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THE BIBLE UNVEILED

By M. M. Mangasarian


1911


When I seriously believe a thing, I say so in a few words, leaving the
reader to determine what my belief is worth. But I do not choose
to temper down every expression of personal opinion into courteous
generalities. Let us learn to speak plainly and intelligibly first, and,
if it may be, gracefully afterwards.--John Ruskin.

|TO make it possible for a man to be as honest in his religion as he
would like to be in his business; to make him as unafraid in church as
he aims to be anywhere else, and to help make him as impatient of a lie
on Sunday as he is on any other day of the week, is the object of these
studies on the bible. I wish to be able to kindle in the breast of every
free citizen of this free country the love of truth, irrespective of
whether it helps or hurts; I wish to shame cowardice and cant out of
every man and woman who speaks the English language.




CONTENTS

An Extraordinary Book

A Word with the ReaderProtestant and Catholic

A Word with the Jews


PART I.

I. The Neglected Book

What Makes a Book Inspired?

The Sects and Their Bibles

Catholic and Protestant Bibles

Catholics Make Their Own Bible


PART II.

I. The Tercentenary of the English Bible

Some Lay Defenders of the BibleBryan's Challenge

Bryan's Defense of the Bible

II. Roosevelt on the Bible

III. "Let Them Produce It"

What Is the Best Thing That Can Be Said in Favor of the Bible?

IV. How to Test a Book

Speak According to Knowledge


PART III.

I. The First Chapter of the Bible

The First Verse of the Bible

Theologians Discover That Six Days Means Six Periods

The Great Tragedy

II. Taboo and Totem.

The Totem

III. The Bible and Magic

The Unbelievable in the Bible

IV. The Strangest Story in the Bible


PART IV.

I. God and His Book

The Deity Demands Human Flesh

II. The Portrait of God in the Bible

A Bible Saint

III. The Bible and Judaism

IV. Bible and Talmud

V. The Masterpiece of the BibleSolomon's Temple


PART V.

Contradictions in the Bible

Serious Discrepancies in the Story of Jesus

One Writer Makes Jesus Affirm What Another Made Him Deny


PART VI.

I. What Was The Bible Meant to Teach?

II. The Bible and Religion

III. Does the Bible Teach Morality?

IV. Righteousness in the Bible

V. The Ten Commandments

VI. The Commandments Broken

VII. Thou Shalt Despise Women

VIII. The Sermon on the Mount

IX. The Parables of Jesus


PART VII.

I. A Better Bible

Conclusion. The Book of God and the Book of Man




An Extraordinary Book

|A BOOK which claims infallibility; which aspires to absolute authority
over mind and body; which demands unconditional surrender to all its
pretensions upon penalty of eternal damnation, is an extraordinary book
and should, therefore, be subjected to extraordinary tests.

Neither Christian priests nor Jewish rabbis approve of applying to the
bible the same tests by which _other_ books are tried.

Why?

Because it will help the bible?

It can not be that.

Because it might _hurt_ the bible?

We can think of no other reason.

But why devote so much space and time to the discussion of a book in
which the educated world no longer believes? Why not take up issues that
are more alive and more useful? I am of the opinion that the people who
leave the bible alone do so, not because they think the book has ceased
to hurt, but because they are still afraid of it, or its clientèle. The
generality of reformers would rather fight giants than the great _paper_
idol of the churches--because it is _safer_.

Clergymen with liberal tendencies seek to dull the edge of all criticism
against the bible by admitting in advance the conclusions of scholarship
in reference to it, but still pretending to find a unique use for the
book as "literature." Indeed! And since when has the bible, from being a
divine revelation, fallen to the level of mere letters? If the bible is
mere literature, would the mails accept it in its present form? Would it
be tolerated in the homes of the people? And why should there be a paid
army of men in the service of a book which is only literature? Why so
many priests and rabbis to do its bidding, and why should so many costly
and untaxed temples and cathedrals be built for a book which is no more
than any other literature? Why should missionaries be maintained to push
the sale of this one book if it is nothing but literature? Why is the
world broken up into sects and creeds without number in the name of this
literature? Peculiar literature, this!

_The veil lifted!_ I am not going to give new names to the bible, or
find new _hidden_ meanings in it. That is not my profession. Occultism,
which enables a reader to find in any book whatever he is seeking, has
never commanded my respect. By lifting the veil, I mean a very simple
thing--showing up the bible.

All idols are veiled. The _veil_ is the idol. Uncovered, they scare
nobody. I shall try to do to the great idol of Christendom what the sun
does to the earth--coax it into the light.




A Word with the Reader--Protestant and Catholic

|LET me assure the prospective Catholic and Protestant readers of this
volume that I do not harbor a single feeling toward them which is not
of the kindest and the most respectful. I have no quarrel whatever with
individuals, or with parties. It is altogether foreign to my nature to
take pleasure in giving pain to others. If the truth gives pain, it is
not the fault of the teacher, nor of the reader who hears it for
the first time, but of error, which stabs and stings before it will
surrender its victims.

Having been a Christian believer myself, I have the warmest sympathy for
all who still wear the yoke of superaturalism. But I have no pity for
error. I will not consult its pleasure. I will not spare it. Before any
of my readers condemn me for speaking openly, and without reservation,
I trust they will think of something else I could have said about the
bible which would have been better than the truth. And as I am going to
make the bible speak for itself, I am sure no one will charge me with
misrepresenting the facts.

But I have no business to be concerned about either pleasing or
displeasing anybody. I am going to tell the truth, even if it hurts. If
telling the truth hurts me, it is I, and not the truth, that has to get
out of the way; if it hurts _you_, it is you, and not the truth, that
has to be sacrificed.

Not "truth for truth's sake," but "truth for humanity's sake," is the
better motto, argue certain teachers; but is there a better way of
serving humanity than through truth? Even as "Art for art's sake" will
give humanity the highest art, "Truth for truth's sake" will give to the
world the only bread it can live by.




A Word with the Jews

|AS the bible is the work of Jewish authors, and as I say quite a little
about Jews and Judaism in this book, I wish to take the pains to explain
my position in advance. Rationalism is much indebted to the educated
Jew. Even more is the Jew indebted to Rationalism. The only miracle
in the history of Israel was performed by Rationalism. All the bible
miracles are nothing in comparison. Rationalism has saved the Jew from
his greatest enemy--the bible. It is to the great credit of the Jew that
he has survived his "holy" book. No people have suffered more from it
than the chosen people. The bible has made the Jew a wanderer and an
alien in every country. When thinking of the martyrdom of this race
through the centuries, the poet Heine exclaimed: "Judaism is not a
religion; Judaism is a misfortune." * The same poet congratulates
himself upon the hastening departure of Jehovah: "It is the old Jehovah
himself that is preparing for death. Hear ye not the bells resounding?
Kneel down, they are bringing the sacraments to a dying God."

     * Heine: _Philosophy and Religion in Germany._

The great strides which the modern Jew has made in culture as well as in
commerce, he owes to his emancipation from the influence of the bible.
The more he disobeys the bible the more universal he becomes in his
sympathies and tastes. With the crushing load of the bible taken off his
shoulders, the Jew is swift in responding to the most beneficent
influences of environment. Away from Judaism lies the salvation of the
Jew. It was in Europe and America, among the Gentiles, and not in
Palestine, that the Jew discovered himself. Not until he turned his back
upon Jehovah and his book did the Jew leap forth to conquer in art, in
literature, in science, and in all the graces that help to make genius
and virtue attractive. I do not say that all persecution and prejudice
will end when Jew and Christian cease to follow the teachings of the
bible, but surely the most formidable obstacles to the fraternization of
the races shall be removed. It is a service to humanity to try to free
the Jew from the rabbinical yoke, and the Christian from that of the
priest. The rabbi is as much a schismatic as the priest. The parent of
both is the bible.

Once for all, I beg the readers of this book to know that I do not
believe for a moment that the Jews ever taught the absurdities, or
practiced the atrocities, with which the bible credits them. I do
not believe they ever started on an expedition to murder babes and
sucklings, or to capture girls for their harems, for which acts the
bible praises them. Like the Catholics and the Protestants, the Jews,
inspired by these same scriptures, have committed many follies through
the centuries, but I am positive in my own mind that the terrible Old
Testament picture of the Jew is a libel against humanity, as well as
against the Jews.

Not until the Jew has completely parted with bible and Talmud; not until
he has completely surrendered to Rationalism in mind and _body_--for as
long as he practices the Abrahamic rite upon his children as a religious
duty he will continue to be an alien in every land--will the Jew end his
wanderings in the wilderness and enter the land of promise.

The Messiah of the Jew, as well as of the Christian, is come. It is
Rationalism. And what is Rationalism? The authority of Reason.




PART I.




I. The Neglected Book

|THE bible is a sort of national pet in this country. We are taught from
the cradle to revere, and almost worship it. In time, the bible comes to
be as near and dear to us as our own mothers. When anybody praises it,
we applaud him; when anybody criticizes it, we feel toward him as we
would toward one who has betrayed his country, or insulted the national
flag.

When, recently, President Taft praised the bible by saying that "Our
laws, our literature and our social life owe whatever excellence they
possess largely to the influence of this, our chief classic," he was, I
am sure, quite sincere. But, evidently, all he knows about the bible is
what was taught him in the nursery, the Sunday-school, or the church.
The majority of people who exalt the bible above all other books have
not studied the book--not even read it, except a chapter here and a
passage there. If the bible had been a smaller book, people would have
been more familiar with its contents, but being a book of ponderous
size, the generality of people have only a _dilettante_ acquaintance
with its contents. Really, the size of the book has been its best
protection. There is scarcely any other book which is more reverenced,
and less known, than the bible.

The bible societies, however, claim that for long centuries the bible
has been the best seller. About twenty million copies a year have been
disposed of during the past three hundred years. But selling a book, and
getting it read, are not the same thing. There are reasons which explain
the enormous traffic in bibles. A great deal of money is expended every
year to push its sale. Great legacies are devoted to the translation and
dissemination of the bible in every country. Powerful corporations
exist all over Christendom to introduce the bible into new territories.
Besides, the book is sold at a nominal price, often below cost, which is
made possible by large endowments and legacies.

Another reason which explains the vogue of the bible is the fact that it
is protected against all competition. The king is behind the book; the
press is behind it; and a halo of divinity is thrown about it to scare
people from examining their own holy book with the same freedom that
they examine the holy books of other countries. What other book has ever
received the patronage which the bible commands, even to-day? And what
would have been the fate of the bible had no more been done for it than
has been done for Shakespeare, for example? Not until all artificial
helps and props have been removed, will we be in a position to say
whether the bible sells on its own merits, or whether it is indebted for
its popularity to special privilege.

But, as already intimated, notwithstanding these enormous sales, the
bible is read so little by the present generation that it may well be
called _The Neglected Book_. To prove this, we are not going to quote
Rationalists, but clergymen. The complaint from every pulpit is that the
bible is being ignored by the people more and more every day. The Rev.
Lyman Abbott read, at one of his lectures, a chapter from the bible,
without, however, mentioning the name of the book to his hearers. He was
addressing an _élite_ audience; on the platform were judges, bankers and
the "first citizens" of the town. At the conclusion of his lecture two
of the gentlemen on the platform, one of them a judge, asked him for the
name of the book he had read from. Lyman Abbott himself tells this and
other similar stories to show how ignorant the American public is of
the contents of the book they venerate so piously and gush over so
spectacularly.

The very people, however, who are so ignorant of the bible, would be the
first to throw up their hands in horror should the least criticism be
directed against its contents. The same complaint, namely, that people
are neglecting the study of the bible, is made by other clergymen. In
schools and colleges, even, great ignorance has been discovered among
the pupils about the bible. Professor Hamilton reports that, in visiting
certain schools in New York, he found among pupils preparing for
college, and nearly of an age for entrance, whole classes that could not
answer the easiest questions about the contents of the bible.

It is my opinion that the complaining clergymen themselves are not so
well acquainted with the bible as they should be. Of course, no harm
is done either to science or ethics by this general ignorance of the
stories in the bible; personally, I am pleased at the indifference of
the public to a collection of writings which has to be labeled "holy" to
command respect.

The above facts are quoted only to prove that, despite its enormous
sales, the bible is a stranger in the home, the school, the study, the
shop, and in all the assemblies of the people. But the less some people
are acquainted with the bible, the more they seem to believe in
it. Indeed, ignorance of the bible is indispensable to faith in its
inspiration. Moreover, it is this ignorant veneration which makes it
dangerous for any one to read and tell the truth about it. Formerly,
when the church had the power, such a man was either hacked to pieces,
or burned to cinders; to-day, even, he is persecuted as much as public
opinion will permit. It is a matter of history that in the name of
this Jewish-Christian volume, which people do not read and are but
superficially acquainted with, nearly a hundred millions of lives have
been destroyed in Europe alone. Could anything be more appalling? In
modern times, the church can no longer do to the unbelievers in the
bible what it did to them for over seventeen hundred years, but it does
to them as much as public sentiment will allow.

The reader will be interested in examining with me the book in the
defense of which, I regret to say, nearly every imaginable crime has
been committed. It gives me pain to say this, but who can hide the
truth? Moreover, my sole purpose in telling the plain truth is not to
offend, or give pain, but to encourage everybody to approach the book
without fear. I am not going to praise the bible; but I am not going to
denounce it either; I am going to explain it.

It is my desire not so much to talk about the bible--when, and where,
and by whom, it was compiled; how it was lost and discovered; burned in
the destruction of the temple, and later restored by the scribe Ezra;
how it has been edited and revised again and again * --but to lift the
veil and show the book to the world.

     * These questions are discussed in the author's pamphlet,
     _How the Bible Was Invented._




What Makes a Book Inspired?

|BEFORE proceeding to read the book, may I explain that an _inspired_
book must be different from uninspired books. If it has excellences and
defects like other books, then it is in no sense different from any of
the works of man. An inspired book must be a perfect book, else what
advantage is there in being inspired? Again, an inspired book must
contain original matter, to justify its inspiration. If the bible
needed the help of inspiration to say what other books have said without
inspiration, then, instead of being a greater, it must needs be a more
ordinary book. Is there anything in the bible which can not be found
elsewhere? While there is not a single idea in the bible which was not
known before, there are many glorious truths of science and philosophy
in other books which can not be found in the bible. Wherein, then, is
the bible inspired?

Let me also explain that an argument, or the presentation of important
facts, produces an impression only upon the unprejudiced. The soundest
reasoning will no more convince a partisan than the most copious shower
will give nourishment to the sand. But an argument is never addressed to
a biased mind. The appeal of reason is to the fairminded and the free.

When, for instance, it is shown that certain passages are in one bible,
and not in another; or how passages, regarded as divine at one time,
have been dropped or altered in more recent revisions, a telling point
is made against an infallible book, in the opinion of all honest minds.
Or, when it is shown that the bible positively teaches falsehood and
immorality, the question of inspiration is at once closed for all
self-respecting and impartial judges. But, as intimated, nothing can
satisfy prejudice, or conquer wilful ignorance. Prejudice on the one
hand, and stupidity on the other, are as impervious to argument as a
duck's back is to water.

The present book is not for minds that are closed. When we go to court
to have a case tried, the value of the evidence we present does not
depend upon the appreciation of our adversary's counsel. However
convincing our testimony, he will never admit that it proves his client
guilty. It is the impartial judge, and it is, again, the open-minded
jury, that must pass upon the evidence. In the same way, what we say
here about the bible will not convert the priests or the rabbis. We do
not write for them. Our book will have no effect upon the pope; it is
not meant to change _his_ views. This book is for those who can afford
the truth.

In conclusion, the bible is a very _delicate_ subject to handle. The
material in hand is so prodigious, and of such a nature, that I am at a
loss to know what to say and what to omit. There are many things in the
bible to which I would like to call attention but which
I am debarred from so doing because good taste will not allow it. Yet
not to be able to refer to these matters places me in the position of an
attorney who has his best witnesses and evidence thrown out by a ruling
of the court. The church people are permitted to go on and print in
every language the texts and stories of the bible which I am not allowed
even to read in public--much less to comment on them. They can sell the
book by the millions, containing absurdities and atrocities which, by
order of the court (that is to say, of public opinion, or of good
taste), I am prohibited from referring to in my argument against the
authority of the book. The reader can have no idea what a protection
that is to the bible. The defendant, as it were, has gagged the
prosecution. It needs no effort to realize how much the bible is
indebted to this fact for its being tolerated at all in the twentieth
century. Courtesy prevents the exposure which would completely change
the world's opinion of the book.

But one can be a little freer in a book than on a public platform. Many
of the texts quoted in this volume could not have been read from the
platform. But there are numerous passages in the bible which would cause
even cold print to blush. We shall not disturb those.




The Sects and Their Bibles

|THE Jews deny that the second half of the bible is inspired; the
Christians admit that the first part of the bible is not as binding as
the second part.

The Jew fails to observe that, in denying inspiration to the New
Testament, he is also depriving the Old of its inspiration. The
arguments by which he disproves the New Testament are the same which
disprove the Old, and all other "inspired" documents.

The Christian, by admitting that the Old Testament is no longer as
binding upon the conscience of man as it was at one time, or as the New
Testament is now, surrenders the whole question of inspiration. If the
Old Testament has been superseded, the New might be, too. If what God
says in one part of the book can be ignored by the Christians, what he
says in another part of the book may just as reasonably be ignored by
the Jews, and--this is important--what God says in either part of
the book may be ignored by the _Rationalist_. In other words, the
Rationalist agrees with the Christian that the Old Testament is
_passé_, and with the Jews, that the New Testament is nothing more than
ecclesiastical literature. The Rationalist uses the arguments of the Jew
against the New Testament, and the arguments of the Christian against
the Old, with the result that practically both Testaments fall by the
blows of the sectarians themselves. Both Jew and Christian seem to be
unable to perceive, or if they do, they are unwilling to admit, that not
only has each destroyed the position of the other, but also his own.

All the objections which the Jew brings against Christianity are equally
valid against his own Judaism. Does he object to the Christian trinity?
There is a trinity also in his religion. In Genesis we read that
the Lord appeared unto Abraham in three persons. He entertained and
worshiped the three men as one Lord. * Does the Jew object to the dogma
of incarnation? In the Old Testament, God repeatedly appears in flesh
and blood. Is it the immaculate conception that the Jew can not accept?
In Judaism, too, that miracle was of frequent occurrence. Maidens in
the Old Testament, as in the New, see an angel of the Lord and become
pregnant. Is it the doctrine of hell to which the Jew objects? Jesus,
in all probability, borrowed it from the Talmud. Is it an exclusive
salvation that the Jew rejects? But the _extra ecclesia non est solus_
of the Catholic is but another version of the "Outside Israel there
is no salvation" of the Old Testament. Is it the doctrine of blood
atonement in the New Testament which offends him? The Old Testament is
as _red_ as the New. The difference between Judaism and Christianity is
one of name, largely. Is it not remarkable how people will subscribe
to the very doctrines which they reject, if presented to them under a
different name? Jew and Christian have persecuted one another in the
past. Why? Only for a name. The pity of it! Judaism is Christianity,
and Christianity is Judaism. They are called by different names--that is
all.

To the Jew we say: "You will not take upon you the yoke of the New
Testament; cast down also the yoke of the Old." And to the Christian we
say: "You have already emancipated yourself from the authority of the
Old Testament to a great extent; free yourself also from the authority
of the New."




Catholic and Protestant Bibles

|THE Catholics do not believe in the Protestant bible; the Protestants
do not trust the Catholic bible. Each tells the truth about the bible of
the other, but not of his own.

As in the case of the Jew and the Christian, neither the Catholic nor
the Protestant seems to realize that in condemning each other's bible as
untrustworthy, or as a manipulated copy, they are condemning also each
his own bible. If the Catholics have tampered with the Word of God, as
the Protestants claim they have; and if the Protestants have a defective
bible, as the Catholics charge, then the claim that God has preserved
his revelation from human error falls to the ground. If God did not
protect the Protestant bible from corruption, he is liable to be equally
unconcerned about the Catholic bible, from which it follows that the
Word of God can be, and has been, corrupted, which, if true--and both
Catholics and Protestants say it is--then there is no incorruptible Word
of God.

The Rationalist shares with the Catholic the latter's opinion of the
Protestant bible; and of the Catholic bible, it doubts its reliability
just as the Protestants do. Putting what the Protestants and Catholics
say of each other's bible side by side, the Rationalist arrives at the
conclusion that both bibles are untrustworthy.

Let us now consider another phase of the Catholic-Protestant position
on the bible. The Protestants are apparently very anxious to make
the reading of the bible in the home and the school imperative; the
Catholics, on the other hand, seek to make it equally imperative _not_
to read the bible. It is well known that the popes of Rome, as heads of
the church and vicars of Christ, have repeatedly forbidden the reading
of the bible by the people. An index of forbidden books is kept in Rome
for the guidance of the faithful, and, surprising as it may seem,
the bible was placed upon this _Index Expurgatorius_ by the popes
themselves. The bull of Pius IV. reads: "Whosoever shall dare to own a
copy of this book (bible) and read it without having procured a special
dispensation shall not receive absolution for his sins."

Similar prohibitions were given by Pius VI., Leo II, XII., Gregory XVI.,
Pius IX. in his Syllabus, and Clement XI. in his famous bull,
_Unigenitus_. In the _Index_ of forbidden books of Pope Innocent XI.,
1704, one of the books forbidden is "the bible in any of the popular
languages."

This prohibition was not against the Protestant bibles only, for the
fourth clause in the _Index_ is a warning against Catholic bibles as
well, _"bibliorum Catholicis autoribus versorum_."

My sympathies in this matter are with the Catholics; if the bible is
an infallible book, we ought to have an infallible reader. To say that
everybody may interpret the bible as he pleases is to say that the bible
has no meaning at all, except what the readers themselves _read_ into
it. But if it has an infallible meaning, only an infallible interpreter
can pronounce upon it. And when it is remembered that an erroneous
interpretation might be the means of damning the souls of many, it
becomes a positive duty not to read the book for one's self. The Pope
may read it, because being infallible, he can not misread it. I admire
the logic of the Catholic church in this respect. Grant the premises
that the bible is a special revelation--and infallible--and all the
arguments of the Protestants against the Catholic position shatter to
pieces, like the waves against a rock.

But, as already intimated, the Protestants believe in putting the
bible in every house, hotel and school. They want every man to carry
a pocket-bible; and if women had pockets they would be urged to do the
same. From all this one would suppose that they were very anxious to
get everybody acquainted with the contents of the bible. The different
ministerial assemblies, at their annual gatherings, recently attacked
by official resolutions the decision of the Supreme Court of
Illinois, which made the reading of the bible in the public schools
unconstitutional. The Protestant churches do not seem to care at all
about the constitution--they want the bible in the schools, constitution
or no constitution. In the twentieth century the supreme court rules the
bible out of the people's schools! Had not Greece fallen before the wave
of Asiatic mysticism, the bible would have been ruled out of Europe two
thousand years ago. The Supreme Court of Illinois is doing now what
the supreme court of Europe should have done in the year one.
Notwithstanding protests to the contrary, I am of the opinion that the
Protestants are at heart as opposed to the reading of the bible as the
Catholics. Indeed, they would have everybody read the bible, but they
must not read it with their own eyes, but as Calvin, or Wesley, or
Luther read it. But that is not different from the Catholic position
that the Pope must read the bible for the people. If the Protestants
really permit each to read and interpret the bible according to his best
thought, why are there heresy trials among them? That is a searching
question. Heresy trials prove beyond a doubt that the Protestants do not
wish anybody to read the bible for himself. See what the church did to
me for reading the bible with my own eyes. At the age of twenty-five,
myself, my wife and baby were dispossessed of church, position and
support. What was done to me for reading the bible with my own eyes has
been done to thousands of others?

"Let _me_ read the bible for you," says the Catholic.

"Read the bible with _my_ eyes," says the Protestant.

What is the difference?




Catholics Make Their Own Bible

|ONE of the significant facts about the bible is that no two copies of
it are exactly alike. There are nearly as many versions of it as
there are sects. The most important variations are to be found between
Catholic and Protestant bibles. As I write I have before me a copy of
the Catholic "Holy Bible," on the title-page of which are these words:

````HOLY BIBLE.

```Translated from the Latin Vulgate.

`_This edition of the Holy Catholic Bible, having been duly

```examined, is hereby approved of._

Then follows a long list of the names of bishops and archbishops. It
is thus intimated that no bible is the "Word of God" unless it has the
endorsement of these Catholic dignitaries. Only after these men have
examined the bible and given it their sanction does the book become
"divine." No layman can tell for himself, unaided by a priest, the "Word
of God" from the word of man. In fact, it is the priest who changes the
word of man into the "Word of God" by the same process that he converts
ordinary bread into a God.

There is given also in the "Holy Catholic Bible," before me, a list of
the books which are pronounced to be "inspired" by the Council of Trent.
To introduce into the bible any book not contained in this list, or to
exclude from the bible any one of the books which the Council of Trent
has decided to be "inspired," is to be guilty of blasphemy. This is what
it says:

_Now if any one reading over these books in all their parts, as they
are usually read in the Catholic Church... does not hold them sacred and
canonical... and does industriously contemn them let him be anathema._

To be _anathema_ means to be accursed. In other words, there is no
choice; it is the Catholic bible or a curse. No man has any right
to choose for himself, or decide according to his own conscience and
knowledge, which is the "Word of God," or how much in the various
bibles is actually "the Word of God." He must, then, choose between
the priest's bible or--his curse. To try to prove a book "inspired" by
threatening to _curse_ all those who may tell the truth about it, is a
sure sign that the makers of the bible themselves do not believe in
its inspiration. It is impossible to think that if the priests really
believed the bible to be "divine," they would have undertaken to hedge
it about with anathemas. But they curse to conceal their own unbelief.
There is not another book that had to curse its readers to make them
believe in it.

The most effective argument against the bible is furnished by the church
itself. For nearly fifteen hundred years it hanged and burned people
alive to make them believe in the bible. That is a good way to prove
one's unbelief, not one's faith. It shows what little confidence the
Catholics had in the ability of "the Word of God" to defend itself
against a Giordano Bruno, when they burned him at the stake; and how
dubious the Protestants were of _their_ bible, when they burned Michael
Servetus at the stake. The long list of terrible crimes committed in
defense of the bible is a conclusive proof, first, of the unbelief of
the Christians themselves in the ability of the bible to win men by the
beauty and truth of its teachings; and, second, of the evil influence of
the book upon those who accepted its authority.

The preface to the Catholic bible offers a further proof of the lack
of confidence of Christians in "the Word of God." It forbids people,
as already shown, to read the Word of God without first securing the
consent of a priest. It is a heinous thing, according to the church
authorities, to undertake to read the bible on one's own responsibility.
"To prevent and remedy this abuse" (namely, that of reading the bible,
and interpreting it for one's self), says this same preface, "it was
judged necessary to forbid the reading of the scriptures in the vulgar
tongues." Of course, ''there is no prohibition against reading it
in Latin, or Hebrew, or Greek, or in any language that one does not
understand, but it is forbidden to read it in the _vulgar_, that is
to say, in any language that the reader is familiar with, "without the
advice and permission of the pastors and spiritual guides whom God has
appointed to govern his church." To prove this authority of the priest
to forbid the reading of the bible, the following text is quoted: "He
that will not hear the church, let him be to thee as the heathen and the
publican." *

     *  Matthew xviii, 17, Catholic Bible.

The church _must_ be obeyed. The commandment says nothing about
obeying the church only when she is in the right, or only when she is
reasonable, or even only when she is scriptural--she must be obeyed
because she is the church. And this, too, is quite consistent with the
claims of an infallible revelation. If everybody is to be given the
liberty to decide when the church is right, reasonable, or scriptural,
and when she is not, then it is not the church, but the individual, who
is infallible. If the bible is "inspired," there is no escape from the
conclusions of the Catholic church. Did not Jesus say to the Apostles,
and, therefore, to the priests: "Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall
be bound in heaven; and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be
loosed in heaven"? * Does not this make everybody the slave of the
church?

     * Matthew xviii, 18, Catholic Bible.

The Catholic bible contains nearly a dozen more "inspired" books than
the Protestant bible, and many of the texts in the books which are
common to both are differently translated. By comparing the list of
books in the Catholic bible with the books in the Protestant bible, we
find that the Protestants are "accursed" by the decision of the Council
of Trent, inasmuch as they deny the inspiration of, and exclude from
their bible, about twelve of the books in the Catholic bible. Now, what
is a layman to do when infallible churches disagree? We are commanded
by the bible to hear the church, but which church? If we could decide
ourselves which is the true church, we would then be greater than the
church, as it would need our approval before it could exercise any
authority over us. But if we can not decide which is the true church,
what are we going to do? This is an important question, because unless
we belong to the true church we can not have the true bible.

The Catholics "curse" the Protestant bible. This is the literal truth.
The Protestants, on the other hand, call the Catholic bible "a popish
imposture." While they are wrangling about it, what becomes of the Word
of God?

But the most interesting part in the preface to the Catholic bible is
the warning which the church gives to the reader of the bible, not to be
shocked, or scandalized, by the immoral and impossible stories contained
therein. The reader is cautioned against applying to the bible the
standard of morality by which other books are judged. To scare the
reader into praising in the bible what he would unreservedly and
sweepingly condemn in other books, the following biblical text is
quoted:

_My thoughts are not as your thoughts, neither are my ways as your ways,
saith the Lord; for as the heavens are exalted above the earth even
so are my ways exalted above your ways and my thoughts above your
thoughts._ *

Well, of course, that being the case, the reader shall start with his
mind made up that he must not understand anything he reads. The better
and much safer thing to do is not to read the bible at all. And that is
honestly what both Catholics and Protestants would like to say, if
they could. The Catholic bible in its preface comes as near giving that
advice as it dares, as the following will show:

_How then shall any one, by his private reason, pretend to judge, to
know, to demonstrate, the incomprehensible and unsearchable ways of
God?_

What is the use of reading an "incomprehensible" and "unsearchable"
book? The Word of God could not have been meant for man. Let it pass.

     * Isaiah lv, 8-9, Catholic Bible; same in Protestant bible.




PART II.




I. The Tercentenary of the English Bible

|JUST at present there is a revival of interest in the bible. The three
hundredth anniversary of the King James' version of the Holy Bible was
recently celebrated in the great cities of Christendom. All the pulpits
have been heard from in praise of the book. It will be noticed, however,
that almost every one of the preachers confined himself to glittering
generalities about the bible. Judging by the reports of their sermons,
there was not a single speaker who attempted a careful and instructive
study of the book--its origin, its growth, or the character of its
contents. Although the book was eloquently praised as the best ever
written, no effort was made to point out wherein, or in what respect,
the bible deserved the honor and the worship demanded in its behalf. The
preachers spoke of the bible with the same confidence, or conceit, that
the Moslem displays when he is praising his bible. One of the well-known
speakers, W. J. Bryan, challenged the world, at the bible-meeting in
Chicago, to produce a better book than the Jewish-Christian scriptures.

The celebration of the three hundredth anniversary of the publication
of the authorized version presented also an opportunity to many of the
defenders of the bible to praise the translators of the bible under
King James of England. An idea of the moral and intellectual standing
of these divines may be had by reading the preface which is attached to
every bible printed in Great Britain. In this, they dedicate the work to
the king, whom they exalt as a paragon of virtue. James I.
was, by universal consent, one of the meanest and most worthless
pedants that ever wore a crown. Yet, even as the divines who formulated
the Nicene creed addressed to Constantine, who had murdered the members
of his own household in cold blood, the words, "You have established the
faith, exterminated the heretics. That the king of heaven may preserve
the king of earth is the prayer of the church and clergy," the English
authors of the authorized version looked upon James, the meanest of the
Stuarts, as the vicar of God on earth, and presented him the following
address:

_To the Most High and Mighty Prince James, by the grace of God, King
of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, the
translators of the Bible wish Grace, Mercy and Peace, through Jesus
Christ our Lord.

Great and manifold were the blessings, most dread Sovereign, which
Almighty God, the Father of all mercies, bestowed upon us, the people
of England, when first he sent Your Majesty's Royal Person to rule and
reign over us. For whereas it was the expectation of many, who wished
not well unto our Sion, that upon the setting of that bright Occidental
Star, Queen Elizabeth of most happy memory, some thick and palpable
clouds of darkness would so have overshadowed this Land that men should
have been in doubt which way they were to walk; and that it should
hardly be known who was to direct the unsettled State; the appearance
of Your Majesty, as of the Sun of strength, instantly dispelled those
supposed and surmised mists and gave unto all that were well affected
exceeding cause of comfort; especially when we beheld the Government
established in Your Highness, and Your hopeful Seed, by an undoubted
Title, and this also accompanied with peace and tranquillity at home and
abroad._

And much more, in this same strain, concluding with these words:

_The Lord of heaven and earth bless Your Majesty with many and happy
days, that, as his heavenly hand hath enriched Your Highness with many
singular and extraordinary graces, so You may be the wonder of the world
in this latter age for happiness and true felicity, to the honour of
that great God and the good of his Church, through Jesus Christ, our
Lord and only Saviour._

What made these "divines" so proud of James? He was their king. What
makes the "divines" of to-day praise the bible so effusively? It is
their bible. We regret to say that the "divines" of to-day no more speak
the truth about the bible than the "divines" of three hundred years ago
spoke the truth about King James.




Some Lay Defenders of the Bible--Bryan's Challenge

|ONE of the speakers at the tercentenary celebration was William
Jennings Bryan. Though not a "divine" as yet, he may become one,
according to reports, in the near future. Bryan was invited to deliver
the principal address at a mass meeting of the Christian churches of
Chicago (the Catholic church not included), in Orchestra Hall. In this
address, the oft-time presidential candidate openly challenged the
critics of his bible and of its divine origin "to produce a book equal
in wisdom and teachings to the volume which has stood the test of
centuries."

After I made sure that Mr. Bryan had really made the challenge, as will
appear by the quotations from his paper, _The Commoner_, which will be
given later, a telegram was addressed to him, signed by myself, in which
I accepted his challenge and invited him to state the terms on which
he would join me in the discussion of this timely and most important
subject, at the Auditorium, which seats six thousand people. Receiving
no reply, a telegram was forwarded to the proprietor of the Lincoln
_Star_--Lincoln being the home town of Mr. Bryan--requesting the
publisher to please interview Mr. Bryan about this matter. To the
courtesy of this gentleman I am indebted for the following message from
Lincoln:

_Charles Bryan has forwarded letter to W. J. Bryan, who returns here
June 3. Will hand Mr. Bryan your telegram when he reaches Lincoln._

The "Charles Bryan" in the dispatch is, I am told, the secretary, as
well as the brother, of William Jennings Bryan. He says he has forwarded
letter, ostensibly about my telegram, to W. J. Bryan. Why did he not
send him the telegram, itself? If his letter merely informed Bryan that
there was a telegram for him from Chicago, without either enclosing the
same in his letter, or telling him of its contents, Mr. Bryan had good
reason to discharge such a secretary. But if he enclosed the telegram,
or, which is more likely, informed Mr. Bryan of its import, why does
he say that he will hand the telegram to Bryan "when the latter reaches
Lincoln"? Why keep a telegram a whole month before giving it to the
person to whom it is addressed? But if his letter had already advised
Bryan of my acceptance of his challenge, and my offer to let him dictate
his own terms, why pretend that the telegram will remain sealed until
Mr. Bryan returns to Lincoln on the third of June?

Evidently, all that the two Bryans wanted was to postpone the day of
reckoning. The third day of June arrived, but no answer came from Bryan.
Another appeal was made to the Lincoln _Star_:

_If no trouble, would you mind finding if Bryan is at home; and what he
expects to do about Mangasarian's acceptance of his challenge._

And as promptly as in the former instance, the answer came:

_Bryan says he will take no action re challenge._

But it was Mr. Bryan who made the challenge in the first place. His
challenge was not only made in public, but it is now in print, as the
following from the report of his Orchestra Hall address, as it appeared
in Bryan's own paper, fully shows:

_The Christian world has confidence in the bible; it presents the book
as the Word of God, but the attacks made upon it by its enemies continue
in spite of the growth of the bible's influence. The Christian world
by its attitude presents a challenge to the opposition, and this is an
opportune moment to emphasize the challenge._

How does the distinguished Nebraskan get over these words? If "_The
Christian world... presents a challenge to the opposition, and this is
an opportune moment to emphasize the challenge_," why did not Mr. Bryan
promptly and gladly accept an offer which placed one of the greatest
halls in the country at his disposal, without any expense whatever to
himself or to the Christian world? To say the least, it is significant
that a successful orator and popular lecturer like Mr. Bryan, with his
implicit confidence in the bible as the best book in all the world,
would even hesitate, much less decline, to accept so great an
opportunity as was placed at his disposal. Moreover, if he were
not going to make "the action suit the word," why did he speak of a
challenge at all? Was this only an oratorical display on his part? Was
it mere bravado? If he were talking on the same subject again, would he
repeat his challenge to the "opposition"? If our little episode with
him will prevent him from ever using the word "challenge" again in his
religious speeches, we shall consider our services well rewarded.

But the real reason for Bryan's collapse as a bible champion will
be seen in perusing the following comments on his address at the
tercentenary celebration.




Bryan's Defense of the Bible

|AS reported in _The Commoner_ * Bryan began his address by saying that
the critics of the bible _... have disputed the facts which it sets
forth and ridiculed the prophesies which it recites; they have rejected
the account which it gives of the creation and scoffed at the miracles
which it records. They have denied the existence of the God of the Bible
and have sought to reduce the Savior to the stature of a man. They have
been as bold as the prophets of Baal in defying the Living God and in
heaping contempt upon the Written Word. Why not challenge the atheists
and the materialists to put their doctrines to the test? When Elijah was
confronted by a group of scorners who mocked at the Lord whom he
worshiped, he invited them to match the power of their God against the
power of his, and he was willing to concede superiority to the one who
would answer with fire. When the challenge was accepted he built an
altar, prepared a sacrifice, and then, to leave no room for doubt, he
poured water upon the wood and the sacrifice--poured until the water
filled the trenches round about. So firm was his trust that he even
taunted his adversaries with their failure while his proofs were yet to
be presented. The prophets of Baal, be it said to their credit, had
enough confidence in their God to agree to the test, and their
disappointment was real when he failed them--they gashed themselves with
knives when their entreaties were unanswered.

Why not a bible test?_

     * May 12, 1911.

Mr. Bryan does not tell the rest of the story, although as much of it as
he gives is bad enough.

Elijah had no desire to convert his rivals to the true faith; he wanted
to kill every one of them, which he did:

_And Elijah said unto them, Take the prophets of Baal; let not one of
them escape.... And Elijah brought them down to the brook Kishon, and
slew them there._ *

     *  There were 450 of them.

This is the same Elijah who prayed for a drought, and for the space
of three years not a drop of rain fell upon the land. If there is an
educated man who can admire such a prayer, or the Being who answered it,
or who can believe that for three years, men, women, children, plants
and animals went thirsty--he is really beyond hope.

Mr. Bryan did not accept our invitation, because, I believe, he felt
that he would not have the courage to repeat this story of Elijah
before any other kind of an audience than one composed strictly of such
Christian or Jewish believers who dare not think straight.

What, for instance, would Bryan have answered if he were asked why
Elijah did not leave to the deity the killing of the four hundred and
fifty priests of an alien faith? If God could send down fire from
heaven to burn up the bullock, he could just as easily send down fire
to destroy the whole priesthood of Baal--as he sent down fire to destroy
Sodom and Gomorrah. But Elijah executed his critics himself; he did not
believe, evidently, that his God could get rid of them
without his help. In this he was more infidel than the priests he
killed. Murder was Elijah's intent from the first. In the history of
religious persecution was there ever a priest who believed enough in God
to leave to him the burning, or the quartering of heretics alive? How
much nobler was the example of the Roman emperor who refused to give
his sanction to religious persecution on the ground that the gods could
avenge their own wrongs.*

     * Deorum injurias deis curae.

And does Bryan really believe that, once upon a time, the only way the
Deity could hold his own was by giving pyrotechnic exhibitions, which
ended in wholesale bloodshed? Is that the kind of a test Bryan desires?
The fact that there are even more unbelievers to-day than in Elijah's
time is a proof that the "fire and blood" test is a failure. It is
Reason that questions the bible, Mr. Bryan! And if the bible can not
conquer Reason, all the murders, the burnings and the hells of theology,
here or hereafter, are worse than a waste. Can'st thou conquer Reason?

But again, Bryan declines a meeting with Rationalists, because he is not
sure that the God who answered Elijah by fire will do the same for him.
If he were, he would not have hesitated for a moment. He would have had
an altar built on the platform and invoked the fire which would have
come down as soon as Bryan gave the word--injuring no one except the
unbelievers. But his faith was not strong enough for that. He is a good
enough Christian to believe that, once upon a time, that very thing
happened, but not a good enough Christian to believe that it will happen
a second time. The church has only _old_ miracles to boast of.

If I were in Mr. Bryan's place, I admit, I would have declined an
invitation to defend the bible before an audience of inquirers, just
as he has done. The mistake he made was his _challenge_ "to the
opposition," as he expresses it, and not his refusal to appear as
counsel for the bible before a critical audience. He did the only
consistent thing under the circumstances when he told the representative
of the press that he will not consider our invitation. Had he been
equally thoughtful in his Orchestra Hall address he would not have even
admitted that there are some people who do not believe in the inspired
bible--much less have challenged them.

A good Christian must never undertake to defend his bible against
criticism; the moment he attempts this he takes the whole question out
of God's hands. Who are _you_ that you should undertake to defend the
Word of God? And what makes you think that God's Word needs a defense?
No better proof could be asked for to show that both Bryan and his
hearers had lost the faith of Elijah, and were struggling in the slough
of doubt, than his elaborate attempt to defend the bible and his mock
challenge to its critics. The difference between Bryan _defending_ an
infallible book, and the critics of the same book, is not one of kind,
but one of degree. Bryan would not have undertaken to defend the bible
did he not think a defense was necessary, and to think that God's book
needs to be defended is a criticism against the book. The Nebraska
champion of the bible, then, has already entered the first stages of the
doubt which, in all logical minds, culminates in a denial of its divine
origin. No book which has to be defended can be divine.

The man who defends a _divine_ book and the man who attacks it are both
doubters.

Mr. Bryan might reply that, had he been a doubter, he would never have
challenged "the opposition," as he did in his tercentenary address. As
already stated, it is true that he made the challenge, and repeated
it many times during the course of his speech. It is equally true that
there is an air of confidence in Mr. Bryan's challenge, which must have
greatly impressed his audience. "Let them produce," he demanded, "a
better bible than ours, if they can."

_Let them collect the best of their school to be found among the
graduates of universities--as many as they please and from every land.
Let the members of this selected group travel where they will, consult
such libraries as they please, and employ every modern means of
swift communication. Let them glean in the fields of geology, botany,
astronomy, biology and zoology, and then roam at will wherever science
has opened a way; let them take advantage of all the progress in art and
in literature, in oratory and in history--let them use to the full every
instrumentality that is employed in modern civilization; and when they
have exhausted every source, let them embody the results of their best
intelligence in a book and offer it to the world as a substitute for
this bible of ours. Have they the confidence that the prophets of Baal
had in their God? Will they try? If not, what excuse will they give? Has
man fallen from his high estate, so that we can not rightfully expect as
much of him now as nineteen centuries ago? Or does the bible come to us
from a source that is higher than man--which?_

Any one listening to this flourish of trumpets would be led to think
that Mr. Bryan has already met and routed the enemy, and is now
celebrating his victory, instead of having yet to hear from the other
side. Encouraged by the silence of his audience, the speaker grows
bolder:

_But our case is even stronger. The opponents of the bible can not take
refuge in the plea that man is retrograding. They loudly proclaim that
man has grown and that he is growing still. They boast of a world-wide
advance and their claim is founded upon fact._

And Mr. Bryan expresses surprise that, with all this progress, the world
is unable "to produce a better book to-day than man, unaided, could have
produced in any previous age."

Referring once more to "the opposition," he says:

_The fact that they have tried, time and time again, only to fail
each time more hopelessly, explains why they will not--why they can
not--accept the challenge thrown down by the Christian world to produce
a book worthy to take the bible's place._

Growing bolder and bolder, in the absence of "the enemy," and feeling
confident that should "the enemy" be heard from, he could take refuge
in a dignified silence, Mr. Bryan continues, like Don Quixote, to fight
invisible foes:

_They (the agnostics) have prayed to their God to answer with
fire--prayed to inanimate matter, with an earnestness that is pathetic;
they have employed in the worship of blind force a faith greater than
religion requires, but their Almighty is asleep._

Had Mr. Bryan's "Almighty" been awake there would have been no need of
defenders of the bible. If the agnostics without divine aid, or with
only a "sleepy" God to help them, as Bryan avers, have done no more than
to compel the believers to put up a defense for their Word of God, they
have demonstrated what man, unaided by ghostly powers, can do. And it
is mere chatter to speak of agnostics as praying "to their God to answer
with fire," etc. Agnostics will pray for fire only when they lose faith
in Reason.

And is it to be inferred from the above sentence of Bryan, that his God
answers by fire? We say again, if this champion of an obsolete theology,
a theology which is being deserted by the Christian scholars themselves,
is in earnest, if he really believes all he says, if he dares to put his
faith to such a test as Elijah imposed upon his, or if he is prepared to
prove to an intelligent audience that the science, the history, and the
ethics of the bible can stand all the strain that Reason and Conscience
may put upon them--why did he run under cover as soon as he heard the
first sound of the Rationalist's approach? Mr. Bryan speaks with an air
of confidence, as the extracts from his speech show, but no battles are
won by--_air_.

In his lecture on "The Prince of Peace," Mr. Bryan takes the position
that to doubt or to question the doctrines of the churches is something
to be ashamed of. To show the difference in mentality between William
Jennings Bryan and the great Thomas Jefferson, one has only to compare
the daring and independence of the latter with the theological timidity
of the former.

From Bryan's "Prince of Peace":

_My purpose in delivering this lecture I will frankly avow. After my
first political defeat, I deliberately refrained from talking
religion in public, so as to avoid the charge of using religion as a
stepping-stone to further my personal ambitions. After my second defeat
the possibility of another nomination appeared so remote that I could
not let it weigh against the duty that I felt impelling me to address
the young men whom I saw refusing to attach themselves to a church. My
hope is that I may shame some young men out of their conceit that it is
smart to be skeptical._

From Jefferson's works, Vol. II, 2171:

_Fix Reason firmly in her seat, and call to her tribunal every fact,
every opinion. Question with boldness even the existence of a God;
because, if there be one, he must more approve the homage of reason than
of blindfolded fear.... Do not be frightened from this inquiry by any
fear of its consequences. If it end in a belief that there is no God,
you will find incitements to virtue in the comfort and pleasantness you
feel in the exercise and in the love of others which it will procure for
you._

The Presbyterian Bryan is ashamed of Reason; the Rationalist Jefferson
is prouder of his Reason than an emperor of his crown.

Had Mr. Bryan been reading Cicero instead of Elijah; had his culture
been European instead of Asiatic, he would never have quoted the murder
of four hundred and fifty men by one of the bible prophets as a proof
of the truth of his religion. "There are two ways of ending a dispute,"
wrote Cicero,--"discussion and force. The latter manner is simply that
of brute beasts, the former is proper to beings gifted with reason."

We leave it to Mr. Bryan to read between the lines.




II. Roosevelt on the Bible

|WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN was not the only politician, or publicist, who
contributed to the tercentenary celebration of the bible. Writing in the
_Outlook_, Theodore Roosevelt, to his own satisfaction, at least, meets
the opponents of the inspiration of the bible, and briefly disposes
of them. "Occasional critics," he writes, "taking sections of the Old
Testament, are able to point out that the teachings therein are not in
accordance with our own convictions and views of morality." Is it only
"occasional" critics who express disapproval of the Jewish-Christian
scriptures? And suppose it true that only "occasional" critics call
attention to the harm which the bible does by its immoral and impossible
teachings: Does that fact relieve the defenders of the bible from the
obligation to answer their criticisms? The important question is not,
who makes the criticism; but, is the criticism just?

"The Old Testament," continues Mr. Roosevelt, "did not carry Israel
as far as the New Testament has carried us; but it advanced Israel
far beyond the point any neighboring nation had then reached." This is
practically a plea of guilty. Why was not the Old Testament as good
as the New is supposed to be? Was it not equally divine? If the Old
Testament was meant to prepare the Jews to accept the New Testament,
they have not accepted it yet. But is it true that "the Old Testament
carried Israel far beyond the point any neighboring nation had then
reached"?

It is now nearly two thousand years since the New Testament began
to "carry us," and where have we reached? In how many things have we
advanced beyond the Greeks and the Romans, for instance? Only yesterday
the black man carried chains in our land, and throughout Christendom
white slavery of a more degrading type than ever known before is still
with us. Political corruption of a character which Mr. Roosevelt himself
has pronounced the most deep-seated and chronic is eating away the
vital parts of the American nation, while the hunger, the misery and the
squalor in the slums of our great cities, side by side with the waste
of wealth and the worship of show, prove daily the complete failure of
Christianity as a regenerating force. Whatever of hope there is to-day
in the human heart for a better future on earth, and whatever signs
there may be of a realization of justice and happiness for all men,
here and now, we are indebted for them, not to the New Testament, but
to modern thought, which is heresy from the point of view of the New, as
well as the Old, Testament.

It is the passing of the bible that has opened the way for real and
radical reforms. It is the failure of the inspired teachers to fulfill
their promises that has at last induced man to step to the front and
assume full control of the world's destinies. Man no longer prays to
the gods; he works. When the bible was supreme in Europe, was the world
better? Would Mr. Roosevelt return to the Middle Ages? Will he go back
to the times of Knox, Wesley, Calvin and the New England clergy, or to
the times when, by the authority of the bible which then ruled without
a rival, in court and church, in the home and the school, men and
women were bought and sold like animals, or burned alive as witches, or
tortured to death in a thousand dungeons for daring to think? When the
bible was supreme in Europe there was neither science nor commerce. When
the bible was supreme, tyrant and dissolute kings ruled by the "grace
of God," and priests persecuted the thinker in every capital of the
Christian world. It is the emancipation of thought, and not the New
Testament, that has conquered for us every blessing we enjoy. Not until
the Renaissance, that is to say, not until Europe deserted its Semitic
or Asiatic teachers for those of Hellas and Rome, did modern nations
begin to wax strong in mind and body. The New Testament really carried
us to the times of the Old Testament. It was the Renaissance of Greek
thought and art that changed the "thorns and thistles" of theology into
the golden fruit of science.

But what about the claim that "the Old Testament advanced Israel far
beyond the point any neighboring nation had then reached." I wish Mr.
Roosevelt would read these lines as carefully as I have read his, which,
if he does, I feel confident he will admit that he made the above
statement without taking the pains to look up the evidence. What answer
would the ex-president of the United States make if he were asked to
prove his claim that the Old Testament carried the Jews to a higher
state of civilization than the nations who were their contemporaries?

Were the Jews intellectually more advanced than any other nation of
antiquity? Solomon was the contemporary of some of the immortal Greeks,
but while Greece was nursing the arts and crafts, the Jews, in order
to build a temple to God--a temple very much smaller than many of our
modern cathedrals and churches and far less formidable--had to send
abroad for masons and carpenters. "The laborers employed in the temple
were all the strangers in the land," says one of the texts. Under Saul,
their first king, while their enemies were well equipped with weapons of
warfare, the Jews had "neither sword nor spear in the hand of any of the
people except Saul and Jonathan." We are informed also that "in all the
land of Israel not a smith was to be found," and that the Jews had to
cross over to the land of the gentiles "to sharpen every man his share
and his ax." Surely we can not conclude from conditions as barbarous as
these that the Lord bestowed any great intellectual gifts upon the Jews
as tokens of his peculiar love for them.

It is admitted by the bible writers themselves that the neighboring
nations were much more powerful than "the chosen people," and that only
by the daily miraculous intervention of God could they cope with them at
all, and that even then they were not always successful. The following
text is quite significant:

_And the Lord was with Judah, and he drove out the inhabitants of the
mountain, but could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley, because
they had chariots of iron_ *

     *  Judges i, 19.

We respectfully call Mr. Roosevelt's attention to this positive
testimony to the superiority in equipment of the Gentiles to the Jews in
bible times. Even the God of Israel was helpless against the _science_
of the Gentile nations. He could throw down stones from heaven, or stop
the sun and moon, or slay the firstborn of Egypt, but against science,
against human inventions, he could do nothing. Is it a sign of
superiority to depend upon miracles for one's daily existence? Is it not
rather a proof of the intellectual sterility of the people?

I am aware, of course, of the argument that Israel's superiority lay in
its clearer moral visions. But why should a people morally superior to
their neighbors be so mediocre in everything else? Is moral excellence
prejudicial to national development? But it is not true that the Old
Testament helped to make Israel morally superior to the heathen "round
about them." It is to be regretted that the opposite of this is the
truth. A few examples from the bible will be sufficient to support the
thesis that the bible did even less for the moral development of Israel
than it did for its intellectual and industrial expansion.

Abraham, one of the most "righteous" characters of the bible, twice
trafficked in his wife's or sister's, honor, by selling her, the first
time, to the King of Egypt for sheep and oxen, asses and camels, and
male and female slaves; he repeated the imposture by selling her a
second time to Abimelech, King of Gerar, for more "sheep and oxen, and
men servants and women servants." His son Isaac followed his father's
example, and sold to the same Abimelech his wife, Rebekah. Compare now
the behavior of the "heathen" Abimelech, with that of the bible saints.
After Rebekah had been introduced to the king as an unmarried woman by
her husband, Isaac, she was taken into his palace:

_And it came to pass, when he had been there a long time, that
Abimelech, king of the Philistines, looked out at a window, and saw,
and, behold, Isaac was sporting with Rebekah his wife.

And Abimelech called Isaac, and said, Behold, of a surety she is thy
wife: and how saidst thou, She is my sister? And Isaac said unto him,
Because I said, Lest I die for her.

And Abimelech said, What is this thou hast done unto us? one of the
people might lightly have lien with thy wife, and thou shouldst have
brought guiltiness upon us.

And Abimelech charged all his people, saying, He that toucheth this man
or his wife shall surely be put to death_. *

     * Genesis xxvi, 8-II.

Which of these two characters was the more civilized? Though in daily
communion with God and protected by miracles at every step, Isaac
preferred to lie about his wife than to trust in God, and, like his
father, Abraham, he enriched himself by her shame; while the "heathen"
Abimelech, on the other hand, grieved at the thought of the wrong which
the lying Isaac might have tempted his subjects to commit. And while not
even David, another bible saint, ever thought of separating himself
from the woman he had stolen by causing her husband to be shot, these
"heathen" princes returned to Abraham and Isaac their wives.

Even Jehovah is compelled to pay a tribute to the "heathen" king:

_And God said unto him (Abimelech) in a dream, Yea, I know that thou
didst this in the integrity of thy heart; for I also withheld thee from
sinning against me: therefore suffered I thee not to touch her.

Now therefore restore the man his wife; for he is a prophet, and he
shall pray for thee, and thou shalt live: and if thou restore her not,
know thou that thou shalt surely die, thou, and all that are thine._ *

     * Genesis xx, 6-8.

This is a terribly incriminating admission for the deity to make. After
paying a tribute to the "integrity" of Abimelech, and acknowledging his
innocence, Jehovah threatens to kill him if he will not fall upon his
knees before the mendacious Abraham, "for he is a prophet," and beg
him to pray for his salvation. But there is not a word of censure for
Abraham for lying about his wife or for keeping the price of her shame.
Abraham was orthodox, and that covers up a multitude of sins--even
to this day. Is it any wonder that educated Jews are deserting the
synagogue?

In the thirty-fourth chapter of Genesis we find another example of the
superiority in morals of the neighboring nations to the children of
Israel. One of the daughters of Israel "went out to see the daughters of
the land." It is difficult to understand just why this young woman "went
out" among the "heathen." At any rate, she was fair, and it was not long
before she found a princely suitor. Just as Sarah and Rebekah were
taken into the homes of the Gentiles, so was Leah, Jacob's daughter. The
prince desired to retain her as his wife, and with this end in view he
asked his royal father to get him "this damsel to wife." Then

Hamor, the king, called upon Jacob to ask for the hand of his daughter
in marriage to his son, Shechem. "The soul of my son Shechem," he said
to Jacob, "longeth for thy daughter: I pray you to give her him to
wife," and he enforced his plea for closer relations between Jews and
Gentiles by the following sensible argument:

_And make ye marriages with us, and give your daughters unto us, and
take our daughters unto you. And ye shall dwell with us: and the land
shall be before you; dwell and trade ye therein, and get you possessions
therein_. *

The prince, too, following his father, pleaded with Jacob, to let him
marry his daughter:

_And Shechem said unto her father, and unto her brethren, Let me find
grace in your eyes, and what ye shall say unto me I will give.

Ask me never so much dowry and gift, and I will give according as ye
shall say unto me: but give me the damsel to wife._ **

     * Genesis xxxiv, 9,10.

     ** Genesis xxxiv, 11,12.

We will let the "holy" bible tell Mr. Roosevelt the rest of the story:

_And the sons of Jacob answered Shechem and Hamor his father
deceitfully, and said, because he had defiled Dinah their sister:

And they said unto them, We can not do this thing, to give our sister to
one that is uncircumcised; for that were a reproach unto us:

But in this will we consent unto you: If ye will be as we be, that every
male of you be circumcised;

Then will we give our daughters unto you, and we will take your
daughters to us, and we will dwell with you, and we will become one
people.

But if ye will not hearken unto us, to be circumcised; then will we take
our daughter, and we will be gone.

And their words pleased Hamor, and Shechem Hamor's son.

And the young man deferred not to do the thing because he had delight in
Jacob's daughter: and he was more honourable than all the house of his
father._ *

"And he was more honorable." Is there an Old Testament character of whom
it is written anywhere in the bible that he was "honorable"? But let
us see how "honorable" the sons of Jacob were in this affair. After the
Hivites had accepted the conditions, and were all circumcised, this is
what happened:

_And it came to pass on the third day, when they were sore, that two of
the sons of Jacob, Simeon and Levi, Dinah's brethren, took each man his
sword, and came upon the city boldly, and slew all the males.

And they slew Hamor and Shechem his son with the edge of the sword, and
took Dinah out of Shechem's house, and went out.

The sons of Jacob came upon the slain, and spoiled the city, because
they had defiled their sister.

They took their sheep, and their oxen, and their asses, and that which
was in the city, and that which was in the field.

And all their wealth, and all their little ones, and their wives took
they captive, and spoiled even all that was in the house_. **

     * Genesis xxxiv, 13-19.

     ** Genesis xxxiv, 25-29.

Were the "inspired" sons of Jacob superior to their uninspired heathen
neighbors? To marry a human being of another creed was to defile
one's self. How can there be any brotherhood in the world with such a
doctrine? That the bible God approved of these barbarities will be seen
in the following story:

_And, behold, one of the children of Israel came and brought unto his
brethren a Midianitish woman in the sight of Moses, and in the sight of
all the congregation of the children of Israel, who were weeping before
the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.

And when Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw
it, he rose up from among the congregation, and took a javelin in his
hand.

And he went after the man of Israel into the tent, and thrust both of
them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her belly. So the
plague was stayed from the children of Israel.

And those that died in the plague were twenty and four thousand.

And the Lord spake unto Moses, saying,

Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, hath turned
my wrath away from the children of Israel, while he was zealous for
my sake among them, that I consumed not the children of Israel in my
jealousy.

Wherefore say, Behold, I give unto him my covenant of peace:

And he shall have it, and his seed after him, even the covenant of an
everlasting priesthood; because he was zealous for his God, and made an
atonement for the children of Israel._ *

     * Numbers xxv, 6-13.

Do men like Bryan and Roosevelt, who are representative men in America,
know that there are scores of such stories in the Word of God? How do
they excuse Jehovah for rewarding Phinehas for so shameful a crime? Why
kill a man who has loved and married a Gentile? But to this day, the
orthodox Jew sits on the floor and mourns for his son or daughter who
has married a Gentile, as one mourns for the dead.

In what sense, then, is it true that "the Old Testament carried Israel
far beyond the point any neighboring nation had then reached?"

Of course, as already explained, I do not believe the shameful things
the bible relates about the Jewish people, but had Colonel Roosevelt
read the bible carefully before writing about it; or had he taken the
pains to acquaint himself with the results of higher criticism, as
presented by Christian scholars themselves, he would never have rushed
into his statement about the Old Testament carrying the Jews beyond any
nation of antiquity. In his Ancient Faiths Embodied in Ancient Names,
Dr. T. Inman, speaking on this same subject, says this:

_Even the devil is not so black as he is painted; and however dark may
be the crimes of the ancient Jews, the historian is bound to ascertain
whether there are not some bright spots in the vast pall of evil deeds
that spreads over their history. Yet to me the task is hopeless; I can
not find one single redeeming trait in the national character of the
ancient Hebrews. It is difficult to find a people in the olden times,
whereof we have a history, who were not superior to the necks shall be
your footstools._

The same scholar sums up the commandments, exhortations, ordinances and
revelations of the authors of the Old Testament, and finds their burden
to be this:

_Keep yourselves to yourselves, and to the God whom we preach; shun your
neighbors, hate them, and, when you can, plunder and kill them. Agree
among yourselves and treat your priests well, and then you shall be
great and glorious, princes, kings and potentates in every land, and
your enemies' necks shall be your footstools._ *

It is very much safer for a public man to denounce the trusts than to
read and tell the truth about the bible. Mr. Roosevelt has only made
an assertion about the value of the Old Testament to the Jews. But
an assertion is not an argument. We respectfully call Mr. Roosevelt's
attention to the opinion which Jehovah, himself, held of his own people,
which will settle the question of whether or not the bible helped to
make the Jews better than their neighbors:

_And I sought for a man among them, that should make up the hedge, and
stand in the gap before me for the land, that I should not destroy it:
but I found none_. ***

     * Vol. II, page 334.

     **  Inman, Vol. II, page 335.

     *** Ezekiel xxii, 30.




III. "Let Them Produce It"

|PRODUCE a book like the bible," is the oft-repeated challenge addressed
to the critics of the book. It is impossible to produce a book like the
bible, without copying it. Another bible, exactly like the one we now
have, could only be had by making the second a duplicate of the first.
There is no other way of reproducing a book. We can no more reproduce
the bible than we can the "Arabian Nights," or Shakespeare. In fact,
no two things in nature are exactly alike. Men differ from one another,
even as do books. Another Socrates, or another Napoleon, or another
Lincoln, would be an impossibility. It is equally out of the question to
have another Nero, Constantine, or Pope Alexander VI.

To ask us to produce a book like the bible is as unreasonable as to ask
us to produce another Koran, or another Mahomet. If the new Koran be
like the old, no addition, or improvement has been made to religious
literature by its production; if the new Koran be different from the
old, then it is not a reproduction. "Let them produce it!" sounds
pompous enough, but it is all noise and rattle.

In a private letter to an inquirer, to whom I am indebted for the
quotation I am about to make, Mr. W. J. Bryan, referring to the author
of this book, asks, "If Mr. Mangasarian has books better than the bible,
there is nothing to prevent his presenting them to the public, and
driving the bible out of use." But that is precisely what is being done.
The bible has been, a step at a time, driven completely out of use in
the halls of learning. It is no longer an authority, for example, on
questions of science--geology, astronomy, chemistry, biology and all the
other branches of one of the principal pursuits of man. Better books on
these subjects have replaced the "Word of God." What is true of science
is true of history, politics, government, education, commerce; in all
these departments and activities of life better books have relegated the
bible into the background.

Did the framers of the American Constitution, for instance, which
Gladstone calls "the proudest product of the pen and brain" of man,
consult the bible for their work? Did they borrow the doctrine of the
separation of Church and State from the bible? The Church in the bible
dominates the State; but the Americans compelled the Church to take
its hands off the State. Did they learn that lesson from the bible? The
Constitution, again, declares that all power is derived from the consent
of the governed. Is that biblical? Does not the "Word of God" plainly
teach that "the powers that be are appointed of God," and that not to
obey the powers thus appointed, whether they be good or evil, is to
receive "damnation to their souls"? Evidently, then, the makers of
America had better books than the bible to be guided by.

Where again, is it permitted in the bible to tolerate all religions and
to favor none? If there is any one idea more prominent than any other in
the bible, it is that the religion which it announces is alone true, and
that all the others are pernicious, and to be suppressed by fire and
the sword. And religious tolerance is one of the glories of the American
Constitution.

It is its tyranny that is attacked, it is the forbidding and misleading
labels which the priesthood has placed upon it, which we wish to remove.
It is the bible as a fetish, or as the best book, or as a weapon of
persecution, that we wish to overthrow.

But if the bible is not divine, we are asked again, how explain the
fact that despite all the attacks of all the ages, it is still loved and
cherished by so many? We might as well ask, "If the bible is divine, how
is it that in spite of all the things done to bolster it up, there are
still so many who do not believe in it?" If long life and popularity
prove the bible true, they ought to prove the Chinese and the Hindu
bibles true, too. Is a man right because he is old, or is he wrong
because he is young? Is truth to be decided by counting beans, as
Socrates would ask? If it is majorities or age that counts, then
Christianity must have been false when it was new, and counted only a
handful of followers.

And then, there is the question, "What will you give us in place of the
bible?" We can not take anything away from you which you can keep. And
if you can not keep the bible, you have to let it go, whether or not you
can find another to take its place. But are there not better stories in
the world than those of the serpent in Eden; the fall of man; the
deluge and the drowning of the human race; the ten plagues of Egypt; the
talking ass; the whale that swallowed a man, and of the innumerable wars
and massacres? Is it true that the foolish rites and ceremonies, and the
unintelligible trinities, incarnations and resurrections in the bible
can not be matched? Are we really worrying that, if we give up these
tales and mysteries, we will not be able to find anything to replace
them?

If we desire fairy stories, there is the mythology of the Greeks; if we
want miracles, there is science with its real wonders; if we want tales
of human adventure and heroism, there is history, ancient and modern; if
we want biography, better than the lives of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob,
is the story of the glorious discoverers and inventors whose
genius transmuted human ignorance into knowledge and barbarism into
civilization. And for the sufferings of the gods, read the story of the
martyrdom of man!




What Is the Best Thing That Can Be Said in Favor of the Bible?

|LET us put in the mouth of the defenders of the bible the strongest,
the most convincing and the most plausible arguments imaginable. Nothing
is gained by denying to our adversary a fair chance. Who cares to
measure swords with a shadow?

I. "The bible ought to be judged by its fruits," is one of the most
commended arguments in its favor. It is claimed that civilization, with
all its blessings, is the gift of the bible. If this were true, it could
not prove the bible inspired. The inventors of steam, the mariner's
compass, and the printing-press have contributed much to human progress,
but would that prove that they were inspired? The writings of Socrates
and Aristotle greatly aided the development of Europe, as the wars of
Alexander the Great helped to educate all Asia. But does that make Greek
literature, or Alexander's wars, inspired?

But it is not true that civilization is the exclusive gift of the bible.
There was a civilization, in many respects fairer than ours, in Rome and
in Greece, without the bible; while in Christian Abyssinia there is no
civilization to-day to speak of. If the bible is the only civilizer, the
Jews should have been in advance of the Egyptians, the Babylonians, the
Greeks and the Romans. If the bible is the sole civilizing force,
how explain the Dark Ages, when there was no other book that was even
allowed to be named which did not agree with the bible?

II. The next "best" argument in favor of the bible is that it gives
the world the only information on God, the soul, the origin of man, his
destiny, life beyond death, and the mysteries of Revelation. But what is
the information worth? Is its account of the creation of man and of
the universe out of nothing, and the creation of woman out of a rib,
believable? Is the portrait of God, as given in the bible, acceptable?
And as to the beyond, does the bible throw any more light on the
question than the older or newer theo-sophic books?

III. A third "best" argument is that the bible presents the highest
morality and the noblest ideals ever known by man. What are they? Did
the bible discover morality? Was selfishness, or theft, or murder, or
meanness, a virtue before the bible forbade them? Was there no love of
one's neighbor, love of one's country, or nobody to practice charity, or
justice, in the world before Moses or Jesus? But it is not true that
the bible teaches the highest morality; on the contrary, as this book
undertakes to show, morality is the least of all the anxieties of the
bible. According to its teaching, _belief_ comes first; and all the
morality in the world, we are told, can not save the man who will not
_believe._

IV. Another plea made in behalf of the bible is that it has comforted
thousands and reformed some of the worst characters. "I have the witness
of the spirit in me," argues the convert, "that the bible is the 'Word
of God.'" And he proceeds to relate how he was downcast, or fallen
in sin, and the bible made a new man of him. We rejoice whenever the
disconsolate find cheer or the fallen arise. Nor is our happiness
diminished in the least when we are told that it was the bible which
worked the change. Whoever dries a tear upon the eyelid of sorrow, and
whatever the force which lifts the fallen to their feet, deserves the
gratitude of man. But if that proves the bible divine, why are there so
many who are not comforted, or so many of the fallen who do not rise
at all? An infallible book should save more people than the bible is
claimed to do. The greater part of Christendom, not to speak of the rest
of the world, is still to be saved. If the bible only saves some, so
does education and other purely human agencies; and if education does
not save everybody, neither does the bible. Wherein, then, is the
superiority of the "divine" to the human?

Moreover, if a man is comforted by reading Shakespeare, or Goethe, or
Emerson, or George Eliot, would that prove these authors inspired? Or,
if a sick man is made better by exercise, or medical attention, and a
bad man becomes good by a change of environment, would it follow that
these agencies were divine? If the bible is not the only power that can
help, then it is but one of many agencies, and why should one of the
many agencies which make for improvement be labeled "divine"?

Nor does the plea that, because "I feel it in my heart that the bible
is divine," make it so. If "I feel it in my heart" were enough to prove
anything true, other bibles would be as true as ours. The Turk and the
Chinaman "feel it" in their hearts about their gods as we do about ours.
The argument from _feeling_ practically dispenses with knowledge, and
leads to intellectual nihilism.

V. In defense of the bible it is further urged that, it being "a
heavenly treasure in an earthen vessel," allowance should be made for
the unavoidable imperfections which have crept into its pages. God
was the author, man was the amanuensis, they say, and, therefore, the
defects of the bible should be charged to the account of man. But why
should a heavenly treasure be enclosed in an earthen vessel? Are there
no heavenly vessels? Was not Jesus as divine as his father? Why could
not he have committed the revelation to writing? Why leave it to
unknown and unreliable reporters to transcribe a divine message? If
the reporters were not unreliable, then what is the complaint? But if
reliable reporters could not be found, the deity could just as easily,
and very much more safely, have written the whole of his message with
his own hand. Besides, a heavenly treasure which an earthen vessel can
spoil is not very heavenly. If the incorruptible can be corrupted, then
it is not any different from any other corruptible thing. Alas! for the
infallible book which has to be protected against printers' or revisers'
mistakes. Let us have a better bible--one that no earthen vessel can
contaminate.

VI. Finally, "Why not dwell upon the truths in the bible and let
alone the errors?" is another of the "strong arguments" of the bible
defenders. "There are truths enough in the bible, and to spare," say
they. "Why, then, waste time on its imperfections?" But it all depends
upon how serious the imperfections are. It is not the number of errors,
but their importance that counts. One serious blemish in a book would
be enough to condemn the whole book. The strength of a chain is in its
weakest link. It is no comfort to think that there are many more sound
links in the chain than weak ones. When the defects in the bible are
pointed out, it is no answer to say that many, or even most, of its
parts are all right. But this leads us to the next important question.




IV. How to Test a Book

|THE character of a book is determined not by its best, but by its worst
parts. This sounds paradoxical, but let us see if it is not true. The
bulk of a book may be composed of harmless and even of wholesome matter,
but if there is in it even half a page of questionable teaching, the
book becomes unsafe. One may write magnificently of liberty and the
rights of man, for instance, but if anywhere in the book, even though
only for once, assassination be recommended as a political weapon, that
one idea would give to the whole work a dangerous tendency. Indeed, the
good parts of such a book, if anything, add to the mischief it might do,
because they help to give it an air of respectability. In the same way,
a comedy, or a drama, may be perfectly proper in nearly all its parts,
but if it offends good taste, or attacks morality in a single line, the
play is bad. One indelicate scene in a production will bring upon its
author the just condemnation of the public. Likewise, a novel may be
crowded with helpful philosophical reflections, but the least vulgarity
in it would make the book a menace.

We are not taking the position that such books or plays should never
be read or acted, but that they should never be given an _unqualified_
endorsement. The bible is given an unqualified endorsement. To deserve
it, it ought not only to be good in the main, but good altogether. We
shall see if the bible is good even in the main; but before we take up
that phase of the subject let me give you a few more illustrations
to show that it is not true of the bible only that its worst parts
determine its character, but also of the men in it who are held up for
our emulation. If any one of our physical organs is in an unhealthy or
perilous condition, the health of the whole body is in question. The
soundness of all our other parts can not excuse the alarming symptoms of
the affected organ. The insurance companies will reject our application
if, though perfectly well in all our other organs, we are seriously
affected in any one of them.

By the same rule is measured a man's intellectual parts. It is not the
thousand sensible things a man says, but the one absurd or impossible
statement he advances which gives us the gauge of his intellect. To the
objection that the rule which we have been applying would do a great
injustice if applied to such a man as Alfred Russel Wallace, for
instance, who though an eminent scientist, and the rival of Charles
Darwin, was also a firm believer in spiritualism, the answer is that the
example cited proves the inadvisability of endorsing any book or man,
unqualifiedly. Only an infallible book, or an infallible man, could
command such endorsement. The bible, therefore, must be perfect in
everything, else its unqualified endorsement by the clergy is a real
danger.

But not only the physical and the intellectual, but also the moral
character of a man is ascertained by this rule. One act of treachery or
murder is enough to put a man behind the bars. Before such a man may be
restored to society he must reform, and, likewise, before a book may
be given full endorsement, the objectionable and the absurd must be
eliminated therefrom. In the same way, before any man could be held
up as a perfect example, he must be above the charge of even a single
serious defect. If you would have your play staged, cut out the
offending lines; if you would have your bible read in the home and the
school, and the characters therein depicted, admired and followed, cut
out the scandalous stories and the immoral teachings it contains. You
will not do this? Then both science and morality have the right to
condemn your book, and forbid its use in the public schools, by the help
of the courts. We hope that in the near future the civilized world
will avail itself of this right, by taking steps to render the bible as
harmless in church and Sunday-school as it now is in the public schools.
This can be done by breaking down the _unqualified endorsement_ which
the sectarian interests of the country have given the book. Unveil the
bible! and its glamour will vanish.

The most telling proofs in favor of the Rationalist position on the
bible are the admissions which, from time to time, the defenders of the
bible themselves make. The editors of the _Oberlin College Magazine_,
which is a religious publication, in an article on "Bible Hero
Classics," suggest that parts of the bible should be excluded from the
mails:

_Modern scholarship has so changed the point of view with which the
bible is regarded, that one no longer has the confidence, in sending the
"seeker after God" to the bible to believe that he will certainly find
Him there. The Old Testament is a complete literature with units of
varying value. Much of it is incomprehensible to the ordinary reader.
Parts of it should be excluded from the mails._

Prof. Dr. Charles Henderson, the chaplain of the University of Chicago,
expresses his utter contempt for certain parts of the bible: "John
the Baptist's God was no better than our devil. The things which
made Solomon and David saints in their own day would land them in the
penitentiary in ours." *

     * Reported in the Tribune, Chicago.

The bible quotes God as saying that David was a man after His own heart,
but this divine tells us David was a criminal. Could a more damaging
admission be made by a clergyman? And yet the book that can mistake a
scoundrel for a saint is to be placed in the hands of our children at a
very tender age, and foisted upon the whole nation as "the sublimest of
books," to quote the words of another divine. * A book concerning which
its own friends can hold such diametrically opposite opinions can not
be, at least, a very honest book. Honest people speak or write to be
understood. If what one reader of the bible calls God, another calls the
devil; or if to one reader David is a great saint, while to another he
is only a scamp, deserving a long term in jail, then, surely, either we
can not understand the bible, in which case the book is worthless;
or the bible was not meant to be understood, which leads to the same
conclusion.

     * Editor Sunday School Times.

The Rev. J. Biresley, writing in the _Christian World_, pays,
unconsciously, a great tribute to the Rationalist: "More than thirty
years ago I listened to a lecture by Charles Bradlaugh on 'Is the Bible
True'? His assertions shocked the orthodox among his hearers, and yet
there was scarcely one of them which the biblical students of to-day
would not accept." What a compliment this is to the courage of the
Rationalist. He dared to shock the orthodox at a time when they had the
power to persecute him unto death. And what an admission this is, of the
intellectual and moral superiority of the heretic to the believer! It
takes "thirty years" of dilly-dallying before Christian scholars will
admit that the persecuted heretic was in the right. Is it any wonder
that the world is losing respect for priest and preacher and honoring
the heretics as the pioneers of the golden day of truth?

To the churches we say: "If you would save the bible, separate the good
from the bad, and the false from the true. Do not print them all in one
volume as the 'Holy Bible.' If you have not the courage to call any part
of the bible bad, or any of its statements false--we shall do it for
you."




Speak According to Knowledge

|THERE are also good things in the bible. It would be regrettable,
indeed, to believe it possible for a book of the size of the bible to be
wholly bad. Literature is life; and it would be as impossible to find
a people with a literature wholly bad, as it would be to find a people
with an infallible literature. Together with the _Vedas_ of India, the
_Avesta_ of the Pharisees, the _Five Kings_ of the Chinese, the Buddhist
_Tri Pitikes_, and the Moslem _Koran_, the Jewish-Christian scriptures
contain many splendid passages.

In all ancient literature we run across bits of fine poetry and
eloquence. It would really be impossible to collect all the literature
of a people, of whatever race or period in history, into one volume,
without finding in the collection many a precious gem. The cry of a man
in distress is always touching, be he Jew or Hindu. The love of man for
home and fatherland, for wife and child, for truth and freedom, in any
book, is sublime. Friendship is the one rose without a thorn, wherever
it blooms. A melody does not have to be inspired, to be sung in all
lands. We weep for the sufferings of a savage of ten thousand years ago,
and we laugh with the men of wit and humor of every race and clime. We
have no prejudice against the bible. All we demand is the liberty
to read it as we do any other literature: To enjoy what is noble and
inspiring in it, and to reject what is false and degrading. It is the
object of our efforts to make it perfectly proper, as well as safe,
for any one to read and tell the truth about the bible. No man shall be
compelled to agree with it upon penalty of losing his standing in the
community now, or his "soul" in the hereafter.

In comparing one book with another, we must bear in mind that it is not
the ideas in which they agree, but those in which they disagree, that
justifies their existence. All the seven bibles of the world * forbid
crime and recommend the virtues. Are they, then, all equally worthy?
If the important thing is sameness of teaching, why is not one bible
enough? But there are many bibles, because it is the differences that
preserve, as well as distinguish, one book from another. We would never
be able to tell wherein the bible of Confucius was superior to the
Moslem Koran, or the Koran to the Avesta of Zoroaster, or again, the
book of science to the creeds, if we confined our investigations to the
things held in common by them all. It is by the things in which they
_disagree_ that their real character is revealed.

     * The seven bibles of the world are the Koran of the
     Mohammedans, the Tri Pitikes of Buddhists, the Five Kings of
     the Chinese, the three Vedas of the Hindus, the Zend Avesta
     of the Persians, the Eddas of Scandinavia, and Old and New
     Testaments of the Christians.

"Thou shalt love thy neighbor" is in all the bibles, but "Speak
according to knowledge" is not in any of the bibles--it is found only in
the bible of science, and that is the difference between religion, which
builds on _faith_, and science, which builds on _knowledge_.

In this one difference is the glory of science, a glory which is not
shared by any of the sectarian bibles of the world.

"Speak according to knowledge" and "Speak according to knowledge."
That is to say, "Let your tongue keep pace with your mind," are the two
commandments for which one looks in vain in the Jewish-Christian bible.
Neither Moses nor Jesus ever thought of commanding, or at least of
permitting, people to confine their statements and beliefs to the
facts--of never dogmatizing about the unknown, which vice has converted
the world into a babel of discord, hatred and persecution. Never did
either of these teachers think of inculcating so sweet, so sane,
so wholesome, so modest, so reverent, so peaceful, a command as is
expressed in the caution which science has posted up at every turn of
the road: Speak according to knowledge.

Nor does the bible allow people to speak their true thoughts. Could any
book be guilty of a greater offense against the highest ethics? All the
Ten Commandments and the Sermon on the Mount can not make up for this
failure of the bible to encourage, yea; and to command, in unmistakably
plain and persuasive language, liberty of thought and speech as the only
guarantee of honesty in religion, and as the only enemy which falsehood
fears. On the other hand, how can any book be called good, much less the
best, in all the world, which contains such a passage as the following:

_He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth
not shall be damned._ *

     * Mark xvi, 16.

Can freedom and the bible live under the same roof? Would it be safe
to speak according to knowledge, when "damnation" is the penalty for so
doing? Was it to encourage honesty, liberty of conscience and tolerance
that so Asiatic and despotic a command as the above has been translated
into all the languages of the earth? Would not the bible have been a
more helpful book if it had said: "Do not believe upon insufficient
evidence, for to do so is to prefer error to truth"? But there is not
a single bible that contains so daring a commandment. If a man may not
"Speak according to knowledge," he can not act according to conscience,
and a religion which denies to us these two rights instead of saving us,
destroys us body and soul.

The only difference, in respect to freedom of worship, between the New
Testament and the Old is that, while the New Testament postpones the
punishment of the free thinker until the day of judgment, the Old
Testament proceeds to "damn" him here and now:

_If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or
the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice
thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods... Thou shalt not
consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity
him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him: but thou
shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to
death, and afterwards the hand of all the people. And thou shalt stone
him with stones that he die_. *

     * Deuteronomy xiii, 6-10.

It brings tears into my eyes to think of Europe and America upon their
knees, with blanched cheeks and trembling lips, before such a text. Why
retain so unjust and tyrannical a commandment in a book which the people
are asked to love and obey? And why translate such evil words into all
the tongues of man? What has happened to the European races--to the
descendants of the glorious Greeks and the proud Romans--that they can
fawn over a book that commands a mother to kill her child for not
believing as she does? Surely a blight of some kind must have fallen
upon both the heart and intellect of the Western world--else how explain
the gilt-edged bibles, containing these inhuman texts by the score,
which young and old carry in their pockets, and almost worship?

But the full import of this text is in the words we have printed in
italics: "_Neither shall thine eye pity him_." It seems as though the
being who gave the commandment feared that the natural affections might
lead fathers or mothers to hesitate dipping their hands in the blood
of their own sons and daughters; hence, the imperative, "Neither shall
thine eye pity him." Yes, the heart must turn into a stone, even as
the head must be stunned, before anyone can be a good Jew or a good
Christian.




PART III.




I. The First Chapter of the Bible

|MUCH depends upon what impression the first chapter produces upon our
minds. If we find the statements therein contained accurate, precise,
reasonable, original, of course, that fact will dispose us very
favorably toward the remainder of the book; but if, on the other hand,
the first chapter should appear to us as fantastical, fictitious,
legendary, contradictory, grotesque--made up of gossip borrowed from
here and there--naturally, we will be prejudiced against the chapters
which follow. If the first chapter is not true, the credit of the book
will certainly suffer. We may read the rest of the book as literature,
or from curiosity, but as the word of God--no!

Curious, is it not, that there is not a Christian scholar, or a
university man, who does not admit that the opening chapter of the bible
is legendary, that is to say, not true. Sir Oliver Lodge, who is one of
the champions of the church, in his reply to Professor Haeckel, refers
to the first chapter as "the old Genesis legend." Canon Farrar, who
was a shining light in the Anglican church, calls this same chapter
an allegory, that is to say, a fable. And the scholarly authors of
the Encyclopedia Biblica do not hesitate to deal with the story of
the creation in Genesis as mere gossip, borrowed from Assyrian and
Babylonian sources.

There is hardly a single educated Christian who accepts the first
chapter of the bible as anything more than tradition or fiction.

The dean of the University of Chicago, who is a Baptist clergyman,
recently said this in public print: "It is irreligious to teach that the
world was made in six days, when we know that it was not." But the first
chapter of the bible teaches that untruth, and for two thousand years
the churches, according to this Christian professor, have taught what
is not true. In the Ten Commandments, supposed to have been given by God
himself, and which are still read in all the churches, we are ordered to
keep the seventh day holy, "for in six days the Lord made the heaven and
the earth, etc." Yet, this Christian professor says this is not true.
What is still more puzzling is that this same professor who condemns
the first chapter as erroneous, accepts the second, or the third, or
the tenth, as the word of God! Even more astonishing than this is the
conduct of the religious teachers who from Monday to Saturday believe
in the scientific doctrine of evolution, but on Sunday repeat with the
_Westminster Catechism_ that "In six days the Lord made the heaven and
the earth." What shall we think of a religion that can make people so
callous as that?

Of course, a book or a man may make a number of statements of which some
are true and some are not, but the man or the book that makes statements
of which some are true and some false ceases to be different from any
other book or man. The position of the orthodox preachers, that the
bible is infallible from cover to cover, is very much more consistent
than the position of the Christian professor we have quoted, who says
that the first chapter of the bible is not the word of God, but the
second or the fifth is. No. If the first chapter of your "holy" book is
not divine, the whole book is human.

But to state, as these Christian scholars do, that what the bible says
in its first chapter is not true, is to make a very serious admission.
If Genesis is a legend, Jesus might be a legend, too, for both Genesis
and Jesus are in the same "holy" book. If the bible is unreliable when
it says the world was created, it may be equally unreliable when it says
Christ was incarnated. If it is not true that the universe was made in
six days, it may not be true either that Christ rose from the grave. Our
evidence for either statement is the bible. If the story of the fall of
man is a myth, the story of the "Lamb of God taking away the sins of
the world," may also be a myth. You can not part with Genesis and
keep Jesus. The moment a single stone is removed from the structure of
super-naturalism, the safety of the whole building is threatened. The
tragedy of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden is inseparably related to
the tragedy of a dying god on Calvary. Christ is supposed to have shed
his blood because Adam's sin had brought a curse upon the whole human
race; and if Adam is a myth, what becomes of Christ?




The First Verse of the Bible

|BUT let us read the first verse of the first chapter:

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

Indeed! The text could not be more childish if it read: "In the
beginning God created the heaven and the moon." Is not the moon, or
the earth, a very small part of "the heaven" and included therein? Why
separate the earth, or the moon, from the rest of the universe? How
would it sound to say: "In the beginning God created the earth and the
Sandwich Islands?" or "the earth and a grain of sand"? But our next
comment will show that if the writer of this first verse of the
first chapter of the bible was pitiably ignorant of his subject, the
translator of it was even worse than ignorant--he was, I am sorry to
say, also a falsifier.

"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth."

I hold my breath! The very first verse shows deliberate manipulation and
tampering with the text. The Hebrew word which has been rendered into
English as "God," is "Elohim," which means gods, not God. The singular
of Elohim is Eloah--the dreaded one. But the Hebrew text reads Elohim,
not Eloah, that is to say, the plural and not the singular form is used.
Had the translators of the bible been free from sectarian prejudices,
the first verse in the bible would have read: "In beginning (not in
the beginning) the gods created the heaven and the earth." But the
priesthood, which had the bible in its custody, desired to prove by it
the dogma of monotheism. Yet, the first verse of the first chapter
of the bible proved polytheism--more than one god. Whereupon, the
translators quietly dropped the letter "s" from the word gods, and made
it to read God, thereby suppressing the fact that the supposed inspired
writer of the opening chapter of the book was a Pagan, with more gods
than the translators themselves believed in. It does not require much
effort to see what the consequences would have been had the first verse
of the bible been truthfully rendered into the modern tongues. "In
beginning the gods created the heaven and the earth" might have
relegated the bible to the limbo of other mythological compositions.
"The gods" would have made the exclusiveness of Christianity or Judaism
impossible. The history of European religions would have been different
had not that one letter "s" in the first verse of the first chapter of
the bible, and the very first time the deity is mentioned, been killed
by the translators. Of course, finding manipulation in the very first
verse, we will begin to suspect that other texts, too, have been
"doctored."

The very name of the book--Holy Bible--shows manipulation. By what, or
by whose authority is the book called "holy"? It is nowhere stated
in any of the manuscripts translated that the writings are "holy."
The words Holy Bible, then, represent nothing more than the opinion
or guess, or, at best, the judgment, of the English translators of the
book.

But there is a more serious example of manipulation on the title-page of
the Bible. Instead of admitting that the translation has been made from
Hebrew and Greek copies, not originals, for there are no originals (and,
therefore, there is no way of telling how true the copies are, since
they can not be compared with the originals), the words
_Translated out of the original Greek_ is inserted on the title-page
of the New Testament. This, I am compelled to say, is an indefensible
misstatement. The truth is that the originals, if they ever existed, are
lost. The bible as we have it is not quite two hundred and fifty years
old, and the most ancient manuscript in existence of the Old Testament
is not a thousand years old. This is the _Codex Petropolitanus_, which
is in the library of St. Petersburg. But where are the originals?
Why were they lost? Why were they "inspired" if they were not to be
preserved? But how can men who do not hesitate to state in print that
they possess the "original Greek" of the New Testament when they do not
and never have possessed it, pose as the moral teachers of the world? If
the translators of the bible wished to confine themselves to the truth,
instead of saying "Translated out of the original Greek, which is not
so, they would have said this on the title-page of their work:=

````A Collection of Writings

```Of Unknown Date and Authorship,

````Rendered Into English

``From Supposed Copies of Supposed Originals

````Unfortunately Lost.=

Rev. T. K. Cheyne, who is one of the contributors to the most scholarly
work recently produced by churchmen, * gives a number of instances of
deliberate manipulation of bible texts by the translators. "The Old
Testament," he writes, "is not altogether in its original form; it has
undergone not merely corruption, but editorial manipulation. This is
plainer in some books than in others; but nowhere, perhaps, is it more
manifest than in the Psalter." Two of his examples of mistranslation are
from the twenty-ninth psalm:

     * The Encyclopedia Biblica.


  Authorized Version.           Literal Translation.

     1. Give thanks unto             the Ascribe unto Yahwe, O ye
  Lord, O ye mighty, give unto       sons of Jerahmeel,
  the Lord glory and strength.       Ascribe unto Yahwe glory



     2. Give unto the Lord the      and strength.
  glory due unto his name;          Ascribe glory, O ye Ish-
  worship the Lord in the           maelites, unto Yahwe,
  beauty of holiness.               Worship Yahwe, Rehoboth
                                    and Cush.


  Compare also the first verse of the one hundred
  and thirty-ninth psalm with its literal translation as
  given by Doctor Cheyne :



    Authorized Version.            Literal Translation.

     1. O Lord thou hast          O Yahwe ! thou hast rooted
  searched me, and known me.      up Zarephath,

     2. Thou knowest my           It is thou that hast cut
  down-sitting and mine upris-    down Maacath;
  ing, thou understandest my      Ashhur and Arabia thou
  thoughts afar off.              hast scattered.
                                  All Jerahmeel thou hast
                                  subdued.

But one of the worst cases of tampering with "inspired" texts is to be
found in the New Testament. For nearly two thousand years the seventh
verse of the fifth chapter of the first epistle of St. John has been
saying this: "For there are three that bear record in heaven, the
Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost; and these three are one."

You may look high and low for that text in the Revised Version, but you
will not be able to find it there. That text has slipped out of, or has
been spirited away from, the bible, _revised_. After twenty centuries
of time, the forgery blushes to look criticism in the face. The smuggled
text for the trinity is still in the King James' bible, but the best
scholarship of the church, at least, is ashamed of it, and has dropped
it. What confidence can be placed upon men who wait for twenty hundred
years before they will admit that what the Rationalist has been saying
right along about the bible being a medley (to which from time to time
the sects made such additions as suited their interests or from which
they dropped whatever was prejudicial to their claims) is really true.

But let us return to the first verse of the bible: It is evident that
the writer of that verse believed in more than one god. This is shown by
other references to the subject in the same chapter. He makes Elohim, or
the gods, say, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness." Still
another text reads: "Behold the man has become as one of us," which is
also in keeping with the "gods" who created the heaven and the earth.

In reply to this criticism, it has been argued that the "we" or the
"us" and the "our" in this part of the bible prove the doctrine of the
trinity. The Catholic bible, in a footnote, plainly says so. Evidently,
John Milton was of the same opinion, for in Paradise Lost he says:=

```... Therefore the omnipotent

```Eternal father--thus to his Son audibly spake:

```Let us make now man in our image... *=

     * Paradise Lost, book VII.

But why should the words "us" and "our" prove that there are only three
persons in the Godhead? Why may not "we" mean four, or forty? Why only
three? It is really childish to see in "gods," or in "we," a proof of
only three gods, and no more.

Besides, the members of the trinity are all supposed to belong to the
male sex; but the "gods" in Genesis say that they created man in their
image, "male and female," the implication being that there were female
as well as male gods in the "we" of the first chapter of the bible. This
argument failing, the defenders of the bible make a second attempt to
explain away the letter "s" in gods: The writer of the first chapter
of the bible, they argue, wrote the plural form out of respect to the
deity. He used the "royal style" of speaking to express his veneration.
But if "gods" in the plural is the respectful title of the deity, why
did the translators use the disrespectful singular in English? Why did
they drop the plural for the singular in the translation? Or is it only
in Hebrew that the "royal style" must be observed? And is it conceivable
that a God who elsewhere in the bible says "I"--"I am a jealous God,"
and "I only am God," and "there is none other beside me"--would here,
and in the very first chapter, and on a most important subject, say
"_we_ gods" created "the heaven and the earth"?

There is no better way to prove the weakness of a cause than by trying
to uphold it by equivocal arguments. Men would never be arguing that
"we" means the trinity, or that it is the "royal style," etc., if
they had more cogent arguments to advance. It is only when we are hard
pressed that we resort to sophistry.

But let us read the second verse:

_The earth was without form and void; and darkness was upon the face of
the deep. And the spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters._

Honestly, it is impossible to get any intelligible meaning out of such
a sentence. The earth was without _form?_ Was not the form of our globe
the same in the beginning as it is now? Can there be anything without a
form of some kind? The revisers of the authorized version of the bible,
wishing to remedy this ignorant statement, have dropped the word form,
and substituted in its place the word waste: "The earth was waste and
void." But "waste" and "void" mean practically the same thing. The
revisers have simply refused to translate the word which means "without
form." Of course, the revised version is not read in all the churches;
and in the authorized version, "the earth is without form." This
meaningless text has been made to support the idea that at one time
there was only chaos, out of which the creator evolved cosmos. Science,
however, has shown that nature was never in a state of chaos. The laws
of matter are the same to-day, and will be the same to-morrow--and they
have never been different. The law of gravitation, for instance, was as
potent and inevitable when the earth was younger as it is now. There was
just as much order, or to put it differently, nature was as orderly a
billion years ago as she is to-day. Everything happened according to
the inherent properties of matter and force then, as now, and as it
will happen to-morrow and forever. Chaos, then, is a figment of the
theological mind. To provide God with something to do, a chaos was
invented, which had to be tamed into a cosmos to keep the deity
occupied.

But the text proceeds to inform us that "darkness was upon the face of
the deep." This can not mean that the land itself was in the light;
it must mean that the entire earth, land and sea, were wrapped up in
darkness. All we have, then, in the beginning, is _darkness_, and God's
spirit moving about in the darkness. What a beginning! If God is light,
as we are told elsewhere in the bible, how could there be darkness where
he lived and moved about? God in the dark! or, God and the darkness! The
unknown! It is this Darkness which men have called God! And is it not
significant that because of this early association with darkness,
the gods have always preferred it to the light. In First Kings, sixth
chapter, fourth verse, we read that Solomon in building his temple "made
windows of narrow lights." The house was meant to be the dwelling place
of God, and care was taken to shut out the light, except what slipped in
through narrow windows. Modern church buildings show the same prejudice
against the light. God feels at home in the darkness! That was his first
home--when he moved about in the universal night. It is also plainly
stated in the bible that God prefers darkness for his abode.

_The Lord said that he would dwell in the thick darkness._ *

     * I Kings viii, 12.

God! Darkness! They are joined together and no man has ever been able to
put them asunder.

But let us read on:

_And God said, Let there be light; and there was light. And God saw the
light, that it was good._

Was that the first time the deity saw the light? Did he not know before
this that the light was good? If he really had been moving over the
face of the waters in total darkness for _oons_, who could blame him for
calling the light good? After he saw that the light was good, he divided
it from the darkness, and he called the light day, and the darkness he
called night, "and the evening and the morning were the first day." We
have now day and night--evening and morning; but we have as yet no
sun. Indeed, the sun is not created until the fourth day. How could
there be light without the sun? And why create a sun if light could be
had without it? The earth is in darkness or in the light according to
its relative position to the sun. By its revolution on its axis
the earth presents an ever shifting surface to the sun. The earth's
movements are caused by two contrary forces, the centripetal and the
centrifugal--the one tossing the earth like a ball into infinite space,
and the other tugging it toward the sun. The equilibrium of these forces
marks the diurnal course of the earth. Without the sun there would be
no revolution of the earth, and if the earth stood still, there could be
neither evening nor morning. And yet this verse states there was day and
night, morning and evening, before there was any sun. The idea that the
world is a progressive body, with the reins in the grip of those two
forces, the centrifugal and the centripetal, whipping her on, and yet
never letting her for a moment, even, to step out of the celestial
race-course, never entered the puny and prosaic minds of myth-makers.
Is there any reason why we should accept so impossible an explanation of
the origin of the universe, or of the relation of the earth to the sun,
when we have within our reach the stupendous revelations of science?

The creation of the sun, like the creation of the woman, seems to have
been an afterthought. Not only was there both light and darkness--a day
and a night--before there was any sun, but the sunless light was also
strong enough to produce vegetation, for the bible states that herbs and
trees appeared and flourished on the third day; that is to say,
vegetation arrived twenty-four hours before the sun. Not only does the
bible speak of the stars as if they were thrown in, "He made the stars
also," but the sun seems to have been thrown in, too--just as a grocer
weighing beans tosses into the already loaded scales a few additional
ones.

"The sun was made to give light upon the earth," say the Scriptures. But
the earth was already lit up by the "Let there be light, and there was
light," of the deity. The grass grew and the trees bore fruit after
their kind without any help whatever from the sun. But an excuse must be
provided for the existence of the sun: it was made "to give light upon
the earth." It never occurred to the infallible writer that the sun,
being one million five hundred thousand times bigger than the earth,
would give more light than the earth could use. What would we say to
the wisdom of creating a million million candle-power electric flame to
light a molecule of dust? Yet, not only the sun which is fifteen hundred
thousand times bigger than ourselves, but also the stars which are many
times bigger than the sun, and of which there are an infinite number,
were all created to dance attendance on this tiny dewdrop of a world,
trembling in infinite space. The man who originated this gossip about
sun and stars thought the firmament was a solid roof, just about so
large and so far from the earth. It was made of hammered plate, and was
equipped with windows which opened and shut, to let out or to stop
the rain. The stars, sun and moon were fastened to this upper roof and
worked to and fro "like sliding panels." Is it possible that people find
this infantile story of earth and sky inspiring? And is it not a pity
that we Americans, in this twentieth century, lack both the courage and
the frankness to speak our minds freely on the bible? If this Asiatic
book has done no other harm than to seal the lips of science from fear,
it has done enough to deserve all the criticisms that Rationalism has
leveled against it.




Theologians Discover That Six Days Means Six Periods

|THE defenders of the first chapter of the bible, in their attempt to
reconcile theology with science, have advanced the theory that the "six
days" of creation, instead of meaning six natural days of twenty-four
hours, means six indefinite periods of time. The object of this
explanation is to give the deity sufficient time to build his universe
in, and so bring the story of theology and science into something like
harmony. Of course, "six" meant six, and "days" meant days for nearly
two thousand years, and there was no idea of ever changing the meaning
of these words until the voice of Charles Darwin was heard in the
world. Then in haste the clergy, too, made a "great" discovery. Darwin
discovered the law of evolution; the clergy discovered that "six days"
in the bible means six _oons_, or eras of large proportions.

There is a semblance of truth in this contention of the theologians.
When, for example, we say in Washington's day, we mean, the century, or
the times Washington lived in. Or when we say "in the day of the Lord"
we do not mean a day of twenty-four hours, but a long and indefinite
period of time. But this defense breaks down completely when it is
remembered that the bible positively states the _number_ of days
required to make the world in. One day of indefinite duration would have
been enough if time were what God needed. Why "six" indefinite times?
The "six" before the word days is unanswerable proof that the "inspired"
writer meant just six days and nothing more. When the number of days
required for any purpose is stated, "days" can only mean one thing. If
we say Washington crossed the Delaware and drove the English out of the
State in "six days," there is absolutely no way of making the "six
days" mean anything else than six days. The number "six" is fatal to the
theological theory that days means eras. God was for forty days on Mount
Sinai; Jesus was in the wilderness for forty days; and he remained with
his disciples for forty days after his resurrection. If forty days means
forty days, six days can mean six indefinite periods of time only when
there is no other way of saving the creed.

Still another proof that the bible writers believed the universe was
called into existence in six natural days, is their phrase, "and the
evening and the morning were the first day," and "the evening and the
morning were the second day," and so on to the end of the week. We do
not need an evening and a morning to complete an indefinite era. And the
seventh day on which, in imitation of the Lord, we are supposed to rest
from our labors--is that, too, an indefinite period of time? Moreover,
to intimate that six days were not enough for an almighty god to create
the universe in would be nothing less than skepticism. It is expressly
stated in the bible that nothing "is too hard" for God; why, then, are
not six days of twenty-four hours enough? They _were_ enough, before
Darwin. To extend the six days into six periods is to make terms with
science, and when one begins to do that one has already lost his faith.
In the bible of India, God only _thought_ of creating a world, and
behold the world was. That way of creating is more becoming to a god.
He, who could create out of nothing, could create also without time. The
Hindu god is bigger than the Hebrew. The former only thinks the world
into being. The latter needs six eras, or indefinite time, for the same
piece of work. It is the Hindu who has faith.

Let me explain: If I were asked, for example, to tell the time according
to my watch, there is only one answer I could make, if I wished to tell
the truth. I am limited to one answer--one only. But if I did not care
to tell the time as I have it, there are a hundred things I could say
instead. A man can say many things that are not true, but only one thing
can he say if he wishes to answer a question honestly. The theologians
do not seem to want to tell the truth about the bible; hence they have
a hundred other things to say. There is no end to the dodges,
excuses, apologies, sophisms--the allegorical, metaphorical, spiritual
interpretations--they can resort to to avoid giving the one true answer
about the bible.

To the scientist "six days" means six days; to the theologian they mean
whatever the interests of his creed require them to mean. They may mean
one thing to-day and another to-morrow. If the theologian is addressing
missionary converts, "six days" means six days, and if he is addressing
scientists, he may make the "six days" mean six very long periods--as
long as his hearers desire. The first and last duty of the theologian
is to save his creed. He will tell the truth when it helps his creed;
he will suppress the truth when he thinks it will hurt his creed. He was
not ordained to be loyal to the truth; he was ordained to stand up for
the creed. "An oath, an oath, I have an oath in heaven," cried Shylock,
when he was asked to listen to the voice of humanity. Likewise, when
Reason appeals to the clergyman to tell the truth about the bible, he
answers: "An oath, an oath, I have taken an oath to defend the creed.
Shall I lay perjury to my soul?"

But Genesis is as unreliable on the question of the age of the earth as
it is on the way it came into existence. While it is not stated in the
bible just how old the earth is, by comparing and computing the various
dates it gives the precise biblical age of the earth may be arrived at.
According to the chronology of the bible, the earth is something near
six thousand years old. Of course, it may be that "years" in the bible
no more means years than "days" means days, but if they do, then the
bible is wrong again. It is now generally admitted by scientists that
the age of our planet runs into the millions. There is not a single
scholar who accepts the bible chronology seriously. According to Darwin,
who weighs his statements before he makes them, two hundred millions of
years would hardly be enough to bring about the multifarious forms of
life which now exist on the earth.

Historians have discovered traces of a civilization on the banks of the
Nile long before the mythical Adam opened his eyes in Eden. Egypt was
in blossom long before the forbidden tree was planted in paradise, and
archeology has proved the existence of man on this planet myriads of
years before Egypt reared her pyramids, or Athens her Parthenon. Out
of the caves of Germany, England and France have been dug the bones of
primitive man who saw the light of the sun and heard the swing of the
sea nearly two hundred and fifty thousand years ago. In a publication of
the Smithsonian. Institution, issued and paid for by the United States
Government, it is stated that there is enough proof to make the age
of the earth at least seventy millions of years. Every day, except on
Sunday, and everywhere, except in church, the United States affixes its
official seal, and gives full approval, to the teachings of science; but
on Sunday, and in church, the same United States officially bows down
and worships as the Word of God a book that makes all science a heresy
and a blasphemy. And we wonder that there is so much false profession in
the land!

Mr. Gladstone, a few years ago, tried to help the theologians defend
Genesis against the onslaughts of Darwinism. It was the object of his
encounter with Huxley to show that the bible account of creation was
as consistent with the known facts as the theory of evolution. In fact,
Genesis, according to Gladstone, was a sort of introduction to Darwin's
_Origin of Species_. In his admirable reply to Gladstone, Professor
Huxley gives the bible version of the origin of life and the world to
show the irreconcilable difference between revelation and science. Says
Professor Huxley:

_The bible teaches that this visible universe of ours came into
existence at no great distance of time from the present, and that
the parts of which it is composed made their appearance in a certain
definite order, in the space of six natural days, in such a manner
that on the first of these days light appeared; that on the second the
firmament or sky separated the waters above from the waters beneath the
firmament; that on the third day the waters drew away from the dry land,
and upon it a varied vegetable life, similar to that which now
exists, made its appearance; that the fourth day was signalized by the
apparition of the sun, the stars, the moon and the planets; that on
the fifth day aquatic animals originated within the waters; that on the
sixth day the earth gave rise to our four-footed terrestial creatures,
and to all variations of terrestial animals except birds, which had
appeared on the preceding day; and, finally, that man appeared upon the
earth, and the emergence of the universe from chaos was finished._

Continuing, Professor Huxley shows how the theologians try to wiggle out
of all that this implies by quietly changing the natural meaning of the
words used by the bible writers. He says:

_If we are to listen to many expositors of no mean authority, we must
believe that what seems so clearly defined in Genesis--as if very great
pains had been taken that there should be no possibility of mistake--is
not the meaning of the text at all. The account is divided into periods
that we may make just as long or as short as convenience requires. We
are also to understand that it is consistent with the original text to
believe that the most complex plants and animals may have been
evolved by natural processes, lasting for millions of years, out of
structureless rudiments. A person who is not a Hebrew scholar can only
stand aside and admire the marvelous flexibility of a language which
admits of such diverse interpretations._ *

     * Controverted Questions, page 100.




The Great Tragedy

|BUT it is when we come to read the bible story of the creation of man
that its unreliability becomes more manifest than ever. The story
of Adam and Eve seems to have been lifted bodily out of some foreign
document. This is evident from the fact that it is never referred to
again throughout the Old Testament. When the Jews were carried into
captivity they became familiar with the Babylonian legend of creation,
its Garden of Eden, the serpent, the forbidden tree, the fall of man,
etc. The name of the first man in the Babylonian story was _Adami_.

The belief that man was formed out of the earth is very ancient. Men saw
dead bodies return to dust, and, naturally enough, they inferred from it
that man was made out of the dust of the earth.

In the Jewish story, as related in the second chapter of Genesis, the
first man was a bachelor, and if he had liked that sort of life, woman,
in all probability, would never have been created. It is suggested
in the story that God asked Adam to choose a companion from among the
animals, which were made to pass before him, that he might name them,
and if possible select from among them a companion for himself:

_And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to
every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an helpmeet
for him._ *

Adam was lonely:

_And the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept:
and he took one of his ribs... and the rib which the Lord God had taken
from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man._ **

     * Genesis ii, 20.

     ** Ibid. 21-22.

The story of the temptation of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, on
which the whole theological system of the churches is built, is so crude
that it can not stand any kind of an examination. Adam and Eve, for
instance, are warned against the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good
and evil. But, really, they did not have to eat of this tree to be able
to tell good from evil, for they already knew the difference. When Adam
saw God, his maker, did he not love and honor him? If so, he knew what
was good. Did he not love his garden home? If so, he could tell what
was good. And did he not rejoice when Eve appeared before him with the
freshness of beauty in her cheeks and the sparkle of love in her eyes?
If so, Adam knew what was bliss. What was the object, then, of telling
Adam that he must not learn to distinguish good from evil? Did not Adam
and Eve enjoy their daily walks and musings? Did they not see that the
trees and the flowers springing up at their feet were fair to look upon?
Were they not able to smell the fragrance that came with each passing
zepyhr, or to feast on the luxury of shade and color that greeted their
eyes? Did not the song of the birds wake melodies in their souls? Surely
they were not wooden beings without either feeling or taste; yet, if
they could feel and choose, they certainly knew what was good and what
was not good before they ate of the magical tree in Eden.

Again, were not Adam and Eve made in the image of God? How, then, could
they be ignorant of good and evil? If they could not tell the difference
between good and evil, or between God and the devil, in what sense were
they created moral beings? A man really created in the likeness of God
does not have to eat of a tree before he can tell right from wrong.

God said to Adam: "For on the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt
surely die." That is conclusive evidence that Adam knew good from evil
before he ate of the forbidden tree; for he feared death. He must have
known that it was a terrible thing to die; he must have known enough
to prefer life to death, else he could not have been scared by such a
punishment.

"But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, _thou shalt not eat
of it_." This was not only a superfluous commandment, but also one that
could under no conceivable circumstances be obeyed. How could any one
be prevented from acquiring knowledge? To live is to learn. Why did God
give Adam eyes and ears if he was not to see or hear? But to see and
hear is to compare, and to compare is to learn. Memory retains what
the eyes and the ears have communicated to it, and thus is born
experience--the universal teacher. To give a man a pair of lungs, and
then to tell him he shall not breathe, would not be more unreasonable
than to give a man organs, senses, brains--to make him in the image
of God--and then to menace him with instant death if he should acquire
knowledge. To give an impossible commandment is to desire its violation.

The apologists of the bible say that God was only trying Adam's
character, as he tried Abraham's faith when he ordered him to sacrifice
his son Isaac. But why try Adam with the tree of the knowledge of
good and evil? Why not with some other tree? And why try him with an
impossible commandment? The first requisite of a trial is that it be
fair. Was it fair to deny to living and growing minds, "divinely" made,
the acquisition of experience? Is it fair to deny to one athirst, the
truth? And for whose benefit was the trial? God certainly must have
known in advance how Adam would behave under the circumstances; and as
for Adam, how could he act otherwise than as God had foreordained? Let
the truth be told: the bible deity was only seeking a pretext to damn
the first man he ever created and to curse the only world he ever made.
And this, that the clergy may be able to declaim, "God so loved the
world that he gave his only begotten son to die for it"!

If God meant only to test Adam's loyalty to his creator, how explain the
following text:

_And the Lord God said, Behold the man has become as one of us, to know
good and evil: and now lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the
tree of life, and eat, and live forever; therefore the Lord God sent him
forth from the Garden of Eden.... So he drove out the man_. *

     * Genesis iii, 22-24.

I am sorry, but that text places God in a poor light. The tree was
forbidden, to prevent Adam from becoming a higher being. The "Good God"
was angry because man had become like one of us. And "he drove out the
man" for an equally envious reason: "Lest he put forth his hand, and
take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever" The "Lord God"
did not desire man to be immortal--that is why he "drove" him out of
Paradise, and to make the fall of man sure, to prevent his ever rising
to "divine" heights, the Lord God stationed guards with flaming swords
at the gates of Eden to beat back man from "the way of the tree of
life." And is this the God who so loved the world that he gave his only
begotten son to die for it? Had he been more honest with Adam the crime
of the crucifixion might have been prevented.

It is one of the principal tenets of all the churches that man was
created immortal, and that but for Adam's disobedience there would have
been no death in the world and Paradise would have remained in man's
possession forever. But there is not the shadow of a foundation in the
story as told in the bible for such an inference. The bible teaches the
very opposite of what the churches hold. Adam is driven from Paradise to
_prevent_ him from becoming immortal by eating also of the tree of
life. If God really wished the happiness of nan, he would, instead
of warning him against magical trees, have instructed him in the things
that preserve life and promote joy. He would have told Adam and Eve how
to love one another, to moderate their desires, and to labor daily for
beauty as well as for bread. He would have warned them, not against the
tree of knowledge, but against the cunning, crafty serpent, of whose
existence he leaves them in utter ignorance. If the bible God were
really the friend of man, he would never have pitted two inexperienced
children like Adam and Eve against Satan, the Lord of hell, and a match
for God Almighty himself. And in the hour of danger the Lord was not
there to help his little ones! He left them alone with the fiend who
plays with loaded dice! By whose permission did the devil make his
appearance in Paradise? And was there a devil before Adam fell? What a
story! Created and concealed in Eden, there was a devil, a monster,
who springs upon the first human pair, and they bleed to death in his
clutches; and "the Lord God" does not appear on the scene until after
the devil has retired. And this is the being whom we must call "Our
Father"! We are unable to find in the bible either a paradise or a
father. We have been taught to believe that where the devil is there is
hell; the devil was in the Garden of Eden, therefore, the Garden of
Eden could not have been truly a Paradise. And had God really been a
"father," he would never have forgotten to warn his children against the
serpent and his deadly sting.

But the story as told in Genesis is more creditable to the Evil One than
to "the Lord God." The devil told the truth to Eve when he assured her
that "In the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye
shall be as gods, knowing good and evil." His statement squares with the
facts. He did not deceive them. Nor did he coax, or urge them to eat of
the fruit of the tree. Adam and Eve were left to do as they pleased. The
devil did not threaten them with dire consequences if they refused to
obey his word. No attempt was made to scare or "stampede" them into
plucking the forbidden fruit. All he did was to tell them exactly what
would happen if they ate of the fruit of the tree of knowledge; and then
he retired. Let us place in parallel columns the words spoken by the
serpent, or the devil whom he is supposed to have personified, and those
of the Lord God:


     The Lord God said :          And the serpent said :


  But of the tree of the          Ye shall not surely die.

  knowledge of good and evil,     For God doth know that in

  thou shalt not eat of it: for   the day ye eat thereof, then

  in the day that thou eatest     your eyes shall be opened, and

  thereof thou shalt surely       ye shall be as gods, knowing

  die.*                           good and evil. **


     * This was spoken to Adam alone, for as yet Eve was not
     created. See Genesis ii, 16, 17.

     **  Ibid. iii, 5.

Which of the two speakers told the truth? Adam and Eve did not die on
the day they ate of the tree, as God had said they would--Adam lived to
be nine hundred years old--and their eyes were opened to know good and
evil, just as the devil had predicted. We have already anticipated and
answered the argument that when God said they would die on the day they
ate of the forbidden tree, he meant they would become mortal. They were
not immortal before they had tasted of the fruit, since God expelled
them from Eden to prevent them from eating also of the tree of life and
becoming immortal.

To few of the readers of the bible has it ever occurred that the first
commandment God ever gave to man practically made the acquisition of
knowledge a crime. The truth is that the first commandment of every
revealed religion is a "Thou shalt not know." According to Genesis,
the Lord offered a Paradise to man on condition that he steer clear
of knowledge. There has been considerable discussion as to the precise
location of the Garden of Eden. But if we do not know where the
Garden of Eden was, we know very well what it was. The Garden of Eden
was--Ignorance. This is the Paradise which the revealed religions offer
to man. To know is to be expelled from Paradise. After God had placed
Adam in Paradise, that is to say, in a state of ignorance, he said
to him: "Thou shalt not eat of the fruit of the tree of knowledge,"
threatening him at the same time with death on the day that he ate
of the fruit of that tree. Everything else was permitted save the
acquisition of knowledge. On the day that man opened his eyes he lost
the paradise of the gods--Ignorance!

It has been customary to trace modern scepticism, or free inquiry, to
the eighteenth century, or to the Renaissance; but in reality modern
thought began with Adam in the Garden of Eden--assuming for the time
being the correctness of the narrative. Man broke the very first
commandment the gods ever gave, "Thou shalt not know," and by so doing
he became himself a menace to the gods. That is very interesting. It was
not man who died on the day the fruit of knowledge was plucked; it was
the gods. "Take care!" said man to God. "Take care! The day on which I
eat of the fruit of the tree of knowledge thou shalt die!" It is now
admitted by the foremost biblical scholars that there are really two
different stories of the creation of man in the first and second
chapters of the bible. The universe is called into being by _Elohim_ in
the first; while _Jahve_ is the name of the creator in the second.
Another important difference between the two accounts of the creation is
that in the one, man appears before the deity has completed the creation
of the heaven and the earth; while in the other man is the last thing
God creates. It will be observed also that there is not a word said in
the second account about man being made in the image of God, or of his
being created male and female; while there is nothing in the first
account about a garden or a forbidden tree. On the contrary, in the
earlier story every tree is given for "meat" unto the man and the woman,
who were created at the same time, and not the one out of a rib of the
other, and at a later time, as is related in the second account. In the
first, or Elohistic story, God blesses Adam and Eve and commands them to
"be fruitful and multiply"; in the second, or Jehovistic story,
child-bearing is not a blessing, but a curse pronounced upon the woman
for having eaten of the forbidden fruit. Eve has no offspring until she
is expelled from Paradise in the second version, while in the first,
Adam and Eve are commanded from the start to "multiply and replenish the
earth."

But why are both stories published? In all probability, to satisfy both
the _Elohistic_ and _Jehovistic_ factions. It is also probable that the
different accounts are the work of different compilers or collectors
of news. The bible gives many signs of being a miscellany of floating
reports and rumors, or "they says," picked up here and there, and put
together very loosely. Nor should we be surprised at the differences
between the Elohistic and Jehovistic writers, for they are not more
hopelessly at variance with each other than are the evangelists who tell
the story of Jesus.




II. Taboo and Totem.

|WHAT is the most probable explanation of the Garden of Eden story,
whether in its Babylonian or Hebrew form? To answer this question and
also to help explain many of the institutions and ceremonial observances
in the bible, it will be necessary to acquaint ourselves with the
meaning of certain words, such as taboo, totem and magic. The word taboo
has come into the modern language from the Polynesian, and it means
forbidden. And yet there is a fundamental difference between a thing
which is forbidden in the English sense of that word, and a thing which
is taboo in the sense which primitive races attached to that word. For
example, when we see a notice which reads, "Passengers are forbidden
to stand on the platform of the train," or "Smoking not allowed in the
dining-car," the object of the interdiction is in either case perfectly
plain. We know why the act in question is prohibited. There is no
suggestion of mystery about it. A thing that is taboo, however, is so
for a reason which is undiscoverable. The bible forbids the eating of
pork. Why? The theologians try to explain that the prohibition against
pork had a sanitary motive. Such an answer is tantamount to an admission
on their part that they have not studied the bible with any care at all.
To say that Moses objected to pork on sanitary grounds would be about as
reasonable as to say that he commanded the extermination of Gentiles on
humanitarian grounds. Yet many fall into the mistake of supposing that
it was the fear of leprosy, or the thread-worm, which induced the Jewish
legislator to place swine's flesh under a ban. To see how inadequate
this explanation is, all we have to do is to remember that in all the
bible there is not a single disease of any kind which is caused by
the eating or the drinking of anything. Disease in the bible is
supernatural. Meats or vegetables, the observance or neglect of dietary
and sanitary laws, have absolutely nothing to do with the coming or
going of a pestilence. Health, in the bible, has no more to do with
cleanliness of the body, with the use of soap, or moderation and
prudence in eating and drinking, than success in war, or prosperity in
life has with personal merit or effort. It is God who sends both health
and sickness, famine or the plague, as he sends manna from the clouds
and quails from the sea. To win a battle the people had only to stand
still, and see the Lord fight for them. Not until the Greeks appeared in
history was it discovered that health and sickness had natural causes,
and that the gods had nothing whatever to do with them. What, then, is
the explanation of the interdict against swine's flesh in the bible?
Before answering that, let us look at a few other examples, of taboo in
the Old Testament.

The name of God, like swine's flesh, was taboo. "That shalt not take
the name of the Lord thy God in vain" (the _in vain_ is a rationalist
explanation which was affixed to the text by a later hand). Now, why
was the name of God forbidden? In all probability it was to prevent
the stranger or the enemy from calling upon their God; it explains the
unwillingness of the Jews to share Jahve with the rest of the world. But
it is as much a guess to say why the name of God was taboo, as it is
to give a reason for the ecclesiastical ban against the hog. The
commandments of science are intelligible; the dogmas of religion are
dark. Why do we have to believe in the trinity, the virgin birth, etc.,
in order to be saved? It is a mystery.

Another taboo was the Ark of the Covenant. This was a wooden box,
supposed to be the retreat of the deity. To touch this wooden chest
meant instant death. Uzzah was instantly killed for trying to steady
the ark in transit, "for the oxen shook it." * And, on another occasion,
over fifty thousand people were massacred "because they had looked into
the ark of the Lord." ** Why destroy "fifty thousand and three score
and ten men" for such a trifle? If it were because they disobeyed the
priest, was it not the duty of the priest to give the reason which made
touching or looking into a box a deadly crime? But in religion to
ask for an explanation is also taboo. The things of religion are not
supposed to be understood. To understand is taboo.

     * II Samuel vi, 6.

     ** I Samuel vi, 19.

A more important example of things forbidden without reason or rhyme is
the Sabbath. The prevailing interpretation is that out of compassion for
man and beast the deity ordained a day of rest. But the truth is that
pity for the laboring man or the animal had positively nothing to do
with the institution of "holy moons" and Sabbaths. It is the stress of
modern thought that leads priests and rabbis to explain the Sabbath on
Rationalist grounds. To begin with, oriental races were not so exceeding
fond of work as to necessitate a divine fiat to compel them to take a
rest. If anything, they needed to be urged and scourged to work at all.
They were only too willing to let the Lord do everything for them. The
ideal of the oriental believer was to be "like the lilies of the field,
which toil not, neither do they spin." * What need was there for the
bible people to invent machinery, to build factories, or to acquire
science, when a miracle-working God was ever at their elbow."_O, to be
Nothing, Nothing_," is to this day, one of the hymns in the churches.

     * The Sermon on the Mount.

In the twenty-second chapter of Deuteronomy it is forbidden "to plough
with an ox and an ass together." The theologians quote the text to prove
that kindness to animals was the motive of this ordinance, as kindness
to man was, of the Sabbath. Nothing could be farther from the truth.
Why, then, is it unlawful to yoke an ass with an ox? It is another one
of the mysteries of religion.

We have only to read on to learn that motives of humanity, justice or
economy play no part at all in these ordinances. "Thou shalt not sow thy
vineyard with divers seeds," says the same chapter. Surely this was not
from any consideration of compassion for the soil or the seed. And when
the bible again says: "Thou shalt not wear a garment of divers sort, as
of woolen and linen together," is it for sanitary or economic reasons
that the commandment was given? When again we read, "Ye shall eat no
manner of fat, of ox or of sheep," etc., it surely was not for any
hygienic reason that fat was prohibited, for it goes on to say that "the
fat belongs to the Lord." But why should the Lord be so jealous of fat?
It is no more possible to understand the ordinance against fat, or mixed
seed sowing, or garments of mingled yam, and a thousand other similarly
puerile edicts in the Old Testament, than it is to understand why it is
necessary to sprinkle a man with water, or rub him with oil, before he
can be a good Christian. Why an ox and an ass should not plough together
is just as much a mystery as transubstantiation. The English and the
American bible societies are translating these Hebrew and Christian
riddles and distributing the book at the rate of about twenty million
copies a year, costing an amount of money, energy and time, which if
devoted to the advancement of health alone would do more toward making
this earth a paradise for man, now and here, than all the mysteries and
miracles of religion.

But let us not forget to explain the origin of the ban against the
Sabbath, or the seventh day. It will surprise the Sabbatarian to learn
that originally work was forbidden on the seventh day of the week for
the same reason that many in our day object to start on a journey or
on an enterprise of any kind on a Friday, or on the thirteenth of the
month. The prejudice against Friday and the number "13" is based on
the belief that both the day and the number are evil. Why? Nobody knows
exactly. In the same way, the seventh day was considered by all Semitic
races as an evil day--a day of disaster, unpropitious and accursed. The
fear of the savage for the seventh day was as foolish as our fear of
Friday, or of the number "13." But we laugh at our own prejudice about
Friday and regard the savage's awe of the seventh day as inspired.

As already stated, the seventh day was taboo because it was supposed to
be accursed. No work was to be done on that day, not because the work
would spoil the day, but because they feared the day would spoil the
work. Even in our day, if a man goes fishing on a bright Sunday, and is
drowned, or if children go picnicking on the Sabbath, and are run over,
the usual comment is that they lost their lives, not for fishing or
picnicking, but for doing these perfectly innocent things on a certain
day. Sunday is an evil day--for fishing, or for recreation of any kind.
On the Sabbath, the safest thing, according to the bible, is to stay
indoors. It is a bad day for pleasure, and a bad day for labor. There
is only one thing that is safe on the Sabbath--going to church. Do we
wonder now that children hated the Sabbath, or that a gloom fell upon
both young and old on that lugubrious day?

But this supposedly evil day in time came to be regarded as "holy." I
say supposedly evil, because there are no evil days, even as there are
no "holy" days. One day is like another; it is superstition that makes
a certain day, or place, or number, holier than another. And we have a
right to be suspicious of a religion that thinks more, for example, of
the number 3, or 7, or 40, or of the first or seventh day of the week
than of other days or numbers. One of the motives which, according to
the bible, actuated the building of a temple for Jehovah was to observe
more solemnly "the Sabbaths and the new moons of the Lord." * The new
moons! Why is a "new moon" more virtuous or talismanic than a full moon?
What has righteousness to do with "new moons" or full moons? Why do we
have to spend millions of dollars every year to send missionaries abroad
to teach them the observance of "Sabbaths and new moons"? I am aware
that the missionaries omit the "new moons," but is it not also in the
Word of God? And what right has the missionary to drop anything from the
Word of God? Has he forgotten the awful warning of the closing words of
the bible? "And if any man shall take away from the words of the book
of this prophecy, God shall take away his part out of the book of life,"
etc. ** But there is not a sect that has not both taken from, and added
to, the Word of God. We tremble to think what will happen to them. "God
shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this book." *** And
what could be worse than the plagues mentioned in the bible? ****

     *  II Chronicles ii, 4.

     **  Revelation xxii, 19.

     ***  Revelation xxii, 18.

     ****  One of the rather mild plagues is described in
     Leviticus xxvi, 22-29: "I will also send wild beasts among
     you, which shall rob you of your children.... And ye shall
     eat the flesh of your sons, and the flesh of your
     daughters." Twenty million copies a year of this book are
     sold!

As a day of rest and recreation, of intellectual, moral and aesthetic
culture and pleasure, Sunday will always be one of the dearest
institutions of civilization. But as already explained, humanitarian
or ethical motives had no share at all in the making of the
Jewish-Christian Sabbath. Would the clergy, for instance, consent to
have any other day than Sunday observed as "holy"? Would they have the
courage to call Tuesday or Thursday the Sabbath of the Lord, sanctified
and set apart from all eternity? If not, the inference is inevitable
that what they are principally interested in is the day--the taboo--and
not the rest and profit which may be derived from quitting work on a
given day of the week.

Among the primitive races a thing was taboo either because it was
supposed to be "unholy" or because it was supposed to be "holy." A
Catholic must not touch the sacraments because they are "holy," and
the Jew must not touch swine's flesh because it is "unholy." In the one
case, as in the other, it is a "thou shalt not." Why the touch of the
fingers should defile the sacraments but not the touch of the palate or
the lips; or why swine's flesh should mar one's character or standing
before the community, is not explained because it can not be explained.
Theology is a collection of enigmas. The less the people understand
their religion the more they believe in it. A taboo is not meant to be
understood; it is only meant to be obeyed. The Babylonians, from whom
the Hebrews got their Sabbath, refrained from work on that day because
they considered it an evil day; we refrain from work on that day because
we think the day too sacred for work. It is not at all strange that
the reason for a given taboo, being no more than a whim, should in the
course of time change. The "thou shalt not" remains; the why does not
matter much, because the why belongs to reason, and religion is a matter
of faith.




The Totem

|TO show further how the unholy becomes, in time, the holy, or vice
versa, let us glance at another barbaric institution of the past, that
of the totem. The word taboo, as already explained, is Polynesian in
origin; the word totem has come to us from the American Indian. Totem is
a more difficult word to translate into modern thought. The most
popular definition I could give to it would be to say that a totem is a
"mascot." And yet, it is very much more. To savage tribes a totem was
an object, more frequently an animal, which was sacred to the particular
tribe that had identified itself with it. The thing, or the plant, or
the beast thus selected, became an emblem, badge or bond of union. It
served also as a sort of password by which the members of the tribe were
recognized, and a center around which the clan grouped itself. To the
totem they looked for preservation against famine, war and annihilation
as a tribe. The totem was the soul of the tribe--the tribe in essence.
The golden-rod is the national flower of America, the lily is upon the
shield of France, the shamrock is Irish, the world over; in some
such sense, only meaning very much more, was the totem to our savage
ancestors.

Now we are in a position to guess at least why the bible forbids swine's
flesh. Solomon Reinach, a distinguished Jewish scholar, and member of
the French Academy, says that the boar was the totem of the Jew long
before Moses appeared on the scene. * The totem was protected by a
taboo, and, therefore, to eat it was a national crime. To destroy one's
totem was a sacrilege and a blasphemy, punishable by death. They looked
upon the man who ate his totem with more abhorrence than we would feel
toward a fellow countryman who insulted his flag. Here, then, we have
two counter currents; the Sabbath, beginning as an evil day, becomes
"holy," while the hog, once a totem, an object of reverence, a god,
degenerates into an unclean beast. Yet the one, as much as the other, is
as taboo as ever.

     * Orpheus, Solomon Reinach, page 27: "Les Juifs pieux
     s'abstiennent de manger du porc, parce que leurs lointains
     ancestres, cinq on six mille ans avant notre ere, avaient
     pour totem le sanglier."

The "thou shalt not labor on the Sabbath day," and the "thou shalt not
eat swine's flesh," remain the same, though the why is shifted from the
"because it is unholy" to a "because it is holy," in the case of the
Sabbath; and from the "because it is holy" to a "because it is unholy,"
in the case of the hog. In the meantime, it remains as true as ever that
there is nothing either "holy" or "unholy" about a hog or a day. Why was
the seventh day cursed or blest? Why, of all the animals, was the
hog selected, first to be adored and then to be abhorred? While many
interesting reasons could be suggested, the truth is that, like the
majority of religious rites and dogmas, both taboo and totem are
impenetrable mysteries. When, in the Merchant of Venice, Shylock is
asked why he covets a pound of that merchant's flesh, "nearest his
heart," with a toss of his head, and his eyes afire, he replies: "It is
my humor." * And if we were to ask Jehovah why swine's flesh is taboo,
or why the seventh day is "holy," or why the priest under penalty of
death must carry a golden bell and a pomegranate upon the hem of
his robe, ** or why the man child whose flesh of his foreskin is not
circumcised shall be cut off from his people ***, or why "Whosoever
cometh any thing near unto the tabernacle of the Lord shall die," **** or
why it is a deadly crime to peep into a wooden box, or yoke an ass with
an ox, the answer would be the same: "It is my humor."

     *  Act iv, Scene I.

     **  Exodus xxviii, 34-43.

     ***  Genesis xvii, 14.

     ****  Numbers xvii, 13.

Nothing could be more convincing that humor and not reason dictated the
commandments in the bible, than the large number of taboos, the neglect
of which was invariably visited with death. If a man kindled a fire in
his kitchen on the Sabbath, or picked up sticks, he "shall surely be
put to death"; if he forgot to observe the feast of the passover, or ate
leavened bread during the passover, or ate the fat, or the blood of the
animals he slaughtered for food, he "shall surely be put to death"; if
a man made a holy ointment, or perfumery, or if he offered sacrifices
without the help of a priest, or killed his cattle without giving a
part of it to the priest, he "shall surely be put to death." If a man
entered the house of the dying, or touched a pig or a dead animal, and
did not pay the priest to absolve him from his guilt, he "shall surely
be put to death."

The Old Testament is a veritable deathtrap. On every page, and behind
every sentence, almost, there is a trap. It takes a very clever dodger
to escape falling into one of them. Even Moses was caught and smashed in
a trap. Out of all the people who left Egypt for the promised land, all
but two perished in the wilderness because of some infringement of the
ceremonial law. What a failure! Even as Eden, offered for a paradise
to man, became the tomb of the human race, the promised land became the
cemetery of the people who sacrificed their homes for it. Such is the
humor of the gods!

But let us speak of another totem. The Catholics eat fish on Friday. Not
one out of a million Catholics knows why fish is preferred to meat on
a certain day in the week. The fish, too, was at one time a totem in
Syria. The early Christians, being largely from that part of the country
where the fish was sacred, made a place for it in their new faith. In
the writings of the Christian Fathers, Jesus is often called the Big
Fish, and his disciples the little fish. Upon many of the ancient
Christian tombstones there was engraved a fish. Tertullian, a shining
light in the early church, speaks of his converts as "the fishes born
in the waters of baptism." In the early communion service, the fish
represented the divine elements. To this day the fish, an ancient Syrian
totem, holds its sway not only upon Christians, but also upon the Jews.
An orthodox Jew, no matter how poor, must have his fish every Friday
evening. *

     * Orpheus, Solomon Reinach, page 29.

But how did people come to eat their totem? It was explained above that
swine's flesh is taboo, because of the sacredness of the boar to an
ancient Semitic tribe; if the fish was also sacred, and protected by a
"thou shalt not," or a taboo, how did it come to be an article of diet?
Under exceptional circumstances all primitive tribes ate their totems,
or their gods. In the time of famine or war they fed on the sacred beast
for self-preservation--before which all other laws break down. Moreover,
it was their belief that by eating their totem they acquired its virtues
and strength. To partake of the qualities of the totem, and to become
more closely identified with it--made one with it--it was deemed
necessary on solemn occasions to eat it. Eating the totem came to be,
in time, a religious rite. Of course, it was with many regrets and
apologies that the savage slew his totem for food. He mourned over
it and blamed himself for the death of his god. On the other hand, as
intimated above, he argued that the only way he could get into a closer
communion with his totem, and become a partaker of his virtues, he must
eat of his flesh and drink of his blood. The Christian communion service
is the modern version of an ancient rite. On Sundays, and with much
mourning, the Christian crucifies again his totem, to eat of his body,
broken for him on the cross, and to drink of his blood, shed for the
remission of his sins. Is it not wonderful how one superstition is like
another?

The Holy Ghost, one of the members of the trinity, is represented in
the form of a dove, because, like the fish and the boar, the dove was
another ancient totem. Whenever an animal, or a tree, or any other
object, is made to represent the deity, as the dove represents the Holy
Ghost, or the fish the Son of God, or the bull, or the eagle Zeus, we
may be quite sure that at one time these animals were gods. Gradually,
from being regarded as gods, they came only to represent them. When the
Holy Ghost, now and then, takes on the form of a dove, it goes to prove
that the Holy Ghost started as a dove--the dove was the Holy Ghost.
And just as races of men sometimes fall back to the level of their
ancestors, the gods go back to the dove, and the fish, and the boar,
whence they came. The gods, too, like their religions, die of the same
disease--that of being found out.

The point which it has been the object of the discussion on taboos and
totems to establish is that the laws and commandments in the bible, as
well as the doings attributed to the deity represent, not Reason, but
humor. Whim plays the chief rôle in the divine drama. Noah is ordered to
take with him into the ark, "of every clean beast" seven pairs; "and of
beasts that are not clean, two pairs, the male and the female." But no
instruction is given him as to what makes a beast clean or unclean, or
how Noah is to tell the one from the other. Nor is it explained why a
certain number of unclean beasts are to be saved, while all the unclean
of the human race are to be drowned. The only answer we would get from
the "Lord God," if we asked him for an explanation, would be, "It is my
humor."

And why should any animals be preserved at all? If the deity could by
a word of his mouth cause all forms of life, vegetable and animal, to
spring forth out of the ground; if by a mere "Let there be light," he
could create light--why should he trouble himself about packing the ark
with specimen animals to preserve the species? And why was it necessary
to rain for forty days, to drown a world which it took him about six
days to create out of nothing? But we are reasoning, and in religion,
reason is taboo.

How different is science! The bible is a book of puzzles; science is
common sense. The bible treats of forms and ceremonies--of holy water,
holy oils, holy wafers and of forbidden trees and animals. Science, on
the other hand, explains the inexorable laws of nature, a knowledge
of which, and obedience to which, makes for life and happiness. Let us
rejoice that science has broken for us the spell of superstition.




III. The Bible and Magic

|STILL another word, the explanation of which would greatly help us
to understand the bible, is the word magic. A magician, according to
Voltaire, is a man who pretends to possess the secret of doing what
nature can not do. Another Frenchman defines magic as the "strategy
of the savage." There is not very much difference between these two
definitions. Magic is the weapon, or the art, or the science, of the
savage against the powers of nature. The magician claims to be able to
"go one better" than nature, or to bring nature to terms. If there is a
drought, the magician offers to compel rain from the stubborn skies; if
the plague is upon the land, the magician bids it steal away; if wild
beasts attack his hut, the magician throws a spell over them and makes
them harmless. Fire will not burn, water will not drown, the grave can
not hold its prey, and even the gods become helpless at a word from the
magician. Magic, in a sense, is the coup d'etat of the savage.

When one country is at war with another, the best generalship consists
in finding out the tactics of the enemy with a view of beating him at
his own game. Likewise, the aim of the magician is to steal the secret
of the gods and then play the part of a god not only better than the
gods themselves, but against them as well. Is not man wonderful!

In one sense, magic is science in the making. But while science seeks
to control nature through knowledge, magic resorts to spells, charms,
incantations and concoctions. In other words, magic is dishonest
science.

Now, much as I regret to say it, the bible is more than tainted with
this kind of science. Not a word is there in the bible about studying
the laws of nature, for study is not necessary where there is magic.
The real thing, science, is made superfluous by the imitation
article--magic. Thus the bible, by its preference for a false
science, postponed, if it did not succeed in defeating altogether, the
intellectual evolution of man.

Scarcely anything happens in the bible in a natural way. Miracles are so
many, and so frequent, that there is practically no nature in the bible.
The dead arise, the rivers flow backward, the sea turns into dry land,
sticks change into serpents, the axe head floats on the water, walls
and fortifications fall at the sound of a trumpet, animals talk, virgins
become mothers, sun and moon are arrested and then set free, and a
universe is produced out of nothing, with as little ado as a magician
requires to pull a rabbit out of his sleeve.

We are in the land of magic. Nature is suspended, and the supernatural
is in full swing.

I read the other day of a country farmer who went to see a celebrated
conjurer perform his wonders. He saw the "wizard" pick money out of the
air, shoot watches into people's pockets, change copper into gold and
silver, and perform a hundred other equally marvelous feats. As he was
leaving the charmed presence of the juggler, he expressed his surprise
that so resourceful a man should be under the necessity of giving
performances to earn a living. He could not understand why a man whose
touch turned everything to gold should collect dimes at the box office.
Of course, the explanation is perfectly simple: The wonders which the
conjurer performs are sham wonders. In the same way, the miracles in
the bible never help anybody nor accomplish anything because they are
sham miracles. The bush which bums, and yet is not consumed, is a sham
bush--the bush is not a bush, and the fire is not real fire. The few
loaves and fishes with which Jesus fed a great multitude were sham
loaves and fishes, and the multitude which, though hungry, could not
exhaust the food, was a sham multitude. Sham bread, sham multitude,
sham hunger! Such are the wonders of the conjurer or the magician in or
outside the bible. If Jesus really possessed the power of multiplying
a few loaves into an exhaustless supply of bread, why is there then any
poverty in the world?

Moreover, the miracles--which are as thick on the pages of the bible as
blackberries on a bush--what good did they do to the people for whose
benefit they were performed? If the Egyptians perished in their homes,
the Jews perished in the wilderness; if the Egyptians lost their slaves,
the Jews lost their sons and daughters--lost themselves. What good did
all the miracles performed in their behalf do for them? Their city,
Jerusalem, was set on fire, their homes pillaged, their children put to
the edge of the sword, over and over again. What benefit did they derive
from the ten thousand miracles lavished upon them? And look at the
Greeks! Not one miracle did Jehovah perform for them. Yet they rose to
be the masters of the world, and are still by their worth and genius,
the teachers of mankind.

The most unexpected and impossible things are said and done in the
bible. When Abraham was bom, his father, Terah, was seventy years old.
In every other book, as the father grows older, the son, too, would
advance in years. But in the bible, while Terah grows older, Abraham
grows younger, or stops growing altogether, so that when his father is
two hundred and five years old, he himself is only seventy-five years
old, making him sixty years younger than he should be by all the laws
of arithmetic. But what is arithmetic to a magician? When the theologian
says three times one is one, he is not thinking of so little a thing as
mathematics--there are no impossibilities for the magician. He can make
the three one, and the one three. Listen to one of the great Christian
Fathers, Tertullian:

_What have the philosopher and the Christian in common? The disciple of
Greece, and the disciple of heaven? What have Athens and Jerusalem, the
church and the academy, heretics and Christians in common? There is
no more inquiry for us, now that Christ has come, nor any occasion for
further investigation, since we have the gospel.... The Son of God is
dead; it is right credible because it is absurd; being buried he has
arisen; it is certain, because it is impossible._

There are no difficulties for theologians. If

"Isaiah, the prophet, cried unto the Lord, and he brought the shadow (of
the sun) ten degrees backward... in the dial," * why could not Abraham
grow backward? If Joshua could arrest the sun, what is a little miracle
like that of Abraham standing still while the whole world moved on? If
Jesus could be bom without a father, why could not Melchisedec be bom
without either a father or a mother? This personage was, perhaps, one
of the most wonderful in bible history. He had neither beginning nor
ending, neither a father nor a mother.

_For this Melchisedec... to whom also Abraham gave a tenth (of the
spoils)... without father, without mother, without descent, having
neither beginning of days, nor end of life; but made like unto the Son
of God._ **

     *  II Kings xix, ii.

     **  Hebrews vii, 1-3.

Wonderful as he was, he believed in getting his share of the spoils. The
theologians, in the bible, or outside of it, do not seem to be in the
least surprised at the incredible things in the Word of God. If Eve were
not startled when she heard the serpent talk, neither is the American
theologian who takes that for his text. If Balaam was not at all
perplexed when his ass opened its mouth and asked him a question,
neither are the divinity professors in our universities who explain
the incident to their pupils. This, if anything, is the more wonderful
miracle.

If I were riding a horse, and all of a sudden the animal should turn
around and ask me what the subject of my lecture would be for next
Sunday, I would certainly be dumfounded. Yet neither Balaam, nor his
fellow theologians of to-day, show the least perturbation over an ass
interrogating his rider. They can not afford to. Is not God almighty?
And, besides, upon what grounds would they be justified in rejecting
this or that miracle while accepting others? Was it more difficult for
Balaam's ass to have talked than for Christ to have been bom without
a father, or Melchisedec without any parents at all? Magic and miracle
know no laws.

"If God had not opened the mouth of the ass," said Father Ignatius, a
modern evangelist of the Anglican communion, "remember that there would
have been no Christ." The Christian who says he believes in the virgin
birth, but not in the talking serpent or ass, is a sceptic already.
The reasoning by which he rejects the one miracle is equally effective
against all the others. To accept the Christ miracle by faith, and to
reject the Balaam miracle by reason, is a procedure which leads
to anarchism in thought and faith. Oh, no; if you believe in the
supernatural at all you will have to believe in Melchisedec and Balaam,
as you do in the virgin-born Christ. You can not choose your miracles.
All or none! And the man who believes in one miracle is not a bit
different from the man who believes in a million.

The Unitarian president of America * defines Christianity as "The
fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man." When Edward Everett Hale
died, the Unitarians said that "Pater noster"--our Father--expressed
the heart and soul of his Christianity. A short time ago, Doctor
Eliot, president emeritus of Harvard University, undertook to reduce
Christianity to the same simple terms. The idea common to these men is
that the only essential thing is the God idea. Never mind about Balaam,
or the virgin birth. "Our Father which art in heaven" is all that is
necessary. But one moment: Is not God as much a miracle as Christ or
Balaam? How do we know God is, or that he is a father, or that he is in
heaven? By faith? Why then is not faith also enough to make all
miracles true? The "Our Father" is a chip of the same old block of
supernaturalism. There are against one little chip from the block all
the objections that there are against the whole block. If God is our
father by faith, then Christ was bom of a virgin by faith, and the whale
swallowed Jonah by faith, and the pope is the vicar of God by faith, and
so on to the end of the creed. Let us be consistent; which is another
way of saying, let us be honest.

     * President Taft




The Unbelievable in the Bible

|THE bible taxes even _credulity_ beyond the point of endurance. No
matter how willing one may be to believe everything in the bible, there
is a limit even to one's willingness to believe. When Moses was upon the
mountain talking with God, the people down in the plain were worshiping
idols. Is it possible that with the quaking and thundering mountain
before them, with the deity sitting on its summit, the Jews would have
had the temerity to worship a golden calf? Yet this is precisely what
the Jews are accused of doing. The parting of the Red Sea is easier to
believe than that the Jews worshiped a calf in the immediate presence
of "the one true God"! Let us glance at the story as it is told in the
bible.

_And it came to pass on the third day in the morning, that there were
thunders and lightning, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice
of the trumpet exceeding loud; so that all the people that was in the
camp trembled.

And Moses brought forth the people out of the camp to meet with God. And
they stood at the nether part of the mount.

And when the voice of the trumpet sounded long, and waxed louder and
louder, Moses spake, and God answered him by a voice_. *

Is it believable that, under such circumstances, with the only God in
sight of all the people, and his voice in their ears, the Jews could
have turned to Aaron and said to him:

_Up, make us gods, which shall go before us; for as for this Moses,
the man that brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we wot not what is
become of him._ **

Both stories can not be true. Either there was no quaking mountain, or
sounding trumpet, or voice of God answering Moses from the summit, or
the tale of the golden calf is an interpolation. If the people were too
stupid to know better, how was it that Aaron, the brother of Moses,
who had met "the true God" on several occasions, instead of showing the
least indignation or surprise, says to them:

_Break off the golden earrings, which are in the ears of your wives, of
your sons and of your daughters, and bring them unto me._ ***

     * Exodus xix, 16,17,19.

     ** Exodus xxxii, 1.

     *** Exodus xxxii, 2.

Yes, "bring me your gold," has been the cry of the mystery-man from the
beginning of the world!

_And he received them at their hand, and fashioned it with a graving
tool, after he had made it a molten calf: and they said, These be thy
gods, O Israel, which brought thee up out of the land of Egypt_. *

All this in full view of the flaming mountain, with God conversing
with Moses, and the trumpet blowing louder and louder! It is simply
impossible. There is not credulity enough in man, it seems to me, for
such contradictory stories. I know men say they believe in them, but do
they?

Strange as was the conduct of Aaron and the people on this occasion,
the behavior of Moses, when he came down and saw the people dancing
like naked savages about their newly fashioned god, ** was even more
inexplicable. He made a drink out of the golden calf, which he first
ground into powder, and caused "the children of Israel to drink of it."
*** What could have been his idea in converting the god into a beverage?
A text like that indicates plainly the presence of fetishism in the
bible. Even as looking at a brazen serpent was supposed to cure them of
serpent bites, the drinking of gods melted into a beverage was thought
to be a remedy against idolatry. Other examples, proving the fetishistic
beliefs of Moses, are not wanting in the bible. To make a house
"holy" or proof against the plague, Moses put up the following magical
prescription:

     * Exodus xxxii, 4.

     ** Exodus xxxii, 25.

     *** Exodus xxxii, 20.

_And he shall take to cleanse the house two birds, and cedar wood, and
scarlet, and hyssop:

And he shall kill the one of the birds in an earthen vessel over running
water:

And he shall take the cedar wood, and the hyssop, and the scarlet, and
the living bird, and dip them in the blood of the slain bird, and in the
running water, and sprinkle the house seven times:_

_And he shall cleanse the house with the blood of the bird, and with the
running water, and with the living bird, and with the cedar wood, and
with the hyssop, and with the scarlet._ *

To ascertain a woman's virtue, the prescription was as follows:

_And the priest shall take holy water in an earthen vessel; and of the
dust that is in the floor of the tabernacle the priest shall take, and
put it into the water:

And the priest shall write these curses in a book, and he shall blot
them out with the bitter water:

And he shall cause the woman to drink the bitter water that causeth the
curse: and the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her, and
become bitter._

This was not all; an animal's flesh was also burned and mixed with the
water.

_And when he hath made her drink the water, then it shall come to pass,
that, if she be defiled... her belly shall swell, and her thigh shall
rot: and the woman shall be a curse among her people_. **

     * Leviticus xiv, 49-52.

     ** Numbers v, 11-27.

If these symptoms did not appear, then the woman was not guilty. But
is it believable that, with God at their elbow, constantly answering
questions, revealing to them the pas and the future, and making all
hidden things plain, they needed mixed drinks, or concoctions, to find
out whether or not a woman was innocent? And mark you, evidence had no
place at all in the Mosaic court. No witnesses were examined, and no
testimony taken; it was the mixed preparations that did the work of
judge and jury. Is it possible that all this is divine?

Blood, according to the bible, is a great disinfectant. The way to
sanctify a man or a people was to sprinkle them with blood.

_Then shalt thou kill the ram, and take of his blood, and put it upon
the tip of the right ear of Aaron, and upon the tip of the right ear of
his sons, and upon the thumb of their right hand, and upon the great toe
of their right foot, and sprinkle the blood upon the altar round about.

And thou shalt take of the blood that is upon the altar, and of the
anointing oil, and sprinkle it upon Aaron, and upon his garments, and
upon his sons, and upon the garments of his sons with him. *

And Moses took the blood, and sprinkled it on the people._ **

How does such a practice differ from fetishism? How can blood on the
garments have any effect upon the conscience or the intellect? The
plea that all this was mere symbolism, if applied also to the rites and
ceremonies prescribed by the Hindu or Persian priesthood, would make
all religions inspired. The ancient Hindus believed that cow-dung was
divinely prescribed for sanctifying purposes. Why was not that, too,
mere symbolism? The word symbolism is made to cover a multitude of
superstitions. Lacking the courage, and sometimes also the honesty, to
say that such ceremonies prove a very low state of culture on the part
of the people who observed them, clever theologians not only excuse
or defend them, but they even profess to find symbolized in them the
mysterious purposes of the infinite. Superstition dies hard.

Even as sprinkling with blood sanctified the people, confessing to a
goat secured a pardon from God for sin.

_And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and
confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all
their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon the head of
the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of a fit man into the
wilderness:

And the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a land not
inhabited_. ***

     * Exodus xxix, 20-21.

     **  Exodus xxiv, 8.

     *** Leviticus xvi, 21-22.

Could this be the origin of the confessional? The goat ceremony has a
wider meaning than the commentators will admit. There were really two
goats, upon which Aaron, the priest, cast lots, "one lot for the Lord,
and the other lot for the scapegoat." *

The word "scapegoat" is a euphemism; the Hebrew text says _Azazel_. Now
this was one of the terrible names of God. Both Jews and Mohammedans
believed Azazel to be a dread divinity. Milton introduces Azazel as
the standard-bearer of the fallen hosts of heaven. The Arabs, who are a
branch of the Semitic race, paid homage to this celestial, and spoke of
him as the counsellor or advocate of Allah who was banished from heaven
because when Adam, the first man, appeared upon the scene, he would not
bow to him. Azazel did not think much of man; and it was for that he
lost his position. The "scapegoat," then, in the text was none other
than his Satanic majesty, the fallen chief of the heavenly hosts--the
devil. Setting apart a goat for Azazel, or allowing him to share with
Jehovah the offering at the altar, gives support to the belief that the
Jews worshiped the devil as well as Jehovah. It is plainly stated in
other parts of the bible that devil worship was common among the Jews
even as late as the time of Rehoboam, who reigned after David and
Solomon. ** But more light is thrown on the subject of the intimacy
between God and Satan in the story of Job.

     * Leviticus xvi, 7-8.

     **  II Chronicles xi, 15: "And he ordained him priests for
     the high places, and for the devils."




IV. The Strangest Story in the Bible

|ONE of the strangest chapters in the bible is the description of
the interview between God and the devil. The interview takes place in
heaven. We have already met the devil in Paradise; now we are to
find him, as the French say, in a _tête à tête_ with Jehovah, at the
exclusive headquarters of the latter. There is much reason to believe
that these two beings, who seem to be together on important occasions,
originally sprang from the same stock, if such a term could be used.
Jehovah and Azazel, or Satan, appear to be first cousins. This is the
impression of nearly every student who looks into their pedigrees. In
the thought of early man God was hardly distinguishable from the devil.
The evidence bears out the bible suggestion that at one time God and the
devil were on the best of terms, and kept house together. In those days
it was really difficult to tell them apart. In the twenty-first chapter
of the first book of Chronicles, it is written by "inspiration" that
"God moved David to number Israel." In the twenty-fourth chapter, the
first verse, of the second book of Samuel, we read that it was Satan who
moved David to take a census of the nation. There is no inconsistency
here. God and Satan belong to the "unknown," and they pull together.
When, as the bible informs us, there was war in heaven, the two
relatives quarreled and parted. And though ever since they have
maintained separate quarters, now and then, when there was a reunion of
the family, Satan was invited to join the festivities. There is a saying
that "blood is thicker than water," and still another, that "blood will
tell." The occasional conferences and exchange of confidences between
Jehovah and Satan, as related in the bible, is a confirmation of these
popular proverbs.

The instructions given to Aaron about being sure to have two goats, and
to let Azazel have the one which fell to his lot, even though it may
be the fatter animal, shows the care which Jehovah takes of his ancient
comrade and minister. Perhaps this was necessary to keep the peace.
At any rate, it is evident that Jehovah was mindful of the rights of
Azazel.

But now about the interview between Jehovah and Satan: "Now there was a
day," says the bible, "when the sons of God came to present themselves
before the Lord, and Satan came also among them." * Was he, too, one
of the Sons of God? It is impossible to read the description of these
family gatherings in heaven with Satan also invited, without being
impressed with the importance of the devil in the councils of God.
Perhaps the _entente cordiale_ between Satan and Jehovah is to be
explained by the fact that the latter had not found any one among all
his ministers who could fill the place made vacant by the resignation of
Satan. Jehovah needed the devil, and this dependence upon him to carry
to a successful issue his most urgent and mysterious decrees was the
secret of the deference shown to the devil in these periodical reunions
at the throne of God. On one of these occasions, as we have seen, when
the children of God came to present themselves before the Lord, Satan,
of course, was there among them. But this was not the only time that
Satan was invited to meet with God. His presence at these gatherings
created no surprise, because he had been seen there frequently. But I am
not equally sure that the marks of special attention shown to him by
the Lord of heaven did not make the saints a little jealous of him. The
reports of these meetings in heaven confine themselves exclusively to
what transpires between the two principals, God and Satan. The other
"sons of God" seem to have acted what in modern parlance would be called
"a silent part."

     * Job i, 6.

Jehovah inquired of his distinguished guest, the news and whence he
came. As the Lord knew all the news himself, and also whence Satan came,
he must have asked these questions for the purpose of "drawing him out,"
to use an expression in vogue among diplomats.

But Satan knew how to keep a secret. He answered his host's question
without really telling anything either of the news, or whence he came:
"From going to and fro in the earth and from walking up and down in it,"
he replied. If we were not afraid of exposing ourselves to the charge
of blasphemy, we would say that this was a devilish answer. It said
nothing. Evidently Satan wanted God to show his hand first.

"Hast thou considered," asked the Lord, addressing Satan more
confidentially, and coming to the point, "my servant Job, that there
is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that
fear-eth God, and escheweth evil?" *

     * Job 1,8.

In all probability the reference to Job was to prove that there was one
man, at least, whom the devil had not yet been able to win over to his
side. But the devil had an explanation for his failure to get Job;
it was not because Job loved God, but because of the favors God kept
showering upon him.

"Doth Job fear God for naught?" he asked. "Hast not thou made an hedge
about him, and about his house, and about all that he hath on every
side?... But put forth thine hand now, and touch all that he hath, and
he will curse thee to thy face." *

This was a challenge. Satan would not allow that there was even one man
who loved and served God from choice. To show his confidence in Job, the
Lord not only accepted the devil's challenge, but volunteered to hand
over his one faithful subject to the tender mercies of the Evil One.

_And the Lord said unto Satan, Behold all that he hath is in thy power._
**

     * Job i, 9-11.

     **  Job i, 12.

Thereupon Satan hurried out in search of his victim. Whether or not the
other "children of God" who were present at this reunion, heard this
interesting conversation between the two divinities, and who they
thought would come out winner in the contest over a denizen of the
earth, is not recorded. Job, of course, was not aware of the fact that
Jehovah and Satan were throwing dice for his soul. Nor was he consulted
whether or not he wanted to be turned over to the devil for the worst
drubbing any one ever received. From a human point of view, it was an
unspeakable outrage to take a "perfect and upright man" and hand him
over to be thrashed within an inch of his life. But there is, the
learned doctors of divinity tell us, a difference between human and
divine justice. "God's ways are not our ways," as his conduct in this
case amply proves.

The devil lost no time in falling upon Job now that he had _carte
blanche_ to bring his ingenuity into play. He began by attacking Job's
property, which the Sabeans carry off. Scarcely has the patriarch
reconciled himself to this loss, when word is brought to him that "the
fire of God is fallen from heaven," burning up everything that belonged
to him in the fields. "The fire of God"? It looks as if Jehovah had not
only permitted Satan to ruin Job, if he could, but he was helping him,
personally, by sending down fire upon Job's servants and cattle. And
what was the fault of these that they, too, should be punished? And why
were the sons and daughters of Job killed? For the next messenger tells
Job that all his children were destroyed by a terrific windstorm, also
sent by God. But it is one thing to ask these questions of a theologian,
and another thing to get him to answer them. Despite these terrible
blows, however, Job remained loyal to God. Jehovah came out ahead in the
first inning. But the game is not over yet.

Another meeting is arranged for between these two powers. Again they
meet in heaven. It was a dangerous thing to let the devil into heaven so
often, after the experience of Adam and Eve in Paradise, with its
dire results, not only to man, but to the son of God himself, whose
crucifixion might have been prevented by refusing the devil admittance
into Eden. When the devil was seated comfortably next to the deity--or
perhaps he was standing--he was asked about Job, who had remained true
to God despite the fact that the latter had delivered him up to the
devil. But we will let Jehovah state his own case:

_And the Lord said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that
there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one
that feareth God, and escheweth evil? and still he holdeth fast his
integrity, although thou movedst me against him, to destroy him without
cause._ *

     * Job ii, 3.

Do you know, reader, why I have put in italics the concluding words in
the above quotation? It is the most terrible text in all the bible. It
is what the lawyers would describe as the most conspicuous instance of
self-incrimination on record. In this passage the Lord of heaven
and earth makes the frightful admission that he did wrong upon the
suggestion of the devil--that he was tempted of the devil to commit a
crime! This is staggering. He also admits that the crime was committed
against a just man, and without cause! We have in this text a most
humiliating picture of the deity--a God obeying the devil! The English
language is inadequate to help express the horror, the pity, the
indignation, the defiance, the scorn, the sorrow which the spectacle of
a God admitting a heinous crime but pleading that the devil moved him to
commit it, provokes in me. If I could weep the world into common sense,
I would do it; if I could laugh these absurdities and immoralities out
of the world's mind and conscience, who would prevent me?

I am really afraid of a God who will take advice from the devil. I am
afraid of a God who will cause a "perfect and upright man" to be ruined
"without cause," just to win a wager from the devil.

To me, the strangest discovery one makes in the bible is that God and
the devil are, to use the nomenclature of the commercial world, business
partners. They meet occasionally to discuss policies and to exchange
views. Each is mindful of the rights of the other. God would rather
see his servant Job ruined than drive the devil out of his presence for
moving him to commit a crime. Which is God and which is the devil?

But let us return to the story: Satan was not willing to grant that
he had lost, until Job had been punished some more. So he asked for
permission to attack Job in his own person:

"Skin for skin, yea, all that a man hath will he give for his life. But
put forth thine hand now, and touch his bone and his flesh, and he
will curse thee to thy face," * suggested the devil. What did the other
partner say to this? Although he had just admitted that he did wrong
to an innocent man, to a friend, he is willing to do it again, and this
time he consents to be more cruel and unjust than before.

_And the Lord said unto Satan, Behold, he is in thine hand._**

Like a flash, Satan fell upon Job and smote him "from the sole of his
foot unto his crown." Job became a disgusting heap of prurient and
carious flesh.

_And he took him a potsherd to scrape himself withal; and he sat down
among the ashes._ ***

     * Job ii, 4-5

     **  Job ii, 6.

     *** Job ii, 9.

Thus Job becomes a football between these two gambling divinities. After
losing everything, after being deprived of his sons and daughters, he
himself is brought down by foul sores and boils to the verge of death.
Indeed, death would have been preferable to being the toy and plaything
of Jehovah-Satan. The preachers defend this loose story and call it
inspired, on the ground that it taught Job _patience_. But was there no
saner way of teaching him the lesson of patience?

The bible God plays with fire. His attempt to teach Adam obedience cost
the damnation of the human race and the death of his own son. He almost
tempted Abraham to stick a knife into his own son in trying to make sure
of his faith. He tried Jephtha's loyalty, and it cost the latter the
life of his young daughter; and to teach Job patience, servants, cattle,
sons and daughters--all are slaughtered.

Moreover, if Job was "a perfect and upright man," as the text claims,
what need was there of teaching him patience--and at such a cost, too?
The clergy, lacking the courage to say that the story of God and Satan,
gambling for the soul of Job, is a myth, rack their brains for excuses
and apologies to explain its presence in the Word of God. Nor is it true
that the story was meant to teach us submission to God, whether he sends
good or evil. That is what free-born people would call blasphemy. It is
wrong to submit to evil. It is base to kiss the hand that robs us of our
rights. We do not deserve freedom if we can endure slavery. Justice is
born of the rebellion against wrong, as truth is born of the protest
against error. The Asiatic submits; the European rebels. Of that
rebellion is born civilization. Prometheus, defying the gods, and not
Job, licking the hand that has crushed him, is our inspiration!

I am also aware of the argument of the liberal clergy, that the book of
Job is only a poem. Why not say so, then, in plain print? Why bind an
imaginary composition in the same volume with the "infallible word of
God?" But, even as the first chapter of Genesis was inspired history
until Darwin exposed its untruth, so was the Book of Job inspired
history until criticism showed its inherent immorality. As a play, Job
is one of the most successful in ancient literature. But what is a play
doing in the "Holy Bible"?

But my main object in reciting the story of this Arab sheik was to show
the family resemblance between the two sovereigns, the one of heaven,
the other of hell. In the New Testament, too, Satan figures as a
personage of importance, and not at all as one who has been disarmed and
degraded. On one occasion Jesus and the devil met in the wilderness.
The conversation which took place between them shows the devil was as
independent and resourceful with the junior God as he was with Jehovah.
According to St. Mathew, the devil picked up the Son of God and flew
with him through the air. When he had set him down on the pinnacle of
the temple he told him what he wanted. From there he carried Jesus to an
exceeding high mountain, so high that from its summit "all the kingdoms
of the world" could be seen. * Now a being who could fly through the air
with a god tucked away under his arm is not to be slighted.

     * Matthew iv, 1-12.

Satan has gone. Jehovah must follow. Neither can live without the other.




PART IV.




I. God and His Book

|WHEN the deity had finished making his world, the bible says that he
looked his creation all over, and behold, everything that he had made
"was good." He was, according to this report, perfectly pleased with his
work. He was proud of the world he had created, for it was made in his
own image. But in the very next chapter we read that the first woman God
ever made deceived her husband, and the first man deserted his wife, by
throwing the blame of his transgression upon her, instead of coming to
her defense. And the first son ever born to a mother--Cain--turned
out to be a murderer--the murderer of his only brother. And the world
itself, which a moment ago had been pronounced good, became so wicked in
a short time that it had to be drowned. Who would care to be the author
of such a world!

Of course, it will be said that the collapse of God's world was the
devil's fault, but where did _he_ come from? Why was there a devil in
a universe created by God, and in his own image? That is the question
against which all theologies dash themselves to pieces. If the deity
was powerless against the devil, he could, at least, have refrained from
creating a world for the devil to work his mischief in. If you can not
remove the quicksand, would you build a house on it?

Moreover, this throwing the blame upon somebody else is the very tactics
which Adam and Eve resorted to. But did it help them? When Adam was
asked why he ate of the fruit of the forbidden tree, he threw the blame
upon his wife. When the woman was interrogated, she threw the blame upon
the serpent, and now when we ask the "Lord God" why his world went to
pieces so soon after he had pronounced it perfect, he throws the blame
upon the devil. Well, that will not do. If shirking his responsibility
did not save Adam nor his innocent progeny--the human race--why should
it save the deity?

The story of Cain and Abel is the first episode on, earth. The two were
brothers. Abel was a shepherd; Cain, a farmer. Surely they needed each
other, both commercially and socially. According to the bible, there
were altogether only four people in the world, at this time, and,
therefore, from every point of view, it was more than a dastardly crime
to kill one of the members of this precious group.

What was the cause of the hatred which led to the first bloodshed?
Unfortunately these two brothers had a _religion_. But for their
religion they would never have hated one another, nor would murder
have stained the opening pages of history. Cain offered the Lord for a
sacrifice, of the product of his farm; Abel brought to the altar a
head or two of cattle. They were both trying to please the Lord, each
worshiping him according to his light. Ah! but that is not enough; there
is only one worship that is orthodox. All others are taboo. God accepts
Abel's flesh offering, and rejects Cain's vegetables. Then the trouble
begins. The murder of Abel by Cain started the religious persecutions
which have blackened the face of man. To this source may be traced the
inquisitions, the crusaders the wholesale massacres which have made
history a horror and a shudder. The first bloodshed was in the name of
religion. The first murder was committed at the altar of God. It was a
religious difference which defiled with blood the cradle of the human
race. But who was responsible for the first murder in the world? The
deity! Had God been pleased to accept a vegetable offering with as much
pleasure as roasting flesh, or, had he said, "Never mind me; be good to
one another," he would have removed thereby the most powerful motive for
religious persecution. The Cain and Abel story compels us to say that
the first persecutor was the "Lord God" himself.

And how could these two brothers tell that God had accepted one offering
and rejected the other? How can men tell to-day that God likes the
Catholic worship better than the Protestant or the Moslem? Who can
enlighten us on this subject? In the case of Cain and Abel, in all
probability, the flesh offering, being oily or fat, burned readily on
the altar; while the vegetables, being fresh and wet, or covered with
the soil, did not burn as readily, or they smoked instead of going up in
a flame, which natural circumstance was seized upon as a supernatural
revelation, and made the pretext for the most infamous deed on
record--fratricide.

And where did these two brothers get the idea that God was fond either
of flesh or of vegetables? That is an interesting question. In the days
of ignorance and fear, when the crocodile in the river was a god, it was
supposed that the monster had power to hurt people. He must, therefore,
be appeased. The rumor went abroad that the monster was very fond of
little children. "Let us throw him a child for his breakfast," suggests
a priest. The suggestion is followed. With prayers, incantations,
prostrations--with incense, and chants, on stated occasions, the
crocodile is presented a child. To bribe the evil powers, to put them in
a friendly frame of mind by gifts of food and drink, of song and prayer,
in order to turn their wrath into compassion--such was the beginning of
human sacrifices. At first the gods were very particular. They demanded
human flesh for their breakfast, and not until man was sufficiently
strong to make his own terms, did the gods consent to accept the flesh
of the animal.




The Deity Demands Human Flesh

|THE object of human and animal sacrifices in the bible, as in all
the older religions, was to placate the deity. The Jews would not have
offered Jehovah the flesh of man and beast, did they not believe that
their god was not only exceedingly fond of roast meats, but that this
was the only way to secure any favors from him. When an oriental desired
a favor of his king or chieftain, he approached him with many gifts, as
well as with prostrations and compliments. The way to be admitted to
an audience with Jehovah was to praise him loudly, and to offer him the
best part of the spoils.

The psychological phase of the institution of sacrifices and worship is
very instructive. Even as a child tries to put its father in an amiable
state of mind before presenting its petition, the believer's motive in
coming forward with precious gifts--the flesh even of his own little
ones--or with elaborate and highly finished compliments, is to throw
a spell upon the deity, to charm him, as it were, into granting the
petitioner his request. The savage actually believed that the savour of
burning flesh, and the sight of palpitating blood shed at the altars,
so delighted or intoxicated the deity that almost any favor could be
wrested from him while in that condition. The object of the soft hymns
and cajoling prayers in the churches to-day have the same purpose for
which the sacrifices and dances of the barbarians were instituted. How
to charm the deity, to please and engage his services, is the end and
aim of every kind of worship.

The word gospel is a combination of good and spell. To read it, is to
become spellbound, according to the teaching of the churches. In the
same sense, a prayer-book is a collection of _spells_, to be used in
approaching the deity. If we desire rain from him, we must use the
petition, or the spell, expressly prepared for that purpose; if we
desire good harvests, or success in war, or the removal from the land
of the plague or infidelity, we must use other spells. "We ask it all
in Jesus' name," is the way nearly all prayers close. That is one of the
irresistible spells. "Ask it in my name," says Jesus, because the belief
was current that there was magic in a name. That is to say, some names
were spells. The word charm comes from the Latin _carmen_. But that is
also the word for song or hymn. To sing to a god is to charm him, or
bind him with a spell. The purpose of the chants is to _enchant_ the
deity, that is to say, to intoxicate him with praise, as the savage
tried to intoxicate him with his roasts and reeking altars.

The service of the gods was very much more expensive in olden times than
now. Men had to part with their own children to keep on good terms with
the powers above. But, as often explained, the secular interests of
life always act as a check on the follies and absurdities of religion.
Instead of throwing his children to the crocodile, or burning them alive
upon the altar, the natural affections prevailed upon man to experiment
with animal flesh as an offering to his gods. As man developed in power
and independence, he compelled the gods to draw up a new contract, or
a new testament, which not only forbade human, and later also animal,
sacrifices, but allowed an offering of fruit, flowers and vegetables to
take the place of flesh and blood at the altars. In each new bargain,
the crocodile was the loser and man the gainer. The history of progress
is the history of the successive bargains or covenants or testaments
between man and the crocodile, or man and the powers he fears, each new
contract adding to the rights of man and clipping from the claims of
the crocodile. Is not this very interesting? What the Christians or Jews
call a progressive religion simply means that God is satisfied with
less now, or demands less now, than he was wont to in the days of man's
ignorance and impotence.

The yoke of Jehovah is very much easier and not at all so pinching as
formerly. His ten thousand categorical commandments, his taboos, his
long list of ceremonial observances of new moons and Sabbaths, and
the mysteries and dogmas which had to be accepted upon penalty of
excommunication and damnation, have been one after the other discarded
as non-essentials, with the result that one may now join either the
Christian or the Jewish church upon one's own terms--and this they call
being _liberal_.

What a blessing has Rationalism been even to the churches! It has
saved them from shedding the blood of their children, saved them their
domestic animals, and saved also the waste of their garden products, for
the gods now get nothing but "words" for an offering. The deity, who
at one time turned away from Cain's vegetable and fruit offering, and
preferred the smell of roasting flesh, is now glad enough to get a few
verbal compliments once a week.

But in the bible, God has not yet heard of "reformed" Judaism or of
"liberal" Christianity, and hence he will accept nothing less than
human and animal sacrifices. "Let me have blood, and more blood," is the
refrain of revelation. How many of the believers in the bible are aware
that God demanded by the mouth of Moses the first born of his people?
Not only did he slay the first born of Egypt, but he also insisted upon
having for himself the first fruits of the womb, as well as of the land
of the chosen people.

_Notwithstanding no devoted thing, that a man shall devote unto the
Lord of all that he hath, both of man and beast, and of the field of his
possession, shall be sold or redeemed: every devoted thing is most holy
unto the Lord. None devoted, which shall be devoted of men, shall be
redeemed; but shall surely be put to death._ *

     *  Leviticus xxvii, 28,29.

And Nehemiah relates how the faithful Jews, those who did not follow the
example of the heathen, continued under all circumstances to bring "the
firstfruits of our ground, and the firstfruits of all fruits of all
trees, year by year, unto the house of the Lord: Also the _first born of
our sons_ (daughters not acceptable), and of our cattle, as is written
in the law." *

     * Nehemiah x, 35,36.

And this is the book that must be circulated by the millions as the
greatest and best in all the world! Even as the Old Testament demanded
the sacrifice of the sons of the people, the New Testament demands the
sacrifice of the Son of God. Look at the animal about to be bound and
made ready for the knife of the priest. See its struggles and hear its
moan! But that is nothing compared to the piteous wail of the human
child torn from its parents' arms to be offered as a sacrifice to the
crocodile! Nay, behold the agony of Christ on the cross and listen to
his heartrending cry, "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?" If
God failed to hear thee, O Jesus! humanity has heard thy prayer, and
there shall be no more murder on the altars of the crocodile!

The story of how Abraham was tempted, as it is said, to sacrifice his
son to Jehovah, is well known. Abraham did not object at all. Neither
was he shocked, or surprised, when commanded to kill his own son. It
does not seem to have been an unusual thing for Jehovah to demand human
flesh for his diet. Abraham started to do as his religion required of
him. That is my complaint against religion. It makes a man willing to
commit any crime under heaven in the name of God! And there is not
an American clergyman who has the courage to say that such a
commandment--requiring a father to butcher his son--should never have
been given, or that, having been given, it should be stricken out of the
bible. And had Abraham been a man, he would have become an out and
out Atheist before he would have tied his little boy hand and foot and
pulled out his knife!

But the clergyman is on hand with his excuses. He has no arguments, he
has only _excuses_. God was only trying Abraham's faith, he tells us.
Indeed! Did not the deity know in advance how Abraham would act under
the circumstances? "Is it not true," ask again, the defenders of the
bible, "that Abraham was not allowed to destroy his son, Isaac?" Yes,
but God allowed Jephthah to kill his _daughter!_ The story of this
unfortunate father is told in the following verses:

_And Jephthah vowed a vow unto the Lord, and said, If thou shalt without
fail deliver the children of Ammon into mine hands, Then it shall be,
that whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to meet me, when I
return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall surely be the Lord's,
and I will offer it up for a burnt offering._

Jehovah accepted the bargain and gave Jephthah the victory.

_And Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter
came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances: and she was his only
child; beside her he had neither son nor daughter.

And it came to pass, when he saw her, that he rent his clothes, and
said, Alas, my daughter!_

Then the poor man explains to his child the vow he had made unto the
Lord. The young woman was willing to be offered up as a "burnt offering"
unto the Lord, if she could have two months' time to wander about and
bewail her sad fate.

_And it came to pass at the end of two months, that she returned unto
her father, who did with her according to his vow which he had vowed._ *

     * Judges xi, 30-39.

Why should Americans have anything to do with an Asiatic cult which
tempts a father to kill the son that had called him _papa_, or which
actually permits a father to burn alive his only child--the child
that ran to greet him with a kiss? There was a good excuse to burn the
clothes, or the timbrels with which Jephtha's daughter ran to meet her
father, instead of the young lady herself. A good argument could have
been made that the first object the returning general saw was the
timbrels in her hand, but the Lord would not accept anything less than
human flesh in those days.

There are many other examples in the "Holy Bible" as objectionable as
those already mentioned. Frequently the only way to turn away the "wrath
of God" from the people, was to hang a few heads against the sun, or
massacre a whole community, children included, or to draw the sword
upon the members of one's own family. What does the reader think of
all this--in the bible! Why are not men ashamed to print and distribute
twenty million copies a year of a book so foreign to the best feelings
of our age and country? Why should such a book be forced into our homes
and schools, or placed in the hands of our little ones immediately after
they have left their cradles? Why should there be a copy of this book in
every room of every hotel in the land?

Before dismissing this subject it would be well to point out that the
long practice of human and animal sacrifices is responsible for the
cruelty to children and animals in modern times. Humanity to our dumb
neighbors has not been one of the distinguished virtues of either Jews
or Christians, and though we live in the twentieth century we have to
support societies specially devoted to preventing cruelty to children.
In the same way associations have been organized to protect animals
against mistreatment.

That the bible gives little thought to the rights of animals may be
inferred not only from St. Paul's rather brutal exclamation, "Does God
care for the oxen?" but also from the practice among the Jews to this
day, of tormenting an animal before killing him for food. In the _Humane
Review_, an eye witness of the Jewish method of slaughter to provide
_Kosher_ meat for the market gives the following description of the
operation:

_As soon as the animal has been brought into the slaughtering chamber it
is thrown to the ground either by attaching a rope or chain to the legs
and then suddenly hauling on it, or by twisting the head upward and
sideways by means of an appliance attached to the horns and passing
under the jaw, in such a way that the animal loses its balance and falls
to the ground, in doing which it not infrequently injures itself so that
there is loss of blood or fracture of horn or rib. The animal is then
rendered powerless by having its feet bound together, or the tail drawn
through the hind legs forward and upward, while one of the slaughtermen
places his foot on the animal's stomach and prevents its attempting to
offer resistance. The head is then forced down so that it rests on the
horns, and the nose is pressed against the floor. This can only be done
by the exertion of great force on the part of the slaughtermen, with
corresponding resistance, involving terror and suffering on that of
the animal. The Jewish official who performs the act of slaughter then
passes his hand over the animal's tightly drawn throat, and mutters the
so-called "Schechita" prayer. He then cuts the animal's throat right
through the vertebrae, drawing the knife to and fro in so doing. The
blood which spurts from the severed arteries is scattered like rain by
the breath which escapes from the lungs, and as the breath is drawn in
it enters the gullet and lungs with a loud rattling noise. The gaping
wound yawns wide, the animal opens and closes its eyes, rolling them to
and fro, and opens and shuts its mouth as though gasping for breath.
If the flow of blood from the arteries in the neck ceases, one of the
slaughtermen--not the Jewish official--draws them out, cuts away part of
them with the surrounding tissues, and throws the severed portion away.
And while all this is going on the animal is alive and conscious of pain
and terror._




II. The Portrait of God in the Bible

|TO prove the charge that the bible God is quite unfit for modern
purposes, we have only to open the "holy" book at almost any page to
find such positive commandments as the following emanating from him:

_Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and
spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and
sheep, camel and ass._*

Slaughter on a small scale, or at intervals, does not seem to satisfy
the bible deity. Like a vortex, he cries for more, more.

_But of the cities of these people, which the Lord thy God doth give
thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing that breatheth:

But thou shalt utterly destroy them; namely, the Hittites, and the
Amorites, the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, the Hivites, and the
Jebusites; as the Lord thy God hath commanded thee._ **

     * I Samuel, xv, 3.

     **  Deuteronomy xx, 16, 17.

We would never have thought of calling attention to these gory pages
but for the protection of our homes and schools, which the clergy insist
should be placed under bible influence and instruction. And they have
all the money and prestige in the world to force this book into our
homes, and will do so if they catch the modern world napping for a
moment.

It is not only the heathen that are put to the edge of the sword, but
the Jews themselves are repeatedly slaughtered on the flimsiest pretext.
When the people expressed any disagreement or complaint, or offered any
criticism, they were "consumed" by the fire of the Lord. * When the Jews
longed for a change of diet, and remembered the better food they enjoyed
in the land of Egypt, the anger of the Lord was kindled:

_And there went forth a wind from the Lord, and brought quails from
the sea, and let them fall by the camp.... And while the flesh was
yet between their teeth, ere it was chewed, the wrath of the Lord was
kindled against the people, and the Lord smote the people with a very
great plague._ **

When he was less angry, he "sent fiery serpents among the people,
and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died." *** On one
occasion nothing less than the massacre of five hundred thousand of
his own chosen people would restore his good temper. **** Is there any
strong reason why a book containing such demoralizing stories should be
translated into every language and carried into every country under the
sun? And is it not time for the American people to shut this "holy" book
out of their homes, as it is already shut out of their public schools?

     * Numbers xi, I.

     ** Numbers, xxi, 6.

     *** Numbers xi, 4-6, 31-33.

     **** II Chronicles, xiii, 17.

Not only did the commandments to kill and destroy proceed from the
deity, but the bible represents him as angry when his agents show any
pity or weakness in carrying out his designs. Saul is dethroned for
sparing the cattle of the people he had been sent by the Lord to
destroy. But Saul spared the best of the cattle, after he had destroyed
all the men, women and children "to sacrifice unto the Lord." By doing
this he had hoped to please the Lord, but not so. "It repented me," says
Jehovah, "that I have set up Saul to be king." David, on the other hand,
was after "God's own heart," because he was made of sterner stuff. As
this bible character is often held up as a pattern, and as children
are expected to love David as one of the best and holiest men in the
bible--of whom Jesus was descended--it may not be amiss to recite a few
of the stories in which this "man of God" figured so prominently. In
David we see the picture of his God. My hand really trembles as I write
the following verse:

_And he (David) brought out the people that were in it, and cut them
with saws, and with harrows of iron, and with axes. Even so dealt David
with all the cities of the children of Ammon._ *

Could anything be more repugnant to civilized races than such
unnecessary inhumanity? We are trying to introduce a milder form of
capital punishment than hanging, but surely it is not the bible that has
softened our manners. I have so much faith in the saving common sense of
the average American or European that I believe if they would only read
the bible, and become better acquainted with it, they would not
hesitate to do all in their power, even if it involved much personal
inconvenience and loss, to break forever the power of these Semitic
tales of war and plunder. Is there no more courage left in the world?
"Oh, but nobody believes in these parts of the bible any more." Very
well, then, why print and sell them at the rate of twenty million copies
a year? But let us continue the story of David:

_And he... put them under saws... and under axes of iron, and made them
pass through the brick-kiln_. **

     * I Chronicles, xx, 3.

     **   II Samuel, xii, 31.

"And made them pass through the brick-kiln."

Well! and is that in the bible? If the Lord could not prevent such
barbarity, could he not have prevented, at least, the publishing of such
criminal details? The American public is about to pass a law prohibiting
the newspapers from entering into the details of the daily murders and
other horrible crimes they report. It is claimed, and justly, that such
particular descriptions of acts of cruelty and shame familiarize the
young, especially, with the worst phases of life, and by suggestion lead
them astray. But the bible sins in this respect more flagrantly than
any modern journal, not excepting the yellowest of them. Written, on the
whole, by barbarians who lived in an age of brigandage and massacre, the
bible not only gives details of crime which would not be tolerated in
any modern publication, but, what is infinitely more injurious to
the cause of morality, it sets upon unmentionable acts of cruelty and
debauchery the stamp of divine approval. Once more, I repeat that I
would never have devoted any labor to the discussion of the contents of
the bible, if it were not that this is the great idol of the civilized
world to-day--this the "holy" book, the reading of which it is the
desire of the churches to make compulsory in the home and the school,
and this the word of God without which, it is claimed, there can be no
morality!

Even as there is a movement to purge the daily newspapers of offensive
details of lawlessness and crime, there is also a movement to clear
the billboards of objectionable displays and advertisements, and the
theaters of such plays and moving pictures as offend good taste and
corrupt the manners of young and old.

Still another worthy effort is in the direction of omitting from
children's schoolbooks descriptions of war and carnage, in order to
win them over to the nobler cause of peace. But why do not good men and
women, who have bravely undertaken these needed reforms, try their hand
also on the Jewish-Christian bible? I challenge these reformers, who
would expunge from children's text-books the descriptions of battles and
slaughters, to find a single passage in the secular history of Europe
and America which can compare with the descriptions of David's divine
method of warfare.

_And thus did he unto all the cities of the children of Ammon._ *

     * II Samuel xii, 31.

"Unto all the cities." Goodness! It is not only upon one or two special
offenders that these atrocities are practiced, but upon "all the
cities." And think of the state of heart and mind of a man that could
be such a monster! But there is something more appalling still: think of
the head and heart of the people of the twentieth century who dare
not denounce such barbarities because they are in the bible, and
who translate these details into every language under the sun for
edification in morals!

Of course, there are also many "good things" in the bible, but if all
the good editorials in newspapers can not atone for or justify the
publication of offensive matter in other columns of the paper, why
should the "good things in the bible" be quoted to cover up or excuse
such terrible passages as those quoted above? And if it be said that
neither Jews nor Christians approve of all the things in the bible, I
ask, again, why then do they go on translating and disseminating the
book without expunging the objectionable parts? If they have the courage
to so rewrite the history of nations, or report the news of the world,
as to omit all wanton descriptions of brutal and vulgar conduct, why
have they not the courage to put the bible through the same purifying
process? Who or what are they afraid of?




A Bible Saint

|THE story of David, which is placed in children's hands for their
edification, is really that of a brigand, the personnel of whose
followers is given in the following words:

_And every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and
every one that was discontented, gathered themselves unto him; and he
(David) became a captain over them: and there were with him about four
hundred men._ *

Led by their "holy" captain, they went about to murder and plunder.
Hiding themselves in caves and mountain fastnesses, they became a terror
to people laboring in the fields or traveling from place to place. These
freebooters, naturally enough, preferred going with David to staying at
home to be sued for unpaid bills. So "every one that was in debt" joined
the robber band. The thoroughness with which David and his marauders did
their work won for them the favor of Jehovah.

_And David saved neither man nor woman alive, to bring tidings to Gath,
saying, Lest they should tell on us, saying,

So did David._ **

     * I Samuel xxii, 2.

     ** Samuel xxvii, 11.

David never did anything without first consulting the Lord. He was not
only cruel, but he was also a coward, for unless his God positively
assured him of victory, he would not fight. The way he ascertained
the mind of the Lord shows him to have been as superstitious as he was
unmerciful and cowardly. And this is the Saint David--the flower
of Judaism and Christianity combined! Religion has so perverted the
judgment of men that they admire in the bible what they would despise
anywhere else.

_And David said to Abiathar, the priest... I pray thee, bring me hither
the ephod. And Abiathar brought thither the ephod to David. And David
enquired of the Lord, saying, Shall I pursue after this troop? Shall
I overtake them? And he answered him, Pursue: for thou shalt surely
overtake them, and without fail recover all. _*

An _ephod_ was a cloak made according to the instructions of God, and
worn by the priest. David consulted the cloak, and the cloak answered
him. Perhaps there was some one in the cloak; at any rate the cloak
spoke. David evidently had other gods besides Jehovah and the _ephod_,
whom he kept at his home for consultation. On one occasion his wife
Michal placed one of these domestic gods in David's bed, to mislead
his pursuers. ** But his gods, big or small, did not object to his
barbarities:

_Wherefore David arose and went, he and his men, and slew of the
Philistines two hundred men; and David brought their foreskins, and gave
them in full tale to the king, that he might be the king's son in
law._ ***

     * I Samuel xxx, 7,8.

     ** I Samuel xix, 13.

     ***  I Samuel xviii, 27.

Do parents desire their children to read such impure stories?

David puts the scalping Indians to shame. On one occasion, after God had
greatly blessed him and given him the throne of Israel, David, who had
already hundreds of wives and concubines, caught sight of the wife of
one of his soldiers. To possess her, he coolly planned, and, without
scruple, caused to be executed one of the meanest murders on record,
that of the husband of the woman he coveted. The only person punished
for this act of David was the innocent babe born of the crime. What
justice!

From this time on, David became, if anything, more offensive in his
conduct than ever before. Having escaped punishment for the foul murder
of Uriah, the husband of Bathsheba, he caused to be hanged seven of the
sons and grandsons of his ancient rival, Saul, on the pretext that
the three years' famine in the land would terminate by this sacrifice.
Indeed, he had consulted the Lord before hanging these innocent youths,
with the result that, immediately after the seven corpses fell to the
ground "before the Lord," the famine ceased. * It is curious how the
deity always agrees with a powerful king or emperor. Kaiser, czar, and
sultan always obey God, because he never tells them to do anything they
do not want to do, and because he always approves of what they desire to
do. Kings and emperors have the deity under perfect control.

     * II Samuel xxi, 1-9.

Such was David's unrelenting spite that, when on his death-bed, he
extracted a promise from his successor to the throne never to forgive
or to show mercy to any one that had ever offended him. Mentioning his
enemy by name, "his hoar head bring thou down to the grave with blood,"
he hissed, as he expired. * It would be perfectly safe to say that there
is not another character of equal prominence in history, with so many
vices and so few virtues, as that of David, concerning whom it is said
that "he was a man after God's own heart," and to whom is given the
highest praise in the bible by the deity himself:

_My servant David, who kept my commandments, and who followed me with
all his heart, to do that only which was right in mine eyes. _**

     * I Kings ii, 9.

     ** I Kings xiv, 8.




III. The Bible and Judaism

|IT is in examining the fundamental teachings of Judaism that we
discover the blighting influence of the bible upon Jewish thought and
conduct. In all the Old Testament there is not even a suggestion that it
is a duty to love the Gentile, or to treat him justly at least. Judaism
believed the world outside Israel lost, and _rejoiced_ in it.

To Judaism the Gentile was not worth saving. A stranger might of his
own accord, seeing the light of Israel, unite himself with the people of
God, but it was no part of the Jewish religion to concern itself about
the balance of mankind. Moses Mendelsohn, in an otherwise admirable
letter to the celebrated French theologian Lavater, who had sought to
convert him to Christianity, says that the religion of the Jew takes no
thought of the salvation of people outside Israel:

"The religion of my fathers does not wish to be extended... Our rabbis
unanimously teach that the written and oral laws which form conjointly
our revealed religion are obligatory on our nation only." The bible then
does not concern itself about enlightening any other people than the
Jews. Not only all attempts to spread abroad the truths of revelation
are strictly forbidden, but the Gentile who, of his own accord even,
asks to share with the Jew the blessings of his religion is to be
rejected. "Our rabbis," continues Mendelsohn in this same letter, "...
enjoin us to dissuade by forcible remonstrances every one who comes
forward to be converted." Evidently, then, Judaism was never meant for
humanity at large. It was the religion of a tribe. People speak of
the mission or the message of Judaism; but how could a religion have a
message for mankind when it recognized no mankind outside Israel? Was
not the doctrine of a chosen people, which is the _spina dorsi_ of the
bible, the negation of human brotherhood? Was not its severe prohibition
of intermarriage calculated to keep the Jew separate and an alien in
every land?

The bible-writers were shrewd enough to know that nothing would end
their régime, or overthrow all race and creed wars by which that
authority was maintained, quicker than intermarriage, and hence they did
not hesitate to denounce it as an act of national suicide. It is a pity
that after many hundred years of residence among Gentiles, the hold of
the bible on the Jews in respect to getting into intimate relations with
people not of their own faith and race is as firm as ever. In a Jewish
catechism, in use in their Sunday-schools, we read:

_Q. What other ordinances has God made to prevent our falling into sin?

A. Those which forbid our associating with bad men or intermarrying with
wicked and idolatrous nations._

The child is thus taught to look upon all non-Jews as "wicked and
idolatrous," and forming relations with them as "falling into sin."

This is supported by a text from the bible. "Neither shalt thou make
marriages with them; thy daughter thou shalt not give unto his son,"
etc. *

     * Deuteronomy vii, 3.

A religion which forbids a man to marry the woman he loves because she
is of a different faith is a separatist religion.

Another question in this Jewish catechism reads: "Are we commanded still
to keep ourselves distinct from other nations?"

To which the child answers, "Assuredly," etc. Observe the word "still,"
in the question, which shows the old law is as binding as ever. How can
the rabbis justify such unfriendly teaching? And how reconcile it with
their protests against anti-Semitism? If the Gentile will not take the
Jew into his club, the Jew shuts his home to the Gentile. But why should
not a Jew marry a Gentile? Moses and Ezra will not allow it? And why
should the twentieth century be bound by Moses and Ezra? How can God
be a universal father, and all peoples his children, if it is a crime
deserving of death, as the bible plainly announces in many places, for
one of his children to love another not of the same faith? This is the
negation of brotherhood in the holiest sense of the word. The Catholic
who denies salvation to all outside his church is not worse than the
orthodox Jew. The Hebrew who has the courage to marry the woman he
loves, in spite of all the theological fulminations of Moses and Ezra,
does more to bring Israel into intimate fellowship with the world of
to-day and more to unite all races in the bonds of brotherhood than all
the rabbis of Jewry. The way to free Israel is to educate the Jew
away from the rabbi, and, _entre nous_, rabbi is only another name for
priest.

The bible evidently does not believe either in equality or in
brotherhood. Will it be right to allow the teachers in our public
schools, where all races and creeds are wrapped in the folds of one
flag, to read from a book that teaches the boys and girls, who will be
the men and women of the future, to hate one another? And yet the bible
is guilty, we regret to say, of that very crime. Not only does it make
it a capital crime for a Jew to love a Gentile, but he must not even be
"on the square" with him.

_Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother.... Unto a stranger thou
mayest lend upon usury._ *

Evidently the stranger is not a brother, else why does it say again:

_Of the children of the strangers... shall ye buy... they shall be your
bondmen forever: but over your brethren the children of Israel ye shall
not rule one over another with vigor._ **

and again:

_Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself: thou shalt give
it unto the stranger that is in thy gates, that he may eat it; or thou
mayest sell it unto an alien._ ***

     * Deuteronomy xxiii, 19, 20.

     ** Leviticus xxv, 45, 46.

     *** Deuteronomy xiv, 21.

To give or to sell putrid flesh to the Gentile, or the _Goim_, is that
the way to educate and prepare the world for brotherhood?

The defenders of the bible have often pleaded that the wars of
extermination in the bible had for their object the preservation of the
chosen people from idolatrous associations. To keep pure the religion
revealed from above it was necessary, it is argued, to kill and destroy
the surrounding races and forbid the Jews under severe penalties from
entering into close relations with them. But how does selling bad meat
to the Gentiles help to preserve the purity of a religion? How does
enslaving the stranger contribute to the same end? If it is association
with the Gentile that is feared, why were the Jews permitted to buy
slaves of them and live with them in the same house or field? And how
does lending money upon usury to the stranger help to protect the divine
religion from contamination? Candidly speaking, it is difficult to
see how anybody with a touch of the spirit of love and humanity in his
breast can believe in the Old Testament. The fall of the bastile did
not mark the dawn of a better day for France more than the fall of the
bible will for both Jews and Gentiles.

One of the most hopeful signs of the day is that the cultivated Jew
has completely broken away from the religion of his ancestors. The
synagogues are even emptier than the churches. Of course, this has
greatly alarmed the orthodox element. Recently the junior rabbi of
the wealthiest New York synagogue, * in a sermon, on the first day of
Passover, publicly attacked the Rationalists among the Jews, and held
them responsible for the disrepute into which has fallen the religion of
the bible:

     * Temple Emanuel.

_The old tree that brought forth many beauteous blossoms is almost
stripped of its foliage, and one by one the golden autumn leaves are
falling as the older men and women of the congregation pass to their
rest. There is no springtime here. It is the winter that is before us.
For we have no youth, no young Jews and Jewesses to take the place of
the elders. Let each family of the congregation ask itself where the
young are, and the answer will be--not within the synagogue, but outside
of it, indifferent to it; and faithless and disloyal to Judaism!_

Continuing his wail, the rabbi said:

_Look among you! Your sons and your daughters, many of them, are
marrying outside of their people. They are rearing their children with
all modern accomplishments, but with no religion. Their homes are bare
of piety and of the spirit of prayer. Some of them perhaps are engaged
in charitable work, but the work of charity is a negative work at the
best, and with our young men and women it is very seldom carried on in
the spirit of Jewish brotherhood, but rather in a spirit of remote pity
mingled with disdain. Are you satisfied with this result of your reform
of Judaism?_

Of course, when this rabbi speaks of religion he means Judaism; and
when he speaks of brotherhood, he means "Jewish brotherhood." It is as
impossible to make Judaism tolerant, as it is Christianity. Fortunately,
many of the fellow Jews of this rabbi did not hesitate to combat a
teaching which aims to hold the Jews back while the whole world is
moving forward. Why should the Jew remain an Asiatic in religious
thought and practice? It may be to the profit of the rabbi to keep the
Jew tied to the apron strings of the past, and to prevent his exodus
from the wilderness of Sinai, but what spells prosperity for the rabbi
or the priest spells ruin for the people. Look at Ireland. The priests
wear gold chains and live in palatial residences--they increase and
multiply--while Ireland is depopulated and wasted to the bone. Not until
both Catholic and Jew dare to disobey their priests, do they begin
to prosper and enjoy the liberties and blessings of life. As a Jewish
scholar expresses it, the question is not whether or not the Jews shall
embrace Christianity or remain Jews, but whether they shall be Asiatic
or American.




IV. Bible and Talmud

|ANOTHER way of showing how the Old Testament has injured the thought
and conduct of the Jewish race--as it has of all other races which
have accepted its authority, although, not to the same extent, for the
obvious reason that they have wandered from its teaching more freely
and daringly than the Jews--would be by examining Jewish religious
literature, especially the Talmud.

The rank and file of the orthodox Jews regard the Talmud with almost as
great a reverence as the Old Testament. Even by advanced rabbis it is
regarded as the best commentary on Mosaic morals and ritual. The Talmud
is to the Jews what the decisions and interpretations of church councils
are to the Catholics. The Talmud has been called the "Revelation on
the Lip," that is to say, the unwritten word of God. For an intelligent
understanding of Judaism, a knowledge of the Talmud is as indispensable
as that of the Old Testament. We will make a few quotations here to
show that the Talmud goes even beyond the Old Testament, if that were
possible, in regarding the Gentile as an enemy, instead of as a brother.
Many among the Jews are as ignorant of the contents of the Talmud,
as many among the Christians are of the contents of the bible. Let me
reproduce a few of the Talmudic texts:

_If the ox of an Israelite bruise the ox of a Gentile, the Israelite is
exempt from paying damages; but should the ox of a Gentile bruise the ox
of an Israelite, the Gentile is bound to recompense him in full._ *

If one finds lost property in a locality where the majority are
Israelites, he is bound to proclaim it, but he is not bound to do so if
the majority be Gentiles. **

If one who intends to kill a Gentile, he slay an Israelite... he shall
be free. ***

An alien forfeits the right to his own property in favor of the Jews.
****

Rabbi Shemuel says advantage may be taken of the mistakes of a Gentile.
He once bought a gold plate as a copper of a Gentile for four zouzim,
and then cheated him out of one zouz in the bargain. Rabbi Cahana
says that he swindled a Gentile, while the Gentile assured him that he
confidently trusted to his honesty. (v)

It is also expressly urged (Bava Kama, fol. 113, col. 1 ), to resort
to false and adroit pretexts to secure the acquittal of a guilty Jew.
Compare this from the "people of God" with the following from a Pagan
Poet: =

``` _If ever called

```To give thy witness in a dubious case,

```Though Phalaris himself should bid thee lie

```On pain of torture in his flaming bull,

```Disdain to barter innocence for life,_

```To which life owes its luster and its worth.(vi)=

     * Talmud, Bava Kame, fol. 38, col. 1.

     **  Bava Metzia, fol. 24, col. 1.

     ***   Sanhédrin, fol. 78, col. 2.

     **** Bava Kama, fol. 38, col. 1.

     v  Bava Kama, fol. 118, col. 2.

     vi   Juvenal, Sat. 8,1,80.

Doctor Edersheim quotes the following from the Talmud:

_The best of the Gentiles kill; the best among serpents, crush its
head._

Now this is the book which is to the orthodox Jew in Poland and Russia
what the Pope is to the Italian and Spanish peasantry. That it is
binding upon the conscience of every believing Jew may be inferred from
the following:

_Whosoever transgresses any of the sayings of the scribes is guilty of
death._ *

The Talmud with its twelve large folio volumes, represents the national
literature of the Jews for a long period of time. What its worth is,
aside from the few scattered passages quoted above, may be seen from the
following estimate:

_But yet I venture to say that it would be impossible to find less
wisdom, less eloquence and less high morality, imbedded in a vaster bulk
of what is utterly valueless to mankind--to say nothing of those parts
of it which are indelicate and even obscene--than in any other national
literature of the same extent._ **

     * Eiruvin, fol. 21, col. 2.

     **  Dean Farrar, in A Talmudic Miscellany.

But what Canon Farrar says of the Talmud could with equal truth be said
of the bulk of the bible. The Jews could ask for no better illustration
of the baneful influence of the bible upon their national literature for
long centuries than the worthless character of the Talmudic writings.

It would have been a real miracle for the Jews to have developed a great
literature, or to have created a great civilization like that of the
Hellens or the Latins, with an infallible bible, and its offspring, the
Talmud, blocking their progress on every side. It is interesting to note
that the only races of antiquity which blossomed morally, as well as
intellectually, are those which had no _revelation_ to hamper their free
movements or to stunt their growth. The unfortunate Jews went through
life carrying the burden of Jehovah. The Greeks made sport of their
gods; Jehovah made sport of the Jews.

If in modern times the Jews have produced first-class scholars in nearly
every branch of the activities of the mind, it is because, like the
glorious Spinoza, the heretic Jew who was cursed and expelled from the
synagogue, they have divorced barren Judaism and "taken for spouse"
science--the only redeemer that redeems. I sincerely hope--and there are
many signs that this hope will be realized in the not distant
future--that even as the French after centuries of submission to Rome
threw off its yoke and came out of Catholicism into modern thought--not
a few individuals only, but the best part of the nation--government and
all; and as Spain, the most Catholic country in the world, is preparing
to follow the example of France; and as noble little Portugal has just
reasoned and voted itself out of the papacy into freedom of thought and
action, I earnestly hope that the Jews, too, after untold centuries of
intellectual bondage to an Asiatic religion, which is inimical to
culture and humanity, will come out of the synagogue _en masse_, thereby
registering their protest against both bible and Talmud, and proving, as
the French have done, for instance, that they are great enough to change
their religion.

The fear that the decline of Judaism will bring about national
disintegration is without foundation. If the Jew is an American in
America, an Englishman in England, a German in Germany--how can his
withdrawal from Judaism affect his nationality? Is Judaism the name of
a nation or of a religion? It is argued that the Jews are compelled to
cling to one another, and to keep together in a body, because of the
general prejudice against them. Will I be forgiven if I were to say that
Judaism is largely responsible for this fearful prejudice. Is there a
text in bible or Talmud, which any rabbi could quote, to prove that Jew
and Gentile should love and respect one another and dwell together in
fraternal relations, taking and giving in marriage, as though they were
one people? Produce such a text! And if there be not, is it any wonder
that the Gentile, the world over, and in all the ages, has looked upon
the Jew as an alien? It is not true that the cause of the prejudice
against the Jew is the charge that his ancestors crucified Christ. That
is a foolish argument. It is invented by the rabbis to throw dust into
the eyes of inquirers. Then why did the ancient Romans, long before
Christ, entertain a prejudice against the Jews? The Latin authors
explained the reason for the prejudice: It was the religious scruple of
the Jew against mingling cordially and honestly with people other than
his own. Judaism shut up the Jew in his shell. To come in contact with a
non-Jew, to treat him, in every respect, as a brother, was blasphemy. Is
it any wonder that Cicero, writing about the Jews, said that the Romans
were better acquainted with the Hindus who lived thousands of miles
away, than with the Jews who lived next door to them? It was the
exclusiveness of the Jew which created and which, alas, prevents from
dying, the prejudice against them. It is far from my purpose to
contend that this is the only source of the ill-feeling between Jew and
Christian, but I am confident that were the Jews to abandon Judaism, an
Asiatic religion which will not assimilate modern thought, and abandon
also such rites and ceremonies which are unbecoming to a civilized
people, and enter into the most intimate domestic relations with
their neighbors, in a few generations the ugly sectarian and racial
prejudices, lacking their daily nourishment, will waste away and die.
"Ah, but if we do that, we will lose our Judaism," says the rabbi. Keep
your Judaism, if you prefer it to humanity. Of course, the Christians,
too, must outgrow their exclusive religion. But my point is that the
Christians, as in France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, and America are
coming out of the old faiths _en masse_, while there is as yet no such
definite movement among the Jews. True enough, here and there one meets
a Jew who has all but repudiated Judaism. As a representative of
this class is the writer of the article on Judaism in _Chambers'
Encyclopedia_--Doctor Krauskopf, of Philadelphia. This gentleman almost
completely strips Judaism of all its biblical and Talmudic features.
The program put forth by him is of so very radical a character as
hardly to deserve the title of Judaism. It comes near leaving out
supernaturalism altogether.

"We discard," says Doctor Krauskopf, "the belief in a God who is a man
magnified, who has his abode somewhere in the interstellar spaces. We
discard the belief that the bible was written by God, or by man under
the immediate dictation of God, and that its teachings are therefore
infallible.... We discard the belief in the coming of a human Messiah
who will lead us back to Palestine, establish us as the rulers of the
world, and make all nations tributaries to us. We discard the belief
in bodily resurrection, hell-torments, Paradisian rewards, prophecy,
superstitions, all biblical and rabbinical beliefs, rites and ceremonies
and institutions, which neither elevate nor sanctify our lives." *
Another step, and Judaism will be swallowed up in Rationalism.

Will Judaism take that other step? The Jew will; but I fear that Judaism
will not. Like Christianity and every other form of organized religion,
Judaism is too aged to put forth new shoots. Abandon it, is my earnest
suggestion. It has hurt the Jew. Judaism has made the Jew narrow
and anti-social. At a Jewish Congress held at Basle in 1898, Doctor
Mandelstam, Professor in the University of Kiev, said: "The Jews
energetically reject the idea of fusion with other nationalities, and
cling firmly to their historical hope--that is, of a world empire."
Again, Dr. Leopold Kahn, the Vienna rabbi, in 1901 declared that "the
Jew will never be able to assimilate himself; he will never adopt
the customs and ways of other peoples. The Jew remains Jew under all
circumstances. Every assimilation is purely exterior." **

     * On the Progress of Liberty of Thought, C. E. Plumpter,
     page 71.

     *   Ethical World, August, 1911.

The educated Jews everywhere should combat such bigotry. If the Jewish
people desire universal respect and equality, they must fuse with other
people, which they can only do by coming out of the ancient oriental
wilderness. To say that the jews energetically reject the idea of
"fusion with other nationalities," is to expose them to the charge that
they are the sworn enemies of the human race. Rabbis, beware!

During the recent Race Congress in London, Mr. H. Snell spoke as follows
on this important question:

_Regarding the question from the standpoint of ethical internationalism,
it is not the Jew, but Judaism, that is at fault. As a citizen pursuing
his daily avocation, sharing in the duties and responsibilities of the
common life, the Jew is the equal of his English neighbor, and should be
so regarded. He is a reliable business man, a loyal comrade and a good
friend. The Jew in the synagogue is a totally different matter. It is
the curse of organized religion that it divides men from their fellows,
and engenders strife rather than harmony. The moment the orthodox Jew
remembers his Judaism, he ceases to be one with the nation in which he
lives, and he falls back upon those racial prejudices which certainly
perpetuate, even if they did not actually create, the aversion with
which he is regarded. It is, I repeat, not the citizen Jew, but the
theocratic Jew and the financial Jew, that constitutes the problem.
No people can expect to be loved when they, through their habits and
institutions, openly deride the institutions and customs of the nations
under whose laws they live. The orthodox Jew is not an Englishman or
a German, even though he may happen to have been born in the countries
named. In so far as he obeys the Jewish law he represents a firm,
isolated, yet international political unity, having as its goal the
dominancy of the Jewish people. The land in which he lives does not
appear to count. The Jewish people become a State within a State, living
their own life, and cutting themselves off from the customs and ideals
of the populations among whom they exist, and through whom they attain
to material comfort. The Jew will not eat or drink with his Gentile
neighbors; their marriage laws are not good enough for him; he regards
marriage with any one outside his race with horror; he will not accept
the day of rest enjoined by the peoples among whom he dwells for his own
Sabbath, but makes one day's rest in seven practically impossible for
large sections of the people by insisting upon a special day of his
own. It is this senseless isolation of Judaism, and its badly concealed
contempt for the Gentile, that make the change of attitude toward the
Jew so difficult._

The prejudice against the Jew is one of the most degrading things in
modern life. Such is the solidarity of humanity that what hurts one
is bound to hurt also the other. But we see no solution of the Jewish
problem except in the complete emancipation of the Jew from Judaism, and
of the Christian from Christianity. Reason will unite what religion has
put asunder.




V. The Masterpiece of the Bible--Solomon's Temple

|THE masterpiece of the bible was Jerusalem. The proudest building
in the "holy city" was Solomon's temple. Both Jehovah and his people
exerted themselves to do their utmost to build a temple that was to be
the envy of all ages and peoples. Preparations for its erection were
begun in the reign of David, to whom God gave untold wealth. It is
related in the bible that--

_David the king... prepared for the holy house, even three thousand
talents * of gold, of the gold of Ophir, and seven thousand talents of
refined silver, to overlay the walls of the houses withal... Then the
chief of the fathers and princes of the tribe of Israel... offered
willingly, and gave for the service of the house of God of gold five
thousand talents and ten thousand drams, and of silver ten thousand
talents, and of brass eighteen thousand talents, and one hundred
thousand talents of iron._ **

     *  Cruden makes a talent of gold about
        35,000, and a talent     of silver about
        2,000.

     ** Chronicles xxix, 1-7.

Here then was a sum which in our money would run up to about three
hundred millions of dollars. We are not going to ask how the chief of
a petty tribe, in one of the poorest and most barren parts of Asia,
could, at so remote a time, raise so enormous a fund; our desire is
only to show the elaborate preparations undertaken for the erection of
Solomon's temple. But this is not the only reference to the big sums of
money and other precious things which David collected for the temple,
which was to be the glory of Jerusalem. Elsewhere in the bible we read:

_Now, behold, in my trouble I have prepared for the house of the Lord
an hundred thousand talents of gold, and a thousand thousand talents of
silver; and of brass and iron without weight._ *

This was fabulous wealth. David must have had a gold mine of miraculous
proportions. Mongredien, as quoted by G. W. Foote, of England, estimates
that the total value of all the gold and silver of every sort in the
British Isles barely amounts to seven hundred millions of dollars, and
David, the bible says, raised, "in my trouble," when times were not very
prosperous, three thousand and six hundred millions in gold, and nearly
two thousand and two hundred millions in silver. For no other building
were such preparations ever made.

But money alone was not all that was needed. A wise king, indeed the
wisest that ever sat on a throne, if the bible is to be believed,
appeared just at this time to take charge of the building of the temple.
The Lord asked Solomon to draw upon him for whatever he wanted. "Ask
what I shall give thee," ** he said. Solomon asked for wisdom, and got
very much more.

_And God said to him... I have done according to thy words: lo, I have
given thee a wise and an understanding heart; so that there was none
like thee before thee, neither after thee shall any rise like unto thee.
And I have also given thee... both riches and honour_. ***

     * I Chronicles xxii, 14.

     ** I Kings iii, 5.

     *** I Kings iii, 11-14.

Thus equipped Solomon took up the work of preparation for the building
of a suitable monument to Jehovah, which his father, David, had begun.
One of the first things Solomon did was to put thirty thousand men to
the task of gathering material for the construction of the temple.
For the space of four years this crowd of men traveled into foreign
countries in search of timber, as well as of skilled men for the temple:

_So Hiram gave Solomon cedar trees and fir trees according to all his
desire. And Solomon gave Hiram twenty thousand measures of wheat for
food to his household, and twenty measures of pure oil: thus gave
Solomon to Hiram year by year.... And King Solomon raised a levy out of
all Israel; and the levy was thirty thousand men. And he sent them to
Lebanon, ten thousand a month by courses. *

And Solomon told out threescore and ten thousand men to bear burdens,
and fourscore thousand to hew in the mountain, and three thousand and
six hundred to oversee them. **

So was he seven years in building it._ ***

Four years collecting materials, and seven years building the
temple--eleven years altogether. And "threescore and ten thousand
men," added to "fourscore thousand to hew in the mountain," plus "three
thousand and six hundred" overseers, make a hundred and fifty-three
thousand men in the service of the temple. By adding to this number the
thirty thousand traveling abroad for the same object, we get the grand
total of one hundred and eighty-three thousand and six hundred laborers
devoting eleven years to the erection of the temple.

When at last the monument which had taxed the whole nation and its God
to the utmost was completed, people came from far and near to behold it
and its royal architect:

_And when the Queen of Sheba **** heard of the fame of Solomon, she came
to prove Solomon with hard questions.

     * I Kings v, 10-14.

     ** 1 Kings vi, 38.

     *** II Chronicles ii, 2.

     **** Country unknown.

... and Solomon told her all her questions: and there was nothing hid
from Solomon which he told her not.

And when the Queen of Sheba had seen the wisdom of Solomon, and the
house that he had built.

And the meat of his table, and the sitting of his servants, and the
attendance of his ministers, and their apparel; his cupbearers also, and
their apparel; and his ascent by which he went up into the house of
the Lord; there was no more spirit in her.... And she gave the king an
hundred and twenty talents of gold, and of spices great abundance, and
precious stones._ *

There was no more spirit in her, I suppose, means she was dumb with
astonishment. Indeed, the fame of the temple of Solomon threw a sort of
magic spell upon all the rival nations of the world, hypnotizing them
into submission to Israel:

_And all the kings of the earth sought the presence of Solomon, to hear
his wisdom, that God had put in his heart And they brought every man his
present, vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and raiment, harness,
and spices, horses, and mules, a rate year by year._ **

     * II Chronicles ix, 1-9.

     ** II Chronicles ix, 23,24.

Everything turns into silver and gold. Every one of Jehovah's favorites,
Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, David, Solomon, became exceeding rich. In the
present instance, not only are "all the kings of the earth" on their
knees before the man who conceived and carried into completion so
stupendous a monument--one of the seven or eight wonders of the
world--but they also empty their purses in his lap. The temple is
already earning a dividend.

But when we draw nigh unto this bible masterpiece to take its
measurements, we find that the one hundred and eighty-three thousand and
six hundred men, working for eleven years, and spending the wealth of
many modern countries put together, produced only what we would call
to-day an unusually small meeting-house.

_And the house which King Solomon built for the Lord, the length thereof
was three-score cubits, and the breadth thereof twenty cubits, and the
height thereof thirty cubits.

And the porch before the temple of the house, twenty cubits was the
length thereof, according to the breadth of the house; and ten cubits
was the breadth thereof before the house._ *

     * I Kings vi, 2.

Now a cubit is the length of the forearm from the elbow to the end of
the middle finger, or about eighteen inches. The Egyptian cubit was
about twenty inches. It is not quite certain whether the Hebrew cubit
was as long. Some commentators, wishing to help Solomon's temple,
stretch the cubit to nearly twenty-six inches. Figuring, however, on the
basis of the cubit of bible times, the Egyptian cubit, to ascertain the
size of Solomon's temple, we find that this national monument of Israel,
the pride of the desert, was about ninety feet long, thirty feet wide,
and forty-five feet high; which would have cost to-day, when labor and
material are very much higher, but a few thousand dollars, and a short
time to build it in. Surely not all the gold and silver which David and
his son Solomon raised by taxing the people, and by collecting tribute
from foreign powers were spent in the erection of this modest little
chapel! Into what other channels could the money have been diverted?
Who did the stealing? Nobody, really. It was only mythical wealth, and
a mythical army of workmen, building a mythical temple. The real temple
which was destroyed when Jerusalem was sacked must have been a very
inexpensive affair.

The only striking feature of the vaunted Solomonic edifice was its
porch, which was altogether out of proportion to the rest of the
building, being one hundred and forty feet higher than the temple
itself. But the eccentric porch, climbing up a hundred and forty feet
higher than the building it was designed to serve, as well as the
building itself, and the untold moneys it cost, together with the huge
army of toilers, existed only in the imagination of the Jewish scribe.
We have only to think of the pyramids of Egypt, the cities and temples
of Babylonia, the still-abiding wonder of Baal-bec--the temple of the
sun, to realize that even when they vaunt their gifts and possessions,
even with their passion for inflation and swagger, the bible writers do
not rise to the level of the achievements of their heathen neighbors.

But it is only by comparing Athens with Jerusalem that we realize how
very much more wonderful is the truth of paganism than Jewish fiction.
It is not our intention to enumerate the masterpieces of Athens. To
preserve even its dust and broken fragments, museums far more stupendous
than Solomon's temple have been reared all over the world. Was not
Athens--as a city, as a place of habitation, as a school for the
mind, as a spectacle for the eye, as the home of liberty--better than
Jerusalem? And is not the book or books which tell the story of the
wonderful Greeks--how they lived, and thought, and sang, and wrought
their masterpieces--better than the book which tells the story of the
desert? Both Judaism and Christianity will disappear, but Greece, that
is to say, science, that is to say, art, that is to say, civilization,
will continue to produce masterpieces, and yet remain as prolific as
time.




PART V.




Contradictions in the Bible

|CONSISTENCY is as admirable in a book as it is in a man. Inconsistency
is born either of ignorance or insincerity. In either case, it is a
serious blemish in both man and book. There is, of course, a sense in
which all growing minds are inconsistent, and proudly so. Manhood is
inconsistent with childhood, experience contradicts want of knowledge,
and progress is the very antithesis of custom and tradition. But there
is no contradiction in dropping an idea which we find to be outworn and
untenable, to espouse its very opposite. On the other hand, it would be
the most unpardonable inconsistency to try to hold on to an opinion
in the face of all the evidence against it. Equally insincere and
contradictory would be our conduct if we advocated the new idea without
giving up the old.

The Protestants, for instance, profess to believe in private judgment;
but they also believe in an infallible revelation. How can an honest
mind hold on to both these ideas? What is private judgment good for
where there is an infallible guide? But, if private judgment is meant
to help us test or interpret infallibility, then private judgment is the
judge of infallibility, which is absurd. And when a man uses his private
judgment and disagrees with any part of the bible, is he not summarily
dropped from the list, and "delivered up to Satan," as the apostle
commands? Is that the way to respect the right of private judgment?

The bible is replete with contradictions of this description. A thing
is often said and unsaid in the same sentence. An idea is affirmed and
denied; a promise made and broken; a doctrine given and withdrawn, in
about every chapter of the bible. The most contrary propositions may be
proved by texts equally "inspired." Not only does one writer pull down
what the other builds up, but the same writer repeatedly demolishes
his own work. The author of Exodus, for instance, states as plainly as
language will allow that God is invisible; but the same writer assures
us that God has been seen by man, and his form and shape discerned.
Moses reports the Lord as saying to him, "Thou canst not see my face;
for there shall no man see me, and live." * But the same Moses testifies
that "the Lord spake unto Moses, face to face, as a man speaketh unto
a friend." ** The Apostle John bluntly contradicts this "divine"
statement, by another equally "divine," that "No man hath seen God at
any time." *** And whereas Jacob swears that he not only saw God but had
also a wrestling match with him, which lasted for many hours,**** the
Apostle Paul testifies that, not only has no man ever seen God, but no
man can ever see him. (v)

It is also stated that Abraham dined with the Lord, and that about
seventy of the elders went up the mount and saw the God of Israel. (vi)
But more serious than the textual discrepancies, which are numerous, are
the moral contradictions, of which the following is but one out of many.

     * Exodus xxxiii, 20.

     ** Exodus xxxiii, 11.

     *** John i, 18.

     **** Genesis xxxii, 24-31.

     v.   Timothy vi, 16.

     vi.  Exodus xxiv, 9-11.

In telling the story of the Tower of Babel, and, describing the state
of society immediately after the deluge, the bible paints a pleasing
picture of the world after all the bad people in it had been drowned:

_And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. _*

An ideal state! To educate the races of the world to dwell together as
one great family, speaking the same language and cherishing the same
hopes--is not that the object of all our efforts? But this was precisely
what the God of the bible is represented as not desiring. When Jehovah
looked down from heaven and saw the state of harmony in which these
people dwelt, and the energy and unanimity with which they labored
to erect a tower which in their simplicity they thought would protect
future generations from such a deluge as had destroyed their fathers and
mothers, he was very much alarmed, and, as the text says, he decided to
break up this happy family, and to make strangers and wanderers of its
members over the whole earth. Could anything be more inconsistent!

_And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the
children of men builded.

And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one (that, he did not like),
and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now
nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do._
**

     * Genesis xi, i.

     ** Genesis xi, 5,6.

This picture of human concord and purpose displeased the being, one of
whose supposed titles is "Our Father in Heaven." Nor did he enjoy
the sight of a united people, building a city, and a tower to defend
themselves against the fury of nature; in other words, progress and
science provoked the anger of Jehovah. And so the Lord said:

_Let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not
understand one another's speech.

So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the
earth: and they left off to build the city._ *

What an occupation for a "good" God! Instead of blessing their union and
brotherhood, he destroys them. And this is the being whose fatherhood is
to be the basis of human brotherhood! Even as Adam was expelled from the
garden, "lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of
life, and eat, and live for-ever," ** the people dwelling in peace and
laboring in unison must be scattered lest they become great and happy.
And is this the book which is to teach us human brotherhood?

     * Genesis xi, 7, 8.

     **  Genesis iii, 22.

The brotherhood of man existed; but the bible-God destroyed it. "And
the Lord said, Behold, the people is one." Is not that brotherhood? They
were not fighting one another; they were not persecuting one another;
they were not idle; they were not working at cross-purposes. But after
the Lord had sown the seeds of discord, this unity was no more. How
different is the bible from what people think it is!

But it would be easier to make a list of the consistencies to be found
in the Old Testament than to undertake to call attention even to a
limited number of its most glaring inconsistencies. The Old Testament,
being miraculous from beginning to end, is but a mass of mutually
destructive statements, from the Mosaic commandment, which forbids a man
"to trim the corners of his beard," to the saying of the Lord that he
himself will turn barber and shave the people:

_In the same day shall the Lord shave with a razor that is hired... the
head, and the hair of the feet; and it shall also consume the beard._ *

A sane word in the bible is as rare as an oasis in a desert. The Old
Testament is mostly paradox and platitude.




Serious Discrepancies in the Story of Jesus

|BUT what about the New Testament? The Jesus story is as miraculous as
the Mosaic, and, therefore, equally well stocked with contradictions.
In presenting to us the narrative of the birth of Jesus, the first
evangelist, Saint Matthew, states that Joseph "took the young child
(Jesus) and his mother by night and departed into Egypt, and was there
until the death of Herod.... But when Herod was dead... he (Joseph)
arose and took the young child and his mother and came.. and dwelt in
a city called Nazareth." ** The Evangelist Luke, on the other hand, not
only ignores the flight to Egypt, but leaves absolutely not a shadow of
a foundation for the story as told in Matthew, which is, that as soon
as the wise men from the East had departed, an angel of the Lord ordered
the "Holy Family" to Egypt. This was to protect the infant Jesus from
the machinations of King Herod. It is also clearly stated that they
remained in Egypt until "the death of Herod." But according to Luke,
Jesus did not leave the country at all, nor did he avoid Jerusalem,
where Herod reigned:

     * Isaiah vii, 20. The hair of the feet. The translators were
     too civilized to render this sentence into plain English, so
     they substituted the word "feet" in place of the
     objectionable word in the Hebrew.

     **  Matthew ii, 14-23.

_And when the days of her purification, according to the laws of Moses,
were accomplished (eight days after birth of the child) they brought him
to Jerusalem, to present him to the Lord.... And when they had performed
all things according to the law of the Lord, they returned into Galilee,
to their own city Nazareth._ *

When, then, did they visit Egypt?

According to the law of Moses, Mary, the mother of Jesus, having given
birth to a child, could not appear in public until the days of her
purification were over, and Jesus, the child, was required by another
law, equally binding, to be circumcised on the eighth day, which he was,
according to Luke's Gospel:

_And when the eight days were accomplished for the circumcising of the
child, his name was called Jesus._ **

     * Luke ii, 22-39.

     **  Luke ii, 21.

But if Mary and her son remained in the land to perform these
ceremonies, and if they appeared in the temple at Jerusalem, where Herod
could have easily seized him, if he was really looking for him, what
becomes of the story in Saint Matthew, that Jesus fled by night from
Bethlehem to a foreign country, where he remained in hiding until Herod
died? Matthew says, Jesus fled to Egypt; Luke says, he did not go to
Egypt at all, but was taken to Jerusalem, and publicly circumcised in
the temple, after which he and his parents went to live in Nazareth.

If Jesus followed the course laid down by Matthew, he could not possibly
have gone to Jerusalem, eight days after his birth, and thence to
Nazareth; if, on the other hand, he did as Luke reports, then it was a
physical impossibility for him to have fled to Egypt. Is it not evident
from these random and careless statements that the writers are not
reporting actual events, but merely reproducing floating gossip?

Let us quote another instance: Mark says that "immediately" after his
baptism, Jesus went into the wilderness to be tempted of the devil, and
that he remained there for forty days. Note the words "immediately"
and "for forty days," and then read what John says about what Jesus did
after he was baptized. According to this evangelist, Jesus, three days
after he was baptized, went to a wedding in Cana of Galilee, where he
turned water into wine. Will the interpreters of the Scriptures please
tell us how Jesus could have gone to the wilderness _immediately_
after his baptism and remained there for _forty_ days, if, according
to another report, he went to a marriage feast three days after his
baptism? A historical account in which such contradictions occur would
lose, and deserves to lose, the confidence of the reader.

Perhaps few events are so essential to the Christian plan of salvation
as the alleged crucifixion of Jesus. But there is not a consistent
report of even this all-important occurrence in the Gospels. Mark has it
that Jesus was crucified at the third hour; John thinks that Jesus was
not crucified until some time after the sixth hour. Now, if Jesus were
really crucified, and these reporters were in Jerusalem at the time,
and were also present at the crucifixion, they would have known, even
without inspiration, at what hour the awful tragedy took place. The very
fact that they report the time of the day shows that they are anxious
to give to their report all the earmarks of a historical document. If,
therefore, the event had really transpired, and if the apostles had been
eye-witnesses of it, there would have been unanimity as to the hour in
which Jesus was crucified. The lack of such unanimity shows, we believe,
that the reporters were far removed from the supposed events they are
describing, and that they had nothing more than rumors to guide them.

In the description of the scene on Calvary, there are nearly as many
inaccuracies as there are sentences.

Matthew and Mark say: "The thieves, also, which were crucified with
him... reviled him."

John says: "And one of the malefactors... railed on him.... But the
other rebuked him (his companion) saying, Dost thou not fear God?" etc.

Matthew says: "They gave him (Jesus) vinegar to drink, mingled with
gall."

Mark says: "And they gave him to drink, wine mingled with myrrh."

Nor do the biographers of Jesus agree as to whether Jesus drank the
vinegar-wine, or not. Matthew says, he "tasted thereof, but would not
drink." Mark says: "And they gave him to drink... but he received it
not." John is sure this is a mistake, for he says: "He received the
vinegar." Luke does not mention the wine-vinegar drink at all. We wonder
what he would have said had he also referred to the matter.

But a better idea of the character of these documents will be had by
comparing the different accounts of the last hours, and the last words
of Jesus. If Luke may be credited, Jesus delivered quite a little speech
on his way to Calvary. Seeing the "great company of people, and of
women" which followed him, he said, addressing the women alone:

_Daughters of Jerusalem, weep not for me, but weep for yourselves, and
for your children. For, behold, the days are coming, in which they shall
say, Blessed are the barren, and the wombs that never bore, and the paps
which never gave suck. Then shall they begin to say to the mountains,
Fall on us; and to the hills, Cover us. For if they do these things in a
green tree, what shall be done in the dry?_ *

     * Luke xxiii, 29-31.

This is quite pessimistic, and contains no suggestion of the great
hope and salvation which a dying Saviour is said to have brought to
the world. And as none of the other evangelists reports this somber
lamentation of Jesus, it is likely that some celibate alarmist, who
expected the speedy destruction of the world, penned the lines. Is it
conceivable that, if Jesus actually delivered the above speech on his
way to the cross, and under the most impressive circumstances--that
three of his intimate and inspired biographers would have omitted any
mention of it? We are willing to waive the claim that an "infallible"
document should be free from such errors as are liable to slip into
human writings, but should they not, at least, be as free from them as
any uninspired historical document is expected to be? It is reported
that Pilate wrote a "superscription" in three languages to be placed on
the cross, and which could be read even by the people in Jerusalem. What
was this superscription? Each of the four evangelists gives a different
reading of it.

Matthew: "This is Jesus, the King of the Jews."

Mark: "The King of the Jews."

Luke: "This is the King of the Jews."

John: "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews."

Notwithstanding that we have four supposedly inspired witnesses, the
exact wording of the short superscription remains unknown.

We are equally in the dark as to the last words of Jesus: "I thirst,"
and "It is finished," were his last words according to John.

"Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit," are the words reported by
Luke.

"My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me," were the last words
according to Matthew and Mark.

When we consider the miracle of the resurrection, it can not escape
notice that the documents which tell of it are nothing but a collection
of popular rumors which, as usual, contradict one another at every
point. There is, on the one hand, for instance, the emphatic and
unqualified statement, "So shall the son of man be _three days and
three nights_ in the heart of the earth." Then follows an equally
unqualified statement that Jesus was buried late Friday, and rose before
or at sunrise, Sunday, thereby allowing only, at the utmost, _one day
and two nights_ for Jesus to remain in his grave. Again, if the four
narrators of the events in Jesus' life were eye-witnesses of them, they
would have surely agreed in the report of the place from which Jesus
ascended. The writer of the Book of Acts tells us that Jesus ascended to
heaven from the Mount of Olivet. The writer of the third Gospel says
it was from Bethany that he went up to heaven. The author of the second
Gospel intimates that it was from neither of these places that Jesus
ascended, but that it was while they were all at dinner. Add to these
conflicting reports, the important omission of John, the author of
the fourth Gospel, who does not so much as even mention this wonderful
finale in the earthly life of the Christian god, and an idea may be
formed of the character of the events narrated in our Gospels.

According to one version of the miraculous conversion of Paul, who may
be called the real founder of Christianity--at least, the man who was
responsible for its introduction into Europe--the men who were with him
when he saw his famous vision on the road to Damascus "stood speechless,
hearing a voice, but seeing no man." This is as explicit as any
statement can be. But according to another version the men who were with
Paul "saw indeed the light... but they heard not the voice."

Paul's Conversion! Paul's Conversion. *

     * Read the ninth and the twenty-second chapters of Acts.


  Paul's Conversion.!              Paul's Conversion.

  Story No. 1.                     Story No. 2.

  And the men which jour-          And they that were with
  neyed with him (Paul) stood      me saw indeed the light
  speechless, hearing a voice,     . . . but they heard not the
  but seeing no man.               voice.


The only way to account for so decisive a disagreement in the narration
of, presumably, one of the most significant events in the history of
Christianity, is that the writer or writers had no first-hand knowledge
of what they were reporting, and that both of the above versions were
matters of popular gossip--some holding to the earlier and others to the
later accounts, and the narrator, wishing to please both parties, and
possessing no reliable data himself, incorporated them both in his
report.

An equally impressive event in the rise of Christianity is the suicide
of Judas, one of the twelve apostles. That Jesus should have selected
Judas for an apostle, knowing he was a murderer in embryo, is puzzling
enough, but that there should be no unanimity as to the fate of a
man who plays one of the principal rôles in the Christian scheme of
salvation, lends serious support to the theory that Judas, too, is a
myth. Observe the irreconcilable accounts concerning Judas, as given in
Matthew and in the Acts of the Apostles:

   * Read the ninth and the twenty-second chapters of Acts.


  According to Matthew.                According to Acts.

  Judas . . brought                    Now this man (Judas)
  again the thirty pieces of           purchased a field with the
  silver to the chief priests and      reward of iniquity. **
  elders. *


Matthew's account makes Judas return the thirty pieces of silver to the
chief priests and elders who had bribed him with the amount; the other
makes Judas purchase a piece of land with the money.

There are also two contradictory accounts of the way in which Judas met
his death.


  According to Matthew.          According to Acts.

  And he (Judas) went and        And (Judas) falling head-
  hanged himself. ***            long, he burst asunder in the
                                 midst and all his bowels
                                 gushed out. ****


     * Matthew xxvii, 3.

     *** Matthew xxvii, 5.

     **** Acts i, 18. ****  Acts i, 18.

The writer of Acts knows nothing about the hanging story. His Judas has
a headlong fall, which causes him to burst open in the midst, tearing
out his bowels. A man hanging himself can not have a headlong fall, and
if it had been known to the writer of Acts that Judas "went and hanged
himself," he would have left out "he burst asunder in the midst and all
his bowels gushed out."

We leave it to the theologians to explain the manner of Judas' death.




One Writer Makes Jesus Affirm What Another Made Him Deny

|WHEN we come to study the sayings attributed to Jesus the
contradictions become more and more pronounced. The most irreconcilable
statements are put in Jesus' mouth, often by the same evangelist, as the
following few quotations will show:

Jesus Is the Judge of Men.

The Father judgeth no man, but hath committed all judgment unto the
Son.--John v, 22.

Jesus Is Not the Judge of Men.

I (Jesus) judge no man.--John viii, 15.

If any man hear my words, and believe not, I judge him not. For I came
not to judge the world.--Ibid. xiii, 47.

Jesus Witness of Himself Is True.

I am one that bear witness of myself... Though I bear record of myself,
yet my record is true.--Ibid. viii, 1, 4, 18.

Jesus Witness of Himself Is Not True.

If I bear witness of myself, my witness is not true.--Ibid. v, 31.

Temptations Are to Be Avoided.

Lead us not into temptation.--The Lord's Prayer, Matthew vi, 13.

Temptations Are to Be Courted.

Count it all joy when ye fall into divers temptations.--James i, 2.

In the same way it could be proven by the bible that Jesus worked
miracles of every description to inspire faith in his mission, and from
the same book it could just as positively be shown that Jesus not only
worked no miracles whatever, but that he gave his word of honor he would
under no circumstances give a sign to prove his claims:


  Jesus Refuses to Perform Miracles.    Jesus Recites His Many Miracles.


  And the Pharisees came                Jesus answered and said
  forth, and began to question          unto them, Go and shew John
  with him, seeking of him a            again those things which ye
  sign from heaven. . . .               do hear and see. The blind
  And he sighed deeply in his           receive their sight, and the
  spirit, and saith . . . There         lame walk, the lepers are
  shall no sign be given unto           cleansed, and the deaf hear,
  this generation. And he left          the dead are raised up. **
  them. . . .*


It is difficult to suppose that the Pharisees, after seeing all these
miracles performed in their midst daily, desired "a sign" from, him, or
that Jesus, instead of pointing to his many miracles, should declare,
positively: "There shall no sign be given unto this generation." The
miracle of Jonah, who was in the belly of a fish for three days, was
enough, Jesus said to the Jews, to prove his own divinity.

Again, it is as clear as anything can be, for instance, that the words,
"Go, ye, therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of
the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost," *** were interpolated
into the text of the Gospels after the Trinitarian party had come into
power. If Jesus really delivered the words to his disciples just before
they began their missionary labors, how is it that not one of the
baptisms by the Apostles recorded in the New Testament were in the name
of the Trinity? Paul was not baptized according to the formula given in
the Gospels; Peter did not baptize in the name of a triune God; Philip,
who baptized the Ethiopian, does not seem to have known of the Father,
Son and Holy Ghost form of baptism.

     * Mark viii, 11-13.

     **  Matthew xi, 4,5.

     ***  Matthew xxiii, 19.

Again, if Jesus really commanded his Apostles to go into all the world,
and teach all nations, is it likely that only a short time thereafter,
Peter, one of the pillars, who had seen the risen Lord, and was now
confirmed in his faith, would have refused to preach the Gospel to
Cornelius because the latter was not a Jew? And if Jesus really sent
them unto all the nations of the world, how are we to explain the
bitter controversy over the admission of Gentiles into the church--a
controversy that led Paul to denounce Peter as a dissimulator? It is
not a lack of moral courage, but courtesy, which, in view of these
revelations, restrains us from calling the above text in the Gospels a
partisan forgery. Is it reasonable to suppose that the same Jesus who
forbade his disciples to go to the Gentiles, telling them to confine
themselves exclusively to the Jews, also commissioned them to make no
distinction of race, country or religion?

Below we present one of the most important commandments of Jesus, and
the prompt cancellation of the same, in parallel columns:


  Go not into the way of the          Go ye into all the world
  Gentiles, and into any city of      and preach the Gospel to
  the Samaritans enter ye not:        every creature. **
  But go rather to the lost
  sheep of the house of Israel. *


Again, Jesus said:

I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel. ***

     * Matthew x, 5.

     **  Luke xvi, 15.

     ***  Matthew xv, 24.

It is claimed that Jesus postponed the giving of the larger command
until his disciples could appreciate it. But there is a serious
objection to this explanation. When Jesus forbade his apostles to visit
any of the cities of the Gentiles, he stated his reason for it. "I
am not sent," he said, "but unto the... house of Israel." Could any
pronouncement be more explicit than that? He further explained to his
disciples that they would not finish visiting the cities of Israel
before they would see him in his second coming. It was after
Christianity had crossed over into Europe that a note of universality
was introduced into it. That Jesus had no idea, or even desire, to
include the non-Jewish peoples of the world into his heavenly kingdom,
is clearly inferred from his definite declaration that the world would
come to an end during the lifetime of some of those who heard his
preaching.

And now, how do the orthodox defend themselves against these
revelations? One of the answers they offer is that contradictions and
inaccuracies occur in all books, but we do not discredit them on that
account. Therefore, they conclude, it is not fair to discredit the bible
because of the mistakes it contains. But the bible is claimed to be
an infallible book; and for an infallible book to stand in need of
the courtesy and indulgence shown to human writings is a terrible
humiliation. Moreover, the kind of contradictions which exist in the
bible would destroy the reputation of any book.

A second defense is that the mistakes in the bible are limited to
details only, and that in the essentials, it is infallible. It will not
be necessary to remind the readers of this book of the untruth of that
statement.

But why could not an inspired book be as accurate in the details as in
the essentials? If, for instance, the world were really created, or
if Jesus were crucified and raised from the grave, why is there not a
consistent account of these events?

A third defense is that these contradictions really prove the
inspiration of the bible. Had there been one consistent account of the
life and teachings of Jesus, instead of four contradictory ones, the
apostles might have been suspected of collusion, but the inconsistencies
in their narratives show, it is said, that they were honest men. Let
us test the value of the above defense by applying it to a specific
instance: Matthew and Luke testify that the women, upon their return
from the empty grave of Jesus, communicated their experience to the
disciples: "And they departed quickly from the sepulchre... and did run
to bring his disciples word." Mark, on the other hand, testifies that
the women fled from the sepulchre in consternation; "neither said they
any thing to any man." Now, did the Holy Ghost, under whose inspiration
both accounts were supposedly produced, purposely cover the facts, or
misinform the reporters, that it may never be definitely known what the
women really did when they returned from the grave; or, did he confuse
the writers that the world may see in their disagreements the proof of
their honesty? But such a manouvre would only prove the ingenuity of the
Holy Ghost--not the honesty of the reporters. If the women communicated
with the disciples upon their return from the grave, then, to have
reported as Mark does, that "neither said they any thing to any man,"
was an error. It may have been an honest error, but if he were prompted
by the Holy Ghost to make the error, it does not prove his honesty, any
more than the contrary report proves the honesty of Matthew and Luke.

But there is a more important question suggested by this discussion: Why
are there four Gospels? If it were for the purpose of supplementing what
the others have omitted, we ask, why should there be omissions in an
inspired document? If all four of the evangelists in reporting the same
event agree perfectly, three of the reports would be superfluous. One
inspired and truthful account of it would have been enough. If, however,
the four accounts of the same event do not agree, as we have seen that
in numerous instances they do not, then no one will attempt to maintain
that all four of them could be true. If one evangelist testifies that
the ascension took place from the Mount of Olives, and another is
equally sure that it was from Bethany, about three miles from the former
place, it is evident that only one of them can be correct, if Jesus
ascended at all. The only good reason for more than one inspired account
of Jesus' life is that given by a great pillar of the early church,
namely, there had to be as many Gospels as there were corners to the
earth, or winds of heaven.




PART VI.




I. What Was The Bible Meant to Teach?

|LET us now examine the claim that nothing has or can hurt the bible,
and that this fact is the proof of its divinity. We will have no trouble
in proving to the reader, that, in spite of the most expensive and
extensive protection which the bible has enjoyed for centuries,
criticism has compelled it to part, one after another, with all its
claims. The science of the bible, for instance, has been thoroughly
discredited. Its story of creation and of the origin of man has been
everywhere replaced by the truer revelation of science. Darwin has
placed Genesis on the shelf. The fire of criticism has irrevocably
destroyed the Mosaic narrative. "Inspiration" has gone down before
investigation. There is not a single institution of learning which
accepts any longer the bible for a guide in matters of science. Even in
Catholic schools, the world revolves around the sun, and the heresy of
Galileo is to-day the faith of both pope and cardinals. Yes, the world
goes around, and even the Catholic church does not wish to prevent it,
but goes around with it. Is not the word of man, then, as far as it
relates to science, more reliable than the Word of God? In science,
at least, the bible has been replaced by the better books of modern
thinkers.

The bibliolater, however, tries to turn the edge of this strong point
against his fetish by answering that the bible was not meant to teach
science. Very well, if science is not the province of the bible, then,
it leaves out one of the most important branches of knowledge, and
to that extent it is inferior to the books that include science. But
really, to say that the bible does not teach science, is to admit that
it is unscientific, or false in its science. It may not have been the
intention of Moses to deny the doctrine of evolution, but when he says
the universe was made in six days, and apparently, out of nothing, he
talks unscientifically, and, therefore, ignorantly and falsely. Joshua
may not have intended to combat the law of gravitation, but when he
stops both sun and moon for his private business, he makes himself a
rival of Sir Isaac Newton by teaching a contrary science, that is to
say, a false science. It is impossible for the bible to speak about
the origin of man--the animals, vegetation and the formation of sun
and star--without entering the field of science. When, therefore, its
clerical defenders say that the bible was not meant to teach science,
they really mean it is something else in the bible that is inspired, and
not its science.

It is then admitted that the science of the bible is not "inspired," and
that the science of man is better than that of the bible; let us now see
if the history of the bible is "inspired." If we desire the truth about
the nations of antiquity--Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Greece, Rome--do we go
to the bible for information? Are not the stones dug out of the ground,
and the uncovering of buried cities, the reading of the inscriptions
upon monument and pyramid, a more reliable source of knowledge than
Hebrew gossip? Is it the bible or the hieroglyphics which have resisted
the wear and tear of time that introduce us to the laws, institutions,
the manners and morals of remote nations? Did Herodotus get his facts
from the bible? Did Rawlinson discover his wonderful story of ancient
empires in the bible? Did Gibbon copy his monumental history of the
Roman world from the bible? There is to-day in the Louvre, in France, a
stone, called the Hammurabi stone, which gives a truer glimpse into the
public and private life of ancient Chaldea than all the five books of
Moses. It is discoveries like the Hammurabi stone which enable us to
understand also the bible and the sources it borrowed from. In the
British museum are the sculptures, the slabs, the bas-reliefs, the
mummies, the tombs, the thrones, and the gods of the world of long ago;
and it is from them, and not from the anonymous and undated copies
of lost documents which compose the bible that we receive accurate
information concerning the races of the past. But, perhaps, the bible
was not meant to teach history, any more than it was meant to teach
science. The history of the bible is as unreliable as its science. What
information it gives us about the Egyptians is not true; what it says
about the ancient Assyrian empire is not true; even what it says of the
"chosen people" is not true. The excavations and investigations of
man have shown that the bible writers invented, in the majority of
instances, the vices they attributed to their neighbors and the virtues
which they claimed for themselves. Both their own greatness and the
insignificance of their rivals existed only in their own imagination.

But if the bible were not meant to teach either science or history,
what does it teach? It will not be denied that before the days of modern
thought the bible taught everything--science and history as well. It is
criticism that has compelled the bible to retire from those fields. But
to say, as the clergy do, that the bible is not an authority on science
or history, is to make a fearful admission. Either the "inspired"
authors knew the truth about the universe and the ancient empires, or
they did not If they knew the truth, why did they tell an untruth; if
they were ignorant, why did they not admit their ignorance? The books
which teach both science and history represent, in that respect,
at least, a greater and richer collection of books than the
Jewish-Christian scriptures.

But is philosophy the specialty of the bible? The wisest man in the
bible, who is also the wisest man God is said to have created, is
Solomon. There are many excellent maxims in the writings attributed
to this Jewish author. But writing maxims does not make a man a
philosopher. To be a philosopher, one must not only have some kind of an
answer to the many questions which come up in the life of the world,
but he must also work these answers, acquired after years of study and
research, into what might be called a system, comprehensive in its sweep
and harmonious in the relation of its parts to the whole. Is there an
author or a teacher in the bible who may be called a philosopher, or
who has a philosophy, in this sense of the word? Compare Solomon with
Aristotle, whom Goethe called "The intellect of the world!" What are
Solomon's handful of proverbs compared with Aristotle's monumental
work, touching upon every phase of human life--art, science, history,
politics, ethics, music, the drama, education, government, international
law, medicine, finance, economics, religion! How diminutive appears "the
wisest man" of the bible beside this colossus, whom Dante named "The
master of those who know!" And while Aristotle was not "inspired," there
is not in all his writings one idea that is degrading or immoral, while
much of Solomon's writings would be denied the privilege of the mails
were they not labeled "holy."

The _Songs of Solomon_, which abound in passages we can not quote in
this place, are defended by the clergy on the theory that they were
meant to describe the love of Christ for his church. But Solomon had
never heard of Christ. And, then, why should Christ use the language of
a debauchee to express his affection for the church? How desperate
must be the case of the bible champions to resort to so foolish an
explanation!

In the book of _Ecclesiastes_, another of Solomon's philosophical
treatises, there are expressed ideas which are positively hurtful. The
whole tenor of his teaching is that everything is a vanity. "Vanity of
vanities, all is vanity," he cries. Like a satiated oriental sultan, he
has lost the ability to take pleasure in life. Like Macbeth, he wishes
"the estate of the world were now undone." Life to him is but a "strut"
across the stage. There is no difference, he says, between a man and a
beast; between a fool and a wise man, between a good man and a bad man,
for what happens to the one happens to the other. And the conclusion he
arrives at is this:

_A man hath no better thing under the sun, than to eat, and to drink,
and to be merry._ *

     * Ecclesiastes viii, 15.

Few people, and even few preachers, who quote the words "Let us eat and
drink and make merry, for to-morrow we may die," know, or are willing
to admit, that the words did not originate with some French infidel, but
with the wisest man God ever created.

Speaking of women, Solomon is "inspired" to make the following comment:

_Which yet my soul seeketh, but I find not: One man among a thousand
have I found; but a woman among all those have I not found._ *

     * Ecclesiastes vii, 28.

No other man but an "inspired" Jew would be forgiven for such an insult
to woman. Solomon plainly states that while both men and women are
bad, yet women are much worse, for he has found one good man among a
thousand, but not one good woman "among all those." Could any book be
more unholy than the one which contains so sweeping and spiteful an
accusation? And yet this is the book the reading of which our preachers
are trying to make compulsory in the home and school. But the saddest
and strangest of all is the conduct of the women, who notwithstanding
this insult, fall upon their knees before this Asiatic volume and kiss
the text that filches from them their good name!

Of course, there are bad women, as there are bad men. But if the ability
to restrain one's passions be a virtue, if resistance to temptation is
indicative of strength of character, women are much stronger than
men. There are few men who would not make fools of themselves if women
encouraged them. If patience, endurance of pain, and self-sacrifice are
desirable traits of character, women are braver than men. Every time
a woman becomes a mother, she descends, so to speak, into the grave to
give life to another. There is not a man who was not at one time carried
in a woman's arms. But for her love, tenderness and unselfishness, there
would have been no civilization.* If woman counts for anything to-day;
if intellectually, socially, industrially and politically, she has
stepped to the front, it is all due to her own efforts--efforts against
ancient and "inspired" prejudices, against the opposition of bibles and
the creeds, of priests and politicians, and of Church and State. Unaided
by man or God, woman has saved herself from a life of slavery and
inaninity, of injustice and drudgery, and to-day both Church and State
fear the rising power of woman!

     * Consult the author's Woman Suffrage; or, the Childbearing
     Woman and Civilization.

But perhaps the bible is great for its _literary_ qualities. Much is
said in praise of the bible in this respect. We are asked to admire it
as a collection of literary masterpieces. But which are the masterpieces
in the bible? Is it the book of Ruth? Is it Esther? Is it Jonah, or
Daniel, or Ezekiel? Is it Leviticus, or Isaiah? Is it the Psalms of
David, or the Songs of Solomon? The only book that comes near being a
masterpiece is the book of Job, which, with the exception of the first
and second chapters, in which Satan makes a fatal wager with Jehovah for
the soul of Job, is the work of a sceptic. Is there any story or romance
in the bible that can compare in beauty and might to the _Faust_ of
Goethe, or the _Omar Khayyam_ of Fitzgerald, or to the _Prometheus
Unbound_ of Shelley? Is there a book among the five attributed to Moses,
or the dozen or more attributed to the prophets, that is as entrancing
as Victor Hugo's _Les Miserables?_

Is Joshua's story of brigandage to be likened to Schiller's drama of the
_Robbers?_ And where is the tale in the bible that permeates the thought
with an indescribable sweetness as the _David Copperfield_ of Dickens,
or the _Adam Bede_ of George Eliot? What is there in the two books of
Kings, and the two books of Samuel, and the two books of Chronicles that
can be mentioned in the same breath with the glories that enrich the
pages of a Walt Whitman or an Emerson? Is there any wit or humor in the
bible as refreshing, as innocent, as contagious, and as illuminating as
that which made Mark Twain the darling of two hemispheres? Is there such
music in the bible as throbs and swells in the lyric of Heine, in the
thunder tones of Milton, or in the wild wonder of Byron's song? And in
richness of style, in fluency and charm of language, in the sublimity
and pathos of poise and period, in purity of diction, in felicity of
expression, in soundness of conception and reasoning, is there any part
of the Hebrew bible that can approach the incomparable authors of Athens
and Rome, whose thought is the perpetual fragrance of the centuries?
And I have not yet even mentioned the thousand-souled, the myriad-minded
Shakespeare, whose monument is in the wonder and astonishment of the
world, and whose cemetery is the heart of humanity, where he lies in
such pomp and splendor that for such a tomb the gods even would wish to
die!

And as for _eloquence_. I do not have to belittle the bible prophets
in order to score a point in favor of the men and the voices which have
thrilled the ages. I have read chapter after chapter from the
preachments of Isaiah and Jeremiah without deriving any more meaning out
of them than I do from the verbose pages of prophet Dowie or Eddy. All
theosophist writers speak in cryptic phrases. It is the thought that is
like a clear and transparent stream, flowing as a sparkling gem, and not
the thick and muddy source, that inspires true eloquence.

If the bible prophets were to reappear in our midst, doing and saying
the things they are charged with in the Word of God, I am sure they
would be placed under bonds to keep the peace. Let us see what it
meant to _prophesy_ in bible times. In the first book of Samuel, the
nineteenth chapter, we read that Saul sent a regiment to capture David.
It so happened that his messengers, while en route, became prophets,
every one of them. He sent a second regiment with the same result. A
third set of messengers become also prophetic and began to prophesy. We
will let the bible explain what these men did when they became prophets,
by quoting the lines which describe the conduct of Saul, who, going in
search of his regiments, became himself a prophet:

_And he (Saul) went thither to Naioth in Ramah: and the Spirit of God
was upon him also, and he went on, and prophesied, until he came to
Naioth in Ramah.

And he stripped off his clothes also, and prophesied before Samuel
in like manner, and lay down naked all that day and all that night.
Wherefore, they say, is Saul also among the prophets?_

Mark the word "also," which means that all his messengers had likewise
stripped themselves when "the Spirit of the Lord was upon them." David
did the same thing when he danced naked before the ark.

To the chief of the Old Testament prophets, Isaiah, came this
instruction from heaven:

_At the same time spake the Lord by Isaiah the son of Amoz, saying, Go
and loose the sackcloth from off thy loins, and put off thy shoe from
thy foot. And he did so, walking naked and barefoot._ *

And he walked the streets, if the bible is to be depended, for three
years "naked and barefoot.... for a sign and wonder upon Egypt and upon
Ethiopia," whatever that may mean. Another prophet, Micah, declares he
will not only go about "stripped and naked," but he will also "howl."
** And are these the men to be compared with the masters of eloquence in
ancient and modern history?

     * Isaiah xx, 2.

     **  Micah i, 8.

Is it necessary, after all this, to call attention to the better
and purer eloquence of Demosthenes, thundering against the menace of
Macedonia to the liberties of Athens; of Cicero, defending, both with
his voice and sword, the culture of Europe against the barbarians of
the north; of Plato's _Apologia_ of Socrates, the finest argument for
freedom of thought and speech that has come down to us from the past;
of Pericles, eulogy of Athens, city of the light; of the _Antigone_ of
Sophocles, or the _Prometheus_ of Æschylus, unexcelled in literature, as
the Grecian Pantheon is in architecture!

And have we not forty centuries of forensic eloquence to pit against
the explosions and fulminations of the diviners and soothsayers of
the bible? There is Mirabeau, Danton, Cavour, Castellar, Garibaldi,
Mazzini, Burke, Charles Sumner, Carl Schurz, Abraham Lincoln, and a
glorious host of others, whose voices trembled with the woes of Ireland,
or the victories of England, or the hopes of United Germany, or the
cries of mangled France! Besides, the orators of Europe saved their
countries by the new hope and energy they instilled into them; the
prophets of the bible drove the nation they represented into ignominious
bondage, and left desolation and ruin where there was once a people and
a nation. Even the debris which Rome and Greece have left behind them is
the envy of all the world to-day, while not even the Jews are willing to
go back to their own Jerusalem.




II. The Bible and Religion

|BUT if the bible were not meant to teach science or history; if it were
not meant to be a literary masterpiece, or a text-book of philosophy
and eloquence, was it meant to teach religion? The claim is persistently
made that it is essentially as a book of religion that the bible is to
be judged, and that, as such, it is unsurpassed by any work of man. It
is true that religion is the principal theme of the bible, but has it
made any original contributions to it? Does the bible throw any more
light on what are called the mysteries of religion than any other book?
Before the bible, men speculated about the hereafter; has the bible
changed speculation into knowledge? Before the bible, men believed or
doubted the gods; has the bible changed faith, or doubt, into certainty?
Which unsolved problem concerning the origin of the universe, or of man,
has the bible illuminated? The bible has added to the number of sects
and creeds, but has it removed even one theological tenet from the field
of controversy and uncertainty? A book concerning the most important
deliverances of which Christians themselves do not, and will not agree,
can not very well be a revelation.

Nor has the bible added a single new doctrine to the religious
creeds that were already current in the world. Was it the doctrine
of immortality, or of the incarnation, the immaculate conception, the
trinity, the devil, original sin, or atonement by blood which the bible
discovered. All these beliefs, together with baptism, circumcision,
communion, etc., existed among the peoples of the world long before the
advent of the Jews. Alexander von Humboldt says that when the different
religions of the world are placed side by side it is difficult to tell
them apart. Like mosses or grass, they spring up the same in every soil,
and only by a very powerful microscope could be detected the slight
variations, due to climate, time and environment.

I know the final plea for the bible is that it announced for the first
time the one God idea. But we had occasion to ask in former comments on
this subject, what was the value of such a contribution? Why is one God
better than three or three hundred? Would the world have been better
off with only one man in it, or the heavens with only one God, and no
angels, cherubim, seraphim, Christs, or any other celestial being? But
it is not true, as the following texts clearly prove, that the bible
teaches the one-God theory. It is impossible not to infer from the way
the Jewish writers speak of Jehovah that they believed in the existence
of other gods besides their own:

_Who is like unto Thee, O Lord, among the gods?--Exodus XV, II.

Now I know that the Lord is greater than all gods.--Exodus xviii,. n.

Our Lord is above all gods.--Psalms cxxxv, 5.

Before the gods will I sing praise unto thee.--Psalms cxxxviii, 1.

Great is our God above all gods.--II Chronicles ii, 5.

Thou shalt have no other gods before me.--Exodus xx, 3.

Worship him, all ye gods.--Psalms xcvii, 7._

The same idea is conveyed by the declaration of David that among the
gods there is none like unto his God, and by the further fact that
Moses, when he met God in the bush, asked for his name, to distinguish
him from other gods. There is no necessity for nomenclature in heaven if
there is only one God. We do not need a name for God, unless more than
one God exists in the universe. To name God, then, is a clear proof
that it is done to distinguish him from others in the same calling. Why
should God have a name? When Moses asked for the name of God, the
latter should have replied: A name! for me! I, who am the Infinite, the
Eternal! Names are to distinguish one from another. I have no equal, or
rival. Has the Universe a name? Has Time a name? Has Truth a name? The
mere fact of God having a name shows he is but one of the many idols,
labeled and classified, that he may not be confused with others of the
same profession.

A further proof of the plurality of gods in the bible is furnished
by one of the texts which has been deliberately tampered with. The
distinguished scholar, Dr. Christie David Ginsburg, in his "Introduction
to the Hebrew Bible," gives a long list of biblical passages which the
_Sopherim_, or the rabbis, have purposely changed. One of the altered
texts is in second Samuel, xxi: "Every man to his gods, O Israel." By
transposing the two middle letters of the Hebrew word for gods, the
translators converted the "gods," into "tents," and so the text now
reads, "Every man to his tents, O Israel."

In the next chapter will be discussed the claim that the superiority of
the bible lies in the perfect morality which it teaches.




III. Does the Bible Teach Morality?

|THE question which opens this chapter will surprise many of my readers.
It has so often and so confidently been claimed that the bible is
the text-book of morality, that hardly any one has thought of even
investigating the claim. Just as the people have believed the bible to
be inspired because they say so, they have come to believe, for the same
reason, that the bible is the book of morals. The truth is, however, as
I will endeavor to show, that the bible no more teaches morality than it
does science, history or philosophy. That was not the purpose for which
it was written, and that is an end toward which it makes practically no
contribution at all.

Morality may be defined as the assertion of our rights and the defense
of the rights of others. There is not a single phase of the question
which is not covered by this definition. Even if morality were defined
as the sum of our duties, personal and social, even then we must conquer
the right to perform these duties, else we can not live a moral life.
To obey our consciences we must have freedom, and freedom is a right; to
sacrifice ourselves for a cause, or to keep ourselves "unspotted of the
world," we must be allowed the right to develop along the line of our
best ideals. Therefore, to be moral is to have the strength and the
independence to be ourselves, and to defend others in the exercise of
the same right. It is in the very nature of a revelation to deny man
the right to be himself. But that is the very negation of morality.
"You must obey," says the bible; "never mind whether you understand the
commandments, or whether you approve of them or not." Is that morality?
And the bible can not treat you as its equal, else what will become of
its infallibility? In other words, the bible wants slaves who will do
its bidding without protest or question. Under slavery there can be no
self-development; that is to say, slaves can not be moral. It will be
seen that by morality we mean very much more than the observance of a
few "thou shalt nots."

But, again, a revelation, by forbidding us to improve upon its
teachings, denies to us the greatest of all rights--that of growing
better than our teachers. To believe in infallibility is to deny one's
self the right to learn, and people who can not learn, or who can not
correct their mistakes, can not be moral. But to say that the bible does
not object to our changing its commandments, dropping some and adding
others, is to admit that the bible is not divine. But if we may not
add, nor take away, nor improve upon the bible commandments, then we are
automatons, and not men, and for automatons there is no morality.
The gods will not permit anybody to be better than themselves. Such a
thought is blasphemy to them. The progress that leaves the gods behind
is denounced by all the churches. But what is this but denying a man
the right to be himself, even if by being himself he should eclipse the
gods. "Do as I tell you," or "Be as I am," is the bible commandment. The
commandment of morality is "Be yourself."

But what about the many texts in the bible which demand purity, charity,
love of one's neighbor, and, above all, righteousness? It is difficult
to believe that the bible writers could have meant by the word
righteousness what we mean by it, namely, ethical rectitude. How could
such men as Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, David and Moses be held up as saints,
and, at the same time, the most immoral deeds be attributed to them,
without one word of disapproval? These men were "holy," not because they
were pure, kind, just, honorable, or righteous, but because they were
orthodox. Listen to this text: "And he believed in the Lord; and he
counted it to him for righteousness." * Abraham was "righteous," not
because his conduct was right, but because he had the right faith.

To the god of the bible himself, the difference between good and evil,
or right and wrong, was altogether secondary, else how could he have
said, "I gave them also statutes that were not good, and judgments
whereby they should not live." **

     * Genesis xv, 6.

     ** Ezekiel xx, 25.

It no more troubles the conscience of Jehovah to play a trick upon his
people than it did that of Abraham when he trafficked in his wife's
honor. Nor did it in the least surprise the prophets when they caught
their god lying to them. "Wilt thou be altogether unto me as a liar?"
asks Jeremiah; and again he says, "Ah, Lord God! surely thou hast
greatly deceived this people." * But is he then going to look for
another and a more honest god? Not at all. He does not regard lying as
an insurmountable defect in the character of his god. And this because
there is no ethical code in the bible; the bible is jealous of one
thing--the right belief.

Jeremiah is not the only prophet who is willing to overlook in his deity
so slight a defect as immorality: "Shall there be evil in a city and the
Lord hath not done it?" is the exulting cry of Amos. **

Isaiah makes the God of Israel say: "I make peace and create evil.... I,
the Lord, do all these things." *** Nor did it in the least disconcert
another prophet to admit that "the Lord hath put a lying spirit in the
mouth of all these thy prophets." **** Like people, like God. It is not
religion that shapes and molds a people, but the people who make their
religion. This explains such passages as the following, which the Jews
attributed to their God:

_And if the prophet be deceived when he hath spoken a thing, I the Lord
have deceived the prophet. (v)

Thus saith the Lord, Behold, I frame evil against you, and devise a
device against you. (vi)_

     * Jeremiah xv, 18; iv, 10.

     ** Amos iii, 6.

     *** Isaiah xlv, 7.

     **** I Kings xxii, 23.

     v.   Ezekiel xiv, 9

     vi.   Jeremiah xviii, 11.

In one of his letters, St. Paul does not hesitate to write that God
purposely causes people to believe in a lie that he may have an excuse
to damn them for not believing the truth. That people could read such a
passage without protest and abhorrence, shows how effective has been
the blight of this Asiatic cult upon the mind and heart of the western
world. "And for this cause," writes the Apostle Paul, "God shall send
them strong delusion, that they should believe a lie: that they all
might be damned." *

The God who in the Old Testament hardened the heart of Pharaoh that he
might ruin him and his people, leads people, in the New Testament, to
hug a delusion to their souls that he might damn them. And this is the
being who is not only to be our pattern for morality, but it shall also
be considered impossible for any one to be better than he is. To try to
improve on this "divine" pattern is blasphemy, both to the Jew and the
Christian.

To teach that no one can be better than Jehovah, as he is depicted in
the bible, is the most hopeless pessimism. Morality is born of hope and
courage. It is the idea of human perfectibility and the idea of progress
which give wings to human effort. The bible denies to man the privilege
to transcend the ideals of the past, or to be better than his Asiatic
gods.

     * II Thessalonians ii, 11, 12.




IV. Righteousness in the Bible

_What doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love
mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God_. *

     * Micah vi, 8.

|THIS, and similar passages, are often quoted to give the bible a
reputation. Many commentators, Mathew Arnold among them, contend that
righteousness is the major key-note of the Old Testament. To prove this,
the above passage from the prophet Micah is often quoted. Another text
which these commentators are fond of quoting reads as follows:

_And to him that ordereth his conversation aright will I show the
salvation of God._ *

     *  Psalms 1, 23.

To deserve this salvation by a life of righteousness, it is claimed, was
the one all-permeating thought of the "people of the bible." But this
last passage from the Psalms occurs only once in the Old Testament, and
it is a little strange that there should be just one reference to the
thought which is said to permeate the whole bible. However, that is
not the real answer to the conclusions drawn from this passage. By
consulting the margin of the Revised Version of the bible, which,
too, is the work of Christian scholars and has this advantage over the
Authorized Version, that it is more accurate--by consulting, then, the
latest and more accurate translation of the bible, we find that the text
reads:

_Whosoever offereth the sacrifice of thanksgiving glorifieth me, and
prepareth a way that I may show him the salvation of God._

There is nothing here about "righteousness," or ethical conduct, or
conversation. It was the English translators who gave the text its moral
tone.

Let us now examine the text which opens this chapter. It declares that
God requires of his people justice, mercy and humility. The word which
has been translated into English as "mercy" is _hesed_. It is difficult
to believe that this word meant in Hebrew what we understand by "mercy."
In the one hundredth and thirty-sixth Psalm, David, whose character we
explain in this book, thus praises the _hesed_, or "mercy" of God:

_To him that smote Egypt in their first-born; for his mercy (hesed)
endureth forever._ *

Surely no modern moralist would think of attributing the wholesale
murder of all the first-born in a land to the "mercy" of God! In the
same vein, David, while praising Jehovah's "mercy" for "overthrowing
Pharaoh and his host, in the Red sea," for "slaying great kings," and
"famous kings," whom God killed in battle and whose lands he gave to
the Jews, he exclaims, "For his hesed (mercy) endureth forever." We
associate with the idea of "mercy," tenderness, compassion and charity.
What makes "mercy" or charity a great quality is that it is, as a rule,
bestowed upon the unfortunate, and even the undeserving. But to describe
killing people in their sleep, or throwing down stones from heaven to
destroy soldiers defending their homes, ** or to drown a nation trying
to recover their property from the Jews who had "spoiled the Egyptians,"
before fleeing the land, as acts of "mercy," is to make of morality a
mockery. What is the difference between the red Indian extolling Manitou
for the scalps he has given him, and David singing:

     * Psalms cxxxvi, 10.

     ** Joshua x, ii.

_To him that smote Egypt in their first-born:

For his mercy endureth forever._ *

     * Consult Chilperic's article in The Reformer, Vol. VI, page
     664.

Who would for a moment hesitate between these lines of David and

```_The quality of mercy is not strained;

```It droppeth, as the gentle rain from heaven

```Upon the place beneath:_

of Shakespeare?

It is not our purpose to show that the Old Testament knows nothing of
"mercy" in the modern sense of the word, but that the word _hesed_ in
the bible text, which figures in the English translation of this text
as "mercy," means something quite different. Following the lead of the
great Hebrew scholar, Gesenius, Chilperic makes the word _hesed_ in
this text from Micah, synonymous with our word "piety." What Jehovah
desires of his people, then, is not clemency, but piety; not the love of
man, but the love of God. It is the duty of man to God, not the duty of
man to his fellows, the world over, that the Jewish prophet has in mind.
The first-born of Egypt and all the other foes of Israel were destroyed
as a reward for the piety of the chosen people. It is for this David
praises the hesed of the Lord. In the same way, the "do justly" in the
text has also a purely ceremonial meaning. The word "justly" in the
translation is not the English of the Hebrew word in the text, which
is _mishpat_. The Jews used the word in the sense of the law, or the
judgments and ordinances, of Jehovah. What the Lord requires, then, in
this text from Micah, which the commentators make so much of, is "to
perform the law, to love piety, and to submit to Jehovah." And when the
prophet quotes the Semitic God as saying: "I desired hesed (mercy), and
not sacrifice; and the knowledge of God more than burnt offerings," *
he means just what the modern revivalist means when he says: "All your
morality can not save you. What God insists upon is _piety_." If further
evidence be required to know that what we understand by justice, love,
charity, had no place in the vocabulary of the bible writers, there is
the story narrated in I Samuel, xv. This "moral" teacher, Samuel, orders
King Saul, in the name of Jehovah, to slaughter the Amalekites, "both
man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass." The
king, in carrying out this program, manages to spare the lives of the
best of the cattle; he also allows the Amalekite king to escape alive.
Whereupon, Jehovah is so provoked that, "it repenteth me that I have
set up Saul to be king," he says. Then Samuel goes to see the king, who
relates to him how he had consumed the Amalekites by putting everything
to the sword. "And Samuel said, What meaneth then this bleating of the
sheep in mine ears and the lowing of the oxen which I hear?" The king
replied that the best of the sheep and of the oxen were reserved "_to
sacrifice unto the Lord_." Observe now the answer which the prophet of
God gave to the king:

     * Hosea vi, 6.

_Hath the Lord as great delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in
obeying the voice of the Lord? Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice,
and to hearken than the fat of rams._

Now we understand what it is that the Lord demands; so did Saul, after
Samuel had explained it to him, for "Samuel hewed Agag (the king whose
life had been spared) in pieces before the Lord in Gilgal." From a human
point of view, it would have been more moral to sacrifice to God the
cattle Saul had saved than to "hew in pieces" a human being, but that
is the morality of man; to be moral in the bible sense is to do as God
commands, whether what he commands you to kill be a sheep or a human
being. Morality, according to the bible, means unquestioning obedience.
Addressing a monster revival meeting, the Christian preacher declared
that: "Violation of the sixth commandment, cursing, theft, drunkenness,
and even murder, are pardonable sins, but refusal to accept the Son of
God is an eternal barrier to the heavenly kingdom." *

     * The Toledo News-Bee, May 17, 1911.

That is our definition of immorality.




V. The Ten Commandments

|IT is the claim of both Jews and Christians that the Ten Commandments
form the foundation, not only for the moral and civil laws of our
country, but of the civilized world as well. Some bibliolaters, in their
zeal, go so far as to say that there was no morality in the world before
the Ten Commandments were announced. That is to say, in their opinion,
morality is but a few thousand years old. Why, the world itself,
according to the bible chronology, is nearly six thousand years old. Are
we to understand, then, that until the time of Moses the world managed
to get along without any morality at all?

But we know that the world is very much older than six thousand years,
and that there were great empires and a civilization which was already
old, long long before the Jews arrived. Egypt was at the zenith of her
culture when the sons of Jacob appeared within her gates to beg for
bread, and Babylonia and Persia were world-empires when the Jews were
still slaves. But to admit that there was any morality before Moses,
is to give up the bible. What need could there be of a moral law coming
down from heaven, if there were one already growing out of the earth? No
deity is needed to find for us what was never lost, or to give us what
we already possessed. To admit, therefore, that there were ancient
nations who flourished and waxed strong in art and commerce, in culture
and character, long before the Ten Commandments descended from the
clouds, would be fatal to the claim that there can be no morality
without the bible.

The defenders of the bible find themselves in a very embarrassing
position. They can not deny Egypt, Assyria, Persia, Greece, Rome; but
if they admit the greatness and glory of these empires, what becomes of
their claim that morality was first given to the world by Moses in the
wilderness? There is only one way out of the dilemma: Refuse to discuss
the question. And that is practically the tactics of the bible champions
at present. It is absolutely impossible to find any more an educated and
respectable churchman who is willing to debate the question before an
audience of inquirers. Silence is their one remaining asset.

It is related in the bible that the Ten Commandments were written on two
tables of stone by the deity himself. But in a fit of anger, Moses, in
whose custody the documents in stone were placed, "cast the tables out
of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount." * This was a device to
account for the nonexistence of the tables. If ever there were a time
when a miracle would have been in order, it was when Moses dropped the
commandments. After forty days of labor, Jehovah delivers the moral
law, and not wishing to entrust the work of taking down his dictation to
Moses, he inscribes them on imperishable stone, with his own hand. And
then they fall and break, like any schoolboy's slate. The slates should
not have broken--and they would not have broken--if all the other
miracles told in the bible are true. To have miracles without number
when we do not need them, and then to refuse the one miracle that could
have saved the handwriting of God, is a fatal argument against the
miraculous.

     * Exodus xxxii, 19.

It is true that Moses was summoned to the mountain for a new set of
tables and commandments, but as I shall proceed to explain, the second
Ten Commandments were not written by the deity. His handwriting was
irretrievably lost by the breaking of the first tables. We have miracles
to preserve shoes and garments, and dead men's bones, but none to save
the writing of God. Thus it is that all the "original" documents of
the prophets and the apostles have perished, while the real wood of the
cross and the coat of Jesus have been miraculously preserved.

In Exodus, thirty-second chapter, verse sixteen, we read:

_And the tables were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of
God, graven upon the tables._

But what was the use? The tables broke, and the writing is lost. Why go
to all that trouble to produce original documents, only to lose them
so shortly after they are finished? The thirty-fourth chapter and the
twenty-seventh and twenty-eighth verses of the book of Exodus inform us
that the second collection of Commandments which were given to replace
the broken tables of stone, were not written by Jehovah, but by Moses:

_And the Lord said unto Moses, write thou these words... And he (Moses)
was there with the Lord forty days and forty nights... And he wrote upon
the tables the words of the covenant, the ten commandments._ *

     * Exodus xxxiv, 27, 28.

But not only were the new commandments not in God's handwriting, but
they were also totally different from the first Ten Commandments. Thus
it was not only the divine writing that perished, but also the moral law
as first given. It is true that Moses reports what the lost commandments
were, but if he could remember them, why was it necessary for him to
go up the Mount for a transcript of them? The unpleasant conclusion is
forced upon our minds that not only had Moses forgotten what the broken
tables of stone contained, but Jehovah, himself, could not remember
them. Where, then, did Moses get the Ten Commandments which he says were
on the broken slates? I do not know. If he reported them from memory,
and his memory were reliable, why was a second set of slates ordered,
that the Lord might write on them "the words that were in the first
tables, which thou breakest"? * If a second series of commandments were
given, as the text plainly states, because the first series was lost,
how did Moses reproduce the lost commandments? Could he have put
the fragments of the broken tables together, restoring thereby the
handwriting of God? Really, it is not history that the bible gives us,
but gossip.

It has already been shown that the deity did not write the second
version of the moral law with his own hand, although he promised he
would. Let me now present the second version of the Ten Commandments,
to show that Jehovah had forgotten just as completely as had Moses, the
first Ten Commandments which he himself had inscribed on the slates.=

     * Exodus xxxiv, 1, abbreviated.

_Exodus XXXIV.

1. Thou shalt worship no other god: for the Lord, whose name is Jealous,
is a Jealous God.

2. Thou shalt make thee no molten gods.

3. The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep.

4. Every firstling that is male is mine. And the first fruits of the
land thou shalt bring unto the Lord.

5. Six days thou shalt work, but on the seventh day thou shalt rest.

6. Thou shalt observe the feast of weeks.

7. Thrice in the year shall all your men children (women not wanted)
appear before the Lord God.

8. Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leaven.

9. The sacrifice of the passover shall not be left over till the
morning.

10. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk._

That these were the commandments given to take the place of those
unfortunately lost appears by the text that follows, and which we ask
permission to quote again:

_And the Lord said unto Moses, Write thou these words:

... And he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant, the ten
commandments._ *

     * Exodus xxxiv, 27.

By comparing these two pronouncements, only a very slight resemblance
can be discovered between them. In both documents, God is jealous, and
the feast of Sabbaths and weeks is ordered to be scrupulously observed.
There is not a single commandment in the second deliverance which can
be described as ethical in its import. It is a "moral law" without the
remotest suggestion of morality in it. Nothing is said about the duty
of man to himself, his neighbor, or his posterity. The Ten Commandments
which were broken and lost contained, at least, prohibitory clauses
against murder, theft, adultery, and the bearing of false witness
against one's neighbor. Even though these interdictions had in view
the protection of the Jew only, as the conduct of Israel toward other
peoples plainly shows; and even though only a portion of the lost
decalogue concerned itself with morality at all, the others being of
a theological and ceremonial character, still they, at least, have the
_appearance_ of being a moral law, while the second decalogue is not
even that.

And why are there ten commandments? The Protestants split the first
commandment which forbids the worship of other gods and the making of
graven images into two separate commandments; the Catholics, on the
other hand, divide the last commandment, which says, "Thou shalt not
covet thy neighbor's house," or wife, or ox, or ass, into two, by
separating the wife from the ass and the ox. "Thou shalt not covet thy
neighbor's wife," is a commandment by itself in the Catholic bible,
while, as explained, the Protestant bible makes no distinction between
a man's ox, ass and wife. Of course, we prefer the Catholic manipulation
of the bible, in this respect, to that of the Protestants, who are
more jealous of the favor of Jehovah than of that of woman. But by what
authority do these sects go about splitting the divine commandments?
Only recently Cardinal Gibbons expressed great horror at the suggestion
of certain Protestants that the Ten Commandments should be abbreviated
and modernized. "What blasphemy," exclaimed the cardinal. Yet, his
church was guilty of that very kind of "blasphemy" when it separated
what God had joined together--the ass, the ox and the wife.




VI. The Commandments Broken

|THE most telling criticism against the bible as an ethical work
is that, while every one of its moral commandments are deliberately
countermanded and cancelled and allowed to be, yes, ordered to be,
broken, not one of the ceremonial or theological commandments was for a
single time even suspended, or its neglect winked at, by the all-seeing
Jehovah. The man who gathered kindling wood on the seventh day, or
called on other gods, or ate his totem, or forgot his taboo, or omitted
the Abrahamic rite, or ate fat, or forgot his blood offerings, or
married a Gentile, or ate leavened bread on certain days, or approached
too near to a priest or the candlesticks, was never allowed to escape
punishment; while the thief, the murderer, the debauchee, the falsifier,
the traitor, the assassin, was again and again applauded and rewarded
with special favors. The commandment, "Thou shalt not kill," was barely
spelled out in full when the Lord orders a saturnalia of murder.

_Thus saith the Lord God of Israel, Put every man his sword by his side,
and go in and out from gate to gate throughout the camp, and slay
every man his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his
neighbor... even every man upon his son._ *

Who can have patience with such a book? What has become of the intellect
of Europe that it can go to such a book for its morality? In one of
Napoleon's unpublished letters, addressed to Junot, after giving secret
instructions about the movement against Lisbon, he adds, "Shoot, say,
sixty persons." ** If that makes him a monster, what shall we say of a
being who asks fathers to murder their sons, and sons their fathers, in
cold blood, and that, too, immediately after he had said, "Thou shalt
not kill." But why was this bacchanalia of bloodshed ordered? The answer
will cause a shudder: "That he (Jehovah) may bestow upon you a blessing
this day." *** To kill was an act of worship. To please God was better
than to spare one's children from the edge of the sword. God demanded
murder, and not until he was obeyed would he "bless" them! Do we need
any further proof that there is only one commandment in the bible: "Thou
shalt obey the Lord thy God," that is to say, the priest. If he
forbids murder, obey him; if he commands murder, obey him. But the most
important point about all this is that both the giving and the
breaking of a "moral" commandment is for the purpose of furthering
the theological and ritualistic interests. "And the Lord plagued the
people," that is to say, he ordered this internecine murder--why? Not
because they had violated any of the "moral" commandments, but, mark
the excuse given, "because they made the calf." **** The most abominable
thing in the sight of this priest-made God, is not immorality, but
infidelity.

    * Exodus xxxii, 27-29.

    **  Lettres Médités de Napoleon. Le cestre.

    ***  Exodus xxxii, 29.

    **** Exodus xxxii, 35.

It would be easy to enumerate the so-called "moral" commandments, one
after the other, and show how every one of them was ordered broken
when the interests of the creed required it. "Thou shalt not steal" was
revoked again and again, and a thousand encouragements offered to seize
the land and goods of others. The commandment "Thou shalt not commit
adultery" was made a mockery of by the express instruction to make a
raid on neighboring countries and carry off the young girls by force. *
We have reason to be ashamed of Europe, of the Aryan races, for wanting
to place such a book into the hands of young and old as the Word of God.

     * Numbers xxxi, 18.

Indeed, without any violence, either to the letter or to the spirit of
the bible, we may offer the following as the real Ten Commandments given
by God to Moses:

1. Thou shalt steal everything thou canst--thou shalt plunder, and
practice usury.

2. Thou shalt murder the alien and the heathen as well as thy own
brother.

3. Thou shalt bear false witness.

4. Thou shalt commit adultery.

5. Thou shalt covet.

6. Thou shalt hate thy neighbor of another faith.

7. Thou shalt persecute.

8. Thou shalt be cruel, and buy and sell human beings.

9. Thou shalt be superstitious.

10. Thou shalt despise woman, but permit a man to marry as many wives,
and keep as many concubines as his fancy dictates. And let a man divorce
his wife whenever it shall please him to do so.

Space fails us to quote all the texts in the bible which support the
above commandments. It would be like reproducing the greater portions of
the bible to offer even a partial list of the direct and indirect ways
in which the bible lends its authority, as well as encouragement, to the
commission of what we would consider criminal acts. Moreover, it would
be a very unpleasant task to repeat, or to call attention to, those
parts of the bible which this phase of my subject leads me into. And
yet I do not see how I can altogether shirk the disagreeable task. The
reader has no idea how big a part of the bible is unreadable. If anybody
undertook to bring out a cleanly version of the bible for family use, he
would soon find that the Old Testament, at least, would have to be left
out, almost completely. Dr. Thomas Inman says: "A long experience in
life and a retentive memory would lead me to say that the bible, as we
have it, is the first book which leads many youths astray." *

That Jehovah ordered his people to _steal_, is clearly indicated by the
following text:

_When ye go, ye shall not go empty: But every woman shall borrow of her
neighbour, and of her that sojourneth in her house, jewels of silver and
jewels of gold, and raiment: and ye shall put them upon your sons and
upon your daughters; and ye shall spoil the Egyptians!_

What they were ordered to do to the Egyptians, they were ordered to do
to all the nations they could lay their hands upon. The lands and goods
of others were to be seized by force. Stealing was forbidden if the
property belonged to a Jew; it was sanctioned if the property belonged
to the "heathen."

_Murder_ is plainly commanded in the following text:

_Slay every man his brother, and every man his companion and every man
his neighbour._ **

     *  Ancient Faiths, etc., Vol. II, page 77.

     **  Exodus iii, 21, 22.

There is hardly a page in the Old Testament which is not red with
bloodshed.

_Lying_ was approved by the deity. Moses was commanded to tell a
falsehood to Pharaoh, as were many of the other prophets advised to
practice deception. Despite all the plagues which God is said to have
sent upon the Egyptians to prove his might and power to deliver his
people out of bondage, it was found necessary, as a last resort, to tell
a lie to the king of Egypt to induce him to permit their departure. Upon
being asked by Pharaoh why and where they wanted to go, Moses answered:

_The God of the Hebrews hath met with us: let us go, we pray thee, three
days' journey into the desert, and sacrifice unto the Lord our God; lest
he fall upon us with pestilence, or with the sword._ *

While planning to go on an expedition to seize the lands which their God
had promised them, they tell Pharaoh that they only desire to hold some
kind of a prayer-meeting in the desert, after which they would come
back, supposedly to return the jewels of gold and silver they had
borrowed from the neighbors. The falsehood was effective when all the
miracles had failed. The Egyptians actually, if the story is true,
allowed the Jews to rob them before they left.

God also commanded Samuel to lie:

_And the Lord said unto Samuel... I will send thee to Jesse the
Bethlemite: for I have provided me a king among his sons. And Samuel
said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me. And the Lord said,
Take a heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to the Lord._
**

In the same way, the bible, it is to be regretted, sanctions sexual
immorality.

_And the Lord said to Hosea, Go take unto thee a wife of whoredom._ ***

Again, the Lord commands:

_When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the Lord thy
God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them
captive, and seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a
desire unto her... thou shalt go in unto her, and be her husband, and
she shall be thy wife. And it shall be, if thou have no delight in her,
then thou shalt let her go whither she will._ ****

Not a word is said about obtaining the woman's consent. And the
following:

_But all the women children that have not known a man by lying with him,
keep alive for yourselves._ (v)

     * Exodus v, 3.

     **  Samuel xvi, 1, 2.

     ***  Hosea i, 2.

     ****  Deuteronomy xxi, 10-14.

     v. Numbers xxxi, 18.

Such texts show how indifferent the bible is to what we understand by
morality.

As to _coveting_: The whole of the biblical instructions was nothing
more than a continuous encouragement to the Jews to covet everything
that was their neighbors, from the jewelry of the Egyptian, to the
lands, the cattle, the homes and daughters of the nations of the earth:

_And Abram fell on his face: and God talked with him, saying... I will
give unto thee, and to thy seed after thee, the land wherein thou art a
stranger, all the land of Canaan, for an everlasting possession. *

For all the land which thou seest, to thee will I give it, and to thy
seed for ever._ **

But it will be impossible to command people to rob and slay their
neighbors, and to covet their homes and women, without at the same time,
commanding them to _hate_ them.

_Ye shall not eat of anything that dieth of itself; thou shalt give it
unto the stranger... that he may eat it; or thou mayest sell it unto an
alien. ***

Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother.... unto a stranger thou
mayest lend upon usury._ ****

Jesus improved upon the Old Testament by calling upon his followers to
include in their hatred the members of their own family:

_If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and mother, and wife,
and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and his own life also, he
cannot be my disciple._ (v)

     * Genesis xvii, 3, 8.

     **  Genesis xiii, 15.

     *** Deuteronomy xiv, 21.

     **** Deuteronomy xxiii, 19, 20.

     v.  Luke xiv, 26.

Religious _persecution_ is openly sanctioned both in the Old and the New
Testaments. Every expression of independence, or disagreement with the
priesthood, was blasphemy, and punishable by death.

_And he that blasphemeth the name of the Lord, he shall surely be put to
death, and all the congregation shall certainly stone him: as well the
stranger, as he that is born in the land, when he blasphemeth the name
of the Lord, shall be put to death._ *

The Bible gives a very long list of "blasphemies" for which the death
penalty is ordered--from failing to circumcise one's children, to
gathering sticks on the Sabbath. And as to those professing a different
faith, the commandment was as follows:

_These are the statutes and judgments, which ye shall observe to do in
the land, which the Lord God of thy fathers giveth thee to possess it,
all the days that ye live upon the earth.

Ye shall utterly destroy all the places, wherein the nations which ye
shall possess served their gods, upon the high mountains, and upon the
hills, and under every green tree:

And ye shall overthrow their altars, and break their pillars and burn
their groves with fire; and ye shall hew down the graven images of their
gods, and destroy the names of them out of that place._ **

     * Leviticus xxiv, 16.

     **  Deuteronomy xii, 1-4.

Could intolerance go further than that! Other peoples are not to have
any gods at all. Even as their lands will be taken away from them, so
shall their gods. And since their Jehovah never intended to be the god
of anybody else but a Hebrew, it followed that the Jews were the only
people privileged to own a god.

Why should "all the high places," where the other nations served their
gods, be destroyed? Did not Moses go to Mount Sinai, a high place, to
worship Jehovah? Why may not a Gentile have his own high place, as well
as a Jew? Surely, the heathen gods on their mountains could not possibly
have given a more unmerciful set of commandments than those which
Jehovah dictated to Moses. There was no breadth in the God of the Jews.
_Live and let live, or Think and let think_, is the conquest of
modern thought for which we are indebted to Rationalism. We say it,
reluctantly, but say it we must, Jehovah was a bigot. How long will the
Jews continue to profess a religion which requires of them to live in
Europe and America, and in the twentieth century, according to the
ways of the desert? If Gentiles, in every country, are in great numbers
forsaking Christianity, let the exodus of the Jews from the synagogue be
equally earnest and pronounced.

_Cruelty_ was to be the accompaniment of religious persecution.

The descriptions of acts of cruelty against the stranger seem to have
given positive pleasure to the writers of the bible, for they enter into
the most repulsive details in narrating them:

_For the Lord shall sell Sisera into the hand of a woman.... Howbeit
Sisera fled away on his feet to the tent of Jael the wife of Heber the
Kenite: for there was peace between Jabin the king of Hazor and the
house of Heber the Kenite.

And Tael went out to meet Sisera, and said unto him, Turn in, my lord,
turn in to me; fear not. And when he had turned in unto her into the
tent, she covered him with a mantle... Then Jael Heber's wife took a
nail of the tent, and took an hammer in her hand, and went softly unto
him, and smote the nail into his temples, and fastened it into the
ground: for he was fast asleep and weary. So he died.... Behold, Sisera
lay dead, and the nail was in his temples._ *

     *  Judges iv, 9, 17-23.

For this act of treacherous cruelty Jael was sainted:

_Blessed above women shall Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite be, blessed
shall she be above women in the tent.... She put her hand to the nail,
and her right hand to the workmen's hammer; and with the hammer she
smote Sisera, she smote off his head, when she had pierced and stricken
through his temples.... So let all thine enemies perish, O Lord._ *

_Superstitions_ of the most degrading type are recommended and their
daily practice sanctioned. Though they claimed to be on talking terms
with the deity, they had, nevertheless, to cast lots, and resort to
sorcery and divination, to find out the mind of the Lord.

_Take me an heifer of three years old, and a she goat of three years
old, and a ram of three years old, and a turtledove, and a young pigeon.

And he took unto him all these, and divided them in the midst, and laid
each piece one against another: but the birds divided he not.... And it
came to pass, that, when the sun went down, and it was dark, behold a
smoking furnace, and a burning lamp that passed between those pieces.

In the same day the Lord made a covenant with Abram._ **

Could anything be more meaningless?

... _And it came to pass, when Moses held up his hand, that Israel
prevailed: and when he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed.

But Moses' hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it under
him, and he sat thereon; and Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one
on the one side, and the other on the other side; and his hands were
steady until the going down of the sun.

And Joshua discomfited Amalek and his people with the edge of the
sword._ **

     *  Judges v, 24-31.

     **  Exodus xvii, 11-13.

Only the most hopeless ignorance could credit such a performance.

And Jesus thought that by self-mutilation one could become a candidate
for heaven:

_For there are some eunuchs, which were so born from their mother's
womb: and there are some eunuchs, which were made eunuchs of men: and
there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of
heaven's sake. He that is able to receive it, let him receive it.

And the four beasts said, Amen._




VII. Thou Shalt Despise Women

|THE most unfortunate person in the whole bible is a woman. How is it
then that the bible has come to be regarded as really the emancipator
of woman? Well, that is only one of many fictions about the "Holy" book.
Not only is the responsibility for the fall of man, and the existence
of such a place as hell, thrown upon woman, because she ate of the
forbidden tree; but she is also introduced as a mere fragment of man,
made out of one of his ribs. As soon as born she was sold into perpetual
slavery.

_Thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee._*

     *  Genesis iii, 16.

Never once did God promise a daughter to any of his favorites. And
girls are completely left out from the family chronicle. In biblical
genealogies there are no women. "The Hebrew word used in the bible
for 'female,'" says Joseph McCabe, "can not with decency be translated
literally into English." Women were strictly excluded from the service
of Jehovah. Nor were they privileged to repair to Jerusalem on the
stated occasions required, by the national worship to appear before
Jehovah. It is no wonder that under these conditions the women of the
bible, as Lecky says, were "of a low order, and certainly far inferior
to those of Roman history, or Greek poetry." Paul was inspired to
command: "Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection.... I
suffer not a woman to teach (Paul never could have dreamed of our public
schools), nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence." *

In the Old Testament motherhood is an act deserving atonement, and rules
are given how a woman shall apply for absolution, as it were, after
childbirth. If her offspring were a boy, the punishment was lighter than
when she gave birth to a girl. **

     * I Timothy ii, 11, 12.

     **  Leviticus xii, 2-5.

The commandment for a man to sell his daughter into slavery, as also
the institution of polygamy, and concubinage and divorce, extensively
practiced by the leaders in the Holy Bible, show what precious little
interest Jehovah took in the welfare of woman. The bible continued
for centuries--down to the time of the Renaissance--to keep woman in
subjection. Even to-day, one of the greatest obstacles in the path of
woman is the bible. In a sermon at Saint Crantock's, preached only six
years ago, the vicar offered the following reasons for opposing the
granting to women the rights and opportunities enjoyed by man:

_(1) Man's priority of creation. Adam was first formed, then Eve.

(2) The manner of creation. The man is not of the woman, but the woman
of the man.

(3) The purport of creation. The man was not created for the woman, but
the woman for the man.

(4) Results in creation. The man is the image of the glory of God, but
woman is the glory of man.

(5) Woman's priority in the fall. Adam was not deceived; but the woman,
being deceived, was in the transgression.

(6) The marriage relation. As the church is subject to Christ, so let
the wives be to their husbands.

(7) The headship of man and woman. The head of every man is Christ, but
the head of the woman is man._

For this one sin alone--its insult and injustice to woman--we should
never make our peace with the bible. Worse than all its miracles,
fables, absurdities, immoralities, contradictions, indecencies, is its
tyranny over woman because she is _weak_. This is unpardonable.

It is no defense to say that allowance must be made for the remote times
in which these barbarities were committed. It is not the morality of the
"times" but the morality of an infallible book that is under discussion.
Moreover, why could not the people who daily saw God and heard from
him, be at least as decent as their "heathen" neighbors? The Midianites,
whose virgin daughters Moses ordered his followers to abduct, after all
the rest of the inhabitants had been put to death, had sheltered
Moses for forty years when he fled for his life from Egypt. * Their
hospitality is repaid by Moses in this unspeakable fashion. Why could
not Moses be as honorable and humane as the Midianites? Even by the
admissions of the bible itself, the nations whom Jehovah ordered to be
exterminated were very much more hospitable than the Jews. Had Assyria,
Egypt, Babylonia or Persia followed the example of the Jews, there would
not have been any Jews left in the world to-day. And the fact that,
after long years of captivity in heathen countries, when permission was
given the Jews to return to Jerusalem, many of them refused to do so,
preferring a foreign country to their own, is decisive proof that the
"heathen" did not treat the Jews so unmercifully as Jehovah wanted the
Jews to treat the heathen. I can protest against the massacre of the
Christians by the Turks, or of the Jews by the Christians, because I
do not believe the bible is binding upon my conscience. But how can a
Christian or a Jew plead for liberty of conscience? How can a Jew or a
Christian protest against being massacred while hugging to his bosom a
book which commands and approves of the most inhuman treatment of one
people by another?

     *  Exodus ii, 15.

My forehead throbs as I quote these forbidden texts, and my pulse rises.
But I have the consolation that the book is not true, that the wild
stories it tells about Jews and Christians had no basis in history. If I
could only get the devout Jews and Christians to realize this!




VIII. The Sermon on the Mount

|HOWEVER imperfect the teachings of others in the Old and New Testament
might be, it is urged that Jesus himself is the one infallible
revelation of God, and that even if everything else is lost, nothing is
really lost so long as Jesus abides. This is the remaining consolation
of the apologists of the bible. No reasons are given as to why, in an
inspired book, there should be only one person who is really inspired.
Nor do these "new theologians" stop to think that such an admission is
equivalent to a plea of guilty--for if no one but Jesus in the bible
is to be trusted, then Jesus can not be trusted either. In plain words
Jesus tells his hearers that they must believe in him, because Moses
and the prophets testify of him. Repeatedly Jesus expressed his
unquestioning belief in the Old Testament. He had come not to destroy
the law of Moses, but to fulfil it. And he expressly told them, that
there was no necessity for any one to come down from heaven to teach the
people, for "if they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they
be persuaded, though one rose from the dead." * But if "Moses and the
prophets" are not to be depended upon, what becomes of Jesus' testimony
of them? Jesus says "Moses and the prophets were of God," the "new
theologians" say they were not. In the meantime, the same "new
theologians" say that Jesus knew what he was talking about.

But the "new theologians," who have nearly thrown overboard everything
else, still cling, or pretend to cling, so ardently to Jesus as a moral
teacher, because of the supposed beauty of the Sermon on the Mount,
and the other teachings of Jesus. This is not the first time that the
present writer makes the Sermon on the Mount a subject for comment. **
There are many fine passages in the collection of utterances attributed
to Jesus, but we have the same objection against the moral teachings
of Jesus that we have against the moral teachings of Moses and the
prophets. The best in Jesus' sermons are to be found in the Old
Testament, and there is enough of the worst in the Old Testament in the
sayings attributed to Jesus to make his teachings unfit, in the main,
for universal uses.

     * Luke xvi, 31.

     **  Consult the author's Is the Morality of Jesus Sound.

On one theme all parts of the bible are in perfect unison--God comes
before man. To us this is the negation of morality. "Blessed are the
pure in heart," preaches Jesus; and why are the pure blessed? "Because,"
is the answer, "they shall see God." There is not a word said about the
social worth of personal and public purity of heart. Not a word that to
be pure is to bless the world in which one lives, or that by being pure
we help to make life on earth sweeter and more lovable. The idea that
to be pure in thought and conduct is the way to serve humanity, and
make this earth a heaven, does not occur to Jesus at all. He is not
interested either in humanity or in this earth. His eyes are fixed upon
the mists beyond. His one thought is of the invisible God, not of man
who is made of flesh and blood.

And when the "purity" required is examined, it will be found that, in
consonance with the Old Testament, purity of belief is what is meant
by it. The thief on the cross would see God, not because he was pure in
heart, but because he believed before he died. In the same way the other
virtues are recommended, not for their civic values, not as the means of
social well-being and blessedness, but as auxiliaries to piety, namely,
to the worship of God.

That Jesus had no message to man is seen in his attempt to shift the
center of gravity, so to speak, from this world to the next. He would
take away from man the world in the hand, for the one hidden away in the
clouds. "Blessed are ye that hunger now," cries Jesus to the starving
multitude, "for ye shall be filled." * But _when?_ It reads very
much like the vague and airy promises which a politician makes to his
constituents when he is bidding for votes. "Give us bread _now_," cry
the poor. Can the famished eat a promise for bread? But Jesus was not
interested in helping them "now." He had come to reveal God and his
glory, not to make the world a happy home for man. He prayed for and
predicted the speedy destruction of the world; why, then, should he
labor for its betterment? And in his "next world" is there really going
to be no more poverty? Let us read what Jesus says:

_Blessed are ye that hunger now: for ye shall be filled.... Woe unto you
that are full! for ye shall hunger._ **

     * Luke vi, 21.

     **  Luke vi, 21-25.

In the dim, distant day those who hunger now will have all that they
can eat, but those who now are filled will starve. What then is the
advantage of that future day over the now? Instead of doing away with
hunger, it is to be shifted on to another set of people. There will be
just as much poverty in the beautiful future Jesus predicts, as there is
to-day, only the people who are poor here, will be rich there, and the
rich now, will be the poor then. Is there any inspiration in such a
prospect? Is it not like clinging to a straw, to expect help from such
haphazard utterances as these? What a serious world desires to know
is not how to "beat around the bush," but how to remedy real evils. By
taking the bread from one man and giving it to another, we neither add
to the quantity of food, nor diminish the stress of poverty. Yet that is
precisely the solution Jesus proposes with such a flourish of trumpets.
Is it any wonder that people do not care for his heaven, or that
humanity has turned away from Jesus to look for help elsewhere? Again
Jesus says:

_Blessed are ye that weep now, for ye shall laugh.... Woe unto you that
laugh now! for ye shall mourn and weep._ *

     * Luke vi, 21-25.

Is it not fantastic? Jesus seems to believe that to laugh _now_ is a
crime; and yet he holds it up as a future reward to those who weep now.
There is an oriental saying that the food which each one that comes into
the world needs, is set apart for him by Allah; he may eat it all at
once, and starve the rest of his life, or use it moderately, and have
enough to last him all the days of his life. Likewise, Jesus appears to
be of the belief that there is just so much happiness set apart for man;
he can take it in this world, and go to _hades_ in the next; or he
can make this world a place of mourning, and go to heaven in the next.
Therefore, "Woe to those who want their heaven here, for they shall be
tormented forever after, and blessed are those who mourn and weep here,
for they shall laugh in the hereafter." Is this sense?

According to Jesus, as long as a man is weeping and mourning he is
"blessed," but as soon as he begins to laugh, then "woe" unto him. In
the same way, a man is "blessed" as long as he is hungry, but the moment
he is "filled" Jesus turns upon him with a "woe unto you." Who could
fail to draw the conclusion from such teaching that to help people to be
happy now, is to expose them to the "woe unto you" of God, and to help
people out of poverty now, is to bring upon their heads the curse of the
future; and that, therefore, we should let the poor be the poor, and the
rich, the rich--leaving it to the unknown future to settle all accounts.
Such a teacher deserves to have only the unthinking for his disciples.

One Sunday in June, about three years ago, I went to hear the Rev. Dr.
Aked, of the Fifth Avenue Baptist Church, in New York city. For his
scripture lesson he read the parable of the "Wheat and the Tares." *
This is about a farmer who sows good seed in his field. But while he was
asleep, his enemies came and sowed tares among the wheat. As the blades
sprang up "and brought forth fruit, then appeared the tares also."
The farm-hands, when they saw this, asked the owner for permission to
destroy the tares. "Nay," replied the master, "lest while ye gather up
the tares, ye root up also the wheat with them. Let both grow together
until the harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers,
Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn
them: but gather the wheat into my barn."

     *  Matthew xiii, 24-30.

What edification is there in such a story? To bring a church full of
people together--tired, busy, perplexed, hungering for ideas, for truth,
for beauty--only to tell them that the tares must not be touched
or separated even from the wheat until some day in the future, some
judgment day in the clouds, when the Lord of the harvest shall gather
up the tares to be burned, and the wheat to be deposited in his chests!
Could anything be more destructive of human endeavor and hope than this
shifting of all responsibility upon God and the future? If the parable
has any meaning, it is this: Let every field become rank with weeds,
and let nothing be done to destroy the weeds _now_--the future will take
care of that. The _future_ is the one great asset of the priest.
"Wait until you die," is his answer to every challenge to show present
results.

The weeds injure the wheat during the time that the crop is growing, and
not after it is ready to be harvested. What is gained by burning up the
tares when they can no longer hurt the wheat and after they have done
all the harm they could to the grain by stealing sun and moisture from
them? Besides, there is just as much danger of gathering up the wheat
with the tares at harvest time as there is of rooting up the wheat with
the tares while they are growing together. Why postpone the purging
process? Why let a child, for example, grow up to be a criminal to be
hanged, if there is a way of saving him from evil associations earlier
in life? What farmer or educator will follow the advice of Jesus, to let
the bad and the good alone until judgment day?

Suppose, instead of such an unprofitable story, with its impracticable
lesson, and its suggestion of _laissez faire_, the preacher had read the
page from Ralph Waldo Emerson, which contains a grander passage than
is to be found in the whole bible, "My freedom is part of my faith"; or
suppose he had read to his audience the page from Thomas Paine in which
occurs that thrilling and musical pæan, "Where liberty is not, there is
my country"--and why? Not to wait until some distant day, but to bring
about and share with them now, and here, the blessings of liberty; or
suppose the preacher had greeted his hearers with the words of Goethe,
"In the whole, the good, the true, the beautiful, resolve to live."
Would he not have read to them from a better bible?

But the gem in the Sermon on the Mount is supposed to be the, "But I say
unto you, that ye resist not evil; but whosoever shall smite thee on thy
right cheek, turn to him the other also." * This advice is supplemented
with the "Love your enemies," which is claimed to be the noblest
utterance in all religious literature. The philosophy underlying these
commandments is the same which we found in the parable of the "Wheat and
the Tares." Even as the tares are to be allowed to have their way in
a wheat field, evil is not to be resisted in the world of men, but let
alone. It is not the business of man, according to Jesus, to effect
reforms; he must leave it all to God. In his own time, and in his own
way, God will fill the hungry and punish the rich; he will burn the
tares and save the wheat; and he will reward the good and destroy the
evil.

     * Matthew v, 39.

This Asiatic fatalism is quite consistent with the belief in an all-wise
and powerful being at the head of affairs. If God were not almighty,
we might assist him in his work; or if he were not all-wise, we might
enlighten him on some things, but being almighty, and all-wise, he does
not wish any meddling on our part. Besides, if we resist evil, or weed
the tares, or fight poverty and misery, we might think that it is our
efforts which have made the world better. But that is taboo. Really,
Jesus is quite right; there is no room for human effort where an
infinite being is doing things. The plea that God wants us to help
him, because if we neglect to do our part, neither will he do his, is
nonsensical. An attitude of passivity is alone becoming to a believer.
To bestir oneself about the tares, or the evil in the world, is to show
that one has lost faith in the Lord of the harvest. "Stand still and see
the salvation of the Lord," is the word of inspiration.

And could anything be more pessimistic than "Resist not evil?" If not
the evil, what then shall man resist? Nothing? But he will fall into
decay unless he resists the forces that menace his well being. And why
was man made a moral agent or created in the "divine" image if he is to
let the powers of darkness have their way, instead of girding himself
for battle against them? But the decline of man is desired because that
is the only way the world may come to an end, and God and his heaven
ushered in. Such is the philosophy of Jesus.

If God does not wish us to "resist evil," pray what is the devil's
pleasure? We have been told that the devil always wants us to do the
things which God has forbidden. Does he, then, want us to resist evil?
Not to resist the agencies of evil, is not to resist the devil, if there
is such a being; and not to resist the devil is to surrender to him,
which is just what he would want us to do.

The Sermon on the Mount, if complied with, would lead the world to an
_impasse_. We must not resist the Holy Spirit, according to Jesus,
and, according to the same teacher, we must not resist evil either.
But unless the Holy Spirit and evil are the same, how can we be as
hospitable or as passive toward the one as toward the other? We must
stand still and let God work in us his purposes, says the bible,
and, according to the same book, we are to be equally passive to the
operations of the Evil One. Is such advice intelligible? Could
anything be more confusing and bewildering to the moral sense than so
contradictory a commandment? If the gospel writers had put in Jesus'
mouth the words, "I am the darkness of the world," they would not have
been very far wrong.

Why resist not evil? If evil is evil, and if we have power to resist it,
why may we not do so? What is morality but the exercise of the power of
resistance against evil? The idea that by resisting evil we become evil
ourselves, as Tolstoi maintains, is as much a conundrum as the text
itself. Did not Jesus resist the devil in the wilderness? Did he not
drive the evil spirits out of his patients? Did he not denounce the
scribes and Pharisees who would not accept his Messiaship? And did he
not scourge the money-changers out of the temple court, and overturn
their tables by sheer physical force? Why did he resist evil himself?
And did such resistance degrade him?

In all probability, the reason we are warned against resisting evil is
that evil is one of the agencies God works by, and, therefore, to resist
it is to rebel against God. But not to resist evil is to do evil. "If
any man," says Jesus, in this famous sermon, "will sue thee at the law,
and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also." * But there need
be no law courts, even, to go to, if we will only notify the robbers
in advance that they may have all they can lay their hands on. Why not
strip ourselves for the benefit of the oppressor and thereby save him
also from the trouble of suing us for anything? Is the above advice
given for the benefit of the honest man or the robber? Surely the latter
will not object to being given more than he sought to steal. And why
should an honest man labor to possess anything, since he must permit
the thief and the brigand to enjoy all the fruits of his own economy
and thrift? By what process of ratiocination does Jesus arrive at the
conclusion that the man of fraud and violence should not only not be
denied any demand he may make upon us, but that he should have more, nay
all we have earned and saved. Is not this nihilism?

     *  Matthew v, 40.

No extraordinary intelligence is needed to see what would happen to
the state that decided to live up to the teachings of Christ. Every
precaution to protect our homes and families would be condemned as
unchristian. Instead of throwing the burglar out, or arousing the police
to pursue and arrest him, we must thank him for giving us an opportunity
to practice the rare "virtue" of giving also the other coat, as well as
of turning also the other cheek to him. If the brigand strikes us once,
we must encourage him for a second blow; if he has killed but one member
of the family, he must be pampered into further indulgence in his bloody
pastime. Is this the Christian religion? Surely it is not the
religion of common sense. But Jesus does not seem to reflect upon the
consequences to the robbers themselves of this policy of non-resistance,
and of giving freely to him that would borrow of us. In order to be able
to take or borrow of one's neighbor, that neighbor must have something.
But to encourage the having of things, the possessor of things must be
protected. Jesus, by taking away this protection, endangers the creation
of wealth of any kind. What is the robber or the beggar to take when
there is nothing to take? And there will be nothing to take when the
industrious are sacrificed to the lazy and the vicious. Jesus strikes
at the roots of civilization by his doctrine of "let alone." And that
is really what he is after. Wealth, culture, liberty, help to make us
fonder of this world than of the next, fonder of things than of God! And
that, a jealous religion will not tolerate.

We are aware of the many ingenious explanations proposed to retain the
Sermon on the Mount in the creeds, though it is diligently excluded from
life. Praise the Sermon on the Mount, but do not practice it, seems to
express the attitude of the church. Jesus is not supposed to have really
meant what he said about "turning the other cheek," or allowing the
oppressor his way. What he was trying to say, argue the commentators,
was that we should be patient under provocation, not given to seeking
vengeance; and that we should be generous to the indigent and the
unfortunate. That was what Jesus wanted to say, according to defenders
of the bible; but instead of saying that, he said something so totally
different that a large army of commentators is kept busy trying to
excuse and explain what he really said.

The world needs a teacher _who can say what he means, and mean what he
says_. If his commentators can make themselves understood why could not
Jesus? Besides, it is not right to be patient with wrong, or generous to
the oppressor. Shakespeare's thought was very much more wholesome when
he said that kindness to the guilty is injustice to the honest.

Instead of these nihilistic or pessimistic utterances, which no
self-respecting nation will translate into daily life, suppose Jesus had
said, "Not to resist crime is also a crime." Suppose he had said, "If
ever evil, or darkness, or poverty, is to be conquered, it will be by
the efforts of man only." But Jesus was trying to put man to sleep, not
to provoke him into action against the enemies of his progress. Compare
the three simple but puissant commandments of Volney, the author of "The
Ruins," to the whimsical ethics of the Sermon on the Mount:


I.-- _Preserve thyself!_

This is the first task to which man must apply his head and hands. He
must preserve himself. A thousand things conspire against his life. He
is beset by dangers and temptations. Under every stone lurks a menace
to his well being. He must compel a place for himself in nature, and be
able to hold it against all rivals.

II.-- _Instruct thyself!_

Mark the positiveness of both commandments. By being active, not
by passivity, will man succeed, both in self-preservation and
self-instruction. Once we are confident of our standing in nature, and
reasonably sure of our daily bread, it is our high privilege to start
on the quest for knowledge. "Instruct thyself!" Knowledge is the
all-conquering weapon. Know thyself, thy fellows, thy world. The sun is
the light of the body; knowledge is the light of the mind.

III.--_Moderate thyself!_

Having conquered the means which assure self-preservation, and having
through much labor acquired science--the intellectual sun which turns
man's night into day--the next virtue, the practice of which alone can
enable man to enjoy the life he has learned to preserves, and the arts
and pleasures he has created through knowledge, is to put a wholesome
check upon his appetites by exercising moderation. Not until a man
can moderate himself does he really become a moral, that is to say, a
superior, being--a conqueror who can hold his possessions. In one of his
romances, Voltaire makes the first man ask his Maker what he must do to
get the most beauty and joy out of life. The answer to this question is
also Voltaire's: "Practice Moderation."

How simple are all the commandments of Reason compared with the
contradictions of Revelation! There is not one word of Reason ever
spoken which has lost either its authority or beauty, while it is
admitted by the believers themselves that more than half of the divine
Revelation has become obsolete. To the question, "Why do not men obey
the ordinances and commandments in the Old Testament?" the answer of the
churches is, "The times have changed," or, "They were meant only for
the Jews." Revelations grow old and expire. Reason, like the sun,
rises daily to give unto each day its daily light. If Rationalists ever
succeed in building a Hall of Reason, the two commandments which they
will inscribe over its entrance will never need revision:

1. _Speak according to knowledge._

2. _Act according to conscience._




IX. The Parables of Jesus

|JESUS is supposed to be the vein of gold in the bible. As already
intimated, if the whole book is of God, it is difficult to see why
certain portions of it should be more or less godly than others. Among
the parables of Jesus, that of the "Prodigal Son" is said to be one
of the most inspiring. It is the story of a young man who borrows in
advance his portion of his father's wealth, while the latter is still
living, and leaves home. After wasting his inheritance by riotous
living, he finds himself face to face with starvation. The worst thing
happens to him that might happen to a pious Jew--he is compelled to take
care of a herd of swine, and to eat of their food. In this condition,
he remembers that his father is still rich, with plenty of servants, and
food for everybody. He decides to go back to him, just as he is, and to
throw himself upon his mercy. It never occurs to him to try and make for
himself a good reputation before he returns to his father, or to earn
back the wealth he has squandered by a life of debauchery. Why should
he? It is not his father's respect he wants, but his forgiveness. His
foolish father does just as the prodigal expected; he gives him a royal
welcome. A ring is slipped on his finger, the richest robe is thrown
over his shoulders, and the fatted calf is killed for him.

Nobody will claim that the good-for-nothing son deserved all these
honors. Indeed, it is quite plainly insinuated that he is honored for
being a repentant sinner, unlike his elder brother, who had no need of
repentance, because he remained at home and did his duty. To eat the
"fatted calf," it is necessary to be a great sinner, suing for mercy.
For the honest, who have no need to cry for forgiveness, there are no
banquets. This is shown by the treatment accorded the other son, who
had not asked for his portion of the inheritance, and had not wasted
his years and money in self-indulgence, who had not deserted his aged
father, but stood at his side in the home and the vineyard, doing also
the work of the younger brother who had run away from home. No favors
are conferred upon him, no feast is given in his honor, and strangest
of all, he is not even invited to the party. It is by accident that he
finds out about the costly banquet at which his prodigal brother was
being entertained, while he himself was toiling in the fields. Who ate
the fatted calf? Not the man who raised it, but the man who had lost all
claim upon the fruits of his brother's or father's toil. Is this the way
to encourage virtue? Rob the honest son who has not shirked labor--who
has been faithful, devoted and frugal--to feast the prodigal, who has
already consumed one fortune and is now begging for another? _Begging_,
I say, for the idea of earning one is very disagreeable to prodigals.
As long as there is a "father" who is willing to treat his prodigal son
better than the worthy son, prodigals will not be wanting in the world.

And this is the gem of the collection over which we are supposed to go
into ecstasies!

But we must read between the lines; the purpose of Jesus, or whoever
was the author of the parable, was to show that the greater the sinner,
greater still is the welcome that awaits him. And this welcome is not to
be deserved, or earned through merit; it is given as a favor. God, whom
the father in the parable typifies, cares little for character. People
must not flatter themselves that they are saved because they deserve it.
Look at the worthy elder son who had done his duty: he was not invited
to the feast. Look at the prodigal son, who had descended to the level
of the swine; he was "dined and wined." Now we understand why the
malefactor on the cross was saved, and all his crimes wiped out in the
twinkling of an eye. Had he been a better man than he was, or had he
been innocent of the crimes for which he was crucified, there would have
been no chance for him. Nor does Jesus say a word about the subsequent
conduct of the forgiven prodigal? Did he make amends for the harm he
had done to others by his selfishness? Was he really a changed character
after he was _feted?_ Not a word. The promise Jesus holds out to the
sinner is not reform, but forgiveness.

Let us take another parable: A very rich farmer, or landlord, goes out
early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard. He hired some
very early in the day; others about the noon hour, and others again as
late as "the eleventh hour," that is to say, just an hour before the
close of day. When the laborers came to receive their pay for the day's
work, the landlord paid the man who had put in a full day just as much
as he paid those who had only worked for one short hour. Naturally, the
men who had borne the brunt of the hot day, and had done most of the
work, complained. To which the lord of the vineyard made this reply: "Is
it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own? Is thine eye evil,
because I am good?" * And turning to his disciples, Jesus said: "So the
last shall be first, and the first last; for many be called, but few
chosen." ** The full meaning of which is that an employer's or the
Lord's whim is law.

     * Matthew xx, 15.

     **  Matthew xx, 16.

What man of affairs can derive any benefit from such a parable? But
the object of Jesus, in this, as in the former parable, is to show the
independence of God of what we would call the moral law. God is not
bound by any considerations of justice. He is an oriental who showers
favors or withholds them just as his pleasure dictates. And whatever
he gives is a _favor_, and not a debt which he must pay because of any
merit on the part of anybody. If wages are to be distributed according
to the quality and quantity of the work done, then what is there left
for God to do?

To Jesus, God was something like a Turkish sultan of the olden days who
exalted his barber to the rank of a grand vizier, and humbled the vizier
to the level of a keeper of his stables, all in one night, to show that
his pleasure is above any consideration of justice and character. But
this is not morality; this is caprice. To pay the man who has worked
only for one hour as much as the man who has worked all day long, is
to rob the latter of his dues. The Asiatics may submit to it, but the
American or European laborer will not. Because he is the sultan, or
because he is God, is no excuse for such eccentricity. No; you are not
at liberty to pay as you please, or to make contracts which sacrifice
justice to whim.

In the parable of Lazarus and Dives, the fondness of the bible for the
worthless, the fallen, the good for nothing, so to speak, becomes all
the more evident. At the door of a rich man sits a miserable beggar. He
is not only poor, but also diseased. Like many an oriental _fakir_, he
is covered with sores, which by their stench attract the hungry dogs to
his person. There he sits all day long--a menace to the public health,
and an object of disgust. When this beggar dies, he is carried by angels
straight to Abraham's bosom; It is, of course, a pity he had to remain
on earth so long before entering Paradise. But what had he done to
deserve so great a reward? We might as well ask what the prodigal son
had done to deserve the "fatted calf," or the "eleventh-hour laborer" to
deserve a full day's wages.

Nor is it true that Lazarus was saved for the inner beauty of his
character. As I have shown elsewhere, * by refusing a few drops of water
to cool the parched tongue of the man who had given him of the crumbs of
his table on earth, Lazarus proved himself to be as small of soul as he
was leprous of body. But the point of the parable is to show that a man
is saved, not because he deserves salvation, but because God takes
a fancy to him. And the more unworthy the subject, the better it
illustrates that it is whim, and not justice, that presides over
the destinies of man. We may plead with justice; against whim we are
helpless. It is the sense of this helplessness of man in the hands of a
whimsical God that makes Christianity so pessimistic. Of course, for
the "elect" favor and whim are better than law and justice; and for the
mediocre and the sinner, it is a good thing that merit or character
does not count for anything before God. But what about those who have
no other "pull" than their own self-respect and honor? And the dogma of
total depravity has been invented to relieve the duty of being just to
any one, since all mankind deserves to be damned.

     * Is the Morality of Jesus Sound.

The same indifference to reason is shown in the next parable: A certain
slave owed his king the enormous sum of ten thousand talents. In round
numbers a talent is worth one thousand dollars. Accordingly this slave
was indebted to his royal master for the sum of ten million dollars. A
_slave_ owing more money than any one king ever owned in Jesus' day! How
he incurred this impossible debt is not explained. But the king pressed
the slave for payment. Whereupon the slave fell at his sovereign's feet
and begged for mercy. As expected, the king, with a wave of his hand,
makes the slave a present of the ten million dollars which he owes,
thereby canceling the entire indebtedness. Does this not remind us of
the parable of the prodigal son? Even as he was forgiven the waste and
debauchery which had disgraced him, this slave is quickly freed from
his obligation. The motive in making the debt a fabulous one was
to emphasize the generosity of the sovereign. This brings us to the
conclusion already announced, that great sinners are preferred to little
ones, because they help to show more directly that it is not character
or personal merit that saves, or even helps a man with God, but pure
patronage on the part of the deity. Salvation is a favor. That is the
burden of the parables of Jesus.

The slave, however, fails to be as generous toward his debtors as his
lord was to him. Instead of canceling their obligations as his own had
been, he cast them into prison. When the king heard of this he summoned
the slave into his presence, and said to him: "O thou wicked servant, I
forgave thee all that debt, because thou desiredst me. Should not thou
also have had compassion on thy fellow servant, even as I had pity on
thee?" * In other words, debtors should be allowed to keep what they
have borrowed for the mere asking. The whole tenor of the parable is
antisocial. To follow such teaching is to head toward bankruptcy. There
will be no lenders, if there are to be no collections. Once more Jesus
sacrifices the worthy members of society to the spendthrifts and
the prodigals. The man who can lend is the real benefactor, not the
borrower; but Jesus is interested in saving the latter, and in such a
way as to ruin the former. But the shortsightedness of this policy,
as already pointed out, is seen in its effects upon the creator and
conserver of wealth--he will stop saving, and then what is the borrower
going to do? Jesus' advice practically amounts to this: "Allow your
debtors to defraud you." But the process will kill the debtor as well as
the lender.

If Jesus really wanted to encourage mendicancy, and to make this earth
a paradise for the beggar, he could not have served his purpose better
than by such a parable, or by the advice to "Give to him that ask-eth
thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away." **
The beggar could not wish for a stronger endorsement of his profession.
Everything belongs to the beggar, and he is to have what he wants, not
for any work he may do in return, but because he wants it.

     *  Matthew xviii, 32-33.

     **  Matthew v, 42.

In the Lord's Prayer, one of the petitions reads: "Forgive us our debts
as we forgive our debtors," which really means, "We have allowed our
neighbors to impose upon us; you must allow us, Lord, to impose upon
you." Jesus could have found a hundred other ways of recommending
compassion for the weak and the unfortunate, if that were really what
he was aiming at. But his purpose was to show that the borrower, the
beggar, the prodigal, the good-for-nothing, are the favored children
of God. It is not the strong, the self-reliant, the industrious, the
successful, whom God has chosen for his kingdom, but "the foolish of
this world." And why? The question has already been answered: to show
that it is not merit or character that saves, but the grace of God.
By saving the worthless, God gets all the glory; while if he saved the
strong and the virtuous, it might be said that it was their character
which helped to save them. "My name is Jealous," * saith the Lord.

     *  Exodus xxxiv, 14.

But Jesus does not forget to speak a good word also for the robber.
Indeed the beggar and the robber belong to the same profession. And
if anything, the robber's is the more respectable calling. He does
not whine and weep and, cant as the beggar does, to get his neighbor's
goods; he takes it by force, or craft, which is better than pious
prating. The robber risks his life, shows skill and daring, and is not
so prosaic, or at all sanctimonious, like the beggar. But, in the final
analysis, they are partners in business. They are both agreed that their
rich neighbors must not object to part with their possessions on demand.
If Jesus had the beggar in his mind when he commanded, "Give to him that
asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn thou not away,"
he had the welfare of the highway robber in mind when he commanded: "If
any man take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also." In the parable
of the Good Samaritan, which, from our point of view, comes nearest to
being the most innocent and harmless among the parables, while Jesus
deservedly lauds the humanity of the Samaritan toward his fellow man,
who had fallen among thieves, there is not a word said in condemnation
of the robber. A splendid opportunity to denounce the lax conditions
which made life and property insecure, which encouraged plunder and
murder along the highways of travel and commerce, was overlooked by
Jesus. He fails to call upon the authorities to take measures to prevent
the repetition of such crimes as he has been describing. He does not
call upon the officers of the law to pursue and catch the thief, and
mete out to him the punishment he deserves. Nothing of this. He praises
the pity, the compassion of the Samaritan, which praise was well
deserved, but a man has not done his best when he has helped a victim of
the robbers to a dinner and a bed--he must protect future travelers from
such outrages by assisting in the arrest and prompt punishment of
the criminal. But Jesus is not interested in reforming robbers, or
converting beggars into productive citizens. In fact, one reading
between the lines can not avoid the conclusion that Jesus would let
the robbers alone, inasmuch as they give the good Samaritan a chance
to practice piety and to show compassion. The beggar and the robber you
always have with you, Jesus seems to say, for how can men be kind and
forgiving without them?

In conclusion, the lesson of the parables, to an unprejudiced mind, is
this: the more worthless and degraded a man, the more loaded down with
debts, the more dangerous he is to his fellows, the more suitable he
will be to prove that God saves whom he wishes, independent of the
question of merit, and that "the righteousness of man is as filthy
rags." * A more opprobrious phrase could not have been used to express
utter contempt for human virtues. According to the Gospel, "the whores
and harlots," as well as beggars and robbers, ** "shall enter the
kingdom of God," "before the righteous, or the wise of this world." ***
But upon what grounds?

     * Isaiah lxiv, 6.

     ** "Jesus saith unto them, Verily I say unto you, That the
     publicans and the harlots go into the Kingdom of God before
     you."--Matthew xxi, 31.

     *** For God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to
     confound the wise.'--I Corinthians i, 27. Paul also states
     that the way to be wise is by becoming a fool: "... let him
     become a fool, that he may be wise."--I Corinthians iii, 18.

"It is my whim."




PART VII.




I. A Better Bible

|I AM not able to say what makes a book "holy," but I would like to
give my idea of a good book. No book deserves to be called good or great
which does not grapple with the problems of life in such an open and
disinterested way as to challenge the most unsparing tests which may be
applied to its conclusions, or to the methods by which it has arrived at
them. The book that objects to or fears criticism, or is injured by it,
is certainly not a great book. Even as gold outlives the fire, a great
book must outlive criticism.

The works of such men as Copernicus and La Place, and of Galileo and
Herschel, who opened up for us the heavens, are truly great, for the
reason that not only do they not plead for protection against criticism,
but they resist all the strain that the freest and boldest criticism
can bring to bear upon them. The same is true of the works of Darwin,
Haeckel, Herbert Spencer, who need neither the sword of the king nor
the curse of the priest to prove their conclusions true. And men like
Shakespeare, who have circumnavigated the human intellect, and sailed
around the globe of beauty and truth, may justly be proud of their work,
because criticism can no more hurt them than fire the gold. Can the
bible stand the test which proves greatness? To answer this question we
have only to observe how vehemently the bible objects to criticism: "He
that believeth not shall be damned," and "Blessed are they who have not
seen and yet have believed"--that is to say, who believe blindly. And
the defenders of the bible have, alas! committed every conceivable crime
in their effort to prevent criticism of the bible. Does this prove the
greatness of the bible?

Let us make a brief comparison between the Book of God and some of
the books of man. Suppose we wished to teach the splendid truth of the
solidarity of the human race--the oneness of mankind--is there anything,
either in the New or the Old Testament, which in breadth or beauty
approaches the thoughts of the pagan philosophers on this subject?

_I am a citizen of the world.--Socrates.

Nature ordains that a man should wish the good of every man, whoever he
may be, and for this very reason--that he is a man.--Cicero._

Did any Jew, or Christian, ever say anything like that?

_I was not born for one corner; my country is this whole
world.--Seneca._

And it was not a slave, but a citizen of the proudest empire the world
ever saw, who thus opens his sympathies to embrace the whole of
the human family. Where is the bible prophet, or apostle, who could
transcend creed and country with the same _elan?_

_The much admired Republic of Zeno aimed simply at this, that neither in
cities nor towns we should live under distinct laws, one from another,
but should look on all men as our fellow countrymen and citizens...
like a flock feeding together with equal rights in a common
pasture_.--Plutarch. *

     * The Fortune of Alexander, 6.

What would not Jews or Christians give for such a passage in their
"holy" book! How proudly the clergy would quote it, to prove the
divinity of their religion, if this beautiful gem sparkled somewhere
within the covers of their bible!

_I am a man, and nothing human can be foreign to me.--Terrence._

A sentiment like that makes the whole page which expresses it of solid
gold. In vain do we look for so big an utterance in "infallible" books.
To the Hebrew there was no world outside Israel, and to Jesus all that
came before him were "thieves and robbers." Not until Christianity
crossed over into Europe did its missionaries discover that "God hath
made of one blood all the nations of the earth," though even then it was
a creed they had to accept or perish.

_In the name of the universal brotherhood which binds together all men
under the common father of nature.

Nature is the only impartial father. The chosen people of this father
are those of whatever race and religion who conquer knowledge and follow
Reason.--Quintillian.

Love mankind.--Antoninus._

Is it not better than the "love one another," of Jesus, which really
meant, "love only your fellow-believer"? Jesus declared that it will be
worse for those who rejected him and his apostles, on the last day, than
for Sodom and Gomorrah, which were consumed by fire from heaven.

_What good man will look on any suffering as foreign to
himself?--Juvenal.

The Universe is but a great city; never, in reply to the question to
what country you belong, say you are an Athenian, or a Corinthian, but
say you are a Cosmopolitan--a citizen of the world.--Epictetus._ *

     * Discourses i, 9.

But it was not only in their universalism that the

European writers excelled the Asiatic seers and miracle-workers. It
has been persistently claimed that both love and justice are exclusively
biblical virtues. We regret to say that this is another untruth, the
extensive circulation of which was deemed necessary to protect the bible
against its rivals.

_Love is the foundation of the law.--Cicero.

Sympathy is what distinguishes us from brutes.--Juvenal.

The love of all to all.--Pythagoras.

He who commits injustice is ever made more wretched than he who suffers
it. It is never right to return an injury.
-- Plato.

We should be good to our enemy and make him our friend.
-- Cleobulus.

Ask thyself daily to how many ill-minded persons, thou hast shown a kind
disposition.--Antoninus.

To the very end of life we will be in action, we will not cease to
labor for the common weal, to help individuals, to give aid even to our
enemies.--Seneca._

Moreover, the motives which the philosophers held forth were very much
more creditable to human nature than the rewards, either here or in the
next world, which the bible held out as inducements to action.

_What more dost thou want when thou hast done a man a service than the
fact of having done it? Art thou not content to have done something
conformable to thy nature, and dost thou seek to be paid for it, as
if the eye demanded a recompense for seeing, or the foot for
walking?--Seneca._ *

     * De Benef ix, 41.

If so sweet and sane, so large and pure a sentiment could be found in
any part of the Word of God, I shall forever after keep my mouth closed.
The servitude of man, not the service of man, is the theme of the bible;
and if Jesus said that the charities should be done in secret, it was
because that was the best way to secure a public reward. "And your
father which seeth in secret," said Jesus, "will reward you openly."

The secrecy recommended was a matter of policy. "Reward" is the constant
refrain in the bible. Promises of territory, lands, cattle, jewelry,
oil and wine, women and girls, in the Old Testament; and in the new,
thrones, crowns, golden streets, harps, robes, and endless life beyond
the clouds, are the inducements held out to the devotee.

Another equally frequent and equally unfounded assertion of the pulpit
has been that but for the bible there would have been no hospitals in
the world, or any interest in the poor, by the rich. The defenders
of the bible seem to feel that it is only by shutting their eyes and
closing their ears that they can continue to believe that the Jews were
the only "inspired" people in the world. In the first place, hospitals
are more of a necessity in the modern world than they were in olden
times. Science has taught us to apply method and system in the
department of philanthropy as in that of business, while formerly the
care of the needy was largely a private matter. Besides, our cities are
bigger, and our populations more heterogeneous, and the struggle for
existence more intense to-day, than ever before. We have hospitals
to-day, in self-defense, if not for any other reason. Our own peace and
comfort would be disturbed and our doorsteps and business offices,
as well as homes, would be converted into hospitals, if the State, or
public enterprise, did not undertake in some systematic way the housing
and nursing of the sick and the unfortunate. It is not only from charity
that we have hospitals to-day. We support them also from necessity.

To say, however, that the ancients, being deprived of the bible, took
no interest in the care of the sick, or the hungry, is a clear
misrepresentation. If the bible is the hospital builder, how many
hospitals did the Old Testament people build in Palestine under the
reign of David or Solomon? Was there ever a single movement started in
Palestine for the protection of the oppressed or the unfortunate of the
world? In his Paganism and Christianity, J. H. Farrer, speaking of the
practice of charity in the pre-Christian world, cites the examples of
Cimon the Athenian giving of his abundance to feed the poor and clothe
the naked; of the Lacedaemonians supplying the people of Smyrna with
food in time of scarcity, and replying, when thanked for it, that they
only deprived themselves and their cattle of a dinner; of Apollonius
reminding Vespasian that the supply of the needs of the poor was one of
the best uses of a sovereign's wealth; of Arcesilaus visiting Apelles,
and, to relieve him of the indigence to which sickness had reduced him,
placing twenty drachms under his pillow, while pretending to make
him more comfortable; of the Roman nobles, after the accident to the
amphitheater at Fidenæ whereby fifty thousand persons were killed or
wounded, opening their houses and procuring doctors and relief for the
victims; of all the cities of Asia relieving with money or shelter
the victims of the great earthquake in Smyrna in 177 A.D. * Seneca's
description of the wise man offering aid to the shipwrecked, hospitality
to the exile, money to the needy, redeeming prisoners from their chains,
releasing them from the arena, and giving sepulture to the criminal,
** is clearly a picture drawn from nature and daily life, not from his
imagination; and to suppose that such deeds required the impulse of the
church to make them more common is to suppose that human nature itself
changed with the change that came over religion.

     * Aristides i, 260.

     **  De Clementta ii, 6.

The Roman historian, Tacitus, gives the following touching description
of the behavior of the ancient Pagans in the presence of the suffering
and distress caused by the great calamity in Smyrna:

_The grandees of Rome displayed their humanity on this occasion; they
threw open their doors, they ordered medicines to be distributed, and
the physicians attended with assiduity in every quarter. The city of
Rome recalled, in that juncture, an image of ancient manners, when,
after a battle bravely fought, the sick and wounded were received with
open arms, and relieved by the generosity of their country._ *

And let it not be forgotten that it was from the Pagan Greeks we
received the word _philanthropy_, which means the love of man, into our
modern languages.

Mr. Farrer quotes again many authorities to show that both in Athenian
and Roman society there was a constant solicitude for the welfare of the
poor:

_In the best days of Athens none of her citizens were in want for the
necessities of life; for the rich, according to Isocrates, regarding
the poverty of their fellow citizens as a disgrace to themselves and
the city, helped all who were in need, sending some abroad as traders,
letting lands to others to cultivate at fair rents, and enabling
others to engage in different occupations. The Areopagus, too, checked
pauperism by providing public works._ **

     * Annals iv, 62, 63.

     ** Areopagiticus 12, 21, 38.

He also calls attention to the free schools; the exemption of orphans
from the State charges; the maintenance at the public expense of the
children of citizens killed in war; the daily payment of money from
the treasury to the destitute and the wounded, and the public monthly
dinners given by the rich for the benefit of the needy. Under the great
Trajan, the like of whom never sat on Jewish or Christian throne, a
monthly distribution of food was made to the children of the poor
all over Italy, which was paid for by devoting to it a portion of the
interest lent by the State to the owners of farms on mortgage. In Rome,
there were, in every section of the city, medical officers, paid by the
State, who devoted their whole time to the protection of the health
of the citizens. One of the laws of Nerva required every one giving a
banquet first to make a donation for the poor of his district. The sick
and the poor have never failed to provoke sympathy and help in any age
or country of the world, and for any one religion to claim all the 'good
in the world as its own exclusive property, is enough to make all brave
and honest minds recoil therefrom with horror and sorrow. But people
never make such absurd claims except when they are in despair.

The pulpit is constantly lauding what it calls the beatitudes of Jesus,
and challenging the world to parallel them if it can. We have accepted
the challenge.

When asked how a man might best revenge himself, Diogenes replied:
"By becoming himself a good and honest man." * And how much saner is
Seneca's advice: "Some one has struck you, withdraw; by striking
back you will give both an occasion and an excuse for many blows," **
compared with the "Turn also the other cheek," of Jesus! "What is the
best way for a man to hurt his enemy, or to give him the greatest pain?"
Epictetus was asked. "By preparing to lead himself the best life he
can," was his answer.*** But a really European sentiment which perhaps
never swelled the breast of any Asiatic teacher was expressed by Seneca,
when he wrote: "A great mind that truly respects itself does not revenge
an injury, because _it does not feel it_." **** The Sermon on the Mount
is a series of dogmatic utterances, without enlightenment or logic.
Jesus gives no reasons, nor does he try to prove the truth of his
statements, while Seneca's beatitudes are luminous--like a fountain,
crystal clear to its depths.

And where will we find finer examples of men who lived up to these
teachings than in Pagan annals? Pittacus, one of the seven wise men of
Greece, when his enemy had fallen into his hands, instead of avenging
himself on him, let him go with this explanation of his conduct:
"Forgiveness is better than revenge, for while the former is the sign
of a gentle nature, revenge is that of a savage nature." (v) Can
his example be matched in the bible? It is true jesus prayed for his
murderers, but did he really mean to forgive them? Then why did he only
save the thief on the cross that praised him, while he let the other,
who reviled him, go to perdition? And why do not the Sunday-schools,
instead of teaching our children of Joseph and Joshua, who caused famine
and destruction for their own aggrandizement, recite to our boys and
girls the story of Gescon, who, recalled from banishment and exalted to
the rank of chief general, instead of punishing his persecutors, allowed
them to depart in peace, saying: "I will not return evil for evil, but
good for evil."

     * Polyoenus v, 2.

     **  De Ira ii, 34.

     ***  Fray 130.

     ****  De Ira iii, 5.

     v. Epictetus, Fray 68.

It is in the book of man, not in the book of God, that we must look for
examples of heroism, love, pity, justice, truth, honor, humanity. In his
_History of European Morals_, Mr. Lecky writes: "Amongst the many wise
sayings which antiquity ascribed to Pythagoras, few are more remarkable
than his division of virtue into two branches--to seek truth, and to do
good." ** And is there a finer passage, in any of the "divine" books
of the many sects, than the creed of the tutor of Alexander the
Great--Aristotle:

_Cleanse and purify thy heart, for it is the seat of all sin, not by
worthless ceremonies, prayers and moanings, but by the stern resolve
to sin no more--to uphold right and do right. Sacrifice thyself at the
shrine of duty, forgiving injuries, and acting only toward others as you
would have them behave towards thy self._ ***

Where, again, in Jewish or Christian psalm, or hymnology, is there a
finer ideal than this, from Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, rendered in verse
by the author of Paganism and Christianity:=

```_That pleases me which pleases thee,

```Great Universe: I murmur not,

```If but the evils of my lot

```May serve thy wider harmony._****=

Or this from Seneca:

```_Man's mind, not birth, determines his degree;

```No slave so mean but virtue sets him free.

```What if his body's bound! His soul can rise

```On wings of thought unfettered to the skies.

```What if his body's bought! His soul is free;

````No servitude can mar its liberty._ (v)=


     **  Vol. I, page 54.

     ***  Short Texts on Faith and Philosophies, Forlong.

     ****  Paganism and Christianity, Farrer, page 94.

     v.   Ibid, 96.

And how much purer the motives recommended in the following, compared
with the fear of hell and the hope of heaven, so conspicuous in
Christian hymns:=

``_Nature made Virtue man's chief aim and goal

``When she made Conscience mistress of his soul,

``His noblest actions taste no sweeter praise

``Than that which conscience to itself conveys;

``Nor on his crimes can punishment be laid

``Worse than inflicts a conscience disobeyed.

``Virtue calls, and, easy of access,

``Spreads smooth the road that leads to happiness;

``Mountains may crumble, Etna fall away,

``True virtue only suffers no decay. *_=

To find out how radically anti-biblical, or how essentially Pagan are
our civil and political institutions, compare the following from the
American Constitution with the Asiatic teaching of the Apostle Paul:


  _The Constitution teaches:        St. Paul teaches:

  That all political power is       Let every soul be subject
  inherent in the people, and       unto the higher powers. For
  all free governments are          there is no power but of God :
  founded on their authority,       the powers that be are or-
  and instituted for their ben-     dained of God. Whosoever
  efit; and that they have at       therefore resisteth the power,
  all times an undeniable and       resisteth the ordinance of
  indefeasible right to alter       God : and they that resist
  their form of government in       shall receive to themselves
  such manner as they may           damnation.!
  think expedient._


Would it not be more edifying if our preachers or publicists, like
Roosevelt and Bryan, instead of lavishing praises on an Asiatic book,
out of tune with the intellectual and moral ideals of the modern world,
recommended to their countrymen the nobler thoughts of the European
masters? On a Sunday morning, what church could listen to a better
sermon against superstition than is contained in these lines of
Plutarch:

     * Paganism and Christianity, Farrer, page 96.

_```Few of the ills we mortals bear

```Excel or equal those we fear;

```But worst his lot of all mankind

```Whom superstitious terrors bind.

```He dreads no storm who stays on shore,

```Nor battle who goes not to war;

```But he who thinks of God with dread

```Hath terror always overhead,

```And draws from land and sea and sky

```One long unending agony.=


```And so, methinks, they wrong God less

```Who doubt or disbelief confess

```Than they who worse of God believe

```Than of a man they could conceive,

```And every vice to Him assign

```To prove Him fickle, false, malign;

```As I would rather men should say

```"There is no Plutarch" than that they

```Should speak of Plutarch as so mean,

```So full of petty spite and spleen,

```That, if you vexed him in the least,

```Into your crops he'd turn his beast. *_=


     * Paganism and Christianity, Farrer, pages 98, 99.

We often read in the newspapers of some foolish remark by a clergyman
in his sermon, as, for instance, that the fearful and murderous wave of
heat in the summer is a punishment from God for the sins of this or
that city; or that earthquakes are sent to show the divine displeasure
against this or that heresy in the church; or that God is opposed to
aviation because the air belongs to the birds, as the sea does to the
fishes; or that Christ is coming soon on a white horse: "The Son of God
is coming on a white horse and the armies of heaven will follow him.
Then he will be crowned king of all Israel. The kingdom promised to
David will be resurrected," said the Rev. Dr. Ford C. Ottman, at the
Winona Lake convention. The reverend speaker had in mind the following
exquisite bible text when he was looking for the "white horse":

_I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse; and he that sat upon
him was called faithful and true.... And he was clothed with a vesture
dipped in blood.... And the armies which were in heaven followed him
upon white horses.... And out of his mouth goeth a sharp sword, that
with it he should smite the nations.... and he treadeth the winepress of
the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God. *_

Is it possible that the American mind has so deteriorated as to hope for
the fulfillment of such a prophecy?

But it is to the credit of the Christian clergy that they do not say
more foolish things or oftener than they do--seeing that their entire
life is spent in reading and teaching from a book full of fables,
gossip, inanities, miracles, and, if I may say so--conundrums. What, for
instance, may be expected from men who have to feed on such meaningless
and even revolting texts as the following:

_I will tread down the people in mine anger, and make them drunk in my
fury._ **

The deity making the people drunk to get even with them! We leave the
text to the clergy.

_Thus saith the Lord God; Speak unto every feathered fowl, every beast
of the field.... Come; gather yourselves on every side to my sacrifice
that I do sacrifice for you, even a great sacrifice upon the mountains
of Israel, that ye may eat flesh, and drink blood. Ye shall eat the
flesh of the mighty, and drink the blood of the princes of the earth.

... Thus ye shall be filled at my table with horses and chariots, with
mighty men, and with all men of war, saith the Lord God._ ***

     *  Revelation xix, 11-15.

     **  Isaiah lxiii, 6.

     ***  Ezekiel xxxix, 17-20.

And again:

_And I saw an angel standing in the sun; and he cried with a loud voice,
saying to all the fowls that fly in the midst of heaven, Come and gather
yourselves together, unto the supper of the great God; that ye may eat
the flesh of kings, and the flesh of captains, and the flesh of mighty
men, and the flesh of horses, and of them that sit on them, and the
flesh of all men [of war], both free and bond, small and great._ *

And what is the sense in the following:

_His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are like
the horns of unicorns: with them he shall push the people together to
the ends of the earth._ **

     * Revelation xix, 17, 18.

     *  Deuteronomy xxxiii, 17.

A sensible man would leave such a text severely alone; but the clergy
try to make the bullock stand for Christ, the horns, for the extremities
of the cross, and the "pushing" has reference to the day of judgment,
etc.

Dear me! Who would care to spend the red blood in his veins in such an
occupation? The beauty of the better bible, composed of such words of
Reason as I have culled from only a few of the ancient masters, lies
in the fact that there is not a single passage therein to perplex the
understanding, pervert the moral sense or cause a blush. It can not be
said of the Jew-ish-Christian bible that it is free from passages which
no civilized community would allow in any other than an "inspired"
production. And this is enough to condemn the book. The argument
that the offensive portions of the Word of God should not be taken
separately, but in connection with the better parts of the book, amounts
to a plea of guilty. How can the commandment to bear false witness, or
to plunder, or to outrage women, become "divine" by being printed in the
same book with the Golden Rule?

Compare, once more, the saying of Jesus, that, "If thy right eye offend
thee, pluck it out and cast it from thee... and if thy right hand offend
thee, cut it off and cast it from thee: for it is profitable for thee
that one of thy members should perish, and not that thy whole body shall
be cast into hell," (Matthew v, 29-31); and this other remarkable
advice to make "eunuchs of themselves for the kingdom of heaven's sake"
(Matthew xix, 12), with the gloriously wholesome thought of Seneca on
such absurd religious practices: "One, out of zeal, makes himself an
eunuch, another lances his arms; if this be the way to please their
gods, what should a man do if he had a mind to anger them? or, if this
be the way to please them, they do certainly deserve not to be worshiped
at all... the most barbarous and notorious of tyrants... never went so
far as to command any man to torment himself." *

     * Seneca's Morals xvii.

What would not the clergy have given if the above passage had been
in their bible, instead of in the writings of a "heathen"? Jesus
recommended self-torture; Seneca says, even tyrants "never went so
far as to recommend any man to torment himself." Of course, in his
extremity, the Christian will plead for a spiritual interpretation
of Jesus' sayings: But why use such decidedly materialistic terms, as
"plucking out eyes," "cutting off arms," and "making eunuchs of one's
self," to convey ideal meanings? Why could not Jesus talk _plainly_,
like Seneca?

In the selection of these few quotations, I have refrained from culling
also from the pages of modern writers, lest it be said that since these
modern men and women appeared after Christianity, it is to the bible
that the world is indebted for their great thoughts and works. Of
course, this is not true, seeing how the church persecuted these men and
women, and drove them to the stake, or at least, placed the offspring
of their brain upon the _Index_, branding their thought as blasphemy.
Nevertheless, I have denied myself the pleasure of invoking the galaxy
of intellectual leaders, from Bruno and Spinoza, to Goethe and Voltaire,
and, Shakespeare and Shelley, and Ibsen and Emerson, who though they had
their many faults, were morally as well as mentally, as far above Ezra,
Nehemiah, Noah, Solomon, or Peter and Paul, as sense and beauty are
above folly and platitude.

We have really paid the Hebrew-Christian scriptures an unmerited
compliment in comparing them with the noblest teachings of the Pagan
philosophers. Not only is it impossible to find in the bible the high
aspirations of the European mind, its independence and fearlessness of
the gods, so eloquently expressed in Seneca's prayer: "O Neptune, your
ocean is big, and my bark is frail. You may save me if you will; you may
sink me if you will, but whatever happen, I shall keep my rudder true,"
but even when we compare the contents of the bible with the teachings
and practices of the most primitive peoples in the world the result is
far from being favorable to the "inspired" volume.

Was Molock, for instance, who devoured children, as destructive as
Jehovah who consumed whole nations by fire and the sword? Was Baal or
Astaroth as sanguinary as the being who slaughtered in one night all
the first-born of Egypt? Did the idols of savages ever think even of
drowning a world? Is it possible to find in the dictionary of the gods,
one who can compare with the inventor of the Christian hell? When the
missionaries entered Borneo to convert the natives, the Rajah drove
them out of the land, "because the Christian God used people as firewood
after death."

In conclusion, before Mr. Bryan and his colleagues may ask us to produce
a better bible, let them find in the Jewish-Christian scriptures a text
or a passage which will describe a more enviable state of society in
any Jewish or Christian country, of the past or the present, than the
picture presented by the unrivaled Pericles in his Athenian oration,
beginning with the words:

"We are lovers of the beautiful, yet simple in our tastes, and we
cultivate the mind without loss of manliness. Wealth we employ not for
talk and ostentation, but when there is real use for it. We regard a
man who takes no interest in public affairs not as a harmless but as a
useless character."




Conclusion. The Book of God and the Book of Man

|THE former is a _miracle_. The latter is the actual story of man on
earth, and his achievements. God finished his book long ago. Man is
still writing. There is between these two books the same difference that
there is between the rock and the vine. The rock does not grow, neither
can it move. Sun and shower fall upon it in vain. The vine, on the other
hand, responds to the caress of the life-forces. It swings with the
wind, and reaches up with every growing thing, for the sunshine.

The book of God is arrested, like the rock.

The book of Man is alive and increasing, like the vine.


THE END.


_There appears to be need of some bold man who specially honors
plainness of speech, and will say what is best for the city and
citizens, ordaining what is good for the whole state, amid the
corruptions of human souls, opposing the mightiest lusts, and having
no man his helper but himself, standing alone and following reason
only.--Plato._