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  THE SHARPER
  DETECTED AND EXPOSED.

  BY
  ROBERT-HOUDIN.

  "Éclairez les dupes, il n'y aura plus de fripons."
                                            MONTESQUIEU.


  LONDON:
  CHAPMAN AND HALL, 193, PICCADILLY.
  1863.


  LONDON:
  BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.




PREFACE.


Having often been requested by different magistrates, to investigate
cases of sharping, I have often been struck, while doing so, with the
obstacles and embarrassments which a judge's own honesty must oppose to
his elucidation of matters of sharping and cheating at play.

How is it possible that he can penetrate the subtile web, with which
the sharper surrounds his dupes,--how can he be able to detect the
tricks of these rogues,--if he does not understand the manoeuvres of
sleight-of-hand?

By a singular reversal of the ordinary conditions of justice, the
magistrate finds himself most powerless, when the rogue has committed
the most daring, and artfully cunning, frauds.

A great portion of my life having been devoted to the study of
sleight-of-hand, and having, as yet, only made use of my knowledge for
the amusement of my fellow-creatures, I felt that the time had arrived,
when I ought to give to the public, who had so honoured me with their
favour, an unequivocal mark of my gratitude, by consecrating my leisure
hours to their service.

I have therefore written this work, the moral and end of which may be
summed up in this incontestable truth:

  "Éclairez les dupes, il n'y aura plus de fripons."

  "Enlighten the dupes, and there will be no more knaves."

There is no reason, however, because a fact is incontestable, that it
will not be contested; indeed, I am of opinion that it will be, and, as
a proof of what I state, I am myself going to offer an objection which
might be made on this subject.

In disclosing the secrets of sharpers, people will say, Do you not
fear to create in the minds of unfortunate gamblers, a wish to try and
better their fortunes, by the very means you point out to warn them?

I have been guided by an opinion, repeatedly expressed by the editors
of newspapers, and the press in general; and, in answer to the
objection I have made above, I beg to say, that in the explanations
I have given of the tricks of sharpers, though I have said enough to
put people on their guard, I have not said enough to teach them how to
execute these tricks.

If I had not taken this precaution, what would have been the result?

It is only one individual, already half perverted, who will avail
himself of the knowledge I impart, to learn to cheat, while hundreds of
dupes will have been put on their guard.

If these revelations serve to awaken vicious ideas in perverted minds,
what can be said of the various works on the laws of duelling, in which
you can learn how to kill your neighbour according to rule?

Is it not to be feared, that the opinions contained in those books may
lead to crime?

For my part, I have so good an opinion of mankind in general, that I
trust the perusal of this work will only tend to their benefit, and
prove their safeguard against rogues. Let each person when he sits down
to play, strengthened by the hints and instructions I have given him,
look with suspicion on all "Greeks" (as these sharpers are sometimes
called), and let him recollect to his profit this verse of Virgil:

  "Timeo _Danaos_ et dona ferentes."




CONTENTS.


                                                                    PAGE
  PREFACE                                                            iii


  AN ANECDOTE BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION.

  A dangerous professor                                                1


  CHAPTER I.

  MODERN GREEKS.

  Origin of the name "Greek"--The first gambling houses--Invention
    of Roulette--Hunt for dupes--Opening of _tripots_ or low
    gambling-houses--The Greek described--Different classes of
    sharpers                                                          15


  CHAPTER II.

  THE GREEK OF FASHIONABLE LIFE.

  Wonderful acuteness--Refined sleight-of-hand--Delicacy of touch     22


  CHAPTER III.

  THE GREEK OF THE MIDDLE CLASSES.

  The "_Comtois_" and "_Amazone_"--Tricks and frauds--An heir
    expectant--Game at Bouillotte--A rich pocket-book--The bill
    to pay--Dupers duped                                              26


  CHAPTER IV.

  THE GREEK OF THE TRIPOT.

  His abject condition--The public-house--Pretended stupidity--
    Dupes fleeced--Acting the countryman--Table d'hôte--The
    pellets--A good farce--Deception--The three cards--The
    countryman's bet--Clever substitution--English rogues--
    Thimble-rig                                                       33


  CHAPTER V.

  A GREEK TAKEN IN THE FACT.

  The restaurant of the _Veau qui tête_--Subscription ball--The
    card-room--A lucky player--_Sauter la coupe_--Mystification
    --The tell-tale hat--We are done                                  45


  CHAPTER VI.

  THE GAMBLER RAYMOND.

  His infallible system--His agreeable manners--A Roulette player
    --Confidences--Revelations--In vein, and out of vein--The
    maturity of chances--Advice to players--Maxims--Influences
    --The gambler must be unmoved--Application of the system--A
    fortunate martingale--Mysterious meeting--Shorn of a beard--
    Ruin and misery--The Talisman--Raymond is a Greek--Useful
    information                                                       54


  CHAPTER VII.

  EDIFYING HISTORY OF A GREEK.

  Debauchery--Scheme to get money--The usurer Robineau--The bill
    of exchange--A false friend--Treason--Stay at Clichy--
    Initiation of a sharper--Release from prison                      71


  CHAPTER VIII.

  SECRET GAMBLING-HOUSES.

  Greeks both as dupers and duped--Andréas _Tête d'Or_--Secret
    inquiry--The human ostrich--The Society of Philosophers--
    Chaffard the bravo--Exploit of _Tête d'Or_--A Greek thrown out
    of window--Mystification                                          80


  CHAPTER IX.

  SECRET GAMBLING-HOUSES--(_continued_).

  School of cheating--Travelling Greeks--_Le Service_--Formidable
    manoeuvre--Imperceptible signs--The business of the _Comtois_
    --The _coup de retraite_--Abundant harvest--Prodigality and
    debauch--Fortune takes her reprisal                               89


  CHAPTER X.

  THE DOCTOR DUPED.

  The false capitalist--The rogue is bled--More confederates arrive
    --A good hand--The fleecing--The doctor bled                      99


  CHAPTER XI.

  THE PASTE RING.

  The amateur of precious stones--What a beautiful diamond!--A
    sovereign cure--Ah! if I were a rogue--A false paste ring!--
    The game is played--The tell-tale stamp investigation--The
    wanderer by night--The mysterious _tripot_--The sharper caught
    in a trap--Recriminations--The message--The false commissary
    of police--The Rue de Jerusalem--Unexpected _dénoûement_         106


  CHAPTER XII.

  AN INFAMOUS SNARE.

  A young fool--Envy and covetousness--Aphorisms--Insinuations
    --Confidences--Influencing the game--Honest men are sometimes
    rogues--Mushrooms and cheating--The Greek moralist--Example
    of cheating--Initiation--Maxims and manipulations--Temptation
    --The Belgian capitalist--The _cartes biseautées_--Easily won
    --An insolvent gambler--Comedy--The Greek in despair--An
    infamous snare--Dishonour--Ruin--The faithless trustee--
    Separation of the philosophers--A virtuous Greek--Golden hopes
    --A beard again--A demi-millionaire                              124

       *       *       *       *       *

  TECHNICAL PART.

  GENERAL PRINCIPLES.


  CHAPTER I.

  THE FALSE CUT.

  The _saut de coupe_--The _passe-coupe_--The cut above--The
    large card--The bridge--The bent card                            158


  CHAPTER II.

  FILER LA CARTE.

  To change a card                                                   169


  CHAPTER III.

  The _enlevage_, or abstraction of a card                           172


  CHAPTER IV.

  The card replaced                                                  175


  CHAPTER V.

  The glance                                                         176


  CHAPTER VI.

  The substituted pack--The box in the sleeve                        177


  CHAPTER VII.

  False shuffles--The arranged shuffle--The partial shuffle--The
    fan--The dove-tail                                               183


  CHAPTER VIII.

  DOCTORED CARDS.

  _Cartes biseautées_--Tinted cards--Sticky or slippery cards--
    Slanting cards--Pricked cards--Cards with indented edges--
    Wavy cards--Chequered cards--Marked cards                        189


  CHAPTER IX.

  The chaplet, or rosary                                             205


  CHAPTER X.

  The ring for marking                                               209


  CHAPTER XI.

  The reflecting snuff-box                                           211


  CHAPTER XII.

  APPLICATION OF THE PRECEDING PRINCIPLES.

  Arrangement of the pack--_Coups de piquet_--How to repique and
    capot an adversary--How to repique and capot an adversary,
    although he has shuffled the cards--Abstraction and substitution
    of cards--_Coup d'écarté_--_Jeu de règle_--Lansquenet--
    Baccarat--Vingt-et-un, &c. &c.                                   213


  CHAPTER XIII.

  ENTERTAINING TRICKS.

  In Piquet--Écarté--Baccarat--Impériale--Whist--Bouillotte
    --Bézigue--&c., &c.                                              232


  CHAPTER XIV.

  MINOR CHEATS OF MEN OF THE WORLD.

  Ruses and frauds allowable by custom in society                    259




THE

SHARPER DETECTED AND EXPOSED.




AN ANECDOTE BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION.


A DANGEROUS PROFESSOR.

Whatever, dear reader, may be the value you attach to the knowledge of
the knaveries I am about to reveal to you, you will assuredly never pay
so dearly for them as I have.

You will easily understand, that the tricks and impostures exposed in
this work, are not the inventions of my own brain. I have collected
them, one by one, from sharpers, or have been obliged to find them out
as best I could.

My researches have been both difficult and dangerous. Sharpers do not
willingly part with the arts on which they depend for their livelihood;
and, moreover, you are driven, by your investigations, into a society
which may often expose you to serious personal risk.

When I was but a novice in the art of legerdemain, I often went, as I
have mentioned in my "Confessions," to the house of a manufacturer of
articles used for jugglery, named Père Roujol, hoping to meet there
some lover of magic, or professor of the art of legerdemain.

The kind Père Roujol had taken a great fancy to me; he knew my passion
for what he termed "natural philosophy rendered amusing," and took
pleasure in giving me these opportunities of obtaining useful hints on
the subject.

He spoke to me one day, of a man named Elias Hausheer, whom he had met
at a "café."

"This man," said he to me, "appears very clever, but from a few words
he let fall, it strikes me that he makes more use of his dexterity in
winning at play, than for the harmless amusement of the public."

Hausheer's character was of little consequence to me; he might be the
greatest blackleg in Paris; I only cared to know that he was clever,
and I hoped to learn from him a good deal that would be useful.

I thanked my old friend for his information, and decided to call on M.
Hausheer the following morning about ten o'clock.

I was at this time only known as a mechanician, and I feared that my
being so, would hardly procure me an introduction to the great man.

An idea just then crossed my brain; I had recently invented a little
mechanical bird, which sang and hopped about on the top of a snuff-box.
I thought that perhaps this work of art, a very valuable one,
by-the-bye, would serve my purpose, and I took it with me.

Feeling more confidence in the result of my visit, I directed my
steps towards the Rue de l'Écu d'Or, where the great man in question
resided. I say great man, not in a spirit of irony, but because, in
my monomania, my imagination pictured M. Hausheer as having a large
fortune, and all other advantages in keeping with his wonderful talents.

I did not know the Rue de l'Écu d'Or at all. I was much surprised, on
arriving there, at its miserable and poverty-stricken appearance, but
without stopping to reflect on this first disenchantment, I walked on
until I came to No. 8, which was the address mentioned on the card I
held in my hand.

A long, straight alley, damp and dirty, served as an entrance to the
house. I entered it resolutely.

"Does M. Hausheer live here?" I asked, rapping on one of the
dingy-looking panes of a sort of glass-box, over which the word
"Porter," was written.

A man with a grey beard, cut to a peak, like a well-pointed pencil,
with a bootjack in one hand, and a boot in the other, opened one of the
panes, and with a strong German accent, asked me what I wanted.

"M. Hausheer," I replied.

"I don't know such a person: there are none but Germans in this house."

"Well," replied I, "if I may judge from the name I've just mentioned,
the person I want ought to be a German."

I presented the card which I held in my hand.

The polisher of boots put on his spectacles, and after having read the
name of his lodger, said:

"Ah! M. Hhhaoushheer," aspirating, with great force, the letter H, as
if to give me a lesson in pronouncing the German language. "Yes, yes,
he lives on the second floor, at the end of the corridor, to the left."

Thus instructed, I mounted the staircase until I reached the second
story, proceeding along a dark corridor, at the end of which I
discovered a door, at which I rapped. Loud sounds and laughter were
heard from within.

A woman, whose exact age it would be difficult to guess, so dirty and
worn with age were both herself and her dress, opened the door a very
little way.

Remembering the lesson of my friend with the bootjack below, I asked,
"Is M. Hhhaoushheer at home?"

"Come in, and go to that door," replied the woman, pointing to a
glass-door at the end of the apartment.

Notwithstanding a nauseating odour which assailed my nostrils, and the
wretched appearance of the whole place, I resolved on following up an
adventure which promised some amusement.

The noise I had heard, proceeded from half-a-dozen children, more than
half naked, and extremely dirty, who were playing and shouting.

The room was large, and they had it all to themselves, for there was no
furniture in it.

Striding over one, and pushing aside another, I opened a glass-door,
and found myself in a bedroom.

I will not attempt to depict this apartment, but will leave it to the
imagination of my readers, who, after the description given of the
preceding room, may easily imagine it was far from clean or comfortable.

No one was there to receive me. I ventured, however, to utter once more
the name of the magician I had come to see.

Two curtains, which had once been white, were suddenly drawn aside,
and in the centre appeared a gaunt-looking head, covered with a cotton
nightcap, yellow from age and long usage.

"What do you want, young man?" asked this odd-looking individual,
addressing me.

"To see M. Hausheer," I replied.

"I am M. Hausheer"--and my interlocutor eyed me in a way which seemed
to say--"And what next?"

My illusions, so poetical a quarter of an hour before, were, you may
well believe, entirely dissipated. M. Hausheer only inspired me with
feelings of disgust.

I should have liked to have departed at once; but how could I do so? I
must, at all events, say something before retiring.

"Sir," said I, "Père Roujol has been speaking to me about you, and of
your skill in legerdemain. From what he said, I have been induced to
come and talk to you, about an art in which I passionately delight;
but do not disturb yourself, I will come again another time."

"No, no! Wait an instant--I understand, from what you say, you are come
with the intention of taking some lessons from me."

I made no reply, fearing to bind myself to an engagement, of which I
did not clearly see the end.

Hausheer, however, construed my silence into a consent, and thinking,
doubtless, of the money he should gain, jumped straight out of bed. He
was partly dressed, but, without troubling himself to put on any more
clothes, he approached me.

"Let us see what you know, young man; what progress have you made in
the science?" said he, offering me a pack of cards.

Far from accepting his invitation to give him a proof of my abilities,
I repeated my desire to shorten my visit. But the wary professor did
not intend thus to lose his prey. That I had come to take a lesson was
evident, and he was determined that a lesson I should have, whether I
now wished for it or not.

Still I persisted in my determination to retire.

Judging it would be wiser to persuade, than to force me, to stay,
Hausheer began to exhibit, as a specimen of his skill, some tricks with
cards, which he performed with marvellous dexterity.

From this moment, all the apprehension and disgust which I had
previously felt, if I may so express it, completely vanished;
admiration had replaced every other feeling. I was now as eager to
remain, as I had before been to depart.

It was now my turn to astonish the professor; so I took out my
celebrated snuff-box, and presenting it to him, I touched a spring,
when out flew my little automaton, hopping, singing, and flapping his
wings; and, when all these operations were finished, vanishing as if by
enchantment.

As long as my bird was singing, my attention was riveted on it, but
when it had finished, I glanced at Hausheer, to judge what effect it
had produced on him. I was struck by the covetous expression that
flashed from his eyes. It seemed to me that he glanced furtively from
side to side in a singular manner, as if debating with himself how he
could, by any possibility, gain possession of my snuff-box; his face
was pale, and his hands, which he stretched towards me, were tremulous
with agitation.

"How do you like it?" I asked him.

Instead of answering me, Hausheer walked across the room to a cabinet,
opened it hurriedly, and took out something which he concealed under
his clothes.

"It is very pretty," said he, at length, turning towards me; "but, I
say, young man, you must leave it with me to show to one of my friends,
who is rich, and will buy it."

"This box is not for sale," replied I; "it is an order, and, indeed, I
ought to take it home to-day."

"Oh! that's of no consequence. I will show it to my friend, and you can
take it home afterwards."

To this observation I made no reply, but wrapping the box up in paper,
I was just going to put it back into my pocket, when Hausheer rushed up
to me, rage sparkling in his eyes.

I confess I felt alarmed; and my alarm was not lessened, when my
aggressor, backing me up into a corner of the room, exclaimed, in a
voice I shall never forget, "I will have it; do you hear?"

At the same time he put his hand inside his flannel waistcoat, the poor
and flimsy texture of which, permitted me to see the bony fingers of
Hausheer clutch the handle of what I supposed to be a dagger.

The feeling of self-preservation restored all my energies. The danger
was imminent. I prepared for a desperate struggle.

I put my snuff-box quickly into my pocket, to leave my hands at
liberty, and looked stedfastly at Hausheer, to read in his eyes, if
possible, what was to be his next move.

He hesitated for a moment, seeming at a loss to know what it would be
best to do. It may be, that the dogged expression of my countenance,
or perhaps the impossibility of committing a murder without detection,
made him pause; or he may have wished to try once more, by persuasion,
to gain his ends, before proceeding to extreme measures. The whole
expression of his physiognomy underwent an instantaneous alteration; he
was evidently trying to calm himself, and his full purple lips essayed
to form themselves into a smile.

"Do tell me," said he, "why you won't lend me your snuff-box?" tapping
me familiarly on the shoulder at the same time.

"Devil take it, man," I replied, as calmly as my agitated feelings
would allow me, "you are so quick, you don't give one time to explain
oneself." To this observation he uttered some gibberish, to which I
paid no attention, so much was I preoccupied with my own thoughts.
Dreading a recurrence of his former violence, I was pondering on some
plan to escape, and was lucky enough to hit on the following:--

"Look here," I exclaimed, forcing myself to speak in as natural a tone
of voice as possible, "you are sure that you can sell this piece of
mechanism for me?"

"Certainly," replied Hausheer; "I am quite sure of it, for my friend is
very rich."

"Oh! then, if your friend is so rich, you can do me a great service, my
dear sir."

"What is it?"

"I possess a snuff-box similar to this, as regards the mechanical part
of it; but as the box itself is of chased gold, it is too expensive an
article for me to dispose of easily. I should, therefore, be very glad
if your friend would buy it."

It is well said, that, to believe oneself more clever than others, is
the way to be deceived. The cunning rascal never perceived the snare I
had laid for him.

"That would suit him better still," said he. "Come, let us go, and get
this treasure."

"Willingly," I replied. "Finish dressing yourself, and I'll wait for
you; without," I added, "you would like to accompany me in the state
you now are?"

This little _plaisanterie_ did not provoke a smile from Hausheer; he
contented himself with offering me a chair, and proceeded to finish his
toilette.

During this time I was contriving the plot for my revenge.

At length we started.

The Rue de l'Écu d'Or was at the back of the Hôtel de Ville. The Rue de
Vendôme au Marais, where I lived, was not far off; besides, each of us
had reasons of his own for hastening his steps; so we were soon there.

I rapped at my door, and, as soon as it was opened, I entered in
advance of my companion, and, turning round and standing so as to
prevent his entrance, I said to him, in a calm voice, mingled with
irony--

"M. Hausheer, I have some business to transact in this house, which
will detain me some time. I hope, therefore, you will not trouble
yourself to wait for me."

"And the snuff-box with the bird?" said the German, reddening with
vexation.

"Oh! you shall have that another time," I replied, in a mischievously
significant tone of voice, and shut the door hastily in his face.

As Hausheer departed, I heard him utter a perfect volley of oaths and
imprecations, amidst which, the words, "I have been a great blockhead,"
were distinctly audible.

These volleys of abuse mattered little to me; I was in my own house,
and had nothing to fear. I left the rascally juggler to his anger and
his regrets.

Some months afterwards, I was one day reading the "Gazette des
Tribunaux," when my eye was arrested by the name of Elias Hausheer,
figuring amongst a gang of sharpers of the worst kind.

The phrase, "I have been a great blockhead," recurred to my mind. I
could now understand its true meaning. Hausheer was not a man to stick
at trifles: he was a blockhead for not having possessed himself of my
snuff-box at _any price_.

The recollection of it made me shudder.

The knowledge of the danger I had incurred made me more prudent for
the future, but did not prevent me from following my researches,
only, instead of going myself on such occasions, I now always sent a
third party. I employed, as my agent, a young man whom I knew to be
respectable enough, though much of his time was passed in "estaminets"
and gaming-houses, and I paid handsomely for each new trick that he
brought me.

At such a statement I fancy I hear my reader exclaim: "Why pay so much
for learning a thing which is wrong? Is it not the act of a fool or a
monomaniac?"

I acknowledge my weakness; but, dear reader, had it not been for this
monomania, I should never have had the success I have enjoyed.

I always intended turning my knowledge to a good account; many
circumstances have retarded the fulfilment of my intentions; but at
length I have the honour of presenting the result of my labours to you,
under the title of,--

  "THE SHARPER DETECTED AND EXPOSED."




THE TRICKS OF SHARPERS EXPOSED.




CHAPTER I.

MODERN GREEKS.

  Origin of the name "Greek"--The first gambling-houses--Invention
    of roulette--Hunt for dupes--Opening of "_tripots_," or low
    gambling-houses--The Greek described--Different classes of
    sharpers.


Let me in the first place explain to my readers, why the compatriots of
Homer and Plato have been thus honoured, or rather dishonoured, and how
it comes that the word "Greek" has, in our day, become synonymous with
rascal or knave.

The following are the facts:--

Towards the end of the reign of Louis XIV., a certain Chevalier of
Greek origin, named Apoulos, was admitted into the Court circle, where
he played with such success, and won so largely, that suspicions were
aroused as to the fairness of his play.

His dexterity was astonishing; but one day he was taken "_flagrante
delicto_," and condemned to the galleys for a period of twenty years.

The circumstance made a great noise at the time, and, ever since,
similar rogues have been termed "Greeks."

Shakspeare asks, "What's in a name?" There is, however, a French
proverb which tells us that, "_Souvent ce sont les noms qui décident
des choses_." Many who did not object to be called "Greeks," would have
loathed the name of "swindler."

The number of these light-fingered gentry was greatly increased, by
the establishment in Paris of two public gambling houses, known as the
Hôtel de Gèvres, and Hôtel de Soissons.

Until then, the Greeks exercised their vocation separately; most of
them had no arranged method of proceeding, and their tricks were nearly
all badly executed.

In fact, the art of cheating was still in its infancy.

The opening of the two hotels above mentioned, caused a complete
revolution amongst the Greeks. The cleverest amongst them met, invented
new manoeuvres, and clubbed together to cheat their neighbours; they
imagined, calculated, and invented, all sorts of tricks until then
unknown.

Lansquenet, Pharo, Piquet, and Quadrille were the favourite games of
that period, and being much in vogue, were golden mines of wealth to
these rascals.

The game of roulette, even, which had just been introduced into the
fashionable hells, and which the public believed they could play
without fear, was tampered with by this fraternity.

One of them, who was a geometrician, had a roulette board made, in
which the black divisions were larger than the white ones, so that the
chance of the ball entering the latter was diminished.[A]

To arrange all this, it was necessary to have an understanding with the
attendants at these hells; but this was not difficult, as most of them
were scamps.

The number of Greeks in Paris increased at length to such an extent,
that they were at a loss for dupes.

This state of things, however, did not last long. Reckoning on the
weakness of human nature, these men knew, that the number of dupes in
the world is without limit, and that they will never fail you, if you
only know how to profit by the weakness of the human heart.

They organised a band of emissaries or agents, whom they despatched
in all directions, to discover and attract--1st, All strangers newly
arrived in the capital; 2nd, Barristers coming out of court after
having gained a suit; 3rd, Successful gamblers who had won to a large
amount; 4th, Heirs to large estates; 5th, Imprudent clerks and foolish
youths, who would stake their last farthing.

With such auxiliaries, the Greeks again realised immense profits; but
their doings created so much scandal, that upon a representation made
by the police, Louis XV. ordered both the Hôtels de Gèvres and de
Soissons to be closed, and renewed the former stringent regulations
against all games of chance.

Even this measure did not disconcert the Greeks; they opened low
gambling-houses, and played in secret.

The police were again put on their track, and waged fearful war against
them.

Constant trials, imprisonment of proprietors, and the conviction of
a host of swindlers, alarmed the dupes, whose fears began to be
awakened, so that they dared no longer frequent these establishments.

Thus followed and routed, the Greeks dispersed in all directions,
rushed into the provinces and foreign countries, to return, after a
time, to their former home in the capital; when the Government, in
urgent want of money, established Frascati, and the rival houses in the
Palais Royal. Over the doors of these institutions ought to have been
inscribed "_ici on trompe de bonne foi_," or in other words, "Here they
_take in_ all comers."

The enormous sums lost by the public, all the chances of which had
beforehand been cleverly calculated, produced an immense revenue to the
State, and considerable profits to the owners of the tables.

The Government shut its eyes to these knavish proceedings, until forced
to take notice of them by the clamours of the public, who would not
submit to be thus openly robbed.

Roulette and other gambling games were again prohibited, and, with
them, the whole gang of sharpers for whom these games had always been a
centre of attraction, appeared also to vanish. I say the gang _seemed_
to vanish, for, if roulette has been banished from France, the Greeks
have unfortunately by no means ceased to reside there. But where are
they to be found?

Their numerous dupes know too well. They have learnt to their cost,
that these insatiable birds of prey are always to be found wherever
there is money to be got.

But you will ask, "How are they to be recognised?"

There is the difficulty; for these heroes of the criminal courts are
now become more clever than ever. Forced to mix in society, they know
the necessity of being perfect in their unlawful occupation, in order
to escape the punishment which the law has in store for them.

However difficult it is to recognise them, we will endeavour to point
them out to all honest men; so that they may know them, if not by their
faces, at least by some characteristic signs, but especially by a
revelation of the tricks to which these men usually have recourse.

Taken collectively, the "Greeks" present no peculiarity of type. It
would be difficult to sketch their features, so numerous and varied are
they. I think it best, therefore, to characterise them by dividing them
into three categories.

1st. The aristocratic Greek, or sharper of the fashionable world.

2nd. The Greek of the middle classes.

3rd. The Greek of the low gambling houses.

"Honour to whom honour is due;" so let us begin with the first on our
list.




CHAPTER II.

THE GREEK OF FASHIONABLE LIFE.

  Wonderful acuteness--Refined sleight-of-hand--Delicacy of touch.


The sharper of fashionable life is, without doubt, the most adroit and
clever in his villany; he is, one may say, grand master of the art of
cheating.

He is generally a man of the world, whose dress and manners leave
nothing to be desired. If he does not dazzle by the brilliancy of
his conversation, it is that he does not wish to eclipse others, but
perhaps reserves his forces for the "_mise en scène_" of his villanies.

This "citizen of Athens" cares little to please in general society,
but emulates only those qualities which may be of use to him in his
profession; and whether he is thus gifted by nature, or has acquired
the science by study, certain it is, that he has that delicacy of
perception, exquisite tact, and above all, that marvellous talent of
appreciation of character, of which I have already spoken in my work,
"Confessions of a Wizard." When he is victimising his dupes, his eyes,
seemingly fixed on his own cards, are casting furtive glances to see
all that is passing around him. He knows, by the effect produced on his
adversary's countenance, when the cards are turned up, as well as by
the classification of the cards themselves, the nature of his play.

As a physiognomist, the Greek of fashionable life rivals the cleverest
disciple of Lavater. It would be in vain to try and baffle him, by
putting on a dull and stolid expression of countenance; the slightest
movement of the nerves of the face, or an almost imperceptible
contraction of the features, discovers to him your most hidden thoughts.

This quickness of perception is equally useful to him, in discovering
if he is looked on with doubt or suspicion.

The aristocratic "Greek" is also an adept in every sort of gambling.
The theories and probabilities of all games of chance, so cleverly
described by Van Tenac, are the principles on which he bases his
system, and which he makes use of with wonderful intelligence.

To this rare talent, the aristocratic Greek unites a profound knowledge
of the most refined sleight of hand; thus, no one knows better than
he, how to change one card for another, make a false cut, to abstract
or add a trick, &c., &c.; and he has carried these three important
principles of cheating to a marvellous perfection.

Blessed with excellent eyesight, he can, after a few deals, and
attentively watching the cards, recognise many of them. One is perhaps
the slightest shade more highly coloured than the rest. Another has on
some particular part a spot or blemish, an imperfection of some kind,
that the best manufacturers cannot always avoid, of which he takes
advantage.

In the absence of any mark, by his extreme delicacy of touch, he will
be enabled to distinguish different cards as they pass through his
hands, aided by a slight indentation which he makes on them with his
nail. Once able to distinguish them, he can either give them to his
adversary, or appropriate them to himself, whichever he deems most
favourable to his interests.

The aristocratic Greek always quits the capital during the summer
months, and frequents the various watering-places. He invariably
directs his steps towards that celebrated and brilliant oasis, which
will surely some day bear the appellation of Villa-Benazet,[B] but
which at present is called Baden-Baden.

It is there, thanks to the blindness and wealth of his adversaries,
that he realises enormous profits, by means of which he lives like a
nabob.

The greatest number, however, of these fashionable sharpers, end their
days in misery. Some few retire into private life; there to live an
existence of fear and remorse, so well depicted by a witty moralist
and member of the Academy,[C] in his book entitled "Une Fortune
mystérieuse."




CHAPTER III.

THE GREEK OF THE MIDDLE CLASSES.

  The "_Comtois_" and "_Amazones_"--Tricks and frauds--An heir
    expectant--Game at bouillotte--A rich pocket-book--The bill
    to pay--Dupers duped.


The Greek of the middle classes, otherwise termed the nomad Greek,
on account of his ubiquity, is a sort of chain or link between the
aristocratic sharper, and him of the low gambling houses. This chain is
of great length, and unites, by almost imperceptible gradations, the
two extremes in this world of filibusters.

The nomad Greek seldom works alone, he is in league with accomplices
called "comtois."

These are for the most part other Greeks, whose reputation is higher
than that of their associates. But, according to circumstances, these
respectable individuals take it by turns to play the role of "comtois."

These gentlemen, besides their accomplices, have female assistants
called "Amazones."

These women are, for the most part, very pretty and attractive, and
are equally, if not more, vicious than their lords and masters.

In those attractive snares to the unwary and to foreigners, known under
the name of clubs, these "Amazones" perform the office of decoys.

The wiles and tricks of these women will not bear analysis, and could
not be described here. Suffice it to say, that, like the simple larks
which a fowler attracts and blinds by means of a revolving mirror,
the imprudent and unwary visitors, fascinated by the seductions of
these sirens, become an easy prey, and stupidly allow themselves to be
plucked by the hunters of these prairies.

The nomad Greek cannot boast of the wit and good manners of his
colleague of the fashionable world, neither has he that finesse in
executing his tricks, which renders detection difficult. But he is not
the less clever in the manipulation of the different means of cheating.

Cards, dice, and dominoes, are all, in his hands, most formidable
instruments of his profession.

He is able to exercise his adroitness at all games, simple or
complicated, be it whist or battle, tric-trac, or even "heads or
tails." He knows tricks, with which he can turn each and all of these
to his advantage. His dupes are as numerous as they are varied;
he finds them anywhere and everywhere. He spares none; his nearest
relatives, his most intimate friends, are often his first victims.

The following anecdote proves the perfidy of this class of sharper:--

Three Greeks, united, not by the bonds of friendship, but of rascality,
went each on his way to seek for dupes.

One of them, a young Italian, nicknamed Candour, perhaps on account
of his craft and cunning, informed his companions, that he had become
acquainted with a young man of position, just arrived from the country.

This young provincial was rich, a gambler, and prodigal to
excess,--qualities much appreciated by the three rascals.

Finding out from the Italian, that his new friend was to be at the
opera that same night, they immediately arranged their plan of attack.

So good an opportunity was not to be lost, and when their plans were
all settled, they separated, having arranged to meet at the opera-house.

At the appointed hour, the three Greeks met in the lobby of the
theatre, and were fortunate enough to see the young capitalist soon
afterwards.

The Italian, having addressed his new friend, introduced him to his
two associates, giving them titles borrowed from the nobility.

The introduction over, the conversation became general, and so
interesting, that their victim did not quit their side the whole
evening.

The three Greeks were most affable in their manners towards the young
man, and he, delighted with his new acquaintances, invited them all to
sup with him at the celebrated restaurant of the "Maison Dorée."

The invitation, it may easily be divined, was accepted with pleasure.

The repast was worthy of the host.

No expense was spared to regale such charming companions.

To prolong the pleasure of this charming _réunion_, one of them began
talking of play, and bouillotte being proposed, was received with
acclamation.

Whilst they were laying out the card-table, the three Greeks again
managed to have a little private conversation, and, by the advice of
Candour, they agreed, that, in order to allay all suspicions in the
mind of their victim, it would be better to allow him to win at first
to the extent of three thousand francs (120_l._), after which they
would fleece him without remorse.

The game began well for the Greeks: the young man placed on the table
a pocket-book which seemed well-filled, and took out of it a note for
five hundred francs (20_l._), which he staked.

Fortune, by the assistance of the three sharpers, seemed to smile on
the provincial, and in a short time, he found himself possessor of the
sum it had been agreed he should be allowed to gain.

"Indeed, gentlemen," exclaimed he, putting the notes he had just won
into his pocket-book, "I am so overcome at such a wonderful run of
luck, that I will go on playing, to give you the chance, at least, of
winning back your money. I am determined I will not stake less now than
a thousand francs (40_l._)."

Scarcely had he uttered these words, when, drawing his handkerchief
from his pocket, the young man held it up to his nose, which began to
bleed violently.

"I beg your pardon, gentlemen," said he, "I will be with you again in
five minutes, I am very subject to these hemorrhages from the nose;"
and he went out, leaving his pocket-book on the table. Candour, filled
with compassionate interest, rushed after his friend; but truth compels
us to state, not to give him assistance, but to bolt with him as fast
as his legs could carry him.

The rich provincial was neither more nor less than a Parisian sharper,
with whom Candour had concocted a scheme, to rob his accomplices of
three thousand francs.

The hemorrhage, and the pocket-handkerchief stained with blood, were
the dénoûement of the comedy, the first act of which took place in the
Opera-House.

Let us now return to the restaurant, to see and hear what is taking
place there.

"Ah!" said Patoche (one of the rascals who remained behind) to his
comrade, eyeing at the same time the pocket-book full of bank-notes
lying on the table, "all proceeds beyond our hopes. Let us imagine we
have gained the bank-notes from the provincial. Let's pay ourselves,
and be off."

"Yes; but," said the other, "you forget, the bill must be settled
before we can go."

"_Mon Dieu!_ What a fool you are! We will pay the bill, and the
pocket-book will reimburse us for any money we advance."

"And if we should meet the owner of it!"

"Well, what could he say to us? We were on our way to meet him, to
return him the pocket-book, which he left on the table."

"True; I understand; he will owe us many thanks for so doing. It's a
good idea."

The two rogues then asked for the bill, which they settled, gave the
waiter a handsome fee, and hastened down-stairs.

As soon as they reached the bottom of the staircase, the one who had
the pocket-book in his possession stopped short.

"I say, Patoche, a thought has just struck me. Go back, and tell the
waiters, that we intend going to the Café Riche to continue our game.
This will give us time to escape to some place of safety with our
prize."

No sooner had Patoche departed up the stairs to execute his errand,
than his companion vanished with the pocket-book.

Which of these two rogues was the most deceived?

The pocket-book was full of waste paper: the bank-notes had been
cleverly abstracted by the pretended provincial.

This sketch will give some idea of the characters of the individuals
whom I herein portray. If my readers wish for further information, they
must continue the perusal of this work, and the different rogueries
herein described, amongst which the nomad Greek plays some of the
principal _rôles_; I think they will then have a clear view of the
villany of these men.




CHAPTER IV.

THE GREEK OF THE TRIPOT.

  His abject condition--The public-house--Pretended stupidity
    --Dupes fleeced--Acting the countryman--_Table d'hôte_--
    The pellets--A good farce--Deception--The three cards--
    The countryman's bet--Clever substitution--English rogues--
    Thimble-rig.


It may with truth be said, that the Greek of low life is a sort
of vulgar imitation of the two other types that I have just been
describing, and, if I may be allowed to draw the comparison, I should
say, that the Greek of the low gambling-house, is, to his more favoured
comrade, what a street-ballad singer is to an educated artiste.

Heaven forbid that I should fall into an ecstasy about the villanies of
any sharper, let him be of whatever class he may; but I may venture to
say, that, although under no circumstances should I like to be robbed,
yet, if I am to be so, I should much prefer being cheated out of my
money by a gentlemanlike scamp, than by a low vulgar sharper.

As regards elegance of manners and appearance, there can be no
comparison between the aristocratic Greek, and him of the lowest
grade. There is every reason to believe, that the former is not even
aware of the existence of the latter. Men of this stamp all resemble
each other more or less; most of them are miserable specimens of
humanity, whom idleness and debauchery have reduced to the necessity of
cheating, hoping thereby to get what honest labour had failed to obtain
for them.

Their tricks are usually as coarse, as the victims on whom they
practise. It is no longer sleight of hand, it is a sort of cheating,
for which there is no name. Their victims being ordinarily so easy to
dupe, they do not care to become more expert.

Besides, it is generally not until after finishing the fifth or sixth
bottle, that the play begins.

The qualities most essential for these rascals, are to be able to drink
and smoke to any extent, without being affected by it. The constant use
of spirits produces this insensibility to their influence.

The third-rate sharper makes the lower public-houses and tap-rooms,
outside the barriers, the scene of his exploits. His victims are
drunken labourers, countrymen visiting the capital, soldiers on leave,
and sometimes persons of small independent means out for a frolic.

This style of Greek has usually a colleague to assist him in his
manoeuvres. Their operations require the assistance of a second party,
as they are performed American fashion.

I cite one out of a thousand similar instances:--

The swindler enters a public-house, which he knows is much frequented,
and places himself at a table, near which another man is already
seated; this man, whom he pretends not to know, is an accomplice.
He calls for a bottle of wine, which he empties at once, and begins
talking to his neighbour in a loud voice, so as to attract the
attention of the whole company. He puts on an appearance of the
greatest stupidity, and makes some foolish remarks arranged for the
occasion, to which the "_comtois_" replies by making game of him, to
the great amusement and satisfaction of his auditory.

Insensibly all draw near, and approach the two antagonists.

The Greek ends by getting annoyed with the joking of his neighbour, and
proposes to play for the two bottles on the table.

The proposition is accepted, but the Greek plays badly, and the game is
soon lost. He holds his cards so awkwardly, that it appears as if he
had never had one in his hands before. His defeat was evident from the
first.

His fortunate adversary, delighted with his triumph, wins everything,
and quickly walks off.

The rogue who remains behind, bitterly bewails his loss, and testifies
his anxiety to take his revenge on the first comer.

The dupes, led on by the hope of winning easily, are all eager to
accept the challenge. They play, and win as they expected, but the
rascal, far from being discouraged, takes from his pocket a handful of
five-franc pieces, which he announces he is ready to stake, to try and
regain what he has lost.

This declaration, together with the clink of the silver, is too great a
temptation to withstand. Every one present is anxious to have his share
of a booty so easy to acquire. They play again, and again win several
games, and this additional loss (arranged by the Greek) gives him an
opportunity of raising his stakes and offering to play double or quits.

Now begins the real game of our hero, who, without forgetting his
character of the fool, brings into play the resources of a coarse sort
of sleight of hand. He gains with an air of such stupid simplicity and
"_gaucherie_," that no one has the slightest suspicion on the subject.
Luck has turned in his favour, and, in the parlance of "_cabarets_,"
there is a Providence over drunkards.

The Greek, after having filled his purse at the expense of his
adversaries, retires for want of combatants, and goes off to share the
spoil of the day with his associate.

This scene is, in the vocabulary of Greeks, termed; "acting the
countryman."

       *       *       *       *       *

Were a case of sharping of this description tried before the tribunals
of justice, one, or at most two culprits, would be brought forward;
and yet is it not evident to every one, that, in robberies conducted
American fashion, and particularly in those of the kind specified
above, the duped are as guilty as the dupers? Would they not have taken
advantage of the poor foolish countryman to victimise him? The sole
reason which prevented them so doing, was the fact of their having met
with one, who, with all his apparent stupidity, was more than a match
for themselves.

If I were writing for the "_habitués_" of Paul Niquet and the
frequenters of "_Père la Rangaine_"[D] I should make the Greek of the
public-houses the hero of this work; but as I have every reason to
believe, that most of my readers will never come in contact with this
class of sharper, I shall only mention one or two of his best tricks,
and then have done with him.

       *       *       *       *       *

We will suppose our hero to be dining at one of the "_tables-d'hôte_"
outside the barriers, where you get your dinner at a shilling a head.
In the course of the repast, the Greek, who, by-the-bye, seems a jovial
sort of fellow, offers to make all sorts of bets with those around
him,--bets of that equivocal nature in which the proposer is sure to
win.

The Greek, however, makes these bets less with a view of gain, than to
irritate the men who lose, and from whom he hopes later in the evening
to derive some benefit.

At dessert he takes three plates and some tumblers, and affects to play
a juggling trick with pellets of bread crumbs.

But his performances are so ridiculously "_maladroit_," that the
spectators only laugh at him.

There is no deception, for, as they say, one sees the string which
makes the puppet dance.

Still the Greek goes on with wonderful assurance:--

"Gentlemen," he observes, "you see I put this little ball under a
plate; well, I will make it disappear without your seeing anything;--I
mean, that the most clever amongst you will see nothing."

But whilst the Greek is placing the pellet under the plate, he knows
well enough, that by a particular motion of his hand, he has sent it
rolling on the floor.

Pretending to think that it is still under the plate, he endeavours
to explain what a clever trick he is about to show them, as he does
not even require to approach the table to do it. Whilst giving these
explanations, he affects to turn his back to the spot where the trick
is to be executed.

A spectator, who has seen the pellet fall down on the ground, picks it
up, and puts it openly in his pocket, at the same time addressing his
neighbours in a low voice:--

"Let us play him a good trick, and bet with him, that the pellet is no
longer under the plate. He'll be sure to take the bet, as he is not
aware of his own awkwardness."

They agree to the proposition the more eagerly, as they are all pleased
to mystify the mystifier, who, far from declining, bets a large sum,
and offers, moreover, to bet it with each spectator individually who
likes to accept the challenge.

Two or three people come forward, and first and foremost are those who
have been already taken in. They rub their hands in glee with hopes of
being revenged, and feel sure of winning, as they know that the pellet
is in the pocket of one of the betters.

But, alas! they are all deceived. When the plate is raised, behold! The
pellet is there, under it.

The juggler has won his bets.

Whilst throwing one pellet on the ground, the cunning fellow had very
cleverly introduced another under the plate.

The spectator who so eagerly offered to bet was his colleague.

       *       *       *       *       *

Again, here is another instance of the adroitness of these miscreants.

Some years since, on the road between the "Place de la Bastille" and
the "Jardin des Plantes," or any other public thoroughfare where the
Parisian cockneys were likely to be met with, a man was to be seen on
his knees on the pavement, which he had appropriated to himself, to
show off the following piece of deception.

He held in his hands three cards--say, the seven of hearts, the king
of spades, and the ace of diamonds.

The two last of these cards were held in his right hand, the
first-mentioned in his left, as is shown in the following engraving.

[Illustration]

The rogue, raising his hands a little, requested them to remark the
order in which the cards were placed. Then turning them over, he threw
them, one after another, side by side on the pavement.

The seven of hearts is designated by the figure 1;

The king of spades by No. 2;

And the ace by No. 3.

This done, he shuffled the cards for some time, to draw off the
attention of the spectators.

Addressing one of them, he asked him where the king was.

They, having seen the card in his right hand, and followed it closely
with their eyes, point it out each time, and are never deceived.

The Greek pretended to be much annoyed at not being able to baffle the
spectators.

He began again, and this time offered to make a large bet, that they
would not find the card.

The people laughed, but did not venture to take his bet, when one
amongst them, braver than the rest, a sort of country clown (to all
appearance), stepped forward.

"That's capital," said he, with an oath, "I bet you twenty sous I guess
where the king is."

The bet was accepted by the Greek who, turning over the card pointed
out by the countryman, confessed he had lost, and paid the stake.

The two champions continued to bet, and the Greek invariably lost,
until the peasant, satisfied with his winnings, retired. The rest of
the spectators, who had stood quietly looking on, were thoroughly taken
in by the countryman.

When he had retired, and the Greek continuing his offers of betting,
three or four of them, taking the man for a fool, accepted the
challenge.

But they, poor dupes, were ignorant that the countryman was an
accomplice, and that the money he had pretended to gain, was only a
lure to excite their cupidity.

With the fresh set of people anxious to bet, the Greek entirely changed
his tactics. In throwing the cards on the ground, he, by a manoeuvre,
completely changed their position.

Thus, it is true, he placed the seven of hearts on No. 1, but, instead
of letting fall the king of spades on No. 2, he slipped the card above
(the ace of diamonds) in its place, and put the king on No. 3.

This substitution was so rapidly done, that no one perceived it, and
of course, when the shuffling was all over, and the card named by the
lookers on was turned up, it proved to be the ace of diamonds.

As this occurred very often, the losers determined to try and take
their revenge, seldom quitting until they were all cleared out.

It sometimes happened that quarrels and even pitched battles followed
this system of cheating; in which case the accomplice, who, from a
distance, had watched the proceedings, interposed his powerful aid, and
assisted his comrade to decamp.

This sort of gambling is now only met with in public-houses, as
the police have interdicted the exhibition of it on the public
thoroughfares.

       *       *       *       *       *

In England they have a game similar to this, called Thimble-rig. Three
thimbles are placed on a table, like the goblets used in jugglery.

A small ball is put under one of them; the thimbles are then moved
about rapidly, so as to bewilder the spectators. And, as in the
previous trick, the rogue has an accomplice to aid him in obtaining
bets from the spectators, and, as has also been shown, he is sure to
win.

But with the public it is quite another thing; the rogue himself never
loses, for in pushing about the thimbles he artfully manages to make
the ball pass from under the thimble, where he placed it, to another.

This is done by an act of sleight of hand.

From what I have said, it will be evident to the reader that, though
the Greek of the low gambling-house is, to a certain extent, different
from his brother sharpers, still he resembles them in their rogueries
and cheating.




CHAPTER V.

A GREEK TAKEN IN THE FACT.

  The restaurant of the _Veau qui tête_--Subscription ball--The
    card room--A lucky player--_Sauter la coupe_--Mystification
    --The tell-tale hat--We are done.


With such a number of Greeks mixing in society, one is tempted to ask,
how is it that they are so seldom brought before the tribunals of
justice?

This is easy to explain. In the first place, the Greek is generally
clever, cunning, artful, and circumspect; for these reasons, his
manoeuvres are seldom discovered.

And, supposing he were caught in the very act of cheating, if it were
in a private house, they would probably be content with making him
disgorge his ill-gotten gains, and ignominiously turning him out of the
house.

If it were in public, the swindler always knows how to manage the
affair in some way or another, or to bolt.

The following circumstance I was myself a witness of.

There was formerly (I speak of thirty years ago), on the Place du
Châtelet, on the spot now occupied by the Chambre des Notaires, a
very large restaurant of great repute, known as the "Veau qui tête"
("Sucking Calf").

In the centre of this vast edifice was a picture representing a
pastoral subject--it was a cow suckling her calf. This very primitive
allegory was meant to express, that the food supplied in that house,
was of the most harmless and nutritive description.

And it was perfectly true, that, whether it was a small entertainment
for one or two people, or a grand wedding dinner, the table was always
well served, and there were large rooms to make merry in.

This matter _posé_ (as the professors of physiology say), I will
proceed with my recital.

During the Carnival of 1832, some folks of my acquaintance took it
into their heads to give a subscription ball, and selected the famous
saloons of the "Veau qui tête" to give it in.

The subscribers were numerous, and consequently, as often happens, the
society was of a mixed character. Out of three hundred persons present,
scarcely a dozen knew each other. But as there were plenty of police,
people were not afraid to join in the dance.

Wherever there is a ball, there is generally a room for play. In this
instance, close to the ballroom, was a saloon filled with tables for
play, and gambling going on.

I was one of the players.

I am not a gambler, for I play with great caution and moderation. I
never risk more than a small piece of silver at cards, and only play,
until the sum I intend to venture is lost; after which I retire, if not
with pleasure, at least with philosophic resignation.

On this evening, Dame Fortune was against me, and in spite of my best
strategetical calculations, the inconstant goddess had quickly put me
_hors de combat_. The last of the ten francs I had staked had vanished.

The lightness of my purse left me in a capital physical condition to
dance; but, though I had never been a great dancer, I feared, in spite
of my philosophy, that my partners might perceive that I was out of
sorts. I am obliged to confess, that at that period of my life, ten
francs was a large sum for me to lose.

But at twenty-five years of age one is seldom a millionnaire.

Therefore, instead of joining in the dance, I directed my steps to
another table where they were playing, with a malicious intention of
consoling myself, by looking on at the misfortunes of others. One does
feel so spiteful when one is vexed.

The game was very animated, gold was glittering on the table, and all
eyes, riveted on the precious metal, seemed eager with anticipated
pleasure.

They were playing écarté.

The player, behind whom I stood, was most unfortunate; he had lost four
games one after another.

I began to think that I had brought my ill-luck to my neighbour.
Wishing to be strictly impartial, I resolved to make him some amends,
by transporting it and myself to the side of his adversary.

The man behind whom I now placed myself, was about forty years of age.
He had a frank, open countenance, and boasted a huge pair of thick
"blondes moustaches." He wore a blue coat, buttoned up to the throat,
which gave him a military air; this, together with his _distinguée_
appearance, and easy, gentlemanlike manners, betokened a man accustomed
to the best society.

He was most fortunate in his play, and after each game, invariably,
whilst collecting and dealing the cards, kept alluding to his wonderful
luck, as if he wished to justify himself to his opponent.

"If," said he, addressing his adversary, "you had, unluckily for me,
played a diamond instead of a spade, I should have been forced to take
it, and you would have made the trick."

This manner of particularising facts rather astonished me. I was at
this time _au fait_ at some of the tricks of the Greeks, and their way
of discoursing on the game. It also struck me that I perceived him
making certain passes, to which I was no stranger.

I stood for some time looking on, with the greatest attention, thinking
I might be deceived in my conjectures. The game was played with the
most perfect regularity. However, I allowed no movement of his to
escape me.

In the end, my minute and determined investigation met with the success
it deserved. A false move which he made, put me on the scent, and I now
felt sure that the fortunate winner was nothing more than a Greek of
the first water.

I confess with shame, that once in possession of the secret of these
manoeuvres, I took the greatest delight in seeing them executed.

Under the pretext of ascertaining the truth of my suspicions, I
made friends with my conscience, and indulged in a spectacle truly
interesting to me.

It was charming to observe my hero, with his elegant address,
collecting the cards, sorting them, and selecting those which he
thought would be of use to him. Then classing them in the most natural
manner, and at length cutting them for his own benefit, before the eyes
of a whole host of spectators.

Poor dupes, I pitied them.

In the end, my feelings became more worthy of me, and I returned to my
better self. Laying aside my admiration, I resolved to put a stop to
the continued success of the elegant sharper.

In consequence of this determination, I went up to one of our
commissaries of police, named Brissard, whom I knew was intelligent and
energetic. I told him what I had seen.

Brissard followed me--waited until the individual I pointed out to him
rose from the table (a Greek is not imprudent enough to go on winning
the whole evening), and when, after being successful eight consecutive
times, he ceded his place, my friend addressed him without further
circumlocution.

"Sir," said he, "I am one of the police in attendance. I have not the
honour of knowing you. May I ask who introduced you here?"

"Oh! certainly," replied the Greek, with great assurance, a benevolent
smile playing on his features. "I was introduced by my friend M----"
(at the same time mentioning a well-known name), "to one of your
colleagues, who gave me a most favourable reception. However, sir, if
you will come with me, we will go and find my friend, who will confirm
what I have stated. Stay, I think he is on this side the room."

Startled at the frankness of this reply, Brissard, thinking that I must
have been mistaken, was on the point of apologising, but on a sign
from me, he followed the Greek, who led the way, and appeared to be
searching for his friend in every direction.

The crowd was so great we had great difficulty in following him.

All at once, the blue coat disappeared, as if by enchantment. In vain
did we look for him in the room. We soon found that our man, in passing
near the door, had slipped out.

"I'll catch him yet," said Brissard, running towards the cloak room,
"the fugitive must be bare-headed, he has not had time to get his hat.
The address of his hatter may help us."

"Madame," asked he, addressing the woman in charge of the hats and
cloaks, "has a gentleman with large moustachios just been here to get
his hat?"

"No, sir."

"That will do. Take great care of the last hat which is not claimed,
and keep it for me."

He then went on to the _concierge_.

"Tell me, have you just seen any one go out?"

"Yes, sir; a tall man, with big moustachios."

"That's he; and he was bare-headed?"

"Yes; but after going a few steps, he pulled out an opera hat from
under his coat, and put it on his head."

"The rascal had made his arrangements beforehand," said Brissard. "We
are done."

       *       *       *       *       *

If I had continued to frequent these kinds of _réunions_, I should have
acquired a certain dexterity in this sort of rogue-hunting; but about
this time, several circumstances occurred, which turned my thoughts
from all worldly pleasures. On the other hand, it was repugnant to
my feelings, even though it amused me, to spend my time in pursuits,
which, though very useful, are scarcely considered honourable.

I have related the story of the Greek and his hat, because it serves as
a sort of introduction to a series of facts descriptive of the art of
cheating.

In continuing my story, we must allow for a lapse of twenty years.




CHAPTER VI.

THE GAMBLER RAYMOND.

  His infallible system--His agreeable manners--A roulette player
    --Confidences--Revelations--In vein, and out of vein--The
    maturity of chances--Advice to players--Maxims--Influences
    --The gambler must be unmoved--Application of the system--A
    fortunate martingale--Mysterious meeting--Shorn of a beard--
    Ruin and misery--The talisman--Raymond is a Greek--Useful
    information.


In 1852, after a long series of performances, which I had been giving
in Germany, I stopped at that charming little place, Spa, with the
double intention of giving a few entertainments there, and also of
getting a little rest after my fatiguing tour.

I put up at an hotel, the name of which has escaped me. It is very
ungrateful of me, for it was an hotel where you received the greatest
civility and attention, and the table was excellent, which is what one
does not always meet with in one's travels.

The _table d'hôte_ was usually very gay, as the people composing it
were the _élite_ of society, all in perfect health, coming there
nominally to drink the waters, but in reality for amusement.

My neighbour at table was an _habitué_ of the house, who had been
living there, it was said, for some months.

He was an old man, with a long white beard, which was so thick and
bushy that it nearly covered his face. The only part visible was a pair
of cheeks, the roseate hue of which might cause a sigh of envy in the
heart of many a coquette. One might compare them to two rosy apples
lying on a bed of snow.

M. Raymond, for such was the appellation of the gentleman in question,
was one of the most intelligent and amusing companions it was possible
to meet with.

In conversation, he possessed the rare art of drawing others out,
that is to say, having himself something interesting to relate, which
often was the case, he managed, by cleverly turning the conversation,
to obtain from each of the party assembled, his quota towards the
general gaiety. He was, in fact, the life and soul of our gastronomic
_réunions_.

M. Raymond, who was sometimes called "Voisin Raymond," or simply "Mon
Voisin," seemed to be well off. The extent of his fortune was unknown,
but he must have had some means, as he was one of the most constant
players at the roulette-table; and to play much at this game one must
be rich, Roulette is not a winning game--this is one of its greatest
faults.

At the foreign watering-places, the passion for play is not considered
a vice--it is looked on as an amusement, rather _comme il faut_; my
neighbour, therefore, notwithstanding his regular attendance at the
gambling-table, was still supposed to be an honourable man and a
gentleman.

M. Raymond had been present at some of my _séances_, and seemed to take
particular delight in them. Often had he spoken to me in such terms,
as proved his thorough knowledge of the art of jugglery in general,
and about tricks with cards in particular. When we were alone, he even
showed me with what facility he could make a false cut, change one
card for another, &c., &c. I therefore looked on him as a very clever
amateur in these manoeuvres.

Our having the same tastes, I may say the same passion, in common,
contributed to add to our intimacy, and few days passed that we did
not take long walks together in the neighbourhood. Our conversation
turned, as may be supposed very frequently, on our favourite topic. We
also spoke about "Roulette" and "Rouge-et-Noir," but on these subjects
we seldom agreed, and my neighbour grew quite exasperated, when I said
that I had a horror of gambling, and, that when I approached the
table covered with green cloth, it seemed to me as if I were one of an
assemblage of fools, or at least lunatics of the worst description.

"Fools and lunatics!" exclaimed M. Raymond; "you seem to be ignorant
of the study necessary, of the strength of mind and talent required,
to contend against bad luck. You are not aware that the art of turning
lucky chances in your favour, is not a chimera, and that it requires
great talent to be able to duly estimate the value of the chances."

One day, after a long discussion more than usually excited, M. Raymond,
finding that he rather had the worst of the argument, thought to
convince me by letting me a little into his confidence.

"Ah! Well, you say you have a horror of gambling, and will never play.
Wait and see. I bet that in an hour you will be so wild about it, that
I shall be obliged to restrain and guide you."

I made a gesture of denial.

"Pray listen to me;" added he; "only when you've heard what I have to
tell, I must ask you to guard sacredly the secret I am about to confide
to you.

"You probably share the generally received opinion, that I have a large
fortune. I may say that I am rich, as my funds come from a source that
is inexhaustible. At the same time, I do not mind confessing to you,
that I have no other funds than my wits, or, in other words, my skill
in play. I live by the profits I derive from the gambling-table. I
could prove to you, that there is not a year that I do not make money
at roulette, clearing at least twenty thousand francs (800_l._). You
naturally inquire how?--I am going to teach you.

"It has long been the custom to hold up to ridicule those, who, having
little trust in fate, seek to make their fortunes by the aid of lucky
combinations at play, more or less ingenious.

"Even if the result disappoint you day after day, ought you, therefore,
to conclude that it is not to be obtained?

"I have every reason for believing the contrary, and, when you have
heard what I have to say, you will agree with me on the subject.

"To make these explanations more intelligible, I ought, in the first
place, to establish the following aphorism: 'That all games of chance
present two kinds of chances perfectly distinct: those which belong to
the player, and those which are inherent in the combinations of the
game.'

"The chances in favour of the player are represented by two mysterious
agents, known by the names of loss and gain, or perhaps by the more
characteristic ones of good and ill-luck.

"The chances of the game are termed probabilities.

"A probability is the relation which exists, between the number of
chances favourable to a result, and the sum total of possible chances.

"Some celebrated authors have written clever works on these same
probabilities, but, in consequence of their profound depth and
multiplicity, these calculations are of no earthly use to the player.

"Besides, all systems of probabilities may be advantageously replaced
by the following theory:--

"If chance should happen to bring every possible combination of the
game, there are, notwithstanding, certain limits, where it must cease.

"Such, for example, as the fact of a number coming up ten consecutive
times at roulette.

"That might happen, certainly, but it has never yet occurred. We may
therefore conclude, that:--

"In a game of hazard, the oftener a number comes up, the more certain
it is that it will not come up the next _coup_.

"This is the groundwork of all the theories of probabilities, and is
termed 'the maturity of chances.'

"After what I have stated, it is evident, that, in order to succeed,
a person must only continue to play, when he is fortunate at the
commencement, and must also only risk his money, at the instant
prescribed by the rules of the maturity of chances.

"Some sort of introduction was necessary, but I have made it as short
as possible."

Here M. Raymond, wishing doubtless to give me time to reflect on what
he had said, stopped short, pulled his pocket-handkerchief out of his
pocket, blew his nose several times, and then continued:--

"My theory is embodied in the following precepts, under the title of

    ADVICE TO PLAYERS.

    "1st. In playing, give the preference to the game of roulette, as
    it gives you the chance of investing your money in several ways,[E]
    and also enables you to study at the same time various chances and
    maturities.

    "2nd. A good player must be calm, and must keep his temper. A man
    who gives way to passion is sure to lose.

    "If, as is said to be the case, gambling produces the most
    delightful sensations; as all happiness in this world has
    its reverse of pain and suffering, it is almost certain,
    that the anticipated pleasure of winning is balanced by many
    bitterly-deceived hopes.

    "_The man who likes gambling must take the risk of losing._

    "3rd. A prudent player ought, before beginning, to observe, and
    obtain proof if possible, whether he is in a lucky vein or not.

    "If there be any doubt about it, he must abstain from playing.

    "4th. There are some whom ill-luck pursues incessantly. To these I
    would say: _never play_.

    "5th. An experienced player ought always to avoid joining in
    partnership, with those unlucky people who always lose. Nothing is
    so contagious as ill-luck. Be careful never to place your money
    with that of unfortunate players. On the other hand, always place
    your money with those whom you see are lucky.

    "6th. Accustom yourself to be one of the last to place your money,
    so that your play may not influence others who are also holding
    back.

    "7th. Endeavour to choose for playing, the moment when you see
    there are most players; the _coups_ are then less rapid, and one
    has more time to study them.

    "8th. Never think of playing, unless you have your brain quite
    clear. Let the voice of the _croupier_ and the card on which you
    have marked the points, occupy your thoughts. Isolate yourself in
    the midst of the crowd.

    "9th. Never try a chance until it is ripe, or has arrived at
    its maturity. This system will often oblige a novice to remain
    inactive; but practice will enable him to play every time, as
    he will know how to profit by _all_ the chances attached to the
    combinations of the game.

    "10th. If the calculations, founded upon your luck, or upon
    probabilities, are disappointed, cease playing at once, to try your
    luck again at a more favourable opportunity.

    "_Obstinacy in playing is ruin._

    "11th. Never play for more than two hours; beyond that time, brain
    and fortune become weary of being kept too long on the rack.

    "12th. To acquire the sort of impassibility I advocate, hide, in
    the recesses of your own heart, any and all emotions, which the
    fact of winning may produce, be the sum ever so considerable.
    Remember that your good luck ought never to make you rejoice too
    much, for, though Dame Fortune may shower her favours upon you,
    she as often takes her revenge on the imprudent whom success
    intoxicates."

I had paid the greatest attention to the explanation afforded me by M.
Raymond. His system appeared to me, if not infallible, at least a very
ingenious one; still I could not persuade myself, that it was possible
to command success. I wished, however, to show him that I had perfectly
understood him.

"All your precepts are very clear," said I, with an appearance of
conviction, "and may be summed up as follows:--

"_Before risking money at play, consider whether you are in a lucky
vein, and study the probabilities of the game, or, as you call it, the
maturity of chances._"

"Just so," rejoined M. Raymond. "This system is so sure and certain,
that I have latterly applied it most successfully.

"This morning I felt that it was one of my lucky days, those days so
rare in the life of a gambler.

"This feeling was so strong in me, that I felt instinctively that
something good would happen to me.

"On arriving at the table, I, however, at first only made a few
trifling experiments at rouge-et-noir.

"My success confirmed my impressions.

"It would not have been prudent to exhaust the vein of my good luck,
so I stopped, and, taking a card, began to study the maturity of the
chances before making my great _coup_.

"After an hour spent in making observations, I thought the favourable
moment had arrived, I placed ten francs on No. 33. I lost: one must
expect that; but, confident in my successful vein, even more than
in the No. 33, the maturity of which had not come to its full, I
martingaled four times running.[F]

"At the fifth _coup_, the probabilities proved in the right. The ball
stopped at my lucky number.

"My four martingales having amounted to eighty francs, the sum paid me,
according to the rules of the game, was thirty-six times that amount. I
received 2880 francs (about 115_l._).

"A fool would have gone on; but I, not wishing to tempt fortune, and in
order to avoid losing all my gains, quitted the table."

Clever as was the system of M. Raymond, he could not, however, imbue me
with the wish of risking the smallest sum at roulette. I have always
looked on this game, as a trap baited with the prospect of an easy
gain.

In fact, how many men have, like M. Raymond, invented systems and
theories to break the bank, who have only succeeded in ruining
themselves, and any fools who would listen to them.

  Et s'il est un joueur qui vive de son gain,
  On en voit tous les jours mille mourir de faim.

A few days afterwards, I quitted Spa to return to France, and, as often
happens with friends picked up in one's travels, M. Raymond and I
parted, as I thought, never to meet again.

It was not, however, thus destined.

Two years afterwards I found myself at Baden-Baden, and was walking on
the Lichtenthal promenade. A man I had not before observed, came, and,
placing himself suddenly before me, looked at me, as much as to say:
"Do you recognise me?"

This man, judging by his appearance, was not one of the aristocracy of
the Baden society. He wore a brown coat, which had that peculiar shiny
look, which bespeaks long service. It was buttoned up to the throat, to
allow him to dispense with the luxury of a waistcoat, or at least to
prevent a too minute inspection of his under garments.

His face was ornamented with a pair of large "blondes moustaches," very
carefully arranged.

"How the loss of a beard changes the appearance of a man!" said a
voice, which I recognised immediately to be that of M. Raymond.

"True," I replied, somewhat absent by a remembrance of former days
crossing my brain: "It is true, you are much changed." I looked at
M. Raymond; more old recollections crowded into my mind. Those thick
moustachios, that military appearance, were connected with an event
which had once impressed me deeply. Still I could not quite recall the
facts to my mind.

"I will not longer interrupt you in your walk," said M. Raymond, moving
away; feeling hurt probably at my hesitation, of which he did not know
the cause--when I stopped him:

"You do not interrupt me, 'Mon Voisin,'" I said; "let us walk on
together, and we will go to a less frequented part, where you will be
able to relate to me, more at your ease, all that has happened to you
since we parted."

"Ah! _Mon Dieu!_" replied poor Raymond with a sigh, "my tale is a
simple one; you shall judge for yourself.

"A fortnight after your departure, my luck turned. Bad luck pursued
me, as it had never done before. According to my principles, I waited,
hoping for a better chance; but my frightful ill-luck continued for six
months. I changed my _locale_, to turn my luck, but all in vain. The
best-established maturities, the most wonderful chances, all became,
for me, elements of ruin.

"At my wits' end, as well as at the end of my resources, I sold in
succession, jewels, linen, and clothes, by the proceeds of which I
hoped to save myself from ruin; but in vain.

"I played with caution, and studied in despair, all the chances for and
against me. I made nothing but unlucky hits, and was soon reduced to
utter poverty.

"Ever since then, I have led the most extraordinary existence in the
world. Too proud to beg, I endured with resignation the most cruel
privations. I cannot tell how it was, that I did not die of hunger.

"You may well believe that I did not wish to be recognised, in such
a pitiable position. I, the lucky gambler 'Voisin Raymond,' whom all
admired for his talent and good luck.

"I could not bear the pity of my former admirers.

"I shaved off my beard, the type in some measure of my greatness, and
thus transformed, I lived unknown, waiting for better days."

Proud, as M. Raymond seemed to be, I did not think he would refuse
a little assistance; but fearing to wound his susceptibility, I
contrived to slip a napoleon into his hand, while giving it a parting
shake.

"I accept what you offer me, but only as a loan," said he, "remember
that:--Thanks, '_au revoir!_'"

On this, "Mon Voisin" quitted me, with much precipitation.

Curious to learn what he intended to do, I followed him unseen, and saw
him direct his steps to that yawning gulf, the roulette-table. I was
not surprised; all gamblers are alike.

The same evening, Raymond approached me with a triumphant air.

"Well!" exclaimed he, "they are right who say that borrowed money
brings luck! Here I am, again in a lucky vein; I have played prudently
and for small stakes; the result is, that I have won a hundred francs.
It is a return of my former good fortune. Allow me, therefore, while
thanking you, to retain for a time the napoleon you lent me; I look
on it as a talisman, by means of which I hope to get out of all my
difficulties."

Cruel deception! The following day, the talisman and its luck fell a
prey to the rake of the hard-hearted _croupier_.

"A few more francs," said Raymond, when relating this misfortune,
"and I could have stood out against my unlucky vein. You must know,
my system has completely changed, and I feel so confident in my new
system, that, with only three hundred francs, I feel assured that I
could break the bank."

From all this, I saw that Raymond had lost, if not his wits, at least
his judgment.

"You had much better leave Baden, Raymond," I said to him, "and devote
yourself to some less dangerous occupation. Were you never in any
profession, which you could again take up?"

"Alas! The profession I exercised formerly, was one still more
dangerous; I quitted it twenty years since, and I swore never to resume
it again."

This explanation, short as it was, threw a sudden light upon the vague
recollections, which the altered face of Raymond had awakened in my
mind.

"Wait," said I to him, looking at him attentively. "Yes! It certainly
is,--were you not some twenty years since at a ball, which was given at
the Veau qui Tête?"

"Yes! Well, what of it?"

"Do you recollect being questioned, after an unusual run of luck at
_écarte_, and how you afterwards were chased by the police?"

"I remember the circumstance," replied Raymond, with the greatest
calmness, "and the more so, because, as a termination to that scene
and many preceding ones, finding myself tracked and nearly discovered,
I fled to Germany, abandoning my dangerous career for a more tranquil
and honest life.

"I there took another name, and with my thick beard, which almost hid
my features, few would have recognised me; of this you can judge for
yourself."

This candid avowal gave me hopes of obtaining from Raymond, an account
of his former life, which could not but be interesting. I hoped to find
there some facts, which would be of use for the work I was writing on
sharpers. I did not hesitate to ask him to oblige me, and, in the hope
of inducing him to admit me into his confidence, I offered to lend him
three hundred francs (£12), which he was to return, when he had made
his fortune. It was _giving_ them to him, under another form.

Raymond agreed to both my propositions, but begged to be allowed until
the morrow, to enable him to collect his ideas a little.




CHAPTER VII

EDIFYING HISTORY OF A GREEK.

  Debauchery--Scheme to get money--The usurer Robineau--The bill
    of exchange--A false friend--Treason--Stay at Clichy--
    Initiation of a sharper--Release from prison.


Raymond kept his promise. He came to me the following day; and, after I
had made my arrangements, so that no one should interrupt us, I asked
him to begin his story.

"It is not my intention," said he, "to tell you the history of my
life; I shall only relate to you my _début_ as a Greek, and the causes
which so fatally led to it. After that, I will tell you some startling
incidents, of which I have been the hero, the accomplice, or the
witness.

"My real name, and the place of my birth, are of little consequence. I
shall not mention them, out of respect to my family, one of the members
of which holds a very high position in Paris; to you, therefore, I
shall be simply M. Raymond.

"At the age of twenty, I was a tolerably good-looking fellow, and came
into possession of a fortune of about ten thousand francs (400_l._)
a year. Being an orphan, I had no one to control me, and led, in
consequence, one of the fastest and most dissolute lives in the
metropolis.

"In two years my patrimony was all spent, and I found myself ruined.

"As always happens in such cases, my friends turned their backs on me,
and, as must also always happen, it was necessary for me to exist; but
how? A serious question, for one who had never had any other profession
than idleness and debauchery.

"The idea of suicide occurred to me, but whether it was cowardice, or
submission to fate, that prevented me, I know not, but I continued to
live on."

M. Raymond then related several piquant anecdotes, as he called them.

As a faithful historian I shall transcribe them for the benefit of my
readers; but, as they will be easier to recount in the third person, I
shall in future adopt that method.

Raymond was thus abandoned, as he had stated, by all his friends, with
one exception. This faithful friend, named Brissac, was the same age as
himself; he had been the companion of his follies, and would now share
his misfortunes.

They had one purse in common,--that is to say, they starved together.

Brissac's active mind was never at a loss; every day brought forth some
new scheme, for restoring their broken fortunes.

"I say, Raymond," exclaimed Brissac, one morning, awakening his
comrade; "I've got an idea! In a few days we shall be rolling in
wealth. It only requires a couple of thousand francs (£80), no more;
and this is what we must do to procure that sum.

"I am acquainted with an old money-lender, named Robineau; a sly,
suspicious old fellow, and such a rogue, that an escaped convict would
blush before him. He shall be our banker. I don't mind confessing to
you that my credit with him is quite gone, so I can ask nothing for
myself; but _you_ might very well beg him to lend you the sum I named."

"No doubt I can _ask_ for it," said Raymond, "nothing is more easy; but
to _obtain_ it, is another thing. You know these usurers always require
security."

"I know that. Of coarse, you will offer security to this honest
Robineau."

"You are joking."

"No, on the contrary, I am quite serious. Listen to me; you will offer
Robineau a bill of exchange, and, at the same time, tell him to make
all necessary inquiries about you in your native place. As no one there
yet knows that you are ruined, there is no doubt, that, after making
these inquiries, and satisfying himself of your respectability, he will
give you what you require. We'll find means of paying him some day or
other," added Brissac, by way of quieting his conscience.

Everything occurred as Brissac had predicted. In consideration of
a bill for two thousand five hundred francs, at one month's date,
renewable only with the consent of Père Robineau, he handed over to
Raymond two bank-notes of a thousand francs each.

The friends had been so long deprived of anything like pleasure, that
they determined to enjoy themselves to their hearts' content. They took
care, however, to be economical, so that the money lasted them for a
fortnight, at the end of which time, they were worse off than before.

They again applied to Robineau, but this time he was inflexible.

"When you have paid me your original debt," said he, "I shall have more
confidence in you, and will lend you a larger sum."

The dreaded moment arrived; the bill was presented, and of course was
not paid. Père Robineau lost no time in adopting such stringent legal
measures, that, to escape a prison, Raymond saw himself reduced to live
the life of a recluse, never venturing to leave the house.

To crown all their miseries, Brissac, who, by some means more or
less honest, always catered for the two, found himself in the same
predicament as his friend.

A bill, with his signature attached, in the hands of Robineau, was
almost due; but Brissac was not a man to allow himself to be caught. He
resolved to free himself by an act of treacherous perfidy.

He went to the money-lender, and frankly told him he was penniless, and
that therefore it would be useless to imprison him; but that, on the
other hand, his friend was quite solvent; and he offered to get him a
bill signed by Raymond, for a thousand francs, in exchange for his own,
promising at the same time to assist him to entrap his invisible debtor.

The offer was accepted, and Brissac immediately commenced putting his
infamous project into execution.

He made Raymond believe that he had found a more accommodating
money-lender, who had promised to let him have a thousand francs on his
bill.

No sooner does Brissac get possession of the paper, than he hastens to
Père Robineau, gives it to him in exchange for his own, and returns to
Raymond to carry out his scheme.

"All goes on well," said he to Raymond; "but there is a little
formality necessary. Our new banker declines to give the money to any
one but yourself. You had better come with me to satisfy him."

"Yes, but," replied Raymond, "I might be recognised, and taken by the
bailiffs, on my way there."

"I foresaw this difficulty, and have a carriage at the door with the
blinds drawn; so we have nothing to fear."

Unconscious of evil, Raymond starts on his way. The two friends
congratulate themselves on their good fortune, and are laughing in
their sleeves at the trick they are playing the bailiffs, when,
suddenly, at the command of a strange voice, the carriage stops, and a
man, in an authoritative tone, after desiring Brissac to get out, takes
his place, and orders the coachman to drive to Clichy.

"Adieu! Raymond," cried out his perfidious friend as the carriage drove
off, "adieu! Keep up your courage. Adieu!"

Whilst Voisin Raymond was telling me this, I observed, that he could
not prevent a nervous clinching of his fists.

"I may well be enraged at this villain's infamy," said he, with his
teeth set and his eyes sparkling with rage, "for it is to my stay at
Clichy that I owe my entrance into the path of crime."

The prisoner was as unhappy as he would naturally be under such
circumstances, but, on reflection, he found that his condition was not
so bad as he had at first thought; at all events, he would, for some
time to come, be sheltered from want.

His companions in misfortune seemed all of them far from despairing.
Each of them appeared to bear his troubles with patience. They treated
one another to dinners and fêtes, at which ladies were present. Cards
were also permitted, and imaginary stakes of large amount, were played
for by these insolvents.

From his first entrance, whilst most of his companions held themselves
aloof from him, Raymond was attracted towards a man named Andréas, who
had shown a compassionate interest in him.

This man, although he was twenty years older, became his friend and
confidant; and to him Raymond related his youthful follies, his
difficulties, and his misfortunes.

Andréas, on his part, also made a confidant of Raymond; one thing led
to another, and at length he told him some secrets of a compromising
nature. He confessed that he had the art of mastering the caprices of
fortune, or, as Cardinal Mazarin said: "_Prendre au jeu ses avantages_."

Andréas even offered to initiate Raymond into these rascally
manoeuvres, and to work with him so as to gull the dupes of "Sainte
Pélagie."

Raymond, who had long ago ceased to be honest, did not feel affronted
at such advances being made to him; he accepted the offer of going
into partnership, and worked with zeal to become an adept in his new
profession.

His progress was rapid, as in prison there is little to distract the
attention, and one can devote one's whole time to study.

The partners at once commenced a crusade against the purses of their
fellow-prisoners, and were so successful, that, in less than a year,
they had gained sufficient to recover their liberty.

One day they sent for Père Robineau to come to Clichy, saying it was
for an affair of great importance.

The cunning old man knew well enough what his presence there was
required for, so he took with him the necessary papers for the
liberation of his debtor. Thanks to his zeal, the needful formalities
were soon gone through, and Raymond found himself once more on the
pavement of Paris, which has an especial charm for such of its
inhabitants as have not trodden it for a twelvemonth.

Andréas also was set at liberty; the two associates met, and agreed
never to part again.




CHAPTER VIII.

SECRET GAMBLING-HOUSES.

  Greeks, both as dupers and duped--Andréas Tête d'Or--Secret
    inquiry--The human ostrich--The society of philosophers--
    Chaffard the bravo--Exploit of Tête d'Or--A Greek thrown out of
    window--Mystification.


When Raymond entered the prison of "Sainte Pélagie" he was an isolated
being in Paris. On his exit it was different; Andréas had friends who
also became the friends of Raymond, and in many of the houses in which
he was received, he met with a most cordial welcome.

They soon treated him as a brother, using the friendly "thou" in
addressing him, and even gave him the _soubriquet_ of "The Marquis,"
from his fashionable appearance. Andréas was named Tête d'Or, or
"Golden Head," in consequence of his fertile and inventive imagination.

Raymond was not long in discovering, that the society he now
frequented, was composed of Chevaliers d'Industrie, and that the
houses where he had been so well received, were nothing more than
gambling-houses, where those who were imprudent enough to enter, were
soon fleeced of their money.

As Raymond was very expert at tricks of cards, they gave him, every now
and then, certain tricks to execute; and in every instance he performed
his _rôle_ with as much adroitness as tact.

In these houses, the trial of skill was marvellous, and it was not
uncommon, to see as many dupers as duped at each table.

The tables and play were kept up by a sort of partnership; that is to
say, every Greek paid his share towards the general fund.

At the end of the evening, after all the dupes had departed, the Greeks
placed what they had gained on a table, and shared it equally.

Although wolves do not prey upon each other, thieves not unfrequently
do: that is certain.

It often happened, that, after a game was over, at which the dupes had
lost a hundred louis (£80), when they came to divide, there were only
sixty forthcoming.

Every one of the players agreed that there ought to be more, but no one
acknowledged to having taken the missing money.

They looked at each other, and even made a personal search (for in
such company delicacy is needless), but found nothing.

At length they hit on an idea; they agreed to request Tête d'Or to make
a secret investigation, in order to discover which was the culprit.

Andréas, flattered at being selected to fill so delicate a post, put
all his zeal and intelligence in requisition, and soon detected the
two delinquents, as well as the tricks they had employed to cheat the
society.

It appeared, that one of these men gave orders to his servant, to come
towards the end of every evening, to ask his master for a key, or for
some other trifling errand. Whilst giving him the key, he also handed
over to him a _rouleau_ of the louis he had gained. If the winnings
were considerable, the servant, at a sign from his master, returned
with the key, and in giving it back received a second _rouleau_.

Another, more modest, contented himself with sticking a few louis under
the table with small bits of wax, collecting them after the division of
the spoils was over.

A third, a sort of human ostrich, swallowed the money, and afterwards
took an emetic to recover it.

These double-faced thieves, once known, were expelled, as not being
worthy to belong to an association, which boasted of being proof
against all temptation.

It occasionally occurred, that false money was mixed up with the
genuine coin. But the author of this fraud could never be discovered;
so no notice was taken of the circumstance, as the false money was
so good an imitation, that none of the party had any scruples about
circulating it amongst their trades-people.

Andréas, at length, felt wearied of wasting his talents for the benefit
of people, whom he considered much his inferiors in intellect. He
required a larger field for the display of his powers; and consequently
proposed to Raymond, to quit "The Lynx Society" (for so was the
association named), to form, conjointly with a man called Chaffard,
who was nick-named Prévôt (or the Fencing Master), a society for the
cultivation of Parisian and provincial dupes.

It was called the Society of Philosophers, and the different members
were employed as follows:--

Chaffard used to travel about from time to time, to discover victims;
he likewise had to put himself in communication with the sharpers of
the provinces, and to negotiate with them for those undertakings, in
which the experience of masters in the art was necessary.

If Chaffard was not as clever in handling cards, as his comrades, he
was in no way their inferior in cunning and rascality.

He possessed one talent in particular, which, when occasion required,
was of much avail to them.

He was a first-rate bully, always ready to quarrel with a dupe, even
whilst he was robbing him, so that many, to avoid being killed by this
miscreant, would quietly allow themselves to be swindled out of their
money. In such cases his usual language was, "Very well, sir; there is
only one thing to be done--we must fight. I am at your service, &c.,
&c."

If, by chance, any person happened to argue a point, or expostulate
with either of them, Chaffard immediately interposed, espoused his
friend's quarrel, and offered to fight in his stead; for Andréas and
Raymond were not courageous, and this was the reason, that they had
deemed it prudent to ally themselves with a bravo.

Chaffard was, in truth, the defender and support of the association.

The character of Raymond, "The Marquis," was, on the contrary, quiet
and inoffensive. His manners savoured of the best society. Intelligent
and adroit, he willingly undertook to work at balls, parties, and
other mixed assemblies. By degrees, he managed to get introduced into
the _salons_ of the rich middling classes, where he exercised his
vocation with as much prudence as talent.

Andréas, or "Golden Head," also enjoyed a certain distinction in his
line, which lay in secret gambling houses. There it was that he usually
displayed his talents.

There, he not only found easy dupes, but often, thanks to the depth of
his plots, and his extreme cleverness, he managed to take in sharpers
themselves.

In addition to his other qualities, Andréas possessed wonderful
presence of mind, of which he was extremely proud; and in proof of this
he had told Raymond the following circumstance:--

At the period when he first began his dangerous career, and was not yet
very expert, he was playing at one of the secret clubs frequented by
all the great gamblers of Paris.

Whilst playing, he was caught in the fact of cheating, and certain
cards which he was trying to introduce into the game of lansquenet,
were seized. They were on the point of delivering him over into the
hands of justice, when one of the players judiciously observed, that,
as the assembly in which the circumstance occurred was not quite legal,
his denunciation might bring about awkward results; besides the
trouble and delay of producing the necessary proofs.

"Would it not be more simple," continued this sage counsellor, "to
punish the rascal ourselves, by throwing him out of the window; and,
should he reach _terra firma_ in safety, after his aërial excursion, he
will never think of appealing against his sentence."

All present, agreed that this would be the wisest plan, and unanimously
decided, that they should proceed at once to the infliction of the
punishment.

As soon as Andréas heard this sentence pronounced, he threw himself on
his knees to sue for pardon, and, with clasped hands, implored the pity
of his judges, pointing out to them that the first floor, on which they
were, was very high from the ground, owing to there being an _entresol_
between it and the ground-floor.

All his appeals, however, were in vain.

One of the players, who had lost more than any of his companions,
insisted, not only that no clemency should be shown him, but that the
rogue should be compelled to return the money which he had stolen.

This restitution seemed easy enough, as the green silk purse, into
which Andréas had put his own money and that of his victims, was on the
table beside him.

"I will return it, if you insist on it," cried Andréas, in a
heart-broken voice, placing the purse on the table, "but, oh! do not
kill me."

Their only reply was to open both the shutters and the window.

Four of the strongest of the group were selected, to launch the culprit
into space.

They approached to seize him, when Andréas suddenly formed the
resolution of leaping out himself, made a bound forward through the
open window, and, in true gymnastic style, came down on his feet in the
street below.

Stunned by his fall, he staggered at first, then hobbling away, he
ended by starting off at full speed, to the astonishment of the
spectators in the balcony above, who laughed loudly at this serio-comic
performance.

When their hilarity was over, they bethought themselves of sharing
the contents of the purse which contained all the losses they had
experienced during the evening.

One amongst the party was named to arrange the affair, but, as the
whole of the money was mixed up in it, together with that of the robber
himself, it was agreed that it would be better to give it to the poor.

Wishing to know the amount the purse contained, they emptied it on the
table, when what was their astonishment at finding nothing in it but
counters.

Andréas, in case of accidents, always carried a second purse, filled
with false money; and, even in the critical position in which he had
been placed, he had sufficient presence of mind to substitute the false
purse for the real one.

In relating this adventure of former days, Andréas always concluded
with these words: "I took good care never to be caught again."




CHAPTER IX.

SECRET GAMBLING HOUSES--(_continued_).

  School of cheating--Travelling Greeks--_Le Service_--Formidable
    manoeuvre--Imperceptible signs--The business of the _Comtois_
    --The _coup de retraite_--Abundant harvest--Prodigality and
    debauch--Fortune takes her reprisal.


The three associates at first always worked together, and made some
good hits in several of the gambling houses in the metropolis; but
finding at length, that, as the number of Greeks increased, the number
of victims lessened, they determined on starting a clandestine hell of
their own, at the head of which they placed a very respectable lady of
their acquaintance, named Madame de Haut-Castel, familiarly called "la
Pompadour."

To Chaffard was deputed the task of recruiting for dupes, and drawing
them away from other houses.

This establishment prospered very well for some time, but, one fine
day, they perceived that their affairs were entangled.

A good number of _habitués_, who had been introduced as dupes, after
having been cleaned out by the masters of the place, took their revenge
on the new recruits, and fleeced them with infinite skill.

Andréas soon suspected, that there was no faith to be placed in the
"Fencing-Master," and discovered that he, in conjunction with "la
Pompadour," whose admirer and devoted slave he had become, had started
a sort of class, for men who had nearly ruined themselves by gambling;
to whom, for a handsome _douceur_, they taught some of their best
tricks in cheating.

The two other associates were incensed at this discovery, but dared
not show how exasperated they were, fearing, as they did, the sword of
Chaffard; so they contented themselves with concealing their disgust,
and paying him off in his own coin. They decided to quit Paris; and,
giving as a reason, their wish to explore the watering and bathing
places during the summer season, they left the establishment in Paris
to the care of the "Fencing-Master," with full power to do what he
pleased, nay even to dispose of it if he liked.

During their journey, the two rogues invented and arranged, the most
cunning and dexterous tricks.

They particularly made a study of a practice well known amongst
Greeks, and called "le Service," which is neither more nor less, than a
series of almost imperceptible signals.

The following is the way their scheme was carried out.

The two confederates bend their steps towards some watering place,
which is known to be frequented by gamblers.

Raymond, "The Marquis," has the principal _rôle_ allotted to him. He
arrives; goes to the best hotel, and passes himself off as a rich young
heir-presumptive, or an eldest son.

He is careful not to call himself a Russian prince, or an Englishman,
as both these characters have been so often assumed by swindlers, that
that fact alone would raise suspicion. Indeed, the names of Russian
princes and rich English families, are now so well-known to the Greeks,
that he could not, without danger, venture to create new names and
titles for either of these countries.

At the _table d'hôte_ of the hotel, Raymond, by his polite, easy,
and elegant manners, wins golden opinions from the persons around
him. After dinner, he joins his new friends, walks out with them, and
afterwards goes with them to look on at the gambling-tables.

If he plays, it is with great caution and moderation. He generally
contents himself with looking on, that is to say, he watches the play
of his future victims, and never attempts a _coup_, until the arrival
of his associate. He is sure not to be long after him, and selects an
hotel as far as possible from that of his accomplice.

The two scamps, when they meet, feign not to know one another; they
even affect to have no tastes in common.

Andréas walks up to the gambling-table with an air of indifference,
makes one or two bets, as if he did not care much whether he won or
lost, and refuses to take the cards, under the pretence that he does
not know how to play.

But the time arrives, when these gentlemen commence their real game.

They are seated at an écarté-table.

Raymond is playing. At first, to prevent suspicion, he loses several
games, and resigns his hand, which, however, when the play is animated
and the stakes high, he takes up again.

Andréas is betting on the opposite side, but his bets are so trifling,
that it will make little difference to the pair, even should he lose.

This artful accomplice takes up a standing position, behind his victim,
and opposite his friend. With his hands behind his back, he seems
as if he cared very little about the game. But all the time, he is
paying the greatest attention, and working his secret telegraph for the
benefit of Raymond.

I will endeavour to explain, in a few words, this formidable system of
trickery.


THE SECRET TELEGRAPH.

The number of cards required in the game of Piquet is thirty-two; now
all these thirty-two cards, may, by this system, be pointed out by
twelve signals, that is to say, eight for the value of the cards, and
four for the suits.

At Écarté, the number of signals is still less, as it is only requisite
to designate the numbers.

But to make these signals, it is not necessary, as stated by some
authors, to use any exaggerated signs, such as to cough, sneeze, blow
the nose, or beat a tattoo on the table. They must have a very low
estimate of the Greek, if they suppose him capable of these palpable
evolutions.

No; the modern Greek would be ashamed of such childish performances.
Unfortunately for the dupes, the signals he makes, can only be seen and
recognised by his accomplice.

Of this, my readers will be able to judge for themselves, by the
following explanatory table:--

If the confederate looks at--

  1. His associate, he means                              A king.
  2. The cards of his adversary                           A queen.
  3. The stakes                                           A knave.
  4. The opposite side                                    An ace.

And at the same time that he tells the card, he also tells the colour,
by the following signs:

  1. The mouth slightly open                              A heart.
  2. The mouth shut                                       A diamond.
  3. The upper lip slightly projecting over the under     A club.
  4. The under lip projecting beyond the upper            A spade.

Thus, for instance, if the Greek wishes to tell, that the adversary
holds the queen, the knave, and the ace of hearts; he looks
successively, at the cards of his adversary, at the stakes, and on the
opposite side, holding his mouth slightly open the whole time.

From this it will be seen, that the secret telegraph may be used for
all games alike, and put in requisition wherever there are spectators.
In fact, nothing is more easy at piquet, than to indicate by the aid of
these signals, when you are to take in cards, and when to refuse.

I have only thought it necessary, to give an example of some of the
simplest and easiest signs; but I may add, that some sharpers have a
large, and varied catalogue of signals, to designate different things,
as circumstances require.

This secret telegraph is so nearly imperceptible, that it is difficult
to describe, and quite impossible to detect.

The Greek, who is playing, is careful not to win always. After three
or four runs of luck, he loses and leaves the table, according to the
instructions conveyed by his confederate. This is called "The Retreat."

To cover any losses incurred by this move, the accomplice has taken
care to double his bets, and thus to reimburse themselves for their
voluntary sacrifice.

Andréas and his friend were, moreover, adepts in every kind of sleight
of hand trick, which, in many instances, they rendered still more
advantageous, by performing what they termed "_Coups en duplicata_."

Thus, for example, if they were together at the same bouillotte table,
they pretended not to be acquainted with one another, and even looked
at each other with cool indifference; thus they could, whilst playing,
very well manage to cheat, without exciting suspicion.

Instead of each cheating to win for himself, as might be supposed, they
artfully contrived that the one who had the deal, and held the cards,
should have bad cards and lose, whilst his confederate had all the
luck, and won.

Sometimes, whilst giving all four kings to his accomplice, the other
would also manage, to hand over the four queens to one of their
victims, so as to raise his hopes, and induce him to double his stakes.

The villany of these rogues, therefore, could not be suspected, as the
dealer never was the winner.

       *       *       *       *       *

It was at Boulogne-sur-Mer, that Andréas and Raymond fixed themselves,
to carry on their criminal performances. The people there, were rich
and prosperous, and the harvest was abundant; though it was rather
lessened by their gains being shared with Achille Chauvignac, the
swindler _par excellence_ of the place, who pointed out to them where
the best game lay.

I must here pause to say a few words.

Hearing so much said of the enormous profits gained by swindlers, the
reader will, naturally enough, conceive, that in the end, all Greeks
must of necessity become millionaires and capitalists.

Far from it; notwithstanding their great profits, this reprobate class
never prospers; on an average, out of every hundred Greeks, 99+1 die in
want. The explanation is easy.

The recruits of "modern Greece," without exception, are men whose
debauchery and prodigality have brought them to ruin.

Nothing would be more difficult, than to make a sharper thrifty and
economical. They are all dissolute, prodigal, and ostentatious,
according to their means.

These gentlemen, far from proportioning their expenses to their
incomes, think not of the future, and live in extravagant luxury. They
have horses, carriages, mistresses, &c., &c., and each one endeavours
to outdo all his acquaintance in his expenditure.

It is hardly credible, but nevertheless true, that a sharper sometimes
loses money at play. These men, _blasés_ with the successes which they
themselves have created, sometimes sigh for the excitement caused by
real play. To obtain it, they rush to the roulette or rouge-et-noir
table. In these two games the Greek finds retributive justice, and
fortune takes a sure revenge for many former deeds of wrong.




CHAPTER X.

THE DOCTOR DUPED.

  The false capitalist--The rogue is bled--More confederates arrive
    --A good hand--The fleecing--The doctor bled.


After quitting Boulogne, our two heroes intended to have gone into the
South of France, but their plans were changed by a proposal made to
them by Chauvignac.

There was a physician, living at St. Omer, who had an irresistible love
of gambling, and the proposal made by Chauvignac was, that they should
relieve him of some thousands of francs.

Chauvignac was to give them all the information necessary, and for
this, he asked a third of the profits; only, as he was the intimate
friend of the doctor, it was agreed that he must not appear in the
affair.

The two performers in this drama, were not long in making their
arrangements.

A few days afterwards, they arrived at the Hôtel d'Angleterre, the best
in the place.

Andréas passed himself off for a rich Parisian capitalist, who, charmed
by the beauty of the place, and the simple manners of the country,
wished to purchase an estate in the neighbourhood. He was accompanied
by a friend, who had come to give him his opinion and advice in this
affair.

They made several excursions, visited all the places that were for
sale, but ended by finding nothing on a scale grand enough to suit the
would-be proprietor.

At the termination of their searches, the millionaire announced that he
was going to return to the capital, and was on the point of departing,
when he was suddenly taken very ill.

According to his wishes, the best medical man in the place, the friend
of Chauvignac, was sent for.

On his arrival, the son of Esculapius began asking various questions,
to find out what was the nature of his patient's malady.

"Ah! Sir," replied Andréas in a mournful voice, "I cannot tell you what
has caused this illness, which compels me to keep my bed; all I know
is, that I suffer horribly in my head. I have unhappily every reason
to fear, from the symptoms, a return of a brain fever, of which I have
already had several attacks."

"Calm yourself," said the doctor, "we will try and ward off the evil,
this time, by bleeding you copiously."

"Do so, if you please," responded the rascal, "I place myself in your
hands."

Andréas was accordingly bled, and soon afterwards declared he already
felt better.

"I will come again, and see you to-morrow," said the doctor, on taking
leave of the sham invalid.

"Oh! pray come back again to-day, for I feel I require incessant
watching and care."

The doctor promised, and returned in fact some hours later.

He felt the pulse of the patient, and found it still so high, that he
recommended a severe regimen, and the most absolute quiet and repose.

No sooner was the doctor gone, than Andréas proceeded to take off a
ligature, which he had bound round his arm to increase the beating of
his pulse, and, whilst waiting for the return of his victim, made a
hearty meal.

Several days passed in this manner, during which, Raymond never quitted
the bedside of his friend; he was as devoted as a Sister of Charity.
It was thought advisable under such serious circumstances, to send for
two other members of the family, who were introduced to the doctor
as nephews of the sick man, but who were, in reality, nothing more
nor less than two sharpers, who were brought from Paris to suit the
purposes of the two schemers, and were paid ten francs a day for their
services.

Their business was, to second and assist the manoeuvres of their master
and chief.

The severity of the attack was overcome, and Andréas appeared to be
approaching convalescence.

To amuse the invalid, his two _soi-disant_ nephews, and his friend,
used to play at cards, at a table placed close beside his bed.

The game was animated, and the gold coins were rolling about on the
floor. They were so rich in this family!

"I say, doctor," exclaimed Andréas one evening, "I think a game of
cards would do me good, and go far to restore me. You have a lucky
face; will you do me the kindness to hold a hand of cards at écarté for
me? I stake ten napoleons."

The doctor, to oblige his patient, as well as to enjoy his favourite
amusement, hastened to comply.

He was most fortunate in the cards he held; he won six consecutive
times, and placed sixty napoleons in the hands of his patient. "I am
most happy," added he, "in having so successfully performed the mission
you confided to me, but whether it is your good luck, or mine, that
has been the cause of it, I cannot tell."

"Good Heavens! Dear doctor," exclaimed Andréas, "the only way to be
certain of this, is to play for yourself; I will bet on you, as I
believe you to be the lucky man."

The doctor did not require to be asked twice; he played, and again
had luck beyond belief. In fact, in a short time he had won a hundred
napoleons (£80).

"You certainly bring me luck," said Andréas to his partner; "but I have
had enough for this evening; I am tired and want repose."

"We hope that these gentlemen will forgive us for winning and walking
off with their money. To-morrow, if you like, we will play again, and,
with your aid, I hope we shall clear out my two nephews, which will,
perhaps, cure them for their passion for play. If you succeed, doctor,
the cure will be one of the best you have ever made."

It was not philanthropy, but his immense luck, and love of gambling,
which made the doctor keep his appointment.

He came the next evening at the usual hour, and found the nephews
already there.

To fulfil his duties as physician, he felt the pulse of his patient,
and found him so much better, that without more ado, he pronounced
himself ready to begin their game.

The table was placed, as on the previous evening, close to the bedside
of the patient, to enable him to join in the amusement.

In order to plunder the poor doctor more speedily, they allowed him at
first to gain a few napoleons.

This voluntary loss is in the language of sharpers called the "bait,"
and allows them to double their stakes without causing suspicion,
enabling them to gain their ends more easily and quickly.

As soon as the stakes rose, and the play was for nothing less than
bank-notes, the luck immediately turned.

The doctor, hitherto so lucky, suddenly found himself losing
everything. At the end of the evening, he was a loser to the extent of
thirty thousand francs (1200_l._).

All along it is easy to perceive, there had been but one victim. The
losses of Andréas had been but imaginary, and were only assumed, to
prevent suspicion on the part of his victim, and would of course be
returned to him by his accomplices.

Having bled the doctor as far as they could venture to do (for he
was not very wealthy), and prudence also preventing their proceeding
further, in case the police might put a finish to the scheme, they
thought it advisable to decamp.

The following morning, therefore, the invalid felt himself sufficiently
reinstated in health to prosecute his long delayed journey, so, paying
the doctor for his attendance, he quitted the town as quickly as
possible.




CHAPTER XI.

THE PASTE RING.

  The amateur of precious stones--What a beautiful diamond!--A
    sovereign cure--Ah! if I were a rogue--A false paste ring!--
    The game is played--The tell-tale stamp investigation--The
    wanderer by night--The mysterious _tripot_--The sharper caught
    in a trap--Recriminations--The message--The false commissary
    of police--The Rue de Jerusalem--Unexpected _dénoûement_.


It was some time after this, that our two heroes arrived at Lyons, and
lost no time in making inquiries regarding the various clubs in that
town, and the sort of people who were members of them. Amongst others,
one club was particularly mentioned, in which most of the members were
gamblers.

They heard that a gentleman named Béroli belonged to it, who was a
great amateur in precious stones.

Béroli had a mania for making clever bargains, as he called them, which
means, that he often obtained a fine stone cheap, from those who were
not such great connoisseurs as himself.

Such transactions would be called cheating, but that in these days,
it is quite allowable, if not honest, for buyers and sellers to try to
take each other in. Do we not daily hear a man boast of having, by some
deceit, obtained an article from a merchant at cost price, whilst, on
the other hand, the vendor rubs his hands at having got rid of a _loup
de magasin_, as a faulty article is called.

In some commercial houses, it is stated, that a premium is paid to the
clerk, who disposes of the _rococo_ articles to some credulous customer.

Be that as it may, Béroli's mania for precious stones, put it into the
head of Andréas to play him a clever trick.

He requested Raymond to get himself introduced, and work his way into
the club, of which Béroli was a member, whilst he (Andréas) went to
Paris, to arrange the preliminaries of an affair, of which he at
present refused to mention the details, until all was in readiness
for his great _coup_. A fortnight afterwards, thanks to the secret
influence of Raymond, Andréas, who had returned from Paris, was
proposed and elected by the club, of which his comrade was already a
member. The two Greeks were not supposed to know one another, so each
was able to proceed with his work unsuspected.

Raymond ransacked the pockets of some rich proprietors, whilst his
comrade contented himself, every evening, with playing a few innocent
games at écarté with Béroli, whose acquaintance he had made.

The very first day, the amateur observed a magnificent ring on the
finger of Andréas.

"What a splendid diamond you have there," said Béroli, with an accent
of envy.

"Yes, it is," replied Andréas, carelessly, continuing his play.
"Diamonds are trumps. I cut, and my turn-up card is worth nothing; you
have the trick."

Béroli, meanwhile, never took his eyes off the precious stone, the
dazzling lustre of which seemed to fascinate him.

Each day brought forth fresh expressions of admiration for the stone,
to all of which, his opponent apparently remained insensible.

One evening, Béroli was determined to force a reply of some kind or
other from Andréas.

"What did you pay for that stone?" said he.

"Are you serious in asking that question, do you really wish to know?"

"Quite serious."

"Then I must explain, that, if I have not before replied to your
different exclamations of admiration, it was because I thought you were
joking. Now that I know the contrary, I feel bound to tell you, that
that superb diamond, which has dazzled you so much, is only paste."

"How do you mean--paste?" said Béroli, with an air of pique. "It is you
that are joking."

"No; I assure you I am in earnest."

"Oh! nonsense; let me see it closer." Saying these words, Béroli took
up the hand of Andréas, fixed his eyes on the ring, and kept turning it
about to make it glitter.

"You may tell others that it is false, but there is no use in telling
me so. I can assure you that your stone is a real diamond.

"Very well; I am glad to hear it," rejoined Andréas, feigning the
greatest indifference. "Let me see, it is your turn to play."

The two players continued their game, but Béroli appeared _distrait_,
and kept constantly looking at the ring. At length he could no longer
restrain himself.

"So certain am I," exclaimed he, "that the stone is of the first water,
that I shall be happy to purchase it, if you will let me."

"I will not sell it to you," replied Andréas.

"Why not?"

"Because, in the first place, I do not want to rob you of your money;
and in the second, it is a family relic, which I do not wish to part
with. One of my uncles left it to me, and he had it from his father.
It has been in our family for a hundred years, and is called "the
paste ring." I only wear it, because it is considered a charm against
headaches, to which I am very subject."

"But if I offered you a good price?" persisted Béroli.

"If you offered me four times its value, I would not part with it."

"Suppose I offered you, not four times, but two or three hundred times,
the value you set on the stone?"

Andréas cut short all further colloquy by continuing the game.
"Diamonds," said he, "and I have what they call '_la fourchette_.' I
mark one."

As soon as the game was ended, Béroli, who was very tenacious of his
reputation as a connoisseur in precious stones, returned to the charge.

"I am so sure of what I aver," continued he, "that I shall always be
ready to bargain for your ring, whenever you wish to part with it."

"Ah! if I were a rogue," replied Tête d'Or, "I should part with my
paste ring to you, to prove that you must not always be guided by your
own judgment."

"Stay," said Béroli, "will you lend me your ring until to-morrow. To
make quite sure, I will just show it to a jeweller of my acquaintance."

Andréas acceded to his request with a show of indifference, and they
separated.

Béroli went off at once to his friend, to show him the jewel, and ask
him the value of it.

The jeweller, after examining it for some time attentively, confirmed
Béroli's opinion.

"This stone is of a most beautiful water," said he, "and I should
consider it cheap if I got it for twelve thousand francs (480_l._)."

The following day, Béroli advanced to Andréas with an air of triumph.

"My dear sir," said he, "I can now state with positive certainty, that
your family has been in error for the last hundred years about the
value of this ring. What you call paste, is a real diamond. I will give
you six thousand francs for it."

To this offer Andréas made no reply.

They sat down to play, but during the game, the indefatigable Béroli
incessantly returned to the charge, offering each time a higher price
for the ring, to tempt his adversary, and finally made him an offer
of nine thousand francs. To all of which Andréas remained silent,
contenting himself by shaking his head each time in token of negative.

It was late, and the party was on the point of breaking up, when Béroli
suddenly made up his mind.

"Stop," he exclaimed, at the same time placing ten bank-notes, of a
thousand francs each, on the table. "This is my last offer. Say yes,
and the bargain is struck."

"You are resolved to cheat yourself?"

"Yes, I am," replied the amateur, in a bantering tone, looking again
intently on the ring, which he had kept on his finger throughout the
evening.

"Well, if you insist on it, you shall have it; only allow me to take
out from a secret recess the lock of hair of my worthy uncle, who
has been the means of making me get ten thousand francs. I certainly
did not anticipate this great good luck. See what it is to be a
connoisseur. Here; here is your ring. Thanks."

Early the following day, Béroli again went to his friend the jeweller.
"I've got that splendid diamond," said he, addressing him. "Look here;
see how beautiful it is! I am sure, that whenever I wish to part with
it, I shall always get more than what you offered me."

"Do you think so?" responded the jeweller, taking up the ring, to look
more closely at it.

"Stay; what's this?" he exclaimed. "What's this you have brought to
show me? This a diamond! why, it is nothing but paste!"

The trick was played, and had succeeded. Under pretence of taking out
his uncle's hair, Andréas had cleverly changed the diamond ring, for
a paste one precisely similar, which he had had made for the express
purpose.

On the following day, the ingenious and clever thief was far away, out
of reach of Béroli and all chance of redress.

       *       *       *       *       *

"Those who are unacquainted with the perseverance and energy of
Béroli," observed Raymond, in relating this anecdote to me, "may fancy
that the diamond ring is lost to him for ever. Not so."

The amateur, after having been so cruelly deceived, took an oath that
he would discover, and be revenged on, his enemy.

On examining the false ring, Béroli first made sure that it bore the
goldsmith's mark, proving it to be of pure gold. This was not much
consolation, still, it led him to suppose, that the real diamond ring
must also, of course, bear the same stamp.

If, muttered Béroli to himself, the two rings have passed through the
comptroller's hands, the stones are so large, and of such value, that
it is next to impossible he did not remark them.

This simple reflection, was the first step towards the discovery of the
real gem.

Furnished with a letter of introduction from his friend, the jeweller,
Béroli proceeds to Paris, goes straight to the mint, and presents the
ring to the comptroller, who perfectly remembers the two rings in
question, and gives the address of the jeweller who manufactured them.

From the latter Béroli learns, that his customer, Andréas, lives at No.
13, Rue Cadet.

Any one else would have handed Andréas over to the police; but caring
much more to obtain possession of his ring, than to satisfy the ends of
justice, Béroli thinks it more prudent to take the affair into his own
hands, and manage it in his own way.

He goes to the concierge, in the Rue Cadet, and slipping a napoleon
into his hand, begins by relating to him a romantic tale, well
calculated to impose on the man, and make him tell all he wished to
know.

Béroli says, that a daughter of a friend of his, residing in the
country, has been asked in marriage by his tenant, M. Andréas, and that
he has come to find out all he can about him, believing that he could
not go to a better source than his friend the concierge.

The man, delighted at the affable manners of his interlocutor, as well
as flattered at the confidence reposed in him, reveals, under the seal
of secresy, that Andréas has a mistress living with him, and that he
often remains from home all night.

This is enough for Béroli; he takes leave of his obliging informant,
and, that very evening, places himself as a spy at the gate of his
deceiver.

At ten o'clock at night, Andréas comes out, and directs his steps
towards an isolated house, at the end of the Rue Pigale.

Béroli follows him, and sees him, and about twenty other men, go into
the same house.

Hidden in a doorway close by, Béroli observes all that goes on without
being himself seen. He remarks, that every time the bell of the gate
is rung, the door is opened by a servant with a light in his hand, who
makes a close inspection of the person presenting himself, before he
admits him.

The mystery attending the meeting, the absence of a concierge, &c., all
lead Béroli to conclude, that this must be one of the secret gambling
houses; and what confirms him still more in this opinion, is, that
though there are four windows in each story, in the front of the house,
not one of them is illuminated. Any one would have supposed it to be
uninhabited.

Wishing to have a yet more convincing proof of the correctness of his
surmises, he determines to wait until the meeting is over, and employs
himself, whilst waiting, in concocting his plan of attack.

About four o'clock in the morning, the door again opens, and a man,
after looking up and down the street in a mysterious manner, issues out.

Béroli suddenly confronts him.

"Sir," said he, quickly, so as to give him no time for reflection, "is
everybody gone out of this house?"

"Why?" asks the unknown.

"Because the police are close by, and will soon surround it. I came to
warn one of my friends, who was to have spent the night here."

"Thanks for the information," replies the unknown, proceeding on his
way.

If, thought Béroli, this man be only one of the dupes, he would have
nothing to fear, as he has quitted the gambling house; but his anxiety
to be off, proves that he fears the vigilance of the police, so I feel
sure he must be one of the gang.

Full of this idea, Béroli follows at a little distance, and when he
sees him slacken his pace, he goes up to him, and thus addresses him:--

"I beg your pardon for having made you race in this manner, by giving
you false information, but I wished to find out if you were one of us,
and I have succeeded in so doing."

"Will you explain yourself, sir, if you please, for I do not understand
what you mean."

"I can easily make you comprehend me, by simply stating that I am the
colleague of Andréas."

"What has that got to do with it?"

"I wish to make a proposition to you. Would you like to gain two
thousand francs without any trouble?".

"Explain yourself."

"Since you say you know Andréas----"

"I beg your pardon, I did not say that."

"Since you know him, I must inform you, that that scamp has played me a
most infamous trick."

"He is quite capable of so doing," added the unknown, in a low voice.

"I wish to be revenged, and that is why I ask you to assist me."

"What is there for me to do?"

"Scarcely anything. It is only necessary for you to bring Andréas to a
house, which I shall point out to you, under pretext of introducing him
into a club, where he will find several victims to dupe. I'll arrange
all the rest."

"I am ready," replied the unknown. "When and where is it to be?"

"To-morrow, at No. 22, Rue Meslay, on the second floor."

The following morning, the new associate of Béroli called on Andréas,
to make the perfidious proposition to him.

Never doubting his comrade, Andréas accepted the proposal, thinking to
make an excellent _coup_, the more so, as things were going on rather
badly in the Rue Pigale.

That very evening, the two Greeks proceeded to the house indicated by
Béroli, in the Rue Meslay.

A servant in livery, having admitted them, opened the doors of a
drawing-room brilliantly illuminated.

Andréas entered first, without apprehension, but he had no sooner done
so, than his companion, following the instructions he had received from
Béroli, turned round suddenly, and locked the door.

At the same moment, Béroli, and two athletic-looking men, entered from
a door on the opposite side of the room.

"You, doubtless, remember me," exclaimed Béroli, in an austere and
determined voice. "You must know what it is that brings me here."

"What do you mean, sir," cried Andréas, feigning the greatest
indignation. "First of all, answer me. What sort of ambush is this,
into which you have entrapped me? Am I in the midst of thieves, or
assassins?"

"Do not speak so loud, sir," replied Béroli, "or you may have reason to
regret it. The ambush of which you complain is only a favour to you--a
step towards an amicable settlement of the business."

"What do you mean by talking to me about favours?" replied Andréas,
"and what do you complain of? You offered me ten thousand francs for a
ring, and I accepted your offer. Did I not give you the ring?"

"Yes, you did, but you omit to mention, that the stone you gave me was
a false one."

"Ah! Mon Dieu!" coolly replied Andréas. "I am far from denying it. I
repeated that to you so often, that you must recollect it. Besides, did
you not, when paying me the ten thousand francs, say you knew the stone
was false, but that you very much wished to possess it?"

"Do not let us play upon words, sir, but let us come to the point. You
are going to give me the ring you cheated me out of."

"To avoid all discussion on the subject, I tell you, once for all,
that I have never had any other ring in my possession, than the one I
delivered to you."

"If that be the case, you will not mind copying this, and sending it to
your mistress?"

"Let me see what it's about," said Andréas, taking the paper from
Béroli. He read as follows:--

    "MY DEAREST,--I hope to make some money in the house from which
    I pen these lines, but I require my diamond ring for the affair.
    Bring it to me yourself, to the address I enclose, and do not
    entrust it to any one else. The bearer of this note will give
    you my keys. At eleven o'clock precisely, I shall be at the door
    awaiting you. Take a carriage, so as to be punctual.

            "ANDRÉAS.

  "22, Rue Meslay."

"Nothing will induce me to write that," exclaimed Andréas.

"I will not solicit you long," said Béroli. "Will you do it, Yes or No?"

"No, a thousand times, no!"

"Baptiste, go and bring the commissary of police," said Béroli,
addressing the man on his right. "Go at once, and do not return
without him."

"A moment," supplicated Andréas, making a sign to the commissionnaire
to stop. "Let us see if we cannot arrange this business; what will you
take to end the affair?"

"I will have no arrangements; I require nothing, but that you should
copy and sign this letter."

Seeing there was nothing for it but to agree to Béroli's proposal,
Andréas began to think, how he could manage to decamp with the ring, as
soon as he received it from the hands of his mistress.

So, seating himself at the table, on which all the implements for
writing had been previously prepared, and under the eye of Béroli, he
copied the missive word for word.

Two hours afterwards, Andréas was set at liberty, and Béroli had
obtained possession of the celebrated ring.

This is how it was managed:

The _chère amie_ of Andréas, on receiving his note, hastened in a
carriage to the house he had indicated, taking the ring with her; but
no sooner did the carriage stop at the door of No. 22, Rue Meslay,
than a commissary of police, with his badge of office (the scarf), and
accompanied by a sergent-de-ville, opened the door of the carriage and
got in, directing the coachman to go to the prefecture of police in the
Rue de Jerusalem.

On their way thither, the commissary explained to the fair messenger,
that, having been ordered by the police to keep a watch on No. 22,
Rue Meslay, he stopped a man coming out of that house, who was the
bearer of a letter, and that after reading the contents of it, he had
substituted one of the police for the original messenger.

"The law has seized all the property which was in that house, and I
am under the painful necessity, madam," continued he, "of arresting
you, as being a party concerned in a serious robbery. Allow me to take
charge of this article, which otherwise you might make away with." Thus
saying, the officer drew the diamond ring from the finger of the lady,
though not without some resistance on her part.

The clock of the Palais de Justice was striking midnight, as the
carriage drove up to the gate. The night was pitch dark.

"We must ring up the concierge to open the gate," observed the
commissary to the sergent-de-ville; at the same time they both got out,
and shut the door of the carriage with assiduous care.

Two minutes had scarcely elapsed, when a loud voice exclaimed, "You
cannot remain opposite this gate, coachman."

"I know that," replied that individual, "but I am waiting for orders.
You have not told me where to drive to, Ma'am," added he, putting down
one of the glasses. "Where am I to drive you to?"

"Where are you to drive me? To the Rue Cadet, where you took me up,"
said the fair occupant of the carriage, in a tremulous voice.

"Go along, my hearties," exclaimed the Jehu, whipping up his horses,
"this is my last fare to-night."

If my readers have not already guessed as much, I will mention for
their edification, that the commissary of police and his assistant,
were neither more nor less than two of Béroli's friends; and that,
instead of ringing up the concierge, as they had stated, favoured by
the darkness of the night, they made off, as quickly as they could,
carrying the precious ring, which they soon afterwards delivered into
the hands of Béroli.




CHAPTER XII.

AN INFAMOUS SNARE.

  A young fool--Envy and covetousness--Aphorisms--Insinuations
    --Confidences--Influencing the game--Honest men are sometimes
    rogues--Mushrooms and cheating--The Greek moralist--Example
    of cheating--Initiation--Maxims and manipulations--Temptation
    --The Belgian capitalist--The _cartes biseautées_--Easily won
    --An insolvent gambler--Comedy--The Greek in despair--An
    infamous scene--Dishonour--Ruin--The faithless trustee--
    Separation of the philosophers--A virtuous Greek--Golden hopes
    --A beard again--A demi-millionaire.


The Society of Philosophers generally made Calais the centre of their
operations, for the reason that they were often summoned by Achille
Chauvignac, who, as my readers may remember, had been the originator of
the plot at St. Omer.

Chauvignac was especially indefatigable in such affairs, as, without
running the slightest risk, he always shared largely in the profits of
these transactions.

So unprincipled was he, that he continually selected his most intimate
friends for his victims.

Each gambler was classed as to his means, and also, as to whether he
was likely to allow himself to be plucked without remonstrance.

Thus, M. B-- was valued at three thousand francs; M. P-- at six
thousand; M. C-- was not worth much, being a bad player; but, at any
rate, they put him down at a thousand francs.

The one who was considered the best, that is, the richest dupe, was M.
F--, who was estimated at from fifteen to twenty thousand francs.

Andréas and Raymond had gone the round of all the clubs of Calais and
Boulogne, but they dared not venture to St. Omer, for fear of being
recognised. They sent, in their place, however, two clever sharpers,
who originally came from Venice, which city was formerly supposed to be
the cradle of roguery.

The Society of Philosophers would not certainly have placed the
implicit confidence they did, in these two delegates, had it not been,
that they were under the immediate _surveillance_ of Chauvignac,
who not only looked after them himself, but arranged a system of
_espionnage_ between the two Greeks, so that each of them was
overlooked by his companion. His plan was, to address one of them
privately thus:

"Do you know, I have not much confidence in your friend; I much fear
he will impose on our society; just take a note of his winnings, and
watch him. You shall not go unrewarded for this service."

He then went and said precisely the same thing to the other, so that
without being aware of it, each Greek was watched by his comrade.

The harvest reaped by the society at St. Omer, was very productive, but
the largest share went into the pocket of Chauvignac, who, as may be
conceived, was not very particular in the just division of the money
entrusted to him.

Whether it was in consequence of this affair, or from some trifling
indiscretion on the part of the philosophers, the credit of Chauvignac
seemed on the decline. Every one was astonished to see the money he
spent,--a man who had literally nothing--and then his constant trips
to Paris, without any obvious reason, and his intimacy with men whose
characters were not unsullied--all these circumstances combined to make
honest men rather shun his society.

Chauvignac was as clever as he was unprincipled; for the latter quality
does not prevent a man from possessing talent; the best proof of which
is, that a rogue is seldom a fool.

Chauvignac was sharp enough, soon to discover the discredit into which
he had fallen, and knowing how prejudicial it would prove to his
interests, he immediately set about thinking, how he could reestablish
himself in the good graces of society.

Amongst the young fools who shared with him a life of dissipation, he
had formed a small club, at the head of which was a young man named
Olivier de X----, who was noted for his elegance and his eccentricities.

The family of this wild young fellow, was one of the oldest and most
respectable in the country, and much looked-up to.

Chauvignac fixed on this young heir, as a means of regaining his place
in the good opinion of his fellow-citizens.

He affected to be on terms of the greatest intimacy with him, when he
met him in public places, and addressed him in a loud tone of voice, in
the most familiar manner.

But, unfortunately, this apparent intimacy with Olivier, had just
the contrary result to what Chauvignac had anticipated: the one lost
position, but the other did not gain it.

Olivier began to be shunned, but Chauvignac fared no better. The
latter, however, as soon as he perceived this, and he was not long in
so doing, bethought himself of making Olivier's credit subservient to
his views in another way.

The parents of Olivier were not wealthy, and could do nothing for their
son, so his excessive extravagance had brought him into difficulties
and debt.

He regarded Chauvignac with envy and admiration; he saw him living like
a prince, without any creditors to annoy him.

"How is it," said he to Chauvignac one day, "that you, who have no
fortune, can gratify all your tastes and fancies, whilst I, who have
some small means, am obliged to be economical, besides which, I am in
debt?"

This query was precisely what Chauvignac had been waiting for. He
remained, for some moments, without answering his questioner, intending
to give more effect to his words; then, with a diabolical smile, he
thus addressed him:

"Would you like to be as happy as I am?"

"Can you ask me?"

"All depends on yourself, to be even better off than I am."

"What must I do?" eagerly demanded Olivier.

Chauvignac thought his young neophyte sufficiently prepared, to receive
what he had to impart.

"Listen to me," whispered he, in a mysterious voice. "You have
doubtless heard the following proverb, old as the world itself: Men
are divided into two classes, Dupers and Dupes. Come, speak frankly, to
which of these categories would you like to belong?"

"Why you see, you are so abrupt in your question. You come on one so
suddenly; it requires reflection."

"Agreed," observed this second Mephistophiles, "we will make the
reflections together, and will study the subject, in some individuals
of that great and motley crowd, which is termed 'society.'"

The two friends were, at that moment, standing at the door of one of
the largest and best cafés in the town.

It was Sunday; the weather was fine, and crowds of pedestrians were
lounging up and down before them.

"Look," said Chauvignac, "do you see that thin miserable man, with his
head bowed down, and his clothes hanging in rags? He is an unfortunate
fellow, who has worked all his life to pay off the debts left by his
father. He is old: he has hardly bread to put in his mouth. You will
observe no one takes any notice of him. Now, look at that stout man,
so puffed up with pride and insolence; how pleased he seems with
himself, as they say, like a peacock spreading his tail. He has been a
merchant, and has made his money by fraud and cheating. He afterwards
set up as a banker, and lent money at an usurious interest. He is now a
millionnaire. See--he bows with a patronising air to all whom he meets.
The first is a dupe, the second a duper."

"Or to speak more plainly," added Olivier, "the first is an honest man,
the second a rogue."

"Be it so--I grant you that," continued the tempter, "but now I will
give you another example, of which you will not be able to make the
same observation.

"You, better than any one else, ought to know an intelligent,
generous-hearted, and ambitious young man, who, for want of sufficient
means, leads a life of privation and troubles, is overwhelmed with
debt, and, if he thinks of playing to retrieve his fortunes, he is
sure to lose. Near to him, at this moment, is one of his friends, who,
without fixed income or expectations, possesses, nevertheless, a never
ending fortune. This man always wins at play, and has not a caprice
ungratified.

"The former of these is the dupe, the latter ---- is ----"

Here Chauvignac paused, to allow Olivier to finish the phrase.

"What is it you mean?" asked he, beginning to comprehend the purport of
the conversation.

"What I mean, is this," replied Chauvignac with a sneer--"To prove to
you, that the lucky gamester, whose good fortune you envy, belongs to a
society of philosophers, and that these philosophers have certain and
easy methods, of turning luck in their own favour."

"But," observed Olivier, his sense of right struggling for mastery in
his mind. "To cheat at play is an act of dishonesty."

"On this point, my dear sir, we do not agree; you are in error, and I
will prove it to you. First of all, tell me what you call cheating at
play?"

"I call winning by underhand tricks, cheating."

"Very well; if that be the case, I will soon show you that the most
honest man will not scruple to cheat.

"For instance, do we not daily see men of the strictest probity, seek
to turn luck in their favour by various means. One, in placing himself
at the table, will sit opposite the hinges, because he believes it
to be a lucky spot. Again, if he wins, he will not count his money,
fearing to turn his luck. Another believes in the influence of a
certain coin, which he mixes with the rest of his money--but which he
will never part with. Others, again, wear amulets, made of the dried
heart of a black hen, the head of a beetle, or a bit of the cord with
which a malefactor has been hung.[G]

"Just tell me what is the object of these mysterious influences, if it
be not, as they say in the criminal courts, "_gagner subrepticement
le bien d'autrui en faisant tourner à son profit les bénéfices d'une
partie_.

"In such cases, if the act is not committed, the intention is the same,
and ought to be considered as if accomplished.

"Between the above-mentioned actions and ours, the only difference
is, that one depends on the mind, the other on the fingers. The moral
result is the same.

"Of this you may be sure, that if these honest folks do not go
further, it is because they dare not. I will even say more," continued
Chauvignac, carried away by his own sophistry. "Take, for instance, one
of these heroes of probity, and show him a method of always winning,
with a certainty of never being detected, and see if he will not follow
it. Believe me, I know a great deal more than I care to tell."

"All that," said Olivier, "proves, at most, that all honest men may
not be able to resist temptation; but it does not go to prove, that
cheating is not a crime. Besides, it is punishable by law."

"That's true," replied the cunning Chauvignac; "but again, we have
no proof that the law is right. I maintain, that, far from being
reprehensible, the art of turning aside ill-luck and bettering one's
fortune, is a thing which ought to be encouraged."

Olivier could not help smiling.

"I am serious," added Chauvignac. "Yes! The art of winning at play is
meritorious. And why? Because it is useful. If the Government had any
sense, they would not only encourage cheating, but give a premium for
it."

"Then I don't know what morality means."

"Only, because you have not studied pure philosophy, as I have.
Hold--to make you understand it better, I will just give you an example.

"How often do we hear of deaths caused by eating mushrooms! Well, if
people imagined that all mushrooms were poisonous, of course no one
would venture to partake of them.

"It is the same with gambling; if people expected to lose every time
they played, few would run the risk of trusting to their luck at cards,
and play would become what it ought to be, a mere relaxation and
amusement.

"Thus the Greeks would have done more for morality, than all the
moralists in the world.

"Therefore, I confess to you, that I, who would not rob any one of a
pin, have not only no scruple in doing my best to control fate, but, in
cheating, I think I carry out a principle, eminently useful to humanity.

"The art of cheating at play, is to me only high philosophy put in
practice."

Young Olivier had listened with the most intense interest, to the
eloquent pleading of his friend in favour of cheating, and it was easy
to perceive, that his feelings of probity on the subject, were giving
way before the subtle sophistry of the tempter, and that he already
began to approve of some of the arguments he had heard in its favour.

Chauvignac perceived it, and wishing to continue his work of evil--

"Let us see," added he, in an insinuating manner, "what have we
to weigh in your own case? On the one hand, wealth, pleasure, and
enjoyment of every description; on the other hand, hard-hearted
creditors, misery, and ruin."

"But," observed Olivier at length, quite carried away in spite of
himself, "one might be discovered, and then--"

"How weak and childish you are!--Here, come into this café with me,
and you shall see how easily these things are done.

"You see yonder big Benoit, with his small annuity. I am going to
propose a game of piquet to him, and make him pay for a cup of coffee
for each of us. 'Tis a pity he has not more to lose."

Benoit is accosted by these gentlemen. The game and the stake are
accepted: the result is not long delayed. In two hands the game was
over. Chauvignac and his friend left the café, and once in the street,
the former put the finishing stroke to his unworthy maxims.

"There, it is not difficult, you observe," said he. "Oh! how delightful
it is to be able to wrestle with fate, by fleecing a set of simpletons,
whom that capricious Dame Fortune loves so often to favour."

"Does it take long to learn?" said Olivier, quite bewildered with all
he had seen and heard.

"That depends upon circumstances," replied his perfidious friend; "it
is with this art, as with the piano, one can soon give pleasure; it
depends on the professor, and his method of teaching.

"But, as we are not far from where I live, come in; and whilst we smoke
a cigar together, I'll explain a few things to you."

Olivier still rather hesitated to follow him.

"Oh! nonsense! it binds you to nothing; you can do just as you please.
It is as well to know a little of everything, and at all events, if you
do not like to practise the system yourself, it will put you on your
guard when attacked. One never knows what may happen."

Chauvignac would certainly not have taken so much trouble about the
matter, if he had not had in view some act of treachery towards his
companion. The conversation ended by Olivier accepting the offer held
out to him.

Behold them now, seated on a sofa, each with a cigar in his mouth, and
Chauvignac with a pack of cards in his hand.

"Look! here is a hand, tell me if you see any signs of cheating in any
of the cards?"

The novice examined the cards with great attention, but not being an
adept in the art, failed to discover anything.

"You observe nothing in this hand of cards?" said Chauvignac. "They
have, however, been subjected to a process that we call biseautage,[H]
or having one end made narrower than the other. This system shows the
player what cards he is to retain, and how to class them, in the order
he requires for playing."

Chauvignac, joining precept to example, showed his friend the way it
was to be done.

"Now," added he, "to prove to you that this trick is not difficult,
I will make you do it yourself. Let us sit down at this table, and
suppose we are playing for a thousand francs."

Although Olivier had no great talent for sleight of hand, he succeeded
in learning from his friend how to gain the whole of the five tricks,
twice running, at écarté.

"This trick," said Chauvignac to him, "is one of the first, as well as
the most easy, in the art of cheating. In a little while, I shall teach
you how to play with prepared cards, and you will, in time, I hope,
become an accomplished philosopher."

Olivier made no reply, his mind was in a perfect state of chaos, from
the thousand and one thoughts which filled it.

The tempter, judging his victim to be now sufficiently compromised,
left him to the temptations which he had suggested to him. He made the
excuse of having some visits to pay, and the two friends separated.

Two days afterwards the Professor went to see his pupil.

"Would you like to join me," asked he, "in a little tour of pleasure I
am about to make?"

"Your kind proposal is badly timed," replied Olivier. "I am not only
without funds just now, but I am trying to obtain a thousand francs, to
pay a cursed bill of exchange that I signed, and which falls due this
very day."

"Is that all?" said Chauvignac, taking a banknote for the amount out
of his pocket-book--"Here it is; but mind, you must return it to me
to-morrow."

"You are deranged."

"Perhaps I am, but in my insanity, I am mad enough to offer you another
thousand francs, to enable you to go and secure thirty thousand which
are awaiting you."

"Pray explain yourself, or else you will turn my brain also!"

"Listen: if ever there was a desperate gambler, it is the Count de
Vandermool, a rich Belgian capitalist, and who can well afford to lose
a hundred thousand francs (4000_l._). He is just now in Boulogne,
and intends remaining there a week. We must bleed this millionnaire;
nothing will be more easy, as a friend and colleague of mine from
Paris, named Chaffard, is already acquainted with him, so all we have
to do is to set to work at once.

"You are now one of us. That is well understood, is it not? In a short
time you will be able to satisfy your creditors, and to give your
mistress a Cashmere shawl."

"But you go too quick," said Olivier in a wavering tone. "Wait a bit, I
have not yet said yes."

"I don't ask you to say 'yes' now, you shall say it at Boulogne--make
haste, and go and pay your bill; we shall leave this in two hours. The
post-horses are ordered, we shall start from my house--be punctual."

The same evening the two philosophers arrive at Boulogne. They alight
at the Hôtel de L'Univers, which has been selected for them by their
accomplice--by whom they are shortly welcomed.

He tells them they have no time to lose, as the Count has spoken of
quitting Boulogne the following day.

The travellers swallow a hasty dinner, make some slight toilette, and
bend their steps towards the apartment occupied by the Count, preceded
by Chaffard, who introduces them as two friends of his, who have
estates in the neighbourhood.

The Count de Vandermool is a man about fifty years of age, he has an
open and pleasing countenance; on his breast hang several foreign
decorations.

The new arrivals are received by him with the most flattering
cordiality; he does more; he invites them to spend the evening with him.

The invitation, it is needless to say, is accepted. The conversation,
at first animated, begins to flag a little. The Count proposes a
game of cards, which proposal is also eagerly accepted by the three
confederates.

Whilst the tables are being arranged, Chauvignac gave his young friend
two packs of cards, _biseautées_, to be substituted for those which
should be produced by the Count.

Écarté was the game fixed on, and Olivier was selected to play with
the Belgian; the two others having pretended not to know the game,
contented themselves by betting one against the other--as their
interests were in common, it was of little consequence which won the
bet.

Olivier was at first thunderstruck at the assertion of his two friends,
that they did not know how to play, but from certain telegraphic signs
they made to him, he discovered that it was to prevent suspicion, in
case he should win.

The wealthy Count would only play for bank-notes. "Metal," he said,
"has not an agreeable odour in a drawing-room."

The young novice, at first confused by being a party to such a snare,
neglected for a time to take advantage of the prepared cards, and
following the dictates of his conscience, trusted to the chances of
fortune.

The capricious goddess, far from being grateful for his trust, forsook
him.

In two hands, the only thousand-franc note he possessed fell into the
hands of his opponent.

Now it is, that, pressed on by the glances of Chauvignac, as well as
anxious to regain his loss, Olivier essays some of the manoeuvres which
his friend had taught him.

They were easy to execute, for the Count was so near-sighted, that his
nose was almost buried in his cards.

Of course the luck now turned, and the bank-notes began to accumulate
beside Olivier, who, elated with his success, was indefatigable in his
work.

The Count Vandermool was a good-tempered player. His repeated losses
did not make him lose his jovial good-humour.

To look at his happy countenance, you would certainly have thought he
was the winner.

"I am not in a lucky vein," observed he, good-naturedly, taking a pinch
of snuff from a superb gold snuff-box. "In this last trick, I vainly
hoped to gain all, and I've got nothing."

Olivier was serious, his mind was not in a state to talk lightly. He
continued to handle his cards with feverish eagerness.

Not wishing, however, to seem wanting in politeness towards so noble a
host--"You are admirable to-night," said he to him with a faint smile.

"'Admirable,' do you say--Yes, yes, Monsieur Olivier, that's the word.
I wish you joy. Go on; give me some cards!"

"It is useless to go on. Trump, and then trump. I cut, and it is the
king of diamonds, which stands good--this gives me the five points."

"Ah! ill-luck has certainly fastened on me this evening," said the
Count, "that makes eighty thousand francs I have lost; I see I shall
soon make up the hundred thousand.

"I think it right to tell you, that I never go beyond that sum, and
that if I am to lose it, I shall propose having some supper before I
lose my last twenty thousand. Perhaps, that may change my luck; you
certainly owe me this much."

The proposition to sup, met with general approbation.

Olivier, almost out of his wits with joy, at becoming the possessor of
eighty thousand francs, could not resist the impulse he felt to testify
his feelings of gratitude to Chauvignac. He drew him aside, and shook
him warmly by the hand.

The wretched man had no idea of the cruel deception which had been
practised on him, and which had all been pre-arranged by his two
comrades.

The rich Belgian capitalist, the respectable count, was no other than
a clever Parisian sharper, whom Chauvignac had persuaded to come, for
the express purpose of ruining the unfortunate young man, who never
perceived, whilst his back was turned, that the count changed the two
packs of clipped cards which they had hitherto used, for two packs
_biseautées_ in the contrary way.

During supper they drank but little, wishing to keep their heads clear.
The meal, nevertheless, was very merry; and as soon as it was over,
they recommenced playing.

"Now," said the Parisian sharper, seating himself at the table, "I wish
to end this affair one way or other, quickly. Let us make the stake
twenty thousand francs (800_l._)."

Olivier, after having won so largely, could not but accept the
proposition. It was only just towards his adversary. But, oh! cruel
deception! the stake of twenty thousand francs, on which Olivier had so
surely counted, passed into the hands of his opponent.

A stake of forty thousand francs shared the fate of its predecessor.
Breathless, bewildered, and discouraged, Olivier knew not what to do.
In vain he manipulated the cards; he got none but the lowest, whilst
his adversary had all the trumps in his hand; and as it was Olivier who
dealt them to him, he could not complain.

In his despair, he looked enquiringly at Chauvignac, who made signs to
him to go on.

Distracted, and quite beside himself, the poor victim continued to
stake enormous sums; and, in his turn, shortly owed his adversary a
hundred thousand francs.

The pretended count then gave up playing, folded his arms, and thus
addressed Olivier:

"M. Olivier de X----," said he, in a stern tone of voice, "you must be
very well off, to stake such sums; but be careful, for, rich as you
are, you must be aware, that if people lose a hundred thousand francs,
they must also pay them, as I did.

"So now, just pay me the sum you have lost, and then we'll go on
playing."

"That's only fair, sir," muttered young Olivier; "I am willing to
satisfy your demands, but you know that gambling debts ... my word...."

"Devil take it, sir," exclaimed the count, giving the table a violent
blow with his fist. "What's that you say about your word? It well
becomes you to talk of debts of honour. We'll play, if you please,
another kind of game, and let us put things as they really are. M.
Olivier de X----, you are a knave! Yes; a knave! The cards you have
been using are clipped; and it is you who have brought them here."

"Sir, you insult me."

"You don't say so, sir," said the count, ironically.

"Sir, this is too much--I demand satisfaction for this--and that
immediately. Do you hear, sir? let us go, and settle it at once."

"No, no, let us remain here, and settle _this_ affair of honour. Stay,
your two friends will be your witnesses, and I will send to some of my
friends, to come and be mine."

Scarcely had the sharper uttered these words, than he got up, and rang
violently.

His servant answered the bell.

"Go to the Procureur du Roi, and ask him to come here at once, on an
affair of great importance; make haste, do you understand?"

"Pardon! sir, pardon! Do not ruin me," said the unhappy Olivier, in a
tone of supplication. "I throw myself on your mercy."

"Étienne, mind you wait outside that door, and if, in ten minutes, you
do not receive orders to the contrary you will do as I told you."

"Now then, sir," continued the count, turning to Olivier, "I will talk
to you. These cards have been substituted by you in the place of those
which I had provided. I insist upon your making these cards up in a
packet, and sealing them with the ring on your finger, which bears your
crest and coat of arms."

In vain Olivier looked from one to the other; neither Chauvignac nor
Chaffard gave him any encouragement, but looked at him as much as to
say, there was nothing for it but to do as he was desired.

Olivier obeyed.

As soon as the demand had been complied with, the pretended Belgian
again attacked him. "Besides, this is not all, sir; I have fairly won
my money, and you will give me a guarantee that it will be paid to me.
You will give me bills at sight for the sum of one hundred thousand
francs which you owe me."

The unhappy Olivier hesitating to comply with this demand, his
implacable creditor rose and seized the bell.

"Oh! do not ring, sir--do not ring," said the young man, "I will sign
the paper."

And he signed it.

The villainous plot was consummated.

Olivier returned to his family, and humbly confessed all that he had
done.

His old father, rather than bring disgrace on his child, paid the
money, esteeming his son's honour beyond all price.

The Society of Philosophers had shared in this roguery, in the persons
of Chaffard and the Belgian capitalist.

To Chaffard was delegated the arrangement of the money department; and
so well did he manage the business, that, in a very short space of
time, he had the satisfaction of receiving a hundred thousand francs,
in exchange for the bills which he held.

Chauvignac, ever watchful for his own interest, immediately claimed his
portion of the booty. Half the sum (as had been agreed on) was handed
over to him, for having arranged the scheme and prepared the victim.
The remaining fifty thousand francs were left in the hands of Chaffard,
to be divided between the three philosophers.

But the cunning rascal finding himself in possession of funds
sufficient to give him a year's enjoyment and luxury, and living, as
he did, in fear from day to day of being arrested for his numerous
misdeeds, instead of going to Paris, directed his steps to Brussels,
to play in his turn (but in good earnest) the _rôle_ of a French
capitalist.

In a moment of weakness, Chaffard had confided his project to
Chauvignac, who immediately wrote, and told the two other philosophers
of it.

Raymond, who was a philosopher in the true acceptation of the word,
received the news with great coolness; he had learned to his cost that
one must never depend on the honour of a rogue.

This fresh _escapade_ of Chaffard did not surprise him; he had rather
expected it.

With Andréas it was otherwise: furious at seeing himself the puppet of
a man whom he regarded as his inferior, if not in bodily strength, at
least in intelligence and sagacity, he swore that he would overtake the
thief, and make him disgorge his ill-gotten gains.

Full of artifices and schemes, he started for Belgium; but, by way of
precaution, he took with him, as a fellow-traveller and companion, a
celebrated pugilist--a sort of herculean bull-dog, whom he intended to
let loose at his antagonist, if occasion required.

Once separated from the man, whom he had every reason to regard as his
bad angel, Raymond felt no longer sufficient strength to follow the
dangerous profession, into which he had been so fatally enticed.

The constant dangers by which he was surrounded, a last spark of
conscience, and a return of better feelings, made him determine to quit
for ever the discreditable career which he was following.

Possessed of twenty thousand francs, he had sufficient funds to keep
him for awhile, and give him time to find some employment, which would
enable him to live honourably. But after some months, led on by his old
love of gambling in general and roulette in particular, he visited the
various spas and watering-places, where those engines of ruin, gambling
tables, are to be found, and where he undertook his famous crusade
against the banks and their "croupiers."

We know the result of the calculations and computations of Voisin
Raymond,--the inevitable fate of all gamesters who count on benefiting
by the favours of fortune.

       *       *       *       *       *

It took Raymond some days to narrate to me the above story, as, when
the clock struck the hour for beginning to play, he immediately quitted
me, and thought of nothing but his hypothetical combinations.

He was trying a new system, about which, by-the-bye, he would never
tell me a word, but I had little doubt that it would prove as
fallacious as the former one, and leave him nothing but his own bright
dreams as his reward.

When I quitted Baden, he was penniless, and I had to add to the loan I
had already made him.

Since his conversion, I had had good proof, that he preferred suffering
the most severe privations, rather than have recourse to his skill in
sharping; and this it was which made me advance him a larger sum.

When we parted, I left Raymond overjoyed with the hopes of being able
to repay me all he owed, in a very short space of time, and even of
being able to break the bank with the money I had lent him.

These golden visions, alas! were never destined to be realised. Soon
afterwards, I went to Paris to resume my "séances," and whilst there, I
received a letter from Raymond, making a last appeal to my generosity,
to enable him to live until he got a situation he was trying for.

Wishing to prevent a recurrence of similar appeals, I did not answer
his letter, but wrote to one of my friends at Strasbourg, to send
the wretched man fifty francs, without telling him the name of his
benefactor.

A whole year passed without my hearing any more of Raymond. I thought
it very probable he had died of want, when one day, on returning home
in a cab, I could not drive up to my own door, as an elegant brougham,
which had just driven up, was standing opposite to it.

I therefore got out, and what was my astonishment, at recognising in
my visitor, Voisin Raymond, extremely well dressed, and sporting all
his beard, as in the former happy roulette days, except that it was not
quite so long.

I almost hesitated to address him, so great was my surprise; I thought
I must be the victim of an illusion.

"Ah!" exclaimed Raymond (making use of precisely the same words he did
at our first meeting at Baden), "how a beard changes a man! especially
when that man is transformed into a demi-millionnaire!"

"Come in quickly," said I to Raymond, "I am curious to know, to what
lucky chance you owe your present prosperity."

My visitor followed me without uttering a word, and even after our
entrance into the drawing-room, still remained silent.

I was the first to speak.

"How is it, my friend, that your great good luck has never been
mentioned in the newspapers? You know, that when the bank loses, they
make a point of giving the fact publicity through the press, in hopes
of alluring fresh players?"

Still no reply from Raymond; but, after a protracted silence of several
moments, he said:

"I am doing my best to find some means of prolonging your error; not
finding any, I decide to tell you the truth.

"You doubtless remember, that when I commenced the history of my life,
out of respect for one of the members of my family, I concealed my
name. It was out of regard to my brother, who held a high appointment
in the magistracy.

"This brother, who, thank God! knew nothing of my doings, except that
I had run through my fortune, died three months since, without leaving
a will. I am his sole heir, and have come into twenty-five thousand
francs a year.

"This is how I have managed to become a rich man.

"I have entirely renounced gambling," continued Raymond. "I am rich
enough for all I require, and have no ambition to become more wealthy.

"I could now, however," added he, with an air of triumph, "break every
one of the banks, if I liked; and what a glorious vengeance I could
take for all my former ill-luck! Fortunately, my heart is too full of
happiness to leave any room for vengeance."

       *       *       *       *       *

Raymond took up his abode in the Marais, where he lived respected. I
lost sight of him, when I went to reside in the country; but three
years afterwards, I had occasion to come to Paris, and learned that
my friend had died, and left all his fortune to various charitable
institutions in the capital.




THE TECHNICAL PART.


We are now come to the most important part of this work. I intend, in
it, to explain to the reader, the manoeuvres of the different sorts of
Greeks I have just sketched. To make this more intelligible, it will be
necessary for me to enter into certain details, which will, I trust,
prove interesting.

I must preface this, however, by mentioning, that nothing is further
from my intention, than to give a lecture on sleight-of-hand. I care
more about putting the public on their guard, than about teaching them
how the tricks are performed. I shall merely mention what is absolutely
necessary, to make those who play, SHARP, and warn them against
SHARPERS.


GENERAL RULES.

    THE DIFFERENT TRICKS PRACTISED AT GAMES OF CARDS.

   1. The saut de coupe.
   2. The passe-coupe, or cut beneath.
   3. The enjambage, or cut above.
   4. The carte large, or large card.
   5. The pont, or bridge.
   6. The carte tuilée, or bent card.
   7. The filage, or card changed.
   8. The enlevage, or card abstracted.
   9. The posage, or card replaced.
  10. The carte à l'oeil, or glance.
  11. The substitution des jeux, or pack of cards substituted.
  12. The boîte à la manche, or box of cards in the sleeve.
  13. The faux mélanges, or false shuffle.
  14. The mélange classificateur, or arranged shuffle.
  15. The mélange partiel, or partial shuffle.
  16. The éventail, or fan.
  17. The queue d'aronde, or dove-tail.
  18. The cartes adhérentes ou glissantes, or adherent or sliding
        cards.
  19. The cartes teintées, or tinted cards.
  20. The cartes hors d'équerre, or slanting cards.
  21. The cartes pointées, or pricked cards.
  22. The cartes morfilées, or cards with indented edges.
  23. The cartes ondulées, or wavy cards.
  24. The cartes tarotées, or enamelled cards.
  25. The cartes marquées, or marked cards.
  26. The chapelet, or rosary.
  27. The bague à marquer, or ring for marking.
  28. The tabatière à réflexion, or reflecting snuff-box.
  29. The télégraphie, or telegraph.




CHAPTER I.

THE FALSE CUT.

  The _saut de coupe_--The passe-coupe--The cut above--The large
    card--The bridge--The bent card.


The art of making a false cut, is the most important artifice employed
by sharpers: and the Greek always exerts his best energies to
accomplish this feat.

In order to show what a false cut is, I must recall to the mind of my
reader, the use and end of the regular cut.

In all games of cards, it is the custom for the dealer, when he has
done shuffling, to present the pack of cards to his adversary to cut:
it is a sort of guarantee of good faith, which is also performed even
amongst perfectly honest players.

The following is the way in which it is generally done:--

The cards are placed by the dealer near his adversary.

[Illustration:

                         +---+
                         |   |
  THE DEALER.            | 1 |  THE ADVERSARY.
                         |   |
                         +---+
]

The adversary cuts, that is to say, he takes away a portion of the pack
of cards, and places them beside the dealer, thus making two packets,
No. 1 and No. 2.

[Illustration:

               +---+     +---+
               |   |     |   |
  THE DEALER.  | 1 |     | 2 |  THE ADVERSARY.
               |   |     |   |
               +---+     +---+
]

The dealer raises the packet No. 2 and places it on No. 1.

[Illustration:

               +---+
               |   |
  THE DEALER.  | 2 |            THE ADVERSARY.
               |   |
               +---+
]

Thus the two packets are formed into one, and the natural or artificial
arrangement of the cards is disordered.

It is of great importance to the Greek to prevent this, as it would
defeat his plans, and prevent him availing himself of the arrangements
he has made against his adversary. It is necessary, then, for his
success, that the two packets, whilst in his hands, should regain their
first position. For this purpose, he employs different methods, the
principal of which are:--

  1. The saut de coupe.
  2. The cut beneath.
  3. The cut above.
  4. The bridge.
  5. The large card.


PART I.

    THE "SAUT DE COUPE."

The reader who is uninitiated in the mysteries of sleight of hand, will
probably think it incredible, not to say impossible, that a Greek can
thus transpose invisibly the arrangement of two packs of cards, before
the very eyes of his adversaries. Nothing, however, is more true.

The treatises on sleight of hand give the method of executing this
trick. As this work, however, has not for its object the same sort
of instruction, I shall content myself with unveiling here, the
preparations and arrangements necessary for the performance of the
trick.

When the Greek, takes up the packet of cards No. 2, to place them on
No. 1, as before mentioned, instead of placing them equally one upon
the top of the other [which would prevent his being able to distinguish
them], he places No. 2 a little further back than No. 1, so that the
latter advances about a quarter of an inch beyond, as exemplified
below, in figure 4.

[Illustration: Fig. 4.]

By means of this projection of the cards, the Greek, as soon as he gets
the pack between his hands, slips the little finger of his left hand
between the two packets Nos. 1 and 2, and holds himself in readiness
"_Sauter la coupe_,"[I] when the opportunity serves.

Clever swindlers have yet another, and more adroit, manner of keeping
the two packets separate.

They will, with the right hand, take up packet No. 2 as if to place it
on the other; but, instead of so doing, they manage to keep the two
sufficiently apart, to enable them to slip the little finger of the
left hand between, in the same way as before mentioned.

[Illustration: Fig. 5.]

I have just said, that a Greek always waits his opportunity to execute
the sliding cut.

It is only the new hands who are in a hurry. The experienced sharper
always bides his time, and, whilst relating some amusing anecdote,
accompanied by a variety of gestures and gesticulations with his other
hand, completely draws off the attention of the company, and prevents
their watching his performances.

For example, "What are the stakes?" he will ask, with an air of
unconsciousness, stretching out his hand towards them; and with the
same gesture towards the score, he will ascertain the number of points,
as if he was not thinking what he was about.

But let the "sliding-cut" be performed ever so well, it is very
difficult to practise it where the play is high. In such company, every
dealer ought to be sober in his movements; for, the least gesture
which deviates from the regular rules, in sorting, shuffling, or
dealing the cards, is certain to awaken suspicion. But a Greek is,
notwithstanding, seldom at fault; if he fail with one trickery, he has
another at hand, his _répertoire_ being as varied as it is numerous.


PART II.

    THE PASSE-COUPE, OR CUT BENEATH.

All sharpers are cunning, clever, and tricky, but they do not all
possess the same facility for tricks of sleight of hand. Many of them
not being able to accomplish the sliding cut, so as not to be seen, are
obliged to have recourse to other tricks less difficult. Of this number
is the "passe-coupe."

This trick is of the same use as the preceding one, and, if well
executed, stands as little chance of being discovered.

In order to explain this trick, it is necessary for me to revert to
that paragraph where the cards have been divided into two packs by
cutting.

[Illustration: Fig. 6.

               +---+     +---+
               |   |     |   |
  THE GREEK.   | 1 |     | 2 |  THE DUPE.
               |   |     |   |
               +---+     +---+
]

The Greek, in taking up the two packets of cards, instead of putting
No. 2 on No. 1, slides it in underneath, as in figure 7.

[Illustration: Fig. 7.]

When he has raised packet No. 2, he places it between the first and
second fingers, and whilst raising packet No. 1, artfully manages to
slide it underneath.

To facilitate this manoeuvre, the rogue takes care to bend the cards
whilst he shuffles them.

Some Greeks, instead of placing the packet No. 2 between the two
first fingers, merely take the cards into their hands, and slide them
beneath one another, as above described. But in this latter case the
transposition is easily discovered.


PART III.

    THE ENJAMBAGE, OR CUT ABOVE.

The "cut above" is a very simple and clever trick, and it is
astonishing, when one knows it, to think how easily people are
deceived, and that it should not be discovered. However, I candidly
confess, the first time I saw it done, I was taken in, as others are.

In this trick, the Greek, instead of placing packet No. 2 on packet No.
1, passes the former over without stopping into the left hand, which he
holds a little in advance, and places packet No. 1 on the top.

This trick, as well as the preceding one, is more especially practised
in public-houses and places of low resort.


PART IV.

    THE CARTE LARGE, OR LARGE CARD.

The heading of this division sufficiently indicates the nature of the
trick I am about to describe.

It is to have one card larger than all the rest. When introduced into
a pack this card, by its projection, almost forces the pack to divide,
wherever the person who places it wishes.

If the Greek has previously arranged the cards as he wishes them to be,
their being cut, in no way disarranges his plans, as the card alluded
to remains where it was placed at the commencement of the deal.

The large card is also used by the swindler as a sort of mark, to alter
the cut to wherever he thinks it would be most beneficial to him.


PART V.

    THE PONT, OR BRIDGE.

The bridge is one of the oldest tricks in use amongst sharpers, and it
is almost impossible to be on one's guard against its use, when well
done.

As in the preceding examples, it is used to make a false cut, and thus
to retain the cards as they have been arranged by the sharper to enable
him to win.

The pack of cards must be held in the right hand, and bent, by pressing
them against the first finger of the left. The upper part of the pack
must then be bent in an opposite direction, so as to form an arch, as
in figure 8.

[Illustration: Fig. 8.]

This being accomplished, the upper portion of the pack is laid on the
top of the other, as if to mix the cards.

The two bent cards are thus brought in contact, and it is the gap
produced by these two arcs, which forces the cut to be made oftener at
that spot than at any other, as represented in figure 9.

[Illustration: Fig. 9.]

The smallest space between any two cards is sufficient for this
purpose. The "carte tuilée," or card bent lengthways, is also used for
this purpose.

The two portions of the pack, being bent lengthways, and laid face
to face, are sure to make the cut at that particular spot, by
causing a division in the pack; but this trick is not so good as the
last-mentioned, and is, consequently, seldom employed.




CHAPTER II.

TO CHANGE A CARD.


"_Filer la carte_" is to change one card for another.

In the hands of an adroit sharper, this change is performed so
instantaneously, that it is almost impossible for the quickest eye to
detect it.

Let us suppose that, in dealing the cards, the Greek discovers, by
means which I will hereafter explain, that the card he is going to give
to his adversary would be advantageous to himself, he hides, or slips
away, the card which ought to have been dealt to his adversary, and
gives him, instead, the one which follows.

I will just explain how this manoeuvre is managed.

When the Greek intends to perform this trick, he takes care, whilst
dealing, to push two cards a little in advance of the rest of the pack,
as shown in Nos. 1 and 2 in figure 10.

[Illustration: Fig. 10.]

In a regular deal, No. 1 would be given before No. 2; but if the Greek
thinks it to his interest to retain it, he substitutes the second for
the first. Thus, by holding the two cards together, between his thumb
and forefinger, he pushes them contrary ways, that is to say, he pushes
No. 2 forward, and No. 1 backward, as represented in the figure below.

[Illustration: Fig. 11.]

He then passes over the first card with his right hand, and gives the
second.

This feat, which I have been obliged to explain thus lengthily, to make
it clearly understood, ought to be done instantaneously, and with the
rapidity of lightning.

Those who are expert, whilst advancing the right hand to give a card,
at the same time draw back the left. This manoeuvre completely deceives
the eye, and may be practised as often as is necessary for the card in
reserve to come into the hand of the Greek.

To give an idea how completely a person may be deceived by this trick,
I will just relate what once happened to myself.

A certain Greek (of whom I have already spoken in my Memoirs) was
anxious to show me this trick, and by way of illustrating his theory,
selected the King of Spades, and placed it on the top of the pack. He
then dealt the cards one after the other, and by thirty-one successive
"filages," he so managed, that the King of Spades was the last card of
the pack.

I acknowledge, and indeed I do so still, that so adroit was he, that
though I knew the trick myself, I could not detect him.




CHAPTER III.

THE ABSTRACTED CARD.


When one has not been initiated into the mysteries of sleight-of-hand,
it is difficult to believe that a sharper can abstract several cards,
and put them back again, under the very eyes of his antagonist, without
being detected. Such, however, is the fact.

The art of abstracting cards is one of the most useful tricks in
sleight-of-hand, and it requires great skill and adroitness to perform
the feat cleverly.

In order to do this trick, the Greek keeps the cards he wishes to
abstract, placed diagonally in his left hand, at the top of the others,
and a little advanced towards his right hand; as in figure 12.

[Illustration: Fig. 12.]

He takes possession of the cards with his right hand, and holds them
tightly between the top joints of the four fingers, and the first joint
of the thumb, or the _thenar_, as it is termed in medical parlance.

The cards are consequently slightly bent, as in figure 13.

[Illustration: Fig. 13.]

There is yet another manner of abstracting cards; but it is less
practised by sharpers, than by conjurors, who often show off the trick
in various ways, where it would be impossible for a sharper to make use
of it.

It simply consists in holding the cards lightly, between the thumb
and little finger of the hand which takes up the cards; a very slight
pressure will do, and in this manner the cards do not require to be
bent.

[Illustration: Fig. 14.]

My readers will doubtless be surprised to hear, that as many as six
cards can be thus hidden in the hand, at one time, without being seen;
and it will astonish them even more, when I tell them, that a clever
sharper will, with the same hand where the cards are concealed, cut and
go on with the game, gesticulating in the most natural way, without any
difficulty.




CHAPTER IV.

THE CARD REPLACED.


Once in possession of the cards which he has abstracted, the Greek,
whether the game he is playing be Lansquenet, Baccarat, or Vingt-et-un,
replaces them in the pack in such a way, that they will be sure when
dealt to return to him.

This trick is the easiest to execute that I have yet described.

The Greek waits, until it is his turn to gather up, either the whole,
or a portion of, the pack; then, whilst drawing them towards him, he
quietly places the cards he had in reserve on the top, taking care to
hide the action, by spreading out his hand over them.




CHAPTER V.

THE CARTE A L'OEIL, OR GLANCE.


In playing, it is sometimes necessary for the Greek to obtain a sight
of some particular card in the pack.

In order to do this, he resorts to the following manoeuvre:--

One of his little fingers is slipped into the pack, where the card he
wishes to see, lies; quick as lightning he glances his eye across it,
and with such rapidity is the action performed, that those playing with
him cannot see it, particularly as the backs of the cards are turned
towards them, and he is gesticulating with his other hand, to draw off
their attention.




CHAPTER VI.

THE SUBSTITUTION DES JEUX, OR PACK OF CARDS CHANGED.

    The substituted pack--The box in the sleeve.


The way this is done depends much on the class of Greek performing the
trick.

The high-bred sharper, for instance, very seldom makes use of it; he
has other far more subtle methods, unknown to his brother rogue of low
life.

The following tricks, however, may be considered as common to Greeks of
every shade:--

A sharper has always under his coat, at the back of his trowsers, one
or more little pockets, termed _finettes_, in which are carried the
packs of cards he intends substituting for those of the house where he
plays. These cards are so placed, that they can be drawn out with great
facility, as may be perceived by the sketch on the next page.

Before the play begins, the Greek wanders about the room, in the
neighbourhood of the card-tables, with his right hand placed, as
shown, on his hip, and seizes a favourable opportunity, when he thinks
no one is observing him, to substitute his own pack for those on the
table, slipping the latter into a deep pocket called a _profonde_,
which he has under the flap of his coat.

[Illustration: Fig. 15.]

Others, more bold in their manoeuvres, do not fear to execute this
trick before the very eyes of their adversaries.

To do this with ease, pockets are made in the waistcoat, and are
called _costières_, or side pockets,[J] because they are made at the
left side, a little above the region of the heart. They are entirely
hidden by the coat.

1st. In seating himself at the table, the Greek artfully draws out of
one of his pockets the prepared cards, and holds them in readiness
in his right hand, as I have before described in the chapter on the
"Abstraction of Cards."

2nd. He then, with his left hand, takes up the pack which is on the
table, as if to withdraw it from its envelope, and places his own pack
on the top, carefully hiding both packs with his right hand.

3rd. He manages, in cutting, to put the false pack at the top, and
removes the other, in the manner already related in the chapter on
"Abstraction."

4th. Finally, he disposes of the original pack in his large pocket, or
_profonde_.

To accomplish this feat with greater facility, he pretends to draw his
chair nearer to the table, which brings his hand in juxtaposition with
his pocket.

All the operations above described, may be regarded as one, and are
performed with infinite address and promptitude, whilst the Greek is
entertaining his adversary with some animated and amusing discourse.

It is needless to say, that the two envelopes of the cards are
identical, the Greek of course having seen to that beforehand.

When sharpers find, that they have to be continually changing the packs
of cards, and dread detection, should they try the trick too often,
they arrange with one of their associates, whom they bribe, by offering
him half the profits, to go and take the place of a servant, in those
houses or clubs where they intend to cheat.

With such an arrangement, the two Greeks quietly pocket considerable
sums. Others, less wary, take no accomplice, but change the cards
themselves.

The Greek first finds out the name and address of the tradesman who
furnishes the playing cards to the house or club, which he is in
the habit of frequenting. He then goes to the shop, and makes a few
trifling purchases, just to pave his way. He does this more than once,
and returns again and again.

At length, one fine day, he calls at the shop to select, for a friend
(he says), a dozen, or half a dozen, packs of cards, according as the
shop is a large or a small one.

The next morning, pretending that the cards are not of the colour
required, he takes them back again.

The packets being unopened, the shopkeeper has no hesitation in
receiving and changing them for others.

But the Greek has passed the night, in opening and re-sealing the
packets by a peculiar process known to sharpers.

The cards have been marked by him, before returning them to the
shopkeeper, who has them now in his shop. The cheat is accomplished,
and the Greek is biding his time.


PART I.

    THE BOX IN THE SLEEVE.

There is yet another way of changing the pack, under the very eyes of
your adversary. It consists in having a tin box fastened to your arm,
under the sleeve of your coat, and which is not perceptible.

In this box, the Greek carries the cards he has marked for his own
purposes.

When it is his turn to cut, he stretches out his hand across the table
towards the pack, so as to hide it entirely; then, resting his arm
lightly on the tablecloth, he presses a spring which opens the box, out
of which falls the marked pack,--at the same time that there comes out
another spring, which seizes the cards on the table, and draws them
into the box.

Before concluding this chapter, I ought to mention that, though all
these various tricks are each clever in their way, they cannot be
employed indiscriminately.

The operations in question must depend on circumstances, and the manner
of employing them should vary, according to whether they be performed
in a smoking-tavern, a gambling-house, a drawing-room, or a club.

The Greek knows well what will suit each party with whom he plays, and
rarely ventures on the trick without he is sure of succeeding.




CHAPTER VII.

THE FALSE SHUFFLE.

  False shuffles: The arranged shuffle--The partial shuffle--The
    fan--The dove-tail.


It may be said that a false shuffle is not cheating, since the cards
are but retained in their original order. Such acts, however, are not
far removed from cheating, and the persons who are guilty of them may
be compared to the receivers of stolen goods, who, though not the
actual robbers, are judged to be so by the law.

When the pack of cards has been arranged by the sharper, whether he
prepares them beforehand, or only in the presence of his adversary, he
must be very careful not to disturb them.

To avoid this, he has recourse to various methods of evading a proper
shuffle.

Of these there are four kinds, which vary according to the
circumstances required.

They are:

  The arranged shuffle.
  The partial shuffle.
  The fan.
  The dove-tail.


PART I.

    THE ARRANGED SHUFFLE.

The arranged shuffle consists in pretending to shuffle, whilst all the
time you are arranging the cards, in the order you require them for
cheating. Let us suppose, for example, that a Greek, in playing Écarté,
places in the pack four cards of the same suit, three of which are
trumps, and the fourth is the turn-up card; this he manages to do by
arranging the shuffle in the following manner. He divides the pack of
cards into two parts, holding one in each hand, as it is usual to do in
shuffling in the ordinary way. In mixing the two packs, he knows how to
slip in successively, above the four cards, seven others, which will
complete the series necessary for the deal.

He then hands them to be cut, makes a false cut, and when he has dealt
out the eleven cards, the four remaining are three trumps and the
turn-up card.

The arrangement of the game of Piquet, mentioned in another chapter, is
a further instance of this trick.


PART II.

    THE PARTIAL SHUFFLE.

The partial shuffle is employed for those games, where only a portion
of the cards is distributed at a time, such as Écarté. In this
instance, we will suppose the Greek to have arranged eleven cards, so
as to enable him to win the game, and it is of consequence that these
cards should not be disarranged.

He therefore puts these eleven cards at the bottom of the pack, and,
at the same time, carefully keeps his little finger between the upper
and lower packet, which he avoids mixing, until after dealing the
twenty-first card. This done, he performs the _saut de coupe_ a second
time, to bring the arranged packet again on the top of the pack,
unless, by making the bridge, he gains the same end by forcing his
adversary's cut.


PART III.

    THE FAN.

The following trick is termed the Fan, because the Greek, to do the
false shuffle, spreads the cards out in the shape of a fan. He then
divides the pack into two parts, holding, as before, one in each hand;
then, by a certain manipulation with the fingers of his right hand,
he passes the cards under those in the left, which, to the spectator,
gives the effect of mixing the cards; but this is far from being the
case. The cards retain the position they would have done if the pack
had been cut, as the upper packet has passed beneath the lower one. The
operation, consequently, requires to be gone through a second time, to
bring the cards into their original position. This shuffle may remain
in the above condition as long as the Greek finds it convenient.


PART IV.

    THE DOVE-TAIL.

The ways of doing the false shuffle are numerous, each Greek having
some special method of his own. All of them are more or less derived
from the principles I have just described.

It would take too long, as well as be useless, to enter into the
details of these proceedings, as they are nearly all the same.

The false shuffle, with which I am about to close this chapter, is a
peculiar one, and is very often used by sharpers.

To prevent any suspicions which might be raised by the use of the
preceding shuffle, the Greek sometimes employs the Dove-tail, which
consists in separating the cards into two packs, and then shuffling
them one with the other; but, instead of finishing the shuffle by
equalising the pack, the Greek manages to leave them at an angle as
they are represented in figure 16 below.

[Illustration: Fig. 16.]

Then begins an operation which is hidden by his right hand.

The Greek, after having passed packet No. 1 across packet No. 2, twists
round the lower portion in a semicircle towards the right, which
completely separates it from the other, and allows him to replace it
beneath packet No. 1, as it originally was.




CHAPTER VIII.

DOCTORED CARDS.

  Cartes biseautées--Tinted cards--Sticky or slippery cards--
    Slanting cards--Pricked cards--Cards with indented edges--
    Wavy cards--Chequered cards--Marked cards.


PART I.

    THE CARTES BISEAUTÉES.

The Biseautée Card was one of the principal methods of cheating in the
last century. The trick, at that period, was only known to the adepts
of the higher ranks, and with it they succeeded in victimising numbers
of people.

It is now chiefly made use of in public-houses, for it is so plain and
palpable an artifice, that it could not fail to be discovered by more
intelligent people than those who frequent these resorts.

The real signification of "biseautées" cards is, that they are larger
at one end than at the other, as in figure 17.

To do this, the Greek, with a pair of sharp scissors, cuts both sides
of every card, beginning at the twentieth part of an inch, and going
off to nothing.

[Illustration: Fig. 17.]

All the cards being equally clipped at one end, if they are placed
contrariwise, it is evident the edges will protrude the smallest bit
possible beyond the other cards, and can be easily discovered by the
sharper, however carefully they may have been shuffled by the opposite
party.

What answers with one card, will do so equally with all. Thus, we will
suppose the Greek has put all the court cards one way, and the common
cards the other, he can, by feeling the cards in cutting, cut a court
card or not, as he pleases.

This I merely give as one example, for slanting cards can be used in
various other ways.

Some Greeks make use of cards cut on both sides, in two opposite ways:
it is the same thing under another form.

For instance, the cards represented below are cut so that the edge of
some are convex, as in figure 18, and others concave, as in figure 19.

[Illustration: Figs. 18 and 19.]

The result, with these cards, is the same as with the preceding, only
that the latter afford a greater scope for cheating.

The more expert a sharper is, the less is it necessary to cut the edges
of the cards; indeed, I have seen some so slightly cut, that you were
obliged to examine them with the greatest minuteness to find it out.


PART II.

    THE TINTED, OR STAINED CARD.

When white cards are not of first-rate quality, many of them are
slightly tinted or stained; that is to say, the purity of the white
varies. This imperfection is caused by the bad quality of the
card-board of which they are manufactured.

From these slight shades, the Greek can, after seeing them for a few
moments, recognise many of the cards.

If there are no blemishes or stains on them, the Greek contrives to
give them various tints, which he alone can perceive. To this end, he
rubs very lightly over, with a cloth dipped in blacklead, such of the
cards as he wishes to know again.

The person with whom the Greek is playing, even if he were warned of
this trick, could scarcely observe the marks. It requires the lynx eyes
of the sharper to distinguish the imperceptible shades.

We ought also to mention that the Greeks have each their particular
_forte_. One who has an excellent eyesight, and sensitive touch, will
make use of the marked cards; another, for other reasons, will have
recourse to sleight of hand.


PART III.

    THE ADHERENT, OR SLIDING CARDS.

By the foregoing it will be observed, that a Greek is always ready to
profit by the slightest differences in the cards; but what my readers
will scarcely find credible is, that even a pack of new cards, when
first taken out of its envelope, will furnish him with the means and
signs of recognising the court from the plain cards. This cheat is most
practicable, when the cards have not been kept in a perfectly dry place.

The Greek, in dealing, presses his left thumb on the cards, as if to
disengage the upper ones, and push them towards his right hand. When
the cards are damp, the plain ones slide more easily than the court
cards, the reason for which, is to be thus accounted for:--

That in manufacturing the court cards, and in order to give a
brightness to their colours, a preparation of gum is used, which is
easily affected by the damp, and becomes slightly sticky; this is why
they do not slip with such facility as the others.

The higher class of sharpers are much in the habit of using this trick,
which they perform with a sensitiveness of touch of astounding delicacy.

The lower order of Greek is obliged to prepare the pack beforehand, and
rubs the court cards lightly over with soap, and the others he paints
with an extremely pure resin.


PART IV.

    THE "HORS D'ÉQUERRE," OR SLANTING CARDS.

I was once requested by a magistrate, to examine some packs of cards
which had been seized in a gambling-house, and many of which had been
used for the game of Vingt-et-un. I acceded to his request, and it was
only owing to my knowledge of mechanism, that I was enabled to discover
the trick, by means of which the _banquier_ of the gambling-table could
distinguish, whilst dealing, whether the card he took from the top of
the pack was higher or lower than a ten.

All the court cards and aces were cut on the slant at the top, so as to
prevent them being quite straight, as in figure 20, but much less so in
reality than is here represented.

[Illustration: Fig. 20.]

To discover this very slight alteration it required a most practised
eye; but slight as it was, it was sufficient for the sharper; and,
according to these indications, he either took the upper card, if
it were to his advantage, or dealt to himself the lower one by the
"filage."[K] In this manner he could also, at the end of the deal,
retain or give himself the card he required.


PART V.

    THE "POINTÉES," OR PRICKED CARDS.

These marks are made by the Greek to distinguish all the high cards.

With the point of a pin, a little blunted, he pricks the card in the
corner at the side of the picture, so as to produce a minute elevation
on the upper surface.

Some Greeks improve on this trick, by pricking between the two
card-boards, and afterwards pasting them together again. In this
way, nothing is to be seen on the upper part of the card but a small
roughness, which, should it ever be remarked, would pass for a defect
in the card-board.

Others, who are still more adroit, instead of making any mark above, do
it from beneath, and in this manner the mark is completely hidden by
the painting, and can only be discovered by the touch.


PART VI.

    THE CARDS "MORFILÉES," OR WITH INDENTED EDGES.

This trick very much resembles the preceding one, only that it is done
in presence of the dupe.

Each time that a card which will be favourable to his play, passes
through the hands of the Greek, he makes a small dent with his nail on
the edge of it. This mark is easily felt by the Greek.

It must be confessed, that those amongst the Greeks who are adepts at
this trick, have an extreme delicacy of touch, which they preserve by
always wearing gloves, when they are not playing at cards. Some of them
even rub the ends of their fingers with pumice stone, or dip them in
certain acids, which give extreme sensibility to the skin.


PART VII.

    THE "ONDULÉES," OR WAVY CARDS.

The above marks, or waves, are also made whilst playing.

When the Greek observes any cards, which will suit him to perform the
trick he is about to play, he makes, at the bottom of the left-hand
corner, a little fold, or arch, inwards. This alteration, be it ever
so slight, produces a kind of lustre on the card, which the eye of the
Greek can immediately detect.

This trick is generally employed in cheating at Piquet. The Greek, in
this way, marks all the aces and high cards in any of the suits.

With certain arts of _legerdemain_, which I have before alluded to,
he can so arrange all, or part, of his hand, that no play of his
adversary, be it ever so good, could stand against it.


PART VIII.

    THE "TAROTÉES," OR FIGURED OR CHECQUERED CARDS.

It often happens that, in packs of playing-cards, the backs of which
are ornamented with figures and designs, these ornaments are not placed
exactly in the same spot on each card.

If examined attentively, it will be seen, that the designs are not
always the same distance from the edge of the card. The manufacturer
himself, and players in general, pay little attention to these
irregularities, but the Greek turns them to account, and makes them
useful in his tricks.

By the time the cards have been dealt two or three times round, he can
distinguish many of them.

Sharpers are themselves often the manufacturers of their own cards, and
can, therefore, arrange and place their designs where they please.

For instance, let us suppose that the design consists of a series of
lozenges, placed one above the other. The Greek would so arrange them
that, at the edge of the card, the lozenge should be entire for the
ace. Then, as it approaches the edge, it is cut in half for the queen,
quarterly for the king, and three-quarters for the knave.

In the same way, on the upper side of the card, the lozenges, by
similar arrangements, would point out the spades, hearts, clubs, or
diamonds, and also show the principal cards in the game of Piquet.

All this would seem to be the effect of chance, and no one could assert
that there was anything fraudulent.


PART IX.

    THE MARKED, OR SPOTTED CARDS.

This trick of marking cards, is equal to any of the most refined
abbreviations used in stenography, as here, by the aid of a single
spot, any one of the thirty-two cards in the game of Piquet may be
known.

We will imagine, for example, a design formed of spots, or some other
device, arranged symmetrically, as these sorts of patterns usually are.
For instance, as in figure 21.

The first large spot, beginning from the top of the card, on the left
hand, will represent a heart; the second, in descending, a diamond, the
third a club, and the fourth a spade.

Now, if, by the side of any of these, another spot is added, it will
immediately serve to show what card it is.

[Illustration: Fig. 21.]

The mark should be placed near one of the original spots, as shown
below in figure 22, which, when placed at the top, shows it is an ace;
going round to the right of it, the next spot would be a king, the
third spot a queen, the fourth a knave, and so on to the seven.

[Illustration: Fig. 22.]

It must be clearly understood that only one spot is to be made, as
in figure 21, where that which is added to the third spot, would
(according to the rules I have laid down), mark the eight of clubs.

After these explanations, I feel convinced, my reader has already made
up his mind, never again to play with cards on which there are devices.

"If these are the sort of tricks one is subject to," exclaims he, "I'll
take care that I never play with anything but plain cards again."

Unfortunately, even these can be tampered with, as I have already shown
in speaking of tinted cards; of which I will now give another proof.

In the year 1849, the judge of the Criminal Court of the Seine, begged
me to examine a hundred and fifty packs of cards, which were supposed
to have been tampered with.

They were found in the possession of a man, whose antecedents were far
from being as pure, as the colour of his cards.

The cards were in fact all white, and had hitherto defied the most
minute inspection.

It was impossible for the most practised eye to discover, that they had
been altered or marked in any way.

They seemed all of the best quality.

I spent nearly a fortnight in examining (not only with my naked eye,
but with a strong magnifying glass) the card board, the shape, and the
almost imperceptible shades, of each of these one hundred and fifty
packs of cards.

I could detect nothing; and tired out, I was going to give the same
opinion as the experts who had previously examined them.

"There is certainly nothing wrong with these cards," exclaimed I, one
evening, in a pettish tone, throwing the pack from me across the table.

All at once, on the shining back of one of the cards, near one of the
corners, I thought I saw a dull-looking spot, which had before escaped
me. On looking close at it, it disappeared; but strange to say, as I
went far off from it, it re-appeared.

"How glad I am," cried I aloud, enthusiastically. "Now I see what it
is. It's all right. This then is the mark!" and following the rules,
used by sharpers, I satisfied myself, that on every card there was the
same spot, which, being placed in various parts, were distinctive signs
of the card and the suit. The following was the way the thing was done.

We must imagine the cards divided into eight divisions perpendicularly,
and four horizontally, as in figure 23. The former will indicate the
value of the card, the latter the suit. The mark is placed where each
of these divisions intersect one another. The above is the way the
cheat is performed, and practice does the rest.

I must be allowed to decline mentioning the method, by which these
mysterious marks are made on the cards. My object being, as I have
already stated, more than once, to expose the tricks of sharpers, but
not to show how they are done. Suffice it to say, that when looked at
closely, these spots are invisible; but when viewed from afar, the
reflection of a strong light makes the card shine, but leaves the spot
dull.

At first sight, it would seem a difficult task to distinguish one card
from another, by an isolated spot on the back of it. However, if my
readers will attend to what I have told them, and look at the example
given in figure 23, they will see that it does not belong to the
second, nor the fourth perpendicular division; and by the same rule,
they will observe, that the spot is in the second horizontal division,
and represents, therefore, the queen of diamonds.

[Illustration: Fig. 23.]

From all this, it is evident that a swindler plays and stakes--I will
not say his honour, but his liberty, against fortune; and that, by
reason of the importance of the stake, he ought to have devoted the
most serious attention to an art, on which all his future depends.




CHAPTER IX.

THE CHAPLET, OR ROSARY.


The rosary is a particular arrangement of the cards, according to
certain words in a sentence, which is learnt by heart. In other words,
it is a sort of mnemonics, or artificial memory, to enable people to
cheat at play. There are several sorts of "_chapelets_," more or less
ingenious. The best are those which recall to one's mind a feeling, a
thought, or even only an amusing combination.

One of the oldest rosaries consists of two Latin verses, every word in
each of which represents one of the fifty-two cards of a pack--

  Unus, quinque, novem, famulus, sex, quatuor, duo,
  Rex, septem, octo, foemina, trina, decem;

which may be translated thus:

  Ace, five, nine, knave, six, four, two,
  King, seven, eight, queen, three, ten.

These thirteen cards are also arranged according to their suits,
namely--spades, hearts, clubs, diamonds, as follows:

  1. Unus (ace) of spades,
  2. Quinque (five) of hearts,
  3. Novem (nine) of clubs,
  4. Famulus (knave) of diamonds,
  5. Sex (six) of spades,

and so on, by following the words of the rosary and the suit, to the
last card.

I will now give a sentence or rosary, for the thirty-two cards used in
the game of Piquet--

  Le Roi dix-huit ne valait pas ses dames;

Or--

  Le Roi, dix, huit, neuf, valet, as, sept, dame.

Which means--

  The king, ten, eight, nine, knave, ace, seven, queen.

In this, as well as in the preceding example, the cards are classed
according to their suits, as above described; only, at the end of the
rosary after the queen, instead of putting the suit which follows, for
the king which comes after, they arrange so that the king and queen
should be of the same suit. Were this not done, one would require four
kings of spades, four tens of hearts, &c., &c. The following example
will show what I mean:


ARRANGEMENT OF A ROSARY OF THIRTY-TWO CARDS:

   1. The king of spades.
   2. The ten of hearts.
   3. The eight of clubs.
   4. The nine of diamonds.
   5. The knave of spades.
   6. The ace of hearts.
   7. The seven of clubs.
   8. The queen of diamonds.
   9. The king of diamonds.
  10. The ten of spades.
  11. The eight of hearts.
  12. The nine of clubs.
  13. The knave of diamonds.
  14. The ace of spades.
  15. The seven of hearts.
  16. The queen of clubs.
  17. The king of clubs.
  18. The ten of diamonds.
  19. The eight of spades.
  20. The nine of hearts.
  21. The knave of clubs.
  22. The ace of diamonds.
  23. The seven of spades.
  24. The queen of hearts.
  25. The king of hearts.
  26. The ten of clubs.
  27. The eight of diamonds.
  28. The nine of spades.
  29. The knave of hearts.
  30. The ace of clubs.
  31. The seven of diamonds.
  32. The queen of spades.

It must be remembered that, when the cards are thus arranged, however
often the pack is cut, the order of the cards remains the same.

When a Greek has substituted a pack of cards, arranged _à chapelet_ for
another, and has made a false shuffle which does not alter them, he
will easily know what cards his adversary holds, by looking at his own
hand.

For example at Écarté, if he holds--

  The eight of hearts,
  The nine of clubs,
  The queen of clubs,
  The king of clubs,
  The ten of diamonds;

He will know that his adversary has--

  The king of diamonds,
  The ten of spades,
  The knave of diamonds,
  The ace of spades,
  The seven of hearts.

The turn-up card will be the eight of spades; and knowing all the other
cards which follow after this, he can demand or refuse them, as he
judges best.

It is, at the games of Vingt-et-un, Baccarat, and Lansquenet, that
this cheating is the most dangerous, as well as the most easily
accomplished. The packs are changed beforehand, and even though they
may be really properly shuffled, it will be some time before the order
of the cards is completely altered. Some few cards may be displaced,
but the Greek manages to play on, and to know the card which is coming,
by having seen the one which precedes it.




CHAPTER X.

THE RING FOR MARKING.


The Greek sometimes carries his trickery even into the domains of
science; of which the instrument I am about to describe is a proof.

If this jewel had not been invented for the sole purpose of cheating,
one would have been tempted to admire it.

The ring, shown in figure 24, is known by the name of a _trépan_. It is
hollow, and forms a kind of reservoir, which is filled with very liquid
ink. This liquid would escape by a small opening, at the point A, but
that the capillary attraction retains the ink at its mouth. In short,
it is a kind of pen with a reservoir.

As this point is hidden in the inside of the hand, the Greek can, at
any moment, mark the cards he pleases, with an almost imperceptible
spot, before the very eyes of his adversary.

These spots can, as I have before explained, by the manner in which
they are placed, mark particular cards.

[Illustration: Fig. 24.]

The Greek also makes use of this instrument to cheat at dominoes.

For this purpose, the ring is a very massive one, and the point alluded
to is made of steel, and very sharp.

It is easy to understand, that when the Greek has the dominoes in his
hands, in moving them about on the table, he can put a mark on them, so
as to know them again.

The point of the ring, fine as it is, is blunted, so that the marks
it makes are so light and shining, as to awaken no suspicion, and it
is only to the eyes of the sharper, who has made them, that they are
visible.




CHAPTER XI.

THE REFLECTING SNUFF-BOX.


As I am on the subject of curiosities of art, here is another, which is
also very clever.

It is difficult to believe that a snuff-box can be made an instrument
for cheating.

The Greek, when placing himself at the table to play, puts down a
snuff-box, on the lid of which is a small medallion of the size of a
franc, enclosing a miniature.

It is the portrait of a lady exquisitely painted.

The eyes of the players naturally turn to this object, and they
sometimes even take it up to admire, or display it to their friends.

When the game has begun, the Greek takes a pinch of snuff, which gives
him the opportunity of drawing the box towards him.

But, at the same time, he presses an invisible spring, which withdraws
the portrait, and in its place out comes a convex glass, which is of
the greatest utility to him; for, when he is dealing, this mirror
being underneath the cards which he deals to his adversary, he has only
to look in it to see the reflection of the cards he is giving.

During the evening, the Greek makes the medallion return, and offers a
pinch of snuff to his victims.




CHAPTER XII.

APPLICATION OF THE PRECEDING PRINCIPLES.

  Arrangement of the pack--Coups de piquet--How to repique and capot
    an adversary--How to repique and capot an adversary although he has
    shuffled the cards--Abstraction and substitution of cards--Coup
    d'écarté--Jeu de règle--Lansquenet--Baccarat--Vingt-et-un, &c. &c.


ARRANGEMENT OF THE PACK.

It is a well-known fact that, by the aid of the principles which I have
herein laid down, a clever Greek will gain at every game, by giving
himself the cards which are favourable to his interest.

But it must not be believed, that these sharpers are so unskilful as to
cheat always by sleight of hand. They would very soon be discovered.

These intelligent rogues husband their resources, and act with
prudence. They usually only deal themselves what is called a "_jeu
de règle_," or hand which is sure of making three tricks; and their
adroitness and tact, coupled with this slight advantage, is sufficient
to ensure to them the favours of fortune.

In most cases, the Greek only uses his arts according to the
circumstances required. The more able player he is, the less is
it necessary to call cheating to his aid. If he finds he has an
indifferent player for his opponent, he only plays the regular game,
and reserves his rogueries for another occasion. But, as it often
happens that the proverb, "a new hand always wins," is verified, he
takes care to be on the defensive, and to use his weapons if required.

For this reason, it is quite impossible to give an exact definition of
the play of a Greek; but as I am anxious to enlighten my readers on his
marvellous powers, I will just give one example of the _haute école_,
or high school, as they say at the Cirque Olympique (the Astley's of
Paris).

It is the greatest _coup_ that it is possible to make at piquet.

In this trick, which is done in the presence of his adversary, and
without any previous preparation, the Greek can win the game with a
first hand, by a hundred and sixty-three points.[L]

In perusing the following details of the different manipulations, which
serve as the basis of all sorts of cheating at games of cards, I hope
my readers will take this warning, which is the real purpose of my
work:--that it is dangerous to hazard large sums of money on chances
which can be so easily turned against them.


PART I.

    THE "COUP DE PIQUET."

    How to Repique and Capot one's Adversary.

The trick I am about to describe, dates from the last century. It was
the invention of a juggler named Comus, who performed it with his eyes
bandaged.

From this interesting combination, have originated all the other _coups
de piquet_, so often displayed by jugglers.

I shall here give a description of how it is done, as it will make what
I have mentioned in the preceding chapter, more easy to understand.

In taking up the pack of cards, the juggler, with a pretended
awkwardness, shuffles the cards in such a manner, that many of them are
turned face to face. This enables him, under the pretext of turning
them the right way about, to select and place at the bottom of the pack
a sequence of eight cards in any suit, a king and three aces.

Once in possession of these twelve cards, he slightly bends the
corners, which leaves a ridge that he can easily discern. (See part
vii., chapter ix.)

He then hands the cards to his adversary to shuffle.

Whilst this is being done he has his eyes bandaged with a handkerchief,
which, however, does not prevent his seeing through the interstices
caused by the projection of his nose.

He then takes back the pack, and whilst pretending to shuffle, he finds
the marked cards, and places them where he wishes, as will be explained
in the following part.

Some jugglers, instead of bending the cards, with the greatest _sang
froid_, pass the twelve cards above alluded to, underneath the others,
and then pretend to shuffle.


PART II.

    THE "COUP DE PIQUET."

  How the Greek is enabled to Repique and Capot his Adversary,
    although he has Shuffled the Cards.

As I am addressing those who are supposed to know piquet, I need enter
into no details about that game.

In playing the first hand, the Greek must secure a _sixième-major_ (or
sequence of six cards from the ace downwards, which counts sixteen),
a quatorze of aces (the four aces), and a quatorze of kings (the four
kings), as seen by the table below:--

   1. The ace of spades.
   2. The king of spades.
   3. The queen of spades.
   4. The knave of spades.
   5. The ten of spades.
   6. The nine of spades.
   7. The ace of hearts.
   8. The ace of diamonds.
   9. The ace of clubs.
  10. The king of hearts.
  11. The king of diamonds.
  12. The king of clubs.

His adversary must be the dealer, as it is in playing the first hand,
that the selection of these twelve cards is managed.

This difficult trick is done in the following manner. It is customary,
before beginning to play, for each person to cut for the deal.

The Greek, in mixing the cards, with a rapid glance, seeks for an ace,
which he passes under the pack, and putting in practice the principles
which I have pointed out in the first chapter, part 5, figure 9, he
makes the bridge.

"Let us see," exclaims he, putting the pack on the table, "who shall
deal?"

He cuts first himself, at the bridge where the ace (the highest card in
cutting at piquet) is placed, and as it does not often happen that his
opponent cuts another ace--"You shall deal," says he, "we will make the
game one hundred and fifty points."

The first hand is not of much importance; the Greek leaves to chance
the distribution of the cards. He well knows that his adversary will
not gain the game in one hand; he, therefore, only thinks of making
himself master of the cards before mentioned.

Twelve cards are dealt to him by his adversary, and five others are in
reserve for him in the "_talon_."

It is most probable that, out of these seventeen cards, he will find
some of the number mentioned in the preceding list.

He must, at all hazards, prevent those cards getting into his
opponent's hands, and must keep them near him for the following hand.

Consequently, he discards the weakest cards in his hand, and makes a
little heap of them on his right hand, on which he places successively,
and without concealment, all the aces, kings, and spades, he can get
from his adversary.

We will imagine that, by the time the hand is played, he has only been
able to obtain six of the cards he wants.

To secure the other six, still in the pack, he has recourse to the
following manoeuvre.

Whilst playing, he has intentionally left all the tricks he has gained
face upwards; and, as it is his turn to deal, he does the same thing
with those of his adversary.

Profiting by the moment when the latter is marking his points, in
taking up the pack, the Greek selects the cards required, and places
them underneath with those which he has already secured.

If my readers are not "_au fait_" at tricks of cards, they will
doubtless find the explanation I have given, both tedious and difficult
of comprehension. It is really nothing; it resembles those tricks of
sleight of hand, which require long explanations to make a very short
operation understood.

But that is not the question; my sole wish being to make myself
understood, which has perhaps caused me to be rather prolix.

The Greek having, in the twinkling of an eye, put the twelve cards he
wanted at the bottom of the pack, then places them, so that they will
all return to him in the deal, and whilst pretending to shuffle the
cards, he puts alternately on the pack,

  1. Three cards from the bottom.
  2. Three indifferent cards taken from the middle of the pack.
  3. Three cards from the bottom.
  4. Three indifferent cards.
  5. Three cards from the bottom.
  6. Three indifferent cards.

After which, a false shuffle, a false cut, and a deal of three at a
time.

It will be seen that, out of the twelve cards which were placed under
the pack, nine must have come back to the Greek in the course of the
deal; the three others come to him in the exchange. He therefore has in
his hand:

  1. A sixième-major in spades,
  2. A quatorze of aces,
  3. A quatorze of kings:

with which he gains the game by capoting his adversary.

In this hand, then, he has made a hundred and sixty-three points.

This selection of cards, and their arrangement, is a specimen of what
can be done by cheating; however, a Greek usually will not venture to
do it on so large a scale; but contents himself with a quatorze of
aces or kings, or even a simple quint. The selection of these cards is
simple and easy, compared with the former trick.


PART III.

    THE "COUP DE PIQUET."

    Abstraction and Substitution of Cards.

In former days, it was the fashion at piquet, when the deal was
finished, to divide the _talon_ into two unequal packets, and place
them one on the top of the other, in the shape of a cross. Now,
however, these eight cards are left in one packet.

This new fashion has given rise to a fresh roguery, which, though a
very audacious one, is no less difficult to discover, where the parties
are not cognisant of it.

Once known, it is quite another thing.

This rascality is executed in the following manner:

The sharper, in dealing, gives himself three cards too many. He then
intentionally places the _talon_ a little nearer to himself than to his
adversary.

The latter, not thinking about it, does not perceive that his opponent
has taken extra cards, being at that moment as much occupied with
taking up and sorting his cards, as with the discard.

Whilst his adversary is thus occupied, the sharper hastily takes the
three worst cards in his hand, and conveys them by a method I have
pointed out, and places them on the _talon_, pushing it at the same
time, as if to place it nearer to his antagonist. This movement is so
natural, that the artifice is completely concealed.

Thus the Greek is not only relieved of his three bad cards, but he
passes them on to his adversary, so that he gains an advantage in more
ways than one.


PART IV.

    THE "COUP D'ÉCARTÉ."

    The King and the Vole.

Before commencing this article on Écarté, I wish to point out an error
very generally diffused among players.

When speaking of a swindler, people are apt to say, "He is a man who
turns up the king whenever he pleases." This is a decided error. A
Greek, if he is clever, will never do anything so imprudent. He knows
very well that, by turning up a king too often, he arouses suspicion,
and only marks one point; whereas, by keeping it in his own hand, he
enjoys the advantage of marking two. In the same way, a sharper of
experience will never deal himself so good a hand as that which I am
about to describe, because such an assemblage of trumps would create
doubts in the mind of his opponent.

The following hand must, therefore, only be regarded as an example, of
what can be done by tricking at écarté.


ARRANGEMENT OF THE PACK.

The Greek, whilst shuffling the cards with apparent indifference, has
quietly introduced underneath the pack a sixième-major, or sequence of
six cards from the king (the highest card at écarté) downwards.

This done, nothing is easier than for him to arrange the cards, so that
they will fall to him in the deal.

To effect this, while pretending to shuffle, he puts alternately on the
pack--

  1. Four cards from beneath (good).
  2. Three cards from the middle (bad).
  3. Two cards from beneath (good).
  4. Two cards from the middle (bad).

This performance ended, he makes a false cut, as described in the first
chapter, and deals.

Contrary to his principles, he will turn up the king, and hold in his
own hand a sequence from the queen of trumps downwards.


PART V.

    A JEU DE RÈGLE.[M]

From the preceding tricks, it will be seen that it is necessary for the
Greek, before he begins playing, to put a certain number of cards into
the pack, both at the top and underneath, all of which he arranges in
readiness to be dealt to him.

This he does whilst pretending to shuffle them, and almost always
in the midst of an animated conversation about the hand which has
just been played. All this he performs so naturally that it is never
observed.

A sharper, who understands his business, never amuses himself with
essaying "_tours de force_," but is content with a few good cards, of
which he knows how to make the best use.

His manner of acting under such circumstances is very simple.

Let us suppose that the first hand has been played out, and it is now
the Greek's turn to deal.

He gathers up, as usual, the eleven cards which are on the table; but,
in so doing, he, with great dexterity, separates all the cards of one
suit, and places them on the _talon_, the rest he puts underneath.

Suppose the cards chosen by him are the following:--

  1. The king of hearts.
  2. The ace of hearts.
  3. The ten of hearts.
  4. The seven of hearts.

In order that the last of these cards may be turned up, and that the
three others may be in his own hand, he need only put above them the
first cards that come, to make the number eleven, which can be easily
done whilst pretending to shuffle.

After which, he makes a false cut, by means of the Bridge, or any other
of the methods given in the first chapter, and deals.

The Greek now holds in his own hand the king, ace, and ten of hearts.
As to the other two cards he trusts to chance, not caring much whether
they are good or bad.

Should you have any doubts about the honesty of your adversary, the
way to detect this cheat is to watch the cards which are taken up, and
especially to observe whether those cards, which have been used in a
previous hand, do not appear again in his play.


PART VI.

    LANSQUENET.

    The "Dépôt de Portées."

This trick is about the most simple and dangerous that I have yet
described, and the performance of it is unfortunately very easy.

The Greek must place on the pack, at the moment when he is dealer, a
series of cards, called "portées," so as to secure beforehand several
_refaits_.

These "portées" are composed of ten cards, and are arranged, for
example, as follows:--

   1. Queen.
   2. Queen.
   3. Ten.
   4. Seven.
   5. Ten.
   6. Nine.
   7. Nine.
   8. Ace.
   9. Eight.
  10. Ace.

When this "portée" is exhausted, the Greek passes on the cards.

These cards are placed in such a manner about the sharper, as to allow
him to get at them with ease.

To show you how this is done, I must strip my sharper of his coat.

It will be seen that, in the waistcoat of the figure on the next page,
there are two pockets, called "costières," which are made on the left
side.

When it is his turn to deal, he leans forward on the table, and, in so
doing, brings his hand as near as possible to his "portées;" thus he
can, when he pleases, take them out, as is shown in the fourth chapter,
and put them on the pack.

The Greek having his coat buttoned at the top, this proceeding is
prevented from being seen, and the opening at the bottom enables him to
put his hand inside, without it being noticed.

[Illustration: Fig. 25.]

Some Greeks are expert enough to abstract several _refaits_ from the
pack itself, and put them into their side-pockets in readiness for
their next hand. Others keep them hidden in their hand, and await an
opportune moment for replacing them on the pack. So that, in this
manner, there are never more cards in a pack than there ought to be.


PART VII.

    ON GAMES WITH FOUR PLAYERS.

It may be imagined, that in a game where there are four people playing,
cheating is impracticable, since the cards the sharper ought to deal,
are collected and shuffled by another person.

The reader may remember that in one of the chapters, at the beginning
of this work, I have given him a concise explanation of this very
subject. This explanation I will now complete.

At the game of Bouillotte, for example, a Greek makes an agreement with
an accomplice, whom he places near him.

This accomplice, while collecting and shuffling the cards, arranges
them for the following hand. The trick will cause no suspicion; for it
is not to the Greek who deals the cards, but to his confederate, that
the good hand comes. Besides, these gentlemen always pretend to be
unacquainted with each other.

There are numerous other tricks in which no second party is required,
and which are all contained in the general rules I have laid down.

       *       *       *       *       *

Again, I have sometimes heard it observed, that a Greek cannot exercise
his vocation in the higher class of clubs, as they are so strictly
watched.

He will certainly not venture, in these _réunions_, in the midst of
a crowd of lookers on, all more or less interested in the game, to
_sauter la coupe_, _filer la carte_, &c., &c. But, can he not have
recourse to other deceptions, where there is no danger of discovery?

The marked cards, for example: can he not bribe a servant, by offering
him half the profits, to let him have the packs of cards before giving
them to the players?

The telegraph also is equally available, even before the most critical
observers.

The Greek of fashionable life has sufficient tact and _finesse_ to cope
with any situation, however difficult, in which he may be placed; and
when he makes up his mind to cheat, he generally succeeds.

If he does not venture on sleight of hand in public, he makes use of
it in small parties, where the players are not conspicuous for their
intelligence and perspicacity.

Far be it from me to say, that wherever there are players, there
must be rogues; on the contrary, I believe that in many clubs such a
character is unknown; still, that is no reason that sooner or later
a Greek might not gain entrance there, and exercise his infamous
vocation.




CHAPTER XIII.

ENTERTAINING TRICKS.

  Piquet--Écarté--Baccarat--Impériale--Whist--Bouillotte--
    Bézigue--&c., &c.


In the former chapter I have given various examples of serious cheats
performed by Greeks.

I shall now present to my readers, a series of what may be termed
entertaining tricks; they are done in such a way that a juggler may,
whilst amusing his spectators, show them how easily they may be cheated
at every game.

Let us go back to the preceding _coup de piquet_, which we will now
perform in a more agreeable manner.

We will suppose the juggler to have in his hand--

  1. A sixième of spades.
  2. A quatorze of aces.
  3. A quatorze of kings.

His adversary is the elder hand; it is for him to call; he announces a
_sixième_ from the queen; for, as he has the chance of a sequence in
three suits, it is most probable that he will succeed with one.

"Six cards," says he.

"What do they count?"

"Fifty-four."

"That's not good. Is that all you have to declare?"

"Yes; for it is not likely that my three queens will turn out
valueless."

"Indeed!" You then spread your _sixième_ major on the table, and
say--sixteen and six make twenty-two; and _quatorze_ of kings (you show
them) ninety-six; and _quatorze_ of aces, a hundred and ten.

These two _quatorzes_ have all this time been hidden in your left hand.

Here I must explain, _par parenthèse_, something which it will be
necessary for my readers to know, so as to understand what follows.
While continuing the counting of this _coup de piquet_, we will
secretly prepare a _coup d'écarté_, which we will execute after this
game.

Let us take up the counting where we left off.

"A hundred and ten," we have said. "A hundred and eleven," you say,
taking up the nine of spades of your _sixième_, and putting it on one
side--"a hundred and twelve," putting the ten on it; and, continuing
your calculation, you do the same with the other four cards; with this
difference, that when you come to the king, you put the ace before him,
so that he may be the last card in the pack.

In finishing your counting, you put the three kings and the three aces
on these six cards, which brings it to a hundred and twenty-three.
This, with forty for the _capot_, makes a hundred and sixty-three.

The pack not being played out, the cards have not been shuffled, and
it is easy, with the slight preparation I have just pointed out, to
arrange the following _coup_.


PART I.

    ÉCARTÉ.

    An Amusing Game at Écarté.

According to the arrangement of the cards mentioned in the preceding
trick, you have in hand six spades, three kings, and three aces, which
you put on the pack.

You then take up, with apparent indifference, the three cards of your
discard, which you have left close to yourself, and place them under
the two first cards; then, by a false shuffle, you pass two of the
undermost cards of the pack to the top.

This manoeuvre arranges the cards in the following manner:

Two indifferent cards.

Two spades.

Three indifferent cards.

Four spades--one of which is a king, and will serve as the turn-up card.

Afterwards come the three kings and three aces.

This operation is performed whilst a conversation is being carried on,
and without your having declared your intention to continue playing;
then you place the pack on the table.

"You see," say you, "the danger of playing at cards. A sharper would
not make a joke of it, and, with such chances at his disposal, he would
soon see the bottom of your purse."

"By the bye, do you know another game for two to play at? Écarté, for
instance?"

"Yes; I do."

"Oh! very well! Then let us play a game at écarté."

We take the pack already prepared; we make a false shuffle, a false
cut, and we deal the cards.

"I am going to turn up the king," you say. "Here he is; and I have a
handful of trumps." You throw down the five trumps in succession on the
table, saying, "Trump, trump," &c., &c.


PART II.

    CONTINUATION OF THE GAME.

    Another Amusing Trick.

"The _vole_ and the king. I mark three; it is your turn to deal,"
presenting the pack to your adversary; and, at the same time, drawing
out five or six cards which you keep hidden in your hand, according to
the principles laid down in the third chapter, figure 13.

The adversary shuffles the cards, and, that he shall not notice the
diminution of the pack, you distract his attention by an animated
conversation. Something in this style.

"Have you any knowledge of sleight of hand?"

"I don't think so."

"I am sorry for it, as I would have taught you a trick."

"Oh! that's of no consequence; show it to me all the same."

"With pleasure. But you must first practice a whole year to _sauter la
coupe_," &c., &c. Your _vis-à-vis_ then hands the cards to you to cut,
and deals. Taking up your cards, you pass in underneath, those you had
secreted, being careful to press them very forcibly one against the
other.

"Ah! Well, what game did you say we were to play at?"

"At écarté; I thought you said at écarté."

"Then why do you give me so many cards?" spreading out the cards side
by side.

"A false deal. You've lost your deal," you exclaim, at the same time
passing with a rapid glance all the cards in review before you.

This hasty glance, rapid as it is, has been long enough to show you,
out of these eleven or twelve cards, which is the dominant suit.

You select four of them, and, as you ought to recollect, the three
kings and three aces were amongst them.

To the four above-mentioned you add the king and the ace of hearts,
and place them all together at the bottom of the pack; then, by an
operation similar to that described for piquet, whilst pretending to
shuffle, you put on the top of the pack--

  1. Four cards from the bottom.
  2. Three indifferent cards from the middle.
  3. Two cards from the bottom.
  4. Two indifferent cards.

The pack is accordingly thus arranged for playing. Eleven prepared
cards. That is to say--

  1. Two chance cards.
  2. Two hearts.
  3. Three chance cards.
  4. Three hearts.
  5. A heart, as the turn-up card.

You make a false shuffle, a false cut, and then proceed to deal.

"I turned up the king just now," you observe, in finishing the deal.
"This time I shall keep it in my own hand." You mark the king, and make
the point, which wins the game.


PART III.

    THE "COUP D'ÉCARTÉ."

    In which your Adversary is made to Win.

Thus, as I have just explained, in collecting the cards, you select a
_sixième-major_ in whichever suit you please, put it at the bottom of
the pack, and add in succession the following:

  1. One card from the bottom.
  2. Three chance cards from the middle.
  3. Three cards from the bottom.
  4. Two chance cards from the middle.
  5. Two cards from the bottom.

A false shuffle, a false cut, and then deal first two, then three.

In arranging your cards you must not let the king be the turn-up card.


PART IV.

    A GAME AT ÉCARTÉ.

  In which the Adversary loses a Bet he has made, judging from what he
    has already seen of the Hand of the Dealer.

Put on the top of the pack the following eleven cards:

   1. The queen of hearts.
   2. The ace of hearts.
   3. The king of hearts.
   4. The knave of hearts.
   5. The ten of hearts.
   6. The nine of hearts.
   7. The king of diamonds.
   8. The seven of hearts.
   9. The seven of clubs.
  10. The seven of spades.
  11. The eight of hearts.

Then make a false shuffle, a false cut, and deal by twos and threes.

The cards by this manoeuvre will be thus divided:


THE DEALER.

  The king of hearts.
  The knave of hearts.
  The seven of hearts.
  The seven of spades.
  The seven of clubs.

THE ADVERSARY.

  The queen of hearts.
  The ace of hearts.
  The ten of hearts.
  The nine of hearts.
  The king of diamonds.

The turn-up card is the eight of hearts.

"Oh! good Heavens!" you exclaim, laying down your trio of sevens on the
table, "what dreadful cards!" But you are careful not to display the
king and knave of hearts.

"But, notwithstanding" (you continue), "I have such luck, that even
with this bad hand I may win the game after all."

Your adversary, knowing the splendid hand he holds, falls into the
trap, and bets largely that he will make the point. He plays with
confidence, but let him play as he will, he cannot help losing three
tricks, as two of his trumps must fall to your small cards, and your
seven of trumps will prevent his winning with the king of diamonds. You
still have in your hand what is vulgarly called the "_fourchette_," or
alternate cards, to win the game with.


PART V.

    BACCARAT.

    A Game of Baccarat which is advantageous to the Banquier.

You place at the bottom of the pack, sixteen cards in the following
order:

   1. A nine.
   2. A court card.
   3. A nine.
   4. A court card.
   5. A nine.
   6. A court card.
   7. A nine.
   8. A court card.
   9. An eight.
  10. An ace.
  11. An eight.
  12. An ace.
  13. An eight.
  14. An ace.
  15. An eight.
  16. An ace.

CLASSIFICATION.

Place in succession on the top of the pack, sixteen times consecutively:

  1. The last card.
  2. Two chance cards.
  3. The last.
  4. Two chance cards, and so on.

A false cut, and deal one card at a time. The "banquier" will have,
from the beginning, at each _coup_, nine or nineteen; and will in this
way win on all sides.

This example of recreative cheating at baccarat, is only given as a
specimen.

A Greek would fear to win in this way, on so large a scale, and
especially by these _coups d'emblée_.


PART VI.

    IMPÉRIALE.

    A Capot at Impériale.

Put at the bottom of the pack the following thirteen cards:

  1. Three kings.
  2. Three queens.
  3. A sixième major in hearts.
  4. A seven of hearts, as the turn-up card.

CLASSIFICATION.

Put in succession at the top of the pack:

  1. The four last cards.
  2. Three chance cards.
  3. The three last cards.
  4. Three chance cards.
  5. The three last cards.
  6. Three chance cards.
  7. Three last cards.
  8. Three chance cards.

After which a false cut, and deal three cards at a time.

The dealer will have in his hand:

  1. An impériale of kings.
  2. An impériale of queens.
  3. An impériale for the sixième.

And when he has finished the hand, he will, besides the above, have two
other impériales for the twelve tricks, which will give him the game.


PART VII.

    WHIST.

    A Game at Whist in which you gain every Trick.

Place on the top of the pack twelve cards of the same suit, and arrange
them with a false shuffle, by the following operations:

1st. Having taken the thirteen cards in your right hand, put the last
one on the top of the packet of the thirty-nine others, which you hold
in your left hand.

2nd. Then immediately slide that card, with the three others which
follow, on the packet in your right hand.

3rd. Afterwards, again slide the last of this packet on the top of
those in your left hand, and proceed as before, to place them with
three others, on the top of the pack.

Go on with this routine until the whole of the pack of cards in your
left hand are finished.

This false shuffle is a most complete deception.

A false cut and deal.

With the thirteen trumps in his hand the dealer cannot fail to win
every trick.


PART VIII.

    A GAME AT WHIST.

  In which each Player holds an entire Suit, but which, however, does
    not prevent the Dealer from winning every Trick.

All the cards must be separated in suits, namely: hearts, diamonds,
spades, and clubs, one of each alternately, without reference as to
their being high or low in their classification.

Make a false shuffle, and hand the cards to be cut, without any fear of
their being disarranged by this proceeding.

They must be dealt one at the time.

After the deal, every person will have a sequence of thirteen cards,
but the dealer will have the advantage of having all the trumps in his
own hand.


PART IX.

    BOUILLOTTE.

    A Brelan-carré, or Four Cards of the same sort.

Put at the bottom of the pack, four cards of the same sort, for
instance, four sevens, four tens, &c.

Then, for the arrangement of them, put in succession on the pack:

  1. The two last cards.
  2. Three chance cards.
  3. The last card.
  4. Three chance cards.
  5. The last card.
  6. Three chance cards.

A false shuffle, and false cut; when you deal, you will have in your
hand four cards of the same sort, whilst your adversaries will only
hold what chance has given them, which, under any circumstances, will
not be equal to what you have.


PART X.

    A GAME AT BOUILLOTTE.

  In which you win, after having induced your Adversaries to stake on
    their Cards.

Put the following thirteen cards under the pack:

  1. Four nines.
  2. Three queens.
  3. Three kings.
  4. Three aces.

Then put in succession, on the top of the pack:

  1. The two last cards.
  2. The third, the sixth and the ninth before the last.
  3. The last card.
  4. The second, the fourth and the sixth before the last.
  5. The four last cards.

A false shuffle, a false cut, and deal.

Each player, possessing three cards of the same sort, feels almost
certain of winning.

It is not surprising, therefore, that each person stakes on his cards;
but the dealer, having four cards of the same sort, marks higher than
any of his opponents; and is, of course, the winner.


PART XI.

    BÉZIGUE.

  A curious Game at Bézigue, in which, with a single hand of Thirty-two
    Cards, you make, at the first "coup," five hundred and ten points,
    without your Adversary having been able to mark a single one.

This game is very amusing, and merits a description of its _mise en
scène_. This we shall give after the cards are cut.

Put at the bottom of the pack, the seventeen cards which follow:

   1. Ten of hearts.
   2. Ten of clubs.
   3. Ten of diamonds.
   4. King of hearts.
   5. King of clubs.
   6. King of diamonds.
   7. Ace of hearts.
   8. Ace of clubs.
   9. Ace of diamonds.
  10. Ace of spades.
  11. King of spades.
  12. Queen of spades.
  13. Knave of spades.
  14. Ten of spades.
  15. Nine of spades,
  16. Seven of spades.
  17. Eight of spades.

CLASSIFICATION, UNDER PRETENCE OF SHUFFLING.

Place in succession on the top of the pack:

  1. The five last (five spades).
  2. Three indifferent cards.
  3. Three cards from the bottom of the pack (three spades).
  4. Four indifferent cards.

The classification above mentioned, ought to answer for both packs.
The "talon," or stock, must then be arranged, so that all the cards
necessary for you to win the game with will come successively into
your hands. For this purpose, you must change the form of your false
shuffle, and continue thus:

1st. Take in your right hand, the fourteen first cards, which have been
placed on the top of the pack.

2nd. Hold the rest of the pack in your left hand between the thumb and
four fingers, then slip in successively under the packet in your right
hand:

1st. With the thumb of the left hand, the cards on the top of this
packet.

2nd. With the four fingers of the same hand, the bottom card of the
same packet.

3rd. With the thumb of the left hand, the upper card, and so on, to the
end of the packet.

To be certain that you are doing it all right, you have only to look at
the last card, which ought to be a ten.

The cards should appear in the following order:

  1. Three useless cards.
  2. Three good cards.
  3. Three useless cards.
  4. Three good cards.
  5. The seven of spades (the turn-up card).
  6. The eight of spades.
  7. A useless card.
  8. The ace of hearts.
  9. A useless card.

And in the same way for the aces, the three kings, and the three tens,
which ought to be separated from each other by indifferent cards.

Then a false cut, and deal three cards at a time.

"When the game of Bézigue was first invented," you say to your
adversary, "they used to play with the same number of cards as at
Piquet, making five hundred points the game; and, in consequence of the
small quantity of cards, each player had never more than six cards in
his hand at a time. Let us do things as they ought to be done, and play
it in that way."

  You deal--"Three, three, three, three," you
  say, and turn up a seven of spades, which marks
  ten points                                           10

  The dealer has a sequence of six in spades.

  "I beg to inform you, sir, before looking
  at my hand, that whatever be the card you
  may play, I shall take it with the nine
  of trumps, so as to count a _mariage_ in that
  suit."

  You take up your cards.

  "You see I am right. I take the trick and
  mark forty                                           40

  "I am now going to draw out of the _talon_
  the eight of trumps, with which I shall take
  the trick again, in order to mark my two
  hundred and fifty                                   250
                                                     ----
                                                      300

  "I require two hundred points yet to win
  the game. Let us see what will be the most
  expeditious mode of doing so. The four aces
  will count a hundred, for example."

  You take in an ace.

  You then play one of your trumps to be the
  first to draw, and, each time you draw, you
  say, "Here is another,--now another," &c.,
  until you have drawn out the fourth ace.

  "This ought to be the ace of ..." (as the
  other three aces have been named before
  drawing, you can name the suit of this last
  ace without hesitation).

  "I mark a hundred"                                  100

  "Let us now endeavour to get eighty for the
  four kings. Here is one, now another, &c.,
  and here is the fourth. I mark eighty                80

"Remember, sir, that I warned you that I would make five hundred
points, before you marked one. But if you have the _brisques_ (the
four tens) you may count them. I will, however, save you unnecessary
trouble, by getting them myself," and you take them in, one after the
other.

"The turn-up card is yours by right, but, that it may not injure me I
am going to trump it, which makes me game. Thus, ten for the last card,
and twenty for _brisques_, make thirty, which, added to four hundred
and eighty, make five hundred and ten."

It must be understood, that in this game you must take every trick, so
as to be always the first to play.

This game is certainly a difficult one to play, but it has the
advantage of producing a very brilliant effect.


PART XII.

    A "COUP DE PIQUET."

  In which you repique with Cartes-blanches,[N] and gain the Game in
    spite of being capoted. This Game consists of one hundred points.

Arrange a pack of cards beforehand in the following manner:

   1. Ace of diamonds.
   2. King of diamonds.
   3. Queen of diamonds.
   4. Ten of clubs.
   5. Nine of clubs.
   6. Eight of clubs.
   7. Knave of diamonds.
   8. Ten of diamonds.
   9. Ace of spades.
  10. Seven of clubs.
  11. Ten of hearts.
  12. Nine of hearts.
  13. Queen of spades.
  14. Knave of spades.
  15. Nine of spades.
  16. Eight of hearts.
  17. Seven of hearts.
  18. Nine of diamonds.
  19. Seven of spades.
  20. Ace of hearts.
  21. Ace of clubs.
  22. Eight of diamonds.
  23. Seven of diamonds.
  24. Eight of spades.
  25. King of hearts.
  26. Queen of hearts.
  27. King of clubs.
  28. King of spades.
  29. Ten of spades.
  30. Queen of clubs.
  31. Knave of clubs.
  32. Knave of hearts.

As this arrangement of the cards, would be much too long a proceeding
to enact before your adversary, the best plan is to have a pack of
cards ready prepared, and to exchange them for those on the table,
before beginning to play.

Make a false cut, and deal three at a time.

After which, you commence by showing cartes-blanches (which counts
ten), then discard the seven, eight, and nine of diamonds; and, if
required, the eight of spades. If your adversary leaves, as he ought to
do, a card on the _talon_, you have, by the _rentrée_ of the queen of
clubs, the knave of clubs, and the knave of hearts, a sixième in clubs,
and a quint in hearts, with which you repique, and make a hundred and
seven points. You will be the winner, even if you are capoted.

For, your adversary having discarded, according to the rules of the
game, the queen, knave, nine, and seven of spades, has taken for his
_rentrée_ the king and queen of hearts, the king of clubs, and the king
of spades.

He will hold in his hand a quint major in diamonds, a quatorze of aces,
and a quatorze of kings, with which, had they been good, he would have
made one hundred and forty-nine points.


PART XIII.

    A CLEVER "COUP DE PIQUET."

  In which you allow your adversary to choose:--1st. In what suit he
    would like to be capoted and repiqued; 2nd. Whether he wishes to
    have the cards dealt to him by twos or by threes; 3rd. To select
    whichever of the packs he pleases.

The following is the order that the cards must be placed in, before you
hand them to be cut:[O]

   1. The queen of clubs.
   2. The nine of clubs.
   3. The eight of clubs.
   4. *The seven of clubs.
   5. The ace of hearts.
   6. The king of hearts.
   7. The knave of hearts.
   8. The ten of hearts.
   9. The queen of hearts.
  10. The nine of hearts.
  11. The eight of hearts.
  12. *The seven of hearts.
  13. The ace of spades.
  14. The king of spades.
  15. The knave of spades.
  16. The ten of spades.
  17. The queen of spades.
  18. The nine of spades.
  19. The eight of spades.
  20. *The seven of spades.
  21. The ace of diamonds.
  22. The king of diamonds.
  23. The knave of diamonds.
  24. The ten of diamonds.
  25. The queen of diamonds.
  26. The nine of diamonds.
  27. The eight of diamonds.
  28. *The seven of diamonds.
  29. The ace of clubs.
  30. The king of clubs.
  31. The knave of clubs.
  32. The ten of clubs.

The four cards marked with an asterisk are large cards.

By the arrangement of the cards in the order above, it is evident that,
if the pack is cut where one of the large cards, which are the last of
each suit, is placed, there will always remain in the talon eight cards
of the same suit; consequently, if your adversary wishes to be repiqued
in clubs, in cutting the pack at the first large card, which is the
seven of clubs, you necessarily put the eight clubs at the bottom of
the pack, and you will have for your _rentrée_ a quint major in clubs.

This will be the case with all the suits in cutting at the seventh card.

Your adversary having expressed a wish to be repiqued in clubs, his
wish will be gratified if the cards are dealt two at a time.

  THE FIRST PLAYER.            THE SECOND PLAYER.

  Ace of hearts.               Knave of hearts.
  King of hearts.              Ten of hearts.
  Queen of hearts.             Eight of hearts.
  Nine of hearts.              Seven of hearts.
  Ace of spades.               Knave of spades.
  King of spades.              Ten of spades.
  Queen of spades.             Eight of spades.
  Nine of spades.              Seven of spades.
  Ace of diamonds.             Knave of diamonds.
  King of diamonds.            Ten of diamonds.
  Queen of diamonds.           Eight of diamonds.
  Nine of diamonds.            Seven of diamonds.

  "RENTRÉE" OF THE FIRST       "RENTRÉE" OF THE SECOND
      PLAYER.                      PLAYER.

  Ace of clubs.                Nine of clubs.
  King of clubs.               Eight of clubs.
  Knave of clubs.              Seven of clubs.
  Ten of clubs.
  Queen of clubs.

If, on the contrary, your adversary wishes to have the cards dealt in
threes, the following will be the result:

  THE FIRST PLAYER.            THE SECOND PLAYER.

  Ace of hearts.               Ten of hearts.
  King of hearts.              Queen of hearts.
  Knave of hearts.             Nine of hearts.
  Eight of hearts.             King of spades.
  Seven of hearts.             Knave of spades.
  Ace of spades.               Ten of spades.
  Queen of spades.             Seven of spades.
  Nine of spades.              Ace of diamonds.
  Eight of spades.             King of diamonds.
  Knave of diamonds.           Nine of diamonds.
  Ten of diamonds.             Eight of diamonds.
  Queen of diamonds.           Seven of diamonds.

  "RENTRÉE" OF THE FIRST       "RENTRÉE" OF THE SECOND
      PLAYER.                      PLAYER.

  Ace of clubs.                Nine of clubs.
  King of clubs.               Eight of clubs.
  Knave of clubs.              Seven of clubs.
  Ten of clubs.
  Queen of clubs.

When your adversary has named the suit in which he wishes to be
repiqued, and which we will suppose to be clubs, you must cut at the
seven of this suit, and then tell him he is at liberty to have the
cards dealt to him in twos or threes, whichever he pleases.

The cards having been dealt out, either in one way or the other, you
then tell your adversary that he may, before looking at them, select
whichever of the packs of cards he likes, provided he will agree to be
second hand.

Should the cards have been given in twos, and each one retains his own
hand, you must discard the nines of hearts, spades, and diamonds, and
two queens of any suit.

The _rentrée_ will be a quint major in clubs, a quatorze of aces, and a
quatorze of kings, with which, of course, you make a repique.

If, on the contrary, your adversary chooses to be the first player, you
will discard the sevens of hearts, spades, and diamonds, and two eights
of any suit. This will give you, for your _rentrée_, the same quint
in clubs, a quatorze of queens, and a quatorze of knaves, which will
equally produce a repique.

If your adversary, instead of having the cards dealt in twos, prefers
that they should be given in threes, and that he keeps his own hand,
you must discard the king, the eight and the seven of hearts, and the
nine and eight of spades, so as to have for your _rentrée_ a quint
major in clubs, a tierce from the queen in diamonds, three aces, three
queens, and three knaves, with which you repique.

If he chooses to be the first player, you will discard the queen and
the nine of hearts, the knave and the seven of spades, and the ace of
diamonds.

By this you will have, for your _rentrée_, the same quint major in
clubs, a tierce from the nine in diamonds, three kings, and three tens,
which will make twenty-nine points. In playing, you will only make
sixty the game.

Although we have supposed the repique to have been asked for in clubs
by your adversary, it must be clearly understood, that it may be
similarly done in any other suit; and it is only necessary, as has been
already explained at the beginning of this chapter, to cut at the seven
of the suit called for.




CHAPTER XIV.

MINOR CHEATS OF MEN OF THE WORLD.

Ruses and Frauds allowable by custom in Society.


In the ordinary affairs of life, it is easy to know the difference
between honesty and roguery: conscience and the laws have traced a line
of demarcation, about which all right-minded people agree.

In the matter of play, it is not the same thing: one knows perfectly
where roguery ends, but it is very difficult to say where it begins?

Let me hasten to give an explanation, without which my readers will
have a right to call me to task.

"Do you mean to pretend," they will say, "that a man of sense is not
capable of discriminating between honesty and roguery?" This would,
indeed, be giving too great a position to cheating.

I at once disclaim the assertion of any such opinion; none believe
more in honesty than myself. But for that firm belief, this work would
probably never have seen the light.

But let a man be ever so upright and just in his play, there are houses
where certain licences are allowed, where the play is not high enough,
to make it worth a man's while to cheat.

These peccadilloes, may for want of a better appellation, be termed
clever manoeuvres, finesses, ruses, and mental sleight-of-hand.

Of these I will just mention a few, beginning with the most innocent,
and progressing by degrees, until I come to actual sharping. At the
same time I must request my readers to fix their own limits, where
honesty ends and roguery begins.

       *       *       *       *       *

For instance, if you are playing with an awkward adversary, who, in
arranging his cards, classes his trumps too ostensibly, ought you,
therefore, to avoid taking advantage of this awkwardness, as a guide to
your adversary's hand?

       *       *       *       *       *

Again, if your adversary, through carelessness, shows his cards, or if,
by holding them too near the candle, they are rendered transparent: is
it necessary to tell him of it?

       *       *       *       *       *

Then, in playing Écarté. What is to be said of an adversary who
consults the bye-standers, as if he had the right to do so, as to
whether he shall play or not, and who, after a little hesitation,
decides to discard? From thus acting it might be supposed, that he
had a first-rate hand, and that prudence alone prompted the question.
Do not be taken in: He will discard all his five cards. He wished to
deceive his adversary, and if the latter is inexperienced, he will
succeed in so doing.

       *       *       *       *       *

Another man will, before proposing, look at his counters, as if to mark
the king, then, after giving you this false alarm, he asks for cards,
and is only too glad if you acquiesce in his request: for not only had
he no king at all, but a very bad hand.

       *       *       *       *       *

You are still playing at Écarté, and you have three points, but your
adversary is doubtless in ignorance of the fact, since he inquires of
you, where you are? "I count three," you reply. This announcement seems
to make him decide not to stand on his own cards, so he proposes. From
this, you would suppose he had a good hand. You would be wrong in this
case to refuse, so you accept and give him _five_ cards, as all this
little bye-play was intended to intimidate you. He had nothing at all.

       *       *       *       *       *

Some players endeavour to depict on their countenances, the contrary of
what they really feel. If they have a good hand, they eagerly ask for
cards, and when they have a bad one, they pretend to hesitate. Others,
with good cards, pretend to be in a bad temper, and frown; whilst, with
bad cards, they appear gay and anxious to begin to play.

       *       *       *       *       *

It sometimes happens that a player, at the end of a game, is puzzled
which of the two last cards he is to throw down. One of them may save
the vole, but he is not sure which. Instead of playing according to the
proverb, which says _qui garde à carreau n'est pas capot_, he holds
down his hand, so that his adversary may see both cards, and fixes his
eyes upon those of his _vis-à-vis_, which very naturally, are bent on
the card which is against himself. The other profits by this look, and
saves himself from being capoted.

This is an infallible criterion, but is it a right thing to do?

The following anecdote is related on this subject, and will not be out
of place here:

At a game of Piquet, in which many were greatly interested, one of the
players was on the point of being capoted. He had but two cards to
play, the king of hearts, and the king of spades. One of these would
save him, if he only played the right one; but which? He laid them both
down on the table, and, after some hesitation, he decided on playing
the king of spades, when he felt some one press his foot. Accepting
this indication as a warning, he changed his intention, played the king
of hearts, and lost the game. It was the king of spades he ought to
have played. Vexed at the error he had committed, he asked who it was
that pressed his foot, and found out it was his adversary. The latter
apologised, pretending it was by accident. In this instance, again, the
reader must judge for himself of the honesty of both the players.

       *       *       *       *       *

When a game of Écarté is being played, it is not considered right,
first to bet on one side, and then on the other. Whether you bet or
not, you always continue on the same side.

There are people, however, who even manage to win on both sides, and
this is the way they manage it:

Two persons agree to make their interest common, and place themselves
on opposite sides of the table. If a good hand is dealt to either
party, the accomplice makes a sign to his friend, and he accordingly
bets high. The other, meanwhile, makes no bet this time. When fortune
appears in favour of the opposite party, the stakes change sides.
These manoeuvres are very innocent, no doubt, but they are not
acknowledged.

       *       *       *       *       *

In games of four players, as in Whist, for example, you ought to
make no communication whatever to your partner, except such as are
authorised and allowed by the rules of the game. To this no objection
can be made, as it is equally open to both sides: but some players make
a series of signs, and nervous contractions of the muscles of the face,
which enlighten their partner considerably as to what sort of hand they
have.

       *       *       *       *       *

In playing Écarté, whilst shuffling the cards, some players allow
their adversary to see the card at the bottom of the pack. There are
some persons who take advantage of this negligence. This is the little
manoeuvre which they employ:--

The dealer offers the cards to his adversary to cut. This is done in
such a manner as to leave only about eleven cards, which will, of
course, go on the top of the pack. The observer, therefore, well knows,
that if that card is not in his own hand, it must be in that of his
adversary; and every Écarté player is aware, of how much consequence it
is, to know even one card in the hand of your adversary, in that game.

The following facts I particularly commend to the attention of my
readers.

Every one knows, that in certain games, Écarté especially, the cards
are apt to run in suits, the reason of which is evident, as, in
playing, one is always obliged to follow suit.

Without you try the thing yourself, you will scarcely believe it; but
if the cards be ever so well shuffled, it is very difficult to separate
any two or three cards, which have been played together.

An expert player will derive great advantage, from the glimpse he
obtains whilst his opponent is shuffling the cards.

Let us suppose, for example, that he has seen amongst the cards a
sequence from the king, as the king, queen, and knave of hearts. It
is more than probable, that the above cards, after the shuffle, still
remain together; and if, after the deal, you have the king in your own
hand, and it was the second of the two cards dealt to you first, you
may be pretty sure that the queen and knave, following close after, are
in your adversary's hand.

On the other hand, if the knave is the first card of the three next
that are dealt to you, your adversary will have the king and queen.
Again, if the king is turned up, the two others will be the next to
follow in the _talon_.

To obtain these results, may not a person, in spite of himself, be led
into neglecting to shuffle the cards too well?

       *       *       *       *       *

It often happens at the game of Bouillotte, that a player who has a
bad hand, proposes to play for a very considerable stake; this is done
merely to alarm his opponent. This _finesse_ sometimes succeeds, but it
is of too gross a character, to be tolerated in many clubs.

       *       *       *       *       *

As a _finale_ to this collection of minor tricks, more or less
allowable in play, I will cite an anecdote, which, true or not, the
world gives the credit of to M. de Talleyrand.

Talleyrand was once playing at Bouillotte; he had just dealt the cards,
and was waiting, according to the rules of the game, to stake.

The two first adversaries allowed their turn to pass, without risking
anything.

"Ten louis," said the third player.

"Twenty," said Talleyrand.

"Forty," said the adversary.

"I stake my all," continued the Diplomatist, pointing to the hundred
louis before him, and, at the same time, he let a card fall out of his
hand on the table.

It was a nine; he took it up again hastily.

His adversary had just time to see the card, and, although he had a
_brelan_ of kings, he thought it more prudent to stop betting.

He concluded that Talleyrand must have a first-rate hand, to back it
so heavily. He was led to this opinion, because the turn-up card was a
nine, and in all probability, the nine which fell from the hands of the
Diplomatist, was one of a _brelan_ of four.

Each player laid his hand on the table; Talleyrand gained with three
odd cards, amongst which was the nine he had dropped insidiously on the
table to deceive his adversary.

Here I had better stop; for, if I continued such stories for many more
pages, I fear that the heading of this chapter would be insensibly
merged in those which have preceded it. My readers must, however, by
this time, be sufficiently edified on the nature of the rogueries
I have exposed, and will be strengthened in the opinion, that an
honourable player ought only to take the advantages offered him by his
own good fortune or good play.

       *       *       *       *       *

My task is ended. Allow me, dear reader, to disclose to you an
apprehension, which has haunted me throughout this work. This
apprehension you will more easily understand if I preface it, by way
of illustration, with the following apologue.

You have, doubtless, witnessed the singular spectacle of two men
fighting in the public highway, and, suddenly reconciled, turning their
united strength against the officious persons who separate them.

In a similar manner, does not the author of these pages run the same
risk?

May it not happen, that the losers and the winners, the dupes as well
as the rogues, may regard him as their common enemy?

The infatuated gamblers will reproach him for making them afraid of
being robbed, and thereby preventing them from playing.

The Greeks will be sure to hate him, for having unmasked their
knaveries.

These considerations, you see, have not prevented me from following out
the task I had imposed upon myself, and, whatever happens, I trust the
public will give me credit for a wish to enlighten them, and for having
had their interest more at heart even than my own.


BRADBURY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIARS.




FOOTNOTES:


[A] In the United States of America this perfidious scheme was brought
to great perfection, and carried out by the bankers themselves at these
establishments.

Robertson, in his Memoirs, thus describes it:--In the centre of the
tables for play a mechanical spring is concealed, which, by being
touched, can make the ball enter the division of "pair" or "impair" at
pleasure.

If "Pair" is the favourite, and large stakes are on it, the spring
under the table is touched, and, by tightening by the hundredth part
of an inch all the "pairs," the ball is forced to enter the "impairs,"
which are larger.

Whilst this was going on, the victims were pricking their cards and
reckoning their chances of winning, but what could the most learned
calculator do against a push of the knee?

[B] Benazet is the name of the proprietor of the gambling-tables.

[C] M. Ancelot.

[D] Two well-known public-houses in the vicinity of the Marché de la
Halle.

[E] Pair, Impair, Passe, Manque, Rouge, Noir, and the thirty-eight
numbers in Roulette.

[F] To martingale, is to double your stake each time that you lose.

[G] See the interesting work of Edouard Gourdon, "Les faucheurs de
Nuit"--the chapter on fetishes.

[H] See the technical part of this work on cards "_biseautées_."

[I] "_Sauter la coupe_" is, to pass the lower packet of cards on the
top of the other, without being seen.

[J] See the figure in the article on Lansquenet, page 228.

[K] See page 170.

[L] One may also make as many as two hundred points by having the
four tierce majors in your hand; but the smallest _quart_ in the hand
of your adversary, if it were only the tens, greatly lessens your
advantages.

[M] _Jeu de règle_ is a hand to be played without discarding.

[N] "Cartes-blanches" is a hand at Piquet without a court card--it
counts ten.

[O] For this trick, like the preceding one, the pack ought to be
prepared beforehand, and the packs changed before the game begins.




Transcribers' Notes:


Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not
changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced
quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Page 40: "one of the betters." was printed with that spelling.

Page 90: "clandestine hell" was printed that way, not as "hall".

Page 259: "where it begins?" was printed with the question mark.

Footnote J (originally on page 179) refers to a figure on
page 219, and a "2" was handwritten over the "1", but the figure
actually appears on page 228. The reference has been corrected in
this eBook.