which these vales are equalled by few and surpassed by none, shows
upon the woodland banks in all the more bewitching brilliancy. Though
the oak is the groundwork of woodland colouring in Devon valleys, the
ash and the alder, the willow, the birch, the rowan, and the larch all
play their part in the riotous foliage of the stream. One misses the
opulent sycamore, that precocious harbinger of summer by the streams of
Wales and the north country, for they are much scarcer in Devon. One
misses, too, with thankfulness the stiff and sombre pine wood beloved by
economists and afforestation enthusiasts, from which the streams and
hills of this county are, as a rule, singularly and happily free. An
inspiring sight, beyond doubt, is a well-grown ruddy-barked Scottish
fir, standing out alone or one of a small group, but a poor thing as a
forest; acceptable enough in a common-place country, but intolerably
superfluous in those of shapely outline and strong characteristics. Most
of us will agree with Wordsworth, who bitterly resented the growing
practice of obscuring the heather and crag and diversified mountain
colouring of the Lake District with the dull, stiff monotone of the pine
wood. Devonshire, at any rate, may be thankful that her valley slopes
are the natural home of the oak.

But I should not have ventured to spend so much time on the banks of a
comparatively obscure west country river if it had not always seemed to
me about the most complete example of an ideal Devon stream within my
knowledge. On a less exalted scale than the Dart in the south or the
Lynn in the north of the county, and little known outside its own
district, it is the better qualified to be the river of one's fancy, and
the typical stream of the west country. As a trouting stream, so far as
regards the dozen miles or so here lingered upon, it is perhaps the best
in Devonshire; the size of its fish, for some inscrutable reason,
considerably excelling as an average the over modest weight that
distinguishes most of the rivers of the county. A moderate payment to
the Association who preserve the water from below Brent to the sea will
make the stranger free of it. But to hope for any substantial success he
must be thoroughly familiar with the art of upstream wet-fly fishing in
clear water, and that too among almost continuously overarching foliage.
Furthermore, he must be physically strong, for wading all day upon a
rocky bottom against strong currents is a labour compared to which an
ordinary day's partridge-shooting under modern conditions is an easy
lounge. Both salmon and peal (the west country term for sea-trout) run
up the Avon to spawn, but they take the fly so sparingly as scarcely to
be worth mentioning among the attractions of the river.

The Tamar, which for nearly all its course divides Devon and Cornwall,
is a river that, in the matter of size, ranks with the Dart and Exe. But
as regards its estuary, being the principal affluent of Plymouth
harbour, acquires by this a distinction far above these other streams of
purely local fame. It rises within five miles of the Bristol Channel,
but turning its face at once away from this northern coast, runs
southward by a course that, reckoned as the crow flies, is over fifty
miles, and by the bends of the river must be at least half as much
again. For the whole of this distance, with the exception of a short-cut
through an intrusive arm that Devon flings into Cornwall, it forms the
boundary between the two counties. Its fountain springs are close to
those of the Torridge, which would seem to start with some intention of
running a race against the other in its long journey towards southern
seas, and then changing its mind, comes northward again, almost upon its
own tracks, to rival the Elizabethan glories, at any rate of Plymouth,
in forming the once famous harbour of Bideford. By the time it arrives
at the nearest point to Launceston, a mile or so, the Tamar has achieved
that measure of importance which marks the somewhat subtle and
capricious border-line between the mere stream and the full-grown river,
as we count such things in England.

Launceston, locally pronounced "Larnston," is so near its banks as to
count for a Tamar town, and is well worth a visit. It is beautifully
situated in a fair country, with the softness of detail common to the
better parts of Devonshire, and looking out towards that block of
Cornish moorland

[Illustration: THE TAMAR, COTEHELE, CORNWALL]

[Illustration]

which appears like an outline of Dartmoor, and in the person of Brown
Willy rises to something like its height. This north-east corner is the
choicest part of inland Cornwall, and is practically undisfigured by the
havoc of abandoned mines. It suggests nothing less than a continuation
of Devonshire, with another Dartmoor on a smaller scale for a
background, and a like profusion of mountain streams, which spout down
pleasant valleys to the Tamar or the sea. Launceston too, in spite of a
lack of those more pronounced architectural notes of antiquity which
mark the ancient towns east of Devonshire, has the look of one
nevertheless, if viewed through west country spectacles. Indeed, it has
a mediæval gateway still actually _in situ_, the ruins of a castle, and
a most beautiful church, the outside walls of which are entirely faced
with carved stone in a manner calculated to make the wandering
ecclesiologist rub his eyes at a spectacle so singular, if not quite
unique, in England.

At Greystone bridge, where the high-road from Tavistock to Launceston
crosses it, the Tamar will have run more than half its course, and
already achieved the size of the largest Devonshire rivers in their
fresh-water stages, such as the Dart, the Exe, the Torridge, and the
Taw. Like these, though not in this particular case rising in the moors,
the water of the Tamar is clear in texture, and tumbles along over a
gravelly or rocky bed from rapid shallow--or stickle, as the west
country term has it--to swirling pools, and so far it remains unpolluted
with the mine refuse that is the scourge of some of its lower
tributaries. The scenery of the upper half of the Tamar is that of a
normal Devonshire stream away from the moors. From Greystone bridge
downwards the great height of the country on both banks gives a
distinction of environment to the Tamar above most of its fellows. On
looking over the landscape through which it flows, from any high point,
it gives the impression of a mighty gorge wriggling tortuously through
an upheaved country. Not that you can actually see the Tamar till you
get to quite close quarters with it. It is a most difficult river for
the casual stranger to acquire an intimacy with, from the fact that it
flows in so deep a trench. Few roads or lanes follow its banks, and all
the ordinary arteries of travel lie back on the ridges above. Here and
there, as at Newbridge and again at Calstock, steep ways descend in
perpendicular fashion for a mile or so to the valley, but no assistance
from wheels of any kind either up or down it could much benefit the
less robust adventurer. The tide runs a long way up the Tamar from
Plymouth harbour, even to the weir below Morwell crags in the Tavistock
neighbourhood. The scenery is, beyond question, imposing; the Cornish
bank rising in these middle reaches to over a thousand feet of altitude
and terminating in wild moorish summits, each, however, unfortunately
surmounted by the unmistakable signs of the mining industry which, alive
or dead, to a sensible extent smirches the beauty of this otherwise
striking outlook. The villages too, both those on the river-bank, like
Calstock, or on the hill-top, like Bere Alston, are mainly the abode of
miners, or those who would like to be such if work were active, and have
all the forbidding qualities of their kind, or most of them. There is a
fine old Tudor manor-house of the Edgcumbe family, with picturesque
grounds, at Cotehele near Calstock, and a few miles higher up, in the
fresh-water reaches of the river, is Endsleigh, a box of the Duke of
Bedford's, with delightful surroundings. In ancient times, before mining
and other obstructions discouraged the salmon, the river seems to have
had a great reputation, as one can well believe. Of late years efforts
have been made, by means of ladders on the weirs, to attract that noble
fish once more. But the Upper Tamar is something better than a second or
third rate salmon river, since it is a really first-class trout stream,
equal to the Avon in the average weight of its fish, with a much greater
length as well as breadth of water. It is rigidly preserved, however,
the Duke of Bedford being the largest riparian owner. The mention of
this powerful house turns one's thoughts to Tavistock, whose broad Abbey
lands fell to the Russells at the Dissolution.

Now Tavistock is the centre of a perfect network of small rivers, and is
in itself the most ornate, cheerful, and in some respect picturesquely
situated country-town in Devonshire. The influence of the House of
Bedford has, no doubt, much to do with the quite distinguished
appearance of the little borough as regards its most conspicuous
quarters, while Nature has done much by means of the impetuous waters of
the Tavy, which wash its lawns and pleasure-grounds. What with its
Townhall, Guildhall, Library, and its great hotel, once a ducal
residence, with other pleasant buildings set in an ample umbrageous
square around the stately Perpendicular church, the native town of Drake
is calculated to give quite a shock of pleasant surprise to the stranger
expecting

[Illustration: THE TAMAR, NEAR CALSTOCK, CORNWALL]

[Illustration]

the somewhat undistinguished atmosphere of an average west country town.
There are just sufficient remnants of the once famous Abbey visible here
and there, amid other buildings, to remind the visitor both of the
origin of the town and of the Bedford influence. As for the rest of
Tavistock, it is quite pleasing in the older streets, and still more in
the many attractive residences in and about it, though scarcely any
ancient houses now remain. The site of that of Tavistock's great son,
Francis Drake, is just outside the town, though covered by a later
house, while a bronze statue to the hero, a replica of the one on
Plymouth Hoe, greets the visitor approaching by the Plymouth road.
Another honoured native of Tavistock should be mentioned, namely,
William Browne, the poet and friend of Drayton, if only for the fact
that in his _Britannia's Pastorals_ he celebrates the streams and rivers
around his native place with obviously intense affection--as well he
may.

For when we come to these same streams the difficulty of the Devonshire
river, as the subject of a single chapter, bursts on us with fresh
force. A perfect network of bright waters dance in the numerous valleys
that they have furrowed so deep in the neighbourhood of Tavistock. Most
of them, to be sure, are tributaries of the Tavy, though some, like the
Lydd and the Lew, break westward to the Tamar. These last come down from
the sequestered groves near the edge of the moor, where that venerable
oracle of Devonian lore, that "Vates Sacer" of the West, Mr.
Baring-Gould, is so felicitously seated in the home of his fathers. The
Plym, least in size of the three fair rivers which meet at the great
seaport, but compensated by the greater glory of its name, runs an
independent course. Indeed, the very traveller on the railroad to
Tavistock from Plymouth makes such acquaintance with the quite
remarkable beauties of this little river, as is not often vouchsafed
even to those who do not read picture magazines or tit-bits, like the
average Briton when going through the choicest portions of his own
country for the first time. For many miles up the enchanting vale to
Bickleigh, the fortunate wight who has the right-hand window seat can
look down upon the little river churning its way far below through a
deep trough between a continuous maze of oak forests, till at length he
may see its course break away towards the moor, where it has its birth,
and into the wilds of the eternal granite-crested hills. The Meavy, the
Plym's weaker half, will still be left beside the railroad in the
meadows playing hide-and-seek amid the alders and the orchards, with all
the normal humours of a Devon stream, till we leave it and cross the
Walkham on its way to join the Tavy. But it is the Tavy, of course, with
which Tavistock, and we too, perhaps, should be chiefly concerned. For
the Tavy is a very assertive stream, and its friends hold it as second
to none in the county for natural beauty, to say nothing of its repute
as a peal river.

The first claim I am quite prepared to endorse, for the simple reason
that I do not know any stream of importance in Devonshire that I would
deliberately place in the second rank. The Dart stands out as _prima
inter pares_ at least, because it adds tidal distinctions to its other
charms. Nor do I honestly think there is any _coup d'oeil_ in
Devonshire quite equal to that presented by the uniting valleys of the
East and West Lynn above Lynmouth. But these are mere details. The Tavy,
at any rate, has not a dull mile. Its early career in the moor is a long
one, and that portion of it known as Tavy Cleeve is one of the wildest
ravines on Dartmoor. It enters civilisation about four miles above
Tavistock, near the village of Mary Tavy, a name of ill-omen, from the
fact that mining has been more or less always carried on here for a
very long time, and the truth must be told that the waters of the Tavy
assume henceforward for a very long way down the colour of milk. This
matter has been the source of continual disputes between those
interested in the fishing, or merely in the purity of the Tavy, and
those concerned in delving for copper and arsenic. Many years ago a
sudden inflow of mine refuse destroyed every fish in the river, a void
which time and re-stocking, however, have long rectified. But though the
more poisonous matters are no longer let into the stream, there are
occasional difficulties with weirs erected for mining purposes, which,
unless fitted with ladders, obstruct the run of salmon and peal in the
breeding season. The law settles these matters nowadays, though not
always so satisfactorily as to clear the air between the conflicting
interests, and allays the perennial friction between the angling
community and the less concerned but still sympathetic public on the one
hand, and the mine-owners with some local labour following on the other.
A mine-owner on the river expressed his point of view to me recently, as
one stranger to another with characteristic frankness.

[Illustration: THE TAVY, TAVISTOCK, DEVON]

[Illustration]

"They'd sooner I lost all the money I have put in here, and threw a
hundred men on the rates, than that three or four salmon a year should
be stopped coming up by my dam."

His random selection of a confidant was not in this case a happy one;
but that was nothing, for it is instructive at least to hear both sides
of a question. The Tavy is not a good salmon river, but not quite so
indifferent a one as the hyperbolic statistics of my rather sore-headed
mineralogist would suggest. But it is about the best peal river in
Devonshire, the larger ones running up in April or May and the smaller
coming up in greater numbers in July and later. The Tavy and Tamar unite
in their estuary just above Plymouth, and it is a singular natural
phenomenon that the ascending salmon in a vast majority select the
Tamar, while practically the whole bulk of the peal turn up the Tavy.
Another curious fact is, that neither the trout nor the salmon species
take apparent hurt from even the permanent discoloration of a river,
provided certain poisonous ingredients are kept out. The Tavy, to be
sure, clears itself below Tavistock, and is not an extreme case. But in
many known to the writer, that fastidious lover of clear water, the
trout, has accommodated himself without apparent inconvenience to the
most untoward transformation of his once pellucid haunts. The beautiful
Mawddach, familiar to every one who knows Dolgelly, coming down through
its glorious mountain glens the colour of milk is a case in point.
Another equally familiar is the Glenridding beck, which pours into the
crystal depths of Ullswater a ceaseless volume of lead "hush"; and
though it soon sinks in the deep lake, collects the trout from all parts
to feed at the inpouring of its milky waves. The fish again of the Upper
Wear, in County Durham, seem to thrive amid the stained waters, while
the sea-trout still run up the once beautiful rapids of the Ogmare in
Glamorganshire, which are, I think, the foulest of them all. But in any
case it is a piteous sight to see a mountain stream, perhaps the most
beautiful of all Nature's works, flowing befouled through the fair
scenes of which it should be the centre and the chief adornment. The
Tavy, however, as already stated, runs virtually clear again, when, with
the added waters of a strong brook just below Tavistock, and those of
the still larger Walkham, pursues its devious way through deep-wooded
vales, only severed from the Tamar by a single lofty ridge. The junction
of the Walkham and the Tavy, known as "Double Waters," is a spot that
abides in the memory, so does the romantic scenery just below and around
the _Virtuous Lady Mine_, which has in its day produced much copper and
other treasure, and derives its name from the Great Elizabeth, who, as
we know, imported German miners freely, and always took good care to get
her full share and often a good deal more out of every enterprise she
encouraged. No one, indeed, knew that better than Tavy's great son,
Francis Drake, though his enterprises were of a more adventurous kind.
One remembers the occasion on which he lay in Plymouth harbour with a
ship full of Spanish gold, waiting to hear from the illustrious lady,
who was actually his business partner in the venture, whether she
intended to disown him and cut his head off as a pirate or amicably
divide the spoils. We know at any rate which she did. Nowhere in
Devonshire would the stranger be able to command so much that is
beautiful and interesting in this county, and make a wider acquaintance
with Devonshire streams than at Tavistock, since this town is not merely
on the South Western main line from Exeter to Plymouth, but is also
served by its rival the Great Western. Not only the moor itself, whose
swelling tors, each capped with their mysterious cluster of upstanding
crags, but the district, is richer than any part of Devon in prehistoric
remains, in "round huts," Cytiau Gwaeddeold, as the Welsh call them, in
crosses and inscribed stones. The churches, though ancient and
interesting, are not often ornate, owing, it is supposed, to the
difficulty of carving the hard granite of which they are composed. But
high above all, on the sharp summit of Brent Tor, between the Tavy and
the Lydd, is the most wonderfully situated church in Devonshire, nay in
England. A couple of ruined castles in Wales, that of Dinas Bran above
the Dee at Llangollen, and Cerrig Cennen near the Towy at Llandilo,
alone within my knowledge have such pride of pose. But no church in
which service is still held in the whole kingdom approaches this "cloud
compelling" shrine of North Brent.

The main line to Exeter passes beneath it, and space limits me here to a
mere passing mention of the gorgeous view which may be had even from the
train window of the Okement, as fresh from the wild foot of Yes Tor, the
highest peak of Dartmoor, it glitters down the rich luxuriant vale to
Okehampton, with the towers of a ruined castle, in real Welsh fashion,
perched high above its streams.

The Okement, and its greater neighbour and cradle companion the Taw, are
the only Dartmoor rivers that flow north into the "Severn Sea," that
euphonious term which Kingsley substituted whenever possible for the
infelicitous and unpoetic designation of "Bristol Channel." This is
natural, for North Devon offers the shorter course; much more natural,
indeed, than the forsaking of Exmoor itself upon the north coast for
southern seas, as do the Exe and Barle. Many a time, in days now
unhappily remote, both in winter and summer have I looked down from the
high bogs, where the Barle rises over the whole sweep of the Channel and
the shadowy mountains of South Wales beyond it, and fancied these united
rivers as rejecting the brief inglorious career which seemed their
destiny, and facing southwards into strange lands to win a foremost
place in volume and importance among the rivers of the West. Fancy too
might credit the Tamar, born within sound of the Severn Sea, with the
same vaulting ambition.

The Tamar, by the way, is almost certainly Taw-Mawr (the great Taw), and
the Tavy most likely is Taw-vach or bach (the Welsh diminutives for
Vechyn, little). Then, again, there are in North Devon the rivers Taw
and Torridge (Taw-ridge), while South Wales has two notable rivers of
the same etymological origin, Towy and Tawe, both pronounced as the
former is spelt. It is natural enough that Celtic names should prevail
in a corner abutting on Cornwall, the old West Wales, that obviously
shared in those dim Irish invasions which so complicate the story of the
Cymry.

Our thoughts can then follow no better course than that of the railway
from Okehampton to Yeoford Junction, and there abandoning the Exeter
train take the one coming up for Barnstaple and North Devon. For then in
a very short time you will be upon the banks of the Taw, the chief river
of North Devon, where it is yet a modest stream, and keep it quite
intimate company till it spreads, a shining estuary, laden with historic
memories, into Barnstaple bay. Still sticking to your seat by the window
you will see Instow and Appledore rising, significantly if you know your
west country lore, out of the broad glistening tide. You will round the
corner into Bideford and behold the Taw's twin sister, the Torridge,
sweeping under the many-arched and ancient bridge. On yet, with
delightful glimpses of that fine river, shrunk from

[Illustration: THE OKEMENT, OAKHAMPTON, DEVON]

[Illustration]

an estuary into a bold salmon water sweeping along the meadowy vale,
till beneath the high-perched little town of Torrington the railway
comes to a peaceful end, and dumps you out on the eastern fringe of that
unknown rugged block of Devonshire which Devonian farmers, hunting men,
and true provincials often speak of as "the West country." But this is
anticipating a little. Nor do I make any sort of apology for taking the
train for this brief interlude. No one shall say that there is no poetry
in the corner-seat of a railway carriage! Such a man would be a dull,
unimaginative soul indeed. Rhapsodies are being daily written on
motoring, as a revelation of the glories of England by persons who have
apparently lacked the enterprise or inclination to discover them before,
accessible as they have been for all time to the cyclist, the horse
keeper, or the pedestrian. The cyclist with an eye to the landscape can
go easily along as slowly as he chooses with scarcely a glance at the
road; the keen motorist, who nearly always drives himself, can scarcely
take his eyes off it. Indeed, whether as his neighbour beside him or a
stranger upon the road before him, Heaven forbid that he should take to
admiring the scenery! It seems practically impossible to travel at
dog-cart pace--the organism of the machine seems to resent it. At any
rate, no motorist ever does. So whatever measure of enjoyment in the
landscape may belong to the process is the privilege only of the
passengers. But what I should like to know is why the poetry of rapid
motion through rural England has never been associated with the
corner-seat of a railway carriage. You are free from wind, from noise,
and the spasmodic motions incidental to meeting traffic. The rhythmical
beat of a train is notoriously stimulating to the brain and the
imagination. There is nothing corresponding to it in the motion of an
automobile, whatever the comparison may be worth in the mere question of
luxury. It is surprising, too, what long stretches of some of our most
beautiful rivers and streams can be seen to real advantage as passing
acquaintances from a train window. I have lived long enough to have
cursed in my heart, like many others, the making of a line up many a
well-known and familiar stream, cherished for its sequestered beauties.
I have lived to discover how little, how extraordinary little,
difference to the charms of the river-side the terrible thing has
actually made. For one thing, it is only at long intervals that your
local line gives any sign of life at all, and then but for a few brief
seconds. For the rest, foliage wraps it in kind embrace, and
flower-spangled turf soon clothes its once ragged edges. The very birds
of the air and the beasts of the field show a confidence in the single
track, with its prolonged periods of certain repose, its immunity from
restless, prying individuals, that they never give to a highway. And now
when this last has become in varying degrees a place of noise and rush
and betimes of danger, its echoes strike far more frequent discords in
your ear down by the stream than the rumble of the rarely passing train.
But to that corner-seat again. How finely it commands the stream in the
valley, lifted, as it often is, much higher than the road, and striding
the river, for the most part of necessity, far oftener than the other
which is apt to creep behind fences along the hill-foot. What glorious
vistas of foaming water gleaming between avenues of bordering foliage
disclose themselves at this bend or at that, and if the vision is
fleeting it is at least frequent. And if the stream is an old friend; if
its pools and eddies, its bridges, its bordering homesteads, its
water-mills, its moments of frenzy, and its periods of calm have
remained among many others engraven on the page of memory, how
delightful to thus snatch a fortuitous half-hour with them again in a
long succession of fleeting, but no less significant and suggestive,
glimpses in that they are momentary. It would be preposterous to deny
that there is both poetry and sentiment in the corner-seat of a railway
carriage--every one with a spark of sensibility must have felt it.

The Taw is a thought more leisurely than most Devon rivers after passing
Eggesford, where the late Lord Portsmouth a generation or two ago
maintained so great a name among the gentry of the West. It swishes fast
round gravelly bends into large eddying pools where in their season the
salmon and peal lie. It runs in smoother fashion along broad reaches
between red crumbly banks comparatively free from timber, and fringed by
verdant meadows where the red cattle of North Devon supply the
inevitable complement to every Devon landscape. At Portsmouth Arms comes
pouring in with strong and lusty current the first contribution from
Exmoor, to wit, the Mole, or Bray, whichever you like at this point, but
the Bray where it rises far away in a deep Exmoor gorge behind the
village of Challacombe. And still the Bray as it burrows for miles along
the skirts of the moor through hanging woods of oak, and under
ivy-covered bridges hugging the base of rounded hills on whose summits
pony-riding farmers dwell in slate-roofed, windy homesteads, with one
eye on the Exmoor slopes where their sheep graze, and the other on the
narrow ribbon-like meadows where they cut their hay: men knowing in the
ways of stag or fox or hare, and ready to mount their little shaggy cobs
at the first note of the horn which sounded so often, and still, no
doubt, sounds upon the banks of the Bray. Such at least was this
beautiful valley in the days of my youth, that golden period in which
Heaven knows one needs no poet to tell one a glory shone upon wood and
stream of a kind that shines no more. Scores of my readers will have
abiding with them some such river:

    "That ran to soothe their youthful dreams,
       Whose banks and streams appear more bright
     Than other banks and other streams."

So of the Bray, and there is nothing more to be said unless to record
that it flows through Castle Hill, where the noble House of Fortescue
represents probably the widest possessions and the most abiding
influence in North Devon, and that it spends its last hours among the
pleasant woods and meadows of Kings Nympton.

Of Barnstaple and Bideford, lying at the mouth of the Torr and Torridge
respectively, it is impossible to say anything worth having in a
paragraph. They belong to the sea-rovers and their story, which the
reader of _Westward Ho!_ at any rate--and who has not read it?--knows
something of.

Æsthetically, however, you must look at these famous towns in detail
with the eye of faith--not of an artist nor an archæologist. But they
will pass, being neither unsightly nor in serious conflict with their
traditions, which are great.

Now the Torridge, like the Tamar, rises in no moorland. In fact their
infant springs are close together hard by the north coast. For this
reason, though both are clear and rapid rivers, they have scarcely
anywhere the turmoil of the Dart, the Tavy, or the Avon. The Torridge,
as mentioned earlier, after running a heady, youthful course far
southward, would seem to change its mind as if loth on second thoughts
to leave the country of its birth; for, doubling back again, it hurries
northward, and with a course parallel to its upper reaches rolls in fine
broad sweeps of alternate deep and rapid beneath Torrington perched on
its high hills, to Bideford and the sea. Now the region between the
lower or northward-flowing half of the Torridge, extending west to the
Tamar and

[Illustration: ON THE WEST LYNN, LYNMOUTH, DEVON]

[Illustration]

Cornwall, is a land unto itself, and, as already noted, commonly alluded
to by Devonshire farmers, cattle buyers, hunting men and such like as
"the West country." It is watered by the Upper Torridge flowing
southwards through it, and covers some two or three hundred square
miles. In appearance it is normal Devonian; a succession of high red
ridges of tillage and pasture, heavily fenced to their round summits,
and traversed by narrow precipitous roads hemmed in between lofty,
flower-spangled banks. Cold grey church towers stand out here and there
above some small, clustering, slate-roofed village on a windy hill-top,
and at intervals some deep, wooded glen bearing a noisy runlet to the
Torridge throws a redeeming ray of beauty through a country otherwise
open to criticism for a certain monotony of outline and detail, like
many other parts of Devonshire.

But this "West country" or land of the Upper Torridge has the merit, one
may almost say the charm, of unconventionality. For within its whole
wide bounds there is scarcely a gentleman's residence but the
indispensable vicarage, and even scattered cottages are rare, there
being few labourers. The entire country, in fact, hereabouts is occupied
by yeomen farmers, many of whom have lately bought their farms, and who
mostly do their own work. It is the most sequestered and unknown part of
habitable Devonshire. Scarcely any one but its occupants know anything
about it, except such few as may penetrate it behind a hunted fox or as
purchasers of stock. There is nothing, indeed, to bring any one in here,
while the labours of locomotion except on horseback are prodigious. No
social functions occur within it; no railroads disturb its calm; while
the motor, nay, even the cycle, give it a wide berth. The farmers ride
ponies, and, fifty years hence, will probably be riding ponies still. If
it were a wild pastoral country, this land of the Upper Torridge, there
would, of course, be nothing worthy of remark in all this. But, on the
contrary, it is a quite normal district. The land is not very good, nor
its occupants very progressive, so the formality of the country is
delightfully broken by stretches of golden gorse, by moorish,
ill-drained fields where snipe are numerous, by whole hillsides that
Nature has clothed after her own fashion with birch and alder,
blackthorn, or ash, straggling about waist deep in open brakes of fern
or broom, and these are the haunt in winter of great numbers of
woodcock--a country, indeed, full of birds, those of

[Illustration: THE EXE, COUNTESS WEIR, DEVON]

[Illustration]

prey or otherwise, for there is no one to molest them. The keeper and
the form of sporting he now represents is as non-extant as the
garden-party. Throughout this west country of the West country the
sportsman still follows a brace of setters in arduous but pleasant quest
of the indigenous partridge after the fashion of bygone days. And if,
while standing in the bosky shallows of the Torridge, one hears the call
of a cock-pheasant, it will be the voice of no coop-raised, grain-fed
sybarite, but a bird and the descendant of birds well able to take care
of themselves and quite experienced travellers. And the Torridge itself,
which wanders in and out of woodland and thicket, running upon a
gravelly bed and scooping out the red crumbly banks of narrow meadows,
where lively red yearlings caper with justifiable amazement at the
apparition of the rare stranger, calls for no further comment here. It
is in its northward-flowing lower reaches that it acquires distinction,
swelled, moreover, with the considerable streams of the Okement.

It is a far cry from the Taw and Torridge estuary to Lynmouth and
Lynton--that gem of Devonian, nay of English, coast scenery. But though
many small streams cleave their way through that iron coast into the
Severn Sea, at Watermouth, at Combe Martin, and, most beautiful of all,
at Headons Mouth, there are none approaching the dignity of a river till
you come to the outpouring of the recently united waters of the East and
West Lynn on the very borders of Somerset. Here, indeed, looking out
through a great open gateway as it were in the most imposing stretch of
cliff scenery in England, Cornwall not excepted, is a vision of a
tumbling stream and hanging woodland that as a mere picture, and having
regard to its composition, is not surpassed, I think, even upon the
Upper Dart. Then, again, the near presence of the sea in the prospect
seems to place Lynton on a pinnacle to itself. From Bristol to Berwick
there is surely nothing quite like it upon our coast--this really noble
curtain of woodland hung from so great a height and folding away inland,
out of whose green recesses the white waters come spouting on to the
very shore. Both the East and the West Lynn come down from Exmoor,
leaving the comparative plateau of the moor at a distance of some four
miles from the sea, and in that brief space falling about a thousand
feet through continuously wooded gorges. The East Lynn, however, is the
more noteworthy, dividing again at that famous sylvan spot known
[Illustration: THE EXE, TOPSHAM, DEVON]

[Illustration]

as "Waters meet." Up the western of the two forks cut high up the steep
hillside, commanding beautiful views of the winding gorge beneath, runs
the road to Brendon, climbing the steepest hill in Devonshire, if such a
thing is conceivable, on any known highway. At Brendon, emerging from
the woods, the moor opens wide before you, the land of the red deer and
the Exmoor pony, and, what with many persons is even more to the point,
the land of Blackmore's celebrated novel _Lorna Doone_. The eastern fork
of the little river, known on the moor as the Badgworthy (Badgery)
water, soon reached from Brendon, is more immediately concerned with
this, leading immediately up as it does to the famous Doone valley.
Hundreds of pilgrims, both in frivolous and pious fashion, journey up
here nowadays, literal persons sometimes, looking for cataracts where
are only the normal gambols of an ordinary moorland stream, and
inveighing against poor Mr. Blackmore who, sublimely unconscious that he
was creating classic ground, took quite legitimate liberties with the
little waters of the infant Lynn. Lynton and Lynmouth had acquired even
before this some outside fame for their extraordinary beauty, and had
their modest share of summer visitors. But of literary or historical
associations no valley in Devonshire could have been more absolutely
bereft than that of the Badgworthy water. No book that ever was
published, not any one even of Scott's novels, gave a hitherto obscure
spot such permanent fame as did _Lorna Doone_ in the matter of the
head-waters of the Lynn. I can state with the confidence of personal
knowledge and recollection that before that delightful book was written
these upper waters, and what is now known as the Doone valley, had no
more significance for local people than any other obscure glen on
Exmoor, and by strangers were never seen, for stag-hunting then
attracted comparatively few outsiders.

Now from the Upper Lynn to the sources of the Barle and Exe there is a
carriage road pursuing a wild course over the moor to Simonsbath, some
dozen or so miles distant. Long before arriving there, however, it
crosses the infant Exe, a peaty brook piping in feeble strains amid the
silence of the hills. Not far to the southward rises its sister and
later partner, the Barle, in a high bog to merge immediately in the deep
and desolate tarn of Pinkerry--in truth a reservoir made nearly a
century ago by a visionary landowner for impracticable purposes of no
consequence here.

[Illustration: THE AXE, AXMOUTH, DEVON]

[Illustration]

Dripping out of this black eerie pool, which in my youth had stimulated
the then lively imaginations of the turf-cutters from Challacombe, who
almost alone ever set eyes on it, to some racy superstitions, the Barle
in a few miles becomes a stream of consequence, and during its passage
through the moor has all the wild charm of a moorland river still
struggling in its cradling hills. Within the writer's memory, which goes
back to the time before Exmoor was discovered by the tourist and the
up-country stag hunter, great changes have come over this country of the
Upper Barle and Exe. The heather, which once held the black game in
considerable numbers, has sensibly diminished before draining and
increased sheep-grazing. Bank enclosures have eaten deep into the once
wild fringes of the moor; but the solitude and the silence still remain.
The curlew still calls in the breeding season upon the long ridges above
the Barle; the ponies and the little horned sheep of the moor, and the
black-faced Highlander still have the waste to themselves.

Simonsbath, the little metropolis of Exmoor forest, with its church,
vicarage, manor-house, and shepherd's cottages, at one time occupied
mainly by Scotsmen, sits upon the Barle. All this country and that
about the Upper Exe is now familiar, in fact, to the great numbers of
persons who in one way or another follow the chase of the stag, and, in
name, to far more who read the voluminous literature on the subject. It
is curious to recall Exmoor before it became the fashion, when its very
name conveyed no meaning in ordinary company, when a strange face on the
banks of the Upper Barle was a cause of astonishment, when the villages
on the moor edge were rich in original characters, content with a
tri-weekly post, and quite independent of newspapers. Most of the moor,
including the Exe and Barle, is just within the county of Somerset. Just
below Dulverton, on the Barnstaple and Taunton line, noted now as a
stag-hunting quarter, the Barle and Exe join, passing at the same moment
into the county of Devon. Thence through a pleasant pastoral and
agricultural country with less hurry and commotion than the majority of
Devonshire rivers under the name of the Exe, the river flows by Tiverton
to Exeter. Beneath that ancient cathedral city it winds with broad and
slow current, and, meeting the tide, becomes a navigable river; while
its wide estuary, as it flows into the sea between Exmouth and Dawlish,
is familiar to every traveller on the Great Western main line which
skirts its shores.

South-east Devon, that block of country between the Exe and Dorsetshire,
is watered through its very heart by the Otter and on its extremity by
the Axe. There can be little question but that, of all the west country
which lies aloof from the moor, this south-east corner of Devon, watered
mainly by the Otter and familiar to many strangers who visit the
watering-places of Seaton, Sidmouth, or Budleigh, is the most beautiful
in general landscape. The contour of the hills is more varied and
effective, nor have they been denuded of timber about their more
conspicuous portions as in most other parts of the county. The
bank-fences too are more umbrageous, and the bright red soil has here an
uncommon fertility, which gives an even added verdure to the grass and a
brighter glow to the fallows. This gracious region has all the hill
qualities of Devonshire, with a general look of luxuriance and abundance
which is absent from the chess-board bareness that is the characteristic
of such large tracts of the county.

The Otter, though bright and clear, is not a moor-bred river. But as it
sweeps and swirls free of timber upon a pebbly bed, amid open meadows
of extraordinary verdure and between banks of a most brilliant ruddy
hue, it always seems, in company with its immediate neighbour the Axe,
to claim a place of its own among Devon streams. Here too the Devonshire
village of the alien idealist, the novelist, and the play-wright is more
in evidence, for the simple fact that East Devon approximates in some
respects--cottage architecture among them--with the neighbouring
counties where the old-fashioned picturesque thatched village is still
much more of an every-day reality.

[Illustration: THE THAMES, ETON]

[Illustration]

[Illustration: THE THAMES, RICHMOND]

[Illustration]

[Illustration: THE ARUN, ARUNDEL CASTLE, SUSSEX]

[Illustration]




CHAPTER VII

THE RIVERS OF THE SOUTH-EAST


The physical attractions of the three south-eastern counties--Surrey,
Sussex, and Kent--owe little in comparison with the regions hitherto
treated of to their rivers. But use and custom are all powerful even in
the appeal which Nature and landscape make to persons genuinely
susceptible to their influences. It is tolerably certain that to the
great numbers of such for whom these counties and others, practically of
the same class, represent the rural England with which they have any
sort of intimacy, this want of water, or at any rate waters of an
inspiring kind, ceases to be felt. One might almost say it becomes a
lost sense, from lack of familiarity; and that the standards of
perfection in landscape from this point of view arrange themselves,
regardless of what to another temperament is an irreparable blemish.

No alien, for instance, from the north or west, who has the spirit of
these things within him at all, ever gets over the loss of the rapid
stream. The stir of clear and moving waters, though automatically, of
course, the invariable note of the highest expressions of British
scenery, can never be dispensed with by those reared among them. The
sluggish and turgid river consoles them scarcely more than the entire
absence of any kind of water. Sometimes it is almost an irritant from
the contrast it suggests. Natives of what for brevity we may call the
dry counties, can admire a Welsh or Yorkshire stream as sincerely as a
Welshman or a Yorkshireman, but they would not often be able to
understand how great is the effect of their absence in landscape on the
northern or western temperament.

The rivers of Sussex have at least some marked peculiarities. For though
none of them are chalk streams, yet all but one cut their way through a
high chalk range to the sea. It is only, indeed, as they come within the
influence of salt water and begin to feel its tides, that they have any
distinction at all; since above this they dwindle either into
insignificant brooks or into straight-cut, canal-like waterways, into
which

[Illustration: THE ARUN, AMBERLEY, SUSSEX]

[Illustration]

many of them indeed were fashioned in the canal era. The rivers of
Sussex worthy of mention can be numbered precisely on the fingers of one
hand, and run into the sea at fairly regular intervals. They have
considerable character of a kind, shared, with one exception, by them
all, and are unlike any other rivers in England. They are of small
service to the inland scenery of the county and little account in it,
but they add immensely to the interest of the sea-coast strip. The
noteworthy rivers counting from west to east are the Arun, at
Littlehampton and Arundel; the Adur, at Shoreham; the Ouse, at Lewes and
Newhaven; the Cuckmere near Seaford; and the Eastern Rother, at Rye. All
but the last break through the coast range and are Sussex rivers from
their birth. The Eastern Rother--thus distinguished since the Arun has a
considerable tributary of that name--rises in Sussex near Robertsbridge,
and flowing eastward forms the boundary against Kent for some distance,
and in the days of old wound through the heart of Romney Marsh into the
sea at Lydd. One of those great storms, however, of the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries which so greatly changed the coast, turned the
Rother into the present Sussex channel past Rye and so into the sea.
Every one of these rivers makes up in some way for the deficiencies of
its earlier and fresh-water period by the manner of its approach to the
sea. In the case of the Rother, for instance, though the inland valleys
it flows through are in themselves not unpleasing, it is difficult to
warm towards a river that has every characteristic of a canal,
contracting eventually into a respectable ditch. At Rye, however, the
Rother becomes part of one of the most picturesque and most painted
scenes in the south of England. Beneath the rock on which the most
striking by far of south coast towns clusters, the Rother abandons its
canal-like habit and at high tide coils gleaming seaward for its last
two miles through the Sussex end of Romney Marsh, the worthy centre of
probably the most curious and striking outlook between Pool harbour and
the Humber. Two other lesser streams, the Brede and the Tillingham, come
into it through the meadows. But as late as Tudor times all these rivers
formed together a large estuary serving the then ports of Rye and
Winchelsea. These are typical Sussex rivers, flowing down valleys whose
least pleasing feature might almost be said to be the actual streams
that made them. The rich meadows in the flat, the old

[Illustration: THE OUSE, NEAR BARCOMBE MILLS, SUSSEX]

[Illustration]

homesteads, the hop-fields upon the slopes, the charming villages, and
the still surviving windmills surmounting the ridges are of the best
that tranquil southern England has to offer. But the dyked-in waters
themselves, flowing sullenly and monotonously over their muddy bottoms
between raised turf banks, with rare exceptions contribute nothing and
are powerless to charm.

The most easterly of the four chief rivers cutting through the coast
range is the Cuckmere. As one drops down the long westward slope from
Beachy Head into a sequestered and far-spreading Down country this
little river, cleaving a narrow way into the sea below, without port or
harbour or village or anything but an isolated homestead or two within
apparent touch of it, seizes one's fancy not a little. For this reason
the Cuckmere as a replica in miniature of the Ouse and Arun, but of
curiously sequestered habit on this otherwise rather populous coast, has
a place of its own somewhat apart from its fellows.

The Ouse, the next, going westward, to cut through the Downs, is a very
much larger stream. It breaks through the here narrow but lofty chalk
range some five miles from the sea at Lewes, and then winds through the
meadows as a tidal river to Newhaven--a stretch of country familiar
enough to every one using this route to the Continent. The cleft in the
Downs made by the Ouse below the ancient and picturesque town of Lewes
is one of the boldest and most precipitous scenes of its kind in the
whole chalk system. Looking down from the top of the prodigiously steep
streets of Lewes, or from the summit of the castle, the opposite Down
rises like an inaccessible green wall for five or six hundred feet, and
one might fancy there was scarcely room for the slow running river to
push its way through what one is almost tempted to call the defile
below. The Ouse rises in many feeders about the edges of Ashdown forest
but is quite insignificant till, after the manner of Sussex rivers, it
makes this fine effort at Lewes. Hence strong tides rush up and down the
seven miles or so of channel which winds through the banked-in meadows
to Newhaven.

The Adur, which joins the sea at Shoreham, between Brighton and
Worthing, follows the same tactics, and is a still more insignificant
stream up the country, but winds for some way through the chalk range,
from Bramber, where it has some claim to be a river to the two
Shorehams, the old and the new. But the Arun, the most westerly of all
the Sussex

[Illustration: THE OUSE, NEAR LEWES, SUSSEX]

[Illustration]

rivers, is the best known and the most important. It, too, draws near
the sea by Amberley and Arundel to Littlehampton with a rapid
transformation from comparative insignificance to scenes that always
compel one's interest and sometimes one's admiration. Meeting the
Western Rother at the old Roman station, now covered by Pulborough,
which lifts itself above the flat, the two little streams make together
one of a reasonable size that, flowing on through wide water meadows,
enters the gap in the Downs at Amberley, and there, under the influence
of the tide, begins to rise and fall upon a muddy bed. Arundel Castle,
raised above the town with its wooded park swelling up the face of the
Down behind, makes a really noble background to the reaches of the Arun,
both above and below. It is an awkward river for boating on account of
the pace with which the tide rushes up its reedy, muddy bed, and the
distance over which it makes its force felt. But it is perfectly
feasible, if forethought be taken, to ascend with the tide for many
miles above Arundel, and return with it to great advantage. The swell of
the Downs, clad above Arundel with beech-woods approaching at places
close to the bank, and the rich scented meadows, through which the river
winds for miles, aloof from dwellings or villages, more than compensate
for the slightly deterrent qualities of the turgid and muddy waters.
Even these blemishes, however, are obscured when the tide is high. But
it is not well, when it has begun to turn, to tie the bow of your boat
to a tree trunk and take an unwary siesta beneath its shade in the
stern, or, as once happened to the present writer, you may peradventure
be awakened by the water running over your shoulders and the nose of the
boat pointing heavenward at an angle of forty-five degrees.

From Arundel bridge the river runs a navigable course through salt
meadows for some seven miles to its mouth at Littlehampton with no
appreciable widening of its channels. The Arun above Arundel and all the
way up past Amberley is a noted haunt of the humbler class of London
anglers, whom the railroad, for a quite trifling sum, brings down here
by hundreds. At intervals along the banks for miles you find the patient
bream-fisher from the East End, having spent the night often beneath the
sky, watching his float throughout the day with unremitting
concentration.

The only two Surrey rivers of any consequence, the Wey and the Mole,
rise in the Weald country and cut through the chalk ranges of the
Northern

[Illustration: A STREAM, NEAR LEITH HILL, SURREY]

[Illustration]

[Illustration: THE ROTHER, FITTLEWORTH, SUSSEX]

[Illustration]

Downs on their journey to the Thames, precisely as the Sussex rivers cut
through the South Downs on their passage to the sea. The Mole is a
little river of character and considerable beauty. Rising in the
neighbourhood of Redhill it burrows under the chalky heights of Box and
so by Leatherhead, Cobham, and Esher to the Thames at Moulsey. Through
so ornate a residential region, too, its streams are made the most of in
many a pleasant lawn and grove, and by many a country mansion and villa.
It runs quite a pace too, here and there over yellow gravel, and
sometimes, as between Cobham and Esher, abandons the trammels of
civilisation, and slips, in quite wanton fashion, through wild and
tangled woodland. But this would bring us within the orbit of the great
river-haunting public of the Metropolis, and the ever-widening circles
which are part of it. As all mention of the Thames is eliminated from
these pages as a subject at once too voluminous, too familiar in fact
and in descriptive literature, its Surrey tributaries may fairly be left
here to the accomplished brush of the artist.

Kent is less rich in rivers even than Sussex, though happier in the
quality; of the only three of recognisable name it possesses the Medway,
the Stour, and the Darenth. The latter, which rises at Westerham and
flows through the chalk Downs northward to meet the Thames at Dartford,
is a small stream with a sometimes swift current, more noted perhaps as
a natural trout stream among anglers than on any other account,
Farningham having been a well-known tryst of many famous fly-fishermen
in days when locomotion was less easy than now. But the Medway is the
most important of Kentish rivers, both for the length and quiet beauty
of its inland reaches and the world-wide fame of its anchorage as it
spreads out to meet the Thames. Rising on the borders of Sussex about
Penshurst it flows north by three of the most important Kentish
towns--Tonbridge, Maidstone, and Rochester--the last, of course,
virtually including its straggling and busy neighbour of Chatham. A
slow-running river always, the most representative and typical portion
of the Upper Medway is the twelve miles or so between Tonbridge and
Maidstone. For much of the distance it flows in a valley sufficiently
narrow to display to singular advantage the richness of the steep slopes
on either side, the country seats, the upstanding villages, the
hop-fields, and the orchards. It runs, too, in sufficient volume to make
a fine

[Illustration: THE WEY, SURREY]

[Illustration]

broad trail in the valley, and be the occasion for several ancient stone
bridges of many arches, such as complete the measure of a river's
beauty. From Yalding, where the little streams of the Teise and
Beult--strange names for so homely a locality--come in, to Maidstone is
the cream of the river. Indeed, till these three unite the Medway can
hardly be said in the matter of size to challenge much attention. For a
few miles below Maidstone it maintains somewhat the same characteristics
till, broadening out under the influence of the tide at Aylesford, it
begins its passage through the high walls of the North Downs. A curious
passage it is, too: a struggle as it were between frequent groups of the
tall chimneys of cement works belching out smoke, and scenery that
before the modern industrial period arrived to smirch it, must have been
singularly fine. For some half-dozen miles the river continues to roll
through an ever-widening but necessarily contracted channel in a quite
deep gorge, the Downs rising on either side to a height of five or six
hundred feet. The last bridge is at Rochester, still around its
Cathedral a quaint old town redolent of Dickens, with the contrasting
clangour and pitiless prose of Chatham spreading, unsightly but
significant, far over the heights, and looking down on the broad
harbour into which the Medway, having achieved its passage through the
range, now expands itself towards the Thames. The whole north fringe of
Kent, as every one knows who has travelled the road from Canterbury to
Rochester, or in other words the line of Watling Street, is a bleak,
cheerless country to look upon; the more so, if the suggestion of
paradox be permitted, because so highly cultivated. But looking
northward from the high ground about Faversham or Sittingbourne one may
forget this in the fine views over the Swale, and Sheppey Island, and
the mouth of the Thames that are everywhere disclosed, and finest of all
is that of the wide, island-studded estuary of the Medway in all its
memorable significance.

What the Medway is to West Kent the Stour is to East Kent, though in
most respects a very different type of river. From its source near
Ashford to its mouth near Sandwich its characteristics are entirely and
absolutely rural; a quality rather emphasised than otherwise by its
picturesque progress through the famous old town of Canterbury. From
Ashford to Canterbury is the pick of the Stour which makes the best of
company for the traveller, who, whatever his method

[Illustration: THE MEDWAY, AYLESFORD, KENT]

[Illustration]

of progress, must of necessity go with it. The village of Wye,
clustering around its ancient church amid the fields through which the
river runs, is a most prepossessing spot, and calls for notice as having
acquired much deserved reputation of recent years as an active centre of
agricultural science. Still but of modest size and running clear though
slow, the Stour skirts the foot of Godmersham Park and the high hills
that to the northward are clothed with forests still covering many
thousands of acres. By meadowy and woodland ways, hurrying a little here
and there as if to remind one that, unlike the Medway, it is a trout
stream of old renown, the Stour runs onwards to Chilham where a little
village rests on its banks that from an artistic point of view would do
credit to Shakespeare's Avon. Thence by Chartham, with its ancient
church and less engaging paper-mill, the stream pursues an even course
through narrow meadows, washing the lawn of Harton Manor, with its
fourteenth-century chapel in the yard, and the grounds of Milton just
below, with a similar interesting and curious survival attached to them;
while in the woods high above Chartham the "Pilgrims' way" to Canterbury
can still be traced with ease between its well-defined banks.

The Stour has certainly a high distinction in watering the earliest
shrine of English Christianity, and being at its mouth the landing-place
of St. Augustine, the creator of it. It traverses in two channels, made
picturesque either by carefully tended foliage or fortuitous rows of old
houses, the clean and ancient city of Canterbury. The stranger to this
corner of England is apt to forget how comparatively remote and
countrified a place this famous town still is. Such a considerable slice
of West Kent is now involved in the residential districts tributary to
London, and the busy shore of the Thames, the county as a whole is apt
to take the colouring of these prominent and populous districts in the
imagination both of those familiar with them and of others who do not
know Kent at all. The whole course of the Stour from its source to its
mouth is as continuously and genuinely rural, with as little flavour but
that of the soil and its accessories, as any river in Somerset or
Shropshire. It is out of reach of all those influences which either
disfigure at intervals or give an over-prosperous, artificial, and too
decorative touch to so many of the rivers within fifty miles of London.
The old families to be sure, as elsewhere in Kent, have practically
vanished, but there is

[Illustration: THE WEY, ELSTEAD, SURREY]

[Illustration]

little surface evidence of this, nor of a new plutocracy of various
grades with or without acres being in possession. There is nothing, for
instance, of the atmosphere of Surrey or Hertfordshire or North Sussex
or East Berks. All along the Stour it is quite obvious that people are
wholly concerned with wheat and grass, with hops and fruit and cattle.
One is out of range of the season-ticket, and in this sense in more of a
true Arcadia than even in the upper valley of the Medway. And so as
regards Canterbury. With the mind impressed from childhood by its
outstanding ecclesiastical importance, one is apt to forget that it is
only a clean country town, though a large one, lying remote from any
place of importance, and as far from London by rail as Salisbury! Yet
its importance in history is overwhelming, its interest as a place of
pilgrimage in the modern sense prodigious. Its Cathedral, associated
with such a trio as St. Augustine, Lanfranc, and Becket, with several
unique features and possessions, is probably the most complete
illustration of the procession of English ecclesiastical architecture
that we have. There are large sections, too, of the city walls still
standing at a considerable elevation, and on foundations, at any rate,
dating back to Roman times. The finest embattled entrance gate of any
surviving in English towns greets the approaching visitor, and quite a
good display of ancient houses is still preserved in one that takes a
proper pride in itself; though from the vandalism of two or three
generations ago even Canterbury has not escaped. Soon after leaving the
city, the Stour runs out in its easterly course towards the sea through
wide, marshy meadows that are more interesting than picturesque from the
knowledge that they lead to the ancient town of Sandwich, which, like
its younger but more conspicuously striking rival at the mouth of the
Rother, occupies a place to itself, resembling nothing else in England.
As Rye, till the sea receded and left it virtually high and dry, was one
of the chief seaports of England, the object of assault, and the seat of
counter-strokes continually with our hereditary foes, the French, so at
an earlier period was Sandwich the oldest of the Cinque Ports, which was
finally shut off from the sea about four hundred years ago. Sandwich,
though on the flat and not raised high upon a rock, savours even more of
the remote past than Rye, which is a place of business and residence and
still lives and moves in a small way far more within the

[Illustration: THE MEDWAY, MAIDSTONE, KENT]

[Illustration]

world's orbit than the other; for the famous golf links with which
Sandwich has again, in widely different fashion, made its name familiar
throughout England, affect the old town itself but little. A walk now
runs along the old walls within which the beautiful Norman tower of St.
Clement's Church rises above the low roofs. Open spaces and gardens lie
easily about in the little town which, as an unchanged survival from
Tudor or Mediæval times, has no equal in England. Before the Norman
Conquest it was the chief port of the nation. As late as 1446 its
harbour, now dry land, is described by a German ambassador as
"wonderful, the resort of ships of all sizes from all parts of Europe."

By the water-gate at the entrance to the old bridge over the Stour is
the Barbican. But the behaviour of the Stour as it draws towards the sea
under present conditions is the most remarkable; for when within half a
mile of the south end of Pegwell Bay opposite Ramsgate it bends suddenly
southward, runs for 3 or 4 miles parallel with the east coast to
Sandwich, and then doubles back upon the same course to meet the sea at
the spot where its original intention of ending its career seems
obviously to have been. Close to its mouth upon the other side is the
shingle spit of Ebbsfleet, where not merely St. Augustine, but more than
a century earlier Hengist and Horsa, first planted their pagan feet upon
British soil.

On the very banks of the river are the long embankments still strewn
with tiles and pottery, marking the site of the Roman Rutupium, a
station of sufficient importance to be the headquarters of the Second
Legion in the third century, or, in other words, of a garrison of about
8000 men. And in scarcely any part of England has such a mass of coins
been recovered, while on the rising ground the graves of the early Saxon
settlers and invaders lie thick amid the chalk. But the mouth of the
Stour, where the action of the sea alone during the long centuries since
Roman times affords in itself a fascinating subject, is so rich besides
in human memories that I should be in danger of slipping too deeply into
the maritime aspect of English rivers, which I have described as having
no immediate concern with the nature of this book. Still, it must be
admitted, though less with the Kentish than the Sussex rivers, that
their real interests and their physical attractions only begin with the
first breath of the sea.

[Illustration: THE MEDWAY, ROCHESTER]

[Illustration]




CHAPTER VIII

THE YORKSHIRE DALES


The Rivers of Yorkshire present to the writer of these pages much the
same embarrassment of riches and problems of compression on an only
lesser scale than those presented by the general title of this work. One
thing, however, reduces the rather bewildering amplitude of the subject
as expressed upon the map by not a little, and that is the natural
reluctance in a work like this to linger by rivers after they have lost
their purity from the refuse of mines and factories, and most certainly
after they have actually entered the industrial districts. Another thing
which tends to further simplification is that the country generally
known as the "Yorkshire dales," comprising the Upper and most beautiful
portion of the best of the rivers, is the district that is associated in
the minds of most people with the typical river scenery of this great
county. And this region may be roughly described as covering the
north-west quarter of Yorkshire, and including the Upper and cleaner
portions of nearly all its important rivers. From hence come the Tees,
the Swale, the Ure, the Nidd, the Wharfe, and the Ribble, with their
many tributaries. It is a curious fact, too, that with the exception of
the first and last, every one of them takes a south-east course, and
every one eventually pours its waters into the Ouse near the Humber
estuary. The Tees, whose northern bank is Durham territory for nearly
the whole of its course, flows into the North Sea, having its own ample
and busy estuary at Middlesborough. Through the centre of Yorkshire,
running north and south, is the great plain, or by comparison a plain
with which the traveller on the Great Northern railroad to Scotland is
so familiar, and whence thousands of persons no doubt derive their
impressions of this distinguished county. But at intervals any such
traveller with an eye to the country may see rising far away in the east
as on the west, those lofty hills and moors that in the minds of as many
others represent the Yorkshire which their memory turns to. I have
spoken of the north-western highlands, usually known as the Yorkshire

[Illustration: THE TRENT, NOTTINGHAM]

[Illustration]

dales, with their rivers pouring away to the south-east. But before
dealing with them in greater detail, in accordance with the plan of this
chapter and the drift of Mr. Sutton Palmer's skilful brush, I should
like to remind the reader that the greater part of East Yorkshire, from
north to south--from the Tees, that is, to the Humber--also consists of
either moors or chalk wolds. The former, practically filling the
north-east quarter of the county (I leave the three Ridings alone as
they have no physical significance), also gives birth to many streams.
But the Esk alone breaks its way eastward into the North Sea, having its
mouth at Whitby. With the exception of a few trifling brooks all the
other rivers of these north-eastern moors, as well as the few small
streams of the south-eastern wolds, flow south or south-west to find
their way eventually into the Ouse or its estuary the Humber. It is
quite curious how, south of the Esk watershed, practically every brook
turns its back on the neighbouring North Sea. The infant springs of the
Derwent, which eventually carries all the waters of these northern moors
between Thirsk and Scarborough to the Ouse, are situated within 3 or 4
miles of the east coast.

But to return to the dales, which more immediately concern us here, the
Ribble is the only river among them all that breaks away to the west.
Entering Lancashire near Clitheroe, it flows through that county by way
of Preston to Morecambe Bay. It rises in the same block of moors--a
southern extension of that Pennine range known in outline at least so
well to tourists in the Lake Country--as the rest of this group of
Yorkshire rivers, and is quite a good-sized stream when it arrives at
the picturesque little town of Settle, the first place above the size of
a hamlet upon its banks. The limestone crag of Castleberg rises finely
to a height of 300 feet above the town, while at thrice that elevation
in the near neighbourhood is one of those caves whose discovery in
various parts of England excited so much interest early in the last
century. This one, like the rest, has been prolific of mammalian fossils
and Celtic remains. Giggleswick, with its embarrassing name and
well-known grammar school, almost adjoins Settle. Flowing with strong
and rapid current through a vale of verdant pasture land, bounded upon
either side by rolling grouse moors, the Ribble finds fresh beauties
among the woods of Gisburn, the seat of Lord Ribblesdale, and in the yet
more striking gorges beneath Bolton Hall,

[Illustration: THE WHARFE, BOLTON ABBEY, YORKSHIRE]

[Illustration]

the ancient seat of the Pudsays, whose effigies in the parish church
tell a long tale of predominance in this Craven country. The Hall is the
oldest house in the district, and intimately associated with the
wanderings of Henry VI. after his defeat at the battle of Hexham, for
the Pudsay of that day gave the hapless king a safe asylum for some
weeks. The panelled room he occupied is still preserved, and a spring in
the grounds still bears his name. Yet more to the point, a glove, a
boot, and a spoon, relics of his sojourn with them, remained in the
family till they lost Bolton in the middle of the last century, and are
still preserved. A beautifully wooded cliff rising high above the broad
rapids of the Ribble near the house has great local notoriety under the
name of _Pudsay's Leap_. For tradition tells how the owner of Bolton, in
the reign of Elizabeth, had acquired great favour at Court, but having
discovered silver on the estate proceeded to set up a mint of his own,
thereby bringing down upon his head the rough arm of the law. Escaping
on horseback from the sheriff and his party, this greatly daring Pudsay
is said to have baffled pursuit by leaping his horse down this wooded
precipice above the Ribble, and, thence riding to London at incredible
speed, thrown himself at the feet of the Queen, with whom he had been a
favourite. Confessing his crime, he extracted a pardon from a monarch
notoriously exacting where the precious metals were concerned. An old
local ballad celebrates the daring Pudsay's feat:

    Out of the gates himself he flung,
    Ranistire scaur before him lay;
    Now for a leap or I shall be hung,
    Now for a leap quo' bold Pudsay.

As the river sweeps on past Clitheroe, which is just in Lancashire, the
long ridge ending in the uplifted gable end of Pendle Hill, celebrated
of old for its witches, rises finely on the east, and the moors of the
forest of Bowland, or Bolland, are equally conspicuous on the west. The
large tributary of the Hodder, after a beautiful and devious course
through the last-named moors, swells the Ribble considerably below
Clitheroe, whose ruined castle keep, lifted high above the town, strikes
an appropriate note in the centre of a noble scene. The Calder coming
down from Burnley and more tainted sources joins the Ribble on the
opposite bank, and henceforward the latter loses in great measure the
charm of unpolluted waters and a pastoral atmosphere among the gathering
signs of industrial life that mark its course to Preston.

There are many places of interest in the corner where the Ribble,
swelling in volume and altering somewhat in character, leaves Yorkshire
for the County Palatine. The farmhouse of Waddington, where Henry VI.
after spending several months was eventually captured, is still
standing. The ruined abbeys, too, of Shawley and Whalley are both near
Clitheroe. So also is the great Roman Catholic College of Stonyhurst.
And one uses the epithet advisedly, as on the nucleus of a fine Tudor
country-house and a large estate, acquired a century ago, additions have
been made to the buildings by the thrifty Jesuit managers at a cost of
something like £300,000, a figure that might set even the wealthiest of
our public schools agog with envy. Indeed, the banks of the Ribble are
as closely associated with the ancient faith both to-day and yesterday
as any district in England. One is not likely to forget what hopes were
placed by both the first and second Pretender on the gentry of this then
remote part of England, nor what befell them at the ancient town of
Preston, now so expanded and so busy, on the Ribble's banks.

Of the five rivers--for I have omitted mention of the Aire since it is
absorbed so early into the industrial districts of Leeds and
Bradford--which flow down the north-western dales towards the central
plain of Yorkshire and the Humber, the Wharfe is as notable as any. It
is also, next to the Aire, the first to cross the route of any one going
northward and across the grain of the country. It is surprising how soon
all signs of the vast and murky industries of Leeds are shaken off. For
where 8 or 9 miles to the north of it the N.E. railroad crosses the
Wharfe and stays near it for a time, the prospect is one of a broad and
strenuous river sweeping through a noble vale. Spacious and undefiled
woods and homesteads and country houses adorn the slopes, and great
Yorkshire fields of meadow or pasture spread back from the banks
apparently unconscious of the very existence of the prodigious stir and
uproar which beneath vast canopies of murk and smoke is going forward
less than a dozen miles away.

Far away the most celebrated spot upon the Wharfe, and one of the most
visited of the kind perhaps in all England, is Bolton Abbey. To those
who have never seen it the very fact, perhaps, of its propinquity to the
industrial districts, and the familiarity of its name, might suggest a
scene if not actually overrated at any rate so overrun as to impair its
charms. The first is certainly not the case; and as regards the second,
though thousands

[Illustration: THE WHARFE, THE STRID, YORKSHIRE]

[Illustration]

in all come here every summer, there are probably more summer days than
not in which, owing to the space covered by the grounds and their
variety, you could enjoy them in your own company to practically any
extent you chose. Bolton Abbey as a place of pilgrimage consists of the
ruins themselves and the deep valley for two or three miles up, down
which the Wharfe pursues its rapid rocky course beneath hanging woods of
great beauty. Art, to be sure, has to some extent stepped in and cared
for the luxuriant timber as it would be cared for in a park or private
grounds, which indeed these actually are, though the Duke of
Devonshire's residence here is only a glorified shooting-box and used as
such. Paths have been cut high up through the woods for the better
displaying of the river as it surges far below with all the restless
humours of a northern trout stream, while above the woods the high
moors, purple in August with abundant heather, raise their rounded
crests. At the Upper extremity of the demesne 2-1/2 miles from the Abbey
ruins which stands on the banks of the river at the lower entrance to
it, the latter contracts into that singular gut or flume known as the
Stridd. Every one upon familiar terms with rivers of this type knows
many such spots where the waters are forced through a narrow channel
between walls of rock. That the Wharfe just here has to submit to these
conditions in a pronounced degree is fortunate, since it exhibits to
countless souls whose ways do not lead them by the secluded banks of
mountain rivers, a very fine instance of a not uncommon but always
beautiful characteristic of their nature. The artist here renders
superfluous any verbal description of this beautiful and boisterous
portion of the Wharfe, and the same remark applies to the glorious reach
above in which Barden Tower will be seen perched among its woods high
above the fretting stream amid the grand sweep of the surrounding moors.

Barden Tower is a building of no ordinary personal interest. Originally
one of the peel-towers erected in the Middle Ages for the keepers of
Barden forest under the Cliffords of the North, it became at the close
of the Wars of the Roses the residence of that Henry Lord Clifford whose
romantic story every one who knows their Lake Country or their
Wordsworth is familiar with. Son of the fierce and formidable Black
Clifford, whose life and property the Yorkists deprived him of on the
first opportunity, he was sent for safety as a child to a shepherd in
the Keswick country, in whose family, and in all respects as one of
them, he grew to man's estate. When with the advent of Henry VII. the
Clifford estates, including Skipton and Barden, were restored, their
owner was nearly thirty, with the life and uprearing of a peasant as the
sole equipment for his new and high position. But heredity counted for
much in this case, though curiously enough it took the form of peaceful
rather than warlike enterprises. Social instincts, too, seemed to have
been effectually stamped out upon the lonely skirts of Saddleback and
Skiddaw. For the "Shepherd lord" improved the peel-tower above the
Wharfe into a sufficient residence for his doubtless modest estimate of
comfort and dignity, and there seems to have lead a life of retirement
for the next forty years, cultivating astronomy and the sciences. When
called to action, however, he was not wanting in ability and common
sense, and at sixty years of age had marched with the Yorkshiremen who
formed such an important element in Surrey's victorious army at Flodden.

He married twice, and his descendant Anne, Countess of Pembroke, who, by
an extraordinary succession of deaths, was left sole heiress of the
Clifford estates in the time of the Commonwealth, was a lady of enormous
strength of character. For when over sixty she returned to the north,
and in spite of Cromwell's protests, restored all her dilapidated
castles from Brougham by Keswick to this of Barden on the Wharfe, in
order that the sun of her race, for she had no heir, might set at least
in splendour. She took her seat, against all precedent and much
opposition, as High Sheriff of Westmoreland (a Clifford inheritance),
and sat upon the Bench between the judges of assize and did many other
racy and forcible things which we cannot tell of here.

The ruins of the Abbey, lifted on a gentle elevation about a hundred
yards from the rapid amber streams of the Wharfe, possess every charm of
situation that one would wish for in a relic of the great days of
ecclesiastical predominance with all its powers for good and evil, its
scorn of concentration in crowded haunts, its eye for the beautiful and
the remote, and for romantic streams where toothsome fish abound.

Bolton Hall, the Duke's residence, and the ancient Rectory lying upon
the same green meadow with venerable timber all about, and the stir and
glitter of the moorland waters in their wide bed,

[Illustration: THE WHARFE, BARDEN TOWER, YORKSHIRE]

[Illustration]

make for a peace that in the many intervals when the groups of tourists
have gone on their way is as profound as one would ask for, and
throughout the six months of the year one may feel sure is practically
unbroken.

The Abbey, or, literally, Priory church and buildings, were begun in
1154 by a fraternity of the order of St. Augustine, under the endowment
of one William de Meschines, a Saxon by blood, and his Norman wife
Cecilia. The church was cruciform in shape, and is now all ruinous but
the nave which does duty as the parish church. It is more lofty than
common, and in the main Early English with some Decorated windows. But
an interesting feature is the west tower, whose completion, like that of
so many others, was prevented by the cataclysm of the Dissolution. It is
rather melancholy that a general ardour for further building in the
stateliest Perpendicular style should seem to have broken out just
before the shattering blow fell and left all over England so many
pathetic instances of incompleted work. Here in Bolton it is held by
those most intimate with its story that divine service has been
performed without any intermission since the foundation of the Abbey.
The nave was spared, it is said, at the dissolution of the House in
1539 for a parish church in consideration of the building having been
the site of an early Saxon chapel. There was at one time the usual
central tower. But as the ruinous choir and one transept now shows a
Decorated upper part and Norman base, it seems likely that the original
tower, like so many others, crashed down carrying ruin with it. The
Canons' stalls on each side of the choir under intersecting Norman
arches still remain, and as many on each side nearer the High Altar,
also under arches of the same period. The remains may be seen, too, of a
chantry opening into the south side of the choir through a highly
ornamental archway. This was the burial-place of the Cliffords of the
North, though it seems to have been ravaged of their remains.

The next valley going northward to the Wharfe is that of the Nidd--and
on a high plateau between these two rivers and not far from the latter
one, stands the great watering-place of Harrogate. Though possessing
none of the immediate beauty of outlook and environment enjoyed by
Buxton, Malvern, or Llandrindod, it has in addition to its invaluable
waters an atmosphere scarcely equalled in the kingdom for its
stimulating qualities. This is worthy of mention, as for any one
inclined to explore the Yorkshire dales in a general way, Harrogate is
a most admirable centre. Railways carry you from thence in a short time,
and upon special terms to practically all of them, leaving a long day to
be spent in the investigation of their beauties by any method that the
visitor may choose.

The Nidd is smaller than the other rivers. Its best-known point, partly
no doubt because it is near and accessible, is Knaresborough, a quaint
and clean old town which rises steeply in tiers and terraces above the
river bed, crowned by the ruins of a great castle which perches with
fine effect upon the summit of a lofty cliff that drops almost sheer
into the stream. Held back by a mill the naturally impetuous Nidd runs
in a deep and slow channel beneath the town. On its farther shore thick
woods fringe the water, and a lofty viaduct, not always an object of
beauty but here extremely effective, spans what may in this case be
fairly called the chasm. In these fringing woods are some curious
dripping crags which fossilize every article submitted to their
influence. Within them, too, there is a cave associated with the
celebrated Mother Shipton, and all conscientious pilgrims to
Knaresborough are ferried over the river and pay their respects to
these local deities, the more encouraged, no doubt, to such adventure by
the delightful woodland walk thereby entailed. The guide-books call
Knaresborough the "Switzerland of Yorkshire." It is difficult to imagine
for what reason unless it be that the town is essentially of the old
Yorkshire type, and that the castle is particularly characteristic of
the mediæval English fortress that was concerned with Scottish or Welsh
Border wars. It belonged in its day to many famous people, Hubert de
Burgh, Piers Gaveston, and John of Gaunt among them. But of chief
interest, perhaps, it was the refuge of the four knights who slew Thomas
à Becket. In later times, during the Civil War it stood a siege for the
King against the troops of Fairfax fresh from the victory of Marston
Moor, surrendering with honour. There is a fine church, too, containing
some interesting tombs and effigies of the now extinct Slingsby family,
who were prominent here for many centuries. Some of my readers will
remember the sensation caused throughout England, just forty years ago,
by the drowning of the last baronet and many companions as in the course
of a day's hunting they were capsized while crossing the river on a
ferry-boat.

[Illustration: THE NIDD, KNARESBOROUGH, YORKSHIRE]

[Illustration]

The Nidd, though of much shorter course, runs down exactly parallel with
the Wharfe, one lofty wall of moors alone dividing them. A single-track
railroad runs high up the dale by the river-side to Pateley Bridge, and
is one of those instances alluded to in a former chapter that afford
frequent and charming views of what in this case is a fascinating and
wayward little moorland river, playing hide-and-seek among the meadows
and alders. The vale here is narrow, the hills on both sides steep
woodland or pasture-field to near their summits, where the outer rim of
the heathery moorlands falls down over the nearer ridge.

Pateley Bridge is a dark and sombre little town of miners and quarrymen,
but all around is beautiful. Upon the opposite or west bank of the
stream thick woods climb far up the hillsides, terminating in a line of
cliffs along whose brows the heathery edge of the moorland mantles. A
light railway, for serving more than one reservoir now in making amid
the moors, runs up to the head-waters of the Nidd, and is of further
assistance to the explorer of this fine country. Not far above Pateley
Bridge the Nidd disappears into an artificial lake some two miles long
which quite fills the narrow valley, and one learns with surprise that
this is merely compensation water for a much larger reservoir that the
Corporation of Bradford are in process of forming some miles higher up
for their actual supply. One gets up here into a wild and lonely
country. A reasonable day's walk across the high wall of moors to the
north or to the south would bring the traveller into Uredale or
Wharfedale respectively. But there is one considerable drawback to hill
walking in much of Yorkshire, for the grouse moors carry such a heavy
stock of birds, and are so valuable, that they are regarded almost as
sacred against the disturbing intruder as pheasant coverts, and are
constantly watched by keepers on this account.

The trees that most flourish in the woods, which clothe the slopes of
the lower hills in all these Yorkshire dales, till, with the shrinking
stream the country gets too high for any wealth of them, are the ash,
the sycamore, and the wych, or, as sometimes called, the "Scotch" elm.
Firs are effectively mingled with the others, but one sees less of the
stiff purely fir plantation looking down upon the Yorkshire rivers, than
in similar situations in Northumberland and Scotland. The hedges, too,
till you get right up into a stone wall country, have none of the
meagreness of those north of the Tyne, nor yet the prim trimness to
which the practical Scotsman reduces them, but they luxuriate here amid
the grass fields with almost the picturesque redundancy of the Midlands
and the south. The Nidd not far from Harrogate passes Ripley, chiefly
distinguished for the castle of the Ingilbys, a family seated there for
centuries, and whose chatelaine in the Civil War treated Cromwell, while
sheltering within it after Marston Moor, with a frigidity before which
even that man of iron is said to have quailed. Farther down the Nidd
runs into the Ouse, a few miles above York; and the Ouse is first formed
not very far again above this junction by the Ure and Swale, which are
the next two dales in the order mentioned, as we move still northward.

The Ure is quite a generous as well as a rapid stream, and requires
bridges of many arches to span it successfully. The little cathedral
city of Ripon is, of course, its presiding genius; a pleasant old
market-town of agricultural, clerical, and residential habit. It
manufactures nothing now of moment, though once upon a time it turned
out spurs by the thousand, known as Ripon rowels, which were in great
request among the Border prickers. The "Wakeman's horn" is still blown
at nine o'clock in the evening, a curious old custom among others that
are still cherished in a place which, like Richmond and Knaresborough,
looks an appropriate storehouse for such ancient survivals.

The Cathedral, though not among the most interesting, has many striking
characteristics, both historical and architectural. In the first sense,
it is memorable as virtually the foundation of one of the greatest of
northern ecclesiastics during the Saxon periods, namely, St. Wilfrid,
Bishop of Lindisfarne and Hexham, and for a time of York, but always
with a second home at his monastery of Ripon, where his dust lies; a man
of character, of varied and strenuous life, and of deathless fame from
Yorkshire to the Tweed. Upon, or near the site of Wilfrid's foundation,
the present structure was begun in the twelfth century. Like many others
of the great northern churches, it was burned by the Scots: in this
case, during the misfortunes to the English arms following the death of
Edward the First and the battle of Bannockburn. Only partially injured,
as was usual with such massive buildings, the central tower was rebuilt
in the next century, and in two more the almost inevitable, in the case
of mediæval

[Illustration: THE URE, NEAR RIPON, YORKSHIRE]

[Illustration]

churches, happened, and the wooden spire of the tower crashed down and
destroyed the roof of the Choir. This so alarmed the authorities that
they removed the spires which then stood upon the two western towers. I
must not linger over the details of a cathedral here; but, in accordance
with an inclination throughout these pages, to say what little space
admits to be said of the less written of, and less hackneyed subjects
that confront us, I may pause to note that the West Front of Ripon, with
its severe but compact Early English windows, doorways, and arcading, is
the chief pride of the Cathedral. Archbishop Roger's Norman Nave was
supplanted by the present one in the Perpendicular period, but some of
his work, in the shape of three bays, may still be seen on the north
side of the Choir, which portion was not ruined by the fall of the
central tower after the Scottish burning. The rest of the Choir is
Perpendicular and Decorated, suggestive of the period following the
fiercest blaze of Anglo-Scottish hostility. Thus, as in most of our
northern churches, the varied styles do not merely proclaim the
procession--one must not say the progress--of the builder's art but tell
the story of domestic strife. The Chapter-house and Vestry supported by
a Crypt, however, are mainly Norman, and supposed to be of anterior
date even to Archbishop Roger's Church. Below the Nave is the most
singular thing in the whole church--a small Crypt of probably
seventh-century work, resembling that one beneath Wilfrid's other church
at Hexham, except that the latter is obviously made of stone taken from
Roman buildings. In both places they were probably used for the
exhibition of relics. Ripon is one of the smaller cathedrals, and also
rather encompassed by buildings, but being slightly elevated it makes a
fine picture from any point in the country round, standing well up above
the rest of the peaceful little town--particularly when the foreground
is occupied by the rapid streams of the Ure which are here of no mean
breadth.

Though not actually on the Ure but on its little tributary the Skell,
whose waters have been made to contribute so vastly to its adornment,
stands the most magnificent ecclesiastical ruin in England. If the Abbey
Church of Fountains, still roof high and the length of Ripon Cathedral,
with the mass of monastic buildings which in various stages of arrested
decay still surround it, has rivals, its beautiful environment and the
unique approach to it would dispose, I think, of their claims. Studley
Royal, the Marquis of Ripon's seat, is two miles from Ripon, and it is
through a couple more of park, laid out in the eighteenth century in
lavish arrangement of lake, lawn, walk, and woodland, that the visitor,
who for a shilling is free of practically the whole, approaches the
glorious remains of the great Cistercian house. There is not here, to be
sure, the wild natural beauty of Bolton, or Tintern; but it is landscape
gardening on such a prodigious scale, and so cunningly contrived, that
the picture of the vast and glorious fabric to which it leads bursts on
the visitor without warning in such fashion as to convey an irresistible
impression, whatever one's experiences may have been, that there is
nothing equal to it in England. This indeed is, I believe, the generally
accepted verdict.

For many miles above Ripon, the lower part in fact of the famous Wensley
dale, the Ure, sparkling often over broad shingly flats, runs through
but a slightly depressed fertile valley--the back-lying moors not as yet
pressing into prominent notice. Some half-dozen miles up the dale the
old Church and ruined Tower of Tanfield stand by the river bank. The
Tower and Gate House represent what is left of the ancient seat of the
Marmions, and the Church contains many of their tombs. Scott has thrown
such a halo round the name that, though we know out of his own mouth
that the grim and haughty warrior who fell at Flodden was the creation
purely of his own brain, I could tell of a true Marmion who, under a vow
to carry a fair lady's guerdon where danger was thickest, rode alone and
in cold blood beneath the walls of Norham Castle against a whole
squadron of Scottish horse, and was rescued alive by sheer good luck.
Three miles higher up is the extremely picturesque little town of
Masham, its old stone houses standing since times remote around the four
sides of a great square, and flanked by a fine church in which are the
monuments of Danby's former lords, and an extremely fine recumbent
alabaster effigy of Sir Thomas Wyvern, whose mother was a Scrope, which
historic family also once owned the manor. In the churchyard my eye fell
accidentally on two adjoining headstones. The one was "To the memory of
Christopher Craggs of Gilling-by-the-foot," the other to that of "Robert
Ayscough of Grimes Hall," and both ear and instinct seemed to provoke
the irrepressible reflection that nowhere outside Yorkshire could such a
sturdy harsh collection of names appear in combination. Four miles from
Masham, too, is another famous abbey, that

[Illustration: THE URE, AYSGARTH FORCE, YORKSHIRE]

of Jervaulx, to whose monks at one time this church and town belonged.

Wensley dale drags its beauteous length for many a long mile upward,
noted for its cheeses, its cobby horses, and its peculiar breed of
sheep; while, as only natural, so great a dairy country takes infinite
pride in its cattle. The grass land is of the finest quality, the farms
trim-looking, prosperous and well cared for. Middleham with its castle
sits upon the stream. Bolton Castle is near by, where Mary, Queen of
Scots, spent the first and pleasantest period of her confinement after
leaving Carlisle, and made every young gallant in the neighbourhood her
slave for life. At Bolton, too, a great square pile, the Scropes had
flourished since the days of that Archbishop who shook the throne of the
fourth Henry, and lost his head for it. Aysgarth Force--the latter word
of Norse origin and the equivalent in North Yorkshire and Durham for
waterfall--is the most conspicuous physical feature of the Ure, and with
its peaty waters is most happily portrayed on these pages by Mr. Sutton
Palmer. Far away in the high moors the Ure rises in a deep crevice of a
bog appropriately named Hell gill. Camden alludes to its source as in "a
dreary waste and horrid silent wilderness where goats, deer, and stags
of extraordinary size find a secure retreat." Nor has the region altered
much since Camden wrote save in the nature of its feræ. If England has
changed generally to such an extent that a mediæval monk of agricultural
bent would not recognise it in those moors and mountains at least which
we so rejoice in, and that the men of old not reared in them so hated,
we may still see the landscape almost as they saw it in every detail.

It is worth noting that the traveller journeying by train from Leeds to
Darlington crosses all of the rivers that water four out of the six West
Yorkshire dales, and at almost equal interludes, namely, the Wharfe, the
Nidd, the Ure, and the Swale; while the main line of the Great Northern
and North Eastern only crosses the Ouse, which is bearing, however, the
combined waters of all these tributary rivers seaward. Of these the last
and the most northerly, the Swale, is claimed by those who live upon it
to be the most consistently rapid. As the pace of all these Yorkshire
rivers is sufficient to give them all the qualities and the beauty of
mountain-born streams, such hair-splitting is of small interest. But the
Swale can claim, at any rate, the most romantically situated and most
picturesque old

[Illustration: THE SWALE, RICHMOND, YORKSHIRE]

[Illustration]

town in Yorkshire, for Richmond might fairly be called a glorified
Knaresborough. It stands just within the hill country looking westward
over a sea of waving moorland interspersed with the contrasting
luxuriance of old abiding places. The town climbs up a long slope
crowned in turn by the massive Norman keep of the castle whose precincts
cover a broad plateau, while its curtain walls hang over the brink of a
rocky precipice, beneath which the Swale urges its clear impetuous
streams round a partial circuit of the town. Richmond is the centre of
an ancient district, once known and still often referred to as
"Richmondshire," a division of Northumbria, later on, with its two
hundred manors, termed "The Honour of Richmond." A marked historical
peculiarity of this district is that from the Norman Conquest till the
time of Henry VII. it was a fief of the Dukes of Brittany, who included
the Earldom of Richmond in their titles. On this account Richmond became
occasionally a fief of the King of France, not breaking with this
curious foreign ownership till the Tudor period, when France and
Brittany were united. This overlordship, however, so far as the life of
the district was concerned, is a matter of purely academic interest.
Many people will no doubt be surprised to learn that the nowadays more
conspicuous Richmond on the Thames took its name while a hamlet from the
Yorkshire town. While to turn to comparative but familiar trifles the
well-known eighteenth-century song, "The Lass of Richmond Hill," does
not refer to a suburban maiden but to Frances l'Anson, the daughter of a
rich London solicitor who had estates in Yorkshire and for a country
residence "Hill House," still standing on high ground above the town.
The author was a barrister, one Leonard Mac Nally, who subsequently in
1787 married the subject of his impassioned ode, and the song was first
sung at Vauxhall. It is worth noting too, perhaps, that Byron's wife,
Miss Milbanke, a yet more famous beauty, came also from the Hill House
at Richmond.

The town is the centre of a great agricultural and pastoral district.
Market-day in its spacious, old-fashioned market-place, on the high
slope of the town, is an animated spectacle. Purveyors from the
manufacturing districts, which, though left now a long way behind us in
actual distance, are comparatively near by rail, throng here to purchase
supplies. It is a country of small and moderate-sized farmers, all of
whom, however, are of sufficient substance to

[Illustration: THE SWALE, RICHMOND, YORKSHIRE]

[Illustration]

keep a trap of some kind, and in no market-town in any part of England
within my experience, which is pretty considerable, have I ever seen
such long arrays of unhorsed vehicles awaiting the termination of their
owner's business transaction or his social obligations. This is the most
characteristic and spacious part of Richmond, and the stone houses of
commerce which border it have an unmistakable flavour of antiquity in
spite of the touching up and re-fronting which is inevitable to even a
rural market-town not prepared to accept commercial and physical decay.
On one side of the market-place is the ancient Church of the Trinity,
between the tower and body of which an entire house and shop intervene,
while the Gallery which adorns the interior rests upon more shops. The
Curfew Bell is rung in this, which was probably the old parish church,
both morning and evening, the situation of the house of the town-crier
being so conveniently situated that he is said to be able to ring the
morning bell from his bed, an advantage of incalculable significance.
The parish church, however, stands near the foot of the hill, restored
beyond the bounds of any great surviving interest. There is an old
grammar school, too, with some new buildings erected in honour of a
famous headmaster who flourished near a century ago, Dr. Tate, Canon of
St. Paul's, whose scholarship and personality made his name and his
school famous throughout the north, and keeps his memory yet green. Most
interesting of Richmond's ecclesiastical monuments, however, is the fine
Perpendicular tower that alone remains of its monastery of the Grey
Friars. It was only just finished at the Dissolution, and is
pathetically suggestive of the Litchfield tower at Evesham, and one or
two other unconsciously expiring efforts of pious Abbots.

But the castle is, of course, the most interesting spot in Richmond, to
a stranger at any rate, for the beautiful views, above all from the top
of the keep over 100 feet high, which it affords of this moorland
country on the one side and the fatter central vale of Mowbray on the
other; and again away beyond this to the Cleveland Hills, and the high
country on the north-east of the county, while on a clear day the towers
of York Minster are distinctly visible. Up the valley of the Swale down
which the surging waters of the river, after stormy weather, gleam in
their green meadowy trough beneath the folding hills, the outlook hence
is indeed a very memorable one. The high castle-yard

[Illustration: THE SWALE, RICHMOND, YORKSHIRE]

[Illustration]

covers five acres, and though in partial use by the depôt of the
Yorkshire regiment as sergeants' quarters, is quiet and spacious enough
and partly surrounded by the remains, in various stages of ruin, of ward
rooms, chapels, state rooms, kitchens, and the curtain-walls of this
once great and proudly placed fortress. Here again the artist will give
a better notion of the distinction of Richmond, its fine pose above the
river with the old bridge as a foreground, than any amount of
description. But there are many old tortuous by-streets and wynds on the
steep slopes of Richmond well worth exploring. And as "Brave Pudsay"
made a famous leap from the top of a cliff into or over the Ribble, so
here one Williance has likewise immortalised himself and given his name
to a height above the Swale outside the town. This leap was almost
contemporary with that of Pudsay, and some special providence indeed
must have watched over these redoubtable Elizabethans. But Williance's
performance was not prompted by the pursuing peril of a sheriff's posse,
but by a runaway horse at a hunting party. The hero himself was a
successful trader of Ripon, and, as indicated above, his horse bolted in
a fog and leaped from the top of Whitecliff scaur, falling on a ledge
100 feet below and thence toppling over another precipice of similar
height. The horse was killed, but the rider, marvellous to relate,
escaped with a broken leg. Getting out his hunting-knife he ripped open
the dead animal's belly and put the injured limb inside it to keep the
cold out till help arrived. This hardy and resourceful person saved his
life at any rate, but not his leg, which was amputated. In gratitude for
his miraculous escape he set up three stones upon the spot, inscribing
them with his thanks to the Almighty. He buried his leg in the
churchyard, and ten years later was himself laid beside it as Alderman
of Richmond, a man of note and substance, as his will shows; and a piece
of plate bequeathed to the Corporation is still in their possession.

Nothing need be said, or rather nothing can be said, here of the upper
course of the Swale growing wilder as it approaches its romantic source
upon the borders of Westmoreland in the clefts of the Pennine range
above Kirby Stephen. A mile or more down the river from Richmond, set
upon the edge of the stream, whose amber waters here as everywhere fret
and foam beside them, stand the still ample ruins of Easby Abbey.
Founded in 1152, it was richly endowed by the Scropes, many

[Illustration: THE SWALE, EASBY ABBEY, YORKSHIRE]

[Illustration]

of whom lie here in untraceable graves. It was occupied by Canons of the
Præmonstratentian Order. The entrance gateway is still practically
perfect, and throughout the buildings there are evidences of
considerable magnificence: fine window tracery, groined arches, and the
walls of one room of the monastery over 100 feet long, still in good
preservation. Large portions of the Guesting hall, the Frater house, and
the Chapter-house are standing. The mass, as a whole, makes a most
imposing picture in this scene of quiet peace beside the babbling river.

To say that one Yorkshire dale is like another would be a poor way of
expressing the fact that all are beautiful to those over whom moorlands
and solitude cast their spell--the present writer, as no doubt will have
been gathered from these pages, belonging very much to that particular
following. So with the reader's leave we will conclude this chapter on
Yorkshire rivers with a few words about the most northerly, and in some
ways the most distinguished of all of them, to wit, the Tees. However
much moderns may carp at Sir Walter Scott's free-flowing verse, he
struck the note that flings the glamour of action and romance over
natural scenery in a way that no other British poet of recent times has
approached. Comparison, though, is of course absurd. It is easy enough
to pick to pieces, under the canons of poetic art, Scott's simple
stirring rhyme and his pages of sustained cadence. Swinburne was
undoubtedly a greater poet. Swinburne, too, was a Northumbrian of
Northumbrians by birth, and has written several much-admired poems on
the Borderland of his fathers, but the poet lived for choice in Putney.
Genius though Swinburne was, it is not in the least likely that his
verse will in any way contribute to the greater glory of Rede or
Tyne--nor in his case because it lacks lucidity, cadence, or vigour, or
is in the least obscure. Perhaps as a rough basis for deductions that we
are not concerned with, and which, after all, are dependent on varying
temperaments, one may remark that it is impossible to conceive Walter
Scott living in a London suburb! The personality of the man is so
absolutely in harmony with the atmosphere through which his stirring
verses move. That atmosphere is essentially of the North--not the North
of an August holiday as interpreted by some minor poet of "precious"
utterance, who probably despises Scott, but a rugged all-the-year-round
North, rejoiced in by a son of the soil with a mind imaginative,

[Illustration: High Force, Tees, Yorkshire]

[Illustration]

robust, and racy. Here was a genius that baffles all the latter-day
critics who, with easy logic, pulverise the hopelessly lucid and
deplorably musical measures of _Marmion_ or the _Lady of the Lake_. They
have much within them, no doubt, but not the root of the matter to which
Scott appeals, and it is their misfortune. They could not see the Tweed,
the Tees, or a northern dale through the glasses in which Scott beheld
them to save their lives. The sense is denied them, withered possibly in
the attenuated atmosphere of a hot-house civilization. Whether the
appeal of Scott can be called popular in the ordinary meaning, I doubt;
but there are thousands of persons even yet to whom the sense is not
denied, and to whom a landscape or a noble sweep of river valley is not
merely a subject for a painter's brush or for a sonnet, but something
infinitely more. A sense of the past would inadequately perhaps
represent the quality of the missing ingredient, and one, much more
often implanted than cultivated in the human breast, which those denied
it cannot distinguish from what appears to them a merely tiresome taste
for history or archæology, but is in fact a deep emotion. Scott, of
course, had it prodigiously, and his appeal is made to those who,
without his gifts, share in this particular his temperament. To such at
least he is infinitely and always stimulating. He is absolutely the
right man in the right place. If his verse has the demerit of being
lucid and musical, he is not assuming to interpret Nature, to suggest
problems, or to pronounce conundrums. Your mood wants none of the two
last, and may have its own conceptions of the first. But Scott is
playing, as it were, a fine melody in harmony with the streams, the
mountains, and the woods, and you feel that the musician is a master of
his subject. The music may not be classical, but somehow it makes every
subject that it touches classic. The Upper Tees has been thus illumined.
_Rokeby_, to be sure, is not so inspiring a lay as _Marmion_, nor so
familiar. But it has at least made the Tees classic ground. The songs,
no doubt, are forgotten. Two or three generations have passed away since
young ladies sang in drawing-rooms of how "Brignall woods were fresh and
fair and Greta woods were green," and that they would "rather rove with
Edmund there than reign an English Queen," and were succeeded at the
piano by young gentlemen with melting tenors who replied with:

    O Lady, twine no wreath for me,
    Or twine it of the Cypress tree.

These were but the culled flowers of the lay which in six cantos
achieved a wide popularity and took Scott sixteen months to write. For
myself, I turn to the Tees with a touch of personal sentiment that in my
case the other Yorkshire streams do not arouse--for the simple but
sufficient reason that it was my privilege in youth, and with the
glamour of _Rokeby_ fresher, alas! than now, to follow the river more
than once to its fountain-head, and to spend more than one night in
rough quarters amid the dalesmen within sound of the thunder of Cauldron
Snout.

The Tees rises under Crossfell, that monarch of the Pennine range whose
rounded summit contrasts so painfully with the rugged crests of the Lake
mountains, whose altitude it emulates beyond the Eden. But for the whole
10 miles of its course, before it makes the fine though broken plunge of
200 feet at Cauldron Snout, its surroundings are wild indeed--a waste of
rolling moors and of black bogs carrying great stocks of grouse; while
below Cauldron, in the partially tamed treeless valley spreading
downwards to High Force, are specks of whitewashed houses flecking here
and there the bare stone-wall country. As the Tees approaches the cliff
at the Cauldron, it lingers for a long distance in a most unnaturally
sluggish deep, black and gloomy in appearance from the peaty water and
known as the Weald, or Wheale. Great trout, in contrast to the little
fellows in the rapid streams below the falls, were supposed to lurk
here, and expectancy, when a wind curled its surly surface, accompanied
the alighting cast--with but slight justification, if memory serves me
right. Some of the highest fells in Yorkshire are about us here,
Micklefell reaching the altitude of 2600 feet. Below the falls the Maze
beck runs in, of importance merely as dividing the counties of
Westmoreland and Yorkshire, and, as the east bank of the Tees is in
Durham, creating a point where three counties meet. An extremely
probable incident used to be told of a sportsman who had flushed some
grouse or partridges in Durham, having dropped his right bird in
Westmoreland and his left in Yorkshire.

From Cauldron Snout to the great falls of the Tees at High Force is
about 6 miles, and the bed of the river is thickly obstructed for much
of the way by the roundest and most slippery boulders I have ever
encountered in any mountain river, the brown water slipping in a
thousand obscure runlets between them.

[Illustration: THE TEES, COTHERSTONE, YORKSHIRE]

[Illustration]

The whitewash which has always marked the Duke of Cleveland's buildings
is distinctly effective on the wide treeless waste, while some fine
crags known as Falcon Clints follow its course and overlook the Tees on
the Yorkshire side. High Force is fortunately depicted on these pages
more effectively than words could serve such a purpose. Cauldron Snout
is, I think, the highest cataract in England with any volume of water,
and High Force is certainly the finest one on a good-sized river, no
slight vaunt for a single stream within the space of half a dozen miles.
A good deal has been done in the way of ornamental planting around High
Force, while a hotel, once a shooting-box of the Duke of Cleveland, has
stood here ever since I can remember.

One is now getting into the _Rokeby_ country, for a few miles down is
Middleton, a large village and the chief centre of Upper Teesdale.
Looming on the west are the wild highlands of Lune and Stainmore
forests. To the east are more wilds that lead over to the Wear valley at
St. John's and Stanhope, while near Middleton comes in the "silver Lune
from Stainmore wild." The Tees grows apace in volume, and at Barnard
Castle both the famous fortress and the fast-swelling river contribute
to the measure and quality of the striking picture they together make.
The castle stands on the Durham bank of the Tees and derives its name
from its Scottish founder, Barnard Balliol. Like every other northern
fortress, particularly as one on the wrong side of the river, it had its
troubles in the long Scottish wars and raids. The county of Durham, the
fat palatinate of an always mighty bishop, was struck at by every
generation of Scottish raiders that broke through the Northumbrian
marches. Like many other castles in this country, too, it was brought to
Richard III. by his wife Anne Neville. The visitor may still climb the
tower with Scott's Warder and survey the beauteous scene with, no doubt,
a far greater measure of appreciation than any felt by that romantic
figure.

    Where Tees full many a fathom low
    Wears with his rage no common foe,
    Nor pebbly bank, nor sand-bed here,
    Nor clay mound checks his fierce career.
    Condemned to mine a channell'd way
    O'er solid sheets of marble grey.

This applies to the course of the river a little below Barnard Castle,
where the hard limestone is freely mixed with marble and gives a fine
blend of colouring to the bed of the river.

[Illustration: THE TEES, BARNARD CASTLE, DURHAM]

[Illustration]

From this same castle tower, too, in the words of Scott:

    Nor Tees alone in dawning bright
    Shall rush upon the ravished sight,
    But many a tributary stream
    Each from its own dark dell shall gleam.

But the Greta, on whose banks Rokeby, as well as the fortified
manor-house of Mortham, still in good repair, are situated, comes in
just below Barnard Castle; a lovely stream roaring between rocky
terraces, sweeping the base of limestone cliffs and burrowing in the
dark shadow of luxuriant woods. The beautiful grounds of Rokeby which
include the Greta are much, I think, as they were when Scott stayed here
with his friend Mr. Morritt the owner.

There has always seemed to me a suggestion of bathos in associating the
scene of Rokeby and Greta banks with _Nicholas Nickleby_ and the hideous
but world-famous picture of Dotheboys Hall. But the great old bare
posting-house at Greta Bridge, where Dickens stayed, is still standing
and much furbished up as the "Morritt Arms." There seems no doubt that
this Arcadian corner of Yorkshire had a justifiably evil reputation for
institutions of the kind. In a letter written from here by Dickens to
his wife but eight years after _Rokeby_ was published, he describes with
some humour having actually travelled up on the coach with the
proprietress of one of them who gradually drank herself into a state of
happy insensibility. One would fain, I think, associate the Tees with
the flavour of _Rokeby_ rather than of Dotheboys Hall, with Bertram
rather than with Squeers! A spot more profoundly out of touch with a
Dickens atmosphere it would be difficult to find in all England. The
ruins of Eggleston Abbey are here too on the banks of Tees, and the
remains of a Roman station at Greta Bridge. These upper reaches by no
means exhaust either the beauty or the interest of the Tees, but
henceforth the scenery becomes lower and less inspiring, and the high
romance fades as the river pursues a more conventional course towards
the busy town of Darlington.

[Illustration: THE STOUR, BERGHOLT, SUFFOLK]

[Illustration]

[Illustration: THE OUSE, NEAR ST. IVES, HUNTINGDONSHIRE]

[Illustration]




CHAPTER IX

AN EAST ANGLIAN RIVER


The Ouse may fairly be called the most characteristic of East Anglian
rivers, as it is unquestionably the most important of them. For in its
higher reaches it has all of such sober charms as the leisurely streams
of the east may boast of, while in its lower ones it loses itself in the
great artificial canal-like arteries by which it drains the fen country.
It rises near Brackley in Northamptonshire, begins to assert itself as
it passes the town of Buckingham, and by the time it reaches Olney, of
name familiar as the home of the poet Cowper, is large enough to be a
prominent note in the landscape. A dozen times, within as many recent
years, it so happens I have come down the hill into Olney from the north
and have learned to hail as a welcome relief to a not very stimulating
20 miles of Midland highway, the pleasing view which the Ouse here
discloses on a sunshiny day, spreading its bright coil down the valley
below to where in fine isolation the great parish church stands beside
its banks. The Ouse, from its source to its mouth, is at least
distinguished for the character and variety of the ancient towns it
washes. Olney, a quiet typical little old-world country town, of a
single street, has lately asserted its position so vigorously as the
shrine of Cowper that the world which had begun to forget the fact is
not likely, with its new passion for tardy justice to inadequately
honoured celebrities, to forget it again. From Olney to Bedford, some
dozen miles, is perhaps the prettiest stage of the Ouse. At the
delectable and ornate village of Turvey there is a fine whirling
mill-pool, and through the meadows beyond and particularly about
Bromham, there is some very charming river scenery of the willow, the
mill-pool, and the country-house type.

In Bedford, through which town it flows, the Ouse is a conspicuous and
ornamental feature. Indeed, it may be truly said to adorn every town it
touches. The old bridge, the long reach bordered with pleasant houses or
bowery garden walls, the life stirring upon it incidental to a great
educational centre given much to boating, are all of an inspiring

[Illustration: THE OUSE, HUNTINGDONSHIRE]

[Illustration]

kind. But Bedford is, of course, a unique type of place: an old town
which would no doubt be given over to John Bunyan, as its obscure
neighbour Olney is to Cowper, if the presence of some 3000 school boys
and girls and their much less occupied belongings had not submerged its
past in a whirl of modernity at work or play. Gliding slowly onward,
full of lusty chub and hungry pike, of bream and roach, amid scenery
that a certain school of landscape painter dearly loves, and so slowly
that the weeds in places almost choke its bed, the Ouse drops down
another dozen miles to St. Neots. This place, which seems to have some
affinity with the same saint that is honoured in a Cornish town, is very
much on the Ouse. It is a fine broad river by this time and washes the
back gardens of the houses as you enter the main street of the town,
which is dominated by an imposing church of the late Perpendicular
period. Hence both the highway and the great northern main line follow
the valley of the Ouse to Huntingdon. Much the most important
person--though of course fortuitously so, and merely because he kept an
invaluable journal which has escaped destruction--associated with this
stage of the river is Samuel Pepys, whose house at Brampton is still
standing. At Godmanchester, only a mile short of Huntingdon, the Ouse
contributes more conspicuously than ever, assisted by a great mill-pool,
to the beautifying of an old-fashioned place where, as at St. Neots, and
just beyond at Huntingdon, are numbers of those pleasant old eighteenth
or early nineteenth century residences standing just back from the road
in well-timbered grounds or bowery gardens.

Huntingdon follows quickly, and of course the memory of the great
Protector altogether dwarfs that of the poet Cowper, who resided here
with the Unwins in a house still standing near the church before he
moved to Olney. One ought to quote one or other of the various lines and
couplets that this very gentle bard has devoted, incidentally as it
were, to this very gentle stream. But it is not, I think, fair to a poet
of merit and letter-writer of much more than merit, to print fragments
that, taken by themselves, have in this case none whatever. But
Huntingdon bridge with its six arches is much older than either Cowper
or Cromwell, being almost certainly of early mediæval origin. In the
heart of the pleasant town, where its long narrow High Street opens into
a square, is "All Saints Church," with its battlements and crocketts and
its fifteenth-century origin written all over it.

[Illustration: THE OUSE, HOUGHTON MILL, HUNTINGDONSHIRE]

[Illustration]

Immediately opposite is the little old grammar school where both
Cromwell and Pepys--the latter before going to Westminster--were
educated; a beautiful little twelfth-century building with a recessed
and lavishly moulded Norman doorway surmounted by Norman windows and
arcading. Originally the Hospital of St. John the Baptist, when the
writer visited it recently the voice of the pedagogue, mingling with
that unmistakable subdued murmur of schoolboys in their bridled hours,
met us at the entrance in a manner so appropriate to the retrospective
nature of the fabric as to more than make up for the loss of anything to
be seen inside. Hinchinbrook, now and since the Cromwells sold it prior
to the Civil War, the home of the Earls of Sandwich, is the "Great
house" of the Huntingdon neighbourhood. Many will have to be reminded
that the Cromwells were not such by actual right of name, but were
descended from one Williams, a cadet of a respectable Glamorganshire
family who, as a relative and favourite of the great Thomas Cromwell,
Earl of Essex, took his name for obviously practical purposes. This
Richard Cromwell, _alias_ Williams, acquired much Church property at the
Dissolution, Hinchinbrook among the plums. A man of parts, he became
great and wealthy. His son Sir Henry more than sustained his reputation,
and built the great mansion more or less as we see it now at
Hinchinbrook. Royalty was several times entertained there, but with the
third generation and Sir Oliver, that knight's continuously lavish
living caused the transfer of the property to the Montagues. His younger
brother Robert, however, had a generous portion in the Huntingdon
estate, as every one knows except some foolish people who think because
his only son Oliver is supposed to have had a brewery, and certainly was
also a farmer, that he was not what the world calls a gentleman.
Cromwell's position was of course far better than that of most younger
sons of landed families, who had rarely any land and were only too glad
of an opening in trade--even a humble one.

For half a dozen miles through a flat country the road follows the Ouse
to St. Ives. On the farther bank are the two Hemingfords, where tall
luxuriant timber, mellow old buildings of various degrees, a large mill
and wide-spreading mill-pool and forests of tall reeds, strike a fine
contrasting note amid the far-spreading meadows. As you approach St.
Ives, a huge old tithe barn at some cross roads would arrest the
attention from any distance. It is called

[Illustration: THE OUSE, HEMINGFORD ABBOTS, HUNTINGDONSHIRE]

[Illustration]

after the Protector from a tradition that within it he drilled his first
local levies. St. Ives had no connection, like St. Neots, with the
Cornish equivalent, but finds its origin in the incredible visitations
of a Persian missioner, one Ivo. However that may be, the town was known
till near Cromwell's day as Slepe, and at Slepe Hall, a large mansion
within it only removed in modern times, the Protector dwelt when he was
farming the surrounding lands.

The town of course contains abundant matters of interest, but is in
itself perhaps less attractive to the passing visitor than those higher
up the Ouse. But the river itself, now increased considerably here,
makes the finest display of all, skirting the houses in wider current
and spanned by a bridge of six arches very like its fellow at
Huntingdon. Two of the arches are of only Queen Anne date, but the
others are lost in the mists of time. The special feature of the bridge,
however, is a curious sexagonal chapel of apparently four stories and
one room thick. It was originally a chapel, but since the Dissolution
has served in many capacities--even that of a public-house--and is now a
private dwelling. At the end of the bridge is an ancient Tudor building
once the Manor House. Altogether the bridge at St. Ives with its fine
swell of waters, its old quays and gable ends on one bank and pendent
trees on the other, with the view upstream over spreading meadows and
down-stream towards the spacious fen lands, is a notable one, a paradise
for oarsmen and the joy of the bottom fisher. In the market-place of St.
Ives, too, stands a statue to Cromwell on the strength of his long
residence here and general association with the neighbourhood. Many, no
doubt, of those who formed the early companies and troops of the "New
Model" came from St. Ives. The parish church is a fine specimen of the
Decorated style, while its tower has had the unusual experience of
losing two spires by wind and collapse in quite modern times.

One is here at the very edge of Cambridgeshire, and well on towards the
fen country. The Ouse below St. Ives is no longer confined to its
natural course, but canalised and manipulated in various ways for
drainage purposes of this great far-reaching fen-land. It is about 15
miles from here to Ely by road, and the journey along it takes the
traveller into another kind of country from the ordinary grass and
fallow and timbered hedgerow, sometimes flat and sometimes undulating
through which the Ouse has hitherto meandered.

[Illustration: THE OUSE, NEAR HOLYWELL, HUNTINGDONSHIRE]

[Illustration]

It must be conceded that the fen country is forbidding. No doubt it has
its compensating moments and aspects, but the intervals of waiting for
them must be oppressive. Enthusiasts may be heard anon chanting its
praises (theoretically) even as a region of permanent abode, but there
is not a little posing nowadays in such matters. In the Middle Ages in
the dead of winter the fen country must have been imposing; but the fen
from St. Ives to Ely in the height of summer, with its continuously
unfenced cultivation, its ever-recurring grain-fields, its lack of wood
and of English landscape-graces generally, is very depressing. It is
most interesting, however, to watch the isle of Ely rising out of the
fat levels and drawing gradually nearer till the road itself at last
rises on to it, and the beautiful Cathedral, lifted high above the
fen-land and above the East Anglian levels that are not fen, looks
southward to where the striking mass of King's Chapel rises beneath the
faint smoke-cloud which marks the famous town of Cambridge.

We meet the Ouse again at Ely. Since University rowing began it has been
associated with Cambridge as an object of pilgrimage to enterprising
oarsmen, and in a more professional way the time-honoured seat of the
Annual race between the University trial eights. For I trust it is not
necessary to remind the reader that the river Cam or Granta flows into
the Ouse near Ely. At this preternaturally quiet and diminutive little
cathedral town we must leave the Ouse to find its devious and
much-bridled way to King's Lynn and to the North Sea. Ely Cathedral is,
of course, distinguished for the abundance of perfect Norman work that
survives within it, while the old red brick episcopal palace contiguous
to it, and the precincts generally, with their snug gardens and
whispering leaves, are, as in such a place they should be, the veritable
haunts of ancient peace.

[Illustration: THE STOUR, NEAR DEDHAM, ESSEX]

[Illustration]




INDEX

_The references in black type refer to illustrations._


Abbot Lichfield, 157

Abbot's Cleeve, 158

Abbots Worthy, 93

Aberedw, 45, 46, 49

Abergwessin, 46

Aberystwith, 40

Adur, the, 211

Aire, the, 233

Allen, the, 102, 106

Aln, the, 102, 130

Alnwick, 129, 130

Alresford, 93, 95, 98, 99

Alston, 105

Amberley, 215, 216

Amesbury, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78

Amesbury Abbey, 76

Apperley Court, 35

Appleby, 137

Appledore, 192

Arley, 21, 22

Armstrongs, the, 144

Arrow, the, 54

Arun, the, 201, =208=, =210=, 213, 214, 216

Arundel, 211, 215, 216

Ashelworth ferry, 35

Ashford, 220

Astley, 26

Atcham, 20

Avebury, 66, 70

Avington Park, 97

Avon, the Bristol, 149, 150, 151, =154=
  the Devon, 164, 172, 173, 177
  the Salisbury, 64, =66=, 71, 72-76, 79,
   80, 83-86, 153, 155, 156, 157, =158=, 158, 159

Avon, the Stratford, 152

Axe, the, =204=, 207, 208

Aylesford, 219

Aymestry, 54

Aysgarth Force, 251


Badgworthy, 203, 204

Balliol, Barnard, 266

Barden, 237, 238

Barden Tower, 236

Baring-Gould, 184

Barle, the, 191, 204, 205, 206

Barnard Castle, 265, 266

Barnstaple, 192, 197

Barnstaple Bay, 192

Bassenthwaite, 148

Bath, 66, 150, 152

Battlefield Church, 17

Becket, Thomas à, 223, 242

Bedford, 270, 271
  Duke of, 181, 182

Bellingham, 122

Bemerton, 81

Bere Alston, 181

Berkshire, 64, 71

Berry Pomeroy, 167

Bettons, 18

Beult, the, 219

Bewcastle, 140

Bewley, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

Bickleigh, 184

Bideford, 178, 192, 197, 198

Bidford, 157

Birlingham, 158

Birmingham, 22, 24, 40, 43

Bishopstoke, 93

Blackmore, 203

Black Mountains, 43, 44, 47, 51, 52, 59

Blaen Hafryn, 9

Blencowe, 138

Bloody Meadow, 34

Bolland, 232

Bolton Abbey, 234, 235, 238, 239
  Castle, 251
  Hall, 230, 231

Border Rivers, the, 101-148

Boughrood, 44

Bournemouth, 86

Box Hill, 217

Brackley, 269

Bradford, 150, 233, 244

Brampton, 271

Brathay, the, 146, =150=

Bray, the, 196, 197

Brecon, 8, 40, 45

Brede, the, 212

Bredon Hill, 156, 158

Bredwardine, 50

Breiddon Hills, 10, 14

Brendon, 203

Brent, 172, 173, 177, 190

Brent Tor, 189

Bridgenorth, 21

Bridge Sollars, 51

Brighton, 214

Brinkburn Priory, 128

Bristol, 22, 66, 149, 150, 152
  Channel, 22, 177, 191

Broadway, 156

Bromham, 270

Bromleys, 26

Brougham, 138, 238
  Castle, 138

Broughton-in-Furness, 147

Brown Willy, 179

Browne, William, 183

Bruce, 117

Buckfastleigh, 166

Buckingham, 64, 269

Budleigh, 207

Buildwas, 21

Builth, 46

"Builth rocks," 46

Bunyan, John, 271

Burgh, Hubert de, 242

Buttermere, 148

Byford, 51


Caermarthen, 40

Caldbeck, 141

Calder, the, 140, 232

Caldron Snout, 263, 264, 265

Calne, 151

Calstock, 181

Cam, the, 278

Cambridge, 277

Camden, 252

Candover, 98

Canterbury, 220, 222, 223, 224
  Cathedral, 223

Caradoc, 20

Cardigan, 40

Carlisle, 112, 138, 140, 142, 143

Carter Fell, 120

Castle Hill, 197

Chadbury Mill, 158

Chalk Streams, the, 64-100

Challacombe, 196, 205

Charles II., 28, 78, 159

Chartham, 221

Chatham, 218, 219

Chepstow, 44, 55, 60
  Castle, =34=, 62, 63

Chesters, 118

Cheviots, the, 102, 120, 121, 122, 133, 134, 141

Chilham, 221

Chillingham, 133

Chipchase Castle, 119

Chippenham, 151

Chirbury, 12

Chisenbury, 72

Christchurch, 84, 86

Civil War, 37

Claerwen, the, 42

Clare, 61

Clarendon, 84
  Lord, 80

Clares, the, 37

Claverings, the, 129

Cleeve, 156
  Prior, 157, 158

Cleveland Hills, 256
  Duke of, 265

Clifford, 44

Clifford, Black, 236
  Castle, 49
  Henry Lord, 236

Cliffords, the, 240

Clifton, 150

Clitheroe, 230, 232, 233

Clun, 10

Clywedog, the, 9

Coalbrook Dale, 21

Coalport, 21

Cobbett, 81

Cobbett's _Rural Ride_, 72

Cocker, the, 148

Cockermouth, 148

Cogham, 217

Coleridges, the, 145

Colne, the, 100

Combertons, the, 158

Condover brook, 19

Coombe Martin, 202

Coquet, the, 102, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 130, 132

Corbridge, 114

Cornwall, 164, 165, 178, 179, 199

Cotehele, 181

Cotswolds, the, 36, 156

Cowper, the poet, 269, 270, 271, 272

Craven country, 231

Cromwell, 69, 159, 238, 245, 272, 274, 275, 276

Cromwell, Sir Henry, 274

Cropthorne, 158

Crossfell, 102, 136, 263

Crummock, 148

Cuckmere, the, 221, 213

Cumberland, 136, 143, 147

Cwm Elan, 42


Dacre, fortalice of, 138

Dacre, Lord, 120

Danby, 250

Darenth, the, 218

Darlington, 252, 268

Dart, the, 154, 164, 165, =166=, 171, 172, 177, 185

Dartford, 218

Dartington Hall, 167

Dartmeet, 165

Dartmoor, 161, 165, 179, 185, 190, 191

Dartmouth, 168, 170, 171

Dean, Forest of, 36, 57, 60

Deerhurst, 35

De Quincey, 145

Derwent, Derbyshire, the, _Frontispiece_, =38=, 101, 147, 148, 229
  the Borrowdale, =142=, =146=
  the Eastern, 101

Derwentwater, 109, 148

Devon, the Rivers of, 161-208

Devonshire, 161-208
  Duke of, 235

Dickens, 267, 268

Dilston, 109

Dinton, 80

Dipford, 173

Dipton Dene, 109

Dittisham, 170

Doldowlod, 45

Dore, the, 50

Dorset, 64, 84

Dove, the, =100=

Douglas, 121

Downton, 30

Drake, Sir Francis, 182, 183, 189

Duddon, the, 147

Dudley, Earls of, 26

Dulverton, 206

Durham, 101, 102, 136, 264, 266

Durrington, 72


Eamont, the, 137

Easby Abbey, 258

Ebbsfleet, 226

Eden, the, 102, 136, =136=, =140=, 141, 142, 143

Edgcumbe, 181

Edgehill, 157, 159

Edw, the, 46

Edward I., 11, 76, 117, 246
  II., 38
  III., 129
  IV., 34

Eggesford, 196

Eggleston Abbey, 268

Ehen, the, 147

Elan, the, 41, 42, 45

Elfrida, Queen, 76

Elizabeth, Queen, 26, 189, 231

Ellenborough, Lord, 140

Elmley Castle, 158

Ely, 277, 278
  Cathedral, 278

Endsleigh, 181

Enford, 72

Ennerdale, 147

Epynt, the, 45, 47

Erme, the, 164, 172, =172=

Erwood, Rapids of, 49

Esher, 217

Esk, Cumberland, the, 143, 147
  the Yorkshire, 229

Etheldreda, Queen, 114

Evesham, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159

Exe, the, 177, 191, =200=, =202=, 204, 206

Exeter, 189, 190, 192, 206

Exmoor, 161, 191, 196, 197, 202, 205, 206

Exmouth, 206


Falcon Clints, 265

Faversham, 220

Fawcett, Prof., 85

Featherstonhaughs, the, 109, 139

Felton Bridge, 128

Figheldean, 72

Fitzhamon, Robert, 33

Fladbury, 158

Fleet, 25

Fleetwood, 32

Flodden, 134, 237, 250

Fonthill, 80

Fordingbridge, 84

Fortescues, the, 197

Fountains Abbey, 248


Gade, the, 100

Gaunt, John of, 242

Gay, the poet, 77

Geoffrey of Monmouth, 58, 59, 76

Giggleswick, 230

Gilpin, Dr., 114

Gilsland, 140

Gisburn, 230

Glamorgan, 33

Glasbury, 47, 48

Gloucester, 35, 36
  Cathedral, 38

Glyndwr, Owen, 15, 50

Godmanchester, 272

Godmersham, 221

Goodrich Castle, 55

Grahams of Netherby, 144

Granham Hill, 68

Greta, 267, 268

Gretna Green, 142

Greystone Bridge, 179, 180

Grosmont Castle, 58

Guy's Cliff, 153


Hafryn, the, 9

Hallow Park, 26

Haltwhistle, 107, 110

Hamoaze, the, =162=

Hampshire, 64, 87, 98

Harrogate, 240, 241

Hartlebury Castle, 26

Haughmond Hill, 19

Haweswater, 137

Hawkins, 170

Hay, 44, 47, 49

Haydon Bridge, 106

Headbourne, 93

Headons Mouth, 202

Heale, 78

Helvellyn, 139

Hemingfords, the, 274

Henry III., 11, 12

Henry IV., 15, 17, 129

Henry VI., 231, 233

Henry VII., 18, 237, 253

Henry VIII., 58

Herbert, George, 81

Herbert, Lord, of Chirbury, 12

Hereford, 43, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55
  Cathedral, 52

Herefordshire, 30, 44, 50, 58

Heron Family, 119

Hertford, Lord and Lady, 69, 77

Hertfordshire, 64

Hexham, 104, 105, 106, 107, 114, 115, 118, 246, 248
  Abbey, 115
  Battle of, 109

Hexhamshire, 109, 114

Heytesbury, 81

High Force, 263, 264, 265

Hinchinbrook, 273

Hodder, the, 232

Holm Lacy, 53

Holne, 167

Holne Chase, 166

Holt, 25
  Castle, 26

Homildon Hill, 135

Honddu, the, 50, 57

Horton Manor, 221

Hotspur, 17, 121, 129, 130, 135

Houghton Castle, 119

Huish, 173

Humber, the, 229, 234

Hungerford, 71

Huntingdon, 271, 272

Hutton John House, 138

Hyde, Mrs., 78


Ingilbys, the, 245

Instow, 192

Irfon, the, 46

Irt, the, 147

Irthling, the, 102, 140

Itchen, the, 64, 87, 88, =88=, 90, 92, 93, =94=, 99, 154
  Abbas, 88, 94, 95
  Stoke, 94

Ithon, the, 45

Ivybridge, 172


James II., 69

Jervaulx Abbey, 251


Katharine of Arragon, 76

Kendal, 147

Kennet, the, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 87, 88, 91

Kent, 147, 209, 217, 220, 222

Kentchurch Court, 58

Kerry, 10
  Hills, 45

Keswick, 238
  Greta, 146

Keynsham, 150

Kingsbridge, 172

Kingsley, Charles, 88, 167

King's Lynn, 278

Kings Nympton, 197

Kintbury, 71

Kirby Stephen, 258

Kirkoswald, 139, 140, 141

Knaresborough, 241, 242, 246


Lacock, 151
  Abbey, 151

Lake District, 136, 141
  House, 78

Lancashire, 230, 232

Lanfranc, 223

Langdale Pikes, 147

Launceston, 178, 179

Lawes, 80

Lazonby, 140

Leamington, 154

Leatherhead, 217

Leeds, 233, 252

Leith Hill stream, a, =216=

Leven, the, 147

Lew, the, 184

Lewes, 211, 213

Liddel, the, 102

Liddesdale, 117

Littlecote, 69, 70
  Wild Darrell of, 70

Littlehampton, 211, 215, 216

Llangurig, 41

Llanidloes, 9, 10

Llanthony Abbey, 38

Llewelyn III., 46
  "the Great," 12

Llyfni, the, 48

Llysdinam, 45

Llywarch Hen, 20

Loddiswell, 173

Longford, 84

Longmynd, 21

_Lorna Doone_, 203, 204

Lowther, the, 137

Ludlow, 30

Lugg, the, 54

Lune, the, 136, 265

Lydbrooke Junction, 156

Lydd, 211
  the, 184, 190

Lynmouth, 185, 201, 203

Lynn, the, 185, =198=, 202, 204

Lynton, 201, 203


Maidstone, 218, 219

Malmesbury, 151

Malvern Hills, 31, 157

Manningford Bruce, 71

Mardale, 147

Margaret, Queen, 34, 109

Marlborough, 67, 68, 69, 76
  College, 67, 68
  Downs, 66, 150

_Marmion_, 262

Marmions, the, 249

Marston Moor, 245

Marteg, the, 41

Martinsell, 71

Mary Queen of Scots, 148

Mary Tavy, 185

Masham, 250

Massey, 37

Mayhill, 36

Maze beck, 264

Meavy, the, 184

Medway, the, 217, 218, 219, 220, =220=, 221, 223, =224=, =226=

Meole, 19

Meschines, William de, 239

Micklefell, 264

Middleham, 251

Middlesborough, 228

Middleton, 265

Milton, 221

Moat Lane, 9

Moccas, 50

Mole, the, 216, 217

Monington, 50

Monmouth, 44, 56, 57, 58, 59

"Monmouth caps," 22

Monmouthshire, 57

Monnow, the, 50, =52=, 57, 58

Montagues, the, 274

Montgomery Castle, 11, 12, 13
  Roger of, 11

Montgomeryshire, 9, 10, 14, 40

Morecambe Bay, 147, 230

Morritt, Mr., 267

Mortimers, the, 37
  Cross, 54

Morwell, 181

Moulsey, 217

Mowbray, vale of, 256

Much Wenlock Priory, 21

Musgraves, the, 144

Mytton, the Governor of Shrewsbury, 18


Nadder, the, 80

Naseby, 153, 154, 158

Netheravon, 72, 74, 75

Neville, Anne, 266

Neville's Cross, 129

Newbiggin, 138

Newbury, 71

Newby Bridge, 147

Newcastle, 103, 104, 105, 112

New Forest, 84, 86

Newhaven, 211, 214

Newtown, 10

Nidd, the, 228, 240, 241, =242=, 243, 245, 252

Northamptonshire, 153, 269

Northumberland, 101, 102, 108, 136

Norton, 158


Offa's Dyke, 11

Offenham, 157

Okehampton, 190, 192

Okement, the, =37=, 190, 191, 201

Olney, 269, 270, 271, 272

Ombersley, 26

Otter, the, 207

Otterburn, 121

Ouse, the East Anglian, =268=, 269, =270=, 270,
   271, 272, =272=, 274, =274=, 275, 276, =276=, 278
  the Sussex, 211, =212=, 213, 214, =214=
  the Yorkshire, 228, 229, 245, 252


Pant-y-dwr, 9

Pateley Bridge, 243

Peel, John, 141

Peel-towers, 138

Pegwell Bay, 225

Pembroke, Anne, Countess of, 237

Pendle Hill, 232

Pennine Range, 102, 136, 137, 139, 141, 146, 230, 258, 263

Penrith, 137, 140

Penruddocks, the, 80

Penshurst, 218

Pepys, Samuel, 271, 273

Percies, the, 15, 29, 109, 122

Pershore, 154, 158

Petteril, the, 140

Pewsey, 71, 74

Piers Gaveston, 242

"Pilgrims' way," 221

Pinkerry, 204

Plinlimmon, 6, 7, 8, 9, 40

Plym, the, 184

Plymouth, 164, 172, 177, 178, 181, 184, 187, 189

Pontrilas, 57

Popham, 70

Portinscale, 148

Portsmouth Arms, 196
 Lord, 196

Powick, 30
  Bridge, 27

Powis Castle, 13

Powys Fadog, 10

Preshute, 67

Presteign, 54

Preston, 230, 232, 233

Prudhoe, 109

Pudsay's Leap, 231

Pudsays, the, 231

Pulborough, 215


Queensbury, Duke and Duchess of, 77


Radnorshire, 8, 40, 45
  Moors, 30, 47, 50, 54

Raleigh, 170

Ramsbury, 70
  Chase, 69

Ramsgate, 225

Ravenglass, 147

Reading, 71

Redbrook, 60

Rede, the, 115, 117, 120, 121, 122

Redesdale, 117-120, 121

Redgauntlet, 143

Redhill, 217

Reedsmouth, 120

Reidseweir, 120

Rhayader, 43, 44, 48

Ribble, the, 228, 230, 231, 232, 233

Richard III., 266

Richmond, Yorks, 246, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258
  Castle, 256

Ridleys, 109

Ringwood, 84, 85, 86

Ripley (Yorkshire), 245

Ripon, 245, 246, 247, 249, 257
  Cathedral, 246
  Marquis of, 248

Robertsbridge, 211

Rob Roy, 123

Rochester, 218, 219, 220

Roger, Archbishop, 247, 248

_Rokeby_, 262, 265, 268

Rokeby House, 266

Roman Wall, 101, 111, 118, 122, 141

Romney Marsh, 211, 212

Romsey Abbey, 99

Rosamond, fair, 49

Roses, War of the, 34, 37, 160

Ross, 44, 60, 53, 54, 56

"Ross, Man of," 55

Rossthwaite, 147

Rothay, the, 146

Rothbury, 123

Rother, the Eastern and Western 211, 212, 215, =216=, 224

Rupert, Prince, 27, 159

Russells, the, 182

Rutupium, 226

Rye, 211, 212, 224


St. Augustine, 222, 223, 226

St. Cross, 93

St. Ives, 274, 275, 276, 277
  Bridge, 275

St. John's, 265

St. Neots, 271, 272

St. Wilfrid, 114, 246, 248

Salcombe, 173

Salisbury, 75, 78, 79, 84, 86, 92

Salisbury Plain, 66, 72, 76, 80, 81

Salkeld, 139

Sandwich, 220, 224, 225
  Earls of, 273

Savernake Forest, 69, 70

Scafell, 147

Scarborough, 229

Scott, Sir Walter, 113, 123, 249, 259, 260, 261, 263, 267

Scotts of Buccleuch, the, 144

Scropes, the, 250, 251, 258

Seaford, 211

Seaton, 207

Settle, 230

Severn, the, 1-38, =6=, =18=, =30=, =34=

Severn "bore," 35

Seymours, the, 67

Shakespeare, 129, 156, 157, 159

Sharpham, 170

Sharpness Point, 35

Shawford, 99

Shawley, 233

Sheppey Island, 220

Shoreham, 211, 214

Shrawley wood, 26

Shrewsbury, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19

Shropshire, 14, 21

Sidmouth, 207

Sidney, Sir Philip, 80, 117

Simon-de-Montfort, 159

Simonsbath, 205

Sittingbourne, 220

Skell, the, 248

Skelwith Force, =144=

Skenfrith Castle, 58

Skiddaw, 139, 143
  Forest, 140

Skipton, 237

Slepe Hall, 275

Slingsby family, 242

Solway, 142, 143

Somerset, 161, 206
  Protector, 77

Southey, 145, 146

South Hams, 172, 173

Stainmore forests, 265

Stanhope, 265

Stapleton on the Wiley, =82=

Staverton, 167

Stonehenge, 67, 76

Stonyhurst College, 233

Stour, the Kent, 218, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 226
  the Midlands, 24
  the Suffolk, =268=, =278=

Stourport, 24

Stratford, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158

Stridd, the, 235

Studley Royal, 248

Surrey, 209, 216, 217

Sussex, 209, 211, 214, 217

Swale, the, 220, 228, 245, 252, =252=, 253, =254=, 256, =256=, 258, =258=

Swinburne, 119

Symond's Yat, 44, 55, 61


Tal-y-llyn, lake of, 48

Tamar, the, 165, 177, 178, =178=, 179,
   180, 181, 182, =182=, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191, 198

Tanfield, Tower of, 249

Tate, Canon, 256

Tavistock, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189
  Abbey, 183

Tavy, the, 184, 185, 186, =186=, 187, 190

Tavy Cleeve, 185

Taw, the, 191, 192, 196

Tees, the, 136, 228, 229, =260=, 262, 263, 264, =264=, 265, =266=, 268

Teise, the, 219

Teme, 27, 29, 54, 154

Tenbury, 30

Test, the, 64, 87, 88, 90, 99, 100

Tewkesbury, 29, 32, 152, 154, 160

Tewkesbury Abbey, 33, 34, 160
  Battle of, 34

Thames, the, =64=, =70=, =152=, =160=, =208=, 217, 218, 220, 222

Thirsk, 229

Thomson, the poet, 69

Tichbourne, 98

Tilbury, 70

Till, the, 102, 133, 134, 135

Tillingham, the, 212

Tintern Abbey, 44, 59, 60, 61

Tiverton, 206

Torridge, the, 192, 198, 199, 200, 201

Torrington, 193, 198

Totnes, 167, 168, 171

Trafalgar, 84

Trent, the, =228=

Trowbridge, 151

Tunbridge, 218

Turvey, 270

Tweed, the, 133

Tweedmouth, 103

Tyne, the, =102=, 103, 104, 113, 136
  the North, 102, 105, 112, 115, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125

"Tynesider, the," 104

Tyne, the South, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 110, 111, 115


Ullswater, 137

Unwins, the, 272

Upavon, 72

Upton on Severn, 32

Ure, the, 228, 245, =246=, 248, 249, =250=, 251

Uriconium, 15, 20

Usk, the, 59


Vyrnwy, the, 14


Waddington, 233

Walkham, the, 185, 188, 189

Wallace, 117

Wandsbeck, the, 102

Warden Woods, 118

Wardour, 80

Wark, 120

Warkworth 129, 130
  Town of, 132

Warminster, 81, 82

Warwick, 154
  Castle, 153

Wastwater, 147

Watermouth, 202

Watling Street, 220

Wear, the, 265

Wellford Bridge, 157

Welshpool, 13

Wenlock Edge, 20

Wensley Dale, 249, 251

Westbury, 151

Westerham, 218

Westmoreland, 136, 137, 258, 264

Wey, the, 216, =218=, =222=

Whalley, 233

Wharfe, the, 228, =230=, 234, =234=, 235, 236, 237, 238, =238=, 243, 252

Whitby, 229

Whitchurch, 99

Whitecliff Scaur, 257

Whitley, 26

Whittington, 140

Wiley, the, 64, 80, 81, 83

William, 69

Williance, 257

Williemoteswyke, 110

Wilton, 80, 81, 82
  House, 80

Wiltshire, 64, 66, 70, 78, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 151

Winchelsea, 212

Winchester, 89, 92, 93, 98

Windermere, 146, 147

Woodleigh, 173

Wooler, 133

Wooler burn, 134

Worcester, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 37
  Battle of, 28, 32
  Cathedral, 27

Worcestershire, 25

Wordsworth, 145, 146, 147, 176

Workington, 148

Worthing, 214

Wrekin, 20

Wye, the, =34=, 39-63, =40=, =46=, =60=, =62=, 221

Wyndcliff, 44, 61

Wyndhams, the, 80

Wyre Forest, 24

Wyvern, Sir Thomas, 250


Yalding, 219

Yanwath, 138

Yeoford Junction, 192

Yes Tor, 190

York, 245

Yorkshire, 227, 264

Yorkshire Dales, 227-268

                                THE END

   _Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.







End of Project Gutenberg's The Rivers and Streams of England, by A.G. Bradley